A remote correspondence framework can involve at least two antennas that meddle with each other through free space coupling, surface wave crosstalk, dielectric spillage, or other interference impact. The interference impact can deliver an obstruction
Broadcast Band InterferenceFull description
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Interference Hunting (Tools) Pavel Solodnikov ‘17
Table of content
Spectr Spectrum um Anal Analyse yserr FS FSH H
Interference Receiver PR100 Scanner TSMA/E with Romes Mobile Locator DDF007
Spectrum Analyzer FSH
HE300 ı
Modular handle and swappable elements cover wide frequency range : 20 MHz to 200 MHz 200 MHz to 500 MHz 500 MHz to 7.5 GHz Integrated GPS / electronic compass Integrated low noise preamplifier
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Interference Analyzer ı
The Interference Analyzer mode provides the ability to visualize and measure spectrum
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Similar to spectrum analyzer mode
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Standard measurements include channel power, OBW and ACLR.
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Interference-specific measurements include Carrier to Noise and Carrier to Interference
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Spectrogram display, record, and playback are also included with the Interference Analyzer option
Carrier-to-Noise ı
The Carrier-to-Noise (C/N) measurement is a tool to determine if a signal has sufficient power compared to the surrounding spectrum
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The FSH determines the distance between the level of the carrier and the lowest signal level that has been measured (usually the noise floor).
Carrier to Interference ı
The Carrier-to-Interference (C/I) measurement is a tool to determine if a signal is affected by interference from neighboring channels.
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The FSH determines the distance between the level of the carrier and the second strongest level.
Spectrogram ı
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Spectrograms display amplitude vs. frequency over time. Amplitude is indicated by the color of the spectrogram display. Spectrogram reference, range, and other parameters can be specified Extremely useful in interference hunting – allows the observation of a signal’s behavior over time.
Spectrogram playback ı
Spectrograms can be saved and played back, either directly on the FSH on using the FSH4View software on a PC.
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Spectrograms can be recorded for up to 72 hours
Maps ı
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The map mode provides on-instrument display of maps and measurement data. Two map modes are supported : Triangulation – Used for plotting bearings (azimuth) and calculating triangulation Geotagging – Used to record selected measurement values at given intervals OpenStreetMap is used for map data. Maps are downloaded and stored on the FSH SD card
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Triangulation Mode – Trace Current Position ı
Trace Current Position centers the map around the current location of the FSH (as determined by the GPS lat/long information)
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Particularly useful when driving
Saving Positions and Azimuth ı
The azimuth (or bearing) is the direction in which the antenna is currently pointed
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This information can be using the menu or the trigger on the HL300 antenna
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The power bar and power result can help determine the direction of maximum receive power (i.e. bearings towards the transmitter )
Computing Triangulation ı
The Triangulate function computes the triangulation point for up to five selected bearings.
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The lat / long and error radius of the triangulation point are also displayed.
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The computed triangulation point can be saved to the SD card.
Tone Function ı
The Tone function outputs an audible tone whose level varies according to the received signal strength level.
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The current receive level (dashed line) and squelch level (solid line) are displayed in the power bar.
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Tone can be used both for obtaining bearings as well as for sweeping an area to determine the precise location of an interferer.
Event Source ı
When Save on Event is selected, an Event Source must be specified.
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Four different event sources: Time Interval – saves measurement every X seconds Limit Failure – saves measurement if limit line is violated Distance Interval – saves measurement after moving a given distance Every Sweep – saves measurement for each sweep performed.
Save on Event Settings ı
Time Interval specifies the time between saved measurement (in seconds)
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Distance Interval specifies the distance traveled between saved measurements
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Results can be stored either to an SD card or a USB device
Capture Settings ı
The FSH can save different types of information when an event occurs Screen capture (.jpg or .png) Dataset (.set) for the sweep containing the event A entry in a .gpx file
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Combinations of these are also possible
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Captured data is stored in /Save On Event Results
Interference Receiver PR100
Preselection ı
Subdivides the input frequency range into subranges via switches and filters
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Spectrum analyzers : Do not have preselectors Measured signal is known and relatively stable Sum load of all signals is on the input of the first mixer
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Monitoring receivers : Preselection is a must Frequency range split in sub-ranges Reduce the signal sum load on the input of the first mixer Allows monitoring of widely different signals
Speed vs. accuracy ı
Biggest difference is speed.
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Spectrum analyzers are (relatively) slow, but highly accurate over a wide frequency range.
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Monitoring receivers are less accurate, but are very fast (real-time) and gap-free. POI within the demodulation bandwidth is 100%.
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Short duration (low POI) signals Digital data Frequency hoppers Radar pulses Noise sources Clandestine transmitters
Reassembly of a frequency-agile signal
Monitoring short duration signals e m i t
e m i t
0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.0
0.0 30
35
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45
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frequency
Spectrum analyzer (swept / heterodyne principle)
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35
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45
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frequency
Monitoring receiver (FFT based)
R&S®PR100 family Polychrome Display Option: R&S ®PR100-PC & R&S®DDF007-PC ı
What exactly is polychrome spectrum display? Persistence Histogram (statistical function that uses several measured levels as basis) Processes level-frequency pairs over time Color indicates relative occupancy over time (How “often” that signal is measured) or signal duration
Maxhold
Wanted Signal
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What can polychrome spectrum display be used for? Resolve pulsed signals that share same frequency bands and are superimposed in spectral display Detection of short duration wideband interference signals (not possible via MAXHOLD due to averaging)
GSM Signal (less occurrence) GSM Signal ClearWrite (more occurrence) WiFi Pulsed Interference
Wanted Signal
Bluetooth
Scanner TSMA/E with Romes
Mobile Locator DDF007
What is Mobile Locator? ı
Mobile Locator processes DDF007 bearings in real-time using a sophisticated mathematical algorithm.
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Probability clouds and estimated transmitter location are computed and displayed on attached control PC.
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It is referred to a mobile locator since the bearings are only processed while the system is in motion.
PR100 DF Option ı
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The PR100 DF option allows the PR100 to be used as a DF receiver when connected to a suitable antenna. Transition from vehicle to foot now simply a quick change of antenna cable. Bearing lines are automatically calculated and displayed on the PR100 interface.
System Configuration ADDx0 7 ı
Three Hardware Components Control PC DDF007 ADDx07
RF & Control cable
DDF00 7
Control PC
Ease of deployment ı ı
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Low profile, weather-proof Magnetic mounting plate allows mounting/unmounting in minutes Mount is stable to at least 80 mph, all weather conditions.