ECL ENGLISH COURSE
INTERMEDIATE English as a crucial language.
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Acknowledgments Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary – Electronic Edition. Version 1.1. Courtney, Rosemary - Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. Fisk English Course – Books – Basic one / two, Book four, Book five, Book six, Advanced two, Free Conversation. Longman Dictionary of English Idioms. Swan, Michael and Walter, Catherine – How English Works – A Grammar Practice Book With Answers. Oxford.
Planned and Prepared by Ricardo Fernandes Marques
Copyright RICARDO FERNANDES MARQUES MARQUES Rua Antônio Gonçalves 109 Porto Velho São Gonçalo, R.J Brasil
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CONTENTS LESSON ELEVEN
•
SHORT ANSWERS == ALL THE TENSES PRESENTED UP TO NOW.
LESSON TWELVE
• •
MODAL VERBS == MAY, MIGHT,CAN,COULD,SHOULD,OUGHT, MUST AND MUSTN`T PHRASAL VERBS ( IN/ OUT )
LESSON THIRTEEN
• •
TAG QUESTIONS == ALL THE TENSES PRESENTED UP TO NOW. PHRASAL VERBS ( OUT )
LESSON FOURTEEN
• • •
PERFECT TENSES == PART I, AND THEIR USAGES. HOW LONG PHRASAL VERBS ( ON / OFF )
LESSON FIFTEEN
• •
PERFECT TENSES == PART II, AND THEIR USAGES. PHRASAL VERBS ( ON / OFF )
LESSON SIXTEEN
• • •
HOW MUCH AND HOW MANY SOME / ANY / NO AND DERIVATES PHRASAL VERBS ( UP / DOWN )
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LESSON SEVENTEEN
• •
IF CLAUSES == ALL OF THEM, AND THEIR USAGES. PHRASAL VERBS ( UP / DOWN )
LESSON EIGHTTEEN
• •
DIRECT AND INDERECT == USING ALL OF THE TENSES PRESENTED. PHRASAL VERBS ( BACK /AWAY )
LESSON NINETEEN
• • •
RELATIVE PRONOUNS == ALL OF THEM, AND THEIR USAGES. TOO AND SO=ALSO (AFF) EITHER AND NEITHER=ALSO (NEG) PHRASAL VERBS ( OVER )
LESSON TWENTY
• • •
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS== ALL OF THEM, AND THEIR USAGES. PHRASAL VERBS GENERAL SEQUENCE OF ADJECTIVES
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LESSON 11
Verb Tenses
Do
I
study
English
every day?
Does
he
speak
German
Did
she
travel to
England
every other day? last night?
Will
you
have
to work
tonight?
Would
they
need
to study
every day?
Are
you
happy
today?
Were
you
tired
yesterday? yesterday?
Is
she
playing
chess with him
Was
he
doing
his homework
at the moment? last night?
Are
they
going to
buy some food
later?
Were
you
going to
sell those CDs
last week?
Is
there
anybody
at your house
now?
Are
there
many tasks
to do
Will
there
be
Would
there
be
Is
there
going to be
Was
there
going to be
a party at the club an answer for this question? an important game a meeting here
this afternoon? oon? aftern tonight?
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tonight? this evening?
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LESSON 11
Short Answers Yes
you
do.. do
No
you
don’t.. don’t
Yes
he
doess. doe
No
he
doesn’t.. doesn’t
Yes
she
did.. did
No
she
didn’t.. didn’t
Yes
I/we
will.. will
No
I/we
won’t.. won’t
Yes
they
would.. would
No
they
wouldn’t.. wouldn’t
Yes
I/we
am../are /are.. am
No
I
not../aren’t /aren’t.. am not
Yes
I/we
was../were /were.. was
No
I
wasn’t../weren’t /weren’t.. wasn’t
Yes
she
is.. is
No
she
isn’t.. isn’t
Yes
he
was.. was
No
he
wasn’tt. wasn’
Yes
they
are.. are
No
they
aren’t.. aren’t
Yes
I/we I/ we
was../were were.. was
No
I/we I/ we
wasn’t../weren’t weren’t.. wasn’t
Yes
there
is.. is
No
there
isn’t.. isn’t
Yes
there
are.. are
No
there
aren’t.. aren’t
Yes
there
will.. will
No
there
won’t.. won’t
Yes
there
would.. would
No
there
wouldn’t.. wouldn’t
Yes
there
is.. is
No
there
isn’t.. isn’t
Yes
there
was.. was
No
there
wasn’t.. wasn’t
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LESSON 11
Substitution Drills 1. Do you__________ ____ _____________ every day? 2. Will _______ __________ ___ ________ tomorrow? 3. Will I ____________ ___________ _____________? 4. Would _____ ________ to __________ with ______? 5. Do ____ always_________ to _________ the ______?
Expressions and Useful Phrases I’m damn right / I’m fucking right What the hell are you doing there? Whoever/Wherever/Whenever/Whatever What good would it do? Keep track of # Lose track track of To make certain that you know what is happening or has happened to someone or something Take into account = To consider or remember when judging a situation.
Important Note Phrasal Verb preposition position or adverb or A phrase which consists of a verb in combination with a pre both, the meaning of which is different from the meaning of its separate parts: 'Look after', 'work out' and 'make up for' are all phrasal verbs. CAMBRIDGE ADVANCED LEARNER’S DICTIONARY
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LESSON 11
Exercise 1. Make questions for the answers and answers for the questions in the following dialogue. a. _________________________ ____________________________ _____________ ___________ ____________________________________________ _____________________________________ _________________________?
b. No, I wouldn’t.
b. How about ______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _____________________? _________________________________________ _____?
a. ____________________________ __________________________________ _____________________________ _______________________________ ________________________________________ ______________________ __________________ ______
a. Where _________________________________________ __________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________________________ ______________________ _______?
b. ________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________ ________________ ____________
b. After going to _________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _____________________________________ ______________________ ________ ______
a. Cool! That’s a very nice idea... idea...
a. At what time ____________________________________ _________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________? _________________________?
b. ____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ____________________________ _____________________________ ______________________________ ________________________
a. See you!
b. ___________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ________________________ ____________________
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LESSON 12
Modal Verbs May
I
open the window? window? open the window? window? open the window? window? drive
Can
I
Could
I
Can
you
Could
you
speak English
Should
she
drive less
Must
he
finish
It is too hot here! here! It is too hot here! here! It is too hot here! here! well?
Permission - Formal Permission - Informal Permission - Polite
three months ago? ago? and walk more? all his homework
Ability Present or Future Ability Past or Conditional Recommendation
today?
Obligation
Expressing the same idea: idea: Should
Ought to
Must
Have to
Expressing Possibility May Might
Strong possibilitypossibility- affirmatives and negatives Weak possibilitypossibility- affirmatives and negatives PossibilityPossibility-affirmatives, negatives
For questions we use the expression to be + likely Are you likely to travel?
Can Could
and interrogatives (informal) Slight or uncertain possibility. possibility.
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It can be a good idea. Can she come here tomorrow? Do you think she can win? It could be a good idea.
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LESSON 12
Yes/No
you
may/may not
Yes/No
you
can/can’t
Yes/No
you
could/couldn’t
Yes/No
I/we
can/can’t
Yes/No
I/we
could/couldn’t could/couldn’t
Yes/No
she
should/shouldn’t
Yes/No
he
must/ doesn’t have to(need to)
open the window. open the window. open the window. drive speak English drive less finish
well. three months ago. and walk more. all his homework
today.
Asking Favors Can
Informal
Can you help me with the homework?
Could
Formal
Could I trouble you to open the window?
Prohibition Mustn`t
You mustn`t park your car here!
Assumption Must+ Must+ be+ ING Must+ be + Adjective
You must must be joking! You must be tired! tired!
Substitution Drills 1. _______ he__________ _______ __________ every day? 2. Could she ________ ________ ________ every _______? 3. ________ ______ help her (to) ________ ____ _______? 4. ________ _____ ________ to ________ ______ _______? 5. ________ ________ ___________ _______ __________ ? ECL ENGLISH COURSE
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LESSON 12 Expressions Along with / together with = accompany, emphasizes closeness in time or space Instead of = in substitution According According to = as stated or in conformity In spite of = in defiance of, notwithstanding Due to / On account of / Because of = idea of cause
How to use them? Too
Very
High degree - intolerable
High degree but tolerable
Phrasal Verbs
Call in Call out Send in Send out Drop in Drop out (of) Push in Push out Stay in Stay out Eat in Eat out Be in Be out Get in Get out
To invite to enter. To shout something loudly. To order to enter. To cause (someone) to go outside. To visit. To fall out / To choose to leave school, etc. To penetrate or cause penetration To make (something or someone) move outwards by pushing it. At home, inside. Not at home, outside. At home, inside. Not at home, outside. At home, inside. Not at home, outside. To enter To leave
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LESSON 12
Exercises 1. Make questions for these answers below. below a. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ ___________________________? ___________? He wouldn’t like to eat a lot at the restaurant, because of his health problem. problem. b. ______________________________ ___________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________ _____?? _____________________________ ________________ _____ He will travel instead of staying in next summer. c. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ __________________________? __________? She drops him in every other week. week. d. _____________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ __________________? __? Mark changed his mind and won’t won’t drop out of school anymore
2. Give long answers for these questions below. a. Does Does she eat out every weekend? weekend? ______________________________________ _________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________________________ ____________________________________ ______________________ b. Is your your mother out? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _____________________________ _____________ c. Does she like to stay out now and then? then? _____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _______________________ ________ d. How often do you eat out? out? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ ________________________ ________ e. Why don’t you call her out so that she can help you out? out? _______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ______________________ ___________________ f. Is he usually in on the weekends weekends? ________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________ __________________
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LESSON 13
Tag Questions I
study
Spanish
every day,
don’t I?
He
speaks
French
doesn’t he?
She
traveled traveled
to Australia
every other day, last night,
didn’t she?
You
will
have
to work
tonight,
won’t you?
They
wouldn’t
need
to study
every day,
would they?
You
are
busy
today,
aren’t you?
You
weren’t
tired
yesterday,
were you?
She
is
playing
was
doing
at the moment, last night,
isn’t she?
He
wasn’t he?
They
are
going to
later,
aren’t they?
You
were
going to
last week,
weren’t you?
There
is
somebody somebody
now,
isn’t there?
There
are will
this afternoon, tonight,
aren’t there?
There
many tasks be
chess with him his homework buy some food sell those CDs at your house to do
There
would
be
There
is
going to be
There
was
going to be
a party at the club an answer for this question, an important game a meeting here
won’t there? wouldn’t there?
tonight,
isn’t there?
this evening,
wasn’t there?
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LESSON 13
Yes/No
you
study / don’t study
Spanish
every day.
Yes/No
he
speaks / doesn’t speak
French
Yes/No
she
traveled / didn’t travel
Yes/No
I/we
will / won’t
have
to Australia to work
every other day. last night. tonight.
Yes/No
they
would / wouldn’t
need
to study
every day.
Yes/No
I/we
am - are / am not - aren’t
busy
today.
Yes/No
I/we
was - were / wasn’t - weren’t
tired
yesterday.
Yes/No
she
is / isn’t
playing
Yes/No
he
was / wasn’t
doing
Yes/No
they
are / aren’t
going to
at the moment. last night. later.
Yes/No
I/we
was - were / wasn’t - weren’t
going to
Yes/No
there
is / isn’t
somebody/anybody somebody/anybody
Yes/No
there there
are / aren’t
many tasks
chess with him his homework buy some food sell those CDs at my house to do
Yes/No
there
will / won’t
be
Yes/No
there
would / wouldn’t
be
Yes/No
there
is / isn’t
going to be
Yes/No
there
was / wasn’t
going to be
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a party at the club an answer for this question. an important game a meeting here
last week. now. this afternoon. tonight.
tonight.
this evening. 14
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LESSON 13
Substitution Drills 1. He________ ___________ yesterday, ___________ ___________? 2. She ___________ ______________, ___________ _____________? 3. You ______________ meat, ________________ ______________? 4. ______ ________ to England ________ _______, _______ _____?
Phrasal Verbs
Figure out Find out Pick out Put out Throw out Turn out Work out Help out Try out Make out Come out Look out Run out of Break out of Check out
To calculate. To understand. To discover. To choose. To select. To extinguish fire. To turn off lights. To put (something or someone) outside. To produce. To cast out. To get rid of (something or someone). To result. To find a solution. To understand. To succeed. To result. To calculate. To exercise. To help. To test. To experiment. To understand (something or someone). To decipher. To come outside. To be published. To be expressed in speech. To reach a result. To be careful (usually in the imperative form). To leave a place by running. To lack something. To escape from. to examine something or get more information about it in order to be certain that it is true, safe or suitable
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LESSON 13 Special Tag Questions I am right, Close the door, door, Don’t forget, Sit down, Let’s have a party,
aren’t I? will you? will you? won’t you? shall we?
Informal questions / requests often use negative sentence + question tag. You can’t lend me some money, can you? After imperatives, we can use WON`T YOU? YOU? to invite invite people to do things, and WILL / WOULD / CAN / CAN`T /COULD YOU? YOU? (Informal) to tell or ask people to do things. After negative imperative we use WILL YOU? YOU? After Let’s we use SHALL WE? WE? We use THEY to refer to nobody, nobody, somebody and everybody (and no one etc.). We use nonnon-negative tags after NEVER, NO, NOBODY, HARDLY, HARDLY, SCARCELY, LITTLE. We use IT in question tags to refer to NOTHING. NOTHING. Old and Useful Sayings “All is well that ends well.”
“All that glitters is not gold.”
“A good example is better than a sermon.”
“When poverty comes in the door, love flies out the window.”
“Money is the root of all evil.”
“There’s no smoke without fire.”
“Many hands make light work.”
“Don’t bite the hand that feeds you.”
Half a loaf loaf is better than no bread.”
“Birds of a feather flock together.”
Idiomatic Expressions and Useful Phrases Look out you don’t get robbed. = Be carefull not to get robbed. One’s cup of tea = What one likes. E.G. Soccer is not my cup of tea. On the tip of one’s tongue. = To be about to say something. something. E.G. Wait, Wait! I have got his name on the tip of my tongue. tongue. On purpose = Intentionally # By chance = not intentionally. E.G. Do you think he did that on purpose? Be cut out (for) = To be suited for, have talent for E.G. I’m not cut out for this this kind of work. I prefer something lighter. By the looks of things… = According to what I can see… E.G. By the looks of things, long skirts are coming in again Come in = Become fashionable / seasonable
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LESSON 13
Exercises 1. Make sentences with tag questions questions for these answers below. below a. ____________________________________ _______________________________________ ____________________________ _____________ __________, ___, ________ _________ ___________________ _______________ ___________________? _________? Yes, Yes, I am cooking tonight. tonight. b. _____________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________ ___________ _________, ___, ______ _________________ _______________ __________________ _________ ____________? _______? Yes, he is a lovely little boy boy. c. ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ___________________________ _________, ___, ______________ _______________ ______________________ ____________ ____________? ______? No, No, she didn’t work hard last night. night. d. _________________________ _________________________________________ ______________________ ________, __________ ________________ ______ ____________ __________________ _________________ __________________? _______? Of course!
2. Complete the sentences below with the the right tag questions. a. The policeman came to school yesterday, yesterday, __ _____ ______ ____________________________ ____________________________ _____________ _____? __? b. The teacher bro broke his leg last weekend, weekend, ________________ _________________________________ ___________________________________ ________________________? _______? c.
She likes likes to play with you, you, _______________________________ ________________________________________ _________________________________ ____________________ ___________? ___?
d. Joanne doesn’t like to work here, here, ____________________ _____________________________________ _______________________________ __________________________? _________? e.
He will ask her out next time he sees sees her, her, ______ ____________ ___________________________ ________________________ ________________________ _________ _______?
f.
He would enjoy going out with us, _____________________ __________________________ ______________________________ ______________________ _________________?
g. Everybody’s here, _______________________________________ ____________________________________________ ________________________________________________ _______________________? __________________? h. You’re never happy, ________________________________ _________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ____________________________? ___________? i. There’s no milk, ____________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________? j. Nothing matters, __________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________ ___________? k. She hardly spoke, spoke, __________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________? __________? l. There’s scarcely enough time, time, ________________________ ___________________________ _____________________? _________________ _________________________? m. You never wrote her a letter, ________ _______________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________________ ____________________? ____?
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ECL ENGLISH COURSE LESSON 14
18 Don’t be so worried about these little things. You’ll see they are not so difficult.
The Perfect Tenses Part I Have
you
worked
hard
lately?
Has
he
gotten
good grades
recently?
Have
you
sold
your car?
# 1. Pres. Perf. Something that started in the past and comes up to the present, present, or when there is present evidence of a past action. # 1. Pres. Perf. 3rd person singular. # 2. Pres. Perf. Indefinite Past Time. # 2. Pres. Perf. 3rd person singular.
Has
he
moved?
Have
you
eaten
a lot
Has
he
traveled
Have
you
been
studying hard
Has
she
been
doing her homework?
today?
this month? this semester?
Pres. Perf. Cont. Something Something that started in the past and comes up to now. It is also used to give emphasis. Pres. Perf. Cont. 3rd person singular.
Past Perf. Used when we want want to refer to a past action that happened before another one. Past Perf. 3rd person singular.
Had
they
already painted
the house
when you arrived?
Had
she
left
home
when you arrived?
Had
you
been
Had
she
been
# 3. 3. Pres. Perf. Used with periods of time not finished at the moment of speaking. The action may repeat or continue. # 3. Pres. Perf. 3rd person singular.
working out
when she arrived?
trying to hide this secret
when you found out the truth?
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Past Perf. Cont. Used when we want to refer to a past action that that was completed or interrupted before another one. It is also used to give emphasis. Past Perf. Cont. 3rd person singular.
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ECL ENGLISH COURSE Be happy! Give it a Try. Don’t be so pessimistic!
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LESSON 14
Yes/No
I/we
have / haven’t
worked
hard
lately. lately.
Yes/No
he
has / hasn’t
gotten
good grades
recently. recently.
Yes/No
I/we
have / haven’t
sold
my/our car. car.
Yes/No
he
has / hasn’t
moved. moved.
Yes/No
I/we
have / haven’t
eaten
Yes/No
he
has / hasn’t
traveled
Yes/No
I/we
have / haven’t
been
studying hard
Yes/No
she
has / hasn’t
been
doing her homework. homework.
Yes/No
they
had / hadn’t
already painted
the house
when I/we arrived. arrived.
Yes/No
she
had / hadn’t
left
home
when I/we arrived. arrived.
Yes/No
I/we
had / hadn’t
been
Yes/No
she
had / hadn’t
been
working out trying to hide this secret
when she arrived. arrived. when I/we found out the truth. truth.
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a lot
today. today. this month. month. this semester.. semester
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LESSON 14
Substitution Drills 1. Had _______ ______ ________ before _________ ____ ______? 2. Has _________ ______________ ____________________ lately? 3. _______ you ___________ _____________ books ___________? 4. We ________ ___________ a__________, __________ _______? 5. They _______ had ___________ ___________, haven’t _______? How long have you worked here? How long have you worked here?
I’ve worked here for three months. I’ve worked here since January.
Old and Useful Sayings “Water dripping day by day wears the hardest rock away.”
“Where there’s a will there’s a way.”
“Don’t put the cart before the horse.”
“Don’t bite off more than you can chew.”
“Beauty lies in lover’s Eyes.”
“Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.”
“Handsome Is as handsome does.”
“Like father like son.”
“Money doesn’t grow on trees.”
“First come, first served.”
Idiomatic Expressions and Useful Phrases For good = Forever. Forever. Kick (a) habit = To stop, stop, break off a habit. habit. Put one’s foot into it = To say say something stupid and embarrassing. Be a steal = Something sold very cheaply; be a great bargain. bargain. Be Greek to = To be be incomprehensible. Build castles in the air = To plan plan things which will probably not not succeed, daydream. Come off it! = Stop lying, joking, or being pretentious. pretentious. Waste one’s breath = To speak speak without result result. lt.
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LESSON 14 Present Perfect Usage Have you ever fallen in love? This is the best food I have ever eaten. Yes I have already fallen in love. No I haven’t fallen in love yet. yet. No I have never fallen in love. Yes I have just fallen fallen in love
Used in questions – Uncommon things or in affirmatives to emphasize. Used in affirmative answers to confirm an “ever” question or to emphasize. emphasize. Used when the answer is negative but there is intention of doing. Used when the answer is negative and there’s no intention of doing. Used to say that something happened now, very soon, or very recently
Phrasal Verbs Send on
Send off/away
Keep on
Keep off
Stay on
Stay off
Get on Get off
Jump on Jump off
To send something from someone's old address to their new one (to / for)To write to an organization or place to ask them to send you something: I've sent off for a catalogue. We had to send off to Ireland for a replacement part. To continue doing something without stopping, or to do it repeatedly. To not go onto an area, or to stop someone or something going onto an area. To stop something touching or harming someone or something. To not eat, drink or use something that can harm you, or to stop someone else from doing this; To continue to be in a place, job or school after the other people who were with you have left. = To keep off - to not eat, drink or use something that can harm you. To continue to be at a distance from something. To continue not to attend, (something such as school). To go onto a bus, train, aircraft or boat. To continue doing something, especially work. To leave a train, bus or aircraft. to leave a place, usually in order to start a journey. To criticize someone as soon as they have done something wrong or said something that you disagree with. To leave a place or something with a springing movement. To start ( military)
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LESSON 14
Exercises 1. Make questions for these answers below. below a. ________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ _______________________ ______________? ____? No, he hasn’t been there yet. yet. b. _________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ _______________? ______? He has brought those new tapes for you. you. c. ____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________? ____________? They have read that that book because of the paper they are preparing. preparing. d. _______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ _________________? ________? She has been there lots of times times this month. month. e. ________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________ _____________ _______? They have been trying to fix the bus since morning. morning. f. _________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ _______________? ______? He had already come back from London when she decided to ask him to bring some books for her. her. g. ____________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ____________? I had been running for thirty minutes when you called me out. h. ________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________ ________________? _____________? She has been reading that book for more than three months. i. _________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________? ______________? Traveling abroad is what I have ever wanted. wanted. j. _________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________? ______________? I have never tried to do something something illegal. illegal.
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LESSON 14
2. Give long answers for these questions below. a. What has she just done? done? _________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ ________________ b. Where have you been lately? lately? _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________ ________________________________ ___________________________ ____________________ c. Why had she sold the furniture before phoning you? you? _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ________________________ d. How long have you been talking over that problem with that girl on the phone? phone? _________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________________ _____________ e. Have you ever had to do something you really hated? hated? What? Why? __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________ ___________________ _________________ f. Have you already had lunch? lunch? ______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ _______________________ __________________ g. Where have you been running these days? days? ______________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ______________ h. What had had she done before you told told her her the truth? truth? _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ________________________________________ __________________ i. Have you ever had an affair? affair? ____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ________________ ______________ j. Have you ever thought about living abroad? abroad? Where? __________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________ _______________
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LESSON 14
3. Complete the text below with the appropriate verb tense. A long time ago, on a distant land land there _____ ______ ____________ _______ a man who ____ _________ _________ ______ beyond the woods. He ______ ___________ ___________ ________ to be the wisest wizard in that old world. Once he _______ __________ ________ _______ to______ to_________ ________ _________ with an old and powerful dragon. He ___________ ____________ _____ never _______ ____________ _________ a creature as dangerous and wicked as the sevensevenhead dragon. dragon. Many powerful and wise knights _______ _________ ___________ ________ ______ already _______ __________ ___________ _______ to ______ ________ __________ _______ the Beast before before him, but none ______ ____________ _____________ _____________. _______. He ______________ himself for the great battle. He __________ _____________ __________ _______ the great wizard book. book. Merlin, Merlin, himself, himself, __ ______ _________ ___________ _____________ ________ him a visit in order ____ ________ _____ _ __ _________ _____ _________ _____ his sorceries sorcer ies ______ ___ _____ _____ ______ ___, , believing that it _______ ____ ___________ could be helpful. After some moons the Day finally _______ _________ __________ _________ _______. __. He could not ______ _______________ _____________ what he _________ ________________ _____________ inside his heart, in his soul. The dragon ___________ ____________ _____ ______ ______________ ____________ to _________ _____________ __________ _______ his head and ______ ______________ ____________ his viscera. It _______ ____________ ________ ______ almost a week and after storms, storms, thunders and groans the victor ______ __________ __________ _______ _______ ______________ _________ ______ tall in the middle of the battlefield. battlefield. For those who ___________ _________________ ___________ the winner_______ winner____________ _________ the wizard, I’m so sorry _______ __________ _______ _________ _________________ _______________ the winner was the sevenseven-head dragon.
That’s a real ending ending. ing. We must try to face the truth. Life is not a fairy tale. We must bear in mind mind life is made of victories and defeats. Be prepared for both of them.
To manage
To feel
To try
To reveal
To fight
To have
To face
To live
To claim
To prepare
To read
To pay
To come
To give away
To defeat
To swallow
To smash
To hide
To be
To promise
To be
To take
To stand
To believe
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LESSON 15
The Perfect Tenses Part II
What
will
you
have done
Whom
would
you
have gone with have happened to the book? book
What
may
by the end of the year? if they had invited you for the party?
Fut. Perf. Perf. Used to describe an action which, at some time in the future, will be past or completed. Cond. Cond. Perf. Perf. Unreal past situation
Possibility in the past weaker than it is not here on MUST HAVE. the desk.
What
might
have happened to him
if he had jumped out of the window?
What
could
have happened
if you hadn’t turned down that proposal?
Whom
should
you
have talked to?
Cond. Cond. Perf. Perf. Unreal past situation or Criticism (You might have told me about that!). that!). Possibility in the past weaker than MUST HAVE. Cond. Cond. Perf. Perf. Slight or uncertain possibility in the the past. Unreal past situation. situation. Criticism (You could have helped me!) Recommendation (past action)
Where
must
she
have left her purse?
Strong probability probability or Conclusion of a past past action. action.
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LESSON 15
I / We
will
have
graduated
by the end of the year.
I / We
would
have gone with
Martha
if they had invited me / us for the party.
It
may
have fallen
behind the desk.
Have you already checked it out?
He
might
have
broken his leg
if he had jumped out of the window.
I / We
could
have lost
lots of money
if I / we hadn’t turned down that proposal.
I / We
should
Jaime’s sister.
She
must
have talked to have left her purse
inside my car.
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LESSON 15
Phrasal Verbs
Switch on
Switch off
Turn on
Turn off
Put on
Put off
To use a switch to change a device from one state or type of operation to another. Switch the TV on. If someone switches on a particular emotion or behavior, they suddenly start to feel or behave in that way, but usually not sincerely. To use a switch to change a device from one state or type of operation to another. Switch the TV off. To stop giving your attention to someone or something. To change a device from one state or type of operation to another. Turn the TV on. To interest or excite you, especially sexually: Short girls really turn me on. To change a device from one state or type of operation to another. Turn the TV off. To stop someone feeling interested or excited, especially sexually. To cover part of the body with clothes, shoes, make-up or something similar. To make a device operate, or to cause a device to play something, such as a CD or video, by pressing a switch. To pretend to have a particular feeling or way of behaving which is not real or natural to you: Why are you putting on that silly voice? If people or animals put weight on, they become heavier. To decide or arrange to delay an event or activity until a later time or date. To tell someone that you cannot see them or do something for them, or stop them from doing something, until a later time. To take someone's attention away from what they want to be doing or should be doing.
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LESSON 15
Phrasal Verbs
Go on
Go off
Call on
Call off
To start operating. To continue or move to the next thing. To talk in an annoying way about something for a long time. To start talking again after a pause. INFORMAL something that you say to encourage someone to say or do something. To continue or pass. Used when encouraging or asking someone to do something. Something that you say in order to agree to do or allow something that you did not want to do or to allow before: "Are you sure you don't want another slice of cake?" "Oh go on then, but just a small one. If a light or a machine goes off, it stops working. If a bomb goes off, it explodes. If a gun goes off, it fires. To happen in a particular way: The protest march went off peacefully with only two arrests. UK If food or drink goes off, it is not good to eat or drink any more because it is too old. If a warning device goes off, it starts to ring loudly or make a loud noise. To become worse in quality. To leave a wife, husband or partner in order to have a sexual or romantic relationship with someone else. To visit someone for a short time. To use something, especially a quality that you have, in order to achieve something. (sth off) To decide that a planned event, especially a sports event, will not happen, or to end an activity because it is no longer useful or possible. To order a dog, or sometimes a person, to stop attacking someone or something.
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LESSON 15 Position of Prepositions We generally place the preposition directly before its object; however, sometimes it may be placed at the end of the sentence. Take a look at the examples: What do you want it for? I don’t know what he needs it for. What will I write about? Which house did you go to? Whom Whom is the girl Mark is talking to?
Old and Useful Sayings “Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today.” today.” “All is fair in love and war.” “Better late than never.” “You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make him drink.” “Never look a gift gift horse in the mouth.” “It's no use crying over spilt milk.” “The road to hell is paved with good intentions.” “It never rains but it pours.”
Complete the following questions with the suitable clauses. 1. Could he________________________ if he hadn’t broken his leg? 2. Would _________________________________if I had called you? 3. Will _______________________________________ by December? 4. What should ______________________________ last night before going to bed?
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LESSON 15
Exercises 1. Complete the sentences below below with the right phrasal verb in the right verb tense. tense a. Come on! Why don’t you just ____________ _________________ ______________ _______________ __________________ ______________ the meeting? meeting?
b. Why did she refuse to ___________________ ________________________ __________________ _______________ ___________________ _______________ her cigarette? cigarette?
c. I can’t believe we have just _______ _______________ ________ ________ ___________ ________ _______ __________ _______ gasoline again! again!
d. She told me she had already _____ _____________ __________ ______ __________ _______ what happened that night.
e. I can’t believe! You have _______________________ __________________________ ______________________ ____________________ ________________________ ______________________ a lot!
f. Don’t forget to ______ ______________________ ________________ ___________ ____________ ___________ the car before you buy it!
g. Have you been _______________________ __________________________ ___________________ ______________________ _______________________ ____________________ this summer? summer?
h. Hey! Jane has just finished preparing something in the kitchen. It’s better to _______________ ___________________ _________________ it ______________ _________________ ________________ _____.
i. How often do you _____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ _______________________________ _____________________________? ____?
j. When was the last time you __________________________ ____________________________ ______________________ ___ ______ __________ _________ somebody? somebody?
k. How long have you_______ you________________________ _________________________ __________________ ______________________ ________________________ ____________________ doing this? this?
l. Where did you ____________________________ ______________________________ ____________________ ______ __________ ________ these beautiful flowers? flowers?
m. Well at least it ___________ ________________ _____________ _____ ______ ______ ___ to be a good solution for that problem. problem.
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LESSON 15
2. Combine the following verbs with the particles in the box and then create sentences. sentences. a. PUT ______________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ ____________________
b. CALL ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ________________________________ __________________________ ______________________
c. PUT __________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ _____________________ _______________________ _____________
d. TURN __________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________
e. MAKE___________________________ MAKE__________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________________ __________________
f. STAY____________ STAY____________________________________ _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________
g. TRY _________________________ ______________________________ ________________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ______________________________________________ __________________
h. GO _________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________
i. SEND _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ___________________________ ___________
j. RUN ____________________________________ _________________________________________ ___________________________________________ _____________________________________ __________________________________ ___________
ON
OFF
OUT
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OUT OF
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LESSON 16
The Countable and Uncountable nouns
How many
books
do you
read
a month?
How much
beer
do you
usually drink
on the weekends?
How many
brothers or sisters
do you
have? have?
How much
money
does she
have in her pocket?
How many times
a month
do you
go to the beach?
do you
spend
when you go to the beach?
do you
usually buy
a month?
do you
work out
a day?
How much
How many How long
CDs
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LESSON 16
I / We
read
I / We
usually drink
lots of books a lot of books a few books few books two books a lot (just) a little little two cans of beer
have I / We don’t have
She
has
doesn’t have I / We
go to the beach beach
I / We
spend
don’t spend
I / We
usually buy don’t buy
I / We
work out
a few. few. none. many. brothers or sisters. lots of money a lot of money (just) a little little two bucks much money once twice three times lots of money a lot of money (just) a little little two bucks much money lots of CDs. a lot of CDs. a few CDs. few CDs. two CDs. many CDs.
Many is a month.
on the weekends.
mainly used in negatives and questions. Much is mainly mainly used in negatives and questions.
in her pocket.
a month. month.
when I / we go to the beach.
(a month)
for two hours
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In this case it’s more common to omit the time expression.
a day.
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LESSON 16
Complete the following questions. 1. ___________ ___________ cars ________________________? 2. ___________ ___________ time ________________________? 3. ___________ ___________ times _______________________? 4.
How much _________________________________________?
5.
How many _________________________________________?
Indefinite Pronouns Some
Any
No
Somebody or Someone Anybody or Anyone
Nobody or No one
Something
Anything
Nothing
Somewhere
• •
Anywhere
• • •
Nowhere
• •
Affirmative Affirmative sentences. Questions, when we expect a positive answer. Offers. General questions. Negative sentences, with verbs in the negative form. Affirmative sentences.* Negative sentences, sentences, with verbs in the aff affirmative form.
Yes I have some plans for tonight. Do you have any plans for tonight?
No I don’t have any plans for tonight. No I have no plans for tonight.
Would you like some help?
Oh! I’d love to.
Could you bring me some water?
Sure!
Some
Any* Any*
No
A PART OF SOMETHING. I like some Italian restaurant. (Not all of them.) NOT IMPORTANT WHICH. I like any Italian restaurant. (All of them.) NOT ANY. I like no Italian restaurant. (I don’t like Italian food / cuisine.)
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LESSON 16
Exercises 1. Make questions using how much our how many for these answers below. below a. _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ _________________________________? _________________? He sold lots of old books last week. b. ___________________ _______________________________ ______________________________________ _____________________________ ___________________ ____________________? ____________ __________________________ ___ ________________ ____? He doesn’t have much money. money. c. ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________? ____________________? I’ve spent spent lots of time doing doing the exercises. exercises. d. ____________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ____________________________________________? ______________________? Mark likes just a little sugar in his coffee. coffee. e. ___________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ _____________________? ___________________? Hugh spent ten dollars buying new pencils.
2. Give long answers for these questions questions below. a. How many times have the policemen come here this week? week? ________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ _____________________________________ ____________________________ b. How much has she spent lately? lately? _________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________ _________________________ _____________________ ___________ c. How many hours do you usually spend to come here by train? train? __________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________ _____________________ d. How much is it? it? _________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ __________________________________ ______________________ _____ e. How much did it cost? cost? ______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________ _______________________________ ________________________
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LESSON 16
Phrasal Verbs
Go up
Go down
Turn up
Turn down
Bring up
Bring down
To move higher, rise or increase. To reach as far as something: The path going up to the back door is very muddy. To move down to a lower level or place. to reach or go as far as: Its roots can go down three metres. When the sun goes down, it moves down in the sky until it cannot be seen any more. To be reduced in price, value, amount, quality, level or size. If a computer system goes down, it stops working. If an event such as a crime or a deal goes down, it happens. (on)SLANG To use the tongue and lips to touch someone's sexual organs in order to give pleasure.(with) = come down with To arrive or appear somewhere, usually unexpectedly or in a way that was not planned. If something that you have been looking for turns up, you find it unexpectedly. If a better situation or an opportunity to do something turns up, it happens or becomes available unexpectedly or in a way that was not planned. Turn sth/sb down to refuse an offer or request. To care for a child until it is an adult, often giving it particular beliefs. To start to talk about a particular subject. To cause someone in a position of power to lose their job. To reduce the level of something.
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LESSON 16
Phrasal Verbs
Get up
Get down
Come up
Come down
Break up
Break down
To wake up and get out of bed, or to tell or help someone to do this. To stand up. To organize a group of people to do something. If the wind gets up, it starts to grow stronger. If something gets you down, it makes you feel unhappy and dissatisfied. To write something, especially something that someone has said. To swallow. (to) To start to direct your efforts and attention towards something. To move towards someone. To be mentioned or talked about in conversation. If a job or opportunity comes up, it becomes available. To happen, usually unexpectedly. When the sun or moon comes up, it rises. If information comes up on a computer screen, it appears there. (against) To have to deal with a problem. (to) To reach the usual or necessary standard. (with) To suggest or think of an idea or plan. To fall and land on the ground. If a price or a level comes down, it becomes lower. INFORMAL to feel less excited after a very enjoyable experience. If a person comes down from a drug, they stop feeling its effects. (on) To punish or criticize a person or activity very strongly. (with) To start to suffer from an illness, especially one that is not serious. To divide something into many pieces. If someone who is talking on a mobile phone is breaking up, their voice can not fully be heard. (with) If a marriage breaks up or two people in a romantic relationship break up, their marriage or their relationship ends. If a machine or vehicle breaks down, it stops working. If a system, relationship or discussion breaks down, it fails because there is a problem or disagreement. To be unable to control your feelings and to start to cry.
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LESSON 16
Exercises 1. Complete the sentences below with the right phrasal phrasal verb in the right verb tense. tense a. Now that Andrew’s Andrew’s parents died, who will _______________ _________________ _______ him ______ ______________ _____________? ________?
b. Why did she _______________________ ____________________________ ______________________ __________________ ________________________ _______________________ that proposal? proposal?
c. I can’t believe we have just _____________ _____________________ __________________ ___________ ______________ __________ ____, I’m still sleepy!
d. Hey asshole! ______ ________________ _________________ ______________ _________ ____________ ____________ ______ _____ ________ __________ _______what ____what you’re doing!
e. I can’t believe! You ____ _____ __________ ______________ ____________ ____________ ______ _________ _______ ____________ _______ _____ ____________ __________ _____ her! her!
f. Don’t forget to get a coat or you may ________ _________ _________ _____ ___ ____ _____ _________ ______ _____ _________ a cold! cold!
g. Do you know why the the boss is upset with you? Yeah! I haven’t______ haven’t_____________ ________________ __________ _______ _____________ __________ _________ _____ ______ __________ good results lately.
h. When was the last time this washing machine _______ __________ _____________ ___________ ________ ______ ________ ______ _______?
i. When was the last time you ________ ____________ ______________ _________ ________ __________ _________ ____ _____ _________ _______ _____ somebody?
j. Can you hear what he is speaking? Yeah! Oh I can’t. Could you please ___________________ ______________________ _________________ it _____________ __________________ ______________ for me?
k. The food didn't _____________________ ________________________ _______________ ________ ____________ ______ ______ __________ my expectations
l. Some people didn’t like my book. book. Well at least they they didn’t _______________ ____________________ ______________ _______ __________ ___________ ______ _________ _____________ __________ me.
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LESSON 16
2. Combine the following verbs with the particles in the box and then create sentences. a. COME ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________
b. COME __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ _________________
c. TURN ___________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ _________________
d. TURN ___________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________ ________________
e. GET ____ ___________________________________________________________________ ______________ ______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ______________
f. GET______________________________________________ GET_________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ _________________________ ____________________________ _______________
g. BRING_______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ __________ BRING_______________________________________________________________ __________
h. GO __________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ___________
i. BREAK _______________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________
j. BREAK _______________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _______
UP
UP WITH
DOWN
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DOWN WITH / ON / TO
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LESSON 17
Future Possible If you meet him tomorrow, tomorrow,
What will will you do?
If she is late, late,
What can can we do?
If it rains, rains,
Where can can we go? go?
What are you going to do
if he calls you tonight?
Where can we go
if we don’t have any money?
Do you think she she may get worse
if she doesn’t take the medicines?
Present Unreal If you had lots of money
What would would you do?
If you received a strange phone call
What would you do?
If they studied hard
What could happen to them?
Where would you take her to
if you could ask her out?
How late would you wake up
if you didn’t have to work?
Do you think they might work there
if they spoke good English?
Past Unreal If you hadn’t missed the party
Whom would would you have flirted with?
If she hadn’t broken up with you
Where Where could could you have taken her to?
If he hadn’t stopped drinking
What could have happened to us?
What would she have done
if she had seen you with that girl?
Where could you have gone
if you hadn’t woken up so late?
Do you think he might have won
if he had had bet?
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LESSON 17
Future Possible If I / we meet him tomorrow,
I / We will invite him for the party.
If she is late,
We / You can do nothing.
If it rains,
We / You can / may go to the movies.
I’m going to make things clear
if he calls me tonight tonight.
We / You can go nowhere
if we / you don’t have any money. money.
I think she may / can die
if she doesn’t take the medicines
Present Unreal If I / we had lots of money
I / We would travel around the world.
If I / we received a strange phone call
I / We could call the police.
If they studied hard
They could / might get better grades.
I / We would take her to heaven
if I / we could ask her out. out.
I/ We would wake up at about 9:00 A.M
if I / we didn’t have to work. work.
Oh! I think they might / could work there there
if they spoke good English. English.
Past Unreal If I /w /we hadn’t missed the party
I /we /we Would have flirted with everything everything in a skirt. skirt.
If she hadn’t broken up with me
I could have taken her to Paradise.
If he hadn’t stopped drinking
We could / might have died.
She would have slapped me
if she had seen me with that girl.
I / We could have gone to the zoo
if I / we hadn’t woken up so late.
Oh! I think he might / could have won
if he had bet.
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LESSON 17
Exercises 1. Complete the sentences below with the right clause. clause a. If___________________________ If__________________________________________ _____________________________________________ ___________________ _____________, I will buy new clothes.
b.
If________________________ If_________________________________ ____________________________________ ________________ _______________ ____________, ________, she would give him a chance.
c. If____________________ If________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________ ___________________ _______, ___, they could have gone there.
d. If__________________ If_______________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________________ _____________________ _____, we would have helped her.
e. If_________________________________ If___________________________________________ ____________________________________________ _________________, ______, I would tell you everything.
f. If______________________________ If_____________________________________ __________________________________________ ________________ __________ _____, he won’t trouble you anymore. anymore.
g. If she is here, ______________ ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________ _____________________________ ________________.
h. If they came here more often, often, __________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________ ________________. ___________.
i. If he had paid attention to her, _______________________ _______________________________ ______________________________________ ___________________ ____________ __________.
j. If they had finished the project, ___________ __________________ ________________________________________ __________________________________ ______________________________. _______.
k. If I worked out more often, __________ ______________________ ________________________________________ ____________________________________ _______________________________. ____________.
l. If you are feeling lonely, __________________ _______________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________ _______________________. _______.
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LESSON 17
2. Make IfIf-Clause questions for these answers below. below a. _______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ _________________? I will do my best best. b. ________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ________________________? _______________? She would help me with this. this. c. _______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________ _________________? _____________? He would have tried to call off the meeting. meeting. d. _______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ _________________? ______? They can help help people. people. e. ____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ____________________? ______________? I would never hurt you. you.
3. Give long answers for these questions below. below a. What would you do if your girlfriend/boyfriend cheated on you? you? __________________________ _________________________________________________ _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ____________________________________ ___________________ b. What would you have done if you had had money 10 years ago? ago? __________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________ ___________________ ________ c. Where will you go on your next vacation if you have have money? money? _________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ __________________ d. What would you do if you lost your job? job? ____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________ _______________ e. Where could you have gone if your friends friends had called you? you? _____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ________________________ _________________
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LESSON 17
Phrasal Verbs
Climb up Climb down
Sit up
Sit down
Add up
Grow up
Hurry up Speed up Think up Hold down
Fall down
Let down
To go up. To change your opinion or admit that you were wrong (over). To sit with a straight back. To stay awake and not go to bed although it is late. To show interest or surprise: The news that he was getting married really made her sit up. To move your body so that the lower part of it is resting on a seat or on the ground. Add (sth) up to calculate the total of two or more numbers. Add up to sth (AMOUNT) to become a particular amount. To have a particular result or effect: It all added up to a lot of hard work for all of us. (Person)To gradually become an adult. (City) If a town or city grows up in a particular place or way, it develops there or in that way. hurry (sb/sth) up To move or do things more quickly than normal or to make someone do this. To happen or move faster, or to make something happen or move faster. To produce a new idea or plan. To invent. Hold sb/sth down to keep someone or something in a particular place or position and to stop them from moving. Hold sth down to keep something, especially costs, at a low level. To fall to the ground. To fail. To not be good at something in comparison with another thing: I'm quite good at speaking Chinese, but I fall down on the written work. Let (sb) down (DISAPPOINT).
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LESSON 17
Phrasal Verbs
Make up
Cut down
Slow down
Set up
Set down
Start up
Catch up
Settle down
Look down on
To invent. To prepare. To Complete. To replace. (for) To compensate for. To make a tree or other plant fall to the ground by cutting it near the bottom. (on) To reduce. To become slower, or to make someone or something become slower. To be less active and relax more. To arrange for an event or activity to happen. to formally establish a new company, organization, system, way of working, etc. To establish someone or yourself in a business or position: After he left college, his father set him up in the family business. To prepare something for use, especially by putting the different parts of it together. To write or print something, especially to record it in a formal document. If a vehicle sets down a passenger, it stops so that the passenger can get out. If a business or other organization starts up, or if someone starts one up, it is created and starts to operate. If a vehicle or engine starts up, or someone starts it up, it starts to work. (with) To reach someone in front of you by going faster than them. To reach the same quality or standard as someone or something else. (in) To become familiar with a place and to feel happy and confident in it. To start living in a place where you intend to stay for a long time, usually with your partner. To become quiet and calm, or to make someone become quiet and calm. To despise, consider someone inferior.
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LESSON 17
Exercises 1. Complete the sentences below with the right phrasal phrasal verb in the right verb tense. tense a. Now that Andrew pass passed the exams and I flunked, I think I won’t___________ ________ __________ _______ _______ _____ _______ __________ _____ him.
b. Lea needs money. Why doesn’t she _______ __________ _______ _____ _____ _________ ________ her expenses? expenses?
c. I can’t believe she ____________________________ _____________________________ ___________________ ___________________ ______________________ ________________ that story! story!
d. She is the kind of girl who likes to ___________ ___________ _______ _______ __________ _____ _________ poor boys.
e. The car car didn’t _________ _________________________ ___________________________ ___________________ _____ ________________ _______________ _________________ this morning! morning!
f. I went to the doctor and he told me _____ _______________ _____________ ___________ _____ ____________ _________ ______ ______ _________ __________. _______.
g. I’ve got to ___________ _______________ ________ ________ __________ ______ something really good to increase the sales.
h. Hey! Hey! _______ ___________________________ ____________________________ _______________________ _____ ___________________ __________________ __________________ or we’ll miss the bus!
i. Mr. Smith asked us to ______________________ _______________________________ ___________________________ _________ _____________ _________ production.
j. Have you finished ___________________________ _______________________________ _______________________ _________ __________ ___________ _____ the numbers?
k. I’ll never ______ _______________________________ ______________________________ ____________________________ you _____________________________ ________________________________! ___________________________!
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LESSON 17
2. Combine the following verbs with the particles in the box and then create sentences. sentences. a. GROW _______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________
b. MAKE _______________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ __________________________
c. THINK _____________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ____________________
d. CATCH _____________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ____________
e. SIT ___________________ _____________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ __________
f. CUT _______________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ _____________
g. BRING______________________________________________________________________ BRING_________________________________________________________________________ ___________
h. SLOW______________________ SLOW_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ _________
i. LET _______________ ________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ____________
j. CLIMB _______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ __________ __________ UP
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LESSON 18
Direct and Indirect Speech Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
He said: “I work hard every day.”
He said he worked hard every day.
He said: “I don’t work hard every day.”
He said he didn’t work hard every day.
He said: “I played soccer soccer yesterday. yesterday.”
He said he (had) played soccer the day before. before.
He said: “I didn’t play soccer yesterday.” yesterday.”
He said he (hadn’t) hadn’t) didn’t play(ed) play(ed) soccer the day before.
She said to me: “I will travel tomorrow.” tomorrow.”
She told me she would travel the following day. day.
She said to me: “I won’t travel tomorrow.” tomorrow.”
She told me she wouldn’t travel the following day. day.
She said: “I’m “I’m going to travel tonight.” tonight.”
She said she was going to travel that night. night.
She said: “I’m “I’m not going to travel tonight.” tonight.”
She said she wasn’t going to travel that night. night.
She said: “I was going to buy a car.”
She said she was going to buy a car.
She said: “I wasn’t going to buy a car.”
She said she wasn’t going to buy a car.
He said: “I’m “I’m studying now.” now.”
He said he was studying that moment. moment.
He said: “I’m “I’m not studying now.” now.”
He said he wasn’t studying that moment. moment.
He said: “I was studying.” studying.”
He said he had been studying. studying.
He said: “I wasn’t studying.” studying.”
He said he hadn’t been studying. studying.
He said: “I’ve “I’ve studied a lot.”
He said he had studied a lot.
He said: said: “I haven’t studied a lot.”
He said he hadn’t studied a lot.
She said: “I’ll “I’ll have finished it by afternoon.”
She said she’d she’d have finished it by afternoon.
He said: “I can drive.”
He said he could drive.
He said: “I can’t drive.”
He said he couldn’t drive. drive.
He said: “I must study hard.”
He said he had (needed) to study hard.
He said: “I don’t have (need) to study hard.”
He said he didn’t have (need) to study hard.
He said: “It may be a good idea!”
He said It might be a good idea!
He asked me: “will “will you come tonight? tonight?”
He asked me if I would come that night. night.
He asked me: “what “what are you doing? doing?”
He asked what I was doing.
He asked: “Close “Close the door!”
He asked to close the door.
He said to me: me: “Don’t “Don’t close the door!”
He told me not to close the door.
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LESSON LESSON 18
Tense Change Changes Simple Present
Simple Past
Simple Past
Simple Past or Past Perfect
Future
Conditional
Immediate Future
Future in the Past
Future in the Past
Future in the Past
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Future Perfect
Conditional Perfect
Can
Could
Must
Had to / Needed to
Don’t have to(need to)
Didn’t have to (need to)
May
Might
Questions (with a question word)
The Question word + an Aff. or Neg. structure, according to the previous previous question.
Questions (with no question word)
If or Whether + an Aff. or Neg. structure, according to the previous question.
Affirmative imperative
To + verb( Infinitive )
Negative imperative
not to+ verb( Negative infinitive )
Might
Might
Could Could
Could
Should/ought to
Should/ought to
Would
Would
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Yes/no questions are reported with if or whether.
The driver asked if/whether I wanted to go downtown.
It’s preferable to use whether before or, especially in a formal style.
I enquired whether she was coming by road or by air.
Tenses don’t change after present, future or present perfect reporting verbs, because there’s no important change of time.
He says he doesn’t like flowers. I’ll tell her your idea is great. great. The government has announced that taxes will be raised
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LESSON 18
Word Changes Changes Last week
The week before
Next week
The following week/The next week/The week after
Now
Then / That day/right away/At away/At that moment
This morning
That morning
This afternoon
That afternoon
This evening
That evening
Today
That day
Tonight
That night
Yesterday
The day before
Tomorrow
The following/next day
LAST… LAST…
THE… BEFORE
NEXT… NEXT…
THE NEXT/FOLLOWING… NEXT/FOLLOWING…
Ago
Before
This/these
That/those
Here
There
Verbs that imply a certain direction may also have to be changed. go Examples: come bring
take
No and Yes are eliminated in indirect speech. Idiomatic Expressions and Useful Phrases How do you like…? = What’s your your impression of…? E.G. How do you like our weather? I think it’s very hot or I find it really hot.
Old and Useful Sayings “Speak of the devil and he appears.” appears.” “He put his foot in his mouth.” “A word to the wise is enough.” “Out of sight, out of mind.”
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LESSON 18
Phrasal Verbs
Stay away
Turn away
Get away
Take away Throw away
Give away
Run away
Break away Clear away Die away Put away
To avoid. To keep away. To not go somewhere or near something, or to prevent someone from going somewhere or near something. Turn sb away: to not allow someone to enter a place. To move your face so you are not looking at something. To leave or escape from a person or place, often when it is difficult to do this. To go somewhere to have a holiday, often because you need to rest. (with) To succeed in avoiding punishment for something: If I thought I could get away with it, I wouldn't pay any tax at all. Take sth away: to remove something. To subtract a number. Throw sth away/out:to get rid of something that you do not want any more. Throw sth away: to waste a skill or opportunity. To give sth free of charge. To tell people something secret, often without intending to. To show someone's secret feelings. To leave a place or person secretly and suddenly. (from) To avoid dealing with a problem or difficult situation. Run away (with) sb (FEELING).If a feeling or idea runs away with you, you cannot control it and it makes you behave stupidly:Sometimes my imagination runs away with me and I convince myself that they are having an affair. To escape from someone, free oneself of. To remove things from a table after a meal. (of sound, light, wind) To diminish gradually until it ceases. To put things back in their place.
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LESSON 18
Phrasal Verbs Answer back Fall back (on) Hold back Keep back Think back Look back (on) Take back Turn back
Get back
Send back Give back
Call back
Put back
Bring back
To reply to someone rudely. To make use of sth in an emergency = to turn to someone for help. To control (feelings) To have sth as a secret. To remember. To think about the past. To retract sth said or written. (To begin to) return. To return to a place after you have been somewhere else. get sth back (BE GIVEN) To be given something again that you had before. Get sb back. (ALSO get back at sb) INFORMAL: to do something unpleasant to someone because they have done something unpleasant to you. Get back (to)sth: to start doing or talking about something again. Get back (to) sb: to talk to someone again, usually on the telephone, in order to give them some information or because you were not able to speak to them before. Send sth back: to return something to the person who sent it to you, especially because it is damaged or not suitable. Give sth back: to return something to the person who gave it to you. Call back (RETURN): to return to a place in order to see someone or collect something. Call sb back (TELEPHONE): to telephone someone again, or to telephone someone who called you earlier. Put sth back (REPLACE): to return an object to where it was before it was moved. Bring sth back (RETURN): to return from somewhere with something. (REMEMBER): to make someone think about something from the past. (DO AGAIN): to start to do or use something that was done or used in the past.
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LESSON 18
Exercises 1. Change into indirect (Reported) speech. a. He said: “I like music.” ______________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________ ___________________ ________________ b. She asked them: “What are you going to do this afternoon?” ____________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________ c. They said said to me: me: “W “We must study hard.” ___________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ __________________ d. She asked me: “Have you studied a lot lately?” __________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ ___________
2. Change into direct speech. a. She told me she wouldn’t miss this class. ____________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________ b. She asked them if they were able to finish the project. _____________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________ c. They told me to calm down. __________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ ___________ d. He said he had already painted the house. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ______________________ __________________
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LESSON 18 18
3. Complete the sentences below with the right phrasal verb in the right verb tense. tense a. Now that I’m I’m alone I don’t know who I will ______________ _________________ _________ __________ _________
b. I’ve been trying to _________ __________________________ ___________________________ ___________________ _____________ __________________ ____________________ __________ my tears.
c. I can’t believe that! Why don’t you __________ ________ _____ __________ ______ your childhood?
d. Hey just a second, I’ve gotta hang up but in a few minutes I’ll ____________ ________________ __________ _________ _____ _________ _______you. ____you.
e. When you finish reading this book, ________ __________________________ _______________________ _____________________ it _______ __________ ________! ____!
4. Combine the following verbs with the particles in the box and then create sentences. sentences. a. THROW _____________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________
b. RUN ______________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _____________________________ ____________
c. ANSWER________________________________________________________ ANSWER______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________
d. CALL _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _____________________
e. PUT _______ _____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _______________
BACK
AWAY
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LESSON 19
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Jane always helps her mother.
She loves cooking.
WHO – People We use to join sentences replacing the subject.
Jane, who loves cooking, always helps her mother. The dog is mine.
It doesn’t doesn’t like to play.
WHICH – Things and animals. We use to join sentences replacing the subject or the object. object. In this case subject.
The dog which doesn’t like to play is mine. Joe needs to travel.
His mother won the lottery.
WHOSE – People, things and animals. animals. We use to join sentences replacing the possessive adjective or any other word that indicates ownership.
Joe, whose mother won the lottery, needs to travel. Jane is sad.
I talked to her yesterday.
WHOM – People. We use to join sentences replacing the object.
Jane, whom I talked to yesterday, is sad. The cat is yellow.
I’ve taken care of him since it was born.
WHICH – Things and animals. We use to join sentences replacing the subject or the object. In this case object.
The cat which I’ve taken taken care of since it was born is yellow. Where, When, What and Why can also be used as relative pronouns. The city where I was brought up is far from here He’ll never forget the day when he got his first job. I couldn’t notice what she did at the party. I can’t understand why she did that.
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LESSON 19 Defining and nonnon-defining relative clauses Relative Clause Defining NonNondefinig
Use provides essential information about the subject or object.; can’t be omitted povides additional information about the subject or object; can be omitted without without distorting the meaning.
Punctuation
Example
without commas
The driver drivers who were were drunk were arrested. (not all, but only the ones who were drunk). The green racing car, which is an old model, crashed into the wall. (an old model is irrelevant to the identification of the car.)
between commas
THAT cannot be used in nonnon-defining relative clauses.
Omission of relative pronouns Relative pronouns can be omitted when they are the object of the relative clause. The girl girl who(m) / that I love is cute. The girl I love is cute. The girl who loves me is cute. In this case it cannot be omitted, omitted, because who is the subject of the relative clause. WHOSE can never be omitted.
How to use them? “TOO” AND “SO” USED IN SHORT AFF. SENTENCES = “ALSO”
“EITHER” “EITHER” AND “NEITHER” USED IN SHORT NEG. SENTENCES = “ALSO”
She will travel.
She doesn’t like him.
I will too. too. (or)So (or)So will I.
I don’t either. either. (or) Neither do I.
Old and Useful Sayings “It takes two to make a fight.” “Make do with with what you have.” “Don’t wash the family’s dirty linen in public.” “A burnt child dreads the fire.”
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LESSON 19
Phrasal Verbs Go over Talk over
Look over Think over Run over Jump over Do over
Come over
Get over Knock over Boil over
Fall over
To examine. To discuss a problem or situation with someone, often to find out their opinion or to get advice before making a decision about it. To quickly examine something or someone. To consider carefully. If a vehicle or its driver runs over someone or something, the vehicle hits and drives over them. To jump from one side to another. To redecorate. Do sth over (DO AGAIN). To come to a place, move from one place to another, or move towards someone. To seem to be a particular type of person: I watched the interview and felt he came over as quite arrogant. To recover from. To make fall by pushing or hitting. To flow over the side. If someone falls over, they fall to the ground:She tripped and fell over. Fall over sth/sb (COVER) LITERARY: to cover something or someone: A shadow fell over her work and she looked up to see who was there.
Expressions In time = early enough. On time = at exactly the right time. For the time being = for now, temporarily Step on one`s one`s toes = To offend someone, to hurt someone`s feelings Otherwise = if not; or else
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LESSON 19
Exercises 1. Join the sentences using a relative pronoun. pronoun. a. Jane is tired. She works a lot. ___________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ _________________________ ______________________ b. The boy is sick.I sick.I need to talk to him. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ ____________ c. Debby is traveling. Her cat died. _______________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ d. The dog underwent surgery. Its owner is worried. _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ ______ e. Janet became very famous. Her stories are always interesting. _______________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ _______________________ __________ f. Phil and Joane bought an old house. house. They love old things. things. ________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _____________ g. The dress is beautiful. She bought it last week. ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ _________ h. That employee was promoted. He was about to travel on vacation. ________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _____________ i. His tie cost a lot of money. It was imported from Italy. __________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ _______ j. The ladder is much bigger. It belongs to John. ____________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________
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LESSON 19
2. Complete the sentences below with the the right phrasal verb in the right verb tense. tense a. Tina hates her bedroom. I think it`s time to ________________ ____________________ __________________ it _______ ____________. ________.
b. I’ve been _____________ ________________ _______ it __________ __________, __, but up to now I found no solution to this.
c. I can’t believe you ____________ _____________ ____ _____ _______ _______ ____ _______ your test before handing it in!
d. Hey! Hey! be careful ____ ______ _____ ____ _________ __________ ______ ________ ___________ _______ ______ ____________ _________ the glass beside you!
e. Wh What at were you ________________ ______________________ _______________ ___________________ ____________________ ______________ on the phone last night?
3. Combine the following verbs with the the particles in the box and then create sentences. sentences. a. THINK ______________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________
b. LOOK___________________________________________________ LOOK__________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ________________________
c. FALL _____________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ______________________________________ ___________________
d. GO ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _______________________
e. DO ____________ ___________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ __________________
OVER
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LESSON 20 Stop loving yourself and work, you fool!!! fool!!!
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS SUBJECT SUBJECT PRONOUNS
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
I
MYSELF
YOU
YOURSELF
HE
HIMSELF
SHE
HERSELF
IT
ITSELF
WE
OURSELVES
YOU
YOURSELVES
THEY
THEMSELVES
How to use them? We use the reflexive pronouns in three situations: Subject = Object
Emphasis Emphasis
Preceded by “by” It Means Means alone or without help
She hurt herself while cooking.
I talked to the director myself. myself.
He traveled to England by himself. himself.
He looked at himself at the mirror They themselves wrote the letter.
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I fixed the car by myself. myself.
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LESSON 20
Exercises Exercises 1. Com Complete plete the following sentences with the suitable reflexive pronouns and cases a. He _______________________ ___________________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________ _____ fixes the meals in his house. house. b. She would like to live ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________. __________________________. c. They painted painted their houses __________________ _____________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________________ _______________________. ___. d. I don’t like pork ______________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ __________________________ ______. e. We _________ _________________________________ ________________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________should talk to the boss. f. They need to stay stay awhile _____________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________. _________________.
2. Create sentences using the following pronouns: a. She / them / herself. _____________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________ b. He / Her / himself . ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _________ c. They / us / their / themselves. themselves. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ ____________ d. I / my / by myself. myself. _________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________ ________ e. We / our /by ourselves. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _____________
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LESSON 20
Phrasal Verbs
Settle for
Major in Sneak away Carry away
Stand up Wash off Take off
Lay down Carry in Look into Look for Do without Take over Get along with Back up Give up Run into
Turn in Try on
To accept or agree to something or to decide to have something, although it is not exactly what you want or it is not the best: She never settles for second best. To study something as your main subject at university: She majored in philosophy at Harvard. To leave secretly. Also carry off. To take (sth)or (someone) away. To remove: Trash left on the beach during the day is carried away (= removed) at night by the tide. To be in a vertical state or to put into a vertical state, especially (of a person or animal) by straightening the legs. To remove by washing. Take sth off (REMOVE): to remove something, especially clothes. Take off (FLY) phrasal verb. If an aircraft, bird or insect takes off, it leaves the ground and begins to fly. To place (something, someone or oneself) down, as on the ground, furniture, etc. To transport or take something toward the inside of a container, place or area. To investigate.To examine the facts about a problem or situation. To try to find (something or someone, often that is lost). To manage without having something: I can’t do without your love. To assume the responsibility. To be friendly to. To support or help someone. To quit. To stop. To meet by chance.To drive a vehicle accidentally into an object or a person in another vehicle:I had to brake suddenly, and the car behind ran into me.He ran his motorbike into a tree. To go to bed ( to sleep ). To put on a piece of clothing to discover if it fits you or if you like it. ECL ENGLISH COURSE
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LESSON 20
Exercises 1. Complete the sentences below with the right phrasal verb in the right verb tense. tense a. I can’t believe you ____________ ______ ___________ ________ ____________ ________ ________ ________ your parents!
b. You wouldn’t guess who I _________________ _________________ _____ ______________ on the bus yesterday.
c. Wherever you go, whatever you do I ________ ____________ ________ always____ always_____ __________ you _______. _______.
d. At what time ____________ ______________ _____ you usually ____ ___________________ _________________ _______ ___________ ____________ __________ ___?
e. What can’t you _________________________________ __________________________________ _________________________ _______ ________ ___________________________ ____________________ ?
2. Combine the following verbs with the particles in the box and then create sentences. a. LOOK___________________________________________ LOOK_____________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ________________________________ ______________________________
b. LOOK______________________________________________________ LOOK___________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________
c. LAY_______________________________________________________________ LAY_____________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _____________
d. BACK _________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ ____________ _________________ ___________
e. DO _______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ______________ ______________
UP
WITHOUT
INTO
FOR
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LESSON 20 GENERAL SEQUENCE OF ADJECTIVES: Determ iner the
Ordinal number first
Quality word
Size
Age
Color
Noun
clean
big
young
brown
horse
a
second
attractive
little
old
grey
city
this
27th
handsome
small
antique
blue
ring
that
last
nice
tall
middlemiddle-aged
man
these
dirty
short
6-yearyear-old
boxes
those
foolish
underunder-aged
couples
my
crazy
tiny
your
rich
slender
girlfriend
poor
stout
widower
delicious
huge
unusual
1-monthmonth-old
fresh
green
parrot
white
cake
ancient
ship
tender
thin
ham
tough
fat
steak
ripe
red
fruit
odd
boys large
modern
dark
building
immense
old
golden
statue
“Very” – Should be placed placed before the modifier we wish to emphasize: VERY BIG, VERY OLD, VERY STOUT, VERY TALL, ETC.
Exercise 1. Put the words in parentheses in the correct order: a. When will __________________________ ____________________________________call ______________call back? (young nice that girl) b. Where is_________________ is________________________sneaking __________sneaking away to?(old to?(old man that little whit white) c. Did _________________dog carry away_____________________meat? (brown big the) (old tough that) d. Why doesn’t______________________ doesn’t________________________________ __________________ stand up? (little that parrot parrot green) e. Is this ________ __________________________________ ______________________________ neighbor? ( young our very attractive)
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LESSON 20 GENERAL SEQUENCE OF ADJECTIVES: Determiner
Shape
Color
Material
a
Age or Temperature new
oddodd-shaped
dark
steel
an
cool
square
light
iron
gate
this this
hot
rectangular
bluish
gold
watch
that
cold
round
green
silver
chain
these
warm
broad
yellowish
wool
sweater
those
old
narrow
greenish
silk
stockings
our
wide
brownish
synthetic
material
his
flat
reddish
wooden
floor
plastic
dish
leather
coat
nylon
rug
her
Origin Gerund English
Noun knife
German
refrigerator
French
salad dressing
washing
machine
ironing
board
Japanese
car
American
egg beater
Exercise 1. Put the words in parentheses in the the correct order: a. Is she going to put on _______________ _______________________ ______________ _______________________ _______________sweater _____________sweater? sweater? (hot (hot that wool yellow) yellow) b. Wh Why y doesn’t he wash off ___________________ _______________________________spoon? (old soup that greenish) greenish) c. Why is she taking off _______________________ ___________________________ stockings? stockings? (light new silk very those) d. When are they going to lay down________________________ down________________________________________rug __________________rug? ________________rug? (that brownish new rectangular nylon) nylon) e. They couldn’t carry in ______________________ ______________________________cloth. ___________cloth. (cotton that dark) dark)
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