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COMPARATIVE STUDY ON TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICITY BETWEEN WIRED AND WIRELESS SYSTEM USING BATTERY AS POWER SOURCE
Cuevas, Nonie Nicole R.
Espera, Trisha Marie P.
Reyes, Jerico Emmanuel R.
Adviser
Lawrence N. Labitad
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Abstract
I. Introduction
a. Background of the Study
b. Objectives of the Study
c. Statement of the Problem
d. Conceptual Framework
e. Hypothesis
f. Significance of the study
g. Scopes and Limitations of the Study
h. Definition of Terms
II. Review of Related Literature
III. Methodology
a. Materials
b. Procedures
IV. Results and Discussion
18 19 22 24 26a. Primary Comparisons
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b. Advantages and Disadvantages
V. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
Appendices
Bibliography
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to explore the efficiency of transmitting electricity to lighting wirelessly through the use of a solid state tesla coil and how it compares to a conventional wired system.
A wireless system of lighting a bulb or a wireless circuit was constructed, and so as the wired one. The materials that were mainly used were the copper wire, battery, 2n3904 Transistor, 10uf mylar Capacitor, 1n4007 Diode, 100kΩ (ohms) Resistor, and light bulbs. The two circuits were compared according to brightness, effects, material availability, price and construction time.
Based on the results, the wired circuit took more advantage than the wireless circuit based on the primary comparisons which was used before to compare the two circuits; brightness, price, material availability, effects and construction time. Though the wireless circuit provided brighter light and material availability, the wired circuit was proven better since it consumed less construction time, less harmful effects and a lot cheaper.
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
These days, wireless technology had been a trend to most people because of its use of electromagnetic waves(1) instead of wires. According to English-Word Information, "The first wireless transmitters went on the air in the early 20th century using radiotelegraphy (Morse code). Later, as modulation made it possible to transmit voices and music via wireless, the medium came to be called "radio." With the advent of television, fax, data communication, and the effective use of a larger portion of the spectrum, the term "wireless" has been resurrected." Now, wireless technology had been far more complex, in terms of distance or range, that it can connect all people around the world.
On the other hand, wireless electricity is the transfer of electricity from a power source to an electrical load without man-made conductors or wires(2). According to pbs.org, on 1891, Nikola Tesla, invented an electrical resonant transformer circuit and named it Tesla coil. Since Tesla's original experiments, researchers have gone to great lengths to find safer and more efficient methods of wireless power transfer.
This study was conducted to explore the efficiency of transmitting electricity to lighting wirelessly through the use of a solid state tesla coil and how it compares to a conventional wired system.
Objectives of the Study
To observe and state the advantages and disadvantages of both wired and wireless transmission of electricity, specifically in lighting bulbs(3).
To compare the two (2) kinds of circuits(4) (wired and wireless) in terms of brightness of light, availability of materials, price, harmful effects and construction time.
Statement of the Problem
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the wired and wireless circuit?
Which one is better between wired and wireless circuit in terms of brightness of light, availability of materials, price, harmful effects and construction time?
Conceptual Framework
Independent variable:Wired circuitWireless circuitDependent variable: Brightness of lightAvailability of materials Price of materialsHarmful effects upon activationConstruction time
Independent variable:
Wired circuit
Wireless circuit
Dependent variable:
Brightness of light
Availability of materials
Price of materials
Harmful effects upon activation
Construction time
Hypothesis
The wireless transmission of electricity will have more advantages than that of the wired circuit, but will also have more disadvantages.
Significance of the Study
People who are now still confused of the advantages and disadvantages of both wired and wireless transmission of electricity will benefit from this study for they will not only know these, but they will also know what materials they are made of and how they are made. Thus, if these people would want to try this experiment, they will now what advantages and disadvantages they will face and know other information before conducting it, so that they will know what dos and don'ts they must observe and have precautions in their experiment.
Scopes and Limitations of the Study
This study mainly covered the advantages and disadvantages of the wired and wireless circuit in lighting a bulb. The only comparisons that were covered are the brightness, price, availability of materials, construction time, and harmful effects of each circuit.
This study did cover the transmission of electricity on other electrical devices other than a light bulb. This also did not cover the effects of different kinds of batteries(5) for the researchers only used two batteries with the same type and voltage(6).
This study was conducted at Espera's residence, Curamen Subdivision, San Jose City, Nueva Ecija.
Definition of Terms
1. Electromagnetic waves
- they are formed when an electric field couples with a magnetic field. The magnetic and electric fields of an electromagnetic wave are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of the wave.
- they are the one that the wireless circuit uses to transfer electricity, instead of manmade wires.
2. Wire
- It is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are used to bear mechanical loads or electricity and telecommunications signals.
- they are the ones that are present in a wired circuit and absent on a wireless one.
3. Bulb
- it is a device that produces light from electricity.
- it is the item used to prove how much power the wireless circuit can produce.
4. Electric Circuit
- is a conducting path, external to the battery, which allows charge to flow from one terminal to the other.
- it could either be a wired electric circuit or a wireless one.
5. Batteries
- It is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy.
- it is used as the power source of the two kinds of circuit, wired and wireless, to supply power to the light bulbs.
6. Voltage
- it is the force of an electrical current that is measured in volts.
- it is used in the researchers' study as the measurement of the batteries and the light bulbs.
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Coil
One material needed in wireless energy transmission is the coil wire. Coil wires are electrical conductors that are widely used in electrical engineering, devices such as inductors, electromagnets, transformers, and sensor coils. In this project, the researchers will be using tesla coils, a spark-excited radio frequency resonant transformers type of coil wire, which generates high AC voltages on elevated capacitive terminals and produce high-frequency alternating-current electricity. This type of coil is best suited for transmitting power for short distances without wires.The optimized tesla coil transmitter is a continuous wave oscillator with a break rate equaling the operating frequency. Tesla coils are also used to conduct innovative experiments in electrical lighting, x-ray generation, circuits in sparkgap radio transmitters, application in educational demonstrations regarding this matter, novelty lighting, and can also manipulate atmospheric electricity and radiant energy. But even though tesla coils are considered a general material needed in wireless power transmission, it is still a questionable matter to normally use since it is dangerous because it is too exposed in circuits that may cause damages not only in the transmission process but also in people that uses the said material.
Batteries
Batteries can be a source of energy that can be transmitted in devices through tesla coils. An electric battery is a device that consists of one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy to electrical energy. Batteries are attached to a circuit by its terminals located to its side using wires. Though it has lower specific energy than common fuels such as in fuels, it is better to use them since it is a lot safer and easier to use. These come in different size and shapes, used to power many devices used today, such as flashlights and watches.
Wireless Electricity
Wireless power or wireless electricity transmission is the transmission of electrical energy from a power source to an electrical load without a solid conductor. Wireless transmission is useful in cases where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or impossible. In the latter, the proportion of energy received becomes critical only if it is too low for the signal to be distinguished from the background disturbances. With wireless power, efficiency is a more significant parameter; enough energy sent out by the transmitter must arrive at the receiver or receivers to make the system economical. Currently, wireless transmission of energy is commonly used in medical implants, vehicles, and even in bulbs.
Though wireless electricity transmission is considered as a general factor of electricity distribution, problems and errors still occur and are highly dangerous since it is widely used by people to lessen the burden in using electricity needed for many purposes. The main problem with wireless electricity transmission is that it is sensitive. For example, when a light shone just from one place to another, and then use photovoltaic cells ("solar cells") to convert the light into electricity, or to use a steam generator that gets hot when the light shines on it. It turns out that if we start with electricity in one place, convert it to light, transmit the light, and reconvert it back to electricity; quite a lot of energy is lost in the process. Another one, according to a study conducted about the near field techniques of wireless electricity transmission, its disadvantages includes the distance constraint, or sometimes the field is unsafe, its initial cost is too high, and its transmission sometimes need a high frequency. In the far field techniques of wireless electricity transmission, its disadvantages cover radiative process, needing of line-of-sight, and high initial cost.
Though wireless electricity transmission is not yet widely used by ordinary people, it encompasses advantages such as easy process, efficient energy transfer, no wires, less maintenance cost, and no ecological wastes included. Wireless energy transmission is an expanding project made by scientists all over the world to make electricity transmission that is needed by people easier.
Related Studies
According to Vikash Kumar of Graphic Era University, United Kingdom, one coil can recharge any device that is in range, as long as the coils have the same resonant frequency. "Resonant inductive coupling" has key implications in solving the two main problems associated with non-resonant inductive coupling and electromagnetic radiation, one of which is caused by the other; distance and efficiency. Electromagnetic induction works on the principle of a primary coil generating a predominantly magnetic field and a secondary coil being within that field so a current is induced within its coils. This causes the relatively short range due to the amount of power required to produce an electromagnetic field. Over greater distances the non-resonant induction method is inefficient and wastes much of the transmitted energy just to increase range. This is where the resonance comes in and helps efficiency dramatically by "tunnelling" the magnetic field to a receiver coil that resonates at the same frequency.
Weilai Li of the University of British Columbia conducted a study, "HIGH EFFICIENCY WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION AT LOW FREQUENCY USING PERMANENT MAGNET COUPLING". According to Li, A new method of electrical wireless power transfer has been parameterized and experimentally verified for a variety of size-scales and applications. The main distinction between this and previous methods of wireless power transfer is the nature of the coupling mechanism, which is a magnetic interaction between synchronized, rotating, permanent magnets. Its main components can be viewed as equivalent to an electric motor, a magnetic gear, and an electric generator. Its performance parameters such as power, range and efficiency are within the same order of magnitude as previously known resonant inductive power transfer devices. However, it has the distinct benefit of operating at much lower operating frequencies.
A theoretical model of the new system has been developed with sufficient detail to characterize and predict experimental behavior of various sizes. The theoretical treatment has been divided into three main interactions: the motor, the generator and the magnetic gear. The mechanism for operation, as well as a model for efficiency and losses have been developed for each interaction.
The viability of this new method of wireless power transfer was experimentally verified for two size-scales. The larger size-scale achieved 1.6 kW of power transfer with 15 cm separation. The main target applications of this size-scale are for wireless charging of electric vehicles and industrial applications. The smaller size-scale achieved 60 W of power transfer with 10 cm separation. The main target applications of this size-scale are for powering medical implants and consumer electronics. Both size-scales achieved efficiencies in the range of 81%, and the operating frequency did not exceed 150 Hz. The design and construction of the devices are outlined for both size-scales.
Misalignment tolerance between the transmitting device and the receiver device was experimentally investigated, and related control schemes for managing the power transfer were implemented and tested.
Additionally, the potential risk to human health from the time-varying magnetic field produced by this system was evaluated using exposure limits set within two widely adopted standards. For short-term exposure to the larger-scale device, the fields met the standards at a distance beyond 6 cm, and for long-term exposure, beyond 1 meter.
III. METHODOLOGY
Materials
Quantity
Material
100 meters
Copper wire
2
Battery (9 volts)
1
Breadboard
1/2
Board
1
Measuring Tape or Ruler
1
Top load
1 pack
Aluminum foil
1
Paper tube
3
2n3904 NPN Transistor
Quantity
Material
1
10uF mylar Capacitor
2
1n4007 Diode
2
Fluorescent bulb
1
100kΩ(ohms) Resistor
1
Scotch tape
80cm
Gauge 22
5
Alligator clip
1
Sand paper
Procedure
WIRELESS CIRCUIT
The copper wire was wrapped around the paper tube properly. The wire was 100 meters long but only 66.44 meters was used to cover the entire tube. 470 turns of wire were taken for the entire tube to be covered. After wrapping, the both ends of the wire are taped on the paper tube but a few extra centimetres were left at the bottom. The secondary coil was then formed.
The excess copper wire was covered with the gauge and sand paper was used to get the both ends of the wire. The wire with gauge was twisted in the same direction of how the secondary coil was made. The primary coil was then formed. The secondary coil was inserted inside the circle of the twisting of primary coil.
The circuit was assembled by placing the transistors, resistor, capacitor, and diodes on the breadboard.
An alligator clip was used to connect the end of the secondary coil to the breadboard, to connect the top end of the primary coil to the breadboard and the bottom end to the positive row of the breadboard, and to connect the voltage source (battery) to the breadboard as well. A switch was connected to the voltage source for easier activation.
A fluorescent bulb was placed near the secondary coil and lightened like a normal light bulb. A capacitive load was then placed on top of the secondary coil and the light of the bulb was developed into a brighter one.
WIRED CIRCUIT
A bulb socket was glued to the ½ board. Across the bulb socket, a battery with the same voltage used on the wireless system of transmitting electricity was glued to the board as well.
The use of the same bulb was tested for the wired system. The bulb could not be handled by the same battery. Instead, a small bulb with around 3 volts only was used because it could be powered by the same battery.
A switch for the bulb was also glued to the board and wires were used to connect all the objects on the board: the switch, bulb socket and the battery.
PROCEDURE FOR PRIMARY COMPARISONS
Brightness. The wired and wireless circuits were set to place. First, the light of the wired circuit was turned on in a room without light. Then, a piece of note written in a paper was read by a researcher using the bulb's light. The note was drawn farther and farther until the researcher cannot read the note anymore. The range of the light was then recorded. Same was done for the wireless circuit.
Price. The price of each material used in each circuit (wired and wireless) was computed/added.
Availability of Materials. The places where the researchers bought the materials were recorded.
Harmful Effects upon Activation. The harmful effects of each kind of circuit were researched.
Construction time. In constructing each circuit, the time was recorded on how long it may be.
PROCEDURE FOR IDENTIFYING THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
The comparisons aside from the primary ones were distinguished for each kind of circuit (wired and wireless).
These advantages and disadvantages were counted for each kind of circuit, to determine which one is better to the other.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
I. PRIMARY COMPARISONS
Brightness of Light
WIRED CIRCUIT: The note that was written could still be read in 12.5 centimeters of range away from the bulb.
WIRELESS CIRUIT: The note could still be read in 18 centimeters of range away from the bulb.
Price
WIRED CIRCUIT: The researchers consumed up to P140.00 to P150.00.
WIRELESS CIRUIT: The researchers consumed up to P640.00 to P660.00.
Availability of Materials
WIRED CIRCUIT: The researcher bought the materials in a nearby electronics store in San Jose City.
WIRELESS CIRUIT: The researchers bought the materials in the following: any hardware shop like Ace hardware or Handyman, Marketplace, Bookstores, Grocery stores, and Convenience store.
Harmful Effects upon Activation
WIRED CIRCUIT: Negative.
WIRELESS CIRUIT: Positive. According to transition.fcc.gov, it has been known for many years that exposure to very high levels of radiation can be harmful due to the ability of Electromagnetic energy to heat biological tissue rapidly. This is the principle by which microwave ovens cook food. Exposure to very high intensities can result in heating of biological tissue and an increase in body temperature. Tissue damage in humans could occur during exposure to high levels because of the body's inability to cope with or dissipate the excessive heat that could be generated. Two areas of the body, the eyes and the testes, are particularly vulnerable to heating because of the relative lack of available blood flow to dissipate the excess heat load.
Construction Time
WIRED CIRCUIT: 34 minutes
WIRELESS CIRUIT: 3 hours
II. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
A. Wired Circuit
ADVANTAGES
It can be turned on and off, but only by using the switch.
It does not emit radiation that is harmful to people and animals.
It could minimize the use of the battery, thus saving more energy.
It is not sensitive. Even if the whole circuit was shaken with a great strength, the circuit still functions normal.
DISADVANTAGES
It cannot function without the use of wires.
It could only light a bulb of around 3 volts, which is a quite small and emits low brightness.
It cannot light the bulb without the use of the bulb socket.
B. Wireless Circuit
ADVANTAGES
It can function without the use of wires.
It can activate light without the use of bulb socket.
It can light bulbs not only of 3 volts, but also those lights having up to hundreds of volts.
It can light more than one bulb at the same time.
It can light bulbs even if there is a solid material/object between the bulb and the wireless circuit, specifically, to the primary coil. For example, a plastic container, a block of wood, and the like.
After the bulb is put near the primary coil (>10 cm range), it lights up, and then it could be put away for around 6 inches, still retaining its light, but the light darkens as it goes further from the primary coil.
In this circuit, light can be turned off in two ways: switching off the circuit or making the bulb far enough to the primary coil.
DISADVANTAGES
Like other wireless transmitters of electricity, this wireless circuit, if turned on, emits radiation that could harm people or animals.
This wireless circuit doesn't choose what it powers; it just transfers wireless electricity to whatever device that comes to its range. (Proof: When the researchers try to light a bulb using this wireless circuit, the bulb lighted normal. But when we inserted another device (iphone) to the circuit's range, the bulb's brightness decreased. The researchers concluded that the bulb shared some of the energy it receives from the circuit to the device (iphone).
Some of the open wires of this wireless circuit could ground a person lightly when the skin made a contact with it/them.
This wireless circuit is sensitive. Some parts, if moved, would make the circuit disabled and needs to be partially rearranged for it to work again.
V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted to explore the efficiency of transmitting electricity to lighting wirelessly through the use of a solid state tesla coil and how it compares to a conventional wired system.
A wireless system of lighting a bulb or a wireless circuit was constructed, and so as the wired one. They were compared according to the number of their advantages and disadvantages after they (advantages and disadvantages) were tested and stated. They were also compared according to the brightness of their light, their price, the availability of their materials, and their construction time.
The wired circuit had four (4) advantages and three (3) disadvantages while the wireless circuit had seven (7) advantages and four (4) disadvantages. The wired circuit was less expensive, had less construction time, had no harmful effects upon activation and had easier to buy materials; while the wireless circuit produced the brighter light.
Conclusion
Based on the results, the wired circuit took more advantage than the wireless circuit based on the primary comparisons which was used before to compare the two circuits; brightness, price, material availability, effects and construction time. Though the wireless circuit provided brighter light and material availability, the wired circuit was proven better since it consumed less construction time, less harmful effects and a lot cheaper.
Recommendation
Assembling the wireless circuit should be done properly and the researchers must prioritize their safety as a one simple mistake can cause harm or danger. The researchers recommend to wear gloves when assembling the circuit for safety. It is also recommended to assemble this circuit as it can be handy for blackouts or brownouts. It is recommended to keep the circuit in a place where children would not go to so no one can play with it and get harmed. It is recommended to place a capacitive load on top of the secondary coil in the wireless circuit as it brightens the light even more.
APPENDICES
PHOTOGRAPH OF THE WIRELESS CIRCUIT
PHOTOGRAPH OF TWO BULBS LIT UP AROUND THE COIL
PHOTOGRAPH OF TWO BULBS LIT UP AROUND THE COIL
PHOTOGRAPH OF BULBS ON TOP OF THE CAPACITIVE LOAD
PHOTOGRAPH OF BULBS ON TOP OF THE CAPACITIVE LOAD
PHOTOGRAPH OF A BULB HELD A BIT FAR FROM THE COIL
PHOTOGRAPH OF A BULB HELD A BIT FAR FROM THE COIL
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