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CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
Analysis of
HONEY
Submitted by:
Arwin A.S XII D 13
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I hereby acknowledge my deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to the following personalities whose immense help genius guidance encouragement necessary suggestions initiations enthusiasm and inspiration made this work a master art and a !oint enterprise.
"r. Sebastian #oseph $ %&rincipal'
"rs. Sreekala () $ %*hemistry (eacher'
"r. Sha!i $ %+ab assistant'
And my &arents *lassmates , -riends.
ANALYSIS OF HONEY
(/0)(S
"There is no higher or o!er no!e#ge$ %&' one (n# on) one$ *o!ering o&' o* e+,eri-en'('ion." $+eonardo da inci
AI"
(o analyse the a2ailable honey for presence of different minerals and carbohydrates in honey.
RE/0IREMENTS
A&&AA(0S
(est tubes
(est tube stand
4urner
5ater 4ath.
*6"I*A+S
-ehling solution A
-ehling solution 4
Ammonium chloride solution
Ammonium o7alate solution
Ammonium phosphate
*onc. 8itric acid
&otassium sulphocyanide solution.
THEORY
oney thick sweet super saturated sugar solution manufactured by bees to feed their lar2ae and for the subsistence during winter.
4ee honey is composed of fructose glucose and water in 2arying proportions. It also contains se2eral en9ymes and oils. (he colour , fla2our depends on the age of the honey and the sources of the nectar .It coloured honeys are usually of higher uality than dark coloured honeys. /ther high grade honeys are made by bees from
orange blossoms clo2er and Alfalfa. A well known poorer grade honey is produced from buckwheat.
oney has a fuel 2alue of about 33;< cal=kg >1?@; cal= lbs. It readily picks up moisture from the air and is conseuently used as a moistening agent for (obacco and in baking. )lucose crystallises out of honey on standing at room temperature lea2ing on uncrystallised layer of dissol2ed fructose. oney to be marketed is usually heated by a special process to about o
BB * >1?;.;1 - to dissol2e the crystals and is sealed to pre2ent crystallisation. (he fructose in crystallised honey ferments readily at about 1B;*.
PROCED0RE
(6S( -/ "I86A+S
1. (est for &otassium:
@ml of honey is taken in a test tube and picric acid solution E
is added. Cellow precipitate indicates the presence of .
@. (est for *alcium:
@ml of honey is taken in a test tube and 8 F*l solution and 8F/ solution are added to it. (he solution is filtered and to the filtrate @ml of ammonium o7alate solution is added. 5hite ppt. or milkiness indicates the presence of *a
@E
ions.
3. (est for "agnesium:
@ ml of honey is taken in a test tube and 8 F*l solution is added to it and then e7cess of Ammonium phosphate solution is added. (he side of the test tube is scratched
with a glass rod. 5hite precipitate indicates the presence of @E
"g
ions.
F. (est for Iron:
@ml of honey is taken in a test tube and a drop of conc. 8/3 is added and it is heated. It is cooled and @$3 drops of &otassium sulphocyanide solution is added to it. 4lood red colour shows the presence of iron.
(6S( -/ *A4/CDA(6S
1. -ehlingGs test:
@m+ of honey is taken in a test tube and 1m+ each of -ehlingHs solution A and -ehlingHs solution 4 are added to it and boiled. ed precipitate indicates the presence of reducing sugars.
@. (ollenGs test:
@$3 m+ of aueous solution of honey is taken in a test tube. @$3m+ of (ollenGs reagent is added. (he test tube is kept in a boiling water bath for about ten minutes. A shining sil2er mirror indicates the presence of reducing carbohydrates.
O1SERVATION
S+.8/ (6S(S /4S6A(I/8 I8-668*6
1
(est for &otassium Cellow ppt. is obser2ed &otassium is present
oney E &icric acid
solution.
@
(est for *alcium 5hite ppt.or milkiness *alcium is absent
oney E 8F*l soln. E is not obser2ed
8F/ soln. filtered E
%8F'@*@/F
3
(est for 5hite ppt.is not "agnesium is absent
"agnesium
obser2ed
oneyE 8F/ %till
solution becomes
alkaline' E %8 F'3&/F
F
(est for Iron 4lood red colour is Iron is present
oneyE conc.8/3 obser2ed
heated and cooled E
potassium
sulphocyanide
?
-ehlingHs test ed ppt. is obser2ed educing sugar is
oney E 1m+ each of
present
-ehlingHs solution A
and -ehlingHs solution
4
B
(ollenGs test
Shining sil2er mirror is educing
oney E @$3m+ obser2ed carbohydrate is
(ollenHs reagent test
present
tube in water bath for
1; minutes
RES0LT
&otassium is present.
Iron is present.
*alcium is absent.
"agnesium is absent.
oney contains reducing sugar.
*/8*+0SI/8
(his is our report about analysis of honey. 5e selected honey because we think they are the most common used in our society. /ur pro!ect contain different e7periments about honey from this we can learn a lot of information about honey. /ur pro!ect gi2es us real e7ample of how the lab work is 2ery important to our life.