1 Many serious accidents or incidents, including the Piper Alpha disaster in 1988, involve root causes associated with shift handover. An outgoing operator is handing over to an incoming operator at the end of a shift. (a) Explain the ey principles of safe shift handover. Information on specific operational issues is not required in part a. (10) !he ey principles of safe shift handover are" #ood shift handover allows the accurate and effective communication of vital information to incoming personnel in order to allow the safe operation of process plant and e$uipment. !here are three elements which contri%ute to an effective shift handover" A period period of time when the outgoing team team prepares the information information it will %e conveying to the incoming team A period period of time when %oth the outgoing and the incoming incoming team communicate with each each other and e&change all relevant information. A period period of time when the incoming incoming team cross checs the information information passed passed onto it as it taes the responsi%ility for the ongoing operations. Management should ensure that the facilities, the arrangements and infrastructure allow for good shift handover practice. !his should" Provid Provide e all all staff staff who who are invol involve ved d in the the hando handover ver proce process ss with with traini training ng and and the the development of good communication sills. Provide written procedures for effective shift handover 'mphasie the importance of effective shift handover 'nsu 'nsure re that that %oth %oth parti parties es tae tae oint oint respo responsi nsi%il %ility ity for for condu conducti cting ng an effe effecti ctive ve shift shift handover. 'mphasie the use of %oth written and ver%al means of communication 'nsure that any important information is written into a log or report form. !he log or report form should %e %rought to the attention of personnel at handover. *nclude all personnel from %oth the incoming and outgoing team in the handover handover without e&ception. 'nsure that managers and +upervisors are availa%le at all times and ensure an open door policy. •
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+hould %e treated as high priority.
(%) Outline the main operational issues communicated at shift handover. (10) !he main operational issues communicated at shift handover include" or permits-the status of e&isting permits and the status of wor in progress. !he updating of wor permits Preparations for upcoming maintenance ew personnel to the shift Any plant overrides-e&isting overrides-e&isting and planned *nformation a%out any a%normal events Any e&isting e&isting or planned planned shutdowns shutdowns Any change change in plant plant parameters parameters Any routine operations operations and and e&isting parameters parameters which may need to %e carried carried out %y the personnel from the incoming shift Any %readowns %readowns which which may have have occurred Any faults faults which have have occurred occurred with safety safety critical e$uipment e$uipment • • • • • • • • •
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*nhi%its to the fire and #as (/0#) and 'mergency +hutdown systems Any completed completed wor and e$uipment e$uipment which which have returned returned to service
SECTION 2 ou are advised advised to spend a%out one one and a half half hours hours on this section section,, which which contains contains TEN $uestions. 2 (a) Identify the haardous properties of 2i$uid Petroleum #as (2P#). (4) haardous properties of 2i$uid Petroleum #as - 2P# 3eavier than air 4aporisation - 5old +torage - 2eas /ire 6 '&plosion (%) Outline the riss associated with 2i$uid Petroleum #as (2P#). (4 (4)) 7iss associated with 2i$uid Petroleum gas 2P#. Asphy&iation Asphy&iation urns (3ot and 5old) /ire 6 '&plosion 3 +afety cases and safety reports provide documented documented evidence that an oil and gas installation is safe. Outline the typical content of these types of documents. ()
Identifca Identifcation tion o major accident accident hazards hazards us i ngr i s kas s es s ment me s( Q SQ QRA) ,bowt i e di agr ams ms,et c.The i mpact s ofpot ent i almaj oracci dent haz ar dss houl dbeanal y s edandi dent i f y : a c hh az a r ds c en ar i o . oE h r ea t st os a f e t yan dwh atc a us e st he m. m. oT ar r i er st opr ev entt hos et hr eat s ,Cons equenc esofeac ht hr eatwer ei tr eal i s ed. oB oR e c o v er ym me e as u r e sr e qu i r e d. oF ac t or st hatc oul des c al at et hehaz ar dori t scons equenc es . Evaluation o major accident risks and measures taken t o c o nt r o l t h os e r i s k s , u s i n g de t a i l s o f a l l e x i s t i n g " d es i g ne di n " pr e c au t i o nar y a nd s a f e t y mea s ur e s . Ex i s t i n g r i s kc o nt r o l ss h ou l db e ev al uat edt os eei ft hes ear eadequat eorf ur t herr i s kc ont r ol sar er equi r ed t o demo ns t r at eALARP .Th i swou l di n c l u de: oI dent i f yeac hhaz ar d/ i nc i dents cenar i o.As ses sf r equenc yc r i t er i a. oA s s es sc ons equenc ec r i t er i a s s es soc c upi edandunoc c upi edl oc at i onsassepar at ec r i t er i a. oA s s es sEv a cuat i on,Es c apeandRes c ue( EER)f ac i l i t i esa ndr equi r ement s . oA oF orhi gherr i s k s,as s es si ndi v i dual l y . oI dent i f yandas s es st her i s kc ont r ol meas ur espr opos edt oac hi e v eALARP . •
Ar r angeme ment sf oraudi t h a pl an showi ng auditt and and audi auditt repo report rts s wi t het y peofaudi t( i nt er nal ,ex t er nal ) ,how of t ent heywi l lbec ar r i ed,i nwhat ar east he ywi l lbec onduc t ed,ho wr ec ommendat i onswi l lbedeal twi t hand ac t i oned,andwhowi l l ber es pons i bl ef orc ompl et i on. Havi nganadequat esaety management system i npl ac e, i nc l udi ngt hemanagementofc ont r ac t or sands ubc ont r ac t or s . i nt hec as eofs af et yr epor t s Major accident prevention policies t hes ewoul dneedsuppor t i ngi nf or mat i onf r om t hesaf e t yma managements y s t em I dent i fi c at i onoft hesaety critical elements t hatar ei npl ac e t omanagemaj orac c i denthaz ar ds( s c enar i os ,pos s i bl ec aus es , c ont r ol s , r ec ov e r ys y s t ems ) . Det ai l soft heemergency plan.Thi swoul di nc l udel a y outdr awi ngs of t hei ns t al l at i on,s howi ngl oc at i onsofal l s af et yandemer genc yequi pment , c ont r ol poi nt s( e. g.c ont r ol r oom,r adi or oom,et c . ) , i s ol at i onands hut off c ont r ol s ,s af eac c es sr out esandes c apel adder s ,ac c es st oboat sand manni ngandl aunchpr ocedur es.
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marine ine haards associated with all types of /loating Platform +torage 4 (a) Iden Identify tify T!"EE mar ffloading :nits (/P+;s). (3) Oil/gas leak ar i s i ngf r om: -Bl owout s / pi pel i nel eak s/ pr oc es sl eak s • • •
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-s uc hasfir e/ c hemi c al s pi l l andl eak s Non-process incident : uc hasCol l i s i onofs uppl y ,s t andb yands uppor tv es s el s / c ol l i s i on Marine Marine event- s wi t ho t herv es s el / c aps i z eorgr oundi ng E!treme loadings due to "ind or "aves i gue/ Des i gner r or #tructural ailure due to Fat $ailure o derricks% cranes or other e&uipment t r uc t i on/ c r a ne oper at i on/ c ar go t r ans f er / dr i l l i ng 'rop 'roppe ped d o(je o(ject cts s duri during ng- Cons oper at i on )elicopter crash or fre during reuelling r e w *apsize o cre" (oats or accident to personnel during transer+ c c hange,i nfi el dt r ans f er , ons hor e or offs hor e wor k / mar i ne *onstruction accident i ns t al l at i on/ c ommi s s i oni ngac t i v i t i es / pi pel ay i ng 'iving accident #lips% trips Ex t r emeenv i r onment al c ondi t i ons( weat her ,wa ves ,s eac ur r ent s / t emper at ur e,i c e,e t c ) . Ac c e l e r a t e d we aran dc o r r o s i o nt h es t r e s so fc o ns t a ntmo mo v e me me nt / b uff e t i n ga nd aggr es s i v es al ts pr a ymeant hats t r uc t ur esandequi pmentc anqui c kl yf ai l i fmai nt enanc e i snegl ec t ed.
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Col l i s i onswi t hot herv es s el sands t r uc t ur es ,t hes ema yr es ul ti nenv i r onment aldamage ( o i ls p i l l s ) .An i n ad eq ua t e / d ef e ct i v e mo or i n g,c o mb i n ed wi t he x t r e me we at h erma y c ont r i but et ot hi s . Thei nt r i n si chaz ar dsoft hesubs t anc es–f ore x amp l e,LNG,H2S anddr i l l i ngfl ui ds( ' mud' )andt hepot ent i al f orfi r e .
(%) Identify suita%le controls that minimise ris when operating /loating Platform +torage ffloading :nits (/P+;s). (#) s hi ps ho ul dbes ec ur e l ymo or e d • •
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Ther es pons i bl epeopl ei nc har geoft er mi nalandt ank er ,r es pec t i v el y ,s houl dagr eea l oadi ng/ offl oadi ng. Th es hi p ' sdo or s ,p or t s ,wi n do ws ,e t c .wh i c ho pe no nt ot h et a nkdec k ,s h oul db ek e pt cl osed ( t o avoi d i ngr ess of flammabl e vapour s and t he r i sk of expl osi on i n a c c o mmo da t i o nar e as ) . Ve nt i l a t i o ns y s t e msma ya l s oh av et ob ea dj u s t e do rd i s c on ne c t e ds oa sn ott os uc ki n fl amma bl ev ap ou r sora c ta sa ni g ni t i o ns o ur c e . Ca r g ot a nkv en t ss ho ul db ep r o t e ct e db yfl a mea r r e s t e r s . Shi pt ot er mi nalc onnec t i ons( s uc hasv i adi r ec t l yc onnec t i nghos eormar i nel oadi ng a r ms /me t a lc a r g oa r ms )c a nb efi t t e dwi t ha ne me r g en c yr e l e as e . L i q ui dl oa di n gl i n es a nd v a po uremi s s i on c o nt r o ll i ne s( v a po urr e co v er y )s ho ul db e dear l ydi s t i ngui s hed,t oav oi dmi s connec t i on. Hos ess houl dbei ns pec t edf ordef ec t sb ef or eus e. Th ep os i t i o no ft h eh os es / l o ad i nga r mssh ou l db ea dj u s t e d,s oa sno tt op l a ceu nd ue s t r ai nont hecomponent s( t hehos est hems el v es ,s hi p' smani f ol dconnec t i on,e t c ) . Th ewea t h ers ho ul db emo ni t o r e db ef o r ea ndd ur i n gt h eo pe r a t i o nt h eo pe r a t i o nb ei n g s us pendedi nca seswher ehi ghwi ndso rel ec t r i c al s t or msa r eex pec t ed. Cr e wss houl dk eepwat c hf orl eak sdur i ngt heoper at i on,bei ngpr epar edt ohal ti fl eak s ar ede t ec t ed. Pr ec aut i onsagai ns tel ec t r i c aldi s c har geneedt o beobs er v ed f ore l ec t r i c aldi s c har ge be t we ens hi pa ndt e r mi n al . Coor di nat eac t i v i t i es( o rt ak epr ec aut i ons ) , f ore x ampl e,i fhaz ar dousac t i v i t i esar ebei ng under t ak eni nadj ac entt ank erber t hs . Do n ota l l o wt u gs ,h el i c o pt er s ,e t c .t oa pp r o ac ht o od os ed ur i n gt h eo per a t i o n( o r s us pendoper at i onsi ft he ymus t ) . Th er es h o ul db ej o i n tf o r ma la gr e eme ntb e t we en t h e ma s t e ro ft h ev e s s e la nd t h e t er mi nal aut hor i t yonr eadi nes st ol oad/ unl oadc ar go. Not r ans f ers houl dt ak epl ac ebef or et hi s .Bo t hs i dess houl dmoni t ort heoper at i onand c o mmu ni c a t et h r o ug ho ut .
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# An oil installation contains a vessel that re$uires protection from fire e&posure in the form of active or passive fire protection. (a) Identify T$O e&les of passive fire protection to protect vessels. (2) •
/ire alls /ire doors /ire resistant coatings !hermal insulation (%) Outline why the metal legs of the vessel should %e protected. (2) /ires can cause thermal weaening of steelwor and result in the collapse of structures, failure of e$uipment, and su%se$uent escalation of the initial event. (c) Outline how a fi&ed water deluge system could provide fire protection. (2) A fi&ed water deluge system could provide protection for a distillation column %y e&tinguishing the fire, controlling the fire or %y providing protection for the adacent distillation columns with the cooling effect the fi&ed water deluge system provides (d) Identify T$O additional e&les of active fire protection. (2) /oam +ystems ater Mist +ystems % Outline the following failure modes that may lead to loss of hydrocar%on containment from storage tans6vessels or pipelines" (a) creep< (2) *s slow movement under stress, made more severe with heat for long periods, especially with increases in temperature approaching melting points. (%) stress corrosion cracing< (2) ccurs under tensile stress and is worse in a corrosive environment at elevated temperatures. (c) thermal shoc< (2) 5racing associated with rapid temperature change with different parts of an o%ect e&panding %y different amounts where the stress overcomes the strength of the materials. (d) %rittle fracture. (2) 7apid run of cracs through a stressed material with plastic deformation %efore failure caused %y such things as repetition of inappropriate heating or pressurising rates & Outline 'O" types of wor activity associated with an oil platform that might re$uire a permit-to-wor N* +i,e a reason in EC! case for the re$uirement. ()
"E-ETE* A large oil company is proposing to %uild a new oil and gas installation in the orth +ea. !he Process +afety Management !eam is analysing past incidents and data%ase records from the il and #as *ndustry. Excluding active and passive fire protection systems, outline physical design features of the platform that would minimise ris to operating personnel in the event of a maor incident. () Physical design features of an offshore platform that would minimise ris to operating personnel in the event of a maor incident" Plant separation 5ompartmentalisation Protection of personnel 6 e$uipment Means of escape low out panels !emporary refuges with communications 0 control . (a) Identify T$O ways in which vapour clouds can %e generated. (2) +udden depressuriation 7upture of vessel
2oss of containment :ncontrolled%uildup of pressure (%) Outline how a vapour cloud e&plosion can %e generated. (4) 4apour cloud e&plosion can %e generated %y< 5onfined 6 unconfined generation 4apour cloud e&plosions may arise from vaporiation of a release of li$uefied gas from a ruptured vessel or pipeline (c) Identify the physical conse$uences of vapour cloud e&plosions. (2) Physical conse$uences of vapour cloud e&plosions< verpressure /ire 0 e&plosion 7esulting de%ris as air%orne missiles 10 An operator is draining a flamma%le li$uid from process pipewor to a metal container. !he supervisor is concerned a%out the possi%ility of an electrostatic charge forming and stops this operation until a ris assessment is undertaen. =uring this wor activity" (a) identifyfactors that influence the generation of the electrostatic charge< (4) /actors that influences the generation of the electrostatic charge" 3ot =ry eather /low rate, verfilling 2ac of earthing 6 %onding 2i$uid insta%ility +plash /illing one 5onductivity of materials Agitation /ilters Pressure 4elocity (%) outlinepractical ways of minimising the formation of an electrostatic charge. (4) Practical ways of minimising the formation of an electrostatic charge" 3umidification of the atmosphere Antistatic additives 7educe flow velocity *ntrinsically safe e$uipment onding 0 #rounding of e$uipment 0 containers Avoid splash filling %y su%merging the fill pipe %ellow the li$uid level in the container *ncreasing the conductance of floors, footwear
11 An employee was seriously inured in an accident at wor within an oil and gas installation. Identify the documented information that might %e used %y the investigating team to determine the causes of this accident. () =ocumented information that might %e used %y the investigating team to determine the causes of an accident< P! Photographs 55!4 /ootage itness +tatements Previous 3ealth and +afety Meeting Minutes 7is Assessments 6 >+A?s
Method +tatements 5ontrol 7oom =ata *nternal incident report forms Maintenance records =isciplinary records +afe systems of wor Audit 6 inspection reports +P?s = 0 A !est results
*dentify the haards associated with crude6unrefined oil during e&traction, storage and processing. •
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!he potential e&ists for a fire due to a lea or release of crude from heaters in the crude desalting unit. 2ow %oiling point components of crude may also %e released if a lea occurs. *nade$uate desalting can cause fouling of heater tu%es and heat e&changers throughout the refinery. /ouling restricts product flow and heat transfer and leads to failures due to increased pressures and temperatures. 5ooling-tower water can %e contaminated %y process materials and %y-products including sulfur dio&ide, hydrogen sulfide, and car%on dio&ide, with resultant e&posures. 3aards such as those related to li$uids and vapors when opening or draining pumps, valves, and6or lines, and during product sampling, inspection, and maintenance activities !he potential for fire e&ists should hydrocar%on storage tans %e overfilled or develop leas that allow vapors to escape and reach sources of ignition. 3aards related to product sampling, manual gauging, inspection, and maintenance activities including confined space entry where applica%le.
*dentify two types of ris assessment techni$ues. !wo types of ris assessment techni$ues are"
.0I11I2E 3isk assessment +, Thequal i t at i v eme t hodofr i s kas s es s mentc angener al l ybec ons i der edt ono t i n v ol v ee qu at i o ns b as ed o nn umb er st oe v al u at er i s k .Us i n gaq ua l i t a t i v e a pp r o ac h ,ac a bl et r a i l i n gi n a wal k wa yu s ed b yi n fi r mo l d erp a t i e nt sma yb e ev al uat edasbei nga" hi gh"r i s k,bec aus ei ti sf el tt hats omebodyi sboundt ot r i p
o v eri tandt hec ons equenc eswoul dbes ev er e.Thi si saus ef ul ,s t r ai ght f or war d appr oac h;t hough i ti sa r el at i v e l ys ubj ec t i v e me t hod t hatc an eas i l yl ead managementt ot ak e ac t i on t oc ont r olt he r i s k ,wh i c hi st he pur pos e ofr i s k assess ment s.
#EMI-.N1I11I2E 3isk ssessment +#, Asdi s c us s edear l i er( The5s t eps )i ti shal fwa ybe t weent hes i mpl es tappr oac h, wh i c hu s es qu al i t a t i v e me t h od s ,an dt h e qu ant i t a t i v ea ppr o ac h ,wh i c hu s es pr obabi l i t yst at i s t i c s.Di ffer entpeopl emayhav eadi ffer entper c ept i onofr i s k,asa r es ul toft r ai ni ng,l i f eex per i enc esandbac kgr ound.Semiquant i t at i v emet hodst r y t oes t abl i s hpar amet er st hatens ur eamor ec ons i s t entappr oac ht or i s kr at i ngand at t emptt oov er c omei ndi v i dualdi ff er enc es .Ri s kc anber at edac c or di ngt ot he pr obabi l i t y( l i k el i hood)and s ev er i t y( c ons equenc e)ofhar m r es ul t i ng f r om a haz ar dbyus i ngagui dedappr oac ht oas si gni ngav al uet opr obabi l i t y( l i k el i hood) and sever i t y( consequence) .Wor ds commonl y associ at ed wi t ht he scal e of pr obabi l i t y( l i k el i hood)and s ev er i t y( c ons equenc e)ar e pr o vi ded t o gui de t he dec i s i onpr oc es s .Thes ewor dsha v eanumer i cv al ueat t ac hedt ot hem.Ther i s k r at i ngi sa c ombi nat i onoft hepr obabi l i t y( l i k el i hood)ands ev er i t y( c ons equenc e)v al ue. Ri s kr at i ng=Li k el i hood( Pr obabi l i t y )xSev er i t y( Cons equenc es ) Li k el i hoodI showl i k el yal os swi l l oc curasar es ul tofc ont ac twi t ht hehaz ar d. Se v er i t yi st he degr ee ora mountoft he r es ul t antl os sf r om c ont ac twi t ht he h a z a r d . Ri s kr at i ng i st he l ev elofr i s k af t erc ont r olmeas ur es ha v e been t ak en i nt o a c c oun t .
.N1I11I2E +uantifed, 3isk ssessment +3, Thi sme t hodi smai nl yus edf orc ompl e xr i s kandar ebas edonequat i onsr el at ed t o pr obabi l i t i es .I ni t ss i mpl es tf or mi tmaybe us ed t o es t abl i s h pr obabi l i t yof f ai l ur eofac omponentt hathass af et yc r i t i c ali mpl i c at i ons ,s uc hasapr es sur e r el i efv al v e.Dat ai ssour c edf r om t hemanuf ac t ur eronhow of t enaf ai l ur ec anbe ex pec t ed.I ft heypr ov i dei nf or mat i ont hatt heyhadex per i enc eof10f ai l ur esoutof 10, 000 v al v esi nt he l as ty e art hi swoul d pr ov i de a quant i t at i v e pr obabi l i t yof f ai l ur eof0. 001f ort hev al v e.
T wooft het ec hni quest hatc anbeus edasaquant i t at i v eme t hodar eEv e ntT r ee Anal y s i s( ET A)andFaul tT r eeAnal y s i s( FT A) .Es t i mat edf ai l ur er at esar eus edi n as equenc eofev ent st oev al uat et hepr obabi l i t yofar es ul t antf ai l ur e. Ha z ar da ndOp er a bi l i t ySt u di e s( HAZOP)c a nb eu s edt oi d en t i f yt h eu nd es i r ed ev ent sandt hepr obabi l i t yoff ai l ur er at esmaybewor k edoutf r om t her el i abi l i t y r a t e so ft h ec o mp on en t sg i v e nb yt h ema nu f a c t u r e r .Th eyma ya l s oc o mef r o m mai nt enanc er ec or dsoff ai l ur e,bebas edonhi s t or i c al dat aori nf or medopi ni on.
ualitative +, u s i n gq ua l i t a t i v e me t ho ds t od et er mi ne f r e que nc ya nd s ev er i t y . wher e f r equency and sev er i t y ar e #emi-uantitative +#, appr ox i mat el yquant i fi edwi t hi nr anges . wher ef ul lquant i fi cat i on i s uantifed 3isk ssessment +3, d emo ns t r a t e d. Ast he as s es s mentpr oc es smo v est hr ough t hes t ages ,t hel e v elofde t ai lwi l l i nc r eas epr opor t i onat et ot her i s k,t ak i ngi nt oac countt hel ev elofes t i mat edr i s k wi t hi noft ol er abi l i t y ;andt hec ompl ex i t yofdec i di ngonwhat( mor e)needst obe donet or educ et her i s k . 'etermining the 3ight Method o 3isk ssessment Ri s k
as s es s menti sus edt oe nab l eust odec i deu ponappr opr i at er i s kcont r ol ss oas s es s or s s houl dbes ui t abl ys eni or ;qual i fi edandc ompet ent .St ar twi t haqual i t at i v emodeland enl ar get hemodel ( movi ngt oSQ andQRA)asneeded.
Out l i net het y pi c al 3x 3mat r i xt hatc anbeus edt oas ses st hel ev el ofr i s k.
Out l i net het y peofac t i ont hats houl dbet ak eni nr el at i ont oc or r es pondi ngr i s kl ev el .
Out l i n et h ec o nc e ptofALARP I na l lc as e s,t h er ei sad an ge rt h att h er i s kr ed uc t i o n me t ho dsma yb ed ec i d edu po nf o rt h e wr o ng r e as on sb as e do na ffo r d ab i l i t yr a t h ert h an c o mp l i a nc e wi t ht h el a w;a nd a l wa y st h e
d an ge rt os t o pwh ent h el e ga lr e qu i r e me nth asbe ens e ent ob eme t .Th i si swh er e" a sl o wa s r eas onabl ypr ac t i c abl e"c omesi n. ALARPc ov er sr i s katl e v el sofs omeunc er t ai nt y : Un ac c ep t a bl e r i s kr i s kc a nn ot b e j us t i fi ed a tt h i sl e v el e x c ep ti n e x t r a or di n ar y c i r c ums t anc es( i nt ol er abl e) ALARP( t ol er abi l i t yr egi on)att hehi gherr i s kend,r i s kma ybeunder t ak enonl yi fabenefi t i sdes i r ed,andwher er i s kr educ t i oni si mpr ac t i c abl e,i . e. ,gr os sl ydi s pr opor t i onat et ot hebenefi t s gai ned.Att hel owerr i s kend,r i s ki st ol er abl ei ft hec os tt or educ ei twoul dout wei ght hebenefi t s , Ac c ep t abl er i s kwher ei ti snec es s ar yt odemons t r at er i s kr emai nst hi sl o w,t her ei sno n ee df o rde t a i l e d wo r k i n gt od emo ns t r a t e ALARP .Att h el o we re nd ,t h i si sn eg l i g i b l er i s k ( t ol er abl e) .
Al lr i s k ss h ou l db er e du c edt oALARP ,a ndi ns o mec a s esc os t b en efi ta na l y s i sma yben ee de d t odet er mi net heappr opr i at el ev el ofc ont r ol s . Al l l ev el sofr i s ks houl dbec ompar edwi t hoi l andgasi ndus t r ygui danc eandbes tpr ac t i c e.
I dent i f yf ourpr oper t i esofhy dr ogen. • • •
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Wi del yus edi npe t r ol eum r efi ni ngasac at al y s tr egener at or I ti scol our l es sandodour l es sandv er yl i ghtgas Des pi t ei t sst abi l i t y ,hy dr ogenf or msmanybonds andi spr es enti nman ydi ff er ent c ompoun ds . Thr ee nat ur al l yoc c ur r i ng i s ot opesofhy dr ogene xi s t :pr ot i um,deut er i um,and t r i t i um, e ac hwi t hd i ff er e ntp r op er t i e sd uet ot h ed i ff er e nc ei nt h en umb ero fneut r ons i nt he n uc l e us .
I dent i f yf ourhaz ar dsofh ydr ogen. I ti sahi ghl yflammabl eande xpl os i v egaswhi c hf or msi gni t abl emi x t ur esi nai ro v era v e r ywi d er a ng eo fc o nc e nt r a t i o ns( b et we en4 . 9%-7 5%) I ti snotat ox i cgas ,butc anas phy xi at eathi ghc onc ent r at i ons . Hy dr ogenfi r es houl dno tbee xt i ngui s hedt i l l t hes our c ei sshutoffasi tc anr ei gni t eand e x pl o de . I tbur nswi t hani nv i s i bl efl ame. •
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An oi land g asi ndus t r yempl o y eri sr e vi e wi ng t ender i ng c ont r ac t sf ora no ffs hor e pl at f or m mod i fi c at i on. I dent i f yt hef ac t or st hats houl dbec ons i der edwhenas s es s i ngt heheal t hands af e t yc ompe t enc e ofac ont r ac t or .
Fa ct o r st h ats h ou l db ec o ns i d er e dwh ena ss e ss i n gt h eh ea l t ha nds af e t yc omp et e nc eo fa c o n t r a c t o r : HSEPo l i c y ' s Cer t i fi cat i ons-Ac cr edi t at i ons Co mmi t me ntt oHSEf r o ms e n i o rma na ge me nta ndho wt h i si sd emo ns t r a t e d-Sa f e t y Ma na ge me nts y s t e ma ndi mp l e me nt a t i o n-Sa f e t yt o ol su s ed Pr oj ec tr ec or ds-t r ac kr ec or dofs i mi l arpr oj ec t s Saf et ySt at i s t i c s-KPI ' sr ec or dsandac hi ev ed Ri skManagementsys t em andpr ocedur e Pr ev i ousi nc i denti nv es t i gat i onsr epor t s Co mp et e nc yo fe mp l o y e esa ndpr o j e c ts t a ff Saf et yI ni t i at i v esus edwi t hi nt hebus i nes sandpr oj ec t A pump containing fammable corrosive slurry has been stopped or maintenance. An operator will prepare the pump or maintenance using a nitrogen supply, drain header and collection vessel. Using this inormation; Outline EI!" ris#s to the operator when preparing the pump or maintenance.
As ph y x i a t i o nd uet odi s pl a c eme nto fO² Fi r e Ex pl os i on I r r i t ant / Cor r os i v es ubs t anc e I nc or r ec ti s ol at i onofv al v es I nc or r ec tLoc kOu t / T agOuts y s t em Lac kofg asmoni t or i ng Bur s tpr es sur el i nesc aus i ngi nj ur y
Identiy the #ey stages o a wor#place ris# assessment I dent i f yt hehaz ar ds Deci dewhomi ghtbehar medandhow Ev al uat et her i s k sanddec i deonpr ec aut i on Re c or dy ou rfi n di n gsa ndi mp l e me ntt h em Re v i e wy o ura s s es s me nta ndup da t ei fn ec e s s ar y Outline the meaning o $as low as reasonably practicable% & A'A() " ALARP"i sshor tf or" asl owasr eas onabl ypr ac t i c abl e" . ALARPi n v ol v eswei ghi ngr i s kag ai ns tt het r oubl e,t i meandmone yneededt oc ont r ol i t .Thus , ALARPdes c r i best h el e v el t owhi c hwee x pec tt os eewor k pl ac er i s k sc ont r ol l ed. ALARPal l o wsust os etgoal sf ordut y hol der s I ti sak eypar toft hegener al dut i esoft heHeal t handSaf et yatWor kAc t1974 ALARPi saboutwei ghi ngt her i s kagai ns tt hes ac r i fi c eneededt of ur t herr educ ei t T os pend£1m t opr e v entfi v es t affs uff er i ngbr ui s edk neesi sob vi ous l ygr os s l ydi s pr opor t i onat e
But T os pend£1m t opr e v entamaj ore xpl os i onc apabl eo fk i l l i ng1 50peopl ei sob vi ous l y pr opor t i onat e
Outline the term *lash )oint Fl as hpoi nti st hel owes tt emper at ur eatwhi c hs uffic i entv apouri sgi v enofft o" Fl as h"-t hati s , i gni t emoment ar i l y ,andno tc ar r yonbur ni ng,whenas our c eofi gni t i oni sappl i edt ot hev apour . Att h efl a s hp oi n tt h ea pp l i c a t i o no fa n ak e dfl a me g i v e s a mo me nt a r yfl a s hr a t h ert h an s us t ai nedc ombus t i on,f orwhi c ht het emper at ur ei st ool ow
Identiy the inormation that might be included on a chec#list or an investigation ollowing an accident 1.Obt a i nba si cf a ct s : Na me sofi nj u r ed Wi t n es s e s Pl ac e Da t ean dt i me Pe r s o nsi na r e a As c er t ai ns ub st anc es/c hemi c al si nv ol v e d I nj ur i es Damaget oequi pment 2.Es t a bl i s hc i r c ums t a nc es : Whathappen ed? Caus es Ev ent sl eadi ngt oi nc i dent Compet enc e Super v i s i on Be ha v i o r 3.Pr e v ent i v eMe as ur e s-Re vi e wt her i s kas se ss me ntf ort hea ct i v i t y : Wh atp r e c au t i o nss ho ul dha v eb ee ni nf or c e? Whatt r ai ni ngs houl dt hos ec ar r y i ngoutt heac t i v i t yhav er ec ei v ed? Wh atp r e c au t i o nswe r eac t u al l yt a k en ?Co mp ar et h em wi t ht h os ewh i c hs ho ul dha v ebe en t a k e n .
Whatt r ai ni ngwasac t ual l ygi v en?Compar ei twi t ht r ai ni ngwhi c hs houl dha v ebeengi v en. 4.Wa st hei ni t i a lr e spons ea de qua t e ?: Fi r efi ght i ng Fi r s tai d Cont ai nmentandspi l l age 5.I de nt i f yunde r l y i ngc aus es : Man agementors uper v i s i onf ai l ur e? L ac ko fc o mp e t e nc e ? I nadequat et r ai ni ng? Shor t c omi ngsi nor i gi nal des i gnof Equi pment Fac i l i t i es Ab s en c eo fas y s t e mf o rma i n t e na nc e . 6.Det er mi neact i onneededt opr eventar ecur r ence I mpr o v eph y si c al s af eguar ds I nt r oduc ebe t t ert es tandmai nt enanc ea r r angement s I mpr ovewor kmet hods, Pr o v i d ea ndu s ep er s on al p r o t e c t i v ee qu i p me nt Ma k ec ha ng est os up er v i s i o na ndt r a i n i n ga r r a ng eme nt s , Rev i ewpr oc edur esi n vol v i ngout s i dec ont r ac t or s I mpr o v ei ns pec t i ons y s t ems
*ollowing preparation o a vessel or maintenance within an oil and gas installation a low speci+c activity '-A radioactive sludge was encountered Identiy haards associated with the sludge. Haz ar dsas s oc i at edwi t hL SA,r adi oac t i v es l udge; Ri s koffi r e,e xpl os i on. To x i c i t yt oDi v er s
Outline *OU( control measures to reduce the ris# to wor#ers e/posed to the sludge. FOURc o nt r o lme as u r e st or e du c et h er i s kt owo r k e r se x po s edt oLSAs l u dg e; We ar i n go fc o r r e ctPPE-Res p i r a t o r Mo ni t o r i n gd ev i c esa ndp er s on al s en s or s Ex pl os i onpr oofc er t i fi edequi pment
Saf e t yp r oc edur es T r ai ni ng
Identiy "0O other pieces o wor#place e1uipment where the sludge may be ound TWO o t h erp i e c e sofwo r k p l a c eeq ui p me ntwh er et h es l u dg ema yb ef o un d; Sh al eSh ak e r s Mu dPi t s An oil and gas industry employer is reviewing tendering contracts or an o2shore platorm modi+cation. Identiy the actorsthat should be considered when assessing the health and s aety competence o a contractor. Fa ct o r st h ats h ou l db ec o ns i d er e dwh ena ss e ss i n gt h eh ea l t ha nds af e t yc omp et e nc eo fa c o n t r a c t o r : HSEPo l i c y ' s Cer t i fi cat i ons-Ac cr edi t at i ons Co mmi t me ntt oHSEf r o ms e n i o rma na ge me nta ndho wt h i si sd emo ns t r a t e d-Sa f e t y Ma na ge me nts y s t e ma ndi mp l e me nt a t i o n-Sa f e t yt o ol su s ed Pr oj ec tr ec or ds-t r ac kr ec or dofs i mi l arpr oj ec t s Saf et ySt at i s t i c s-KPI ' sr ec or dsandac hi ev ed Ri skManagementsys t em andpr ocedur e Pr ev i ousi nc i denti nv es t i gat i onsr epor t s Co mp et e nc yo fe mp l o y e esa ndpr o j e c ts t a ff Saf et yI ni t i at i v esus edwi t hi nt hebus i nes sandpr oj ec t
Oil and gas installations use water or cooling and heating although it can be a haard in some situations. Identiy ris#s with water A34 give a practical e/ample in EA5! case Whenst or edunderpr es s ur easi nFi r el i nesandst eam wat erl i nes Ma yc ont ai nbac t er i ai fnotc i r c ul at ede. g.deadendpi pel egs Ma yc a us eanu ns t a bl er e a c t i o nwh enmi x e dwi t hs o meh y d r o c a r b on s Outline operational control measures that could minimie the ris# o plant damage or in6ury during startup or shutdown o a process #hutdo"n
Ens ur ewor kc ar r i edoutundert hec ont r ol sofaPTW Al l s er v i c esar e; St opped
I s ol at ed Dr ai neddown Bl a nk e d Empt y&dr ai nhy dr oc ar bonf ac i l i t i es ,wi t hal l l i qui ds ,gas esandr es i duesr emov edl eav i ngt he pl ants af et owor kon El i mi nat eorc ont r ol i gni t i ons our c es Sui t abl es uper v i s i onoft heoper at i on Cer t i fi c at i onofi t emst hatha vebeenmai nt ai nedorr epl ac ed #tart-up
Es t abl i s hal l i s ol at i onsr ec onnec t ed,al l bl ank sr emov ed Ens ur eal l s af e t ys y st emsar eoper at i onal Ens ur eal l s y st emsar et es t edbef or es t ar t up Compl et ePTW Eme r g en cypl a n-i np l a c e
4uring an inspection an e/ternal uel storage tan# is ound without a bund. Outline the eatures which should be included in the design o a tan# bund Fea t u r e swh i c hs ho ul db ei n cl u dedi nt h ed es i g no fat a nkbu nd : En s ur et h ema x i mu mq ua nt i t yofp r o du ctc anb ec on t a i n edwi t h i nt h eb un da tl e as t1 10 % Ma k ea l l o wa nc ef o rt h es p ac eo c cu pi e db yot h ert a nk s L oc a t e da wa yf r o mt r a fficr o ut e s I mper meabl ebase Nod r a i nv a l v e -r a i nwa t e rs h ou l db ep ump edo ut Li ght eni ngpr ot ec t i on
7a8 )etroleum storage tan# +res have been reduced substantially by using foating roos, but a +re ris# may still e/ist. 7i8 Outline how a +re ris# may still e/ist with foating roo tan#s. +4, Thef ol l owi ngfi r er i s kmayex i s twi t hfl oat i ngt ank s: Li ght ni ngs t r i k es L ea k sdu et oc or r o s i o n,d ama ge dp i p ewo r k Pr oduc tov er fi l l orhi ghi nt er nal pr es sur es Ra i n wa t e ro rs n o wl o ads i n k st h er o ofa nde x po s esf u el v a po ur s
7ii8 Identiy 15O e/amples o +re protection systems used on foating roo tan#s. +6,
TWO e x amp l e soffi r epr o t e c t i o ns y s t e msu s edonfl oa t i n gr o oft a nk s : Fi x e df o am s y s t e ms Po r t a bl ef o am fi r efi g ht i n gs y s t e ms Hos el i nes
78 Outline physical design eatures o an oil and gas installation that would minimie ris# to operating personnel in the event o ma6or incident. +9,
77 A road tan#er is being drive rom an onshore re+nery to a petroleum 7gasoline8 station. Outline control measures o the "ra9c :anagement process. +9,
: 0elding is to be carried out on a bro#en pipe support brac#et within a hydrocarbon processing plant. "he plant does not need to be shut down to carry out the repair. Outline actors that would need to be considered beore welding ta#es place. 79,
7a8 Identiy 1)3EE properties o !ydrogen -ulphide ! -. +;, 7b8 On an oil processing plant outline how activation o an ! - detection system, lin#ed to a controlroom, could prevent a +re. +<,
A wor#er has re1uested a permittowor# in order to replace damaged thermal insulation in an Overhead pipe rac# that runs between two plants. 7a8 Identiy 1)3EE haards associated with this activity. +;, 7b8 Outline control measures that should be implemented to reduce the ris#s to the wor#er. +<,
7 4raining water rom a 'i1uid )etroleum as 7')8 vessel needs to be controlled in order to prevent a
a8 Identiy $O.3 haardous properties o '). +4, b8 Outline how a <'E=E can be generated in an ') vessel. +9, c8 Other than a <'E=E, outline the ris#s when draining water rom an ') vessel. +4, d8 Outline control measure that minimie ris# when draining water rom ') vessels. +4,
a8 Identiy the signi+cance o the >+re triangle>. +;, b8 Identiy $I2E types o ignition source that may cause a +re to occur, N' give a typical wor#place e/ample o E*) type. +<, 7a8 Outline 15O ways in which vapour clouds can be generated. +6, 7b8 Outline how a vapour cloud e/plosion can be generated. +4, 7c8 Identiy the physical conse1uences o vapour cloud e/plosion. +6, Outline the actors that should be considered when providing a means o escape inan oil and gas installation to enable all wor#ers to reach a place o saety in the event o a +re.
An electrically powered hydrocarbon pump, operating at ?@@ 5, has developed a lea#. Outline the control measures that should be ta#en or the repair o the pump. +9,
r udeoi l s t or aget ankneedst obet ak enoutofs er v i c ef orani nt er nal i ns pec t i on.Al t hought ank 7 Ac i ns pec t i oni shaz ar douses t abl i s hi ngs ui t abl ec ont r ol meas ur ess houl dpr ev enti nj ur y . Wi t hr ef er enc et ot hedes c r i pt i onabo ve:
( a)outline r i s ksas soc i at edwi t hi nt er nal i ns pec t i on;+4,
( b)identiy 1)3EE i t emsofequi pment ,as soc i at edwi t ht henor mal t ankoper at i on,t hatwoul d need el ec t r i c al i s ol at i onpr i ort ot hei ns pec t i on;+;,
( c )identiy 1)3EE i gni t i ons our c es ,as soc i at edwi t ht hepr epar at i onoft het ank ,t hatwoul dneed t obec ons i der ed;+;,
( d)outlinec ont r o lmeas ur e s,other than c ont r ol ofi gni t i ons our c es ,t hats houl dbei npl ac ebef or e al l owi ngi nt er nal i ns pec t i onoft het ank ;+9,
( e)identiy 15O ph ys i c al haz ar dst hei ns pec t orwoul dbel ook i ngf orwi t hi nt het ank .+6,
( a)=ive t h eme an i n go f‘safe operating envelope’ .+6, ( b)Identiy $O.3 oper at i ngpar ame t er st hatar epar tofas af eoper at i ngenv el opewi t hi nanoi l andg aspl an t .+4, ( c )Outline t hef ai l ur emode‘ t her mal s hoc k’ .+6,
Al ar gei nduc eddr aughtf ani sus edt oex haus tg as esf r om af ur nac e.Theho tg asfl owi sc ont r o l l ed t hr o ughpneuma t i c al l yope r at e dv aneswi t hi nt hef an.Thef anc anbei s ol at edf r om t hepr o ces sby hy dr aul i c al l yoper at i ngi nl etandout l etv al v es .Thef anneedst obes t oppedandi s ol at edf orel ec t r i c mo t orandf a nr epai r s . I nr el at i ont oLo ckOutT agOut( L OTO)i nt h i sex ampl e:
( a)identiy $O.3 r es i dual en er gys ou r c est ha tma ynee dde e ner gi s i ng;+4,
( b)outline l o ca t i o nswh er el o c ksan da s so ci at e dt a gsma yn ee dt ob ea pp l i e d.+4,
Fol l owi ngpr epar at i onofav es sel f ormai nt enanc ewi t hi nanoi l andgasi ns t al l at i onal ows pec i fi c ac t i v i t y( L SA)r adi oac t i v es l udgewasenc ount er ed. ( a)Identiy h az ar dsas s oc i at edwi t ht hes l u dge .+6, ( b)Outline $O.3 c ont r ol meas ur e st or educ et her i s kt owor k er sex po sedt ot hes l udg e.+4, ( c )Identiy 15O other p i e c eso fwo r k p l a c ee qu i p me ntwh er et h es l u dg ema ybef o un d.+6,
ocar bon gas pl antand near by pl ants uffer ed cat ast r ophi cdamage when a gas cl oud : A hydr e x pl o de da f t e rc omi n gi nt oc o nt a ctwi t ha ni g ni t i ons o ur c e.Th ed ama gema yha v eb ee nmi n i mi s e di f a na s s o c i a t e dd el u ges y s t e mh ada c t i v a t e da nda ne me r g en c ys h u t d o wno ft h ep l a nth adb ee n p er f o r me d.Th ed i s a s t e ro c c ur r e dwh enap r e s s ur es a f e t yv al v ewa sr e mo v e df o rma i n t e na nc ea nda b l a nk wa sa t t a c h ed t ot h eo pe np i p e wo r k wi t h i nap er mi t t o wo r ks y s t e m.Th eb l a n k wa sn o t t i g ht e ne ds u ffic i e nt l ya ndwh ent h ep i p e wo r kwa sr e c o mmi s s i o ne dafl a mma bl eg asc l o udl e ak e d f r om t hel oos ebl ank .Si mi l ardi s as t er sma ybepr ev ent edwi t hi nt heoi landgasi ndus t r yt hr oughr i s k c ont r ol i nt hef or m ofbar r i ermodel s .
Hazar d Consequence Hazar d Cont r ol Bar r i er s( Pr oact i ve Cont r ol s) Recover y Measur es ( Reac t i v e Cont r ol s)TOPEVENTBar r i erModel ( a )Us i ngt hed es c r i p t i onan dt hedi agr a m abo v e( t het ope v en tbe i ngt hegasex pl os i o n) ,identiy: ( i )ONE h a z a r d ;+7, ( i i )15O haz ar dc ont r ol bar r i er s ;+6, ( i i i )15O r e co v er yme as ur e s ;+6, ( i v )ONE c o n s eq ue nc e .+7, ( b)Outline r eas onsf ori n vol v i ngal l wor k er si nt hede vel opmentofbar r i ermodel s .+6,
a )Smok ei sonepr od uc tofc ombus t i ont ha ta ct i v at esanaut oma t i cfi r ede t ec t i onsy s t em. >( odu ct sofc ombu st i o nt hatma yac t i v at eanaut oma t i cfir ede t ec t i on Identiy $O.3 other pr s y s t e m.+4,
( b)Identiy t het woba si ct y pesofs mok ede t ec t or s .+6,
( c )Outline t her eas onsf ori ns t al l i ngaheatdet ec t ori ns t eadofas mok edet ec t ori nak i t c hen.+6,
z ar d st h ats ho ul db ec o ns i d er e dwhe np l a nn i n gd i v e ro pe r a t i o nsben ea t ha no i l a nd ? Identiy ha ga sp l at f or m.
Factors that should be considered when planning diver operations 7, 1he risks to divers •Dr owni ng;di v er sandot her si nv ol v edc oul ddr own. •Bec omi ngt r apped;e. g.b yt hei ro wnai r l i nesorbymoor i ngsors t uc ki nas of t seabed. •Pr obl emswi t ht hei rb r eat hi ngappar at us ;s uc hasf aul t yv al v es ,i nc or r ec tgas mi x t ur e,l os sofgas . •Di v er scoul ddev el opi l l nes sdur i ngt hedi v e;s uc hasbl ac k out s ,dec ompr es s i on s i c knes s,ni t r ogen nar c os i s( as t at es i mi l art o al c oholi nt ox i c at i on)oro xy gen poi s oni ng. •Ther ec oul dbec ommuni c at i onser r or sl eadi ngt omi s t ak e sbei ngmade. •Col l i s i onscoul doc cur ;e. g.v es seles capi ngf r om i t smoor i ngorf r om ar emot e oper at edv e hi c l es ,ROVi nus e. •Theeff ec t sofe x t r emeen v i r onment ;e. g.r oughs ea,c hangeabl eweat her ,c ol d, poorv i s i bi l i t y . •Sei s mi coper at i onsors i mul t aneousoper at i onsi nt hear eaoft hedi v e.
i ngt hecons t r uc t i onofanewoi l andgasi ns t al l at i onman ywel dsar eus edt oj oi npi pewor kt o 77 Dur v e s s el san dp i p ewo r kt op i pe wor k .
e as o nswh yawe l dma ybede f e c t i v e .+4, +a,Outline $O.3 r
Mos twel df ai l ur esc anbeat t r i but edt o: _I mpr operdes i gnofwel dj oi nt _Poors el ec t i onofbas emat er i al sandfi l l ermat er i al s _I nappr opr i at ewel di ngpr oc es s es _Res i dual s t r es s es _I neffec t i v eornonex i s t enti ns pec t i onpr oc edur es _Wel dedc omponent soper at i ngout s i det hei rs af epar amet er s ec hni quesus edf ori ns pec t i ngwel ds .+4, +(,Identiy $O.3 t
Non- 'estructive 1esting +N'1,
2isual inspection Vi s uali ns pec t i on i nv ol v es di r ec tori ndi r ec ti ns pec t i ng f orsur f ac ec ondi t i on, def ect s,r oughness and/ ordi mensi onalc hanges.Despi t e many ot hermor e s ophi s t i c at edNDT t ec hni ques ,v i s uali ns pec t i onpl a ysani mpor t antr ol ei nt he de t e ct i o no fs u r f ac efl a wsan dd ama ge.Th i sc anb ed oneun ai d edo rwi t ht heu s e o fami c r o s c op e. So mes i g nsofd amag ema yb eo bv i o us( f ore x amp l e ,p i t t i nga ndl a r g es u r f a ce c r ac k s ) ,buts omear enot . 'ye @enetrant Thi st ec hni queus esat hr eepar tdy epenet r ant( us ual l yi naer os ols pr ayc ans )t o deant hear eaandhi ghl i ghtadef ec ts ot hatv i s uali ns pec t i onc ant ak epl ac e.I t c anbeus edonawi der angeofnonpor ousmat er i al s ,butonl yr el at est os ur f ac e d e f e c t s . #tep 7:The s ur f ac e oft he mat er i alt o be t es t ed i sc l eaned t hor oughl y , i nc l udi ngt her emov al ofanyl ubr i c ant s( oi l sorgr eas e) .Thi si scar r i edoutus i nga s ol v entc l eaner( par toft het hr eepar tk i t ) . r antdy e( of t enadeepr edc ol our )i st hens pr a y edo v ert he #tep 6:Apenet c l eanedar ea,penet r at i ngi nt oanysur f ac ec r ac ksorabnor mal i t i es .Af t eraper i od oft i me( 5mi nut es onehour )t hee x c es sdy ei swi peda wa y . omak et hedy ev i s i bl e,i ti ss pr ay edwi t ha" dev el oper "whi c hi s #tep ;:T nat ur al l ywhi t ebutabs or bst hedy ef r om t hedef ec t i v ewel dors ur f ac e,t husgi v i ng ad ee pr ed i n di c a t i o no nt he we l da st ot he l o c at i on o fa ny de f e c t s .Vi s u al e x a mi n at i o no ft h es ea r e asc a nt h ent a k ep l a c e.Re me mb ert h i si sac h emi c a l pr oc es s ,s oahaz ar douss ubs t anc er i s kas s es s mentwi l l ber equi r ed.
Magnetic @article Thi st echni que wor ks by magnet i si ng t he componentand appl yi ng magnet i c par t i c l esori nk .Anydef ec ti nt hec omponentwi l ls how asi tdi s t or t st hemagnet i c fi el dandt hepar t i c l esl i e" di ffer ent l y " .Thedef ec tt endst oc aus eac onc ent r at i on oft he magnet i cfi el d whi c h at t r ac t smor e par t i c l est oi tt han t he s ur r oundi ng mat er i al . Thet es twor k sonl yonf er r omagnet i cmat er i al ssuc hasst eel .Thes ur f ac edoes ha v et obec l ean.I tde t ec t ss ur f ac ec r ac k sands ubs ur f ac ec r ac k sdos et ot he s ur f ac e. Eddy *urrent When a hi gh f r equency AC cur r enti s passed t hr ough a coi li tset s up an al t er nat i ngmagnet i cfi el d.I ft hec oi l i spl ac edont hes ur f ac eofaFer r omagnet i c mat er i ali ts e t s up a c ur r enti nt he mat er i al( k no wn as eddy c ur r ent ) .An y di s cont i nui t yi nt hes ur f ac ec aus esav ar i at i oni nt heeddyc ur r ent .I tanot herc oi l i spl ac ed adj ac entt ot he fi r s t ,i tc an det ec tt he c hangesi neddyc ur r entand i ndi c at et hel oc at i onofadef ec t .Thes ec hangesc anbec al i br at edandus edt o de t er mi net hedept hofan ydef ec t . Themet hodr equi r est r ai nedoper at i v est oc ar ef ul l yi nt er pr ett her es ul t s ,andi t c anonl ywor ki nt hebul koft hemat er i alandnotnearanydi s cont i nui t y ,s uc has hol es ,openi ngsoredges .I ti sal s ouns ui t abl ef ort hi nmat er i alast hi spr ev ent s t hef or mat i onofeffec t i v eeddyc ur r ent s . 6, N'1 1E*)NI.E# #.I1A0E $O3 #.A-#.3$*E 'E$E*1# .ltrasonic Ul t r as oni ct es t i ng r equi r es a gener at ort ot r ans mi tu l t r as ound wa v es i nt oa mat er i al s ot hatt heycanbedet ec t edwhent he yr efl ec tf r om wi t hi nt hemat er i al . Oneadv ant agei st hatt hegener at ori sus ual l yhandhel d/ por t abl e,oper at i ngf r om i t so wn b at t e r ys u pp l y .Th eu l t r a s ou nd wa v e sa r eg en er a t e di nap r o be o r t r ans duc ert hati smo v edac r os st hes ur f ac e. The ul t r as ound't r av el si nt ot he mat er i aland i s" bounc ed"bac kt oar ec ei v er mount edi nt hepr obe.Theout puti sr eadonanos c i l l os c ope,t her es ul t sbei ng i nt er pr et edbyas ki l l edoper at i v e.Anydef ec twi l lc aus eav ar i at i oni nt her et ur n s i gnal andt hi sc anbei nt er pr et edt oi ndi c at et hedept hoft hedef ec t .
I t spor t abi l i t yandfl ex i bi l i t ymak eul t r as oni ct es t i ngani mpor t antnondes t r uc t i v e t es t i ngt ec hni que.I tma ybei nmet al sandonmos tnonme t al l i cmat er i al s .I t s abi l i t yt openet r at et hemat er i alal l owsi tt omeas ur edept hands oi ti sus edwi t h par t i c ul areffec tl ook i ngf orc or r os i oni nboi l er s ,pi pel i nes ,et c . 3adiography Ra di o gr a ph yr e qu i r e sas o ur c eo fg ammao rXr a y swh i c ha r ea l l o we dt op as s t hr ought hemat er i alandont oas t r i poffi l m.Ther adi at i ont r i gger sar eac t i oni n t hefi l m' semul s i onwhi c hs howswher ean ydi s cont i nui t y / def ec te xi s t s . I ti sus edex t ens i v el yi ns t eelf abr i c at i on,s uc haswel dsonoi lr i gs ,pi pewor kand r eac t orv es sel s . Radi ogr aphyr equi r esas our c eofr adi at i on,s ot her emus tbec ont r olofpeopl e' s ex pos ur et oi t .Di s t anc eandus eofbar r i er sar enor mal l yus edt oc ont r olt her i s k ofe x pos ur ewhent es t i ngi sunderwa y . Anoper at ori sr equi r edt odr ai nwat erf r om anLPG s pher e. ( a)I dent i f yt hemai nhaz ar das soc i at edwi t ht hi soper at i on. Hydr at ef or mat i on can occur when dr ai ni ng wat er f r om pr essur i zed L i q ue fi edPe t r o l e um Ga s( L PG)s p her e s .Th i sc a nl e adt ov a l v e sf r e ez i n g, andi ft he yar ei nanopenpos i t i on,LPG wi l lbeal l owedt oes c ape,whi c h ma yl eadt oanex pl os i on.
( b ) ( b )I dent i f y t hec ont r ol meas ur est hatc anbeappl i edi nor dert or educ e t hi shaz ar d. Theoper at i onofdr ai ni ngwat erf r om LPG s pher esshoul donl ybec ar r i ed o ut b yt r a i n ed a nd a ut h or i z e dp er s o nn el u s i n g as e qu en t i a lv a l v e p r o c e d u r e .
Ther ear ear oundt wel v es t agesi nt hepr oc es sofc ommi s s i oni ngapr oc es s pl antors ys t em.I dent i f ySI X oft hos es t ages . 7T hes y s t em c onfi gur at i oni schec k ed( wal k i ngt hel i ne) . 2Thepi pewor kands y s t em i nt egr i t yi sc hec k ed. 3Thei ns t r ument at i ons y s t em i sc hec k ed.
4Al l al ar msar ev er i fi edaswor k i ng. 5Al l l i nesandv e ss el sar efl us hedandc l eaned. 6Al l anc i l l ar yequi pmenti si ns pec t edandas s es s edast oi t sadequac y . 7Al l i ns t r ument sandv es sel sar ec al i br at ed. 8Thes t ar t -uppr ot oc ol i ses t abl i s hed. 9Thes hut downpr ot oc ol i ses t abl i s hed. 10Commi s s i oni ngt r i al sar eunder t ak en. 1 1Th ep l a nti sh ook e du p. 12Thepl anti sh andedov er .
Man yfix e dandfloat i ngr oofs t or aget ank sha v eannul arr i ms . ( a)Out whatanannul arr i mi s . l i ne Th eb ot t o m p l a t ei nas t o r a ge t a nki sk n own a sa na nn ul a rp l a t e .Th e annul arpl at eus ual l ys i t sonaf oundat i onofhar dc or eorac onc r et er i ng wal l ,and i sj oi ned t ot he wal l soft he t ank .Thi sj unc t i on bet ween t hi s bot t om pl at eandt hewal l oft hes t or aget anki sk nownast heannul arr i m. ( b)Expl whatpr obl emsc anbeas s oc i at edwi t hannul arr i ms ai n Thej oi ntwher et heannul arpl at eandt het ankwal l smeet( t heannul arr i m) i ss ubj ec tt oc ons t ants t r es s .Thi si sbec aus et hewei ghtoft hepr oduc t wi t hi nt het ankwant st opus ht hewal l sout war dswhi l s tatt hes amet i me pus ht heannul arpl at edo wn war ds .Thi sc r eat esahi ghl e v elofbendi ng s t r es s .The qual i t y oft he f oundat i ons wi l lal s o ha v e a bear i ng on t he do wnwar ddefl ec t i onoft heannul arpl at e. Af ur t herc ompl i c at i ngf ac t ort ot hi ss t r es si st hef ac tt hatannul arpl at esar e pr onet oc or r os i onat t ac k sbot hont heout ers i dewher et het anks hel ls i t s o nt h ea nn ul a rr i m,a nd o nt h eu nd er s i d eo ft h ea nn ul a rp l a t e wh er e t r a ppe d wat e r ma yl i eu nde t e ct e d.Th i sc o r r o s i o n,c o up l e d wi t ht h e pr ol onged s t r es s ,c an l ead t os t r es sc or r os i on c r ac k i ng and f ai l ur e oc cur r i ngwi t houtwar ni ng. ( c )Descr i be wh ata ne me r ge nc ys hu t d owns y s t e mi sandi t sf u nc t i o n. Be c au s e t h e p et r o c he mi c a li n du s t r y p r o c es s e s l a r g e q ua nt i t i e s o f haz ar dousmat er i alwi t hi nac ont ai ned en v i r onment ,i tneedst o ha v ei n
p l a c e s y s t e ms wh i c h wi l le i t h er p r e v e nt l o s so fc o nt a i n me nt f r o m h ap pe ni n go rmi t i g at et h ec o ns e qu en c es o fs u c ha ne v e nti fi td oe s hap pen.Thes es y s t ems ar ek no wn as Emer genc y Shut do wn ( ESD) sys t ems and t ake t he f or m ofv ar i ous component s,each ofwhi ch i s des i gnedt odealwi t hapar t i c ul ars c enar i oandbr i ngi tunderc ont r oli na s a f ean de ffe c t i v ema nn er .
t y pi c alac t i onsanemer genc ys hut do wns y s t em mi ghtper f or mi f I dent i f yTHREE ac t i v at ed. _Shut downofpar ts y s t emsandequi pment _I s ol at ehy dr oc ar boni nv ent or i es _I s ol at eel ec t r i c al equi pment _St ophy dr oc ar bonfl ow _Depr es s ur i z e/ bl owdown _Ac t i v at efi r efi ght i ngc ont r ol s( wat erdel uge,i ner tgas ,f oam s y s t em,wat ermi s t ) _Ac t i v at eemer genc yv ent i l at i onc ont r ol _Cl os ewat er t i ghtdoor sandfi r edoor s Expl ai n whyandwhenanemer gencys hut downsy st em mi ghtbebypass ed. Al lemer gencyshut downsys t emsandfir eandgassyst emsneedt obet est ed, i ns pec t edand/ ormai nt ai nedonar egul arbas i st oens ur et he yar ef unc t i oni ngas r equi r ed.Thes et es t i ng and/ ormai nt enanc e pr oc edur esi n v ol v et he t empor ar y b y pa s s i n go fs a f e t ys y s t e m i n t e r l o c k s wh i c h wo ul do t h er wi s ea c t i v a t et h e emer genc ys hut do wns y s t em whent es t i ng,i ns pec t i onormai nt enanc eac t i v i t i es we r eun de r t a k en . Descr i be t hepur pos eandf unc t i onofani nt er c ept or . I nt er c ept or sar eameansofc ol l ec t i ngc ont ami nat edwat erbef or ei ti sdi s char ged t oaf ouldr ai n orsur f ac e dr ai n.T y pi c al l y ,i nt er c ept or s ha ve t hr ee s epar at e c h amb er s ,wi t ht h ed i v i s i o nsbe t wee nc h amb er sex t e nd i n gd ownt ot h ebo t t o m, and l ow l evelpi pes connect i ng t he chamber s.Thi si s so t hat when t he
c ont ami nat edwat erent er st hefi r s tc hamberi tc ans epar at e( oi lwi l l nat ur al l yfloat ont opofwat er )andbee xt r ac t ed.Thewat eri st hendi r ec t edt ot hes ec ondand t hi r dc hamber sv i at hel o wl e v elpi pewher ean yr es i dualoi li sal s oal l o wedt o s epar at eandbee xt r ac t ed.Fi nal l y ,t hewat erf r om c hambert hr eei sc hannel l ed i nt oei t heraf oul ors ur f ac edr ai n,whi c hev eri sappr opr i at e. Wi t hr egar dt ofi x edandfl oat i ngr oofs t or aget ank s, expl ai n whater os i oni sand wher ei tmi ghtbee xpec t edt ooc c ur . Er o s i oni st h ep r o c es sofma t e r i a lb ei n gwo r na wa yb yt h ec o ns t a ntmo v eme nto f pr o du c tfl o wi n go v ert h es u r f a ce .Ar ea ss u c ha sfi l l i n g an dd i s c h ar ge p oi nt s , whi c he xper i enc el ar geamount sofpr oduc tfl ow,ar et hemos tv ul ner abl epoi nt s . Expl ai n whathaz ar dsar eas s oc i at edwi t hfi x edr oofs t or aget ank s . Nor mal l y ,t ank sha v eapr es s ur e-v ac uum r el i efv al v efi t t edonorneart het opof t het ank .Thi sal l owsvapourorgast oes capeor ,i nt hec as eofar educ t i oni n pr es sur ewi t hi nt het ank ,al l owsai rt oent ert het ank .Cons equent l y ,t hepr es sur ev ac uum r el i efv al v ei sac r i t i c al pi ec eofequi pmentandt hei nt egr i t yoft het ank i sdependentuponi twor k i ngpr oper l y .Thewei ghtofan yl i qui dpumpedi nt oa t ankwi l lnat ur al l yappl yout war d pr es sur eon t he wal l soft het anki ti sbei ng s t or edi n.Al s o,ast hel i qui dbui l dsupi ns i det het ank ,t heat mos pher ei nt hev oi d n ee ds t ob ev e n t e do ut .I ft h i sd oe sn oth ap pe nt h ep r e s s ur e wi l lb ec o me uns us t ai nabl eandt het ankma yr upt ur e.Thec ont r av i ewi sal s ot r uei nt hatwhen at anki sempt i edt hel i qui dr educ esandt hev oi dabov et hel i qui dneedst oha ve ai rv ent edi ns ot hatav ac uum i snotc r eat ed.I ft heai ri nl etv al v ei sf aul t y ,anda v a c uu mi sc r e at e d,t hi sma ywe l lc a us et h et a nkt oc o l l a ps e .Th er ea r eo t he r f ac t or swhi c hc anc aus ei nc r eas edordec r eas edpr es s ur ewi t hi nt het ank .Thes e i nc l ude: _St or i ngav ol at i l epr oduc twi l l c aus egas est oev ol v eandi nc r eas epr es s ur e. _War m weat herordi r ec ts unont het ankwi l lwar mt hepr oduc tupandmak ei t e xpand,t husi nc r eas i ngpr es s ur e. _ Col d weat herwi l lc oolt he pr oduc tdown and c aus ei tt oc ont r ac t ,t hus dec r eas i ngpr es s ur e. Wi t hr egar dt ofl oat i ngr oofs t or aget ank s ,
( a)Expl ai n what‘ l andi ngt her oof ’ i sandwhathaz ar dsar eas soc i at edwi t hi t . Landi ngt her oofi swher et hel i qui di nt het ankf al l sf arenoughf ort hel egsont he under s i deoft hefl oat i ngr ooft ol andont hebas eoft het ank .Thev o i dbe t ween t hel i qui dandt her oofwi l lgr ow,whi c hwi l lal l ow abui l d-upofv apourt ooc cur . Thi shast hepot ent i alt oc aus e afi r eand/ ora ne x pl os i on.Ano t heri s s uewi t h l andi ngt her oofi st hati tc aus esapar t i c ul arc or r os i onmec hani s mc al l edf r et t i ngr el at edc or r os i on.Thi si swher er epeat edc ont ac tont hebas eoft het ankbyt he l egsont heunder s i deoft hefl oat i ngr oofr emo vespr ot ec t i v el ay er sofr us ts cal e t hatma yhav ef or med,r es ul t i ngi ni nc r eas edc or r os i onr at es . ( c )Expl ai n whatc ont r ol meas ur esneedt obet ak e ni ft her oofi sl andedandwh y . I ft he r oofi sl anded,i ti si mpor t antt hatenought i me el aps est o al l ow t he s pac ebel o wt her ooft obec omes at ur at edwi t hv a pours ot hati te x c eedsi t s up pe rfl a mma bl el i mi t .Thi si sbec a us ewh enpr o du c ti spu mpe di n t ot h et a nk andt her oofbegi nst ol i f t ,t her ei sac hanc et hatas par kma ybegener at ed be t we en t he t a nkwa l la nd t h er oo fs e al .Ha v i n gt he v a po uri nt he u l l a ge s at ur at edt obey ondi t supperfl ammabl el i mi twi l l ens ur et hev apourwi l l notbe i gni t edbyanyer r ants par k .Theamountoft i mer equi r edt oal l owt hev apourt o becomesat ur at edmaybeasmuchas24hour s. Expl ai n whata‘ bund’ i sandi t spur pos eandf unc t i on. Wher es t or aget ank shol dal i qui dpr oduc tt her ei sal way st hepos si bi l i t yt hatt he t ankwi l lr upt ur eands pi l li t sc ont ent s .Cons equent l y ,c ont i ngenc i ess houl dbei n pl ac et oc ont r ols uc has i t uat i on.Thi si swher eac ont ai nmentwal l ,k nownasa bund,i sbui l tar oundat ank ,orgr oupoft ank st oc ont ai nanys pi l l aget hatmay oc c urunt i ls uc ht i met hati tc anbedeal twi t h.Thebundal s os t opst hepr oduc t s pr eadi ngt oof ar ,s eepi ngi nt ot hegr ound,ors eepi ngi nt ot hedr ai nageorwat er Sy s t ems .I tal s or educ es( al t houghi tdoesnotel i mi nat e)t her i s koffi r eand/ or ex pl os i on. Define whataBLEVEi sanddesc r i beanexampl eofhowaBLEVEmi ght de v el op. ABL EVEi saBo i l i n gL i q ui dEx p an di n gVa po urEx p l o s i o n.Ane x a mp l eo fh ow a BLEVE mi ghtdevel op i s when a vesseli s par t l y fil l ed wi t h pr essur i zed h ydr oc ar bonl i qui d( e. g.Li quefi edPet r ol eum Gas ) .I twi l lha v eac er t ai namount
s pac e abov ei tfi l l ed wi t hv apour ,and i ft he v es s eli ss ubj ec t ed t oafi r et he pr es sur ei nt het ankwi l li nc r eas eduet ot hel i qui dgoi ngabov ei t sboi l i ngpoi nt andt ur ni ngi nt o av apour .Thepr es sur er el i efv al v eont het ankwi l lal l ow t he ov er pr es sur et obev ent edt oat mos pher ei nt hefi r s ti ns t anc e,butt hi swi l lr educ e t heamountofl i qui di nt het anks t i l lf ur t her ,andt hepot ent i alf ort hefl amet o engagewi t has ec t i onoft het ankcont ai ni ngv apourandnotl i qui dwi l l i nc r eas e.I f t hi shappens ,t het ankwal l wi l l weak enatt hi spoi nt ast heheatt r ans f ert ov apouri smuc hl es seffic i entt hani ti st oal i qui d.The r es ul ti sl i k el yt o be a s udden and c at as t r ophi cf ai l ur e oft he v es sel ,wi t ha d i s c h ar g eo fv a p ou rf o l l o we db ya ne x p l o s i o n wh en t h ev a p ou rr e ac h es t h e fl ames .Thi si saBoi l i ngLi qui dEx pandi ngVapourEx pl os i on( BLEVE) . Wi t hr eg ar dt ohaz ar dousar eas , ( a)Expl wh yhaz ar dousar easar ec at egor i z edi nt odi ff er entz ones . ai n Gases and vapour s can cr eat e expl osi ve at mospher es.Consequent l y ,ar eas wher et hes epo t ent i al l yhaz ar dousai r bor nes ubs t anc espr es entt hems el v e sar e c l a s s eda sh az ar d ou sa r e ass ot ha ta ppr o pr i a t ec o nt r o l sc a nb ei mp l e me nt e d. Ho we v er ,t hef r equenc ywi t hwhi c ht hes es ubs t anc espr es entt hems el v e si sal s o af ac t ori n det er mi ni ng t he appr opr i at el ev elofc ont r ol .Forex ampl e,i ft he pr e s enc eofafl amma bl ev apo uro nl yh ap pe nso nc eev e r yt hr e emo nt h s ,i two ul d notbe sensi bl et o appl yt he same l evelofc ont r olas t o an ar ea wher ea flammabl e vapouri s pr esental lday,ever y day.The answeri st o appl ya c l as si fi cat i ont oar eas–c al l edz oni ng–whi c hpl ac esappr opr i at ec ont r ol sont he t y peofequi pmentt hatc anbeus edi nt hatar eaandwhi c hpo t ent i al l yc anc r eat e as our c e ofi gni t i on,par t i c ul ar l y el ec t r i c alequi pment ,whi c hr efl ec t st he r i s k i nv ol v ed. ( c )Expl ai n wh yequi pments houl dbec at egor i z edf orus ei ndi ff er entz ones . Thei s suewi t hel ec t r i c alequi pmenti st hati tnor mal l yc r eat ess par k s,ei t heras par toft hebr us hesc omi ngi nc ont ac twi t hi nt her o t at i ngar mat ur e,orwhena s wi t c hi sac t i v a t ed.Ei t here v entc an i gni t e an yfl ammabl eg aspr es enti nt he at mos pher ei nt hev i c i ni t yoft heequi pment .Cons equent l y ,manuf ac t ur er sha v e des i gneds pec i al i z edequi pmentwhi c ho v er c omes ,i nv a r i ouswa y s ,t hei s s ueof ha vi ngs par k swhi c har eex pos edt ot hel oc alat mos pher e.Thepar t i c ul ars ol ut i on
whi c hi si nc or por at edi nt oeac hpi ec eofequi pmenti ssi gni fi edb yac odewhi c hi s mar k edont heequi pment ’ spr oduc ti dent i fi cat i onl abel . Ther ear et womai nt y pesofboi l erus edt oheatwat er . Expl ai n wh att h eyar ea nd h owb ot ht y p eswo r k . Afi r et u beb oi l eri so newh i c hg ene r a t e sho tg as e swh i c ht he np as st hr o ugha numberoft ubesbef or ebei nge x pel l edoutoft hefl ue.Thes et ubesr unt hr ougha seal ed and i nsul at ed cont ai nerofwat er and t he heatf r om t he gases i s t r ans f er r edbyt her malc onduc t i v i t yt ot hewat er ,whi c ht hent ur nst os t eam.The s t eam f r om t heboi l ert hene xi t st hr oughat ubeatt het opoft hec ont ai ner .Wat er t ubeboi l er sha vebas i c al l yt heoppos i t ec onfi gur at i onoffi r et ubes .I nawat er t ubeboi l er ,anumbero ft ubesr unt hr ought hef ur nac epar toft heboi l er .Thi s heat st hewat eri ns i det het ubes ,whi c ht ur nsi tt os t eam. I nr el at i ont oboi l er sandf ur nac es , expl ai n whatflamei mpi ngementi sandt he pot ent i al c ons equenc esi fi ti snotr ec t i fi ed. Fl amei mp i n geme nti swh er et h efl a mep r od uc e db yt h eb ur ne r ,wi t h i nt h eb oi l e r orf ur nac e,c omesi nt oc ont ac twi t ht hes ur f ac ebei ngheat ed.Thi si ss omet hi ng whi c ht hedes i gnoft heboi l erorf ur nac edoesnotnor mal l yal l ow.Thi si sbec aus e t h et e mp er a t u r eo ft h es u r f a c eb ei n gh ea t e ds h ou l da l wa y sr e ma i n wi t h i n pr e s c r i b edp ar a me t e r sa ndd i r e c tfl a me c o nt a c tc a nl e adt ot h es ep ar a me t e r s bei nge x ceeded.I ft hi soc c ur st her et endst obeagr adualbui l d-upofc ar bonon t hei ns i deoft het ubeatt hepoi ntwher et hefl amei si nc ont ac t .Thi sl a y erof c ar bonac t sasani ns ul at orbe t weent hewat er pr oduc ti ns i det het ubeandt he s u r f ac ewh er et hefl a mei si mpi n gi n go ni t ,c o mp ou nd i n gt hee ffec tt h efl a mei s hav i ngont heheat eds ur f ac eoft het ube.I ft hi spr oc es si sal l owedt oc ont i nue,i t c an l ead t ot he t ube e v ent ual l y bec omi ng bl oc k e d,r es ul t i ng i nt he po t ent i al r upt ur eoft het ube. Expl ai n whatt ot al di s s ol v eds ol i dsar eandhowt heyc anbec ont r ol l ed. T ot aldi s sol v eds ol i dsar es ubs t anc es ,s uc hasmi ner al s ,s al t sandmet al s ,whi c h ar eh el di nas u s pe nd ed f or m wi t h i n wa t er .I ft h es es o l i d sa r eo fas u ffic i en t c o nc en t r a t i o n wi t h i nt h e wa t er us e di nab oi l e rs y s t e m, t h ey c a na t t a c h t hems el v est ot hei ns i deofboi l er sand,ov ert i me,bui l dupt of or ms cal e.Thefi r s t ac t i oni nc ont r ol l i ngt heeffec t soft ot aldi s sol v eds ol i dsi st omai nt ai nt hes ol i ds bel ow ac er t ai nl i mi twi t ht hewat er .Thi si sdonebyt es t i ngt hewat erwi t haTDS
