TUGAS PRAKTIKUM PENGEMBANGAN PRODUK BARU
JENIS IKAN DAN PRODUK HASIL OLAHAN IKAN
Disusun oleh : Elni Yosevin Laoli
240210100083 240210100083
Diana Kristi Pardede
240210100098
UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI PERTANIAN JURUSAN TEKNOLOGI PANGAN JATINANGOR 2013
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I.
JENIS-JENIS IKAN AIR LAUT
1. Ikan Tongkol
Tongkol, tongkol como, tongkol komo, atau tongkol kurik ( Euthynnus affinis) affinis) adalah sejenis ikan laut dar isuku Scombridae. isuku Scombridae. Terutama menjelajah di perairan dangkal dekat pesisir di kawasan Indo-Pasifik kawasan Indo-Pasifik Barat, tongkol Barat, tongkol merupakan salah satu jenis ikan tangkapan yang penting baginelayan. bag inelayan. Dalam perdagangan internasional dikenal sebagaikawakawa sebagaikawakawa,, little tuna, tuna, mackerel tuna, tuna, atau false atau false albacore. albacore. Ikan yang berukuran sedang; panjang maksimum sekitar 100 cm FL ( fork fork length), length), namun umumnya hanya sekitar 60 cm. Punggung berwarna biru gelapmetalik, gelapmetalik, dengan pola coret-coret miring yang rumit mulai dari pertengahan sirip punggung pertama ke belakang; sisi badan dan perut putih keperakan, dengan bercak-bercak khas berwarna gelap di antara sirip dada dan sirip perut, yang tidak selalu ada. Tanpa sisik , kecuali di wilayah corselet dan gurat dan gurat sisi. Gigigigi kecil dan mengerucut, dalam satu baris.Sisir saringberjumlah saring berjumlah 29-34 pada 29-34 pada lengkunginsang lengkunginsang yang pertama. Sirip punggung pertama dengan XI hingga XIV jari-jari keras (duri), terpisahkan dari sirip punggung kedua hanya oleh suatu celah sempit , yang lebih sempit daripada lebar mata. Duri-duri di awal sirip punggung pertama jauh lebih panjang daripada duri-duri di belakangnya, membuat tepi atas sirip depan ini melengkung dalam. Sirip dada pendek, ujungnya tidak mencapai celah di antara kedua sirip punggung. Terdapat dua tonjolan (flaps) di antara kedua sirip perut . Sirip-sirip kecil (finlet) 8-10 buah di belakang sirip punggung kedua, dan 6-8 buah di buah di belakang sirip dubur.
Gambar 1. Ikan tongkol
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Tongkol merupakan ikan tangkapan nelayan tangkapan nelayan yang penting di pelbagai negara
di
wilayah
sebarannya.
Tongkol
como
terbanyak
ditangkap
di Filipina, di Filipina, Malaysia, Malaysia, dan Pakistan; dan Pakistan; sementara di India di India ikan ini menduduki posisi yang cukup penting. Produksi dunia ikan ini (dari catatan 8 negara) pada tahun 1975 hingga 1981 berkisar antara 44-65 ribu ton pertahun, ton pertahun, dengan lonjakan hingga 84 ribu ton di tahun 1977. Sedangkan antara tahun 1990-1995, Statistik Perikanan FAO Perikanan FAO merekam angka produksi tahunan antara 90.987 hingga 111.996 ton. Beberapa pelabuhan pendaratan tongkol yang penting di Indonesia, di antaranya,
adalah Manado, adalah Manado, Padang, Padang, Cilacap, Cilacap, Tegal, Tegal,
dan Sumenep. dan Sumenep. Ikan
ini
umumnya ditangkap bercampur dengan jenis lain. Alat tangkap yang digunakan terutama adalah jaring insang, dan juga pancing tonda. Kadang-kadang ikan ini didapat pula lewat pengoperasian pukat pantai atau pancing rawai. Tongkol diperniagakan dalam bentuk ikan segar, ikan beku, dan dikalengkan. Juga dalam rupa-rupa ikan olahan: dikeringkan, diasinkan, dikeringkan, diasinkan, diasap, atau dipindang. Dagingnya berkualitas baik bila segar, namun dengan cepat akan memburuk bila tidak ditangani dengan baik.
2. Tenggiri
Ikan Tenggiri adalah nama umum bagi sekelompok ikan yang tergolong ke dalam marga dalam marga Scomberomorus, Scomberomorus, suku Scombridae. suku Scombridae. Ikan ini merupakan kerabat dekat tuna dekat tuna,tongkol, ,tongkol, madidihang, madidihang, makerel makerel dan kembung. dan kembung. Tenggiri banyak disukai orang,
diperdagangkan
dalam
bentuk
segar,
ikan
kering,
atau
diolah
menjadi kerupuk, menjadi kerupuk, siomay, siomay, dan lain-lain. Ikan tenggiri bertubuh memanjang, memipih lumayan kuat pada sisi-sisinya, telanjang tidak bersisik kecuali pada gurat sisinya (bidang corselet tidak tidak jelas). Moncong meruncing, dengan mulut lebar dan gigi-gigi yang tajam dan kuat di rahang atas dan bawah.Panjang moncong ( snout length) length ) lebih pendek daripada sisa kepala bagian belakang. Sirip punggung dalam dua berkas, yang depan dengan XIII - XXII jari-jari jari -jari keras (duri). Sirip punggung dan sirip anal diikuti oleh banyak sirip kecil tambahan ( finlet ( finlet ). ). Tenggiri Melayu (Scomberomorus commerson), commerson ), spesies yang terbesar, dapat
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merupakan ikan pelagis ikan pelagis yang kerap berenang menggerombol dalam kelompok kecil, tidak jauh dari pantai.
Gambar 2. Ikan tenggiri (Sumber : http://sukmawijaya3.blogspot.com http://sukmawijaya3.blogspot.com))
3. Kakap Merah
Gambar 3. Ikan kakap merah (Sumber : http://sukmawijaya3.blogspot.com http://sukmawijaya3.blogspot.com))
Ikan kakap merah adalah salah s alah satu jenis ikan kakap yang mempunyai sisik berwarna merah. Ikan ini menempati jumlah terbanyak dalam jenis ikan kakap yang banyak ditemui di perairan Laut Indonesia. Laut Indonesia. Ikan Ikan ini juga merupakan salah satu favorit pemancing ikan di Indonesia. Ikan Kakap dengan porsi 250 gr mengandung 32,5 mcg mineral Selenium. Selenium adalah mineral untuk mencegah terjadinya oksidasi lemak, menurut ahli gizi Phyllis A. Kakap merah mengandung
Fosfor
skitar
20%
dari
nilai
kebutuhan
harian
yang
direkomendasikan. 250 gr porsi kakap merah mengandung 168 mg fosfor. Fosfor dalam ikan ini adalah nutrisi yg berkaitan dengan kesehatan tulang dan kepadatan tulang. 85% dari fosfor ditemukan pada tulang ikan tersebut, menurut Pusat Linus
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Kakap merah mengandung Protein sekitar 33% dari nilai kebutuhan harian yang direkomendasikan. 250 gr porsi kakap merah mengandung 17,4 mg Protein. Protein diperlukan untuk produksi energi, hormon, enzim, jaringan dan antibodi. Kakap merah mengandung protein lengkap, yang berarti semua asam amino esensial yang ada dalam makanan. Kakap merah menyediakan hampir seluruh nilai kebutuhan vitamin D harian yang direkomendasikan. 250 gr porsi ikan ini mngandung 347 IU vitamin D. Vitamin D penting utk metabolisme kalsium, yang membantu menjaga kesehatan tulang.
4. Tuna
Tuna
adalah
ikan laut
yang terdiri dari beberapa
spesies
dari
famili Scombridae, famili Scombridae, terutama genus Thunnus. Thunnus. Ikan ini adalah perenang andal (pernah diukur mencapai 77 km/jam). Tidak seperti kebanyakan ikan yang memiliki daging memiliki daging berwarna berwarna putih, daging tuna berwarna merah merah muda sampai merah tua. Hal ini karena otot tuna lebih banyak mengandung myoglobin dari pada ikan lainnya. Beberapa spesies tuna yang lebih besar, seperti tuna seperti tuna sirip biru (Thunnus thynnus), thynnus), dapat menaikkan suhu darahnya di atas suhu air dengan aktivitas ototnya. Hal ini menyebabkan mereka dapat hidup di air yang lebih dingin dan dapat bertahan dalam kondisi yang beragam. Kebanyakan bertubuh besar, tuna adalah ikan yang memiliki nilai komersial tinggi. Tuna memiliki bentuk tubuh yang sedikit banyak mirip dengan torpedo, disebut fusiform disebut fusiform,, sedikit memipih di sisi-sisinya dan dengan moncong meruncing. Sirip punggung (dorsal ( dorsal ) dua berkas, sirip punggung pertama berukuran relatif kecil dan terpisah dari sirip punggung kedua. Di belakang sirip punggung dan sirip dubur (anal ) terdapat sederetan sirip-sirip kecil tambahan yang disebut finlet finlet . Sirip ekor bercabang dalam (bercagak) dengan jari-jari penyokong menutup seluruh ujung hipural. Di kedua sisi batang ekor masing-masing terdapat dua lunas samping berukuran kecil; yang pada beberapa spesiesnya mengapit satu lunas samping yang lebih besar. Tubuh kebanyakan dengan wilayah barut badan (corselet ), ), yakni bagian di belakang kepala dan di sekitar sirip dada yang ditutupi
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yang luar biasa dari fisiologi dari fisiologi tuna adalah kemampuannya untuk menjaga suhu tubuh lebih tinggi daripada suhu lingkungan. Sebagai contoh, tuna sirip biru dapat mempertahankan suhu tubuh 75-95 °F (24-35 °C), dalam air dingin bersuhu 43 °F (6 °C). Namun, tidak seperti makhluk endotermik endotermik seperti mamalia seperti mamalia dan burung, dan burung, ikan tuna tidak dapat mempertahankan suhu dalam kisaran yang relatif semp it. Tuna mampu melakukan hal tersebut dengan cara menghasilkan panas melalui proses metabolisme. Rete metabolisme. Rete mirabile, mirabile , jalinan pembuluh vena pembuluh vena dan arteri dan arteri yang berada di pinggiran tubuh, memindahkan panas dari darah dari darah vena ke ke darah arteri. Hal ini akan mengurangi pendinginan permukaan tubuh dan menjaga otot tetap hangat. Ini menyebabkan tuna mampu berenang lebih cepat dengan energi yang lebih sedikit. Ada lebih dari 48 spesies tuna. Marga Thunnus sendiri memiliki 9 spesies. 5. Belanak
Belanak (Valamugil (Valamugil seheli; seheli; familia Mugilidae) familia Mugilidae) adalah sejenis ikan sejenis ikan laut tropis dan subtropis yang bentuknya hampir menyerupai bandeng. bandeng. Dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal sebagai blue-spot mullet atau atau blue-tail mullet . Belanak tersebar di perairan tropis perairan tropis dan subtropis dan subtropis juga juga ditemukan di air payau dan kadang-kadang di air di air tawar. Ikan tawar. Ikan belanak secara umum bentuknya memanjang agak langsing dan gepeng. Sirip gepeng. Sirip punggung punggung terdiri dari satu jari-jari keras dan delapan jari-jari lemah. Sirip dubur Sirip dubur berwarna berwarna putih kotor terdiri dari satu jari-jari keras dan sembilan jarijari jari lemah. Bibir bagian Bibir bagian atas ata s lebih tebal daripada bagian bawahnya ini berguna untuk mencari makan di dasar /organisme /organisme yang terbenam dalam lumpur dalam lumpur (kriswantoro dan Sunyoto, 1986). Ciri lain dari ikan belanak yaitu mempunyai gigi mempunyai gigi yang amat kecil, tetapi kadang-kadang pada beberapa spesies beberapa spesies tidak ditemukan sama sekali. 6. Layur
Layur (Trichiurus (Trichiurus lepturus) lepturus) adalah ikan adalah ikan perairan perairan laut laut yang mudah dikenal dari bentuknya yang panjang dan ramping. Ikan ini tersebar di perairan tropika maupun sedang. Jenis yang ditemukan di Samudera Pasifik dan Samudera dan Samudera
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mencapai 15 tahun. Kegemarannya pada siang hari berkeliaran di perairan dangkal dekat pantai yang kaya plankton kaya plankton krustasea. krustasea. Pada waktu malam ikan ini mendekat ke dasar perairan. Layur mudah dijumpai di tempat penjualan ikan di Indonesia. di Indonesia. Selain Selain diolah sebagai ikan sebagai ikan asin, layur asin, layur juga menjadi umpan menjadi umpan pancing. pancing. Orang Jepang Orang Jepang menyebutnya tachiuo tachiuo dan memakannya mentah (sebagai sashimi) (sebagai sashimi) atau
dibakar.
Orang Korea Orang Korea menyebutnya galchi menyebutnya galchi dan
mengolahnya
dengan
digoreng atau dibakar. Ikan ini disukai karena dagingnya yang kenyal, tidak terlalu amis, tidak berminyak, serta mudah dilepas tulangnya.
7. Ikan Manyung
Ikan
manyung adalah
ikan laut ikan laut yang
biasa
ditangkap
dan
diolah
sebagai ikan sebagai ikan asin yang disebut jambal roti. Ikan ini adalah anggota bangsa ikan berkumis (Siluriformes), (Siluriformes), famili Ariidae. famili Ariidae. Pemanfaatan manyung cukup luas, khususnya di kawasan Pantai Utara Jawa. Jawa. Selain dagingnya sebagai ikan asin, seperti disebutan sebelumnya, kepala ikan manyung digulai, digulai, d dimangut, imangut, atau atau diasap, diasap, menjadi menjadi makanan khas pantai utara Jawa (Pantura). Kantung udara ikan ini juga diperdagangkan dan dikonsumsi. Telur
manyung
dapat
dipepes. Kajian dipepes.
pengolahannya
terus
dilakukan.
Pembuatan surimi Pembuatan surimi dari manyung juga telah dilakukan. 8. Ikan Lemuru
Di perairan Indonesia banyak dijumpai jenis ikan lemuru (Sardinella sp.) yang merupakan jenis ikan pelagik kecil yaitu jenis ikan yang berenang di permukaan air laut. Ada dua jenis ikan lemuru yang penting secara ekonomis yaitu Sardinella sirm dan Sardinella longiceps. Daerah penyebaran jenis
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bertubuh lebih lebar dan pipih, dengan tinggi tubuh sekitar 30% panjang standar. Sirip standar. Sirip punggung punggung berukuran sedang, di tengah tubuh, kira-kira sejajar dengan sirip perut. Sirip ekor berbagi dalam. Sisi bawah tubuh berlingir (berlunas tajam).
Gambar 4. Ikan lemuru (Sumber : http://ricky-fishery-art.blogspot.com/) http://ricky-fishery-art.blogspot.com/)
Lemuru dan tembang merupakan komoditas perikanan yang penting. Di Indonesia, ikan-ikan ini biasa ditangkap dengan jaring dengan jaring insang, pukat insang, pukat cincin( purse seine), seine), dan beberapa bentuk jaring yang lain. Lemuru bali terutama ditangkap secara musiman, yakni mulai pada awal musim penghujan di sekitar Selat Selat Bali (bulan-bulan September-Oktober) hingga akhir musim di bulan-bulan Pebruari hingga Maret. Puncak penangkapan berlangsung sekitar DesemberJanuari. Di luar musimnya, lemuru ini seolah-olah raib begitu saja; namun diduga bahwa ikan-ikan ini beruaya ke lapisan perairan yang lebih dalam. Lemuru dan tembang biasa dijual dalam keadaan segar, akan tetapi kebanyakan ikan ini diolah menjadi ikan asin, ikan pindang, atau sardencis.
9. Ikan Kembung
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tahan lama. Ikan kembung yang masih kecil juga sering digunakan sebagai umpan hidup untuk memancing cakalang. memancing cakalang. Tubuh ramping r amping memanjang, memipih dan agak tinggi, 1 : 3,7 – 3,7 – 6 dibandingkan dengan panjang tubuh FL ( fork ( fork length). length). Sisi dorsal gelap, biru kehijauan hingga kecoklatan, dengan 1 – 2 deret bintik gelap membujur di dekat pangkal sirip punggung; punggung; sisik ventral keperakan. Sisik-sisik yang
menutupi
tubuh
kembung
berukuran
kecil
dan
seragam.Sirip punggung dalam dua berkas, diikuti oleh 5 sirip kecil tambahan ( finlet finlet ). ). Jumlah finlet yang sama juga terdapat di belakang sirip anal, sirip anal, duri duri pertama sirip anal tipis dan kecil (rudimenter). Sepasang lunas ekor berukuran kecil terdapat di masing-masing sisi batang ekor. Di depan dan belakang mata terdapat pelupuk mata berlemak (adipose (adipose). ). Di perairan Nusantara perairan Nusantara dikenal tiga spesies kembung, yakni:
Rastrelliger brachysoma (Bleeker, brachysoma (Bleeker, 1851), kembung 1851), kembung perempuan
Rastrelliger faughni Matsui, faughni Matsui, 1967, kembung
Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, kanagurta (Cuvier, 1817), kembung 1817), kembung lelaki
10. Ikan Pari
Ikan pari (rays) (rays) termasuk dalam sub grup elasmobranchii, yaitu ikan yang bertulang rawan dan grup Cartilaginous (Last and Stevens,1994). Ikan pari mempunyai bentuk tubuh gepeng melebar (depressed) dimana sepasang sirip dada ( pectoral, pectoral, fins)-nya fins)-nya melebar dan menyatu dengan sisi kiri-kanan kepalanya, sehingga tampak atas atau tampak bawahnya terlihat bundar atau oval. Ikan pari umumnya mempunyai ekor yang sangat berkembang (memanjang) menyerupai
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dewasa bervariasi dari ukuran yang ralatif kecil, yaitu lebar 5 cm dengan panjang 10 cm (famili NARKIDAE) hingga berukuran sangat besar yaitu lebar 610 cm dengan panjang 700 cm (pari Manta, famili MOBULIDAE). Jumlah jenis ikan pari yang mendiami perairan di seluruh dunia belum ada informasi yang tepat. Adapun yang pernah teridentifikasi secara akurat di Indonesia sesuai hasil penelitian Sainsbury et,al .(1985) .(1985) dan Tarp and Ifailola (1982) yang dilakukan di Samudera Hindia sebanyak 16 spesies. Penelitian lain yang di lakukan di Laut Cina Selatan oleh Isa et.al . (1998) mencatat sebanyak 4 spesies. Distribusi geografis ikan pari adalah sangat luas, ikan pan ditemukan diperairan tropis, subtropis dan perairan di antartika yang dingin.
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II.
JENIS-JENIS IKAN AIR TAWAR 1. Ikan Gabus
Ikan gabus merupakan ikan air tawar liar dan predator benih yang rakus dan sangat ditakuti pembudidaya ikan. Ikan gabus dikenal dengan banyak nama. Ada yang menyebutnya sebagai aruan, haruan (Melayu dan Banjar), kocolan (Betawi); bayong, bogo, licingan, kutuk (Jawa); dan lain-lain. Dalam bahasa Inggris, belut juga disebut dengan berbagai nama, seperti common snakehead, snake-head murrel, chevron snakehead, striped snakehead juga aruan. Name ilmiahnya adalah Channa striata striata (Bloch, 1793) dan ada yang menyebutnya Ophiocephalus striatus. striatus.
Gambar 5. Ikan Gabus
(Sumber : http://id.wikipedia.org, 2013) Klasifikasi Ikan Gabus
Kerajaan : Animalia Filum : Chordata Kelas : Actinopterygii Ordo : Perciformes Famili : Channidae
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kepala. Tubuh berbentuk bulat gilig memanjang, seperti peluru kendali atau torpedo. Sirip punggung memanjang dan sirip ekor membulat di ujungnya. Sisi atas tubuh dari kepala hingga ke ekor berwarna gelap, hitam kecokelatan atau kehijauan.
Sisi
bawah
tubuh
putih.
Sisi
samping
bercoret-coret
tebal
(striata).Warna ini sering kali menyerupai lingkungan sekitarnya. Mulut besar, dengan gigi-gigi besar dan tajam. Jantan dan betina ikan gabus bisa dibedakan dengan mudah. Caranya dengan melihat tanda-tanda pada tubuh. Jantan ditandai dengan kepala lonjong, warna tubuh lebih gelap, lubang kelamin memerah dan apabila diurut keluar cairan putih bening. Betina ditandai dengan kepala membulat, warna tubuh lebih terang, perut membesar dan lembek, bila diurut keluar telur. Induk jantan dan harus sudah mencapai 1 kg. Sebetulnya ikan gabus memiliki nilai ekonomi yang tinggi. Ikan-ikan gabus kerap kali diasinkan sebelum diperdagangkan antar pulau. Gabus asin merupakan salah satu ikan kering yang cukup mahal harganya. Selain itu ikan gabus segar, kebanyakan dijual dalam keadaan hidup, merupakan sumber protein yang cukup penting bagi masyarakat desa, khususnya yang berdekatan dengan wilayah berawa atau sungai. Ikan gabus juga merupakan ikan pancingan yang
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gabus juga menjadi spesies penganggu no.1 di Sulawesi dan Irian Jaya karena mereka telah memusnahkan spesies ikan asli. Diketahui bahwa ikan ini sangat kaya akan albumin, salah satu jenis protein penting. Albumin diperlukan tubuh manusia setiap hari, terutama dalam proses penyembuhan luka-luka. Pemberian daging ikan gabus atau ekstrak proteinnya telah dicobakan untuk meningkatkan kadar albumin dalam darah dan membantu penyembuhan beberapa penyakit. 2. Ikan Nila
Ikan nila adalah sejenis ikan konsumsi air tawar. Ikan ini diintroduksi dari Afrika, tepatnya Afrika bagian timur, pada tahun 1969, dan kini menjadi ikan peliharaan yang populer di kolam-kolam air tawar di Indonesia sekaligus s ekaligus hama di setiap sungai dan danau Indonesia. Nama ilmiahnya adalah Oreochromis niloticus, niloticus, dan dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal sebagai Nile sebagai Nile Tilapia. Tilapia.
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Ikan nila adalah ikan peliharaan yang berukuran sedang, panjang total (moncong hingga ujung ekor) mencapai sekitar 30 cm dan kadang ada yang lebih dan ada yang kurang dari itu. Sirip punggung ( pinnae dorsalis) dengan 16-17 duri (tajam) dan 11-15 jari-jari (duri lunak); dan sirip dubur (pinnae analis) dengan 3 duri dan 8-11 jari-jari.Tubuh berwarna kehitaman atau keabuan, dengan beberapa pita gelap melintang (belang) yang makin mengabur pada ikan dewasa. Ekor bergaris-garis tegak, 7-12 buah. Tenggorokan, sirip dada, sirip perut, sirip ekor dan ujung sirip punggung dengan warna merah atau kemerahan (atau kekuningan) ketika musim berbiak.ada garis linea literalis pada bagian truncus fungsinya adalah untuk alat keseimbangan ikan pada saat berenang. Ikan nila yang masih kecil belum tampak perbedaan alat kelaminnya. Setelah berat badannya mencapai 50 gram, dapat diketahui perbedaan antara jantan dan betina. Perbedaan antara ikan jantan dan betina dapat dilihat pada lubang genitalnya dan juga ciri-ciri kelamin sekundernya. Pada ikan jantan, di samping lubang anus terdapat lubang genital yang berupa tonjolan kecil meruncing sebagai saluran pengeluaran kencing dan sperma. Tubuh ikan jantan juga berwarna lebih gelap, dengan tulang rahang melebar ke belakang yang memberi kesan kokoh, sedangkan yang betina biasanya pada bagian perutnya
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Ikan nila merupakan sumber protein hewani murah bagi konsumsi manusia. Karena budidayanya mudah, harga jualnya juga rendah. Budidaya dilakukan di kolam-kolam atau tangki pembesaran. Pada budidaya intensif, nila tidak dianjurkan dicampur dengan ikan lain karena memiliki perilaku agresif.Nilai kurang bagi ikan ini sebagai bahan konsumsi adalah kandungan asam lemak omega-6 yang tinggi sementara asam lemak omega-3 yang rendah. Komposisi ini kurang baik bagi mereka yang memiliki penyakit yang berkait dengan peredaran darah. 3. Ikan Gurami
Ikan gurami merupakan jenis ikan konsumsi air tawar, bentuk badan pipih lebar, bagian punggung berwarna merah sawo dan bagian perut berwarna kekuning-kuningan/
keperak-perakan.
Ikan
gurame
merupakan
keluarga
Anabantidae, keturunan Helostoma dan bangsa Labyrinthici. Ikan gurami berasal dari perairan daerah Sunda (Jawa Barat, Indonesia), dan menyebar ke Malaysia, Thailands, Ceylon dan Australia. Pertumbuhan ikan gurame agak lambat dibanding ikan air tawar jenis lain. Di Indonesia, orang Jawa menyebutnya gurami, Gurameh, orang Sumatra ikan kalau, kala, kalui, sedangkan di Kalimantan disebut Kalui. Orang Inggris menyebutnya “Giant Gouramy”, karena
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Ordo : Perciformes Famili : Osphronemidae Genus : Osphronemus Spesies : O. goramy Ikan memiliki penampakan yang lebar dan pipih. Panjang tubuh (SL, standard length 2,0-2,1 kali tinggi tubuh; panjang tubuh total (dengan sirip ekor) bisa mencapai 1.000 mm. Sirip perut dengan jari-jari pertama yang pendek berupa duri dan jari-jari kedua yang lentur panjang serupa cambuk. Rumus sirip punggung (dorsal) XI-XIV (jari-jari keras atau duri) dan 12-14 (jari-jari lunak); sementara sirip dubur (anal) X-XI dan 20-23. Ikan gurami muda memiliki moncong yang meruncing, dengan 8-10 pita melintang (belang) di tubuhnya. Jika beranjak dewasa warna-warna ini memudar, dan kepala ikan akan membengkak secara tidak teratur. Ikan gurami terutama digemari sebagai ikan konsumsi. Dagingnya padat, durinya besar-besar, rasanya enak dan gurih. Gurami hampir selalu tersedia di restoran, untuk dijadikan pelbagai macam masakan terutama gurami bakar dan gurami a sam-manis. Ikan ini berharga cukup mahal. Gurami juga disukai disukai sebagai ikan hias akuarium. Gurami semula menyebar di pulau-pulau Sunda Besar (Sumatra, Jawa, dan
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1. Pembibitan: Pembudidaya menyiapkan Induk Gurami (jantan dan betina) untuk dipijahkan (bertelur), 2. Pendederan: Pembudidaya menetaskan telur menjadi larva hingga gurami dengan ukuran tertentu, biasanya ukuran 125 gram/ekor, atau 8 ekor/kg 3. Pembesaran: Pembubidaya membesarkan gurami dari ukuran 125 gram/ekor menjadi 400 gram hingga 1 kg/ekor, umumnya disebut sebagai ukuran konsumsi.
4. Ikan Lele
Ikan lele (Clarias (Clarias sp) sp) merupakan salah satu jenis ikan konsumsi air tawar. Ikan lele termasuk ikan jenis catfish atau kata lain ikan yang memiliki kumis. Ciri dari ikan lele yaitu bentuk tubuh memanjang dan agak bulat, pada sirip dada
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Gambar 8. Ikan Lele
(Sumber : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lele, : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lele, 2013) 2013) Klasifikasi Ikan Lele
Kerajaan : Animalia Filum : Chordata Kelas : Actinopterygii
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sungut peraba (barbels) yang amat berguna untuk bergerak di air yang gelap. Lele juga memiliki alat pernapasan tambahan berupa modifikasi modifikas i dari busur insangnya. Terdapat sepasang patil, yakni duri tulang yang tajam, pada sirip-sirip dadanya. Ada yang mengatakan,bahwa patil ini tidak hanya tajam tapi juga beracun dan mengakibatkan panas tinggi jika orang tak sengaja terkena patil tersebut. Lele tidak pernah ditemukan di air payau atau air asin, kecuali lele laut yang tergolong ke dalam marga dan suku yang berbeda (Ariidae). Habitatnya di sungai dengan arus air yang perlahan, rawa, telaga, waduk, sawah yang tergenang air. Bahkan ikan lele bisa hidup pada air yang tercemar, misalkan di got-got dan selokan pembuangan. Ikan lele bersifat nokturnal, yaitu aktif bergerak mencari makanan pada malam hari. Pada siang hari, ikan lele berdiam diri dan berlindung di tempat-
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sedikit tulang, tidak berduri, dan murah. Dari sisi budidaya, lele relatif tidak memerlukan banyak perawatan dan memiliki masa tunggu panen yang singkat. Pengolahan yang paling populer adalah dengan digoreng, dan disajikan sebagai pecel lele. Bentuk pengolahan lain adalah dengan diberi bumbu mangut (mangut lele). 5. Ikan Mas (Ikan Karper)
Ikan karper (Cyprinus (Cyprinus carpio) carpio) adalah ikan air tawar yang bernilai ekonomis penting dan sudah tersebar luas di Indonesia . Di Indonesia, ikan karper memiliki beberapa nama sebutan yakni ikan mas, kancra, tikeu, tombro, raja, ra yo, ameh atau nama lain sesuai dengan daerah penyebarannya. Ikan karper sebagai ikan konsumsi dibagi menjadi dua kelompok yakni ras ikan karper bersisik penuh dan ras ikan karper bersisik sedikit. Kelompok ras ikan karper yang bersisik penuh
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Gambar 9. Ikan Mas
(Sumber : http://richocean.wordpress.com, : http://richocean.wordpress.com, 2010) 2010)
Klasifikasi Ikan Mas
Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Chordata
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Jenis-jenis ikan mas secara umum dapat digolongkan menjadi dua kelompok, yakni ikan mas konsumsi dan ikan mas hias. Jenis ikan mas konsumsi adalah jenis-jenis ikan mas yang dikonsumsi atau dimakan oleh masyarakat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan gizi yang berasal dari hewan. Sementara itu, jenis ikan mas hias umumnya digunakan untuk memenuhi kepuasan batin atau untuk hiasan (pajangan) dan dipelihara di kolam-kolam taman atau akuarium. Adapun jenis-
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kolam. Bentuk badannya relatif memanjang. Dibandingkan dengan ras sinyonya, posisi punggungnya punggungnya relatif lebih rendah dan tidak lancip. Matanya agak menonjol. e. Ikan Mas Majalaya Sesuai dengan namanya, ikan mas ini berkembang pertama kali di daerah Majalaya, Kabupaten Bandung, Jawa Barat. Ukuran badannya relatif pendek dan punggungnya punggungnya lebih membungkuk dan lancip dibandingkan dengan ras ikan mas
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III. 1.
PRODUK HASIL OLAHAN IKAN DONGKOL (Dimsum Kuotiek Ikan Tongkol)
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Keungulan Produk
Produk dongkol dongkol merupakan dimsum yang kaya akan kandungan kandungan zat gizi yaitu protein dan lemak yang berasal dari ikan tongkol.
Produk dongkol ini relatif mudah dicerna karena menggunakan bahan baku ikan tongkol tongkol yang memiliki jaringan ikat yang rendah dan dibutuhkan untuk pertumbuhan.
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Formulasi Dimsum Dongkol Terdiri dari 2 Bagian Bahan yaitu bahan bagian kulit dan bahan bagian
isian, yaitu : Bahan Kulit
-
50 gram tepung terigu
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500 gram tepung sagu
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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