1896 – 1903: Start of the Outbreak of the Philippine Revolution Andres Bonficacio Called the “Great Plebian” 3rd Supremo of K.K.K. Lived in Tondo Was orphaned at an early age Worked as a “Bodegero” • • • • •
K.K.K. Kataas-taasang Kagalang-galangang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan na Anak ng Bayan •
Difference of Reforms from Revolutions Reforms: 1882-1896 Revolutions: 1892-1903 Reformists are made up of ilustrados or those who are in the middle class to upper class society. They fight through peaceful means by making the people aware of the dire situation of the Philippines Philippines and are thus seeking reforms for their rights. They are pro-Spanish colonization. Revolutionists Revolutionists are made up of the civilians, mostly of those from lower class to middle class of the society. They believe that reforms are not the way in attaining freedom. They are fighting for the independence of the Philippines from Spanish rule. • • •
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Objectives of Katipunan Political: To fight for the independence of the Philippines Moral: To teach good morals and manners. To correct religious fanaticism. fanaticism. To respect women women and children. children. Civic: To help the oppressed. • •
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Preparation of Katipunan They made bolos They stole guns guns and other arms arms from the Spaniards Spaniards They negotiated with the Japanese Japanese to bring them them arms but it failed. The Japanese refused refused to be involved involved in the war. war. • • •
Betrayal of Teodoro Patiño Why: Apolinario dela Cruz and Teodoro Patino had an argument while working in the Diario de Manila. Patino sought revenge. How: Teodoro told his sister Honoria the secrets of the Katipunan. This led to Honoria crying due to pity for the Spaniards. Spaniards. The Madre Portera, Sor Teresa, saw this and Honoria told her the reason. The madre portera then told Teodoro to tell this to Father Mariano Gil. With this this knowledge, Father Father Mariano headed to Diario de Manila and saw the proofs of the existence of the Katipunan. They saw the lithographic stone used by the Katipunan to make receipts. And in the locker of Policaripio Turla, whose signature appeared in the receipts, was found the dagger, the rules of the society and other documents concerning the Katipunan. These were then handed over to •
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the police who were now convinced about the existence of the underground society of the Katipunan.
Unang Sigaw ng Himagsikan Isinagawa ito pagkatapos ng pangtatraydor ni Teodoro Patino. “Unang Sigaw ng Pugadlawin”. Hindi “Unang Sigaw ng Balintawak” Nung una pumunta silang Balintawak para pag-usapan ang kung anuman ang gagawin dahil sa crisis na kinakaharap nila. Tapos pumunta silang Kangkong, sa lugar ni Apolinario Samson, isang Katipunero, para kumain at makatulog. Pagkatapos ay pumunta sila sa lugar ng anak ni Melchora Aquino na si Juan A. Ramos. Doon tinanong ni Bonifacio kung handa ba ang kanyang mga tao sa paglaban para sa kalayaan hanggang kamatayan. Tumutol ang brother-inlaw ni Bonifacio na si Teodoro Plato. Pero tuloy pa rin at sa Pugadlawin ay pinunit nila ang kanilang mga cedula na binibigyang kahulugan ang kanilang pag-aaklas laban sa pamahalaan ng mga Kastila. “Long live the Philippines!” • • •
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8 Provinces na Unang Nag-alsa 1. Pampanga 2. Tarlac 3. Maynila 4. Batangas 5. Cavite 6. Laguna 7. Bulacan 8. Nueva Ecija Mga Leaders ng mga Probinsya Nueva Ecija – Tinio Tarlac – Francisco Macabulos Soliman Pampanga – Tecson Cavite – Emilio Aguinaldo, Mariano Alvarez Laguna – Cavilles Batangas - Malvar 2 Probinsya na Huling Nag-alsa 1. Bataan 2. Pangasinan Proposal ng 9th Ray na Flag It was said that the Muslim resistance should be added but they did not participate in the Philippine Revolution If ever it should be an honor bestowed upon Cordillera •
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UP Campus The place was the HQ of Bonifacio •
View ni Rizal
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Rizal’s view is that the Philippines is not yet prepared for a revolution. The Filipinos are lacking arms and the whole Philippines is not yet united. Such are what he told Pio Valenzuela who was sent to him. He also refused the offer of him going to Cuba to be a doctor. He also refused the help of the KKK who proposed for him to be broken out of jail
Pag-aaway ng mga Magdiwang & Magdalo Magdiwang – Mga Katipunero na malapit sa Batangas Magdalo – Mga Katipunero na malapit sa Cavite Pinag-aawayan nila: Di raw kinikilala ng Magdalo ang Magdiwang. Ginugusto rin ng mga Magdalo na bumuo ng bagong pamahalaan na para sa buong bansa. Habang ang ipinaglalaban naman ng mga Magdiwang ay na ang kanilang pamahalaan ay para sa mga rebolusyonaryo na may konstitusiyon na. Kinuha ang intervention ni Bonifacio, kaso wala ring nangyari. Sa tingin ng mga Magdalo ay nakikialam lang si Bonifacio. • • •
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Deklarasyon ng Pagbuo ng Republika ng Katagalugan Sang-ayon si Bonifacio sa pagbuo ng Republika ng Katagalugan. Ang kaso ay di magkasundo ang mga tao kaya wala ring mangyari. •
Tejeros Convention Nagbotohan. Ang ibang naboto ay puro mga taga-Magdalo at ang nag-iisang Magdiwang ay si Andres Bonifacio. Natalo siya sa pagkapresidente ni Emilio Aguinaldo. Chairman ng botohan si Andres Bonifacio. Sinasabi niya na ang lahat ng mangyayari sa korte ay in majority. At sinabi rin niya na ang lahat ng mahahalal sa posisyon ay rerespetuhin. Sumang-ayon naman ang lahat. Ang kaso ay nang mahalal si Andres Bonifacio, tumutol si Daniel Tirona, isang Magdalo, at sinabing hindi karapat-dapat si Andres Bonifacio para sa kanyang posisiyon dahil mababa lang ang kanyang napag-aralan. Mas nababagay raw si Jose del Rosario na isang abogado at mataas ang pinag-aralan. Nagalit si Bonifacio at pinilit si Tirona na bawiin ang kanyang sinabi ngunit ayaw niya. Nilabas ni Bonifacio ang kanyang baril at mambabaril na kundi dahil sa interbensyon ng kanyang kasapi. Tumakas o nagwalk-out si Tirona. Sa galit ni Bonifacio ay idineclare niyang null and void ang lahat ng mga nangyari. Nagkaroon ng panunumpa ngunit di kasama si Bonifacio. Nasunod ang sinabi ni Patino na si Jose del Rosario ang mas karapatdapat para sa katungkulan. Pinaniniwalaan ng mga Magdiwang nagkaroon ng pandaraya sa balot. •
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January 1897: Negotiation of Aguinaldo and Magdalos with 2 Spaniards Nakipagnegosyasiyon si Aguinaldo at ang ilang Magdalos sa 2 Kastila, isang pari at isang journalist, para sa mga favors. •
Acta de Tejeros This was written by Bonifacio and the Magdiwangs. It states that they do not recognize the government of Aguinaldo. •
Naic Military Agreement It states that there would be a reorganization of the assignment of military forces in the different provinces 1st: All combatants should join whether it be through persuasion or force 2nd: No one would be recognized to have power except those who are in the Right or those who have fought from the start of the revolution or for the freedom of the Philippines to the present. 3rd: All traitors will be punished. Emilio Jacinto assigned military forces to the provinces. •
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Pagkakakulong ni Andres Bonifacio When Aguinaldo read the Naic Military Agreement he had Andres Bonifacio and his brothers arrested. They surrounded his house and fired shots. One of his brothers was killed and the other wounded. Bonifacio was struck at the throat which led him to be unable to defend himself in court. •
Reasons ng Pagkakakulong Sedition – attracting others to revolt against thepresent government Treason – fighting against the government Counter-revolution – starting a revolution opposite from that of the current revolution • • •
Trial ni Andres Bonifacio Puro Magdalo. Defense attorney nilang magkapatid ay Magdalo. Execution ang hatol sa kanilang dalawa. Ginawang banishment ni Aguinaldo. Pinilit at naging execution ulit. •
Conspiracies about Bonifacio’s Trial 1. It was said that Bonifacio and his brothers were planning to kill Aguinaldo 2. Testimonies of others were ignored 3. Hindi nagpresenta ng mga documents sa trial 4. Peke ang signature ng judge dahil alam niyang may conspiracy 5. Defense Lawyer ni Bonifacio na si Teodoro Gonzales ay isang Magdalo. Sa una pa lang ay sinasabi nang guilty ang kanyang “dinedepensahan” 6. Minamanipulate ang mga ebidensya at judge Death of Bonifacio Inorder si Lazaro Macapagal na patayin si Bonifacio at kanyang kapatid Ni hindi alam ni Bonifacio na papatayin na siya Dinala siya sa bundok • • •
Witnesses to Bonifacio’s Execution Lazaro Macapagal and his men 14 year old na P.A. ni Bonifacio • •
1892-1897 Time of Bonifacio’s Role in Philippine History •
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Succesful revolution
Fernando Primo de Rivera pinalitan si Camili de Polaveja on April 15, 1897 former governor general Nung May 15 ay sinabing bibigyan ng pardon ang lahat ng sumarrender Inextend niya to May 17 onwards Consequence of Bonifacio’s Execution Catitismo/Regionalism • • • •
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Within 5 Months: Death of Rizal and Bonifacio December 30, 1896 – Rizal’s Death May 18, 1897 – Bonifacio’s Death • •
Choosing of National Hero Constantino said that the Americans were the ones who chose Rizal as the National Hero Choices: 1. Marcelo H. Del Pilar – not chosen because he wanted to join the Katipunan in 1896 2. Emilio Aguinaldo – was still alive at the time so he wasn’t chosen 3. Jose Rizal - CHOSEN remained loyal to Spain opposed the Revolution refused to acknowledge the Katipunan Paciano and two sisters joined the Katipunan Refused the help of the Katipunan twice 1911: Monument of Rizal in Luneta was built. His remains from Paco cemetery were transferred to Luneta 4. Apolinario Mabini was irreconcilable did not pledge loyalty to America 1903: was imprisoned and then allowed to return from America 5. Andres Bonifacio – representative of the Philippine Revolution •
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Monument of Katipuneros Katipuneros decided that they should build a monument for Bonifacio, but his family said that he wouldn’t want that. But they said that they should build a monument for the Katipuneros instead. So they raised Php 10,000.00 to build the monument which was built by 1911. However due to the construction of the NLEX in 1966, a bulldozer ran over the monument thus breaking it. Prof. Agoncillo, a professor in UP, fixed the monument. And then it was now ever since in front of Vinzon’s. The place where Vinzon’s is was a place where Bonifacio gathered members for the Katipunan before so it was fitting. •
Currency with Heroes’ faces 1 peso – Rizal •
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5 peso – Andres Bonifacio. But was changed into Emilio Aguinaldo’s face by Cesar Pinata, Head of Finance and grandson of Emilio Aguinaldo, during Marcos’ rule. 10 pesos – Apolinario Mabini. Now with Apolinario Mabini’s and Andres Bonifacio’s face. 20 pesos – Marcelo H. Del Pilar.
Recto Avenue Should be Bonifacio Avenue because this was the place where Bonifacio lived before. •
Bonifacio Street “Boni” station Behind Sementeryo del Monte • •
Fort Bonifacio was called Fort McKinley during the American colonization named after Bonifacio during the Filipino-Spanish war • •
Defense of Batangas fought against Spaniards after Magdiwangs fell due to demoralization •
Republic of Biak-na-Bato President: Emilio Aguinaldo •
Treaty of Biak-na-Bato a treaty of ceasefire between the Philippines and Spain The Treaty Entails: 1. Re-establishment of Spanish control 2. Emilio Aguinaldo gains P400,000 3. P200,000 distributed to leaders of the revolution 4. Surrendering of arms of all Filipino revolutionaries 5. Voluntary exile of the leaders to the places of their choosing = Hong Kong, instead of death • •
Cuban Revolution 1895 – waging war •
Pedro Paterno acquired P500.00 from the Treaty of Biak-na-Bato •
Parts of the Philippines that Joined Katipuneros Against the Spanish Northern Luzon Visayas Mindanao • • •
The Philippine Revolution 1896-1898
Hong Kong Junta a group that Emilio Aguinaldo created whilst in Hong Kong advises him and helps him with regards to the construction of the Philippine government • •
United States as an Imperialist one of the leading had several territories nations as territories or protectorates wanted to acquire the Philippines since 1861 • • • •
3 Major Economic Reasons Why The Americans Wanted to Acquire the Philippines 1. Source of raw materials 2. New market for American products 3. New investments could be made Political Advantages 1. Naval and Marine bases in the Asian territory 2. Political power comparable to that of other bases Social and Cultural Reasons 1. Manifest and Destiny Concept 2. White Man’s Burden 3. American Democracy How the Americans Knew About the Philippine Revolution 1. Telegrams/telegraphs 2. American companies Spanish-American War 1895 Cuban Revolution •
U.S. Sugar Cartel sent forces to three countries Puerto Rico Philippines Cuba • • •
Asiatic Squadron sent to Hong Kong by Commodore George Dewey. They were to stay there until commanded to go to the Philippines and to interfere •
Battle of Manila Bay May 1, 1898 McKinley asked for 5,000 men, but General Anderson sent 15,000 defeated Spanish fleet McKinley supposedly didn’t know that he already captured the Philippines, and supposedly fell down on his knees. Of course this was just a myth. • • • •
Filipino Flag created by Hong Kong Junta – Marcela Agoncillo Aguinaldo carried a flag while he was on an American ship as he returned to the Philippines from Hong Kong • •
June 12, 1898 The date that Aguinaldo proclaimed independence the date was used from 1962/1963 • •
July 4, 1946 the date that the Philippines became a republic used by America for their own independence • •
Strange Things George Dewey was invited to the Declaration of Independence. He declined and instead sent the youngest officer, a lieutenant, of his Asiatic Squadron Said youngest officer signed the Declaration of Independence •
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June Decrees decrees issued by Aguinaldo which were written by Mabini Organic Decrees of June 1898 o declared the establishment of the gobierno Philippine Revolutionary Governemnt o President and Cabinet legislatures Judiciary Revolutionary Army Provincial and Municipal Government • •
Daniel Perona appoined head of Cagayan Valley isang malaking duwag • •
Americans Waged a War Against the Philippines 1899-1903 •
Treaty of Paris: December 1898 Puerto Rico, Cuba, Philippines are ceded to U.S. U.S. bought the Philippines for $20million • •
Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation U.S. will assimilate the Philippines in a cordial manner for the happiness and well-being of the Filipinos. This was all of course, propaganda. If the Philippines will not cooperate with the U.S., they are willing to wage war. •
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U.S. Saying that it was Justified in Aquiring the Philippines as a Colony
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1898-1899 Reasons: 1. Conquest: The Americans defeated the Spaniards 2. Purchase: They already paid for the Philippines 3. The Philippines wanted to be a protectorate country of the U.S. From the words of Emilio Aguinaldo, which were valid since he was the proclaimed leader of the country at the time.
Anti-Imperialist League They are a group of enlightened Americans, from Boston and New York, who are saying that the U.S. has no business in acquiring the Philippines But there were only a few members as many were in favor fo the acquisition. •
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Date of Philippine American War January 4, 1899 •
Filipino Elite/Ilustrados richest families of the Philippines fund-raising but for Spanish August 1896 o Philippine revolution broke out. o They proclaimed that they were legal subjects of Spain An example is the Blanco family from Macabebe, Pampanga. Macabebes became the term to call those people who are helping the Spaniards during the Philippine Revolution They formed an advisory council for the Spanish • • •
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Final Defeat of Spain August 1898 already thousands of American troops in Cavite and Pasay • •
Mock Battle Between America and Spain Aguinaldo ordered the Filipinos to leave their posts in Intramuros. They were then replaced by Americans. But there was a secret agreement between the Americans and the Spaniards, they were to hold a mock battle for approx. 1 hour. The Spaniards then raised white flag. Thus, the Filipinos lost the opportunity to capture Manila. • • •
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What happened to the Filipino Elite after Spanish defeat? At first they had nowhere to go. But Aguinaldo welcomed them with open arms and even invited them to be a part of the Revolutionary Congress The Revolutionary Congress had a half appointed by Aguinaldo and the other half representatives of the provinces • •
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Malolos Congress
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the congress was in Malolos then because Manila was in the arms of the Spaniards
Good Laws of the Revolutionary Congress 1. The establishment of a state university: University of the Philippines 2. The appointment of Felipe Agoncillo as a representative Bad Laws of the Revolutionary Congress 1. Friar Lands were given to officials. If they were instead given to the tenants then the problems of tenancy and povery 2. National Loan Law: Government Bonds. 10% intrest per annum for 10 years. And if the government couldn’t pay back by the time then land will be given in compensation. 3. The resolution to establish a new constitution and new government to replace the Revolutionary Government which is the Republic of the Philippines. Central Bank It’s set of directors were composed of 7 congressmen There is a law that states that the congress shouldn’t make any law that would directly benefit themselves. But the National Loan Law is a public disregard for this law. • •
January 1899 Malolos Constitution already approved by congress and signature of Aguinaldo is needed Mabini was against this, but Aguinaldo signed them anyway start of the Republic of the Philippiens •
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Republic of the Philippines Composed of: 1. Executive – appointed by Legislature 2. Legislature – has complete control. Would also appoint cabinet. 3. Judiciary – appointed by Legislature Provisions 1. Establishment of congress 2. Separation of Church and State separation of Church and state Civil liberties and civil rights Mabini said that the constitution should not be signed by Aguinaldo but Aguinaldo did. •
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Roles of Mabini and Aguinaldo Aguinaldo – President Mabini – Sec. of Foreign Affairs o He didn’t really have control sent a message to the U.S. that the Philippines is an independent o country • •
January 23, 1899 inauguration of the Malolos Constitution U.S. getting ready to wage war • •
Schurman Commission Fact-Finding Commission issued by McKinley Stated that the U.S. is willing to give the Philippines a status of Autonomy. Autonomy is where the Philippines is under America as a colony, but we would have our own government. However, Mabini said no. • • •
February 4, 1899 first shot to war Americans walked into Intramuros • •
Philippine Insurrection (1899-1902) A Philippine uprising against the Americas should be more properly called the Philippine-American War • •
Resources of the U.S. and the Philippines U.S. Philippines 1. Highly industrialised 1. No industries comparable nd 2. 2 richest economy 2. Agricultural industry 3. Huge Military Force 3. Army but no navy Army - land Navy - sea Marines - fighting 4. 50,000 troops 4. 6,000 soldiers 5. Repeating gounds, Many and new 5. Old and only few weapons weapons 6. Transportation, big horses 6. Ponies 7. Food: canned goods, mobile kitchen 7. Bring your own baon, half a sack of rice and salt. Few equipments. • • •
Estimation of Defeat of the Philippines 1 month became 3 months lasted for 3 ½ years Aguinaldo surrendered after 2 years • • • •
1861 •
America already has plans in acquiring the Philippines
Cuban Revolution in 1895 America saw an opportunity in caputuring the Philippines •
December 1898
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Treaty of Paris
Pio Valenzuela an ilustrado who joined the Katipunan Valenzuela City • •
Ilustrados August 1898 – Joined Aguinaldo January 1899 – Schurman Commission • •
Pro-US/Colonization T.I.I. Parda de Tavera G. Araneta P. Paterno F. Buencanino • • • •
Anti-US/Colonization Apolinario Mabini o Adviser/Sec. of Foreign Affairs o abanadoned by Aguinaldo government o Helped by military officers o offered a position by the Americans but he refused. Antonio Luna •
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Antonio Luna phD in Chemistry commander of the Military forces had a degree in Military Science editor of La Independencia made it to appear that he went to Aguinaldo’s place to kill him murder no investigation telegram removed by order of Aguinaldo Luna’s Men: o demoted imprisoned o o replaced by Aguinaldo’s men • • • • • • • • • •
Strategy/Plan of America 1. To destroy Philippine Republic 2. Capture Emilio Aguinaldo 3. To control Military occupation of the Philippines Kawit Company Presidential guards •
La Union Company soliders killed because Luna’s mother was in the area •
New Cabinet pledged loyalty to America traitors • •
Gen. Gregorio del Pilar 24 years old volunteered to defend Tirad Pass in order to let Aguinaldo go to Palanan, Isabela safely killed by sniper took clothes threw body locals buried the bodies of the men locals placed a stone marker 20 years after the event, Americans built a monument at Tirad Pass for Gregorio del Pilar • •
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Aguinaldo @Palanan, Isabela sent letters all throughout Luzon one of those letters intercepted Americans, leaded by General Funston, disguised themselves as Macabebes as they entered the house where Aguinaldo was staying They captured them and brought back to Manila • • •
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Aguinaldo’s command That the people of the Philippines should bow down to American rule not many followed • •
Miguel Malvar one of the last generals to surrender took over the presidency of Aguinaldo • •
Military Occupation by U.S. 1. All towns and provinces had U.S. military presence and military garrison 2. Propaganda: Partido Federal Anti-Katipunan Anti-Tulisan 3. Neutralize areas/gain alliances Negros Republic Muslim Mindanao 4. Wage a war against the Filipinos • •
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Negros Republic declared themselves under U.S. protection to protect rice • •
Muslim Mindanao Sultanate of Sulu General Bates was sent there Bates Treaty (1899-1903) 1. Sulu as an autonomous government 2. No conversion to Christianity 3. Will provide leaders with stipend and allowance • • •
Guerilla Warfare back-up plan of Luna in case Filipino forces fail Katipunan, Military offcers, ordinary people 1. Recruits 2. Food and supplies 3. Military intelligence all from civilians • •
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Balangiga Massacre Leyte to Samar town in Samar Vicente Lucban abuse by American soldiers Women fled Men disguised as women Priests were also asked to flee They striked when the American soldiers were eating sound of bells at the Church all soldiers were killed except two not a massacre but an encounter between guerillas and soldiers American forces burned down the town and killed everyone – this was the massacre bells taken as souvenir and are at the U.S. and South Korea Samar was one of the most devastated provinces after the war • • • • • • • • • • • •
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Ways of Americans Attacking 1. “zona” 2. torture – water torture, beatings 3. Executions 4. Systematic Arson all places within 1 km radius from the town where ambushed happened are burned 5. exile •
Reconcentration an entire community placed in detention camp they weren’t allowed to leave only to tend to farms • • •
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this was to stop them from giving help to the guerillas
Tagalog insurrection was not true all Filipinos are involved • •
April-May 1902 many guerillas surrendered •
Law of U.S. Congress Insular government of the Philippine Islands by General William H. Taft • •
3 Laws Passed by Philippine Commission 1. Legalize reconcentration 2. Only the American Flag is allowed to be raised 3. Anti-Brigandege law Macario Sakay was captured •
July 1902 for many this was the time that the American War ended •
1903 • •
for Historians this was the year that the American war ended death of Apolinario Mabini
December 1902 war came to an “end” •
Condition of the Philippines After American War Philippines once more under foreign power 1. Casualties 1889 census was that there were 6million filipinos After the American War, 100,000+ were injured and 1.5 million died For the Americans, there were 300,000 of them here, 30,000 were injured and about 3,000 were killed According the the 1903 census by the Americans, Novaliches has no people 25% of the Filipino population died 2. Epidemics by 1889-1896 there were no epidemics when Americans came there was typhoid and even the Bubonic plague from ships from China 3. Famine – because of Systematic Arson 4. Refugees – because of Systematic Arson •
internal refugees – those reconcentrated 5. 90% of Carabao population died 6. Economic Devastation because of burned/destroyed livelihoods
America didn’t pay for the reconstruction of the Philippines. Philippines’ reconstruction only came from taxes
Legacy of the Philippines in the Philippine-American War and Philippine Revolution 1. Nation/Nation-state 2. Independence 3. Heroes/Heroines – role models 4. Symbols – flag, KKK, kabataan partylist
