UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRÉS FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA CARRERA DE INGENIERÍA INDUSTRIAL
RESUMEN CAPÍTULO 2
NOMBRE:
Univ.: LEONARDINI CONDE DANIELA
DOCENTE:
Ing. ZENTENO BENÍTEZ FRANZ
MATERIA:
PROCESOS DE MANUFACTURA
FECHA:
03 / 04 / 2017 LA PA ! BOLIVIA
C"#$%&'( 2 LA NATURALEA DE LOS MATERIALES La manufactua !" un #$c!"$ %! tan"f$maci&n' !" !( mat!ia( ($ )u! "! tan"f$ma* + ($ )u! %!t!mina !( ,-it$ %! (a $#!aci&n !" c&m$ ,"t! "! c$m#$ta cuan%$ cum#(! c$n ($" !)u!imi!nt$" %! !"i"t!ncia a fu!a"' t!m#!atua" + $t$" #a/m!t$" f0"ic$" #aticu(a!". E"t! ca#0tu($ !"tu%ia (a !"tuctua at&mica %! (a mat!ia' + ($" !n(ac!" !nt! ($" /t$m$" + (a" m$(,cu(a". Tam1i,n "! ana(ia (a man!a !n )u! ($" /t$m$" + m$(,cu(a" %! ($" mat!ia(!" %! ing!ni!0a "! $ganian #$ "0 "$($" !n %$" f$ma" !"tuctua(!": ci"ta(ina + n$ ci"ta(ina. L$" mat!ia(!" 1/"ic$" %! ing!ni!0a "$n: m!ta(!"' c!/mica" + #$(0m!$"' ($" cua(!" !-i"t!n !n cua()ui! f$ma' aun)u! #$ ($ g!n!a( ca%a mat!ia( ti!n! una t!n%!ncia #aa a%$#ta a(guna f$ma !n #aticu(a. 1) E*%+&,%&+" "%-.," '(* '.%(* La uni%a% !"tuctua( fun%am!nta( %! (a mat!ia !" !( /t$m$. Ca%a /t$m$ !"t/ c$m#u!"t$ %! un n2c(!$ c$n caga #$"itiva' $%!a%$ #$ un n2m!$ "ufici!nt! %! !(!ct$n!" c$n caga n!gativa %! m$%$ )u! (a" caga" )u!%an 1a(anc!a%a". E( n2m!$ %! !(!ct$n!" i%!ntifica !( n2m!$ at&mic$ + !( !(!m!nt$ %!( /t$m$.
2) E'",* %+ %(.(* .(',&'"* 2)1E'",* #+."+(*)! L$" !n(ac!" #imai$" "! caact!ian #$ atacci$n!" fu!t!" %! /t$m$" c$n /t$m$" )u! inv$(ucan !( int!cam1i$ %! !(!ct$n!" %! va(!ncia. a )u! inv$(ucan fu!a" %! atacci&n !nt! ($" /t$m$" %! (a m$(,cu(a. 2)1)1 E'", -,()! L$" /t$m$" %! un !(!m!nt$ !nt!gan "u3"4 !(!ct&n3!"4 !-t!i$3!"4' ($" )u! a "u v! ata!n a ($" /t$m$" %! a(g2n $t$ !(!m!nt$ #aa inc!m!nta a $c5$ "u cu!nta %! !(!ct$n!" !n (a ca#a !-t!i$. 2)1)2 E'", ,(5"'%)! E" a)u!( !n !( )u! ($" /t$m$" c$m#at!n !(!ct$n!" 3a %if!!ncia %! ($" )u! "! tan"fi!!n4 !n "u" ca#a" !-t!na" a fin %! ($ga un c$n6unt$ !"ta1(! %! $c5$. 2)1)3 E'", .%',()! Inv$(uca c$m#ati ($" !(!ct$n!" %! (a ca#a !-t!i$ #$ m!%i$ %! t$%$" ($" /t$m$" #aa f$ma una nu1! %! !(!ct$n!" g!n!a( )u! a1aca a( 1($)u! !nt!$ 2)2E'",* *,&6"+(*)! Mi!nta" )u! ($" !n(ac!" #imai$" inv$(ucan fu!a" %! atacci&n %! /t$m$ c$n /t$m$' ($" !n(ac!" "!cun%ai$" im#(ican fu!a" !nt! m$(,cu(a"' $ int!m$(!cu(a!". 2)2)1 F&+"* 6#('"+*)! S! #!"!ntan !n una m$(,cu(a f$ma%a #$ %$" /t$m$" c$n caga" !(,ctica" igua(!" + $#u!"ta". 2)2)2 L"* 8&+"* 6 L(6()! Inv$(ucan fu!a" %! atacci&n !nt! m$(,cu(a" n$ #$(a!"' %!1i%$ a( /#i%$ m$vimi!nt$ %! ($" !(!ct$n!" !n (a
&1ita a(!%!%$ %! (a m$(,cu(a' cuan%$ $cu! )u! m/" !(!ct$n!" )u!%an !n un (a%$ %! (a m$(,cu(a )u! !n !( $t$' "! f$man %i#$($" t!m#$a(!". 2)2)3 E'", 6 96+-()! Suc!%! !n m$(,cu(a" )u! c$nti!n!n /t$m$" %! 5i%&g!n$ !n(aa%$" !n f$ma c$va(!nt! c$n $t$ /t$m$.
3) E*%+&,%&+" ,+*%"'"* Una !"tuctua ci"ta(ina !" a)u!((a !n (a )u! ($" /t$m$" "! ($ca(ian !n #$"ici$n!" !gu(a!" + !cu!nt!" !n t!" %im!n"i$n!". E( #at&n #u!%! !#!ti"! mi(($n!" %! v!c!" %!nt$ %! un ci"ta( %a%$.
3)1T#(* 6 *%+&,%&+"* ,+*%"'"*)! E"t$" "$n: 74 c21ica c!nta%a !n !( cu!#$ 3BCC4' 84 c21ica c!nta%a !n (a" caa" 3FCC4' + 94 5!-ag$na( %! !m#a)u!tami!nt$ c$m#act$ 3CP4. 3)2I.#+8,,(* ,+*%"'*)! La" %i"tinta" im#!f!cci$n!" !n ($" "&(i%$" ci"ta(in$" tam1i,n "! %!n$minan %!f!ct$". Am1$" t,min$"' im#!f!cci&n $ %!f!ct$' "! !fi!!n a (a" %!"viaci$n!" !n !( #at&n !gu(a %! (a !"tuctua %! !% ci"ta(ina. 3)2)1D8,%(* #&%&"'*)! S$n im#!f!cci$n!" !n (a !"tuctua ci"ta(ina )u! inv$(ucan +a "!a un "$($ /t$m$ $ vai$" %! !(($". Ent! !"t$" "! !ncu!ntan: "; 5",","' !" !( %!f!ct$ m/" "im#(!' )u! inv$(uca (a fa(ta %! un /t$m$ %!nt$ %! (a !"tuctua %! !% <; 5","," #(+ #"+ 6 (*' tam1i,n ((ama%$ %!f!ct$ Sc5$tt;+' )u! inc(u+! un #a fa(tant! %! i$n!" %! caga $#u!"ta !n un c$m#u!"t$ )u! ti!n! un 1a(anc! %! caga c$n6unta ,; %+*%,(*' %i"t$"i&n %! (a !% #$%uci%a #$ (a #!"!ncia %! un /t$m$ a%ici$na( !n (a !"tuctua 6; 6*#'"".%( -,(' c$n$ci%$ c$m$ %!f!ct$ F!n;!(' )u! $cu! cuan%$ un i$n "! !tia %! una #$"ici&n !gu(a !n (a !"tuctua %! !% + "! in"!ta !n una #$"ici&n int!"ticia( cu+a $cu#aci&n n$ !" n$ma( #$ #at! %! %ic5$ i$n. 3)2)2D8,%(* '"'*)! E" un gu#$ c$n!cta%$ %! %!f!ct$" #untua(!" )u! f$man una (0n!a !n (a !"tuctua %! !%. E( %!f!ct$ (in!a( m/" im#$tant! !" (a %i"($caci&n' )u! a%$#ta %$" f$ma": "; 6*'(,",- 6 <(+6= una %i"($caci&n %! 1$%! !" (a ai"ta %! un #(an$ a%ici$na( )u! !-i"t! !n (a !%. <; 6*'(,",- 6 %(+''(= !" una !"#ia( %!nt$ %! (a !"tuctua %! !% a(a1!a%a a(!%!%$ %! una (0n!a %! im#!f!cci&n' c$m$ un t$ni(($ !"t/ a(a1!a%$ a(!%!%$ %! "u !6!. 3)2)3D8,%(* *+8,"'*)! S$n im#!f!cci$n!" )u! "! !-ti!n%!n !n %$" %i!cci$n!" #aa f$ma una f$nt!a.
3)3 L" 68(+.",- ,+*%"'* .%',(*)! E( %!"(iami!nt$ im#(ica !( m$vimi!nt$ !(ativ$ %! ($" /t$m$" !n ($" (a%$" $#u!"t$" %! un #(an$ %! (a !%' #$ ($ )u! "! %!n$mina #(an$ %! %!"(iami!nt$. La" %i"($caci$n!" !#!"!ntan una "ituaci&n 1!n,fica + #!6u%icia(. D!1i%$ a !((a"' !( m!ta( !" m/" %2cti( + a(cana c$n m/" faci(i%a% (a %!f$maci&n #(/"tica 3c$nf$ma%$4 %uant! "u manufactua. Sin !m1ag$' %!"%! un #unt$ %! vi"ta %! %i"!<$ %!( #$%uct$' !( m!ta( n$ !" tan fu!t! c$m$ ($ "!0a "i n$ 5u1i!a %i"($caci$n!". E( mac(a%$ !" (a $ta f$ma !n )u! ($" ci"ta(!" m!t/(ic$" "! %!f$man #(/"ticam!nt!. E( mac(a%$ "! %!fin! c$m$ !( m!cani"m$ %! %!f$maci&n #(/"tica !n !( )u! ($" /t$m$" !n un (a%$ %!( #(an$ 3((ama%$ #(an$ %! mac(a4 cam1ian #aa f$ma una imag!n %! !"#!6$ !n !( $t$ (a%$ %!( #(an$. 3)4G+"(* '$.%* 6 +"( .%"'*)! Un 1($)u! %a%$ %! m!ta( c$nti!n! mi(($n!" %! ci"ta(!" in%ivi%ua(!"' ((ama%$" gan$" C$nf$m! !"t$" ci"ta(!" c!c!n' aca1an #$ int!f!i un$" c$n $t$"' + f$man !n "u" int!fac!" %!f!ct$" "u#!ficia(!": !( (0mit! %! gan$. E( tama<$ %! ($" gan$" !n !( 1($)u! m!t/(ic$ !"t/ %!t!mina%$' !nt! $t$" fact$!"' #$ !( n2m!$ %! "iti$" %! f$maci&n %! n2c(!$" !n !( mat!ia( fun%i%$' + #$ (a a#i%! %! !nfiami!nt$ %! (a ma"a. E( tama<$ %!( gan$ ti!n! !(aci&n inv!"a c$n (a a#i%! %! !nfiami!nt$: !( !nfiami!nt$ m/" /#i%$ #$mu!v! un tama<$ %! gan$ m!n$' mi!nta" )u! !( !nfiami!nt$ (!nt$ ti!n! !( !f!ct$ $#u!"t$. D!"%! !( #unt$ %! vi"ta %!( %i"!<$' #$ ($ g!n!a( !" #!f!i1(! un tama<$ m!n$ %! ($" gan$" #$)u! "ignifica !"i"t!ncia + %u!a ma+$!". Tam1i,n !" %!"!a1(! !n ci!ta" $#!aci$n!" %! manufactua' %!1i%$ a )u! "ignifica %ucti(i%a% ma+$ %uant! (a %!f$maci&n + una "u#!fici! m!6$ %!( #$%uct$ t!mina%$. 4) E*%+&,%&+" ( ,+*%"'"* >".(+8"*; Muc5$" mat!ia(!" im#$tant!" n$ "$n ci"ta(in$" c$m$ ($" (0)ui%$" + ga"!". E( agua + !( ai! n$ ti!n!n !"tuctua" ci"ta(ina". Un m!ta( #i!%! "u !"tuctua ci"ta(ina cuan%$ "! fun%!. D$" caact!0"tica" !(aci$na%a" c$n (a" %if!!ncia" %! ($" mat!ia(!" n$ ci"ta(in$" %! ($" ci"ta(in$": 74 La au"!ncia %! un $%!n %! (ag$ a(canc! !n (a !"tuctua m$(!cu(a %! un mat!ia( n$ ci"ta(in$ 84 La" %if!!ncia" !nt! (a" caact!0"tica" %! (a fu"i&n + (a !-#an"i&n t,mica.
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?)1M%"'*)! En !"ta%$ "&(i%$' ($" m!ta(!" ti!n!n !"tuctua" ci"ta(ina"' ca"i "in !-c!#ci&n. La" c!(%a" unitaia" %! %ic5a" !"tuctua" ci"ta(ina" "i!m#! "$n BCC' FCC $ CP. L$" /t$m$" %! ($" m!ta(!" "! manti!n!n uni%$" #$ m!%i$ %! un !n(ac! m!t/(ic$' ($ )u! "ignifica )u! "u" !(!ct$n!" %! va(!ncia #u!%!n m$v!"! c$n (i1!ta% !(ativa 3!n c$m#aaci&n c$n ($" $t$" ti#$" %! !n(ac! at&mic$ + m$(!cu(a4. P$ ($ g!n!a(' !"ta" !"tuctua" + !n(ac!" 5ac!n )u! ($" m!ta(!" "!an fu!t!" + %u$". Muc5$" %! ($" m!ta(!" "$n %2cti(!" 3ti!n!n (a ca#aci%a% %! %!f$ma"!' ($ )u! !" 2ti( #aa (a manufactua4' !n !"#!cia( ($" m!ta(!" FCC. ?)2C+.,(*)! L$" /t$m$" %! ($" c!/mic$" "! caact!ian #$ t!n! !n(ac!" i&nic$" $ c$va(!nt!"' $ am1$". L$" /t$m$" m!t/(ic$" (i1!an $ c$m#at!n "u" !(!ct$n!" !-t!i$!" c$n ($" /t$m$" n$ m!t/(ic$"' + !-i"t! una fu!a %! atacci&n gan%! %!nt$ %! (a" m$(,cu(a". La" #$#i!%a%!" g!n!a(!" )u! !"u(tan %! !"t$" m!cani"m$" %! !n(ac! inc(u+!n: %u!a + igi%! !(!va%a" 3aun a t!m#!atua" !(!va%a"4' fagi(i%a% 3n$ "$n %2cti(!"4' !(,cticam!nt! ai"(ant!" 3n$ c$n%uct$!"4' !factai$" 3t,micam!nt! !"i"t!nt!"4' + )u0micam!nt! in!t!". ?)3P('$.+(*)! Una m$(,cu(a %! #$(0m!$ c$n"i"t! !n muc5$" m!$" )u! f$man m$(,cu(a" mu+ gan%!" )u! "! manti!n!n uni%a" #$ m!%i$ %! !n(ac!" c$va(!nt!". P$ ($ g!n!a(' ($" !(!m!nt$" %! un #$(0m!$ c$n"i"t!n !n ca1$n$ m/" un$ $ m/" !(!m!nt$" ta(!" c$m$ !( 5i%&g!n$' nit&g!n$' $-0g!n$ + c($$. Un !n(ac! "!cun%ai$ 3%! =an %! >aa("4 manti!n! 6unta" a (a" m$(,cu(a" %!nt$ %!( mat!ia( ag!ga%$ 3!n(ac! int!m$(!cu(a4. L$" #$(0m!$" ti!n!n +a "!a una !"tuctua v0t!a $ una m!c(a %! v0t!a + ci"ta(ina. a+ %if!!ncia" !nt! ($" t!" ti#$" %! #$(0m!$. En ($" #$(0m!$" t!m$#(/"tic$"' (a" m$(,cu(a" c$n"i"t!n !n ca%!na" (aga" %! m!$" c$n !"tuctua (in!a(. E"t$" mat!ia(!" #u!%!n ca(!nta"! + !nfia"! "in )u! "! a(t!! "u"tancia(m!nt! "u !"tuctua (in!a(. En ($" #$(0m!$" t!m$!"ta1(!" 3t!m$fi6$"4' (a" m$(,cu(a" "! tan"f$man !n una !"tuctua 0gi%a + ti%im!n"i$na( a( !nfia"! a #ati %! "u c$n%ici&n %! #(/"tic$ ca(i!nt!. Si ($" #$(0m!t$" t!m$!"ta1(!" "! vu!(v!n a ca(!nta' "! %!ga%an )u0micam!nt! !n (uga %! "uavia"!. L$" !(a"t&m!$" ti!n!n m$(,cu(a" gan%!" c$n !"tuctua" !ngaa%a" A( !"tia + v$(v! a !ngaa (a" m$(,cu(a" cuan%$ "! (a" "u6!ta a fu!a" c0c(ica"' "! m$tiva )u! !( mat!ia( ag!ga%$ manifi!"t! "u c$m#$tami!nt$ !(/"tic$ caact!0"tic$.