LAPORAN KONDUKTOMETRI senin, 05 oktober 2015
LAPORAN TETAP INSTRUMEN DAN PENGUKURAN KONDUKTOMETRI 1
Oleh: kelompok 2/2KC Astinesia Himatuliza
NIM: 061330400338 061330400338
Fallen Apriyeni M. Nabil Mardian Muhammad Farhan Pusta Aryani Wahyu Sisilia Deviana
NIM: 061330400344 061330400344 NIM: 061330400348 061330400348 NIM: 061330400349 061330400349 NIM: 061330400351 061330400351 NIM: 061330400353 061330400353 NIM: 061330400359 061330400359
Instruktur : Ir. Sutini Pujiastuti Lestari M.T
JURUSAN TEKNIK KIMIA POLITEKNIK NEGERI SRIWIJAYA 2014
KONDUKTOMETRI
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I.
TUJUAN PERCOBAAN
Menentukan daya hantar listrik suatu larutan.
II.
ALAT YANG DIGUNAKAN
Konduktometer 660
Elektroda emmension cell dengan konstanta cell o,78
Magnetik stirrer
Gelas kimia 250ml, 100ml 5 buah
Pipet ukur 10ml
Labu ukur 100ml 2 buah
Pipet tetes
Kaca arloji
Corong
Spatula
III.
Alat yang digunakan
Bahan yang digunakan
KCl
Larutan NaOH 0,1 N
Larutan HCL 0,1 N
DASAR TEORI
Pengukuran konduktivitas dapat juga digunakan untuk menentukan titik akhir titrasi. Titrasi konduktometri dapat dilakukan dengan dua cara dan tergantung pada frekuensi arus yang digunakan. Jika arus frekuensinya bertambah besar, maka kapasitas dan induktif akan semakin besar. Konduktometri merupakan salah satu metode analisis yang berdasarkan daya hantar larutan. Daya hantar ini bergantung pada jenis dan konsentrasi ion di dalam larutan. Menurut hokum ohm arus (I) berbanding lurus dengan den gan potensial listrik (E) yang digunakan, tetapi berbanding terbalik dengan tahanan listrik (R). I = E / R G = I / R Daya hantar (G) merupakan kebalikan dari tahan yang mempunyai satuan ohm atau Siemens (S), bila arus listrik dialirkan diali rkan ke suatu larutan melalui luas bidang elektroda (A) dan
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A / I = tetapan sel K = daya hantar arus (konduktivitas) dengan satuan SI ohm cm-1 atau s cm-1
Prinsip kerja
Prinsip kerja dari konduktometri ini adalah sel hantaran dicelupkan kedalam larutan ion positif dan negative yang ada dalam larutan menuju sel hantaran menghasilkan si nyal listrik berupa hambatan listrik larutan. Hambatan listrik dikonversikan oleh alat menjadi hantaran arus listrik.
Daya Hantar Ekivalen (Equivalen Conductance) Kemampuan suatu zat terlarut untuk menghantarkan arus listrik disebut daya hantar ekivalen yang didefinisikan sebagai daya hantar satu gram ekivalen zat terlarut di antara dua elektroda dengan jarak kedua electroda 1cm. Yang dimaksud dengan berat ekuivalen adalah berat molekul dibagi jumlah muatan positif atau negatif Pengukuran Daya Hantar Listrik Pengukuran daya hantar memerlukan sumber listrik, sel untuk menyimpan larutan dan jembatan (rangkaian elektronik) untuk mengukur mengukur tahanan larutan. 1. Sumber listrik Hantaran arus DC (misal arus yang berasal dari batrei) melalui larutan merupakan m erupakan proses faradai, yaitu oksidasi dan reduksi terjadi pada kedua elektroda. Sedangkan Sedangkan arus AC tidak memerlukan reaksi elektro kimia pada elektrodaelektr oda- elektrodanya, dalam hal ini aliran arus listrik bukan akibat proses faradai. Perubahan karena proses faradai dapat merubah sifat listrik sel, maka pengukuran konduktometri didasarkan pada arus nonparaday atau arus AC. 2. Tahanan Jembatan Jembatan Wheatstone merupakan jenis alat yang digunakan untuk pengukuran daya hantar. 3. Sel
Salah satu bagian konduktometer adalah sel yang terdiri dari sepasan g elektroda yang terbuat dari bahan yang sama. Biasanya elektroda berupa logam yang dilapisi logam platina untuk menambah efektifitas permukaan elektroda.
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IV.
PROSEDUR KERJA
4.1 Kalibrasi konduktometer
Memasang sel konduktometer pada socket “cond cell” dengan socket berwarna socket berwarna hitam.
Memasang resistance thermometer pt-100 pada socket warna me rah.
Menghidupkan alat konduktometer.
Mengecek harga konstanta cell pada elektroda emmension cell, memasukkan harga 1,00 pada “cell const” dan tekan tombol tombol x1
Memasukkan harga temperature pada “ temp “ dengan menekan tombol “temp”.
Memasukkan harga koef temp, untuk larutan KCl 1,95, sedangkan untuk yang lain dapat dilihat dari tabel, jika tidak ada dalam tabel masukkan harga 2.
Menggunakan frekuensi 2 KHz (tombol tidak ditekan) dit ekan)
Mengisi gelas kimia 50ml dengan KCl 1 N dan memasukkan elektroda ke dalamnya.
Mengatur temperatur larutan sesuai dengan tabel atau menakan tombol “temp“.
Memasukkan harga K pada suhu laruutan untuk menghitung konstanta cell (K) K = K tabel pada temp T / (K) pengukuran
Mengkalibrasi telah selesai dan dicatat harga konduktivitas harga larutan KCl 1 N.
Menentukan konduktivitas larutan KCl 0,1 N, 0,05 N (sesuai instruksi) dan membandingkan perhitungan konduktivitas konduktivitas secara teoritis dan menghitung persen kesalahan. Tabel Harga o untuk Anion dan Kation Kation H+ Na+ K + NH4
2
.mol -1) 349,8 50,1 73,5 73,5
o (S.cm
Anion OHClICH3COOC2O42HCO3
2
.mol-1) 198,3 76,3 76,8 40,9 74,2 44,5
o (S.cm
Tabel Harga K untuk penentuan Tetapan sel T (C0)
Ktabel (mS/cm)
T (C0)
Ktabel (mS/cm)
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21 22 23
11,91 12,15 12,39
Zat KNO3
28 29 30
C (mol/Liter) 0,001 0,01 0,1 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 0,001 0,01 1 0,001 0,1
HCl
LiCl
NH4Cl
NaOH
13,62 13,87 14,12
X 250C (mS/cm) 0,142 1,33 12,0 0,421 0,13 39,1 332,0 0,112 1,070 9,59 7,3 1,43 12,9 111,2 2.38 22,1
Rumus mencari konduktivitas teoritis L ion +
=
o ion
L ion-
=
o ion
1 larutan =
V.
+
. konsentrasi . 1L/1000 cm 3
-
. konsentrasi . 1L/1000 cm 3
L ion+ + L ion -
DATA PENGAMATAN
Nama Zat KCl HCl NaOH
C (mol/L) 0,1 0,1 0,1
L kond (ms/cm) 16,47 13,52 20,00
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K
=
K tabel
=
12,88 ms/cm
= 0,782
K pengukuran
VI.
16,47 ms/cm
PERHITUNGAN
6.1
Pengenceran larutan HCl 2M menjadi 0,1M 100 mL M1 x V1
=
M2 x V2
2M x V1
=
0,1M x 100mL
=
5 mL
V1 6.2
Pembuatan larutan NaOH 0,1M 100 mL gr
= M x V x BM = 0,1 mmol/mL x 100 mL x 40 mg/mmol = 400 mg = 0,4 gram
6.3
Pembuatan larutan KCl 0,1 100 mL gr
= M x V x BM = 0,1 mmol/mL x 100 mL x 74,55 mg/mmol = 745,5 mg = 0,7455 gram
6.4
Menghitung konsentrasi larutan NaOH M
=
gr
V x BM 6.5
=
0,4185 gram
= 0,1046 M
0,1 L x 40 gr/mol
Menghitung konsentrasi larutan KCl M
=
gr
=
0,7477 gram
= 0,1003 M V x BM
6.6 Konduktivitas KCl 0,1003 M
Hasil Praktik
Menurut tabel
= 16,47 ms/cm
0,1 L x 74,55 gr/mol
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0,1
Menurut teoritis +
= 73,5 S cm2/mol
-
= 76,3 S cm2/mol
o K o Cl
L K +
=
o .
C 1000
= 73,5 S cm2/mol x 0,1003 mol/L 1000 cm3/L = 7,37 . 10-3 S cm-1 = 7,37 ms/cm L Cl-
=
o .
konsentrasi 1000
= 76,3 S cm2/mol x 0,1003 mol/L 1000 cm3/L = 7,65 . 10-3 S cm-1 = 7,65 ms/cm
L KCl
= L K + + L Cl= 7,37 + 7,65 = 15,02 ms/cm
% Kesalahan prakrik terhadap data tabel
% Kesalahan =
L tabel - L praktik L tabel
x 100
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% Kesalahan =
L tabel - L praktik
x 100
L tabel
=
15,02 - 16,47
x 100
15,05 =
9,65 %
6.7 Konduktivitas HCl 0,1 M
Menurut tabel
= 39,1 ms/cm
Menurut praktik = 13,52 13,52 ms/cm ms/cm
Konduktivitas teori +
= 349,8 S cm 2/mol
-
= 76,3 S cm2/mol
o H
o Cl
L K +
=
o .
konsentrasi HCl 1000
= 349,8 S cm2/mol x 0,1 mol/L 1000 cm3/L = 3,498 . 10 -3 S cm-1 = 34,98 ms/cm L Cl-
=
o .
konsentrasi 1000
= 76,3 S cm2/mol x 0,1003 mol/L 1000 cm3/L = 7,63 . 10-3 S cm-1
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=
39,1 - 13,52
x 100
39,1 =
65,42 %
% Kesalahan prakrik prakrik terhadap teori
% Kesalahan =
L tabel - L praktik
x 100
L tabel
= 13,52 =
68,27 %
6.8 Konduktivitas NaOH 0,1 M
Menurut tabel
= 22,1 ms/cm
Konduktivitas NaOH 0,1046 M
Menurut tabel b
42,61 - 13,52
x 100
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1000 cm3/L = 5,24 . 10-3 S cm-1 = 5,24 ms/cm L OH-
=
o .
konsentrasi 1000
= 198,3 S cm2/mol x 0,1046 mol/L 1000 cm3/L = 2,07 . 10-3 S cm-1 = 20,7 ms/cm
L NaOH = L Na+ + L OH= 5,24+ 20,7 = 25,94 ms/cm % Kesalahan prakrik terhadap data tabel
% Kesalahan =
L tabel - L praktik
x 100
L tabel
= 23,12 =
13,49 %
% Kesalahan prakrik prakrik terhadap teori
23,12- 20
x 100
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VII.
ANALISA PERCOBAAN
Dari percobaan yang telah dilakukan dapat dianalisa bahwa, setelah membuat lar utan KCl 0,1M, HCl 0,1M dan NaOH 0,1M yang akan diukur konduktivitasnya. Pengukuran konduktivitas tersebut digunakna untuk mengkalibrasi alat. Berdas arkan hasil pengukuran didapat hasil bahwa alat yang dikalibrasi masih dalam keadaan baik. Hal ini diketahui dari nilai konstanta sel yang nilainya mendekati nilai yang ada di tabel refernsi. Berdasarkan hasil praktikum diketahui bahwa asam kuat dan basa kuat memiliki nilai konduktivitas yang lebih besar dibandingkan asam lemah dan basa lemah kerena pada umumnya larutan asam dan basa sangat elektrolit. Umumnya keelktrolitan suatu lar utan berkurang dari waktu ke waktu, sehingga kertika suatu larutan diukur konduktivitasnya konduktivitasnya pada waktu yang berbeda maka nilainya pun berbeda pula. Daya hantar suatu larutan bergantung pada jenis dan konsentrasi ion di dalam larutan.
VIII.
KESIMPULAN
1. Semakin tinggi keelektrolitan suatu larutan maka nilai konduktivitasnya semakin tinggi. 2. Nilai konstanta sel adalah 0,782 3. Nilai konduktivitas
Secara praktikum L KCl
= 16,97 ms/cm
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NaOH
= 13,49%
Secara teoitis
KCl
= 9,65 %
HCl
= 68,27%
NaOH
= 22,90%
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
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I.
LAPORAN PRAKTIKUN KROMOTOGRAFI GAS (GC) TUJUAN Dapat menjelaskan prinsip kromatografi gas. -
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titrasi konduktometri ·
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Contoh Laporan Praktikum Destilasi Abstrak Percobaan ini bertujuan untuk mempraktekkan operasi distilasi kukus untuk
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KONDUKTOMETRI A. TUJUAN PERCOBAAN
Menjelaskan prinsip konduktometri
Melakukan titrasi konduktometri
Mencari hantaran (konduktivitas) dari beberapa konsentrasi lar utan
B. PERINCIAN KERJA
Kalibrasi konduktometri
Titrasi asam-basa
Hubungan antara konduktivitas dengan konsentrasi
C. ALAT YANG DIGUNAKAN
Konduktometer 660 dan Dosimat 665
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HCl 0,1N
Aquadest dan Es
E.
Dasar Teori Konduktometri merupakan salah satu cara elektroanalisa, yang m engukur konduktivitas larutan dengan elektroda khusus. Konduktivitas berbanding terbalik terbalik tahanan listrik dalam larutan, yaitu semakin besar tahanan listrik, semakin kecil konduktivitas. Konduktivitas mempunyai siemens per cm. konduktivitas larutan kimia lazimnya berkisar antara 0,1-2000 mili siemens per cm (ms/cm). kalau dua elektroda direndam dalam larutan yang mengandung ion-ion, maka akan mengalir arus listrik antara kedua elektroda tersebut, apabila terdapat beda tegangan listrik antara kedua elektroda tersebut. Arus mengalir dari katoda yang bermuatan negative ke anoda yang bermuatan positif. Sebagai pembawa arus adalah ion-ion dalam larutan. Selisih potensial antara kedua elektroda tersebut tidak boleh terlalu besar agar tidak terjadi elektrolisa. Besarnya arus yang mengalir ditentukan ol eh parameter-parameter sebagai berikut :
Beda tegangan antara kedua elektroda.
Konsentrasi ion-ion.
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Perubahan konduktivitas terhadap suhu berbeda-beda untuk setiap senyawa. Setiap senyawa mempunyai koefisien suhu. Hubungan antara konduktivitas K pada suhu 20 oC dengan konduktivitas K pada suhu noC dapat dilihat pada persamaan sebagai berikut :
dimana: Untuk menghitung koefisien suhu digunakan rumus :
Koefisien suhu bergantung pula pada konsentrasi zat. Koefisien suhu dapat ditentukan sendiri dengan mengukur konduktivitas pada suhu 20 oC dan pada suhu yang lain (misalnya 30 °C). Konduktometer metrohm mengukur konduktivitas dengan arus AC (alternative current) untuk mencegah terjadinya polarisasi lektrida. Oleh karena itu frekuensi dari arus tersebut perlu diatur sesuai dengan konduktivitas sampel. Terdapat dua pilihan frekuensi sebagai berikut :
Tombol FREQ tidak ditekan : Frekuensi 2000 Hertz (2 kHz). Frekuensi tinggi dipakai untuk cuplikan
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larutan. Daya hantar listrik berhubungan dengan pergerakan suatu ion di dalam larutan ion yang mudah bergerak mempunyai daya hantar listrik yang besar. Daya hantar listrik (G) merupakan kebalikan dari tahanan (R), sehingga daya hantar listrik mempunyai satuan ohm-1 . Bila arus listrik dialirkan dalam suatu larutan mempunyai dua elektroda, maka daya hantar listrik (G) berbanding lurus dengan luas permukaanelektroda (A) dan berbanding terbalik dengan jarak kedua elektroda G = l/R = k (A / l) dimana k adalah daya hantar jenis dalam satuan ohm -1 cm -1. Daya Hantar Ekivalen (Equivalen Conductance) . Kemampuan suatu zat terlarut untuk menghantarkan arus listrik disebut daya hantar ekivalen (^) yang didefinisikan sebagai daya hantar satu gram ekivalen zat terlarut di antara dua elektroda dengan jarak kedua electroda 1cm. Yang dimaksud dengan berat ekuivalen adalah berat molekul dibagi jumlah muatan positif atau negatif. Contoh berat ekivalen BaCl2 adalah BM BaCl2 dibagi dua. Volume larutan (cm3) yang mengandung satu gram ekivalen zat terlarut diberikan oleh,
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konduktivitas suatu larutan, larutan ditaruh dalam sebuah sel, yang tetapan selnya telah ditetapkan dengan kalibrasi dengan suatu larutan yang konduktivitasnya diketahui dengan tepat, misal, suatu larutan kalium klorida standar. Sel ditaruh dalam satu lengan dari rangkaian jembatan Wheatstone dan resistansnya diukur. Pengaliran arus melalui larutan suatu elektrolit dapat menghasilkan perubahan-perubahan dalam komposisi larutan di dekat sekali dengan lektrode-elektrode, begitulah potensial-potensial dapat timbul pada elektrode-elektrode, dengan akibat terbawanya sesatansesatan serius dalam pengukuran-pengukuran konduktivitas, kecuali kalau efek-efek polarisasi demikian dapat dikurangi sampai proporsi yang terabaikan
Daya hantar ekivalen (^) akan sama dengan daya hantar listrik (G) bila 1 gram ekivalen larutan terdapat di antara dua elektroda dengan jarak 1 cm.^ = 1000k/C Daya hantar ekivalen pada larutan encer diberi simbol yang harganya tertentu untuk setiap ion. Pengukuran Daya Hantar Listrik. Pengukuran daya hantar memerlukan sumber listrik, sel untuk menyimpan larutan dan jembatan
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sebanding dengan konsentrasi larutan pada temperatur tetap, tetapi pengenceran akan menyebabkan hantarannya tidak berfungsi secara linear lagi dengan konsentrasi. Hendaknya diperhatikan pentingnya pengendalian temperatur dalam pengukuran-pengukuran konduktans. Sementara penggunaan termostat tidaklah sangat penting dalam titrasi konduktometri, kekonstanan dalam temperatur dituntut, tetapi biasanya kita hanya perlu menaruh sel konduktivitas itu dalam bejana besar penuh air pada temperatur laboratorium. Penambahan relatif (dari) konduktivitas larutan selama reaksi dan pada penambahan reagensia dengan berlebih, sangat menentukan ketepatan titrasi; pada kondisi optimum kira-kira 0,5 persen. Elektrolit asing dalam jumlah besar, yang tak ambil bagian dalam reaksi, tak boleh ada, karena zat-zat ini mempunyai efek yang besar sekali pada ketepatan. Akibatnya, metode konduktometri memiliki aplikasi yang jauh lebih terbatas ketimbang prosedur-prosedur visual, potensiometri ataupun amperometri. Titrasi Konduktometri
Titrasi konduktometri dapat dilakukan untuk menentukan kadar ion, dengan syarat ion tersebut terlibat dalam reaksi kimia sehingga terjadi
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Titrasi konduktometri sangat sesuai untuk asam atau basa lemah, karena penggunaan potensiograph/titroprocessor dengan elektroda kaca menghasilkan titik akhir yang kurang jelas. Namun titrasi konduktometri tidak dapat dilakukan dalam cuplikan yang mengandung konsentrasi ion lain yang tinggi, karena titik akhir menjadi kurang tajam. Titrasi konduktometri sangat berguna untuk
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a. Mencari Hantaran (Konduktivitas (Konduktivitas = G) dari beberapa konsentrasi larutan asam
atau basa Konsentrasi
Konduktivitas Larutan
NO NaOH (M) 1
1
199,9
2
0,5
138,5
3
0,1
30,6
4
0,05
15,69
5
0,01
3,32
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9
8
0,730
10
9
0,844
11
10
0,964
12
11
0,109
13
12
1,228
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V1
.
N1 = V2 . N2
100 mL . 0,5M = V 2 · 1M V2
= 50 ml
Pembuatan larutan HCl 0,1M V1 . N1 = V2 . N2
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V1 N1 = V2 N2 7 ml x 0,1 N N2
= 10 ml x N2
= 0,07 N
Normalitas HCl = Molaritasnya= 0,07 M Jadi, dari perhitungan diperoleh konsentrasi HCl sebesar 0 ,07 M
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konduktansinya. Elektroda tersebut dibersihkan dengan akuades dari sisa larutan pada pengukuran sebelumnya. Pada titrasi konduktometri ini kami menggunakan Titrasi asam kuat- basa kuat Sebagai contoh larutan HCl dititrasi oleh NaOH. Kedua larutan ini adalah penghantar listrik yang baik. Kurva titrasinya ditunjukkan pada gambar di bawah ini.
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