Xgthj Dwh _gbgyu JHI. 766<0;2
V`iogbgsgj
Vcgsthe i`rupgegj ogbgj ygjk thdge oghe dgcgi i`jkbgjtgregj chstrhe igupuj pgjgs. Dgcgi dujhg hjdustrh, s`cghj s`ogkgh ogbgj e`igsgj pcgsthe nukg dhigjlgggtegj ujtue i`jutup dgj i`jy`egt egwgt t`iogkg s`rtg s`ogkgh ogbgj dgsgr p`iougtgj emjtghj`r p`jyhipgj igegjgj dhjkhj dgj pgjgs (Q`tymwgth ?666). Egtg ‒pcgsthe‘ o`rgsgc dgrh ogbgsg Xujgjh ‒ pcgsthems‘ ygjk o`rgrth dgpgt dho`jtue i`jngdh ueurgj ygjk o`ro`dg-o`dg (Q`tymwgth (Q`t ymwgth ?666). Ogbgj dgsgr ujtue p`iougtgj pcgsthe o`rgsgc dgrh ihjyge ouih, kgs gcgi, dgj ogtuogrg (Q`tymwgth ?666). Vcgsthe i`ihcheh d`jshtgs ygjk o`ro`dg, t`rkgjtujk pgdg imjmi`rimjmi`r p`jyusujjyg. Vmcy`tbyc`j` (V@) dgj pmcyprmpyc`j` (VV) i`ihcheh d`jshtgs ygjk c`ohb r`jdgb s`bhjkkg dgpgt i`jkgiogjk dh gtgs p`riueggj ghr. Cghj d`jkgj pmcyvhjhc abcmrhd` (V\A) ygjk d`jshtgsjyg c` ohb thjkkh i`jy`ogoegj pcgsthe hjh thdge dgpgt i`jkgiogjk dh gtgs p`riueggj ghr (Q`tymwgth ?666). V`ro`dggj d`jshtgs pgdg o`rogkgh n`jhs pcgsthe dhs`ogoegj mc`b p`ro`dggj omomt imc`euc p`jyusuj s`rtg d`rgngt pmchi`rhsgshjyg. Gdgjyg ogbgj p`jkhsh gtgu p`icgsths ygjk i`jkhsh rugjkgj gjtgr imc`euc prhi`r dgpgt i`jhjkegtegj d`jshtgs pcgsthe (Q`tymwgth ?666). Piuijyg pcgsthe o`rshlgt tgbgj cgig. Jgiuj gdg o`o`rgpg ygjk i`jkgcgih p`jurujgj egr`jg shjgr igtgbgrh dgj o`o`rgpg n`jhs ogbgj ehihg t`rt`jtu. Ihsgcjyg ihjyge ihj`rgc (t`rougt dgrh ihjyge i`jtgb) i`iougt pmcy`tbyc`j` i`jkk`c`ioujk dgj gebhrjyg bgjaur (Q`tymwgth ?666). Qggt hjh t`cgb dht`iuegj pcgsthe ohmd`krgdgo`c s`ogkgh smcush p`ja`igrgj pcgsthe. Vcgthe hjh t`rougt dgrh pgth s`bhjkkg iudgb t`rurgh dgcgi tgjgb. Vgdg prgetheui hjh dhcgeuegj hd`jthlhegsh shlgt lhshe t`rbgdgp e`igsgj pcgsthe. Hd`jthlhegsh hjh dhdgsgregj pgdg p`jk`cmipmeegj s`p`rth i`jk`tgbuh n`jhs-n`jhs pcgsthe ygjk gdg o`s`rtg shlgt-shlgtjyg, shlgt-shlgtj yg, e`iudhgj i`jkueur e`t`ogcgj o`rogkgh n`jhs e`igsgj pcgsthe, dgj ygjk t`rgebhr gdgcgb p`jkueurgj o`rgt o`rogkgh n`jhs e`igsgj pcgsthe. Vgdg prgetheui egch hjh nukg dhcgeuegj unh p`ri`gohchtgs pcgsthe. E`igsgj pcgsthe ygjk dhkujgegj i`rupgegj pcgsthe ygjk gdg dhpgsgrgj d`jkgj < pcgsthe ygjk o`ro`dg.
Xgthj Dwh _gbgyu JHI. 766<0;2
G. E`igsgj Vcgsthe Qgip`c
D`serhpsh
Vcgsthe G
N`jhs Vcgsthe
Dgrh thjkegt e`egeugjjyg, pcgsthe hjh t`rigsue pcgsthe egeu. [grjg dgrh sgip`c pcgsthe hjh trgjspgrgj.
Vcgsthe Vmch Vrmphc`j
_gtg-rgtg e`t`ogcgj 6,6<2 ii, d`jkgj d`jshtgs 6,1;0 k/ai 1. Vcgsthe hjh ohsg dhkmcmjkegj i`jngdh pcgsthe pmchprmphc`j. Vmchprmphc`jg i`rupgegj n`jhs pcgsthe lhci ygjk t`rougt dgrh pmchi`rhsgsh prmphc`j (B`rudhygjtm, ?662). V`ri`gohchtgs pcgsthe hjh t`rbgdgp ugp ghr ygjk r`jdgb, tgbgj t`rbgdgp c`ige, tgbgj t`rbgdgp subu thjkkh, tgbgj t`rbgdgp ehihg. Amjtmb p`jkkujggj gjtgrg gjt grg cghj s`ogkgh p`jk`igs rmeme, rmth, ihjyge, egagjk, e`rhphe, dgj dhougt tgch pcgsthe B`rudhygjtm, ?662). Vcgsthe hjh d`jshtgsjyg 6,1;0 k/ai 1, dgcgi cht`rgtur d`jhstgs pcgshte VV 6,8 k/ai 1. Iujkehj, bgc hjh t`rngdh gdgjyg e`sgcgbgj e`theg p`iogaggj segcg pgdg gcgt ueur gtgu i`igjk e`t`ogcgj dgrh pcgsthe hjh dhd`sghj thphs. Pnh jygcg pgdg pcgsthe hjh i`jkbgshcegj wgrjg mrgjy` d`jkgj unujk ohru. Imjmi`r pmcyprmpbyc`j` dhp`rmc`b dgrh p`i`agbgj s`agrg t`rigc jgptbg (dhstgcgsh ihjyge egsgr) `thc`j dhgigj prmpyc`j` dgj bmimcmk ygjk c`ohb thjkkh gegj dhphsgbegj d`jkgj dhsthcgsh subu r`jdgb. E`iudhgj d`jkgj i`jkkujgegj egtgchs Jgttg ^h`kc`r, pmcyprmpbyc`j` gegj dhp`rmc`b dgrh prmpbyc`j`. O
Vcgsthe hjh thdge t`rcgcu egeu, wgrjg trgjspgrgj ygjk eurgjk (surgi) dgj eugt. E`t`ogcgjjyg 6,64<
V@-BDV@
Xgthj Dwh _gbgyu JHI. 766<0;2
ii d`jkgj d`jkgj d`jshtgs d`jshtgs 6,10? k/ai k/ai . Jygcg gph pcgsthe pcgsthe hjh ohru e`iudgbgj i`jygcg ygjk iudgb dgj pgdgi s`jdhrh. Vcgsthe hjh dgpgt dhkmcmjkegj pgdg n`jhs V@, egr`jg V@-BDV@ i`ihcheh thjkegt e`e`rubgj ygjk pgchjk thjkkh dhogjdhjkegj n`jhs pcgsthe ygjk cghjjyg. BDV@ i`rupgegj sgcgb sgtu e`igsgj pcgsthe ygjk pgchjk gigj ujtue i`jk`igs igegjgj gtgu ihjuigj. Bgc t`rs`out
dhegr`jgegj
BDV@
igipu
i`ja`kgb
t`rngdhjyg r`gesh gjtgrg ogbgj BDV@ d`jkgj prmdue. Gpgohcg dhogjdhjkegj d`jkgj CDV@, BDV@ i`ihcheh nuicgb rgjtgh agogjk ygjk c`ohb s`dheht dhogjdhjkegj d`jkgj CDV@. A&L
Vcgsthe A `cgsths dgj lc`esho`c, gegj t`tgph thphs dgj surgi. Vcgsthe hjh i`ihcheh d`jshtgs 6,17; k/ai 1 d`jkgj jygcg gph ohru. Vcgsthe L sgjkgt c`jtur, thdge eugt, dgj sgjkgt trgjspgrgj, d`jkgj o`rgt pgchjk rhjkgj. D`jshtgs pcgsthe L 6,71? k/ai1 d`jkgj jygcg gph puthb. V@ i`rupgegj n`jhs pcgsthe ygjk o`rshlgt cujge, trgjspgrgj, c`jtur dgj i`ipujygh e`tgbgjgj gegj smo`e ygjk thjkkh. V@ dgpgt o`ruogb i`jngdh cujge dgj iucgh i`c`c`b pgdg subu 776 6A. Vmch`thc`j dhougt d`jkgj prms`s pmchi`rhsgsh gdhsh dgrh kgs `thc`j ygjk dhp`rmc`b dgrh bgshc sgiphjk dgrh
hjdustrh
ihjyge dgj ogtuogrg. Vrms`s pmchi`rhsgsh ygjk dhcgeuegj gdg dug igagi, ygejh p`rtgig d`jkgj pmchi`rhsgsh ygjk dhngcgjegj dgcgi o`ngjg o`rt`egjgj thjkkh (7666-1666 gti) i`jkbgshcegj imc`euc igerm d`jkgj ogjyge p`ragogjkgj ygejh agipurgj dgrh rgjtgh curus dgj
V@
Xgthj Dwh _gbgyu JHI. 766<0;2
o`ragogjk. Agrg e`dug, pmchi`rhsgsh dgcgi o`ngjg o`rt`egjgj r`jdgb (76-46 gti) i`jkbgshcegj imc`euc igerm o`rgjtgh curus dgj t`rsusuj pgrgc`c. Vcgsthe sgip`c D i`ihcheh thjkegt e`egeugj dgj
D
e`eugtgj ygjk thjkkh. [grjg ygjk trgjspgrgj dgj
Vmchsthr`jg (VQ)
t`ogc. D`jshtgs dgrh pcgsthe D ?.671 k/ai 1, pcgsthe D i`ihcheh
d`jshtgs
t`ro`sgr
dhogjdhjkegj
sgip`c
pcgsthe ygjk cghj. Qgip`c pcgsthe D ohsg dhkmcmjkegj e`dgcgi pmchsthr`jg (VQ). VQ i`rupgegj pmchi`r sthr`jg ygjk i`ipujygh shlgt thdge lc`esho`c, `cgsths dhgtgs 7;
@
p`ioujkeus mogt dgrh dmet`r. D`jshtgs sgip`c hjh 6,<;< k/ai 1. E`igsgjjyg egeu gkge t`ogc, e`igsgj hjh
trgjspgrgj dgj eugt. E`igsgj hjh n`jhs V@
(pmch`thc`j) d`jkgj ecgshlhegsh CDV@, bgc hjh egr`jg t`rdgpgt s`dheht agogjk pgdg rgjtgh gjtgrg imc`eucjyg s`bhjkkg d`jshtgs pcgsthejyg r`jdgb. Vgdg subu dh ogwgb <6 mA sgjkgt r`shst`j t`rbgdgp s`jygwg ehihg, dgyg prmt`esh t`rbgdgp ugp ghr t`rkmcmjk oghe, gegj t`tgph eurgjk oghe ogkh kgs-kgs ygjk cghj s`p`rth meshk`j. Vgdg subu dhgtgs <6 mA pmchi`r i`jngdh cgrut dgcgi p`cgrut egromj dgj bhdrmegromj ecmrhdg, dgyg prmt`eshjyg t`rbgdgp ugp ghr oghe, t`tgph eurgjk pgdg meshk`j. Jygcg pcgsthe hjh e`theg dhogegr puthb bgiphr thdge t`rchbgt.
V@-CDV@
Xgthj Dwh _gbgyu JHI. 766<0;2
N`jhs-n`jhs pcgsthe ygjk dhkujgegj i`ihcheh shlgt o`ro`dg, bgc hjh egr`jg pcgsthe o`rhsh o`o`rgpg gdhthl ygjk dhp`rcuegj ujtue i`ip`rogheh i` ip`rogheh shlgt-shl gt lhshem ehihg pcgsthe htu s`jdhrh. Ogbgj gdhthl ygjk s`jkgng dhtgiogbegj htu dhs`out emipmj`j jmj pcgsthe, dhgjtgrgjyg o`rlujksh s`ogkgh p`wgrjg, gjthmeshdgj, p`jy`rgp agbgyg uctrgvhmc`t, p`jstgohc pgjgs, p`juruj vhsemshtgs, vhs emshtgs, p`jy`rgp gsgi, p`jkurgh p`rmeshdg, p`cuigs, p`chgt, dgj cghj-cghj. Ogbgj e`igsgj pcgsthe dhougt dgj dhsusuj i`cgcuh prms`s ygjk dhs`ogoegj pmchi`rhsgsh d`jkgj i`jkkujgegj ogbgj i`jtgb imjmi`r, ygjk t`rsusuj sgioujk-i`jygioujk i`jngdh sgtu dgcgi o`jtue pmchi`r. E`igsgj pcgsthe i`ihcheh o`o`rgpg e`ujkkucgj yghtu shlgtjyg eugt tgph rhjkgj, hj`rt, trgjspgrgj, thdge egrgtgj, s`c`ethl dgcgi p`ri`gohchtgsjyg t`rbgdgp ugp ghr, M?, AM?, dgj o`rshlgt t`rimpcgsths (b`gt s`gc ) s`rtg dgpgt dho`rh wgrjg. E`c`igbgj ogbgj hjh gdgcgb gdgjyg zgt-zgt imjmi`r dgj imc`euc e`ahc cghj ygjk t`regjdujk dgcgi pcgsthe ygjk dgpgt i`cgeuegj ihkrgsh ihkrgsh e` dgcgi ogbgj igegjgj ygjk dhe`igs.
O. Pnh V`ri`gohchtgs Vcgsthe [getu
Vcgsthe G (VV) Emjtrmc
shcheg dh pcgsthe
shcheg dh k`cgs
7
<7,8 kr
7?,2 kr
;6,? kr
?
<7,8 kr
7?,8 kr
;6,1 kr
1
<7,8 kr
7?,8 kr
;6,1 kr
4
<7,8 kr
7?,8 kr
;6,1 kr
0
<7,8 kr
71,6 kr
;6,1 kr
T`rchbgt dgrh bgshc p`jkgigtgj ygjk k`cgs o`rhsh shcheg s`cgig p`jyhipgjgj bgjyg o`rtgiogb 7 kr dhigjg o`rgt gwgc ;6,?kr i`jngdh ;6,1 kr. Vcgsthe ygjk o`rhsh shcheg o`rgt gwgc 7? kr o`rtgiogb 7 kr pgdg bgrh e`dug i`jngdh 7? kr dgj bgrh e`chig i`jngdh 71 kr. Vcgsthe ygjk dhkujgegj dgcgi unh p`ri`gohchtgs gdgcgb pcgsthe G, pcgsthe G i`rupgegj pcgsthe VV (pmc`prmphc`j). Dgyg t`ious (p`ri`gohchtgsjyg) t`rbgdgp ugp ghr r`jdgb,
Xgthj Dwh _gbgyu JHI. 766<0;2
p`ri`gohchtgs t`rbgdgp kgs s`dgjk, dgj thdge oghe ujtue ogbgj pgjkgj ygjk iudgb rusge mc`b meshk`j.
E`shipucgj
N`jhs-n`jhs pcgsthe ygjk dhkujgegj i`ihcheh shlgt o`ro`dg, bgc hjh egr`jg pcgsthe o`rhsh o`o`rgpg gdhthl ygjk dhp`rcuegj ujtue i`ip`rogheh i` ip`rogheh shlgt-shl gt lhshem ehihg pcgsthe htu s`jdhrh. O`rdgsgregj prgetheui ygjk t`cgb dhcgeuegj, dgpgt dhshipucegj o`o`rgpg bgc s`ogkgh o`rheut> 7. N`jhs pcgsthe e`igsgj G gdgcgb Vmchprmphc`j (VV) ?. N`jhs pcgsthe e`igsgj O gdgcgb Bhkb D`jshty Vmcy @tbyc`j` (BDV@) 1. N`jhs pcgsthe e`igsgj A gdgcgb Vmcy @tbyc`j` (V@) 4. N`jhs pcgsthe e`igsgj D gdgcgb Vmchst`rhj (VQ) 0. N`jhs pcgsthe e`igsgj @ gdgcgb Cmw D`jshty Vmcy @tbyc`j` (CDV@) <. N`jhs pcgsthe e`igsgj L gdgcgb Vmcy @tbyc`j` (V@) ;. Vcgsthe ygjk dhkujgegj dgcgi unh p`ri`gohchtgs gdgcgb pcgsthe G, pcgsthe G i`rupgegj pcgsthe VV (pmc`prmphc`j) . Dgyg t`ious (p`ri`gohchtgsjyg)
t`rbgdgp ugp ghr r`jdgb, p`ri`gohchtgs t`rbgdgp kgs s`dgjk, dgj thdge oghe ujtue ogbgj pgjkgj ygjk iudgb rusge mc`b meshk`j.
Dgltgr Vustgeg
B`rudhygjtm, IQ. ?662. T`ejmcmkh V`jk`igsgj Vgjkgj. Vgjkgj . [hdyg Vgdngdngrgj. Ogjdujk Jurihjgb, Ihih. ?66?. V`j`chthgj Qhlgt O`rogkgh Ogbgj E`igsgj E`rtgs dgj Vcgsthe Q`rtg V`jkgrubjyg T`rbgdgp Ogbgj ygjk Dhe`igs . Nurusgj T`ejmcmkh V`rtgjhgj. Lgp`rtg PQP. Q`tymwgth E. ?666. V`jk`igsgj 7 D`pgrt`i`j t`ejmcmkh Hjdustrh V`rtgjhgj Lgt`tg. Lgt`tg. HVO. Quclgn, Gjdgrh, `t.gc. ?671. N`jhs V`jk`igsgj Vcgsthe . V`jdhdhegj T`ejmcmkh Gkrmhjdustrh-LVTE PVH
Xgthj Dwh _gbgyu JHI. 766<0;2
Qygrh`l, _., Q.Qgjtgusg, Qt.Hsigygjg O. 7828. T`ejmcmkh V`jk`igsgj Vgjkgj. Vgjkgj . Cgomrgtmrhui _`egygsg Vrms`s Vgjkgj, VGP Vgjkgj dgj Khzh, HVO.
