LACXK UM^ALH^J CJUM^JG U^JOTAOXK
dasusug ugtuo khkhguba khkhguba sjcjb sjtu tu`js kjtj kjtj oucajb Vmmcm`a Agvhrthnrjtj Dmshg Uhg`jkpu6 Drj. Jkka Yyucjska, K.Y. ^aga Ymcabjt, Y.Ud., K.Ya.
mchb6 Ohcmkpmo : Uhgdadaojg Namcm`a J >5:0 Jkjcaj Ojrak
(:05>804)
Dakjs Ijhsjraj Gmvajgtm
(:05:2<1)
Kjuca Gmvacdj Jlalj
(:05>9<9)
\jgga Dhstajgta Ourgaj
(:058<2>)
\arj Nhrcajga
(:05:4:5)
DHUJ^THKHG UHGDADAOJG NAMCM@A LJOXCTJY UHGDADAOJG KJTHKJTAOJ KJTHKJTAOJ DJG ACKX UHG@HTJBXJG JCJK XGA\H^YATJY UHGDADAOJG AGDMGHYAJ NJGDXG@ >5:2
J. Fuduc Cjpmrjg
Lacuk Umralhrj
N. Pjotu Uhcjosjgjjg
Bjra
6 Yhcjsj
Tjg``jc
6 < Kjrht >5:2
Pjotu
6 50.55 ’ 51.95 51.95 PAN
Thkpjt
6 Cjnmrjtmrauk Ytruotur Bhwjg Dhpjrthkhg Uhgdadaojg Namcm`a XUA
I. Tufujg
:. Khg`hgjc ohjghojrj`jkjg bhwjg-bhwjg Lacuk Umralhrj >. Mnshrvjsa kmrlmcm`a djg struotur bhwjg-bhwjg LacukUmralhrj 9. Khg`hcmkpmojg bhwjg-bhwjg Lacuk Umralhrj oh djcjk icjssas yjg` nhrnhdj nhrdjsjrojg phrsjkjjg djg phrnhdjjg iara. 4. Mnshrvjsa djg adhgtalaojsa iara-iara objs shtajp icjssas.
D. Cjgdjsjg Thmra
:. Uhg`hrtajg Umralhrj Umralhrj nhrjsjc djra duj ojtj yjatu pmrus pmrus djg ljrm. ljrm. Umrus Umrus nhrjrta cunjg` djg ljrm ljrm nhrjrta khknjwj jtju khg`jgdug`. Yhbag``j pmralhrj djpjt dajrtaojg shnj`ja bhwjg yjg` tunubgyj khg`jgdug` cunjg`-cunjg` ohiac. Cunjg`-cunjg` ohiac aga aga fu`j dashnut shnj`ja pmra-pmra, mchb ojrhgj atu pmralhrj chnab daohgjc dhg`jg shnutjg bhwjg nhrpmra-pmra. Xgtuo khgsaroucjsaojg jar djcjk tunubgyj, pmralhrj khkacaoa sasthk ojgjc jtju sjcurjg jar. >. Iara ’ Iara Iara Umralhrj Umralhrj khkacaoa iara-iara yjg` khknhdjojggyj dhg`jg bhwjg fhgas cjag, yjatu 6 j) Umralhrj khrupjojg bhwjg kuctashccuchr (kucta ; njgyjo, shccuchr ; shc). n) Khkacaoa pmra yjg` dashnut mstauk ugtuo ohcujr kjsuo jar.
i) Umra ’ pmra pmra pjdj pmralhrj nhruourjg kaormsompas. d) Khkacaoa duj ljsh ohbadupjg yjatu pmcap (nhrhgjg` nhnjs) djg shsac (badup khghtjp/khghkphc). h) Umralhrj nhcuk khkacaoa mr`jg phgihrgjjg, sasthk sjrjl djg sasthk phrhdjrjg djrjb. l) dapcmncjstao ojrhgj thrsusug jtjs jtjs duj cjpasjg hknramgjc yjatu hotmdhrkas djg hgdmdhrkas. `) Bjkpar shkuj pmralhrj badup da cjut, bjgyj shnj`ajg ohiac sjfj yjg` badup da jar tjwjr. b) Tunubgyj nhrsakhtra rjdajc, nhgtuo tunubgyj nhrvjrajsa, jdj yjg` khgyhrupja tjnug` jtjupug pajcj. 9. Ytruotur Tunub Ytruotur tunub pmralhrj khkacaoa duj cjpasjg yjatu cjpasjg cujr djg cjpasjg djcjk. Cjpasjg cujr (hotmdhrkas) dashnut shc-shc hpadhrkas shdjg`ojg cjpasjg djcjk dashnut hgdmdhrkas. Yhc-shc hpadhrkas aga nhgtuogyj papab najsjgyj dashnut pagjomsat djg shc pmrmsat (shc yjg` khg`jgdug` pmra-pmra jtju mstauk). Cjpasjg hgdmdhrkas dasusug mchb shcshc yjg` nhrlcj`hcj (omjgmsat/imccjr). Dajgtjrj cjpasjg hpadhrkas djg cjpasjg shc-shc omjgmsat thrdjpjt khsmbac (sunstjgsa fhca/`hcjtag), yjg` dadjcjkgyj thrdjpjt njgyjo shc, yjatu shc jkmhnjsat, shc sohrmsas, shc jribhmsat, djg shc spaoucj. j) Yhc jkmhnmsat, khrupjojg shc yjg` tadjo khkpugyja nhgtuo thtjp djg nhr`hrjo dhg`jg pshudmsapmdaj. Lug`sa shc aga jdjcjb khg`jknac kjojgjg djra jar djg djra shc omjgmsat, khknhgtuo shrjt-shrjt rjg`oj ohrjs djcjk khsmbac, khgihrgj kjojgjg yjg` dajknac djra jar, khknjwj djg khg`hdjrojg kjojgjg oh shc cjag. n) Yhc sochrmncjst , khrupjojg shc-shc yjg` khkacaoa ugttuo djcjk khknhgtuo spaoucj. i) Yhc Jribhmsat, khrupjojg shc jkmhnmsat hknramgjc yjg` nhrunjb lug`sa khgfjda shc sphrkj djg mvuk. d) Yhc spaoucj, khrupjojg shc-shc yjg` nhrlug`sa shnj`ja shc phgyusug ohrjg`oj tunub.
Nhrdjsjrojg struotur tunubgyj pmralhrj danj`a khgfjda 9 taph, yjatu 6 j) Taph Jsimg, khrupjojg pmralhrj yjg` khkacaoa struotur tunub pjcag` shdhrbjgj, yjatu thkpjt kjsuogyj jar jtju mstauk cjg`sug` nhrbunug`jg dhg`jg spmg`msmc (rmg``j tunub), djg cjg`sug` ohcujr khcjcua msoucuk. n) Taph Yyimg, khrupjojg Umralhrj yjg` struotur tunubgyj shdaoat omkpchos, yjatu thkpjt kjsuogyj jar jtju mstauk nhrbunug`jg thrchnab djbucu dhg`jg ijnjg` ijnjg` rmg``j tunub yjg` dashnut sjcurjg agourhg, ohkudajg khgufu sjcurjg rjdahr, cjcu njru kjsuo oh spmg`msmc djg ohcujr khcjcua msoucuk. i) Taph Chuimg (^bj`mg), khrupjojg pmralhrj yjg` struotur tunubgyj pjcag` omkpchos, yjatu thkpjt kjsuogyj jar jtju mstauk nhrbunug`jg thrchnab djbucu dhg`jg rmg``j-rmg``j khgufu sjcurjg yjg` danjtjsa mchb shc omjgmsat, ohkudajg kjsuo oh sjcurjg` nhrnhgtuo cag`ojrjg yjg` nhrbunug`jg sjtu sjkj cjag, shthcjb atu njru kjsuo oh spmg`msmc, djg ohcujr khcjcua msoucuk. 4. Yasthk Mr`jg Umralhrj j) Yasthk phrgjpjsjg, dhg`jg khkjsuoojg jar khcjcua pmra-pmra oh djcjk tunubgyj, thrfjda phrtuojrjg ojrnmgdamosadj djg mosa`hg yjg` dacjouojg mchb shc omjgmsat. n) Yasthk ^hprmduosa, pmralhrj djpjt nhrhprmduosa shijrj shosujc kjupug jshosujc. Yhijrj shosujc pmralhrj jojg khknhgtuo mvuk djg sphrkj yjg` dacjouojg mchb shc omjgmsat, ohkudajg thrfjda lhrtacasjsa, ojrhgj nhrsaljt bhrkjlrmdat (khkacaoa > ohcjkag). ^hprmduosa shijrj jshosujc dacjouojg dhg`jg phknhgtuojg tugjs djg `hkucj djra shoukpucjg shc yjg` jojg tuknub khgfjda agdavadu njru. i) Yasthk Uhgihrgjjg, dacjouojg mchb shc omjgmsat. Ohtaoj jar thcjb kjsuo oh rmg``j tunub (spmg`msmc) kjoj shc omjgmsat jojg khgyhrjp kjojgjg djra jar, cjcu kjojgjg thrshnut thr shnut daihrgj djg dadastranusaojg oh shc cjag mchb shc jkmhnmsat. Xkukgyj pmralhrj khkjojg pcjgotmg. d) Yasthk Uhrsjrjljg, pmralhrj tadjo khkpugyja shc sjrjl, gjkug aj kjkpu nhrhjosa thrbjdjp phrunjbjg cag`oug`jg djg shgtubjg pjdj
nhnhrjpj jrhj thrthgtu. Lug`sa aga dacjouojg mchb shc cjag djcjk tunubgyj. 8. Ocjsalaojsa Umralhrj j) Ohcjs Ijcijrhjh (Ijciaspmg`ajh), khrupjojg pmralhrj yjg` khkacaoa ohrjg`oj tunub (spaoucj) djra ojcsauk ojrnmgjt. Ijcijrhjh najsjgyj badup da cjut djg`ojc. Yhijrj njbjsj Ijcijspmg`ajh dasusug mchb duj ojtj djra njbjsj cjtag, yjatu Ijcij Ijcij yjg` jrtagyj ojpur, djg spmg`ajh yjg` jrtagyj pmralhrj. Imgtmb Ohcjs aga jdjcjb Chuimsmchgaj, Yiypbj `hcjtagmsj, @rjgtaj, n) Ohcjs Bhxjtaghccadjh, khrupjojg pmralhrj yjg` khkacaoa ohrjg`oj tunub (spaoucj) djra sacaoj. Xkukgyj bhwjg aga badup da cjut djcjk. Imgtmbgyj jdjcjb ^h`jdrhcj, jdjcjb ^h`jdrhcj, Huphithccj, Ubhrmghkj sp. i) Ohcjs Dhkmspmg`ajh, khrupjojg ohcmkpmo pmralhrj yjg` ohrjg`oj tunubyj thrsusug mchb shrjnut spmgs. Xkukgyj badup da cjut djcjk kjupug djg`ojc, gjkug jdjpucj yjg` badup da jar tjwjr. Dhkmspmg`ajh
khrupjojg
sjtu-sjtugyj
ohcjs
pmralhrj
yjg`
jg``mtjgyj jdj yjg` badup da jar tjwjr. Ytruotur Tunub shkuj Dhkmspmg`ajh khrupjojg taph Chuomg (^bj`mg). Imgtmb bhwjg yjg` thrkjsuo ohcjs aga jdjcjb Bappmsmg`aj, Ypmg`accj, Bjcaicmgj, Kairmiamgj, Imrtaiauk.
H. Jcjt Djg Njbjg
Tjnhc :. Jcjt yjg` da`ugjojg djcjk prjotaouk khg`mnshrvjsa Lacuk Umralhrj. Gm.
Jcjt
Fukcjb
:
Kaormsomp castrao
> ugat
>
Ojij mnfho djg ojij phgutup
< ugat
9
Ojkhrj Bjgdpbmgh Ojkhrj Bjgdpbmgh
: ugat
4
Uasju nhdjb
: ugat
Tjnhc >. Njbjg yjg` da`ugjojg djcjk prjotaouk khg`mnshrvjsa Lacuk Umralhrj. Gm.
L.
Njbjg
Fukcjb
:
Jwhtjg njsjb Yiypbj sp
> ugat
>
Jwhtjg njsjb Bjcaibmgdraj njsjb Bjcaibmgdraj sp
: ugat
9
Jwhtjg njsjb Bjcaibmgdraj njsjb Bjcaibmgdraj sp
: ugat
4
Jwhtjg njsjb Bjcaibmgj njsjb Bjcaibmgj sp
: ugat
8
Jwhtjg njsjb Bappmspmg`aj njsjb Bappmspmg`aj sp
: ugat
<
Jwhtjg njsjb Bjcaicmgj njsjb Bjcaicmgj sp
: ugat
0
Jwhtjg ohrag` Umralhrj
2 ugat
2
BIc
:55 kc
1
Jqujdhst
:55 kc
Cjg`ojb Ohrfj
Dasajpojg jcjt djg njbjg prjotaouk
Daththsa dhg`jg cjrutjg BIc
Dajkjta phrunjbjg ohrjg`oj tunub sphsakhgjwhtjg sphsakhgjwh tjg ohrag` da njwjb kaormsomp
Dajkjta nhgtuo tunub, cunjg` pmra, msiucuk, spmg`mimhc djg ohrjg`oj tunub djra shtajp sphsakhg jwhtjg njsjb Lacuk Umralhrj.
Dajkjta ohrjg`oj tunub sphsakhg jwhtjg ohrag` da njwjb kaormsomp
Daijtjt bjsac phg`jkjtjg
Daaras tunub sphsakhg jwhtjg ohrag` shtapas kug`oag
Datjrub da jtjs ojij mnfho ohkudajg ththsa dhg`jg jqujdhs ohkudajg tutup ojij phgutup.
Dasusug cjpmrjg prjotaouk
Daj`rjk :. Cjg`ojb ohrfj Uhg`jkjtjg Lacuk Umralhrj.
@. Bjsac Uhg`jkjtjg
Tjnhc 9. Bjsac Uhg`jkjtjg Jwhtjg Njsjb Lacuk Umralhrj.
Gm
Gjkj Yphiahs
Nhgtuo Tunub
Cunjg` Umra
Msiucuk
Ypmg`mimhc
Ohrjg`oj
∖
∖
∖
∖
∖
∖
∖
∖
∖
∖
∖
∖
∖
∖
∖
∖
∖
∖
∖
∖
∖
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∖
∖
∖
∖
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∖
:
Yiypbj sp
Nhrijnjg`
>
Yiypbj sp
Nhrijnjg`
Bjcaibmgdraj sp
Tjnug` nhrijnjg` Tjnug` nhrijnjg`
9 4
Bjcaibmgdraj sp
8
Bjcaibmgj sp
<
Bappmspmg`aj sp
0
Bjcaicmgj sp
Tjnug` Nhrijnjg` Tjnug`
Tjnhc 4. Ocjsalaojsa Jwhtjg Njsjb Lacuk Umralhrj. Gm.
:.
Ocjsalaojsa
@jknjr Mnshrvjsa
@jknjr ^hlhrhgsa
@jknjr :.: Yiypbj sp (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
@jknjr :.> Yiypbj sp (Uhthr F. Nryjgt, >5:4) Nryjgt, >5:4)
@jknjr >.: Yiypbj sp (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
@jknjr >.> Yiypbj sp (Jkatbjnjnu O, >5:8)
^h`guk 6 Jgakjcaj Ubycuk 6 Umralhrj Icjssas 6 Ijcijrhj Mrdm
6 Chuimsmchgadj
Ljkacaj 6 Yyihttadjh @hgus
6 Yiypbj
Yphiahs 6 Yiypbj sp >.
^h`guk 6 Jgakjcaj Ubycuk 6 Umralhrj Icjssas 6 Ijcijrhj Mrdm
6 Chuimsmchgadj
Ljkacaj 6 Yyihttadjh @hgus
6 Yiypbj
Yphiahs 6 Yiypbj sp
Gm.
9.
Ocjsalaojsa
@jknjr Mnshrvjsa
@jknjr ^hlhrhgsa
@jknjr 9.: Bjcaibmgdraj sp (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
@jknjr 9.> Bjcaibmgdraj sp (Uaitmg, >5:<)
@jknjr 4.: Bjcaibmgdraj sp (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
@jknjr 4.> Bjcaibmgdraj sp (F ^hhd, >5:>)
@jknjr 8.: Bjcaibmgj sp (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
@jknjr 8.> Bjcaibmgj 8.> Bjcaibmgj sp (Pacdsag`jpmrh, >5::)
@jknjr <.: Bappmspmg`aj sp (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
@jknjr <.> Bappmspmg`aj sp (Ibak Ibh Omg`, >552)
^h`guk 6 Jgakjcaj Ubycuk 6 Umralhrj Icjssas 6 Dhkmspmg`ajh Mrdm
6 Bjcaibmgdradj
Ljkacaj 6 Bjcaibmgdradjh @hgus
6 Bjcaibmgdraj 6 Bjcaibmgdraj
Yphiahs 6 Bjcaibmgdraj 6 Bjcaibmgdraj sp 4.
^h`guk 6 Jgakjcaj Ubycuk 6 Umralhrj Icjssas 6 Dhkmspmg`ajh Mrdm
6 Bjcaibmgdradj
Ljkacaj 6 Bjcaibmgdradjh @hgus
6 Bjcaibmgdraj 6 Bjcaibmgdraj
Yphiahs 6 Bjcaibmgdraj 6 Bjcaibmgdraj sp 8.
^h`guk 6 Jgakjcaj Ubycuk 6 Umralhrj Icjssas 6 Dhkmspmg`ajh Mrdm
6 Bjpcmsichradj
Ljkacaj 6 Ibjcagadjh @hgus
6 Bjcaibmgj 6 Bjcaibmgj
Yphiahs 6 Bjcaibmgj 6 Bjcaibmgj sp <.
^h`guk 6 Jgakjcaj Ubycuk 6 Umralhrj Icjssas 6 Dhkmspmg`ajh Mrdm
6 Ohrjtmsj
Ljkacaj 6 Bappmspmg`ajdjh @hgus
6 Bappmspmg`aj 6 Bappmspmg`aj
Yphiahs 6 Bappmspmg`aj 6 Bappmspmg`aj sp
Gm
Ocjsalaojsa
0.
^h`guk 6 Jgakjcaj
@jknjr Mnshrvjsa
@jknjr ^hlhrhgsa
@jknjr 0.: Bjcaicmgj sp (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
@jknjr 0.> Bjcaicmgj 0.> Bjcaicmgj sp (Ycag`dhkuchr, >5:2)
Ubycuk 6 Umralhrj Icjssas 6 Dhkmspmg`ajh Mrdm
6 Bjpcmsichradj
Ljkacaj 6 Ibjcagadjh @hgus
6 Bjcaicmgj 6 Bjcaicmgj
Yphiahs 6 Bjcaicmgj 6 Bjcaicmgj sp
Tjnhc 8. Bjsac Uhg`jkjtjg Jwhtjg Ohrag` Lacuk Umralhrj.
Gm.
Gjkj Yphiahs
: > 9 4 8 < 0 2
J N I D H L @ B
Ypmg`ag
Ohrjg`oj tunub Vjt Yacaojt Ojpur
∖
∖ ∖ ∖ ∖
∖ ∖ ∖ ∖
∖ ∖
Nhgtuo Ypaoucj Kmgmjxmg Kmgmjxmg Trajxmg Kmgmjxmg Fjcj Kmgmjxmg Fjcj Kmgmjxmg
Icjssas/ Yun Icjssas
Dhkmspmg`ajh Dhkmspmg`ajh Ijcijrhj Ijcijrhj Dhkmspmg`ajh Dhkmspmg`ajh Dhkmspmg`ajh Dhkmspmg`ajh
Tjnhc <. Bjsac Uhg`jkjtjg Uhgyusug Ohrjg`oj Tunub Jwhtjg Ohrag` Lacuk Urmralhrj.
Gm
:
Gjkj
@jknjr
Yphsahs
Uhg`jkjtjg
Daththsa Jqujdhst
Daththsa BIc
@jknjr 2. Yphsakhg J (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
@jknjr 2.:. Yphsakhg J (Jqujdhst) (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
@jknjr 2.>. Yphsakhg J (BIc) (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
Nhgtuo Ypaoucj
J
Gm
>
9
4
Gjkj
@jknjr
Yphsahs
Uhg`jkjtjg
Daththsa Jqujdhst
Daththsa BIc
@jknjr 1. Yphsakhg N (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
@jknjr 1.:.Yphsakhg N (Jqujdhst) (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
@jknjr 1.>. Yphsakhg N (BIc) (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
@jknjr :5. Yphsakhg I (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
@jknjr :5. :. Yphsakhg I (Jqujdhst) (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
@jknjr :5.>. Yphsakhg I (BIc) (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
@jknjr ::.:. (Jqujdhst) Yphsakhg D (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
@jknjr ::.>. Yphsakhg D (BIc) (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
@jknjr :>.: Yphsakhg H (Jqujdhst) (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
@jknjr :>.> Yphsakhg H (BIc) (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
N
I
D
@jknjr ::. Yphsakhg D (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
8
Nhgtuo Ypaoucj
H
@jknjr :>. Yphsakhg H (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
Gm
Gjkj
@jknjr
Yphsahs
Uhg`jkjtjg
<
Nhgtuo Ypaoucj Daththsa Jqujdhst
@jknjr :9.> Yphsakhg L
L
@jknjr :9 Yphsakhg L (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
0
Daththsa BIc
@jknjr :9.: (Jqujdhst) Yphsakhg L (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
(BIc) (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
@
@jknjr :4 Yphsakhg @ (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
2
B
@jknjr :8 Yphsakhg B (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
@jknjr :4.:. Yphsakhg @ (Jqujdhst) (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2) @jknjr :8.:. Yphsakhg
@jknjr :4.>. Yphsakhg @ (BIc) (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
B (Jqujdhst) (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
B (BIc) (Dmoukhgtjsa Ohcmkpmo :J, >5:2)
@jknjr :8.>. Yphsakhg
B. Uhknjbjsjg
Nhrdjsjrojg bjsac phg`jkjtjg thrbjdjp jwhtjg njsjb yjg` thcjb dacjouojg, bhwjg
Umralhrj.
kjoj
thrdjpjt
Bhwjg-bhwjg
yjg`
njgyjo dathkuojg
pjdj
ohtufub sjkphc thrshnut da`mcmg`ojg oh djcjk ta`j icjssas nhrdjsjrojg ohrjg`oj tunub, jgtjrj cjag 6 :. Icjssas Ijcijrhj jtju Ijciaspmg`ajh
j. Yiypbj sp khkacaoa nhgtuo tunub nhrijnjg`, shphrta nusj nhrshrjt. Khkpugyja cunjg` pmra, msiucuk, spmg`mimhc. Ohrjg`oj tunub thrnhgtuo djra zjt ojpur. >. Icjssas Bhxjitaghccadj jtju Byjcmspmg`ajh Djcjk prjotaouk tadjo thrdjpjt sphsakhg icjssas Bhxjitaghccadj. 9. Icjssas Dhkmspmg`ajh j. Bjcaibmgdraj sp Bjcaibmgdraj sp khkacaoa nhgtuo tunub tjnug` nhrijnjg`, njgyjo cunjg` pmra djg shphrta thruknu ojrjg`. Khkpugyja cunjg` pmra, msiucuk, spmg`mimhc, djg ohrjg`oj tunub. n. Bjcaibmgj sp Bjcaibmgj sp khkacaoa nhgtuo tunub shphrta tjnug`, ohrjs, pjdjt djg karap omrjc. Khkpugyja cunjg` pmra, msiucuk, spmg`mimhc, djg ohrjg`oj tunub. i. Bappmspmg`aj sp Bappmspmg`aj sp khkacaoa sp khkacaoa nhgtuo tunub nhrijnjg` shphrta njtu yjg` nhrihcjb. Khkpugyja cunjg` pmra, msiucuk, spmg`mimhc, djg ohrjg`oj tunub. d. Bjcaicmgj sp Bjcaicmgj sp khkacaoa nhgtuo tunub shphrta tjnug` djg pjdjt. Khkpugyja cunjg` pmra, msiucuk, spmg`mimhc, djg ohrjg`oj tunub. Nhrdjsjrojg bjsac phg`jkjtjg thrbjdjp jwhtjg njsjb yjg` thcjb dacjouojg.
Bhwjg-bhwjg
yjg`
dathkuojg
pjdj
ohdhcjpjg sjkphc thrshnut da`mcmg`ojg oh djcjk ta`j icjssas nhrdjsjrojg ohrjg`oj tunub, jgtjrj cjag 6 :. Icjssas Ijcijrhj jtju Ijciaspmg`ajh j. Yphsakhg I Yphsakhg I ohrjg`oj tunub thrsusug djra zjt ojpur. Nhgtuo spaoucj taph trajosmg. n. Yphsakhg D Yphsakhg D ohrjg`oj tunub thrsusug djra zjt ojpur. Nhgtuo spaoucj taph kmgmjxmg.
>. Icjssas Bhxjitaghccadj jtju Byjcmspmg`ajh Djcjk prjotaouk tadjo thrdjpjt sphsakhg icjssas Bhxjitaghccadj. 9. Icjssas Dhkmspmg`ajh j. Yphsakhg J Yphsakhg J ohrjg`oj tunub thrsusug djra sacaojt djg spmg`ag. Nhgtuo spaoucj taph kmgmjxmg. n. Yphsakhg N ohrjg`oj tunub thrsusug djra sacaojt. Nhgtuo spaoucj taph kmgmjxmg. i. Yphsakhg H Yphsakhg H ohrjg`oj tunub thrsusug djra spmg`ag. Nhgtuo spaoucj taph fjcj. d. Yphsakhg L Yphsakhg L ohrjg`oj tunub thrsusug djra spmg`ag djg sacaojt. Nhgtuo spaoucj taph kmgmjxmg. h. Yphsakhg @ Yphsakhg @ ohrjg`oj tunub thrsusug djra spmg`ag. Nhgtuo spaoucj taph fjcj. l. Yphsakhg B Yphsakhg B ohrjg`oj tunub thrsusug djra sacaojt djg spmg`ag. Nhgtuo spaoucj taph kmgmjxmg.
A.
Bjsac Dasousa
:. Djpjtojb jgdj khghkuojg phrsjkjjg yjg` dakacaoa shtajp Yphiahs yjg` Jgdj thkuojg = tucasojg phrsjkjjg-phrsjkjjg thrshnut ! Fjwjn 6 Yhtajp sphiahs khkacaoa ohrjg`oj tunub, cunjg` pmra, spmg`mimh djg msiucuk. >. Djpjtojb jgdj khghkuojg phrnhdjjg yjg` dakacaoa mchb shtajp sphsahs thrshnut shbag``j dakjsuojg pjdj icjssas yjg` nhrnhdj = tucasojg phrnhdjjg-phrnhdjjggyj ! Fjwjn 6 Yhtajp sphiahs khkacaoa khkaca oa nhgtuo tunub yjg` nhrnhdj djg phgyusug phgyusug ohrjg`oj tunub yjg` nhrnhdj. Bjc agacjb yjg` khgyhnjnojg lacuk pmralhrj danj`a khgfjda nhnhrjpj ohcjs yjg` nhrnhdj
shphrta Ohcjs Ijcijrhj yjg` phgyusug spaoucjgyj thrnhgtuo djra zjt ojpur, Ohcjs Bhxjitaghccadj yjg` phgyusug spaoucjgyj thrdara djra sacaojt, djg Ohcjs Dhkmspmg`ajh yjg` phgyusug spaoucjgyj thrdara djra sacaojt jtju spmg`ag jtju ijkpurjg djra ohdujgyj. 9. Tucasojg iara objs djra tajp icjssas pjdj omcmk nhraout Icjsas
Iara Objs Ypaoucj thrdara zjt ojpur, khkacaoa
Ijcijrhj
taph kmgmjxmg jtju trajxmg jtju thtrjxmg.
Bhxjitaghccadj
Ypaoucj thrdjra sacaojt, khkacaoa taph bhxjxmg. Ypaoucj djra sacaojt jtju spmg`ag
Dhkmspmg`ajh
jtju ijkpurjg ohdujgyj, nuojg bhxjxmg.
4. Tucasojg oh`ugjjg djg kjgljjt djra sphiahs-sphiahs Umralhrj yjg` jgdj thkuojg 6 Fjwjn 6 Nhnhrjpj fhgas Umralhrj shphrta Ypmg`aj djg Bappmspmg`aj djpjt da`ugjojg shnj`ja spmgs kjgda.Vjt oakaj yjg` daohcujrojggyj khkacaoa pmthgsa shnj`ja mnjt phgyjoat ojgohr djg phgyjoat cjaggyj. Umralhrj (spmg`h) nasj fjda njbjg mnjt-mnjtjg. Ypmg`h y` sudjb kjta djg khg`hrjs nasj fu`j fjda njtu `msmo (jkphcjs) ugtuo ojyu. Ypmg`h khrupjojg suknhr yjg` njao ugtuo nhnhrjpj njbjg ljrkjsa shphrta jgta namtao, jgta varus, jgta-tukmr, jgtaaglcjkjsa. Djpjt da`ugjojg jcjt `msmo pjdj wjotu kjgda ojrhgj spaoucj thrnujt djra shrjnut prmthag spmg`ag yjg` cugjo. Tunub pmralhrj yjg` kjta jdj yjg` da`ugjojg ugtuo ugtuo bajsjg. Jobar-jobar aga njgyjo jbca namcm`a ohcjutjg khgyhcadaoa ohkug`oagjg dathkuojggyj nhrnj`ja zjt jotal ugtuo jgta tukmr jtju ojgohr djra tunub Umralhrj.Ijcijrhj djpjt da`ugjojg shnj`ja jcjt ugtuo khknhrsabojg njdjg (spmg`aj) jtjupug khgiuia njrjg`.
8. Djra thmra phroucajbjg jtju nuou suknhr yjg` jgdj phrmchb khg`hgja Lacuk Umralhrj, chg`ojpacjb tjnhc nhraout aga 6 Lacuk
Umralhrj
Uhgihrgjjg Kjojgjg
Hosorhsa
Uhrgjpjsjg
Yasthk
^hprmduosa
Yyjrjl
Uhgihrgjjg
Hosorhsa
^hsparjsa
Nhcuk
^hprmduosa
kjojgjg pjdj
khcjcua
khcjcuca
khkacaoa
vh`htjtal
Umralhrj thrfjda
phrkuojjg
phrkuojjg
sasthk
dhg`jg
shijrj agthrgjc
tunub
tunub
sjrjl
khknhgtuo
pjdj vjoumcj
tugjs djg
kjojgjg
`hkuch,
yjg` danhgtuo
`hghrjtal
mchb
khcjcua
ibmjgmiyth.
phrsjtujg
Kjojgjg yjg`
`jkht fjgtjg
thcjb daihrgj
djg nhtagj
jojg
yjg`
dahdjrojg mchb
danhgtuo
imcchgiyth oh
mcjb
shcurub nj`ajg
jribhmgmiyth
tunub.
F.
Ohsakpucjg
:. Umralhrj khrupjojg bhwjg agvhrthnrjtj kuctashcuchr yjg` shcurub tunubgyj khg`jgdug` pmra ’ pmra. Umralhrj thrnj`a khgfjda ta`j ohcjs yjg` dadjsjrojg pjdj phrnhdjjg saljt ohrjg`oj tunubgyj, yjatu ohcjs Ijciaspmg`ajh/Ijcijrhj yjg` khkacaoa ohrjg`oj tunub djra ojcsauk ojrnmgjt, Byjcmspmg`ajh/Bhxjaghccadj yjg` khkacaoa ohrjg`oj tunub djra sacaoj, djg Dhkmspmg`ajh yjg` khkacaoa ohrjg`oj tunub djra sacaojt jtju spmg`ag` jtju nasj fu`j khrupjojg ijkpurjg djra ohdujgyj. >. Khgurut phg`jkjtjg, sphiakhg yjg` thcjb dajkjta daohcmkpmojg ohdjcjk ohcjs pmralhrj nhrdjsjrojg dathkuojg jtju tadjogyj zjt ojpur,
sacaojt, jtju spmg`ag`, thrcabjt fu`j nhrnj`ja nhgtuo spaoucj pjdj phg`jkjtjg da kaormsomp yjg` khkphrkudjb phg`hcmkmojg ohcjsgyj. 9. Djra shtajp sphiahs yjg` dathkuojg khkacaoa ohsjkjjg jgtjrj cjag pjdj nhgtuo tunubgyj yjg` nhrnhgtuo tjnug` nhrijnjg` ohiujca pjdj Ypmg`accj sp sp yjg` nhrnhgtuo papb djg Bjcaibmgdraj sp sp yjg` nhrnhgtuo papab nhrvmcukh, shcjag djra ohduj sphiahs thrshnut yjg` cjaggyj khkacaoa ohsjkjjg ukuk yjatu khkacaoa cunjg` pmra, msiucuk, djg spmg`msmc. djg sudjb pjsta dathkuojg jdjgyj phrnhdjjg ojrhgj phrnhdjjg thrshnut nhrupj phrnhdjjg pjdj ohrjg`oj tunubgyj yjg` khgfjda djsjr phg`hcmkpmojg ohcjs. 4. Yhthcjb dacjouojggyj phg`jkjtjg thgtjg` pmralhrj aga ojka nasj khg`hgjc ohjghjrj`jkjg pjdj lacuk pmralhrj , djg yjg` pjcag` khgmgfmc jdjcjb iara objs pjdj ohrjg`oj tunub djg djra nhgtuo spaoucj yjg` dakacaoa shtajp sphiahs da lacuk aga.
DJLTJ^ UXYTJOJ
Jbjncm`whn. (>5:0). UM^ALH^J 6 UHG@H^TAJG, IA^A, YT^XOTX^ TXNXB, OCJYALAOJYA
.
_mgcagh[.
Dajoshs
djra
bttp6//www.ackudjsjr.imk/>5:0/59/Uhg`hrtajg-Iara-Ytruotur-Tunub-djgOcjsalaojsa-Umralhrj-jdjcjb.btkc=k;:.
DJLTJ^ UXYTJOJ @JKNJ^
@jknjr :.> Nryjgt, Uhthr .(>5:4). Uagjpjppch (>5:4). Uagjpjppch Ypmg`h, Yiypbj Yiypbj sp. sp . _mgcagh[. Dajoshs djra bttp6//gjtbastmi.nam.uia.hdu/Umralhrj/Yiypbj/agdhx.btkc. @jknjr >.> O, Jkatbnjnu. (>5:8). YQIMG YUMG@H (YIQUBJ) YT^XITX^H JGD ATY IJGJC YQYTHK JGD GXT^ATAMG. | NAMVMMK . _mgcagh[. Dajoshs djra bttp6//www.namzmmkhr.imk/>5:4/59/syimg-spmg`h-siypbj-struiturh-jgdats.btkc. @jknjr 9.> Uaitmg djg Kmrmw. (>5:<). Bjcaimgdraj (>5:<). Bjcaimgdraj pjgaihj ’ Kjragh Kjragh Calh Hgiyicmphdaj. Hgiyicmphdaj. _mgcagh[. Dajoshs djra bttp6//www.bjnatjs.mr`.uo/kjraghcalh/sphiahs.jsp=athk;I4245. @jknjr 4.> Ykatbsmgajg Agstatutamg. (>5:>). Bjcaimgdraj (>5:>). Bjcaimgdraj khcjgmdhiaj. khcjgmdhiaj. _mgcagh[. Dajoshs djra bttps6//www.sks.sa.hdu/arcsphi/Bjcaib]khcjgm.btk. @jknjr 8.> Pacdsag`jpmrh. (>5:<). Tunucjr spmg`hs (Bjcaicmgj sp.) mg tbh sbmrhs ml
sag`jpmrh. sag`jpmrh.
_mgcagh[.
Dajoshs
djra
bttp6//www.wacdsag`jpmrh.imk/wacdljits/pmralhrj/tunh.btk.. bttp6//www.wacdsag`jpmrh.imk/wacdljits/pmralhrj/tunh.btk @jknjr <.> Ibh, Oak. (>552). Njtb (>552). Njtb Ypmg`h (Bappmspmg`aj (Bappmspmg`aj sp.) E Uucju Yhkjoju | Ibak Ibh Omg` | Lcaior . _mgcagh[. Dajoshs djra bttps6//www.lcaior.imk/pbmtms/ibakio/>8182<>:1 Ycag`dhkuchr. (>5:2). Ypmg`hs ’ skjcc skjcc kjragh jqujrauk. jqujrauk . _mgcagh[. Dajoshs djra bttp6//www.ochaghs-khhrwjsshrjqujrauk.dh/sibwjkkh/.
