HOUSES
HOW TO REDUCE BUILDING COSTS Laurie Baker
?kj dher de dSls djsa ykSjh csdj fganh vuqokn % nsosUnz dqekj] vjfoUn xqIrk
Foreword A small house of his own to live in is the cherished dream of the little man in our country, country, whether he is a daily labourer, a small farmer, a low paid employee in Government or other service or a pretty merchant. merchant . More often his dream remains unfulfilled. This is i s mainly because of the high cost of house building. What contributes to this high cost is not only the high hi gh cost of materials and the high rates of wages prevailing especially in our State; It is also because of the insane craze for the so called ‘new fashions’ in house building which the large majority of our engineers are advocating and persuading their clientele to t o adopt. Very Very often the poor house holder is at the mercy of the ‘all knowing’ engineer engi neer and he cannot or dare not have his way as to what sort of house he really wants. The result is that houses are built buil t with lavish use of steel and cement and painted all over ov er in garish colours. It is hardly fit, to live in, because it is hot as an oven, during summer. summer. And for this contraption the poor man has to spend his whole fortune. Such is the picture pictur e of the house - building activity activi ty in our State at the present time. People have begun to realize the folly of the whole thing and are seeking ways and means of building houses of reasonably good quality and capable of fulfilling their real needs. It is to the needs of such people that Mr. Laurie Baker addresses himself in this small manual on low-cost housing. Mr. Mr. Baker has been in this business of low-cost housing for nearly nearl y half a century and has acquired immense experience of indigenous housebuilding techniques techniques in various parts of India and is at the same time well versed in modern techniques also. He is in love with Kerala architecture and building practices which according to him are eminently suited to the climatic and other conditions of Kerala and uses locally available building material very skilfully. Unfortunately wood which was the mainstay of Kerala houses building bui lding has now become a scarce and costly commodity so that we have to resort to new materials and new building- techniques. techni ques. Although born an Englishman, he came to India after taking t aking his degree in architecture and for some time worked with Gandhiji during the pre-independence pre- independence days. It must have been during those days that Mr. Baker developed his love of the poor and the t he passion to serve them. He married marr ied and settled down in Kerala Kera la and has been working as an architect and builder for the th e last so many years. This small book on low cost housing housi ng is the product of his vast and varied vari ed experiences. The reader can find fi nd out for himself how practical pract ical and earthly his observations observati ons are. One key observation that Mr. Baker has made in this book and reiterated many times is that it is not for the engineer to decide what sort of house a man wants to build, but it is the man who has decide what sort of house he wants and then ask the engineer to building according to his wishe wishes. s. The man who wants a house for himself must take t ake his decision based on his real needs and the needs of his family and not be misled mi sled by ‘fashions’ or what the other fellow f ellow round the corner of the street has built. He then selects from out of the various alternative techniques and alternative materials, which Mr. Baker, Baker, has discussed in this book. It is then only that the engineer has to take over the work. The techniques which Mr. Baker has discussed in this book with suitable explanatory sketches and diagrams diagrams,, will I am sure, be found f ound useful by the poorest of the poor as well as middle class people. I commend this to the public of Kerala.
C. Achuta Menon Former Chief Minister of Kerala and Chairman, COSTFORD 25-5-1986 Trichur (Kerala) India
nks 'kCn gj vkneh jgus ds fy, NksVs ls ?kj dk liuk t:j latksrk gS A og vkneh pkgsa fngkM+h dk etnw j gks ;k ,d Nks Vk fdlku] pkgs a oks de&vk; okyk ljdkjh deZ pkjh gks ;k fiQj dks bZ NksVk nq dkunkjA T;knkrj mldk liuk v/wjk gh jgrk gSA mldk iz eq[k dkj.k gS & ?kj cukus es a vkus okyh mQaph dherA bl mQa ph dher ds nks dkj.k gS & igyk rks ea gxk eky vkS j ds jy es a eagxh etnwjhA nwljk gS dsjy esa ^u;s iQS 'ku* ds edku] ftudh odkyr gekjs T;knkrj thfu;j ba djrs gS aA cgqr ckj cspkjk ?kj dk ekfyd ^loZ Kkuh* bathfu;j dh n;k ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA ?kj ekfyd] edku ds ckjs es a u rks [kq n viuh jk; tkfgj dj ikrk gS vkS j u gh viuk jkLrk pqu ikrk gSA bl otg ls cs'kqekj yks gk vkS j lhes aV bLrseky gks rk gS] vkS j ?kjksa dks reke HkM+dhys jaxksa ds lkFk iksrk tkrk gSA xehZ es a HkV~Vh dh rjg rirs ?kj es a jguk nq'okj gks tkrk gSA ?kj cukrs&cukrs &cukrs cspkjk xjhc vkneh da xkyh dh dxkj ij vk [kM+ k gks rk gSA ds jy esa orZeku x`g fuek.kZ dk ;gh vkye gSA yksx aks dks bl fn[kkoVh ew[kZrk dk iQkyrwiu vc lkiQ fn[kus yxk gS ] vkS j os viuh vlyh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, dkjxj dne mBk jgs gS a A ykSjh csdj }kjk lLrs edkuksa ij fy[kh ;g iq Lrd bl t:jr dks iwjk djrh gSA Jh csdj fiNy ipkl lkyks a ls de&ykxr ds ?kj cukus ds dke es a yxs gS aA Hkkjr ds vyx&vyx fgLlks a es a ?kj cukus dh ns lh rduhdks a dk mUgs a yack vuqHko gSA blds lkFk&lkFk vk/qfud rduhdks a dh Hkh mUgs a vPNh tkudkjh gSA vly es a mUgs a ds jy esa ?kj cukus ds rjhdks a vkS j muds fMtk;uks a ls [kkl yxko gS] tks muds vuqlkj ds jy dh vkcks&gok &gok vkS j vU; ifjfLFkfr;ks a ds ekfiQd gS]a vkS j LFkkuh; Hkou lkexz h dk dq 'ky mi;ks x djrs ga SA nqHkkZX;o'k] ydM+h & tks dsjy esa ?kj cukus dk eq [; vk/kj Fkh] vc nq yZ Hk o eagxh gks xbZ gSA blfy, ges a u;s lkeku rFkk rduhdks a dks viukuk iM+ xkA s cs dj ,d va xz ts ifjokj esa tUesA okLrq f'kYi es a fMxz h ys us ds ckn og Hkkjr vk, vkSj Lora=krk iz kfIr ls igys mUgks aus dq N vls Z xka/h th ds lkFk dke fd;kA fuf'pr gh mlh nkS jku Jh csdj es a xjhcks a ds iz fr iz e s vkSj ls ok dh Hkkouk iuihA fookg ds ckn es a og dsjy es a gh cl x,] tgka fiNys dbZ lkyksa ls os lLrs vkS j la nj q edku fMtk;u dj jgs gS a] vkSj cuk jgs gSa A lLrh ykxr ds ?kjksa ij fy[kh bl NksVh iq Lrd es a muds yacs rtq cs Z vkS j fofo/ vuqHkoksa dk fupks M+ gSA ikBd [kq n ns[k ldrs gS a fd mudk utfj;k fdruk O;ogkfjd gS vkS j feV~Vh ls tqM k+ gSA ,d ewy ckr ftldks csdj ckj&ckj nks gjkrs gSa & ?kj ekfyd [kqn bl ckr dk fu.kZ ; ys fd oks dS lk ?kj pkgrk gS] u fd ba thfu;jA bathfu;j fliQZ edku dk [kkdk cuk;sA vkneh dks ?kj cukrs oDr viuh vkS j ?kjokyks a dh vlyh t:jrks a dks en~ utj ns j[kuk pkfg,A mls xyh&uqDdM+ ;k ikl&iM+ kslh ds iQS'kusfcy ?kjksa dks [kdj ns cgduk ugha pkfg,A mlds ckn og mu reke oS dfYid lLrs lkekuks a vkS j rduhdksa dks pqus ftudk Jh cs dj us bl Lrd iq es a foos pu fd;k gSA blds ckn gh thfu;j ba dk dke 'kq: gksxkA bl iqLrd es a lq >kbZ rduhdks a ls xjhc&ls&xjhc &xjhc yks x Hkh viuk ik;s axs vkS j mudk ykHk mBk ik;s axsA fo'ks"kdj ds jy ds yks xksa ds fy, ;g iqLrd cgq r mi;ks xh gks xhA lh vP;q r uu es HkwriwoZ eq [;ea =kh] dsjy] rFkk ps ;jeSu dkLViQksMZ 25 ebZ 1986 f=kpw j] ds jy] Hkkjr
Born in Birmingham, England, in 1917, Laurie Baker studied architecture at the Birmingham School of Architecture from where wher e he graduated in 1937 and became an associate member of the RIBA. During the World War II he was an anaesthetist to a surgical team in China where he also worked on leprosy control cont rol and treatment. On his way back to England, he had to wait for about three months for a boat in i n Bombay. Bombay. There he met Gandhiji and was influenced by him. He decided that he would come back to India and work here. During 1945-1966, apart from his general freelance architectural architectur al practice throughout his life in India, Baker was architect to leprosy institutions in India and and 1ived and worked in a hill village in Uttar Pradesh. Pradesh. In 1966 Baker moved south and worked with the tribals of Peerumede in Kerala. In 1970, he came to Trivandrum Trivandrum and has since been designing and constructing buildings build ings all over Kerala. He has served at various times as Governor of HUDCO, on the working group on Housing of the Planning Commission, and on several expert committees at the national and state level. BUILDING houses is a costly business these days. A lot of the current expenditure is on unnecessary fashionable frills and designs. Much M uch money could be saved merely by using common sense along simple, established, tried building practices. Every item that goes to make up a building has its cost. So always ask yourself the question, is it necessary? If the answer is “No”, then don’t do it. The following pages attempt to show graphically the current curre nt and often expensive ways of building. The saving on each individual item i tem may be small, but if you can cut down every rupee’s worth of current cost by twenty-five twent y-five paise a ten thousand rupee ru pee house can be built for rupees 7,500. In saving and cutting down costs, the choice is YOURS! Do not allow the architect, the engineer, and the building contractor to t o be dictators. You You tell them what you want!
ykS jh cs dj dk tUe 1917 es a cjfea ?ke] XyS ba aM es a gq vkA vkA 1937 esa mUgks usa cjfea?ke Ldwy vkWiQ vkjdhVs Dpj ls Lukrd dh fMxzh ikbZ ] vkS j mlds ckn oks vkj vkbZ ch , ds lnL; cusA ljs nwnw fo'o ;q ¼ ds nkSjku og ,d MkDVjh Vks yh ds lkFk phu x,] tgka mUgks aus dq "Bjks x ds bykt vkSj jksdFkke dk dke fd;kA baXyS aM okfil tkrs oDr mUgs a vius tgkt ds bartkj ds fy, cEcbZ esa rhu eghus jQduk iM+ kA rHkh mudh Hks Va xka/hth / hth ls gq bZ A bl Hks Va dk mu ij xgjk vlj iM+ kA mUgks usa Hkkjr ykSVdj vkus vkSj dke djus dk fu'p; fd;kA 1945&66 ds nkS jku Jh cs dj Lora =k :i ls Hkou fMtk;u ds lkFk&lkFk dq "Bjks x vLirkyks a ds ize [k q vkjdhVsDV jgsA bl nkS jku mUgks a uss mRrj iz ns'k ds ,d igkM+h xka o esa dke fd;kA 1966 esa Jh csdj nf{k.k ds jkT; ds jy x;s vkS j mUgks aus ih:esnh vkfnokfl;ksa ds chp dke fd;kA 1970 esa os f=kos Unz e vk, vkSj rc ls og lkjs ds jy esa Hkouksa dk fMtk;u vkSj fuekZ .k dk dke dj jgs gS aa A mUgks usa gqMdks (Hkkjr ljdkj dk gkmQfla x ,aM vjcu Ms oyies Va dkjiksjs'ku) ds lapkyd] ;kstuk vk;ksx dh vkokl desVh] vkS j jkT; ,oa jk"Vªh; Lrj dh dbZ fo'ks "kK lfefr;ksa ds fy, Hkh dke fd;k gSA og us 'kuy baLVhV~;wV vkWiQ fMtk;u ds cksMZ lnL; Hkh jgs gSa A vktdy ?kj cukuk ,d ea gxk dkjks ckj gSA ^ekMuZ* ?kjksa es a iQS 'kus fcy fMtk;u] vuko';d >kyjksa vkS j vU; rke&>ke ij gh T;knk [kpZ gksrk gS A ij Fkks M+ h lh vDy vkS j dq N ljy fuekZ .k rjhds viukdj dkiQh iSlk cpk;k tk ldrk gSA ?kj es a yxus okys gjsd lkeku dh viuh ,d dher gksrh gSA blfy,] vius ls gjsd ckj ;g loky vo'; iw Ns a & ^D;k ;g t:jh gS\* \* vkSj vxj ^ugha * rks mldk bLrseky u djs aA bl iqLrd esa vktdy izpfyr ea gxs rjhdksa dh rqyuk] lk/kj.k de&[kphZys fuekZ.k rjhdksa ls dh xbZ gSA gjs d vyx fgLls vkSj gjsd lkeku es a cpr pkgs a Fkks M+h gh gks] ijarq vxj vki gjs d :i;s dk 25 iS lk Hkh cpk lds rks] nl gtkj :i;s dk ?kj ds oy 7500 :i;ksa es a cukuk laHko H ko gks xkA vki pkgsa rks ew Y; esa dVkS rh dj cpr dj ldrs gS aA dHkh Hkh vkjfdVs DV] bathfu;j ;k Bsd nkj s dks vius mQij gkoh u gksus ansA mYVs] vki mUgs a crk;s a fd vki D;k pkgrs gS aA
YOU often hear people describing houses as “Modern” or “Old fashioned” The so-called “Modern house” is often merely fashionable but foolish, simply because it is expensive and does not take, into account the locally available inexpensive materials or the local climatic cl imatic conditions or the actual needs of the occupants. Quite often of ten the so-called “old fashioned” house demonstrates that the choice of building materials is important import ant because it is less expensive and does not use up unnecessarily material that are in short, supply needed for other uses. It also copes effectively with weather hazards such as strong sun, heavy rain, strong winds, high humidity etc. These two sketches typify the small smal l “Modern house” at the top and an old fashioned one below belo w. The modern house is “cubist” in design and uses a lot of cement plaster & paint. The roof does not protect the walls from rain and sun with the result that it is i s not very comfortable or convenient to live in. The “Old fashioned” f ashioned” house has a sloping roof which quickly sheds heavy rain protects walls from getting damp and from absorbing heat from the sun. Some of the windows have been replaced with jalis, which are cheaper and give permanent - ventilation and light and protection pr otection or security.
vki vDlj yksxksa dks ^vk/q fud* ;k ^iq jkus iQS 'ku* ds ?kjksa dh ppkZ djrs gq, lq urs gks xsa A ^vk/qfud* ?kj vDlj iQS'kus fcy vkS j ew [kZ rkiw .kZ gks rs gS aA ;g ?kj ea gxs gks rs gS aA buesa u rks lLrs] LFkkuh; fuekZ.k lkeku dk bLrs eky gksrk gS vkS j u gh LFkkuh; gok&ikuh dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls budk dks bZ fj'rk&ukrk gks rk gSA vly es a bu edkuksa dk vius okf'kUnksa dh lPph t:jrksa ls dks bZ rkYyq d gh ugha gks rk gS A vDlj ^iq jkus iQS 'ku* ds edku LFkkuh; vkSj lLrs lkeku ds cus gksrs gS aA bues a ea gxs vkS j nqyHkHZ k lkeku dk de bLrseky gq vk vk gksrk gSA ,s ls edku ekS le ds tksf[ke & tS ls rirh /w i] Hkkjh ckfj'k] rst gok] vf/d ueh dk iz Hkkodkjh Hkkodkjh
IF you have to build your house on a terraced site, it is less expensive to place it in the middle of the terrace. The lower picture: shows the extra and more costly foundation and basement wall that has to be built if the building is near the edge of the terrace.
;fn vkidks viuk ?kj fdlh mQa ps LFkku ij cukuk gS rks mls dqxkj (Vs l) js ds chpksa&chp & chp cukuk de [kphZ yk gksxkA uhps dk fp=k fn[kkrk gS fd vxj edku dks dq xkj ds ,d fdukjs ij cuk;k x;k gS rks uhs oa vkSj nhokjksa ij cgq r vf/d [kpkZ vk;s xkA
IF the site is i s a sloping one, less excavation and less filling up is needed if you place the building parallel parall el to the contours, as in the upper picture, and not cutting across the contours, as shown in the picture.
vxj vki
WHEN exchanging the trenches for the house foundations, labourers dig out the t he soil and throw it in all directions, especially outwards. After the basement walls have been completed they then shovel all the soil back again as infilling. If they shovel the soil inwards it will already be where it is wanted for infilling and some of the expense of excavation and infilling will have been saved.
?kj ij uha o [kks nus ds ckn fudyh feV~Vh dks etnwj vDlj ckgj dh vksj iQs drs a gS aa A uha o dh nhokj mBus ds ckn os lkjh feV~Vh HkjkbZ ds fy, okfil mBkrs gSa A vxj 'kq : esa gh og uhao dh feV~Vh dks Hkhrj Mkysa tgka HkjkbZ ds fy, mldh vko';drk gks xh] rks mlls [kq nkbZ vkSj HkjkbZ ds [kpZ esa dq N deh vk;s xhA
MASONS are often more concerned with the outward outwar d appearance of a stonewall than with its strength strengt h and stability. The upper sketch shows a plan of a stonewall as it is usually built, with wit h big flat-faced stones on the outside while the middle of the wall is filled fil led in with bits and pieces. The lower plan shows how stones should be bonded, that is they dovetail in with stones on the other side of the wall and therefore give a much stronger and more durable wall. A properly bonded stonewall hardly needs mortar, and certainly a mud mortar is adequate, whereas the upper typical t ypical wall is not really r eally safe without using a cement or lime mortar.
vDlj jkt&feL=kh nhokj ds iq [rkiu vkS j etcwrh dh ctk;s mldh ckgjh fn[kkoV esa T;knk jQfp j[krs gS a A vf/drj nhokjsa mQij okys fp=k tSlh fn[krh gS aA bues a cM+ s likV iRFkj ckgj dks gks rs gSa vkS j chp esa Nks Vs iRFkjks a dh HkjkbZ gks rh gSA uhps ds fp=k es a iRFkjksa dh lgh pq ukbZ fn[kkbZ xbZ gSA blesa ckgjh&Hkhrjh nhokj ds iRFkj ,d&nwljs ds [kka ps esa vkdj iQal tkrs gS aA blls vf/d fVdkmQ vkSj etcwr nhokj curh gS A lgh rjhds ls fpuh iRFkjksa dh nhokj es a cgqr de xkjs dh t:jr iM+rh gSA blesa feV~Vh ds xkjs ls Hkh dke py tkrk gS] tcfd mQij dh nhokjs a lhes Va ;k pw us ds xkjs ds cxSj lqjf{kr ugha cus axhA
A common practice is to have the main walls of a house in 9-inch thick burnt bricks, sitting on the top of an 18-inch random rubble (roughly shaped stones) basement and foundation. This means that there is a step st ep where the 9-inch wall sits si ts on the 18-inch wall below bel ow,, and rainwater tends to seep in and weaken the lower stonewall, as shown in the upper picture. For single and double storey houses it is better to t o put the outer side of 9" brick wall flush with wi th the outer side of the 18" stone wall so that rainwater running down the wall does not soak into the wall. This is also less costly because the stone 18-inch wall surrounding sur rounding a room of a particular area (say 200 sq. ft.) is larger (cubic content more) in the upper drawing.
lk/kj.k rkSj ij ?kj dh eq[; nhokjs a 9&ba p eks Vh iDdh Vks abZ a dh gks rh gSa] tks iRFkj ds VqdM+ ksa dh 18&ba p vk/kj fHkRrh dh uhao ij fVdh gksrh gSA bldk eryc gS fd tgka 9&baph V bZa dh nhokj 18&bap okyh iRFkj dh nhokj ij cS Bh gS ogka FkksM h+ txg cp tkrh gSA bles a ls ckfj'k dk ikuh Hkhrj fjlrk gS vkSj fupyh iRFkj dh nhokj dks detksj cukrk gSA ;gh mQij ds fp=k es a fn[kk;k x;k gSA ,d ;k nks&ea &eaftys edkuks a ds fy, ukS&ba & ph ba abZV dh nhokj dks 18&baph iRFkj dh uhao dh ckgjh lrg ls likV j[kuk vPNk gSA blls nhokj ls uhps fxjus okyk ckfj'k dk ikuh uhao es a ugha fjls xkA ;g de [kphZyk Hkh gS] D;ks fd a fdlh fuf'pr {ks =kiQy (ekuks a 200&oxZ iQhV) ds dejs dks ?ks jus okyh iRFkj dh 18&ba ph nhokj dk vk;ru mQij ds fp=k esa T;knk gksxkA
THE object or function of the t he foundation is to spread out the total weight of the house over the t he ground below it. For small single and double storey houses an 18-inch (45-cm) wide foundation base is usually fully adequate on most soils and there is not often the need for the wider concrete layer beneath the basement wall (as shown in the upper picture). Where stone is available, the ordinary simple 18-inch thick random rubble wall is perfectly adequate to carry the full load of a single or double storey house unless the soil is very poor or loose l oose or of different consistencies.
uha o dk dke gS fd og ?kj ds lkjs Hkkj dks vius uhps dh tehu ij iQS yk lds A Nks Vs ,d&eaftys vkSj nks&ea ftys edkuks a esa 18&ba p (45&ls eh) pkSM h+ uha o dk vk/kj vkerkS j ij lHkh rjg dh feV~Vh ds fy, i;kZIr gksrk gSA vDlj uhao dh nhokj ds uhps] pkS M+ h daØhV dh ijr dh t:jr ugha gks rh (tSlk fd mQij ds fp=k esa fn[kk;k x;k gS)A )A tgka iRFkj vklkuh ls feyrk gS ogka lk/kj.k 18&baph eks Vh iRFkj dh uha o] ,d ;k nks&ea &eaftys edkuks a dk iw jk Hkkj
IN some districts stone and brick is not available. But some sort of foundation is needed to carry a mud wall above. The foundation trench can be excavated, the soil moistened with a little, water and then replaced with layers of bamboo reinforcement inserted, as shown in the picture.
dq N ftyks a esa iRFkj vkSj V bZa ugha feyrh gS aA ijarq feV~Vh dh nhokj dk cks > laHkkyus H kkyus ds fy, ,d uha o rks pkfg, ghA ,s lh txgks a ij uhao [kksndj] fudyh feV~Vh dks Fkks M+ s ikuh ls xhyk djsa A fiQj fpjs gq , ckal dh ifV~V;ks a dk rkuk&ckuk cqudj uhao dks iq[rk djsa & tSlk fd fupys fp=k es a fn[kk;k x;k gSA
AFTER building a house there is often little cash left over for furniture. Built in seats, beds, work tables etc. can easily and inexpensively be had, merely by building the basement wall to a suitable height, as shown in the lower sketch.
vDlj ?kj cukus esa gh lkjh iw th a Lokgk gks tkrh gS vkS j ckn es a iQuhZ pj vkfn ds fy, dqN iS lk ugha cprkA FkksM h+ lw> ls vxj iRFkj dh uha o dks Fkks M+k vkS j mBk fn;k tk;s rks fcuk fdlh [kpZ ds cS Bus ds fy, csUp] ys Vus ds fy, r[r vkSj dke djus ds fy, es t cu ldrh gSA bldh ,d >yd fupys fp=k esa fn[kkbZ xbZ gSA
SOMETIMES stone is available, but only in small irregular irr egular shaped lumps. These make a very poor wall that usually cracks and crumbles, as in the upper picture. pictur e. Wood or metal moulds can be made of suitable sizes. (Say 12" x 8" x 6" or 12" x 6" x 4" etc.) and these lumps are placed in the moulds and the t he spaces filled in with a weak lime or cement concrete. This produces pr oduces neat rectangular blocks with which walls of different thicknesses can easily be constructed.
dbZ ,sls bykds gSa tgka iRFkj feyrk rks gS ija rq Nks Vs vfu;fer vkdkj ds
IF burnt-brick is available, and if a 9-inch thick wall is required, 25% of the total number of bricks, and of the cost of the wall, can be saved by using a “RAT-TRAP” “RAT-TRAP” Bond. It is simple to build, looks well, has better insulation properties propert ies and is as strong as the ordinary solid 9-inch brick walls. wall s. The orthodox English Engli sh Bond is shown at the top, and the Rat Trap Bond below.
vxj idh Vks bZa a ls ukS&ba & p ba eks Vh nhokj cukuh gks rks pw gs nkuh ca/u (Rat-trap Bond) ds iz ;ksx ls 25 iz fr'kr Vks abZ a dks cpk;k tk ldrk gSA bl rjg nhokj dh dher de dh tk ldrh gSA ;g nhokj cukus esa vklku gS vkSj ns[kus esa lq a nj yxrh gSA ,s lh nhokj /w i vkS j ckfj'k ls csgrj lqj{kk djrh gSA lk/kj.k bafXy'k ca/ (English Bond) mQij rFkk (Rat-trap Bond) uhps fn[kk;k x;k gSA
FROM a structural stability point of view, a 4.5-inch thick brick wall is often adequate for single storey houses, and certainly for interior partition walls. An isolated straight 4.5-inch wall is weak and can fall over, be knocked over over,, or can be crushed by the weight of the roof it carries. carri es. But it can be perfectly strong and capable of carrying the load of roofs and floors if it has either thin buttresses every five or six feet (as in the middle picture) or if recesses are created, (as in the lower picture). Similarly corners and intersecting walls are strengthening strengtheni ng points in a thin wall. These recesses can be used for shelves and almirahs at almost no extra cost!
SOME-building materials materi als are there for the using. Cut them, or dig them out and carry them to the site, and they are ready to use. Some such materials need shaping and trimming. Others have to be processes or manufactured into more complex materials. For example, some limestones can be used as building stones. Burn them in a kiln and they turn t urn into lime, which can be used with sand and water as mortar or plaster, or it can be used as paint. By adding other ingredients and a lot of manufacturing manufacturi ng processes and a lot of energy (or fuel) we produce cement. These days we use very little stone and we also now use very little litt le lime but we are very extravagant in the use of cement, often, as in the case of mortars mortar s and plasters, when lime would be just as effective, effect ive, efficient and serviceable and of course at a very much smaller cost. At present, the top picture depicts, depi cts, India spends a lot of money and a lot of different forms of energy to buy and bring cement from Korea. We We could save a lot of building money by only using cement when it is really r eally necessary. As the lower picture shows, by using lime, which we can make, simply and with little li ttle energy and transport, on the building site sit e itself, we could save a lot of building money. money.
edku cukus dk dqN eky rks bLrs eky ds fy, yxHkx rS ;kj gks rk gSA cl mls dkVdj ;k [kksndj dk;Z LFky ij ys tk;s a vkS j bLrs eky djasA dq N eky ,slk gks rk gS ftls vkdkj nsus vkSj laokjus dh t:jr gks rh gSA dq N eky ,sls Hkh gS a ftUgs a cgq r eagxs vkSj tfVy rjhdks ls a cuk;k tkrk gSA mUgs a HkV~Vh es a tykus ls og pw us esa cny tkrs gSa A pwus dks jsr vkSj ikuh ds lkFk feykdj mldks elkys ;k iyLrj ds :i es a mi;ks x gks ldrk gSA pwus esa reke eagxh phtsa feykdj tc ge mls dbZ eagxh e'khuksa ls xq tkjrs gS a] ftues a
bdkb;ka j j j j vkj lh lh
lq [khZ Powdered Bricks
jsr Sand
rkdroj elkyk Rich Mix
lkekU; General
iRFkj dh uha o For Stone Foundation / Basement
rkdroj elkyk Rich Mix
lkekU; General
rkdroj elkyk Rich Mix
lkekU; General
rkdroj elkyk Rich Mix
lkekU; General
iRFkj dh uhao For Stone Foundation/Basement
LyS c j j j j j
lhes aV Cement
pw uk Lime
1
-
-
6
1
-
-
8
1
-
-
10
-
1
-
2
-
1
-
3
-
1
2
4
-
1
2
6
1
3
-
12
1
4
-
14
1
5
-
16
1
2
4
18
1
2
4
20
THIS chart shows a variety of the mixes mi xes of cement, sand, lime and surkhi (which is a finely ground burnt clay) to give different plasters and mortars according to the function for which they are needed and according to the cost and availability of these several ingredients. At present cement and sand only are commonly used. This Thi s is easy to mix and use and it sets quickly qui ckly.. Lime and sand can give an equally strong mortar but it takes longer to set and lime li me mortars have mainly gone “out of fashion”. Similarly good strong mortars morta rs are made by adding surkhi to lime and sand. sand. These too are slow setting and “unfashionable”. Adding to the lime, or lime and surkhi mixes, a small amount of cement can solve the slow setting problem. All these variations are in this table. t able.
cxy ds iUus ij cuh rkfydk esa vyx&vyx elkyks a vkSj iyLrjks a esa yxs lhes V] a pw uk] lq[khZ vkS j ckyw dk vuqikr fn;k gS A dkSu lk elkyk dgka yxs xk vkS j mldh D;k dher gksxh bldh Hkh >yd bl rkfydk esa feyrh gSA vktdy lhes V a vkS j r js dk pyu gh vf/d gSA bUgs a feykuk vkS j bLrs eky djuk cgq r vklku gSA lhes V a & r js dk elkyk tYnh te tkrk gSA pw us & r js ds elkys dh rkdr Hkh yxHkx mruh gh gS ijarq mls teus esa T;knk le; yxrk gSA blfy, pw us & r js ds elkys dk bLrs eky cgq r de gks x;k gSA blh rjg pw us vkS j jsr es a lq [khZ (filh V) bZa feykdj Hkh iq[rk elkyk curk gSA D;ks fd a ;g Hkh /hjs&/hjs terk gS blfy, bldk iz pyu Hkh yxHkx [kRe gksrk tk jgk gSA /heh xfr ls teus dh eqf'dy dks lq[khZ&pw & pw us ds elkys esa FkksM k+ lk lhes Va feykdj nw j fd;k tk ldrk gS A ;g reke vyx&vyx elkys bl rkfydk esa fn;s gS aA
BRICKS are often slightly slightl y irregular in length. lengt h. So even if you can get a smooth “fair face” on one side of a wall, the other side sid e will be lumpy and irregular. irr egular. Therefore, many builders say, you must plaster the wall. But plaster is costly (it accounts for up to 10% of the total cost of a building). Also there is the painting and maintenance cost of plaster too. The middle sketch and the lower plan show how the mortar mort ar can fill over the sunken ends of the t he brick to produce a special fair face on the second side of the wall. Plaster is not required and a pleasing pattern has been made. No painting and no maintenance costs.
vDlj yackbZ es a Vs bZa FkksM h+ Nks Vh&cM+ h gks rh gSAa bl dkj.k fpukbZ ds le; nhokj dh ,d lrg fpduh] likV vkS j lery djus ds ckn nwljh lrg Vs<+h vkSj vfu;fer gks rh gSA blfy, cgq r ls Bs dsnkj iyLrj djus dks dgrs gSa A ijarq iyLrj ,d eagxk dkjks ckj gSA ?kj dh dher dk yxHkx 10 iz fr'kr [kpZ iyLrj Fkksius esa gh [kpZ gks tkrk gSA blds vykok iyLrj ds j[k&j[kko] iqrkbZ &ja & xkbZ ja ij Hkh dkiQh [kpZ gks rk gSA chp ds vkSj fupys {ks =k ds vuq lkj nhokj dh nw ljh lrg dks la q nj vkSj lery cukus ds fy, V abZ ds ncs gq, fljs ij elkyk Hkjk tk ldrk gS A bl rjg iyLrj ds cxSj gh ,d [kwclw jr uew uk jpk tk ldrk gSA bl ij u jaxkbZ dk [kpZ gksxk u gh j[k&j[kko dkA
LINTELS are usually made of reinforced concrete. Steel and cement are used. Very often a lintel is not necessary over door and window openings up to four feet in width. Ordinary brick-on-edge, as shown in the middle picture, pictur e, is all that is required. If something stronger is necessary, a hollow arrangement of brick-on-edge, as in the lower-pictur e, filled with one or two steel rods r ods in concrete will carry very large weights wei ghts of wall and roof-etc. above. This type of lintel is less than half the cost of the orthodox reinforced concrete lintel.
vkerkS j ij fya Vj vkj lh lh ( RCC) ds curs gSa A bues a LVhy vkSj lhes V a dk cgq r iz; x ks gks rk gSA cgq r ckj pkj iQhV okys njoktks a vkS j f[kM+ fd;ksa ij fyaVj dh t:jr gh ugha gksrh gSA vkerkS j ij rks fljs ds cy yxh bZ Va dh ,d drkj ls gh dke py ldrk gSA bls chp ds fp=k esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA vxj vf/d rkdr dh t:jr gS rks] fupys fp=k dh rjg Vks abZ a dks tek dj j[ks]a vkS j abZ V aks ds chp cuh ukyh es a ,d&nks yks gs dh lfj;ks a dks daØhV esa tek nhft,A bl rjg cuk fya Vj mQij dh Nr vkSj nhokj ds cks > dks vklkuh ls lg ldsxkA bl rjg dk fya Vj ija ijkxr vkj lh lh (RCC) fyaVj ds eqdkcys vk/h dher es a cu tk;sxkA
BRICK arches are much less costly than reinforced nicer than concrete lintels. They are just as strong; look much can be a variety of shapes.
bZ a V dh es gjkcs a ] vkj lh lh ( RCC) ds fya Vj ftruh gh etcw r gks rh gS a] ij dgha vf/d lLrh gks rh gS aA ;g es gjkcsa [kus ns es a cgqr lq nj a yxrh agSa vkS j mUgs a vus d vkdkjks a es a cukuk laHko gSA
THE inexpensive way of spanning a hole in a wall is the simple “corbel’ arch. Each row of bricks projects 2.25-inches beyond the course below until unti l the bricks meet together in the middle. No fore work or shuttering shutteri ng is necessary. This picture also demonstrates demonst rates the fact that if you remove a door or a window, the whole wall will not fall down. Probably nothing will fail at all, but if it does, the maximum will be the amount of wall within the triangle above the frame. This triangle of bricks bri cks is, in fact, all that a lintel carries, and not the whole wall and half the roof above it.
fdlh nhokj esa [kqyh txg dks Hkjus dk lcls lLrk rjhdk ml ij ,d ljy lh ^dksjcsy* es gjkc cukuk gSA gjs d drkj dh Vs bZa a viuh fupyh drkj ls lok nks p ba ckgj fudyrh gS aA var esa nks uksa vks j dh Vs bZa a chp es a fey tkrh agSA bls cukus es a fdlh epku ;k lgkjs dh t:jr ugha iM+ rhA ;g fp=k bl vlfy;r dks mtkxj djrk gS fd fdlh ,d f[kM+dh ;k fdokM+ dks gVk ns us ls nhokj
WINDOWS are costly. One square foot of-window can cost up to ten times the cost of the simple brick or stone wall it replaces. A window has varied functions - to look out of, to let light inside a room, to let in fresh air, air, or to let out stale air, and so on. In many of these situations a “JALI” or “honeycombed” wall is just as effective. effecti ve. Far from being a lot more costly than the basic wall, if i f made of brick it can be less costly than the t he house wall! The bottom picture shows the simple honeycomb brick pattern. Wide vertical joints are left open and not filled with mortar. The pictures above show a few of many possible variations. This is an alternative to the costly window. window.
f[kM+fd;ka cgq r [kphZ yh gks rh agS A ,d oxZ iQqV f[kM+ dh dh dher yxHkx nl oxZ iQhV V abZ ;k iRFkj dh nhokj ds cjkcj gksrh gSA f[kM+dh ds dbZ bLrseky gS a & ckgj ns [kus ds fy;s] dejs es a izdk'k vkus ds fy;s] rkth gok vanj vkus ;k cklh gok ckgj tkus ds fy;s vkfnA bu lcds fy;s nhokj esa Vks bZa a dh cuh tkyh Hkh mruh gh vljnkj gSA ,d rjiQ f[kM+dh cukuk nhokj cukus ls dgha eagxk gSA nw ljh vksj nhokj es a Vks bZa a dh tkyh cukus ls nhokj dh dher vkS j ?kV tk;sxhA fupys fp=k es a abZV aks dks ,d NRrs nkj uewus esa la tks ;k x;k gSA tksM ks+ a dks [kqyk j[kk x;k gS vkS j elkys ls ugha Hkjk x;k gSA mQij ds fp=kks a esa cgq r lkjh laHkkoukvksa es a ls dqN gh fn[kkbZ xbZ gS a A f[kM+ fd;ksa dh txg abZ V aks dh cuh tkyh dks viukuk dgha vf/d cs grj vkS j lLrk gSA
THESE two sketches show how jails can replace windows. The cost of the lower house is very much lower low er than that of the top house.
bu nks uks a fp=kksa esa ;g fn[kk;k x;k gS fd fdl rjg f[kM+fd;ks a dh txg V bZa dh tkyh ys ldrh gS A mQij okys ?kj ds eq dkcys esa fupyk ?kj cgq r vf/d lLrk gSA
THERE are a number of building buildi ng items, which are meant for f or a specific use but which we can also use to cut down costs. The common split stone post can be used as a lintel, li ntel, as brackets to carry carr y wall shelves or tables or slabs, or as security posts instead of steel bars and grills
Hkou fuekZ.k ds dbZ ,sls lkeku gS a ftuds dbZ oSdfYid bLrs eky gS aA bUgs a nwljh txg bLrseky djds dher es a dq N deh ykbZ tk ldrh gSA felky ds fy,] iRFkj ds [kEcks a dks fyaVj ds :i es a] pkS [kV dh rjg] Vka M tS ls mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS A f[kM+dh es a yksgs ds lh[kpks a dh txg Hkh bUgs a yxk;k tk ldrk gSA
WHEN a window is a necessity it is quite a costly item as shown in the top right-hand corner. The simplest window consists of a vertical verti cal plank set into two holes (or pivot hinges), hinges) , one at the top and one at the bottom. The traditional design consists consist s of two short wood pieces with a circular hole in each, and the vertical shutter has two small round r ound protrusions (as shown on the left) to fit fi t into the-holes. Only a nine-inch wide hole is necessary for the ‘window’. This is strong, simple, inexpensive, very little li ttle labour, no iron mongery, mongery, lets in light and air and provides security
tc f[kM+ dh ds cxS j xqtkjk gh u pys] rc rks mls yxkuk gh iM+ xkA s ij tS lk fd mQijh nk;sa fp=k es a fn[kk;k x;k gS] f[kM+dh yxkuk ,d eagxk dke gSA lcls ljy f[kM+ dh ,d ydM+h ds r[rs ls curh gSA ;g iYyk mQij&uhps dh pkS[kV ds ,d&,d Nsn esa cS Brk gSA ija ijkxr fMtk;u es a mQij&uhps dh pkS[kVks a es a ,d&,d Ns n gksrk gS] vkS j ydM+ h ds [kM+ s iYys esa mQij&uhps ,d&,d fxYyh gksrh gS] tks Ns nks a es a cS Brh gSA f[kM+dh ds fy, dsoy ,d ukS&ba & p ba pkS M+h f>jh gh i;kZ Ir gSA ;g ,d etcwr] vklku vkS j de&[kphZ yh f[kM+ dh gSA blesa yks gs vkS j esgur nksu aks dh gh cpr gSA ;g f[kM+ dh dk'k iz vkSj gok vanj vkus nsrh gS vkS j lq j{kk nku iz djrh gSA
DOOR frames cost a lot of money and are ar e often not actually necessary necess ary.. This picture shows how planks can be screwed together t ogether by strap iron hinges to t o form a door, and this can be carried by “hold-fasts” built into the wall, thus eliminating the outer door frame altogether.
njoktksa vkS j pkS [kV csgn ea gxh gks rh gSA vDlj rks bu pkS[kVks a dh dksbZ t:jr gh ugha gksrhA fp=k es a ydM+ h ds dbZ iVjksa dks vkil es a ,d yks gs dh iV~Vh ls tksM dj + njoktk cuk;k x;k gS A njoktk nhokj es a /a ls yks gs ds dCtks a ij ?kwerk gSA blesa ydM+h dh pkS [kV dh t:jr gh ugha gSA
THE door shutter itself is costly because it uses a lot of wood and quite quit e a lot of costly labour l abour.. The simplest door is made of vertical planks held together with horizontal (sometimes diagonal) battens.
njokts dk iYyk dkiQh ea gxk gks rk gSA bles a ydM+h ds lkFk&lkFk esgur Hkh [kwc lkjh yxrh gSA lcls ljy njoktk [kM+ s iVjksa ij nks vkM+s iQV~V aks dks dhyks a ls Bks ddj cuk;k tkrk gS A dHkh&dHkh vf/ d etcw rh ds fy, ,d frjNk iQV~Vk Hkh Bks dk tkrk gSA
ALMOST every sort of floor has to have solid base under it. Fill the basement with sand or soil at an early stage it will get trampled tr ampled down solid as work is done above it. After the roof is on, collect coll ect all the broken brickbats side by side, touching touchi ng each other, on the rammed earth. Mix a small, heap of sand and lime on top of the bricks then spread it out and brush it in so that it fills fill s the cracks.
gjsd iQ'kZ ds uhps ,d Bksl vk/kj gksuk ,dne t:jh gSA vk/kj dks 'kq jQvkr es a gh ckyw ;k feV~Vh ls Hkj nhft;sA tS ls&tS &tSls yksx ml ij pys xsa oks vius vki dqpy dj Bksl gks tk;s xhA Nr cu tkus ds ckn lHkh bZ Vks a a ds dM+ Vq aks dks bdV~Bk dj mUgsa vxy&cxy ,d&nwljs dks Nwrk gqvk v k cS Bh gqbZ tehu ij ltk nsAa Vks abZ a ds mQij ckyw vkS j pw us dh ,d
THESE pictures show the DEEP PIT LATRINE, LATRINE, which is effective in i n all but very rocky sites. There is a pit about 3 feet in diameter and as deep as you can dig it. A reinforced concrete filler fi ller slab with a latrine latri ne pan set into it (and a hole for a vent pipe) is placed above the hole or Pit. If the soil is sandy or loose the top 2 or 3-feet of the pit is lined with a 4.5-inch brick wall (or a well ring will do). A screen wall and a vent pipe are built above the latrine slab.
bu fp=kksa esa xgjs xM~
ANYONE who can use a saw and a hammer can put together a simple, strong roof of timber over rooms up to 12-feet (3.65-metres) wide. Three pieces of wood are nailed together and this simple “trussed rafter” sits directly on top of any wall. No wall plates and no ridge-poles are necessary. necessary. The traditional timber roofs were beautiful but often quite elaborate, and extravagant with the use of wood and called for a lot of skill.
dksbZ Hkh O;fDr tks vkjh vkS j gFkkS M+k bLrseky djuk tkurk gks cgqr vklkuh ls ckjg&iQhV pkS M+ s dejs ij Nr Nk ldrk gS A blesa rhu ydM+ h ds cRrksa dks vkil es a Bks ddj ,d dS ph a cukuh gksxhA ;g dS ph a nhokj ij cSB xhA s bu dS fp;ks a a ds fy, vkS j fdlh rjg dh Vs d dh t:jr ugha iM+rh gSA ija ijkxr ydM+ h dh Nrs a [kus ns es a lq a nj yxrh agS] ija rq mues a cgqr T;knk ydM+ h yxrh FkhA mudks cukus esa Hkh T;knk dkjhxjh yxrh Fkh] tks vc ea gxh vkSj yZ nq HkHk gksrh tk jgh gSA
TIMBER is becoming too scarce and costly. Galvanised iron and asbestos-cement sheets use less timber, but iron rusts and is very hot to live under while those who work in asbestos factories an who live and work under asbestos-cement roofs tend to develop lung cancer, so we should discourage its manufacture and use. Reinforced Reinfor ced cement concrete slabs are very costly and use a lot of iron and cement. As there is quite a lot of unnecessary concrete in an orthodox RCC slab we can replace some of this redundant concrete with any light weight-cheap wei ght-cheap materials in order to reduce the overall overal l cost of the slab. This alternative RCC roof is called called a FILLER SLAB. For fillers we can use lightweight lightweight bricks, or Mangalore or country tiles til es etc. This will reduce the cost of the orthodox RCC slab by about 30 or 35%. As roofs and intermediate floors account for 20 to 25% of the total cost of a house, the saving by using a Filler slab is considerable. The top picture shows how two waste Mangalore tiles together form an excellent light weight filler, and how they are placed between the steel reinforcement rods, creating a grid of RCC ribs or beams. The lower picture shows a section through the slab.
yks gs vkS j ,Wlcs LVl&lhea s V dh pknjks a ls cuh Nrks a es a de ydM+ h yxrh gSA ysfdu yksgk tax idM+ ys rk gS] vkS j Vhu dh Nr xfeZ; ska es a cgqr rirh gSA ,Wlcs LVl dh [knkuks a vkS j dkj[kkuks a esa dke djus okys etnwj vkSj ,WlcsLVl&lhea s V dh Nrks a ds uhps jgus okyksa dks iQsiQM+ aks dk dS alj gks us dk vans'kk jgrk gSA blhfy, ,WlcsLVl dh pknjks a dk cukuk gh ,dne de djuk pkfg,A daØhV ls
IN districts where there is good strong mature bamboo available, the steel reinforcement rods in conventional reinforced rei nforced cement concrete can be replaced by bamboo. This is possible because the tensile strength of some good types of bamboo is very similar to that of steel rods. The only disadvantage is that it needs experience to know which is a “good” bamboo that will not rot away, and as each bamboo varies in quality from other bamboos; it is not possible to calculate with accuracy the strength of a slab. However, However, the bamboo system is perfectly adequate and “safe” for small roofs, sleeping lofts, shelves, benches, work tables, stair treads. The top sketch is a full size section through a slab; the lower one shows how split bamboo strips are wired together to form the necessary reinforcement reinfor cement in a concrete slab.
,s ls bykdksa es a tgka vPNs ] ids cka l feyrs gSa ] ogka da ØhV LySc esa yks gs dh lfj;k dh ctk, cka l bLrs eky fd;k tk ldrk gS A ;g blfy, eq efdu gS] D;ks afd dqN vPNs izdkj ds ckalksa dh etcw rh yks gs dh lfj;k ftruh gks rh gSA ij cka l ds bLrs eky esa Fkks M+s vuqHko dh t:jr gSA blds fy, ;g ekywe gks uk t:jh gS] fd dkS u lk cka l vPNk gS vkS j tYnh lM+ xk s ughaA vkSj D;ks fd a gjsd cka l ds .k xq ,d&nwljs ls vyx gks xsa ] blfy, LyS c dh etcwrh dk fuf'pr vuqeku Hkh yxkuk laHko ugha gks xkA ckal ds iz ;ks x ls Nks Vh Nrs a] lksus dh vVkjh] r[r] csUp] dke djus dh es t] lh<+h vkfn dks etcw r vkS j lq jf{kr cuk;k tk ldrk gSA mQij ds fp=k esa LyS c dk dVku fn[kk;k x;k gSA fupys fp=k es a iQVs cka l dh ifV~V;ks a dks vkil es a rkj ls cka/ / dj da ØhV LyS c dh etcw rh ds fy, rkuk&ckuk rS ;kj fd;k x;k gSA
A good nature bamboo can also be split in half and used as a permanent shuttering for reinforced cement concrete ribs between brick units (three burnt bricks previously joined together with mortar to form a small slab). This is a rural version ver sion of an orthodox reinforced brick slab (RBC). (RBC) .
;gka ij xka o ds edku dh ,d Nr fn[kkbZ xbZ gSA blesa igys rks rhu&rhu Vks abZ a dks vkil ea s elkys ls tks M+dj NksVs&NksVs ls LyS c rS ;kj fd, tkrs gSa A ,d vPNs vkSj ids cka l dks chp esa ls nks fgLlks a esa iQkM+ k tkrk gS A ckal ds bu dM+ Vq ksa dks LFkk;h rkSj ij nks abZV aks ds LySc aks ds chp es a da ØhV dh iVfj;ksa tS ls yxk;k tkrk gSA
MODERN houses with no overhanging roof, as in the upper picture, allow the walls to absorb rain and heat from the sun. The upper parts of the rails also quickly look ugly because moss and fungus develops. If roofs extend over the walls, as in the “old fashioned” houses, they protect the walls from f rom heat and fungus. In practice this means that “Modern” house walls need to be plastered and painted (thus adding considerably to the cost) while houses with wit h good overhanging roofs remain dry and cool and plaster pl aster and paint are not necessary. neces sary.
vk/q fud ?kjks a dh Nrsa T;knk vkxs dks ugha fudyh gksrh gS aA bl dkj.k nhokjs a ] cjlkr dk ikuh vkS j lw jt dh /w i lks[krh gS aA nhokj ds mQijh fgLlksa ij tYnh gh dkbZ vkSj iQiQw na mx vkrh gS ] tks fd ns[kus es a Hkn~nh yxrh gSA iq jkus iQS 'ku okys ?kjksa esa Nrs a nhokj ds dkiQh vkxs rd fudyh gqbZ gks rh FkhaA ,s lh Nrs a nhokj dks ckfj'k] /wi vkSj iQiQw na ls cpkrh FkhaA bldk eryc ;g gqvk fd ^vk/qfud* edkuks a dh nhokjksa dks ckgj ls iyLrj vkSj is aV djuk iM+ rk gSA bl ij dkiQh [kpkZ vk tkrk gSA tcfd vkxs fudyh Nrks a okys edku lw[ks vkS j BaMs cus jgrs gS aA mUgs a ckgj ls iyLrj vkSj is UV djus dh t:jr Hkh ugha iM+ rh gSA
ARCHITECTS, designers and builders put a lot of little “extras” on to their buildings to make them, they think, look “nice” or look “fashionable”, or to “compete” with neighbouring buildings. Usually these gimmicks serve no useful purpose and merely add unnecessarily to the cost of the building. Most materials have their own special characteristics and if used honestly and simply they contribute to the “looks” of a building merely from their colour, colour, their texture and the patterns formed by joining them together. together. There is no need to cover cover them over with costly finishes. Let a brick wall look like a brick wall and a stone wall should look like a stone wall. Concrete should look like concrete and not be plastered or painted to look like marble. A common foolish practice, which is costly and deceitful as well as stupid, is to build a brick wall, scrape out the joints, plaster it all over with cement plaster and then paint on it lines l ines and rectangles to make it look like a brick wall! If you do this sort of thing you deserve to have to pay 10% more for your house than your sensible neighbour who builds a good brick wall and enjoys enj oys the look of it.
vkjdhVsDV] fMtk;uj vkS j Bsd nkj s edkuksa es a cs dkj vkS j iQkyrw dk dkiQh rke&>ke yxkrs gS a A mUgsa yxrk gS fd rke&>ke ls edku dh 'kksHkk Hkk c<+ sxh vkSj og iM+ ks lh ds edku ls T;knk iQS 'kus fcy fn[kus yxs xkA ijarq T;knkrj rke>ke yxkus ls dsoy edku dh dher gh c<+rh gS A gjsd eky & tS ls iRFkj] V] bZa lhes aV dh viuh dqN fo'ks "krk;sa gks rh gS aA vxj mUgsa ekunkjh bZ ls iz ;ksx fd;k x;k gks rks ?kj ds fn[kkos es a muds x] ja lrg vkS j tks M+ ks a ds uew uks a ls gh pkj pka n yx ldrs gSa A mUgs a ea gxs iyLrj] x&jks ja xu vkfn ls
COMMON money wasters are the little sunshades of reinforced concrete and plaster over windows and doors. A good roof overhang would have served the purpose better. Sometimes you see the roof overhang AND a sunshade immediately beneath it! Very often there is not only the thin concrete slab which forms the canopy or sunshade and then, for no good reason, a little nine inch high parapet wall is added all round the outer edge of the sun shade and a little spout or pi pipe pe is inserted to let out water which will accumulate. All this t his means money and trouble. Don’t do it.
njoktksa vkS j f[kM+ fd;ksa ds mQij vkj lh lh (RCC) vkSj iyLrj ds NTts cukuk fiQtw y[kphZ dh ,d vke felky gSA nhokj ds ckgj yVdrh Nr bl dke dks csgrj djrh gSA dHkh&dHkh rks vkxs fudyh Nr ds ,dne uhps NTtk ns[kus dks feyrk gSA dHkh&dHkh rks da ØhV ds NTtks a ds pkjksa vks j yks x ukS& p ba mQa ph eq aM js Hkh cka/ nsrs gS a vkS j mles a ls ikuh fudkyus ds fy, ,d ikbWi Hkh ?kqlk ns rs gSAa okg jh vDy! /wi vkS j ikuh ls cpus ds fy, cu;k NTtk [kqn ,d NksVh lh ikuh dh Va dh cu x;k! bu lc es a lks iS a dh fiQtwy[kphZ vkSj cjcknh gSA ,slk u djsa A
THE top right hand picture shows one of the currently fashionable reinforced concrete gimmicks beloved by Engineers and Fancy Architects. Beams unnecessarily protrude and are often doubled, and spaces between the RC columns and fitted with wi th sloping slabs of concrete, concret e, which are costly and collect dirt and dust. In 99 cases out of a 100 a complete reinforced concrete frame structure is totally unnecessary unnecessary for ordinary houses or apartments up to three storeys high. Ordinary Ordinar y 9-inch brick walls (etc.) are perfectly perfectl y adequate to be used as load bearing walls and can well carry the load If floors fl oors and roofs without any necessity for RC columns. These latter are merely merel y an extra expense.
bu fp=kksa es a fn[kk;k x;k gS fd fdl rjg nhokj ds pkjksa vks j cuk NTtk nhokj dh fgiQktr djrk gSA mQijh ck;sa gkFk dk fp=k vktdy ds vk/qfud vkSj iQS alh fMtk;u djus okys bathfu;jks a ds fnekx dh mit gSA bles a csgn fiQtwy[kphZ gSA blesa 'kgrhjs ckgj dks fudyh gS a] vkS j vDlj nks gjh gS aA bues
SMALL flat-roofed boxes in long rows absorb a lot of heat from the t he sun, as seen in the upper sketch. Pitched roofs absorb less heat and of course still less heat is absorbed if fruit frui t shade trees are grown on the south and west side of houses, the houses are very much more comfortable to live in.
tSlk fd mQij okys fp=k esa fn[krk gS fd drkjks a esa cus likV Nr okys NksVs ?kj lw jt dh T;knk xehZ lks[krs gSAa
THE greatest building need in India is to provide houses for between twenty and thirty million homeless families. If we are to build them at all we must of necessity make all the economies we can. Government and other building organisations charge “Establishment Charges” which pay for the t he topheavy infrastructures, such as their own office blocks, staff, transport facilities etc. Not enough money remains to buy materials and pay for simple labour to put up 20 million mill ion small simple houses.
Hkkjr es a edkuks a dh lcls l[r t:jr mu 2&3 djksM+ ifjokjks a dks gS tks ,dne cs ?kj agSA vxj gesa bu ?kjksa dks cukuk gS rks ges a mudh fuekZ.k dher es a T;knk ls T;knk deh djuh iM+ xhA s ljdkjh fMikVZ es Va vkSj vU; la xBu tks ?kj cukus ds dke esa yxs gSa & oks [kq n vius mQij cgq r vf/d [kpkZ djrs agS A vkfiQl dk [kpZ] mQaph ru[okg okys thfu;j] ba thi&dkj vkfn dh otg ls muds [kpsZ cgq r T;knk gks rs gSa A ljdkj ds ikl 2&djksM+ lLrs] NksVs ?kjksa ds fy, lkeku [kjhnus vkS j etnwjh nsus ds fy, iS ls ugha gSa A
IN place of these costly complex organisations we need to isolate i solate this simple, single-track goal and use the minimum infrastructure: infrastructure: to get this one big task of putting up 25 million houses. Instead of duplicating these big costly organisations all over the country, we need one first class administrator-planner administrat or-planner at the top - not an architect archit ect nor an engineer but a first rate rat e business manager. At his fingertips must be teams of “buyers” to locate and assemble local, plentifully available in expensive materials on the sites where these 25 million houses will be built. Again these trained “buyers” will not be architects or engineers. There will be surveyors to peg out sites and buildings, accountants to pay for materials and labour on the spot, and of course 99.9% of our new establishment consists of masons and labourers. No high rise offices, no vans and cars, only a few jeeps j eeps and lorries. No contractors and no engineers. All we really need is land, and money for materials and manpower, to get 25 million houses built buil t quickly, efficiently and beautifully. beauti fully.
;g ljdkjh] tfVy vkS j ea gxs laxBu dHkh Hkh us okyk ,d dq'ky iz'kkld gksuk pkfg,A pkfg ,A bl iz dk'kd dks mu lkjh Vksfy;ks a ds irs ekywe gks axs] tks ekS dk iM+ us ij LFkkuh;] lLrs eky ls ;g de&ykxr ds
Inexpensive
Foundation & Basement
Main Walls
Mud with Bamboo Reinforcement R Mud Pies, Roly-Poly Compressed Blocks R
Mortar Mud R
Plaster and Wall Finishes
Door and Window Frames
Door and Window Shutters
Flooring
Floor between two stories
Roofing
No Plaster Zero
Expensive
Stone in Mud RR
Laterite or Stone in Mud and Pointed RR
Lime and Sand RR
Lime Wash over Brick or Mud R
Stone in Lime or Cement Plaster RRR
Brick in Cement Mortar on a Concrete Base RRRRR
Stone in Cement Mortar on a Concrete Base RRRRR
Brick in Mud and Cement Pointing RRR
Brick in Cement or Lime Mortar RRRR
Cement and other fancy blocks in Cement RRRRR
Lime and Surkhi and Sand RRR
Lime and Cement and Sand RRRR
Cement and Sand RRRRR
Lime Cement and Sand RRRR
Cement and Sand RRRRR
Jack Fruit Tree, other woods etc. RRR
Metal Frames RRRR
RC Frames RRRRR
Earth, Dung and lime RR
No Frame Zero
Country Wood RRR
Brick Jali Zero
Single Plank R
Board and Baton RRR
Wood Panels RRRR
Cement Plaster over brickbats RR
Burnt clay tiles over brickbats RRR
Black or Red oxide and Cement Plaster over Concrete RRRR
Plank over timber joists RR
RCC filler slab RR
Double Funicular Shell on Ribs RR
Various Prefab Units RRR
RCC Slab RRRRR
Thatch on bamboo R
Mangalore tile on timber RRR
RCC filler slab RRR
Various Prefab Units RRRR
RCC slab RRRRR
Lime and Surkhi over brickbats R
Glass and Wood Panels RRRRR
Mosaic over concrete RRRRR
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mQij lhes V a iyLrj j j j daØhV ds
j j j j j nks&ea &ea ftyks a ds chp ds iQ'kZ
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vkj lh lh dk fiQyj LySc j j
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ON the opposite page is an OPTION TABLE. TABLE. It is by no means exhaustive, but it shows from top to bottom the various main units units in a house the foundations, foundations, the walls, the doors, the roof roof and so on. From side to side it shows the various alternatives for each building unit. unit. The simplest and least expensive ideas are on the left increasing to the expensive method on the right. The letter R at the top right hand corner of each square represents RUPEES. One R is a small amount while five RRRRR RRRRR’’s means “expensive” Obviously Obviously rate and price vary from place to place and from one period in time to another so we can only indicate which item are likely to be expensive and which are not. The important word is “OPTION”. The choice of materials, material s, techniques etc, is YOURS! You are not bound to choose one whole column on the left - or one column on the right. You You make your choice in each horizontal line. If extra funds are available you can choose a little from the right. Your Your land may be so bad, that you must choose RRRR for your foundation, but then your main walls need only be R. You may cut out windows’ and go in for jali, in which case there is no ‘R ‘ R’ in the window column! And so on. What must be understood is that we cannot build 25 million houses if our choices come from the right hand side columns! 25 MILLION FAMILIES WITHOUT HOMES! REDUCE BUILDING COSTS AND BUILD THEM NOW!
blds igys iUus ij ,d rkfydk gS ftles a vki viuh bPNk vkSj {kerk ds vuqlkj pq u ldrs gSa A bles a lHkh laHkkouk;s H kkouk;sa rks ugha fn[kkbZ gS a] fiQj Hkh bles a ?kj dh eq [; bdkb;ka rks fn[kkbZ gSa tSls & vk/kj (uhao)] nhokjs a] fdokM+] Nr vkfnA bl rkfydk es a ck;s a ls nk;s a rd fuekZ .k lkexz h ds vyx&vyx fodYi fn;s gS a A blesa lcls lLrk eky ck;ha vksj vkSj lcls ea gxk eky nk;ha vks j gSA izR;s d [kkus ds mQijh nkfgus dks us esa jQi;ksa dks ^j* v{kj ls n'kkZ ;k x;k gS A ,d ^j* ds ekus lLrk vkSj ^jjjjj* ds ekus cgq r ea gxkA oS ls njs a vkS j dhers a txg vkSj le; ds eqrkfcd cnyrh jgrh gSAa bl rkfydk es a phtksa ds eagxs vkS j lLrs gks us ds lad rs ek=k gS aA bles a ew y 'kCn ^bPNk* gS A lkeku vkS j rduhd dk p;u vkidh ethZ ij gSA vki fdlh Hkh lkeku dks pquus ds fy, ca /s/s ugha gS aA vki ck;s a ls nk;s a rd ds [kkuksa es a ls fdlh ,d dks pq u ldrs gSa A vxj vkids ikl dq N T;knk iS ls gks a rks Fkks M+s nk;sa gkFk dk [kkuk pq u ldrs gS aA gks ldrk gS fd vkidh tehu bruh [kjkc [k jkc gks fd vki vk/kj ds fy, ^jjjjj* dks pq us a ] vkSj fiQj eq[; nhokj ds fy, ds oy ^j* pqu as A gks ldrk gS fd vki f[kM+ fd;ksa dh txg tkyh dk bLrs eky djs a ftlls fd dher esa vkS j deh vk tk,A cl bl ckr dks ges 'kk è;ku j[ksa fd vxj ?kj fuekZ .k es a yxk gj lkeku ea gxk gks xk rc ge dHkh Hkh
