60 minutes to learn the Thai Alphabet! The Original Original & Best book, for learning the thai thai alphabet alphabet in recor record d time
Jazz azzano.com ano.com - the world's leading Don't miss out on the latest offers from our sponsors J online tailors Custom tailore tailored d shirts & pants, delivere delivered d f or free worldwide within 10 days! days! Now you can learn learn the Thai alphabet alphabet in minu minutes, tes, with this this advanced advanced visual visual memory memory technique! technique! Travellers Travellers to Thailand, Thailand, tourists and Business Business people will will all find find this ebook essential essential for travelling travelling or working in Thailand! Thailand!
About the Thai Alphabet There are 44 consonants in the Thai alphabet, alphabet, and 32 vowels. vowels. However, some so me of these vowels are just long and short versions of each other, so it is actually only only necessary to learn around 20 20 different different vowel shapes!
Thai Tones Thai words are broken up into into syllabl syllables, es, and each syllabl syllablee has a distinct distinct tone. t one. The five five tones in Thai are as follows: 1. Low (said in the lower part of your voice's register) 2. Middle (said in the middle part of your register) 3. High (said in the higher part - as if you are calling someone at a distance) 4. Falling (like the word no , when saying oh no if you are disappointed) 5. Rising (like the tone used, when asking someone if they are coming along: coming? )
How consonants affect the syllable's Tone? Thai consonants are broken into into 3 groups or classes: classes: called called low, middle middle and high for for convenience convenience.. These names names don't mean that the syllabl syllablee will be low, middle middle or high high tone - the names names of these groups gr oups might might as well as be 1,2 and 3 - it's just a way of separating separating the consonants into t hree groups. The reason you need to know the class, class, is because the class affects how t he syllabl syllablee is pronounced, so when you learn the thai consonant, you will will have to recall r ecall its sound and its class. The rules for determining determining the tone to ne of a syllab syllable le are given given in the Tones Section, at the end of the t he book, but we'll give a quick example here, to give you an idea of why you must learn the classes: Example 1:
When a High Class consonant with the sound s , is followed by a dead-sound (ie a sound that ends quickly), like like at or ad , then the tone t one of the syllabl syllablee is Low. Example 2:
When a High Class Class consonan co nsonantt with the sound s , is followed followed by an open o pen sound (a sound that t hat endures longer, like like a long vowel or a nasal sound like like n or m that kind of hums on), then the Tone T one of the syllabl syllablee is a Rising Rising Tone! Seems complicated, complicated, but there is a memory memory technique to remember remember these rules in seconds, seconds, in the final final chapter, that deals with with the tones. t ones. For now just be aware that you'll you'll need to remember remember the class as well as the sounds of the thai letters - easy really, really, with the t he special technique you'll you'll learn about in the next section.
Introduction to the consonants For now, lets just concentrate on learning the sound of each letter, and its class. Certain Thai letters also have different different sounds, sounds, depending depending on whether the letter appears at the t he start or end of the syllable. So in summary, summary, when when you you look at a Thai Letter, Letter , you must must be able to recall three things: things: 1. its sound when its at the start st art of o f a syllabl syllablee 2. its sound at the end of a syllable 3. its class.
The memory Technique The memory technique which we'll use to learn the alphabet, is best illustrated with an example. Take a look at the thai t hai letter letter below on the left, left, and notice how it resembles the image image to the right:
= Chariot Traveller
When a High Class consonant with the sound s , is followed by a dead-sound (ie a sound that ends quickly), like like at or ad , then the tone t one of the syllabl syllablee is Low. Example 2:
When a High Class Class consonan co nsonantt with the sound s , is followed followed by an open o pen sound (a sound that t hat endures longer, like like a long vowel or a nasal sound like like n or m that kind of hums on), then the Tone T one of the syllabl syllablee is a Rising Rising Tone! Seems complicated, complicated, but there is a memory memory technique to remember remember these rules in seconds, seconds, in the final final chapter, that deals with with the tones. t ones. For now just be aware that you'll you'll need to remember remember the class as well as the sounds of the thai letters - easy really, really, with the t he special technique you'll you'll learn about in the next section.
Introduction to the consonants For now, lets just concentrate on learning the sound of each letter, and its class. Certain Thai letters also have different different sounds, sounds, depending depending on whether the letter appears at the t he start or end of the syllable. So in summary, summary, when when you you look at a Thai Letter, Letter , you must must be able to recall three things: things: 1. its sound when its at the start st art of o f a syllabl syllablee 2. its sound at the end of a syllable 3. its class.
The memory Technique The memory technique which we'll use to learn the alphabet, is best illustrated with an example. Take a look at the thai t hai letter letter below on the left, left, and notice how it resembles the image image to the right:
= Chariot Traveller
The similarity similarity is high-li high-lighted, ghted, by the dashed da shed red-line in the image. The picture resembles resembles a Chariot Chariot with a Traveller Traveller onboard, o nboard, driving driving through a High Mountainous Mountainous Terrain Terr ain..
This image image encodes all the information information that you need t o recall, when when looking looking at t his his Thai letter. 1. Its sound is Ch (chariot), (chariot), when at the start st art of o f a syllabl syllablee 2. Its sound is T (traveller), when at the end of a syllable 3. Its It s class is High, symboli symbolised sed by the high high mountainous mountainous terrain in the background
Memorising the Classes To help you memorise the classes, we represent the three different classes, with different backgrounds: 1. High class consonants have a mountainous background 2. Middle class consonants have an urban background 3. Low class consoants have a sea level, sea-side background - simple and logical! How it works in Practice:
1. You look at the Thai letter and automatical auto matically ly think think of the image. 2. The easy-to-remember title will spring to mind and tell you the sounds. 2. The image's background will tell you the class (low, middle, high) Easy and remarkably remarkably effective! effective!
About Memorisation: Memorisation: The key to memorisation memorisation is to get a foot-hold on what you are tryi t rying ng to remember. remember. The thai alphabet alphabet is something something you've you've never seen before, and is pretty alien alien,, so the best way to get your head around it, it, is to find things things that it resembles, resembles, and create creat e connections with what you know. This book has done that already for you, so you have an automatic connection for every letter, shaving shaving months months off the learning process.
Concentrating on the letters Concentrate on how t he letter resembles resembles the image, and how the image's image's title encodes the sounds of the thai letter.
Visualise the situation in your mind until you clearly see the resemblances. Remember that the background will encode the consonant's class. There are some explanatory notes to the right of each image, which should only be necessary the first time you look at the image. So the next time you see the Thai character, just think of the image that the letter resembles. The title and background will spring to mind without effort. Then you'll automatically know the letter's sounds, and class!
How to approach the learning process Visualise each image in your mind, and then move on to t he next one - don't sweat or worry about it. Don't overly tax yourself, instead just spend 20 to 30 minutes looking at some images, and then take a break for around 10 mintues. Come back and cover up the images, and try to remember the image, title and background, from looking at the thai letter. Don't worry about not memorising it perfectly first time off - just get an idea of things.
Revision Move on, and try some new images, or take a break until the next day.The key to remembering though, is to repeat your exposure to the images often, until you remember them. An example of a revision schedule would be something like this: Practice and revise the images 10 minutes after the first exposure. And then, 1 day after the first session, a couple of days after, a week after, a month after etc. The images are like a scaffolding that will help you to build your memory of the letters, and will fall away after, as your mind automatically recognises the sounds and class of the letters.
Low Class Consonants The 24 Low Class Consonants are grouped t ogether in the following pages. In each of the images, there is a seaside (low-level) background, to help you to recall that you are looking at a low class consonant.
= Training Somebody Training with a dumbell down at Venice Beach! So the sound is T.
= Chained Tree
The shape resembles: the image of a person Chained to a Tree, at the beach. So the sound is Ch when its at the start of a syllable, and T at t he end of a syllable.
= Chart Teacher The shape resembles: the image of a Chart and a Teacher, explaining marine life. So the sound is Ch when its at the start of a syllable, and T at t he end of a syllable.
= Tanning (note: we won't repeat the words the shape resembles from here on) A man sitting on a deck chair Tanning, and looking out across the ocean. So the sound is T.
= Kwai A man standing by the bridge over the river Kwai. So the sound is K.
= Finished Picking Somebody Finished Picking coconuts, near the sea. So the sound is F at t he start of a syllable and P at the end of a syllable.
= Hat Somebody taking off their hat, before going swimming. So the sound is H.
= Kart
Somebody's hand guiding along a Kart with icecreams at the beach. So the sound is K.
= Lamb Nourished A Lamb being Nourished, at the beach. So the sound is L at the start of a syllable and N at the end of a syllable.
= Lawn Neat Somebody mowing the Lawn Neatly, with the ocean rolling behind them. So the sound is L at the start of a syllable and N at the end of a syllable.
= Moped A Moped Driving downhill on a costal road. So the sound is M.
= Nesting A bird Nesting comfortably in the sun at t he beach. So the sound is N.
= Nurse A Nurse helping someone that has come out of the water. So the sound is N.
= Pants A Pants lying on the beach, after someone popped in for a swim. So the sound is P.
= Pistol A Pistol that was thrown into the sea.
So the sound is P.
= Rainy November Somebody walking along the strand with an umbrella, on a Rainy November. So the sound is R at the start of a syllable and N at the end of a syllable.
= Swan Tail A Swan and its large graceful Tail, gliding along by the shore. So the sound is S at t he start of a syllable and T at the end of a syllable.
= Tiger A Tiger down by the sea, tethered to a pole, trying to pull away from it. So the sound is T.
= Tongue A large Tongue lapping at the water down at the beach!
So the sound is T.
= Whale Ocean A Whale swimming in the Ocean. So the sound is W at the start of a syllable and O at the end of a syllable. (when it appears at the end it's often after t he letter a , so the combination ao will sound like the ao in Laos.)
= Yacht Iceberg A Yacht moving towards an Iceberg. So the sound is Y at the start of a syllable and I at the end of a syllable.
= Yoked Neddy A Yoked donkey called Neddy, taking seaweed from the beach. So the sound is Y at the start of a syllable and N at the end of a syllable.
= Angling A person angling in the sea. So the sound is Ng.
= Karate Somebody practicing Karate on the beach. So the sound is K.
Middle Class Consonants The 9 Middle Class Consonants are presented on the following pages. The images, have an urban (mid-level) background of grey, and pink neon, to help you to recall that you are looking at a middle class consonant.
= Beer-Pitcher A Beer-Pitcher on a table in a town-square. So the sound is like a strong B, represented usually as Bp. (note: we use the hyphenated word, to represent the bp. Look at this as a one word title, ie same sound whether at the start or end of a syllable)
= Bin Pollution A Bin and some more Pollution beside it on the street. So the sound is B at the start of a syllable and P at the end of a syllable.
= Door Trader A Door Trader, stepping into a house. So the sound is D at the start of a syllable and T at the end of a syllable.
= Ghost Kids Ghost Kids walking along the street in a ghost town. So the sound is G at the start of a syllable and K at the end of a syllable.
= Jaws Tyrannosaurus
The Jaws of a Tyrannosaurus making for a car. So the sound is J at the start of a syllable and T at the end of a syllable.
= Dinner Time A bird on a tree, looking at a fish in a suburban pond and thinking to himself: Dinner Time. So the sound is D at the start of a syllable and T at the end of a syllable.
= Dental-Test A dental-test on a tooth, in the town. The sound is often represented as Dt, and sounds like a strong D.
= Awning Somebody standing under a street Awning. So the sound is Aw.
= Dressing-Toddler A person Dressing a Toddler in a house. So the sound is like a strong "d" sound, usually represented as "dt". In this book we use a hyphenated word to help you remember this.
High Class Consonants The 11 High Class Consonants are presented on the following pages. The images have a moutainous (highlying) background, to help you to recall that you are looking at a high class consonant.
= False Peak A person on a Peak, that he discovers to be a False-Peak, when he sees the next peak up ahead! So the sound is F at t he start of a syllable and P at the end of a syllable.
= Horns A cow's Horns, with the moutain pastures behind. So the sound is H.
= Kuwait The flame on an oil tower in Kuwait, with mountains behind. So the sound is K.
= Peak Somebody after reaching a mountain Peak. So the sound is P.
= Smoke Turnoff Somebody who finds Smoke a Turnoff, compared to the moutain air. So the sound is S at t he start of a syllable and T at the end of a syllable.
= Swing Training
A person concentraing on their Swing Training in the moutains. So the sound is S at t he start of a syllable and T at the end of a syllable.
= Tractor A Tractor getting stuck on the mountains, and the mud flying up off the front wheels. So the sound is T.
= Trekker Somebody Trekking across the mountains. So the sound is T.
= Storm Thunderbolt A person in a moutain Storm, being struck by a Thunderbolt. So the sound is S at t he start of a syllable and T at the end of a syllable.
= Chariot Traveller A Chariot with a Traveller onboard, trundling down a mountain pass. So the sound is Ch at the start of a syllable and T at the end of a syllable.
= Kilos Somebody checking how many Kilos they weigh, before going on the K-2 Expedition (one of the most treacherous peaks in the Himalayas) . So the sound is K.
Thai Vowels There are 32 vowels in total. Many of these are just long and short versions of each other, so there are really only 20 to learn, and the rest are logical derivations.
The Shortening Symbol: This symbol is placed after certain vowels, and shortens their sound. So many of the 32 vowels are just shortened versions of the basic vowels, by adding this symbol. We present the 20 different vowels that you need to learn, as the rest are just shortened versions, when "the shortening" symbol is added. The Position of Thai Vowels Thai vowels don't always occur directly after a consonant, like they do in English. For example the sound ae, like the "a" sound in athlete, represented by consonant, to which it belongs. So to write the word Mae (ie mother), we would write it as:
, actually appears before the
Memorising the Position You'll begin to automatically remember the positioning of thai vowels, by seeing them in sentences. However to give you a head start, we've included a background in each image, that encodes the position of the vowel.
Vowels occuring: 1. Before other letters: Early morning background, like the before part of the day. 2. After other letters: Night-time background, like the after part of the day. 3. On top of other letters. We use the moutainous background to remind you of a High Location 4. Below other letters: the seaside background, to help your recall that it's a Low Location. 5. around other letters (Multiple-symbol vowels, that sandwich other letters ): We use the pink urban background, to remind you that the other letters are in the middle location.
The Automatic Vowel Note: if two consonants appear beside each other, the following vowel sound is automatically inserted between the two letters: o, like the "o" sound in other.
= Arch The shape resembles: An Archway So the sound is Ah. The night-time Background (after part of the day), will help you remember that it occurs after other letters.
= Attack (or shorten) The shape resembles: Someone Attacking with boxing gloves.
So the sound is A. The night-time Background (after part of the day), will help you remember that it occurs after other letters. ----------------------It's also used after other vowels to shorten their sound.
= Ammo Ammo leaving a hunter's rifle. So the sound is Am. The night-time Background (after part of the day), will help you remember that it occurs after other letters.
= Aid An Aid drop from a plane. So the sound is like ai in aid, or é in French. Its represented as E usually. The morning-time background, will help you remember that it occurs after other letters.
= Eyeglasses Eyeglasses.
So the sound is like eye. (Represented usually as ai.) The morning-time Background (before part of the day), will help you remember that it occurs before other letters.
= Eyeglass An Eyeglass. So the sound is like eye, represented usually as ai. The morning-time Background (before part of the day), will help you remember that it occurs before other letters.
= Athlete Athlete's legs. So the sound is A in Athlete, represented usually as ae. The morning-time Background (before part of the day), will help you remember that it occurs before other letters.
= Opener An Opener for bottles. So the sound is O in opener, represented usually as oh.
The morning-time Background (before part of the day), will help you remember that it occurs before other letters.
= Piano A lady singing by a piano, with musical notes coming out! So the sound is like ia in Piano. These letters occur around a thai consonant:
= Owl An owl, sitting on a tree branch. So the sound is like ow in owl. Usually represented as ao (like Laos). These letters occur around a thai consonant.
= Earth
A rocket launch from Earth. So the sound is like the "ea" sound at the start of earth, usually represented as er (don't pronouce the r). These letters occur around a thai consonant.
=
= Eu + Earth = Eua
Eua There is a bit of creative logic above, to help you recall this one!
= Euu A snail. Imagine someone saying Euuh! when they see the snail So the sound is Euu, represented usually as euu or euh. Moutainy background => on top of other letters.
= Eu! A cute snail. Imagine someone saying Eu! quickly. So the sound is Eu, represented usually as eu, with a shorter sound than the previous letter.
Moutainy background => on top of other letters.
= Eagle An eagle's claw. So the sound is ee (like the e sound in eagle, represented usually as ee). Moutainy background => on top of other letters.
= Eek! A little creature saying eek! when it sees the eagle's claw. So the sound is ee! (Same sound as ea in eagle, but shorter.) Moutainy background => on top of other letters.
= Acrobat An acrobat flying through the air. So the sound is a. Moutainy background => on top of other letters.
= Oo-ah A diver jumping into a pool. Imagine the crowd chanting OOh AAh! So the sound is ooah. Night-time + moutain background => above and after other letters.
= Boot A boot.
So the sound is oo, like the oo sound in boot. Sea-side background => low => below other letters. (=> means "that implies")
= Short Boot A short boot. So the sound is a short oo, like the oo sound in boot, said quickly. Sea-side background => low => below other letters.
Thai Numbers The 10 numbers are shown below. The background of these images doesn't have any special meaning.
= 1 This is the Thai symbol for 1. The shape resembles: Somebody whos just won first place.
= 2 This is the Thai symbol for 2. The shape resembles: A camel, with 2 humps, lapping up some water from a pool.
= 3 This is the Thai symbol for 3. The shape resembles: The number 3 tilted onto its side.
= 4 This is the Thai symbol for 4. The shape resembles: An ornate version of the number 4.
=
5 This is the Thai symbol for 5. The shape resembles: The Five fingers on your hand, holding a skipping rope.
= 6 This is the Thai symbol for 6. The shape resembles: The number 6, with a little bit missing.
= 7 This is the Thai symbol for 7. The shape resembles: A ship anchored at the dock, getting ready to go out on the (High) Seven Seas.
= 8 This is the Thai symbol for 8. The shape resembles: A cat playing with an hour-glass (which resembles the number 8).
= 9 This is the Thai symbol for 9. The shape resembles: Somebody pushing the number 9 onto its side.
= 0 This is the Thai symbol for 0. The shape is more or less the same, hence the mirror reflection!
Tone Marks The following tone marks determine the tone of the syllable, when they are present.
= High Tone This shape resembles: An anchored ship heading out onto the High (Seven) Seas. When this symbol appears above a syllable, its pronounced with a High Tone.
= Rising Tone This shape resembles: A plane Rising off the runway. When this symbol appears above a syllable, its pronounced with a Rising Tone.
= Falling, Falling, High Memory Aid: The Mai-Toh, resembles Batman and his flowing Cape, as he launches himself off of a building! -When he is up High (in the presence of high consonants), he is still Falling! -At the mid level, he is also falling. -But when he gets down low, he takes the High Moral ground, amongst the inhabitants of Gotham City! Rules: The Rules for this symbol (the Mai-Toh) are: Mai-Toh + a High Class Consonant => Falling Tone Mai-Toh + a Middle Class Consonant =>Falling Tone Mai-Toh + a Low Class Consonant =>High Tone
= Low, Low, Falling Memory Aid: The Mai-Ek, resembles an Empty Cone, balanced upside down. -When High consonants jump into it, they end up in the Low Section of the Cone. -When Mid consonants jump into it, they will also drop into the Low Section of the Cone. -However when a Low consonant jumps, he'll miss the opening of the cone, and continue Falling into a hole in the ground! Rules: The Rules for this symbol, (the Mai-Ek) are: Mai-Ek + a High Class Consonant => Low Tone. Mai-Ek + a Middle Class Consonant =>Low Tone. Mai-Ek + a Low Class Consonant =>Falling Tone.
Other Symbols The following symbols are sometimes found in Thai sentences, and it's useful to be able to recognise them.
= Redupication The symbol resembles: Someone taking a bow, as the crowd call "Encore" (ie repeat) When this symbol follows a word, the word is repeated. An example would be the word dek. If dek written down, it's read as if the word were written twice - so it's read as "dek dek".
is
= Shorten This symbol resembles: A cat making a short leap. When this symbol appears above a vowel, the sound of the vowel is shortened.
= Contraction/Abbreviation This symbol resembles: A person Contract ing their biceps. The symbol occurs after an abbreviation. For example, KL the abbreviation for Kuala Lumpur, would appear as KL (if it were a thai word!)
The Tone Rules: Now that you know the consonants, and their classes, the tone rules are easy to determine with the following set of rules. The tone of the syllable is decided by the following factors: Situation 1: Tone Marks (if present) Situation 2: The Consonant Class and Syllable Type
Situation 1 - Tone Marks The tone marks over-ride all the other factors. So when there is a certain tone-mark present, you can easily determine the tone of the syllable - as outlined in the tone marks section.
Situation 2 - Consonant Class & Syllable Type
Consonant Class: You're already familiar with the classification into three groups: low, middle and high. Syllable Type: The syllable type fits into one of two types: extendable or abrupt. Abrupt = A syllable with a short sound. An abrupt syllable essentially means that the syllable ends quickly, and the sound does not continue or "extend". Examples of syllables with sounds that finish "abruptly" include those that end in "d", "t", "b" and "p" - such as "bat", "bap", "dot" etc. Other examples include syllables that end in short vowels like "a", "i" etc - examples are "ja", "dte" etc. Extendable = Syllables with long sounds Extendable sounds, on the other hand, tend to "last longer" or "hum on". Such sounds include long vowel sounds and syllables ending in sounds that tend to "hum on", like "m" and "n". Examples of "extendable" syllables are: ban, bah, dam, doo etc.
Putting them together: Class + Syllable Type Now you'll see how these combine, to form a set of rules, used to determine the tones: Firstly we'll give you an example in a certain format, and explain it. Then we'll list all the other rules.
So this is: A Middle Class Consonant + Extendable Syllable According to the rules that we'll list: Middle Class + Extendable = Middle Tone
How to remember the rules Using the above example, we'll demonstrate how this is easily remembered. Let the letter "M" stand for "Middle" (middle class consonant) and the letter "E" Stand for "Extendable" Now Middle Class + Extendable = Middle Tone can be simplified to: M + E = M, or MEM (ie middle +extendable = middle tone) So to remember that a middle class consonant, in an "extendable syllable", leads to a "middle tone", you can just recall the little formula: MEM. Or to make it easier, think of the word "memory", as the first three letters of memory, are MEM!! You can see how we're gradually leading to something simpler, that can easily be memorised.
What about the other classes ?
Now that you know the format, the rest of the tone rules will be presented, along with a word in brackets that will enable you to remember the rules without effort!
The Tone Rules: Middle Class + Extendable = Middle Tone (MEM or memory) Middle Class + Abrupt = Low Tone (MAL or mall) High Class + Extendable = Rising Tone (HER or her) High Class + Abrupt = Low Tone (HAL or hall) Low Class + Extendable = Middle Tone (LEM or lemon) Low Class + Abrupt Syllable: there is an extra step in deciding the tone, when you are dealing with Low Class consonants, in an Abrupt Syllable - you must also take into account the type of vowel in the syllable: Long vowel, or short vowel.
So this is what we have: Low Class + Abrupt Syllable + Long Vowel = Falling Tone On the other hand, if the vowel sound is short, the "equation" is as follows: Low Class + Abrupt Syllable + Short vowel = High Tone So reducing this to a more compact expression, we are left with the following two rules: Low (L) + Abrupt (A) + Short (S) = High (H)..........ie (LASH or lash)
and: Low (L) + Abrupt (A) + Long (L) = Falling (LALF)
So now we have covered all the tone rules. Check out the summary of all the rules below, along with a short list of words that effectively encapsulate the entire set of rules!
Summary of Tone Rules: Middle Class+ Extendable = Middle Tone (memory) Middle Class + Abrupt = Low Tone (mall) High Class + Extendable = Rising Tone (her) High Class + Abrupt = Low Tone (hall) Low Class + Extendable = Middle Tone (lemon) Low Class + Abrupt + Short Vowel = High Tone (lash) Low Class + Abrupt + Long Vowel = Falling (lalf)
Or simply:
mall, memory her, hall lemon, lash, lalf
Putting the Tone Rules into Practice Now when you look at a thai word, you will first ask yourself: 1. What's the consonant class? 2. What is the syllable type? (3. If these are "low class" and "abrupt", then you must also check if the length of the vowel sound: Long or Short.) Then just use the simple set of words above, to determine the tone (mall, memory, her, hall, lemon, lash, lalf). At first, it'll take some time, to decide what the tone is. But with practice, just from looking at signs and writing, you'll be able to tell the tones automatically! Notes about the terminology used:
We use the terminology abrupt and extendable here, to explain the two different types of syllables. Different books use different words - below is a list of some: Abrupt: Also known as "a closed" or "dead" syllable. Extendable: Also known as "an open" or "live" syllable.
Summary Pages Low Class Consonants
Middle Class Consonants
High Class Consonants
Thai Vowels
Numbers:
Tone Marks:
Other Symbols:
Tone Rules: Middle Class+ Extendable = Middle Tone (memory) Middle + Abrupt = Low Tone (mall)
