Unit 4: Describing Present Actions This unit emphasizes the -ar verbs, how to determine the omitted subject of a sentence, and how to tell what you are not doing by making a sentence negative. Unit Focus Communication
• Express Express likes likes and and dislikes dislikes when when asked asked simpl simplee question questionss (e.g., about toys or other objects). (FL.A.1.1.1) • Express Express likes likes or or dislikes dislikes regar regarding ding variou variouss objects, objects, categories, people, and events present in the everyday environment. environment. (FL.A.1.2.1) • Restate Restate and and rephrase rephrase simpl simplee informat information ion from from materia materials ls presented orally, visually, and graphically in class. (FL.A.2.1.2) • Understan Understand d oral oral message messagess that that are are based based on famil familiar iar themes and vocabulary (e.g., short conversations between familiar persons on familiar topics such as everyday school and home activities). (FL.A.2.1.3) • Give and and underst understand and writte writtenn and verba verball instruc instructions tions using known verbal patterns in the target language. (FL.A.2.2.1) • Provide Provide simpl simplee informa information tion in in spoken spoken form form (e.g., (e.g., descriptions of family members, friends, objects present in his or her everyday environment, or common school and home activities). (FL.A.3.1.1)
Culture
• Recogniz Recognizee patterns patterns of socia sociall behavior behavior or social social interac interaction tion in various settings (e.g., school, family, or immediate community). community). (FL.B.1.1.2) Connections
• Use simple simple vocabula vocabulary ry and phras phrases es to identi identify fy familia familiarr objects and concepts from other disciplines. (FL.C.1.1.1) Comparisons
• Use simple simple vocabula vocabulary ry and short short phras phrases es in the the target target language. (FL.D.1.1.2)
Unit 4: Describing Present Actions Overview
A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought and contains a subject and a verb. Try to write a sentence to tell what you are doing (or not doing) right now without using a verb. You cannot do it, can you? A sentence with a subject but without a verb is not a complete sentence. Just like a sentence without a subject, or an understood subject, is not a complete sentence. In this unit you will learn the following: • -ar verbs (los verbos) • omis omissi sion on of of the the subj subjec ectt • nega negati tive ve sent senten ence ces. s.
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Vocabulario (Vocabulary) Use the list below as a reference for this unit .
-ar Verbs
bailar ................................................ ........................................................................................................ ........................................................ to dance buscar ............................................... ..................................................... to look for caminar ...................................................... ................................................ to walk
........................................................................................................ ........................................................ ... to sing cantar ................................................ cocinar ........................................................ ................................................ to cook comprar ...................................................... .................................................. to buy contestar ..................................................... ............................................ to answer desear .........................................................................................................to want enseñar ....................................................... ............................................... to teach entrar ..........................................................................................................to enter escuchar ................................................................................................to listen to estudiar .....................................................................................................to study ganar ................................................. ........................................................................................... .......................................... to winor to earn
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or to talk ....................................................................................... ..................................... to speak or hablar .................................................. mirar .................................................... ............................... to look ator to watch nadar .................................................... ...................................................... to swim practicar ................................................................................................to practice sacar ..................................................... ...................................... to take (pictures) (pictures) tomar ................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................ to take
...................................................................................................... ...................................................... to work trabajar ................................................ viajar .................................................... ..................................................... to travel
........................................................................................................... ........................................................ to visit visitar ...................................................
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Present Tense Form of nadar —To —To Swim yo nado .......................................................I swim, I am swimming, I do swim
are swimming, swimming, you do swim (informal) (informal) tú nadas ................. you swim, you are swimming, you do swim (formal) (formal) usted nada ................. you swim, you are swimming, él nada ............................................ he swims, he is swimming, he does swim ella nada ................................... she swims, she is swimming, swimming, she does swim nosotros nad amos ........................ we swim, we are are swimming, we do swim
(all males or a mixed group)
nosotras nad amos ........................ we swim, we are are swimming, we do swim
(all females)
ustedes nadan ............ you swim, you are swimming, swimming, you do swim (plural) (plural) ellos nadan ............................ they swim, swim, they are swimming, swimming, they they do swim swim
(all males or a mixed group)
ellas nadan ............................ they swim, swim, they are swimming, swimming, they they do swim swim
(all females)
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Subject Pronouns yo ................................................. ......................................................................................................... ........................................................ .................... I
.................................................................................................... ................................................... you (informal) tú ................................................. usted .................................................... .............................................. you (formal)
.......................................................................................................... ........................................................ ................. he él .................................................. ella ....................................................... ........................................................ ...... she nosotros ............................................... ............ we (all males or or a mixed mixed group) group) nosotras ............................................... ........................................ we (all females) ustedes ................................................ ............................................................................................... ............................................... you (plural)
(all males males or a mixed mixed group) group) ellos ..................................................... ......... they (all ellas ...................................................... ...................................... they (all females)
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Unit 4: Describing Present Actions
Definite Articles el ............................................... ..................................... the (masculine (masculine singular) la .......................................................................................the (feminine singular)
(masculine plural) los ...................................................... ................................ the (masculine las .........................................................................................the (feminine plural)
Indefinite Articles un ...................................................... ...................... aor an (masculine singular) una .............................................................................a or an (feminine singular) unos .................................................. .............................................................................. ............................ some (masculine plural) unas .................................................................................some (feminine plural)
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Words a .............................................................................................................................to
................................................................................................ ............................................... library la biblioteca ................................................. la bicicleta .................................................... ............................................... bicycle bien ...................................................... .................................... fine, well,or good el carro ................................................. ......................................................................................................... ........................................................ ....... car la clase ................................................. ...................................................................................... ..................................... classor classroom el colegio ...................................................... ................................................ school con ............................................... ........................................................ ............. with de ...........................................................................................................................of
......................................................................................................... ........................................................ ........ inor on en ................................................. escuchen .........................................................................................................listen el español ...................................................... ............................................ Spanish las fotos ....................................................................................photos or pictures el inglés ............................................... ....................................................... English el juego ...........................................................................................................game
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Unit 4: Describing Present Actions
el libro ........................................................ .................................................... book la lotería ..................................................... ................................................. lottery mucho ............................................... ................................................... much, a lot la música .......................................................................................................music no .........................................................................................................................no el océano .................................................... ................................................... ocean
.................................................................................................. ............................................... practice la práctica ................................................... las preguntas ...................................................... ................................... questions
..................................................................................... .................................... teacher (male) el profesor ................................................. repitan ........................................................ .................................................. repeat la salsa ........................................................ ......................... salsa (type of dance) los verbos .......................................................................................................verbs el vocabulario .................................................... ................................ vocabulary
........................................................................................................ ........................................................ ................. and y ................................................
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Los verbos (Verbs)
In this section, you will learn about verbs in Spanish that end in -ar. You will learn how to tell what is happening now, in present tense. Verbs are words that express physical action, mental action, or state of being. Verbs tell what the subject of the sentence is, has, does, or feels. This section focuses on action verbs , verbs that show physical or mental action. In Spanish, all verbs have what is called an infinitive form . An infinitive form of a verb is the same as to + the action in English. Example: to dance , to walk , or to eat.
In Spanish, infinitive verbs end in one of the three ways—either -ar , -er , or -ir. Each verb is then conjugated based on its infinitive’s ending. Here are the ways you can recognize an infinitive : • It alwa always ys ends ends in in the the lett letters ers -ar , -er , or -ir. • Its Its mea meani ning ng is alwa always ys to + an action ; for example, nadar means to swim. • It has has no tens tense—i e—itt does does not not tell tell you you if something happened in the past , , is happening now , or will happen in the future .
nadar
To conjugate a verb means to give the various forms of a verb in their proper order. To conjugate a verb implies showing the action as it is performed by various people or breaking the verb down to show who is doing the action. In Spanish, the verb changes to express the tense (for example—present, past, and future) and the ending of the verb changes to agree with the subject. There is a pattern for conjugating regular verbs. Spanish also has irregular verbs, just like English. However, right now we will work with regular verbs. All of the verbs on the next page will follow this same pattern. Therefore, once you learn how to write a verb in its present tense form, you can follow the same pattern for all of the verbs with the same infinitive ending.
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The -ar Verbs
The -ar ending is what makes these words infinitives. Infinitives have no tense. An infinitive is a verb form that is usually preceded by the word to and is used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb in English. Below is a list of common -ar verbs and their meanings. meanings. Common -ar Verbs
236
bailar to dance
cocinar to cook
buscar to look for
comprar to buy
caminar to walk
contestar to answer
cantar to sing
desear to want
Unit 4: Describing Present Actions
enseñar to teach
ganar to win or to earn
entrar to enter
hablar to speak or to talk
escuchar to listen to
mirar to look at or to watch
estudiar to study
nadar to swim
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238
practicar to practice
trabajar to work
sacar to take (pictures)
viajar to travel
tomar to take
visitar to visit
Unit 4: Describing Present Actions
Práctica (Practice) Below are common -ar verbs that show what is happening now. Listen and repeat as the teacher models the following -ar verbs in Spanish. escuchen (listen) repitan (repeat)
bailar ..................... to dance
estudiar ................. to study
buscar .................... to look for
ganar ...................... to win or to earn
caminar ................. to walk
hablar .................... to speak or to talk
cantar ..................... to sing
mirar ...................... to look at or to watch
cocinar ................... to cook
nadar ...................... to swim
comprar ................. to buy
practicar ................ to practice
contestar ................ to answer
sacar ....................... to take (pictures)
desear .................... to want
tomar ..................... to take
enseñar .................. to teach
trabajar .................. to work
entrar ..................... to enter
viajar ...................... to travel
escuchar ................ to listen to
visitar ..................... to visit
Now , listen and repeat the verbs again .
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Changing an -ar Verb to Present Tense
To change an -ar verb to present tense, remove the part of the word that makes it an infinitive. Let’s use nadar (to swim) as our example. Nadar is a regular verb and follows a pattern as it is conjugated. The first thing we must do is remove the letters -ar. nadar (to swim)
remove the -ar: nad
To the part of the word that remains, add letters depending on who is doing the swimming. Follow the conjugation of nadar on the chart below. Forms of nadar (To Swim) With subject prounoun and nadar
240
you remove the -ar and add
to get
which means
yo
o
nado na
I swim I am swimming I do swim
tú
as
nad as
you swim you are swimming you do swim (informal)
usted
a
nad a
you swim you are swimming you do swim (formal)
él
a
nada
he swims he is swimming he does swim
ella
a
nad a
she swims she is swimming she does swim
nosotros
amos
nad amos
we swim we are swimming we do swim (all males or a mixed group)
nosotras
amos
nad amos
we swim we are swimming we do swim (all females)
ustedes
an
nad an
you swim you are swimming you do swim (plural)
ellos
an
nad an
they swim they are swimming they do swim (all males or a mixed group)
ellas
an
nad an
they swim they are swimming they do swim (all females)
Unit 4: Describing Present Actions
In English, we have three different ways to express present tense. In Spanish, there is one. So, the word nado can be the equivalent in English of I swim , I am swimming, or I do swim. Notice that you use more words in English than you do in Spanish.
I swim? I am swimming? or I do swim? Yo nado.
Subject Pronouns and Present Tense of Regular -ar Verbs Singular
Plural
yo
I
nosotros
we (masculine)
tú
you (informal)
nosotras
we (feminine)
usted
you (formal)
ustedes
you
Tú is informal and is used to address a person such as a friend, member of
your family, a child, or anyone with whom you are on a first-name basis.
Usted is formal and is used to address people whom you do not know very
well, or older people, teachers, or anyone with whom you have a respectful or formal relationship. Ud. is an abbreviation of the word usted. Uds. is an abbreviation of the word ustedes . Ustedes is used to address a group of people. Ustedes is used as the plural of usted and tú. Nosotros refers to a group of males and females, or to a
group of all males.
Nosotras refers to a group of all females.
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Subject Pronouns Singular
Plural
él
he
ellos
they (masculine)
ella
she
ellas
they (feminine)
Ellos refers to groups of males or groups of males and females. Ellas refers to groups of females. Present Tense of Regular -ar Verbs
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Subject Pronoun
Verb Ending
yo
o
tú
as
usted
a
él
a
ella
a
nosotros
amos
nosotras
amos
ustedes
an
ellos
an
ellas
an
Unit 4: Describing Present Actions
Práctica (Practice) Below are the conjugated forms of the verb nadar —to swim. Listen and repeat as the teacher models the following verb forms in Spanish. escuchen (listen) repitan (repeat)
yo nado ..................................... I swim tú nadas .................................... you swim (informal) usted nada ................................ you swim (formal) él nada ...................................... he swims ella nada ................................... she swims nosotros nadamos ................... we swim (all males or a mixed group) nosotras nadamos ................... we swim (all females) ustedes nadan ......................... you swim (plural) ellos nadan ............................... they swim (all males or a mixed group) ellas nadan ............................... they swim (all females) Now , listen and repeat the verb forms again .
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Práctica (Practice) Match each verb with the correct subject pronoun. Write the letter on the line provided.
______ 1. compran
A. yo
______ 2. buscamos ______ 3. escuchan
B . tú
______ 4. sacas ______ 5. viajan ______ 6. estudio
C. él, él, ell ella, a, uste usted d
______ 7. camina ______ 8. visitamos
D. noso nosotr tros os,, noso nosotr tras as
______ 9. trabajan ______ 10. canto
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E. ello ellos, s, ell ellas as,, uste ustede dess
Unit 4: Describing Present Actions
Práctica (Practice) Write the correct form of the verb to complete the following sentences. Then read the sentences to your partner.
(conte (contesta star) r) 1. Nosotr Nosotros os (estudiar)
2. Juan
(pra practic ticar) 3. Tú (hablar)
4. Ellos
(sacar)
5. Ustedes
(com comprar) rar) 6. Yo (bailar)
7. Ella
(buscar)
8. Ellas
(viajar)
9. Él
(entrar)
10. Yo
Unit 4: Describing Present Actions
pregu pregunta ntass en la clase. clase. mucho. mu espa spañol. ñol. inglés (English). fotos ( photos ). una una bic bicicle icleta ta (bicycle). salsa (type of dance ). un libro. a México. en el colegio.
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Práctica (Practice) Use the list below to choose the correct verb. Then write the correct form of the verb to complete the following sentences. comprar entrar
escuchar estudiar
hablar sacar
1. El prof profes esor or
en la clas clase. e.
The professor enters the class.
2. Yo
ingl inglés és y espa españo ñol.l.
I speak English and Spanish.
3. Papá
un carro rro (car).
Dad buys a car.
4. Tú
la música.
You listen to music.
5. Nosotr Nosotros os
mucho mucho en la biblio bibliotec tecaa (library).
We study a lot in the library.
6. Ellos
fotos.
They take photos.
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Unit 4: Describing Present Actions
Use the vocabulary on pages 227-233 to write additional sentences in Spanish and then translate them into English.
7. Spanish: Spanish: ________ ____________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ ______ English: _______________ _______________________ _______________ _______________ ________________ ______________ ______ 8. Spanish: Spanish: ________ ____________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ ______ English: _______________ _______________________ _______________ _______________ ________________ ______________ ______ 9. Spanish: Spanish: ________ ____________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ ______ English: _______________ _______________________ _______________ _______________ ________________ ______________ ______ 10. Spanish: Spanish: ________ ____________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ ______ English: _______________ _______________________ _______________ _______________ ________________ ______________ ______ 11. Spanish: Spanish: ________ ____________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ ______ English: _______________ _______________________ _______________ _______________ ________________ ______________ ______ 12. Spanish: Spanish: ________ ____________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ ______ English: _______________ _______________________ _______________ _______________ ________________ ______________ ______
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Práctica (Practice) Use the list below to choose the correct verb in Spanish for the following sentences. Then rewrite the sentences in Spanish , using the correct form of the verb. bailar contestar
desear hablar
1. Sh Shee want wantss a book book.. ___________________________________________________________ 2. I spea speakk Span Spanis ish. h. ___________________________________________________________ 3. We da dance. ___________________________________________________________ 4. They an answer. ___________________________________________________________ Use the vocabulary on pages 227-233 to write additional sentences in Spanish and then translate them into English.
5. Spanish: Spanish: _______ ___________ ________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ ________ _______ _____ __ English: _______________ ______________________ _______________ ________________ _______________ ______________ _______ 6. Spanish: Spanish: _______ ___________ ________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ ________ _______ _____ __ English: _______________ ______________________ _______________ ________________ _______________ ______________ _______
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Unit 4: Describing Present Actions
7. Spanish: Spanish: ________ ____________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ ______ English: _______________ _______________________ _______________ _______________ ________________ ______________ ______ 8. Spanish: Spanish: ________ ____________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ ______ English: _______________ _______________________ _______________ _______________ ________________ ______________ ______ 9. Spanish: Spanish: ________ ____________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ ______ English: _______________ _______________________ _______________ _______________ ________________ ______________ ______ 10. Spanish: Spanish: ________ ____________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ ______ English: _______________ _______________________ _______________ _______________ ________________ ______________ ______
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Omission of the Subject
As you have learned, verbs have specific endings, depending on who is doing the action. For instance, note the following: • all the previ previou ouss verbs verbs used used with with yo (I ) end in -o • all the previ previou ouss verbs verbs used used with with nosotros or nosotras (we) end in -amos you) end in -as. • all the previ previous ous verbs verbs used used wit withh tú ( you
Because of this, the words yo , tú , nosotros , and nosotras are often left out of the sentence. However, notice that you can still tell who is doing the action by the ending of the verb. Here is an example. Estudio mucho.
Estudio mucho.
You know the person speaking means that “I study a lot” because the verb for study—estudio—ends in the letter -o. Only verbs that are used with yo end in that letter. It is very common that these words are left out of the sentence. The more you practice your verbs, the easier it will become. This is not true as often with él , , ella , usted , ellos , ellas , or ustedes . They share the same verb endings with other subjects, so sometimes it may not be clear who the subject of the sentence is if you omit these words.
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Unit 4: Describing Present Actions
Práctica (Practice) Use the list below to choose the correct verb in Spanish for the following sentences. Then rewrite the sentences in Spanish , using the correct form of the verb and omitting the subject from the sentence. cantar
comprar
escuchar
1. We are list isten enin ingg. verb: sentence: ________________ _______________________ _______________ ________________ _______________ ___________ ____
2.
You sing. verb: sentence: ________________ _______________________ _______________ ________________ _______________ ___________ ____
3. I am buying. verb: sentence: ________________ _______________________ _______________ ________________ _______________ ___________ ____
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Use the vocabulary on pages 227-233 to write additional sentences in Spanish and then translate them into English.
4. Spanish: Spanish: _______ ___________ ________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ ________ _______ _____ __ English: _______________ ______________________ _______________ ________________ _______________ ______________ _______ 5. Spanish: Spanish: _______ ___________ ________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ ________ _______ _____ __ English: _______________ ______________________ _______________ ________________ _______________ ______________ _______ 6. Spanish: Spanish: _______ ___________ ________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ ________ _______ _____ __ English: _______________ ______________________ _______________ ________________ _______________ ______________ _______ 7. Spanish: Spanish: _______ ___________ ________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ ________ _______ _____ __ English: _______________ ______________________ _______________ ________________ _______________ ______________ _______ 8. Spanish: Spanish: _______ ___________ ________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ ________ _______ _____ __ English: _______________ ______________________ _______________ ________________ _______________ ______________ _______ 9. Spanish: Spanish: _______ ___________ ________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ ________ _______ _____ __ English: _______________ ______________________ _______________ ________________ _______________ ______________ _______ 10. Spanish: Spanish: _______ ___________ ________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ ________ _______ _____ __ English: _______________ ______________________ _______________ ________________ _______________ ______________ _______
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Unit 4: Describing Present Actions
Making Sentences Negative
You have learned how to tell what people do. What if you need to tell what people are not doing? To tell what people are not doing, you need to make the sentence negative. This is very simple to do in Spanish. You make a sentence negative in Spanish by using the word “no” in front of the verb. Compro el libro.
No compro el libro. I don’t buy the book.
I buy the book.
Estudiamos.
No estudiamos. We don’t study.
We study.
Ellos entran en la clase.
Ellos no entran en la clase. They don’t enter the class.
They enter the class.
Usted saca fotos.
Usted no saca fotos. You don’t take photos.
You take photos.
l o e
p r m o
libr o o
.
c
o
N .
.
.
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Práctica (Practice) Write in Spanish that the following people do not do the things mentioned. Then read the sentences to your partner .
1. Pablo Pablo visita visita con con María María.. ________ ____________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ ________ _______ _____ ___________________________________________________________ 2. Viajo Viajo mucho. mucho. _______ ___________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ______ __ ___________________________________________________________ 3. Nadamos Nadamos en el océano océano.. _______ ___________ ________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ ________ ______ ___________________________________________________________ 4. Buscas Buscas el libro. libro. _______ ___________ ________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ ________ ____ ___________________________________________________________ 5. Ellos ganan ganan la lotería. lotería. ________ ____________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ ________ _______ _____ __ ___________________________________________________________ 6. Ustedes Ustedes trabajan trabajan en el colegio. colegio. _______ ___________ ________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ______ __ ___________________________________________________________ 7. Ella entra entra en la clase. clase. _______ ___________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ _______ ___ ___________________________________________________________
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Unit 4: Describing Present Actions
8. Bailamos Bailamos mucho. mucho. _______ ___________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ _______ ______ ___ ___________________________________________________________ 9. Él canta canta bien. ________ ___________ _______ ________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________ ______ ___________________________________________________________ 10. Escuchas Escuchas la música. música. ________ ___________ _______ ________ ________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ________ ____ ___________________________________________________________
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Práctica (Practice) Match each picture with the correct Spanish word. Write the letter on the line provided.
______ 1.
______ 2.
______ 3.
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A. bailar
B. cantar
C. cocinar
______ 4.
D. estudiar
______ 5.
E. mirar
______ 6.
F. sacar
Unit 4: Describing Present Actions
Práctica (Practice) Match each English word with the correct Spanish word. Write the letter on the line provided.
______ 1. I
A. él
______ 2. you (informal)
B. ella
______ 3. you (formal)
C. ellas
______ 4. we (masculine)
D. ellos
______ 5. we (f (feminine)
E. nosotras
______ 6. he
F. nosotros
______ 7. she
G. tú
______ 8. they (masculine)
H. usted
______ 9. they (f (feminine)
Unit 4: Describing Present Actions
I. yo
257
Use the list below to complete the following chart. Some verb endings will be used more than once. a amos
an as
o
Present Tense of Regular -ar Verbs Subject Pronoun
258
10.
yo
11.. 11
tú
12.
usted
13.
él
14.
ella
15.
nosotros
16.
nosotras
17.
ustedes
18.
ellos
19.
ellas
Verb Ending
Unit 4: Describing Present Actions