GLAND/ORGAN
PITUITARY ANTERIOR LOBE (adenophysis)
HORMONE(S) SECRETED/ RELEASED Adrenocorticotropic hormone- stimulated by CRH from hypothalamus
Growth Hormone (GH or hGH), somatotropic hormone stimulated by GRH, GHRH from hypothalamus Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)stimulated by TRH from hypothalamus
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ACTIONS
Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce cortisol, corticosteroids, and androgens; can stimulate melanocytes Controls bone and tissue growth and regulates metabolism (influences secretion of insulin-like growth factor I from liver)
Regulates thyroid hormone (via secretion of thyroxine [T4] and triiodothyronine [T3])
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)— stimulated by GnRH
Stimulates growth and secretion of eggs in ovaries (female) and sperm in testes (male)
Luteinizing hormone (in females)
Helps control ovulation and menstruation; important in sustaining pregnancy
HYPERSECRETION
Pituitary ACTH hypersecretion or (Cushing Disease) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
HYPOSECRETION
Gigantism (preadult)- abnormall tall (~ 8ft) Acromegaly (mature adult)
Hyperthyroidism
Grave’s disease
Understimulation of adrenal cortex hormones Kallmann syndrome
Causes infertility and miscarriage Multiple births (for women)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency (ACTH deficiency) Cushing's syndrome dwarfism (pre-adult) adults with growth hormone deficiency feel tired to a level that impairs their wellbeing
Hypothyroidism Myxedema- Physical and mental sluggishness (not retardation), puffines of face, fatigue, poor muscle tone, low body temperature, obesity, dry skin Isolated FSH deficiency bPartial follicle stimulating hormone deficiency in men can cause delayed cause delayed puberty and limited sperm production (oligozoospermia), but fathering a child may still be possible. lack of sexual development and sterility Hypogonadism
GLAND/ORGAN
Pituitary Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
HORMONE(S) SECRETED/ RELEASED Prolactin, lactogenic hormone (PRL) stimulated by PRH from hypothalamus LH (in males) Interstitial cellstimulating hormone (ICSH)(males) Lipotropin
Oxtocin
Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone – ADH) Middle lobe
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Melanocytestimulating hormone (MSH) - stimulated by CRH from hypothalamus
ACTIONS
Stimulates mammary glands to produce milk (after pregnancy); influences sexual gratification Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone; stimulates secretion of male hormones (androgens) Influences breakdown of lipids (fats), production of steroids, and melanin production Causes uterine contractions; contractions of cervix and vagina; influences orgasm; stimulates milk production Raises blood pressure (some vasoconstriction); promotes water reabsorption in kidney tubules; influences uterus Increases skin and hair pigmentation
HYPERSECRETION
Prolactinoma Hypoestrogenism with anovulatory infertility Premature menopause (female) Testicular failure (male)
Benign prostatic hyperplasia Hyponatremia
HYPOSECRETION
Hyponatremia Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone(SIADH) Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: causes chronic pain and lethargy Albinism: Hypopigmentation and lack of melanin
Hypoprolactinemia Puerperal alactogenesis
Pasqualini syndrome Hypoganidism
For nursing mothers- prevent the milk ejection reflex and breastfeeding Depression Hypernatremia Polyuria
Darkening of skin Causes skin pigmentation (dark blotches)
GLAND/ORGAN
Thyroid
HORMONE(S) SECRETED/ RELEASED Thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine – T$) Triiodothyronine (T3)
ACTIONS
Regulates body metabolism (requires iodine) and growth and development; affects protein synthesis; affects sensitivity to catecholamines
HYPERSECRETION
Calcitonin (CT – thyrocalcitonin)
Parathyroid
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Parathormone/ Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Stimulates calcium to leave plasma and allows it to enter bones Speeds calcium absorption from blood; promotes calcium deposits in bone; inhibits osteocalsts, thereby promoting bone formation; stimulates bone to release calcium into blood; regulates phosphorus balance; assists in reabsorption of magnesium Promotes formation of calcitriol and assists in release of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus into blood; activates vitamin D
Hypothyroidism: low metabolism, chills, constipation, thick/dry skin, puffy eyes, edema, lethargy, and mental sluggishness Goiter: enlarged thyroid due to buildup of TSH High calcium levels No effect that may cause physiological damage
HYPOSECRETION
Hyperthyroidism
Grave’s Disease: high
metabolism, sweating, rapid heartbeat, nervousness, weight loss, exophthalmos (bulging eyes)
Hypocalcimea: low blood Ca+ Hypoparathyroidism- loss of sensation, muscle twitches, convulsions; can eventually lead to paralysis and death
Excessive bone deposition of Ca+ would cause decreased blood Ca+ level Can be a marker for a rare thyroid cancer.
Excessive bone degradation would cause high blood Ca+ levels Hyperparathyroidism: depression of nervous system, abnormal reflexes, weakness in skeletal muscles, deformed fragile bones, kidney stones
GLAND/ORGAN
Adrenals (Suprarenals) Adrenal medulla
Adrenal cortex
HORMONE(S) SECRETED/ RELEASED Catecholamines Epinephrine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine
Corticosteroids/ corticoids Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone) Glucocorticoids (mostly cortisol)
Male sex hormones Androgens (males)— including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and testosterone Female sex hormones (estrogens)—very small amount Dopamine Enkephalins
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ACTIONS
HYPERSECRETION
Adaptation to stress
“fight or flight” response
Suppresses the immune system and nonemergency functions Increase blood volume reabsorption of Na and secretion of K Regulates electrolyte levels in extracellular fluid Influence glucose, amino acid, and fat synthesis in metabolism Decrease inflammatory responses and promote immunosuppression Produce male sex characteristics (anabolic steroids—develop muscle mass and strength, increase bone mass and strength) Produce female sex characteristics
Increases heart rate and blood pressure Regulate pain, mood, behavior Serve as neurotransmitters
Addison’s disease
Hypotension, dehydration, hypoglycemia
HYPOSECRETION
Addison’s Disease: dizziness, loss
of appetite, lethargy High potassium levels, low sodium levels
Addison’s disease
Fatigue, dizziness upon standing, weight loss, muscle weakness, mood changes and the darkening of regions of skin Androgenital Syndrome (masculinization in women), hirsutism Precocious puberty, muscle atrophy and breast growth (in male)
Exacerbated anxiety, agitation, nervousness, tension, high feeling of pleasure, high energy and libido, insomnia
Cushing’s Syndrome
Hypertension, water-retension, hyperglycemia, sweating, nervousness, complete exhaustion Primary Aldosteronism: fatigue, numbness, headaches Hypertension and edema due to Na+ and water retention, accelerated secretion of K Cushing’s syndrome Lack of sex drive and irregular periods for women
Low libido, fatigue, menopause Infertility; Osteoporosis
Impaired mental performance; Attention deficits-ADHD, ”blunted effect”, depression,
fatigue
GLAND/ORGAN
Gonads Testes (male)
HORMONE(S) SECRETED/ RELEASED Testosterone
ACTIONS
Develops male sex characteristics (also influenced by androgens)
Thymus
Thymosin (thymic hormone)
Stimulates production of T cells for cellular immunity
Pineal body
Melatonin (an antioxidant)
Ovaries (female)from ovarian follicle of corpus luteum
Estrogen and progestins (progesterone is the primary progestin)
Regulates sleep-wake cycles; may play a role in influencing reproductive processes Regulate female sex characteristics, functions, menstruation, allow sperm penetration, maintain pregnancy (inhibit premature onset of labor, suppress lactation, inhibit immune response toward embryo, anti-inflammatory)
Progesterone
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Reduces gall bladder activity, regulates levels of certain minerals, assists thyroid function, promotes healing, promotes nerve functioning, prevents endometrial cancer in women
HYPERSECRETION
Precocious puberty; muscle hypertrophy; amenorrhea, virilism, hirsutism, missed periods (in women) Elevated metabolic rate, nervousness Excessive sleepiness, decreased reproductive behavior, depressed mood, Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) It males, it can cause feminization (breast development) Premature sexual development (female) Infertility
HYPOSECRETION
Addison’s disease
Some may experience acne, fluid retention, headaches, and mood changes Nausea and vomiting Risk of bone loss which can cause osteoporosis
Lack of sexual development;
Failure of immune system; Lowered resistance to infections and/or stress Jet-lagged feeling, insomnia
Lack of female secondary sex characteristics "Hot flashes", vaginal dryness, libido changes, sleep disorders, anxiety sensation, depression, changes in skin, mood and overall sense of wellness Infertility Osteoporosis Lesser alkalinity of the uterus Lesser or no chance of becoming pregnant (sterility)
GLAND/ORGAN
Ovaries (female)from ovarian follicle of corpus luteum
HORMONE(S) SECRETED/ RELEASED Estradiol
Inhibin
Pancreas Alpha cells (islets)
Glucagon
Beta cells (islets)
Insulin
Amylin .
ACTIONS HYPERSECRETION
Prevents apoptosis (destruction) of germ cells, increases liver function, promotes blood coagulation, assists in fluid and electrolyte balance Inhibits FSH production
Speeds glycogenolysis; raises blood sugar; stimulates breakdown of fats and proteins Regulator of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. Enables cells to use glucose; lowers blood sugar; facilitates synthesis of triglycerides; suppresses exocrine secretions of pancreas
Helps regulate glucose balance; sends satiety signals to brain
Precocious puberty
HYPOSECRETION
In a pregnant woman, an increased chance the baby may have Down syndrome diabetes mellitus venous thrombosis
Hypoglycemia Diabetes (if the patient underwent an operation to cure insulinoma, a tumor in pancreas that produce too much insulin.) Heart disease.
Risk for developing diabetes increases. Hypoglycemia
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Infertility Menopause
Risk of certain bone-related conditions Hypoglycemia
High glucose levels in blood. When the glucose is high enough, some glucose may spill in urine that causes a person to urinate more frequently. This causes dehydration. Cells cannot take in glucose for energy so they take energy from other sources like fats thus making the body tired. As with insulin, lack of Amylin may lead to high levels of glucose in blood. Glucagon can also be produced too much without amylin.
GLAND/ORGAN
Delta cells (islets)
F cells (islets – “PP cells”)
HORMONE(S) SECRETED/ RELEASED Somatostatin
Pancreatic polypeptide
ACTIONS HYPERSECRETION
Inhibits release of insulin and glucagon; lowers rate of gastric emptying; reduces smooth muscle contractions and intestinal blood flow Inhibits secretion of somatostatin and pancreatic digestive enzymes
Stomach and Small Intestine
Gastrin and Histamine
Stimulates secretion of gastric acid
Ghrelin
Stimulates appetite; stimulates secretion of GH
Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
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Increases food intake; decreases physical activity; decreases secretion of bicarbonate
Extreme reduction in the production of many endocrine hormones. An example is the suppression of insulin that can cause diabetes. Too much of PP may inhibit too much pancreatic digestive enzymes, which break down fats, proteins and carbohydrates which can lead to deficiency of nutrients. Anorexia nervosa - complex eating disorder involving refusal to maintain a healthy body weight; an intense fear of gaining weight Ulcer and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome Characterized by too much gastric acid. Obesity Characterized by too much appetite Prader-Willi syndrome- a genetic disease in which patients have severe obesity, extreme hunger and learning difficulties Obesity Increased food intake which can result to too much nutrients.
HYPOSECRETION
Too little can let too much insulin be produced that causes hypoglycemia. Can also lead to too much secretion of growth hormones. Too little can cause too much of Somatostatin and Pancreatic enzymes that can lead to too much nutrients like glucose. Increased food intake
Affects an individual’s ability to
digest and absorb nutrients.
Lack of nutrients. Because it stimulates appetite, it can cause a person to eat less and can result to inadequate nutrients.
Decreased appetite. Lack of nutrients.
GLAND/ORGAN
Stomach and Small Intestine
HORMONE(S) SECRETED/ RELEASED Secretin and pancreozymin
ACTIONS
Enhance effects of cholecystokin (CCK); stop production of gastric juice; stimulate pancreas to release pancreatic juice. Stimulate secretion of bicarbonate from liver; pancreas, and duodenum
HYPERSECRETION
Nausea Vomiting Fevers and constipation
HYPOSECRETION
Autism
(Brunner’s glands)
Somatostatin
Histamine Endothelin
Suppresses release of gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, and other substances; reduces rate of gastric emptying; reduces smooth muscle contractions and intestinal blood flow Stimulates gastric acid secretion and influences smooth muscle contractions in stomach respectively.
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As somatostatin inhibits many functions of the gastrointestinal tract, its overproduction may also result in the formation of gallstones, intolerance to fat in the diet and diarrhea. With the function of stimulating gastric acid secretion, too much histamine can cause an individual ulcer. Too much endothelin can cause high blood pressure (hypertension) and heart diseases.
Too little somatostatin can cause too much of a hormone it inhibits like, the hormone gastrin, which can lead to too much gastric acid and eventually develop into ulcer. Low levels of Histamine can give low amount of gastric acid that can affect one’s digestion.
GLAND/ORGAN
Duodenum
HORMONE(S) SECRETED/ RELEASED Cholecystokinin (CCK )
ACTIONS
Stimulates release of digestive enzymes from pancreas, release of bile from gall bladder; suppresses hunger
HYPERSECRETION
Ilium and colon
Human incretin hormone (glucagon-like peptide-I)
Influences secretion of insulin by pancreas
Striated Muscle
Thrombopoietin
Stimulates megakaryocytes to produce platelets
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Excess cholecystokinin has been observed to cause severe hypersensitive reactions including laryngeal edema in the patient with chemical sensitivity. -too much CCK induces drug tolerance to morphine and heroin Hyperinsulinemia, or hyperinsulinaemia is a condition in which there are excess levels of insulin circulating in the blood relative to the level of glucose. Hypoglycemia A condition characterized by abnormally low blood glucose due to high insulin levels. Thrombocytosis Presence of high platelet counts in the blood. This can cause excessive clotting or sometimes bleeding. Haematological disease Due to a failure to regulate the production of platelets (platelet count greater than 600 x 10 9/L)
HYPOSECRETION
CCK deficiency has been described as part of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (rare disease in endocrine organ) lack of CCK causes nausea and anxiety
Diabetes mellitus (DM) results from the pancreas's failure to produce enough insulin. Hyperglycemia An excess in glucose in the bloodstream due to less amount of insulin.
Thrombocytopenia Case where there is lower than normal number of platelets in the blood Lack of thrombopoietin potentiation of platelet collagen activation in the first trimester is associated with preeclampsia
GLAND/ORGAN
Adipose Tissue (fat)
HORMONE(S) SECRETED/ RELEASED Leptin
ACTIONS
Decreases appetite; increases metabolism
HYPERSECRETION
Atrial-natriuretic peptide (ANP), atrialnatriuretic factor (ANf) Brain-natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Heart
Thrombopoietin Insulin-like growth factor (somatomedin) Angiotensin and angiotensinogen
Liver
Renin Erythropoietin (EPO) Calcitriol Thrombopoietin
Kidney
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Reduces blood pressure by decreasing vascular resistance and fluid volume; influences balance of sodium and fats in blood Influences lowering of blood pressure Stimulates platelet production Regulates cell growth and development; also has insulin-like effects Vasoconstriction; influence release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex Activates renin-angiotensin system by stimulating production of angiotensin I and angiotensinogen
Obesity, a disorder in which leptin levels are high, is a risk factor for breast cancer. Excess in leptin could potentially increase the frequency or severity of hypoglycemia in diabetic patients Central nervous system disorders such as: Brain Tumors Hydrocephalus Head Trauma Congestive heart failure (CHF) Elevated cardiac filling pressure Increases chances of having CHF
HYPOSECRETION
Absence of leptin in the body or leptin resistance can lead to uncontrolled feeding and weight gain. eptin deficiency may also cause a delay in puberty and poor function of the immune system
Overproduction of platelets which may lead to some diseases Associated with acute coronary syndromes Stimulates production of somatostatin from the hypothalamus Gigantism/Acromegaly (Children/Adults) Dizziness Muscle and joint pain Causes viscosity and thickness of the blood
Heart failure Atrial infarction Hyponatremia
May affect hematopoiesis Affects platelet production Dwarfism Thrombocytopenia Low platelet count
Lack of red blood cells; affects blood pressure Fatigue headaches
Stimulates production of erythrocytes (red blood cells [RBCs]) Increases calcium and phosphate absorption, inhibits release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) Stimulates platelet production by the megakaryocytes
SUBMITTED BY: GROUP C Shannen Felipe
Jay Martin L. Guanco
Veronica Villaraza
Koreen Corpuz
Geri Tutanes Aquino Reina Christine Flores Maria Nikka Joy Hernandez Celin Audrey Nunez Ria Xaris Templonuevo Samantha Bettina Villanueva Monica Gamolo Chloe Jeen Co Ferdinand Miguel Labatiao Miguel Carlos Fiel
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