ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION
CHANAKYA CHANAKYA NATIONAL NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY
TOPIC-ALTERNATIVE TOPIC-AL TERNATIVE DISPUTE DISPUT E RESOLUTION
SUBMITTED TO: MR.VIJYANT SINHA SUBMITTED SUB MITTED BY: BY: SOUMYA
ANUPAMA
SEMESTER(2016-2021
FIRST
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ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION ROLL NUMBER161!
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ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION ACKNOWLED"EMENT A project is a joint endeavor which is to be accomplished with utmost compassion, diligence and with support of all. I am overwhelmed in all humbleness and gratefulness to acknowledge from the bottom of my heart to all those who have helped me to put these ideas, well above the level of simplicity and into something concrete effectively and moreover on time. This project would not have been completed without combined effort of my teacher MR. MR. I!" I!"A#T $I#% $I#%A A whos whosee supp suppor ortt and and guid guidan ance ce was was the the driv drivin ing g forc forcee to successfully complete this project. I e&press my heartfelt gratitude to him. I owe owe the the pres presen entt acco accomp mpli lish shme ment nt of my proj projec ectt to my frie friend nds, s, who who help helped ed me immensely with sources of research materials materials throughout the project project and without whom I couldn't have completed it in the present way. I would also like to e&tend my gratitude to my parents and all those unseen hands who helped me out at every stage of my project .
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ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION
RESEARCH METHODOLO"Y
This project is based upon doctrinal method of research. This project has been done after a thorough research based upon intrinsic and e&trinsic aspects of the project. Sources of Data:
The following secondary sources of data have been used in the project( ).
Articles.
*.
+ooks
.
-ebsites
Method of Writing:
The method method of writin writing g follow followed ed in the course course of this this resear research ch projec projectt is primari primarily ly analytical. Mode of Citation:
The researchers have followed a uniform mode of citation throughout the course of this project.
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ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION
TABLE OF CONTENT A#$%&')*+),)% A#$%&')*+),)% R))/# ,)&*&&+ I%&*3#4&% I%&*3#4&% ...................................... .............................................................................. ........................................... ... ...................05 B4) 4& & ADR ................................................................... ....................................................................................... .................... 06 O7)74)' & ADR ................................................................... ............................................................................................. .......................... 08 E/9&/) );/%/4&% & ADR ,)#/%4,.................................................. ,)#/%4,.......... .......................................... 0< S3* & ADR 4%434&% /#& ) '&*..................................................... '&*.......................... ........................... 1! R)/&% 9)4%* 4%&*3#4&% & ADR 4% I%*4/................................................ I%*4/................................................ 15 T) A94/4&% /%* C&%#44/4&% A#= 1>>6...................................................... 1>>6................................. ..................... 16 L&$ A*// / / 3%4?3) ADR ,)/3) 4% I%*4/.............................................. I%*4/.............................................. 18 I,;),)%/4&% I,;),)%/4&% & ADR 4% I%*4/............................................................... I%*4/...................................................................... ....... 1> S3++)4&%............................................ S3++)4&%................................................................................... ....................................... .....................2@
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ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION C&%#34&%.................................................. C&%#34&%..................................................................................... ................................... .................... 26 B494&+/;..................................... B494&+/;............................................................................. ............................................. ..... .................... 28
INTRODUCTION
andhiji said/ 0I had learnt the true practice of law. I had learnt to find out the better side of human nature, and to enter men1s hearts. I reali2ed that the true function of a lawyer was to unite parties given as under. The lesson was so indelibly burnt unto me that the large part of my time, during the twenty years of my practice as a lawyer, was occupied in bringing about private compromises of hundreds of cases. I lost nothing, thereby not even money, certainly certainly not my soul.0 ) 3onflict is a fact of life. It is not good or bad. %owever, what is important is how we manage or handle it. #egotiation techni4ues are often central to resolving conflict and as a basic techni4ue these have been around for many thousands of years. Alternative Alternative 5ispute Resolution 6A5R7 refers to a variety of streamlined resolution techni4ues designed to resolve issues in controversy more efficiently when the normal negotiation process fails. Alternative Alternative 5ispute Resolution6A5R7 Resolution6A5R7 is an alternative alternative to the 8ormal 9egal $ystem. It is an alternative to litigation. It was being thought of in view of the fact that the 3ourts are over burdened with cases. The said system emanates from dissatisfaction of many people with the way in which disputes are traditionally resolved resulting in criticism of the 3ourts, the legal profession and sometimes lead to a sense of alienation from the whole legal system( thus, the need for Alternativ Alternativee 5ispute Resolution.
1 http://www.ebc-i!i".c#$/%"w&e'/"'tic%e(/2))2*1"3 +
ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION -ith the spread of A5R programs in the developed and developing world, creative uses for and designs for A5R systems are proliferating. $uccessful programs are improving the lives of individuals and meeting broad societal goals. There is a critical mass of A5R e&perience, revealing important lessons as to whether, when and how to implement A5R A5R projects. It is against this backdrop, that this research resear ch paper intends to discuss the various A5Rmechanisms, the provisions present in India and the -orld over, and its peculiarity, implementation and problems in the Indian conte&t. The various remedies to the situation have also been discussed.
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ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION BRIEF HISTOR H ISTOR OF !DR: A5R originated in the :$A in a drive to find alternatives to the traditional legal system, felt to be adversarial, costly, unpredictable, unpredictable, rigid, over(professionalised, damaging to relationships, and limited to narrow rights(based remedies as opposed to creative problem solving. The The American American origins of the concept concept are not surprising, given given certain features of litigation in that system, suchas/ trials of civil actions by a jury, lawyers1 contingency fees, lack of application in full of therule 0 the loser pays the costs 0. +eginning in the late nineteenth century, creative efforts to develop the use of arbitration andmediation emerged in response to the disruptive conflicts between labor and management. In);<;, 3ongress followed initiatives that began a few years earlier in Massachusetts and #ew"ork #ew"ork and authori2ed mediation for collective bargaining disputes. In the ensuing years, special mediation agencies, such as the +oard of Mediation and 3onciliation for railway labor, 6)<)7 6renamed the #ational Mediation +oard in )<=7, and the 8ederal Mediation and 3onciliation $ervice 6)<=>7 were formed and funded to carry out the mediation of collective bargaining disputes. Additional Additional state labor mediation services followed. The )<) #ew lands Act Act and later legislation reflected the belief that stable industrial industrial peace could be achieved achieved through the settlement settlement of collective bargaining disputes? disputes? settlement in turn turn could be advanced through through conciliation, conciliation, * mediation, and voluntary arbitration. 3onciliation in a different form also appeared in domestic relations courts. 8ollowing privately funded mediation mediation efforts by the American Arbitration Association Association and others in the late )<@s, the 3ommunity Relations $ervice 63R$7 of the :nited $tates 5epartment of !ustice initiated in )<>* a mediation program for civil rights disputes. In developing countries where most people opt for litigation to resolve disputes, there is e&cessive over(burdening of courts and a large number of pending cases, which has ultimately lead to dissatisfaction among people regarding the judicial system and its ability to dispense justice. This opinion is generated largely on the basis of the popular belief, B!ustice delayed is is justice deniedC.Many countries countries such as India, +angladesh +angladesh and $ri 9anka have adopted the Alternative Alternative 5ispute Resolution Mechanism. %owever, it is for time to see how effective the implementation of these mechanisms would be in these countries. 2 http://c#'t(.(t"te.!e.(/#'t(/Spe'i#'2)#'t/AD http://c#'t(.(t"te.!e.(/#'t(/Spe'i#'2)#'t/ADR/ADR/"!'0hi(t#'& R/ADR/"!'0hi(t#'& 3 http://www."!''#p.c#.
ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION
ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION O"ER"IEW OF !DR: Alternative dispute resolution encompasses a range of means to resolve conflicts short of formal litigation. The modern A5R movement originated in the :nited $tates in the )<>s, spurred by a desire to avoid the cost, delay, and and adversarial nature of litigation. 8or these and other reasons, court reformers are seeking to foster its use in developing nations. A5R today falls into two broad categories/ court(anne&ed options and community(based dispute resolution mechanisms. 3ourt(anne&ed A5R includes mediationDconciliationE the classic method where a neutral third party assists disputants in reaching a mutually acceptable solutionEas well as variations of early neutral evaluation, a summary jury trial, a mini(trial, and other techni4ues. $upporters argue that such methods decrease the cost and time of litigation, improving access to justice and r educing court backlog, while at the same time preserving important social relationships r elationships for disputants. = 3ommunity(based A5R A5R is often designed to be independent of a formal court system that may be biased, e&pensive, distant, or otherwise inaccessible to a population. #ew initiatives sometimes build on traditional models of popular justice that relied on elders, religious leaders, or other community figures to help resolve r esolve conflict. India embraced lok adalat village(level people's courts in the )<;s. $ome definitions of A5R also include commercial arbitration/ private adversarial proceedings in which a neutral third party issues issues a binding decision. Frivate arbitration services and centers have an established role in the :nited $tates for commercial dispute resolution, and are spreading internationally as business, and the demand for harmoni2ation, e&pands. In the last decade, more countries have passed legislation based on the )<;G :#3ITRA9 Model 9aw on International 3ommercial Arbitration, Arbitration, which makes an arbitral award legally binding and grants broad rights to commercial parties choosing arbitration. It is important to distinguish between binding and non(binding forms of A5R. #egotiation, mediation mediation and conciliation conciliation are non(binding forms, and depend on the willingness of parties to reach a voluntary agreement. Arbitration programs may be binding or non(binding. non(binding. +inding. Arbitration produces produces a third party decision decision that the disputants must follow even if they disagree with the result much like a judicial decision. #on(binding Arbitration produces a third party decision decision that the parties parties may reject. It is also important to distinguish between mandatory processes and voluntary processes. $ome judicial systems re4uire the parties to negotiate, conciliate, mediate or arbitrate, prior to court action. A5R processes processes may also be re4uired as part of prior prior contractual 4 http://www1.w#'%!b".#'/pb%ic(ect#'/%e"%/ADR 1)
ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION agreement between parties. In voluntary processes, submission of a dispute to an A5R A5R process depends entirely on the will of the parties. parties.
"arious #inds of !DR $echanis$s :
a) Arbit Arb itra rati tion on : Arbitration, in the law, is a form of alternative dispute resolution E specifically, specifically, a legal alternative to litigation whereby the parties to a dispute agree to submit their respective positions 6through agreement or hearing7 to a neutral third party 6the arbitrator6s7 or arbiter6s77 for resolution .
Species of arbitration:
i Commercial arbitration : Agreements to arbitrate were not enforceable at common law, though though an arbitrator1s judgment was usually enforceable 6once the parties had already submitted. 5uring the Industrial Revolution, this situation became intolerable for large corporations. They argued that too many valuable business relationships were being destroyed through years of e&pensive adversarial litigation, in courts whose strange rules differed significantly from the informal norms and conventions of business people 6the private law o f commerce, or jus merchant merchant 7. 7. Arbitration appeared to be faster, less adversarial, and cheaper. $ince commercial arbitration is based upon either contract law or the law of treaties, the agreement between the parties to submit their dispute to arbitration is a legally binding contract. All arbitral arbitral decisions are considered to be 0final and binding .65
ii Other forms of Contract Arbitration : Arbitration can be carried out between private individuals, between states, or between states and private individuals. In the case of arbitration between states, or between states and individuals, the Fermanent 3ourt of Arbitration Arbitration and the International 3enter for the $ettlement of Investment 5isputes 6I3$I57 are the predominant organi2ations. organi2ations. 5 Ibi!
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ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION Arbitration is also used as part of the dispute settlement process under the -TH 5ispute $ettlement :nderstanding. iii% &a'or !r'itration/ A growing growing trend among employers whose employees are not represented by a labor union is to establish an organi2ational problem(solving process, the final step of which consists of arbitration of the issue at point by an independent arbitrator, to resolve employee complaints concerning application of employer policies or claims of employee misconduct. mployers in the :nited $tates have also embraced arbitration as an alternative to litigation of employees1 statutory claims, e.g., claims of discrimination, and common law claims,claims of defamation @.
!r'itration: iv% (udicia) !r'itration: $ome state court systems have promulged court(ordered arbitration? family law 6particularly child custody7 is the most prominent e&le. !udicial arbitration is often merely advisory, serving as the first step toward resolution, but not binding either side and allowing for trial de novo. Arbitration is a growing field with a lot of potential insolving disputes in a speedy manner.
b) Mediation: Mediation is a process of alternative dispute resolution in which a neutral third party, the mediator, assists two or more parties in order to help them negotiate negotiate an agreement, with concrete effects, on a matter of common interest.
Disputes resolved resolved by mediation7 / Aviation Aviation ,+anking and finance,+oundary 5isputes,+roker liability ,+usiness 5isputes ,3harities,3linical J Medical #egligence ,3ompetition,3ommercial contracts,Insolvency and +ankruptcy,Insurance +ankruptcy,Insurance J Reinsurance Intellectual Froperty, Trade Mark and 3opyright, 9ibel J 5efamation etc. The eldest branch of mediation applies to business and commerce, and still this one is the widest field of application, with reference to the number of mediators in these activities and to the economical range of total e&changed values. c% Conci)iation/ + http://www1.w#'%!b".#'/pb%ic(ect#'/%e"%/ADR , http://www."!''#p.c#./t&pe( 12
ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION 3onciliation is an alternative dispute resolution process whereby the parties to a dispute 6including future interest disputes7 agree to utili2e the services of a conciliator, who then meets with the parties separately in an attempt to resolve their differences. 3onciliation differs from mediation in that the main goal is to conciliate, most of the time by seeking concessions. In mediation, the mediator tries to guide the discussion in a way that optimi2es parties needs, takes feelings into account and reframes r epresentations. If the conciliator is successful in negotiating an understanding between the parties, said understanding is almost always committed to writing 6usually with the assistance of legal counsel7 and signed by the parties, at which time it becomes a legally binding contract and falls under contract law.; A conciliator conciliator assists each of the parties to independently develop a list of all of their objectives 6the outcomes which they desire to obtain from the conciliation7. The conciliator then has each of the parties separately prioriti2e their own list from most to least important. d%E*+ert Deter$ination/ &pert determination is a historically accepted form of dispute resolution invoked when there isn1t a formulated a formulated dispute dispute in which the parties have defined that need to be subjected to arbitration, but rather both parties are in agreement that there is a need for an evaluation, e.g. in a preceding contract. The practise itself is millennia old and well established where comple& legal institutions either have not developed, or are unavailable, such as tribal societies and criminal organisations.The first mention that distinguishes specifically against the practise of arbitration, and introduces the formula 0as an expert and not as an arbitrator 0 arbitrator 0 was in Dean in Dean v. v. Prince )
e% Negotiation/ #egotiation is the process process whereby interested parties resolve disputes, agree upon courses of action, bargain for individual or collective advantage, andDor attempt to craft outcomes which serve their mutual interests. iven this definition, one can see negotiation occurring in almost all walks of life, from parenting to the courtroom. ) http://e.wii http://e.wiipe!i".#'/w pe!i".#'/wii/#ci%i" ii/#ci%i"ti# ti#
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ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION In the advocacy approach, a skilled negotiator usually attempts to obtain the most favorable outcomes possible for that party. Traditional Traditional negotiating is sometimes called win-lose because win-lose because of the hard(ball style of the negotiators whose motive is to get as much as they can for their side. In the $eventies, practitioners and researchers began to develop win-win approaches to negotiation. This approach, referred to as Frincipled #egotiation, is also sometimes called mutual gains bargaining. The mutual gains approach has been effectively applied in environmental situations as well as labor relations where the parties 6e.g. 6 e.g. management and a labor union7 frame the negotiation as proble as problem m solving .
f) Early Neutral Evaluation (ENE): A c#'t-b"(e! ADR p'#ce(( "pp%ie! t# ci*i% c"(e(8 ENE b'i( p"'tie( "! thei' %"w&e'( t#ethe' e"'%& i the p'e-t'i"% ph"(e t# p'e(et ($$"'ie( #9 thei'c"(e( "! 'ecei*e " #-bi!i "(((e($et b& " e7pe'iece!8 et'"% "tt#'e& with e7pe'ti(e ithe (b(t"ce #9 the !i(pte8 #' b& " $"i(t'"te !e. The e*"%"t#' $"& "%(# p'#*i!e c"(e p%"i i!"ce "! (ett%e$et "((i(t"ce i (#$e c#'t(. It i( p'e%& (e! "( " (ett%e$et !e*ice "! 'e(e$b%e( e*"%"ti*e $e!i"ti#. 11
g% Fact,finding: A p'#ce(( b& which " thi'! p"'t& 'e!e'( bi!i #' "!*i(#'& #pii#( 'e"'!i 9"ct( 'e%e*"t 'e%e*"t t# " !i(pte. The thi'! p"'t& et'"% $"& be " e7pe't # techic"% #' %e"% ;e(ti#(8 $"& be 'ep'e(et"ti*e( 'ep'e(et"ti*e( !e(i"te! b& the p"'tie( t# w#' t#ethe'8 #' $"& be "pp#ite! b& the c#'t. 12
h) Med-Arb, or Mediation-Arbitration : A e7"$p%e #9 $%ti(tep ADR8 p"'tie( "'ee t# $e!i"te thei' !i(pte with the !e'(t"!i th"t "& i((e( #t (ett%e! b& $e!i"ti# wi%% be 'e(#%*e!8 wi%% be 'e(#%*e! b& "'bit'"ti#8 (i the ("$e i!i*i!"% t# 1) http://e.wiipe!i".#'/wii/e#ti"ti# 11 http://www http://www.(pe".i!i"".e!/ic'i/te' .(pe".i!i"".e!/ic'i/te'$(.ht$
ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION "ct "( b#th $e!i"t#' "!"'bit'"t#'. "!"'bit'"t#'. ="*i the ("$e i!i*i!"% "cti i b#th '#%e(8 h#we*e' $"& h"*e " chi%%i e>ect # the p"'tie( p"'ticip"ti 9%%& i $e!i"ti#. I #-?e!-A'b8 !i>e'et i!i*i!"%( (e'*e "( et'"%( i the "'bit'"ti# "! $e!i"ti# (e((i#(8 "%th#h the& $"& b#th p"'ticip"te i the p"'tie(@ iiti"% e7ch"e #9 i9#'$"ti#. I A'b-?e!8 the et'"% '(t "ct( "( "'bit'"t#'8 w'iti p " "w"'! "! p%"ci it i " (e"%e! e*e%#pe. The et'"% the p'#cee!( t# the $e!i"ti# (t"e8 "! i9 the c"(e i( (ett%e! i $e!i"ti#8 the e*e%#pe i( e*e' #pee!.
i)Judicially hosted settlement conference : I thi( c#'t-b"(e! ADR p'#ce((8 the (ett%e$et !e B#' $"i(t'"te p'e(i!e( #*e' " $eeti #9 the p"'tie( i " e>#'t t# he%p the$ 'e"ch " (ett%e$et. C!e( h"*e p%"&e! " *"'iet& #9 '#%e( i the(e c#9e'ece(8 "'tic%"ti #pii#( "b#t the $e'it( #9 the c"(e8 9"ci%it"ti the t'"!i #9 (ett%e$et #>e'(8 "! (#$eti$e( "cti "( the $e!i"t#'.13
)Mini-trial )Mini-trial: A *#%t"'& p'#ce(( i which c"(e( "'e he"'! b& " p"e% #9 hih %e*e% p'iicip"%( 9'#$ the !i(pti (i!e( with 9%% (ett%e$et "th#'it& " et'"% $"& #' $"& #t #*e'(ee thi( (t"e. i'(t8 i'(t8 p"'tie( h"*e " ($$"'& he"'i8 e"ch (i!e p'e(eti the e((ece #9 thei' c"(e. E"ch p"'t& c" the'eb& %e"' the (t'eth( "! we"e((e( #9 thei' #w c"(e8 "( we%% "( th"t #9 #the' p"'tie(. Sec#!%&8 the p"e% #9 p"'t& 'ep'e(et"ti*e( 'ep'e(et"ti*e( "tte$pt( t# 'e(#%*e the !i(pte b& e#ti"ti#. The et'"% p'e(i!e' $"& #>e' he' #pii# "b#t the %ie%& #tc#$e i c#'t. 14
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ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION
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ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION The Ite'"ti#"% h"$be' #9 #$$e'ce #$$e'ce i( " ite'"ti#"% ite'"ti#"% #'"iF"ti# th"t w#'( t# p'#$#te "! (pp#'t %#b"% t'"!e "! %#b"%i("ti#. It (e'*e( "( " "!*#c"te #9 w#'%! b(ie(( i the %#b"% ec##$& i the ite'e(t( #9 ec##$ic '#wth8 #b c'e"ti#8 "! p'#(pe'it&.I h"( !i'ect "cce(( t# "ti#"% #*e'$et( w#'%!wi!e th'#h it( "ti#"% c#$$ittee(. I "cti*itie( ic%!e A'bit'"ti# "! Di(pte 'e#%ti# which "'e the $#(t p'#$iet "cti*itie( th"t it pe'9#'$(.
! #'t #9 A'bit'"ti# 9#' Sp#'t BAS: The #'t #9 A'bit'"ti# 9#' Sp#'t BAST'ib"% BAST'ib"% A'bit'"% ! Sp#'t #' TAS TAS i 'ech 'ech i( " "'bit'"ti# b#!& (et p t# (ett%e !i(pte( 'e%"te! t# (p#'t(. The AS !e'wet !e'wet 'e9#'$( t# $"e it(e%9 $#'e i!epe!et #9 the Ite'"ti#"% O%&$pic #$$ittee BIO8 #'"iF"ti#"%%& "! "ci"%%&. ''et%&8 "%% O%&$pic Ite'"ti#"% e!e'"ti#( e!e'"ti#( bt #e8 # e8 "! $"& N"ti#"% O%&$pic #$$ittee( h"*e 'ec#i(e! the 'i(!icti# #9 the AS "! ic%!e! i thei' (t"tte( " "'bit'"ti# c%"(e 'e9e''i !i(pte( t# it. It( "'bit'"t#'( "'e "%% hih %e*e% 'i(t( "! it i( ee'"%%& he%! i hih 'e"'! i the ite'"ti#"% (p#'t( c#$$it&.
e Uite! N"ti#( #$$i((i# # Ite'"ti#"% T'"!e L"w BUNITRAL: The Uite! N"ti#( #$$i((i# #$$i((i# # Ite'"ti#"% T'"!e T'"!e L"w BUNITRAL BUNITRAL i( the c#'e %e"% b#!& withi the Uite! N"ti#( (&(te$ i the e%! #9 ite'"ti#"% t'"!e %"w.The %"w.The UNITRAL i( " b#!& #9 $e$be' "! #b(e'*e' (t"te( !e' the "(pice( #9 the Uite! N"ti#(. It !'"9te! the UNITRAL ?#!e% %"w # Ite'"ti#"% #$$e'ci"% A'bit'"ti# i 15. A'ee$et(8 A'ee$et(8 which cite the UNITRAL A'bit'"ti# R%e(8 $"& be b#! t# thi( 9#'$ #9 !i(pte 'e(#%ti#. 9 Othe' t'e"tie(: The #the' t'e"tie( t'e"tie( #*e'i ADR i *"'i#( (t"te( w#%! ic%!e the Uite! St"te( #!e Tit%e 8 The A'ee$et 'e%"ti t# the App%ic"ti##9 the E'#pe" #*eti# # Ite'"ti#"% A'bit'"ti# BP"'i(8 1+28 The E'#pe" #*eti# 1
ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION p'#*i!i " Ui9#'$ L"w # A'bit'"ti# B#ci% #9 E'#pe8 E '#pe8 1+4. The *"'i#( #the' t'e"tie( e"cte! b& the 'e(t #9 the c#t'ie( i the w#'%! "'e #t ic%!e! i thi( %i(t.
%easons behind introduction of A$% in &ndia: A%te'"ti*e Di(pte Re(#%ti# Re(#%ti# i I!i" i( " "tte$pt $"!e b& the %ei(%"t#'( "! !ici"'& "%ie t# "chie*e the H#(titti#"% H#(titti#"% #"% #9 "chie*i #$p%ete C(tice i I!i".A I !i".A th#ht-p'#ce(( th"t (t"'te! #> t# 'ecti9& !#cet !#cet e7p%#(i#8 %"te' !e*e%#pe! it# " (ep"'"te e%! (#%e%& c"te'i t# *"'i#( i!( #9 $ech"i($( which w#%! 'e(#%*e !i(pte( with#t "pp'#"chi the #'$"% Le"% S&(te$ BLS. The 'e"(#i i*e t# the(e ADR $ech"i($( i( th"t the (#ciet&8 (t"te "! the p"'t& t# the !i(pte "'e e;"%%& !e' " #b%i"ti# t# 'e(#%*e the !i(pte "( (## "( p#((ib%e be9#'e it !i(t'b( the pe"ce i the 9"$i%&. ADR (e( the p'icip%e( #9 "t'"% (tice i c#(#"ce with the R%e #9 L"w8 i #'!e' t# c'e"te " 9"*#'"b%e 9"*#' "b%e "t$#(phe'e #9 " wi-wi (it"ti#. Thi( i( $ch ee!e! i c#t'ie( %ie I!i" whe'e %iti"ti# c"(e( " 'e"t !e"% #9 "i$#(it& betwee the p"'tie( !e t# the "#& c"(e! b& the %#-(t"!i %iti"ti#. ADR8 th(8 "i( it( $#$et$ i I!i" I !i" t#!"&. t#!"&.1+ A%te'"ti*e Di(pte Re(#%ti# Re(#%ti# i I!i" w"( 9#!e! # the #(titti#"% b"(i( #9 A'tic%e( 14 "! 21 which !e"% with E;"%it& 1+ http://www.ic"!'.#'/ew(-(peechchc 1
ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION be9#'e L"w "! Riht t# %i9e "! pe'(#"% %ibe't& 'e(pecti*e%&. 'e(pecti*e%&. The(e A'tic%e( "'e e(h'ie! !e' P"'t III #9 the #(titti# #9 I!i" which %i(t( the !"$et"% !"$et"% Riht( #9 the citiFe( #9 I!i". ADR "%(# t'ie( t# "chie*e the Di'ecti*e P'icip%e #9 St"te P#%ic& 'e%"ti t# E;"% (tice "! 'ee 'ee Le"% Ai! "( %"i! !#w !e' A'tic%e 3-A #9 the #(titti#. The Act( which !e"% !e"% with A%te'"ti*e A%te'"ti*e Di(pte Re(#%ti# Re(#%ti# "'e A'bit'"ti# A'bit'"ti# "! #ci%i"ti# Act8 1+ B!i(c((e! i !et"i% %"te' "! the Le"% Se'*ice( Ath#'itie( Act8 1,. Secti# #9 the i*i% P'#ce!'e #!e8 1) $"e( it p#((ib%e 9#' A'bit'"ti# p'#cee!i( t# t"e p%"ce i "cc#'!"ce with the Act( (t"te! "b#*e. Ge "'e " c#t'& #9 " bi%%i# pe#p%e. The 9!"$et"% ;e(ti# i(: How do we design and structure a legal system, which can render justice to a billion people? De%"& i (tice "!$ii(t'"ti# i( the bie(t #pe'"ti#"% #b(t"c%e8 which h"( t# be t"c%e! # " w"' 9##ti. A( C(tice G"''e G"''e J'e'8 the 9#'$e' hie9 C(tice #9 the A$e'ic" Sp'e$e #'t #b(e'*e! i the A$e'ic" c#te7t: HThe h"'(h t'th i( th"t we $"& be # #' w"& t# " (#ciet& #*e'' b& h#'!e( #9 %"w&e'(8 h'& "( %#c(t(8 "! b'i!e( #9 !e( i $be'( e*e' be9#'e c#te$p%"te!. The #ti# K th"t #'!i"'& pe#p%e w"t b%"c-'#be! !e(8 we%%-!'e((e! we%%-!'e((e! %"w&e'(8 "! e p"e%e! c#'t'##$( "( the (etti t# 'e(#%*e thei' !i(pte(8 i( #t c#''ect6. c#''ect6. The'e9#'e8 thi( thi( e7p%"i( the ee! 9#' A%te'"ti*e Di(pte Di(pte Re(#%ti# Re(#%ti# i I!i". I " c#t'&8 which "i$( t# p'#tect the (#ci#-ec##$ic "! c%t'"% 'iht( #9 citiFe(8 it i( e7t'e$e%& i$p#'t"t t# ;ic%& !i(p#(e the c"(e( i I!i"8 "( the #'t( "%#e c"#t h"!%e the he b"c%# #9 c"(e(. Thi( c" be e>ecti*e%& "chie*e! b& "pp%&i the $ech"i($( #9 A%te'"ti*e Di(pte Re(#%ti#. Re(#%ti#. The(e "'e the 'e"(#( behi! the it'#!cti# #9 ADR i I!i".
he Arbitration and Conciliation Act, + +. he Arbitration and Conciliation Act, + w"( p"((e! # the b"(i( #9 the UNITRAL ?#!e% L"w # Ite'"ti#"% #$$e'ci"% 1, www.i!i"%"wi9#.c#$/b"'e act(/"'bc 2)
ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION A'bit'"ti#8 15 "! UNITRAL #ci%i"ti# R%e(8 1). It( h"! bee 'ec#$$e!e! b& ee'"% A((e$b%& #9 the Uite! N"ti#( th"t "%% c#t'ie( (h#%! i*e !e c#(i!e'"ti# t# the ("i! ?#!e% L"w i *iew #9 the !e(i'"bi%it& #9 i9#'$it& #9 the %"w #9 "'bit'"% p'#ce!'e( "! the (pecic ee!( #9 the ite'"ti#"% c#$$e'ci"% "'bit'"ti# p'"ctice(. It h"( "%(# 'ec#$$e!e! the (e #9 the ("i! R%e( R%e( i c"(e( whe'e " !i(pte "'i(e( i the c#te7t #9 ite'"ti#"% c#$$e'ci"% 'e%"ti#( "! the p"'tie( (ee # "$ic"b%e (ett%e$et #9 th"t !i(pte b& 'ec#'(e t# c#ci%i"ti#. The(e '%e( "'e be%ie*e! t# $"e " (iic"t c#t'ibti# t# the e(t"b%i(h$et #9 " ie! %e"% 9'"$ew#' 9#' 9# ' the 9"i' "! eMciet (ett%e$et #9 !i(pte( "'i(i i ite'"ti#"% c#$$e'ci"% 'e%"ti#(. The(e #becti*e( h"*e bee %"i! !#w i the P'e"$b%e t# the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, +/
o! adalats as a uni0ue A$% measure in &ndia: The e$e'ece #9 "%te'"ti*e !i(pte !i(pte 'e(#%ti# h"( bee bee #e #9 the $#(t (iic"t $#*e$et( "( " p"'t #9 c#ict $""e$et "! !ici"% 'e9#'$8 'e9#'$8 "! it h"( bec#$e " %#b"% ece((it&. ece((it&. Gith the e*#%ti# #9 $#!e' St"te( "! " ! (#phi(tic"te! %e"% $ech"i($(8 the c#'t( ' # *e'& 9#'$"% p'#ce((e( "! "'e p'e(i!e! p'e(i!e! #*e' b& t'"ie! "!!ic"t#'( et'(te! with the 'e(p#(ibi%itie( #9 'e(#%ti# #9 21
ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION !i(pte( # the p"'t #9 the St"te 1. The p'#ce(("% 9#'$"%i("ti# #9 (tice "*e t'e$e!#( t'e$e!#( 'i(e t# c#($pti# c#($pti# #9 ti$e "! hih $be' #9 c"(e( "! 'e(%t"t he"*& "$#t #9 e7pe!it'e. e7pe!it'e. Ob*i#(%&8 thi( %e! t# " (e"'ch 9#' " "%te'"ti*e c#$p%e$et"'& c#$p%e$et"'& "! (pp%e$et"'& $ech"i($ t# the p'#ce(( #9 the t'"!iti#"% ci*i% c#'t 9#' ie7pe(i*e8 e7pe!iti#( "! %e(( c$be'(#$e "!8 "%(#8 %e(( (t'e((9% 'e(#%ti# #9 !i(pte(. A( (ch8 ADR h"( bee8 " *it"%8 "! " ! *#ci9e'#(8 *#c"% "! *ib'"t p"'t #9 #' hi(t#'ic"% p"(t. U!#bte!%&8 L# A!"%"t BPe#p%e( #'t c#cept "! phi%#(#ph& i( " i#*"ti*e I!i" c#t'ibti# t# the w#'%! 'i(p'!ece. It h"( *e'& !eep "! %# '##t( #t #%& i the 'ec#'!e! hi(t#'& bt e*e i p'ehi(t#'ic"% e'". It h"( bee p'#*e! t# be " *e'& e>ecti*e "%te'"ti*e "%te'"ti*e t# %iti"ti#. %iti"ti#. The i'(t i'(t L# A!"%"t A!"%"t w"( he%! i "'"t i 12. L# A!"%"t "ccept( the c"(e( which c#%! be (ett%e! b& c#ci%i"ti# "! c#$p'#$i(e8 "! pe!i i the 'e%"' c#'t( withi thei' 'i(!icti#. The L# L# A!"%"t i( p'e(i!e! p'e(i!e! #*e' #*e' b& " (itti #' 'eti'e! 'eti'e! !ici"% #Mce' "( the ch"i'$"8 ch"i'$"8 with tw# #the' $e$be'(8 $e$be'(8 ("%%& " %"w&e' "! " (#ci"% w#'e'. w#'e'. The'e i( # c#'t 9ee. L# A!"%"t i( " b## t# the %iti"t pb%ic8 whe'e the& c" et thei' !i(pte( (ett%e! 9"(t "! 9'ee #9 c#(t. P"'%i"$et e"cte! the Le"% Se'*ice( Ath#'itie( Act 1,8 "! #e #9 the "i$( 9#' the e"ct$et #9 thi( Act w"( t# #'"iFe L# A!"%"t t# (ec'e th"t the #pe'"ti# #9 %e"% (&(te$ p'#$#te( (tice # the b"(i( #9 " e;"% #pp#'tit&. #pp#'tit&. The Act i*e( (t"tt#'& 'ec#iti# t# the 'e(#%ti# #9 !i(pte( b& c#$p'#$i(e "! (ett%e$et b& the L# A!"%"t(. Acc#'!i t# Le"% Se'*ice( Ath#'itie( BA$e!$et Act 14 e>ecti*e 9'#$ )-11-15 h"( (ice bee p"((e!8 L# A!"%"t (ett%e$et i( # %#e' " *#%t"'& c#cept. J& thi( Act L# A!"%"t h"( #t (t"tt#'& ch"'"cte' "! h"( bee %e"%%& 'ec#iFe!. e't"i ("%iet 9e"t'e( #9 the Act "'e e$e'"te! be%#w:-1 #ection +
1 http://www http://www.!c".ic.i/ci'/"'2c1 .!c".ic.i/ci'/"'2c1).ht$% ).ht$% 1 http://www.ce.(c#'t(.#*/G http://www .ce.(c#'t(.#*/Geb/OELib'".(9/)/ce3")5+ eb/OELib'".(9/)/ce3")5+5!,5325+ 5!,5325+4))++25"5 4))++25"5 22
ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION 1. et'"%8 St"te8 Di(t'ict "! T"% Le"% Se'*ice( Ath#'it& h"( bee c'e"te! wh# "'e 'e(p#(ib%e 9#' #'"iFi L# A!"%"t( "t (ch ite'*"%( "! p%"ce. 2. #ci%i"t#'( 9#' L# A!"%"t c#$p'i(e the 9#%%#wi: A. A (itti #' 'eti'e! !ici"% #Mce'. J. #the' pe'(#( #9 'epte "( $"& be p'e(c'ibe! b& the St"te #*e'$et i c#(%t"ti# with the hie9 C(tice #9 =ih #'t. #ection 12: Re9e'ece #9 "(e( "(e( c" be 'e9e''e! 'e9e''e! 9#' c#(i!e'"ti# #9 L# A!"%"t "( !e':1. J& c#(et #9 b#th the p"'tie( t# the !i(pte(. 2. Oe #9 the p"'tie( $"e( $"e( " "pp%ic"ti# 9#' 'e9e'ece. 'e9e'ece. 3. Ghe'e the #'t i( ("ti(e! th"t the $"tte' i( " "pp'#p'i"te #e t# be t"e c#iF"ce #9 b& the L# A!"%"t. 4. #$p'#$i(e (ett%e$et (h"%% be i!e! b& the p'icip%e( #9 (tice8 e;it&8 9"i' p%"& "! #the' %e"% p'icip%e(. 5. Ghe'e # c#$p'#$i(e h"( bee "''i*e! "t th'#h c#ci%i"ti#8 the $"tte' (h"%% be 'et'e! t# the c#ce'e! c#'t 9#' !i(p#("% i "cc#'!"ce with L"w. #ection 1+ A9te' A9te' the "'ee$et i( "''i*e! b& the c#(et #9 the p"'tie(8 "w"'! i( p"((e! b& the c#ci%i"t#'(. The $"tte' ee! #t #t be 'e9e''e! t# the c#ce'e! #'t 9#' c#(et !ec'ee. The Act p'#*i(i#( e*i("e( "( !e': 1. E*e'& "w"'! #9 L# A!"%"t (h"%% be !ee$e! "( !ec'ee #9 i*i% #'t. 2. E*e'& "w"'! the !i(pte. 3. N# "ppe"% (h"%% $"!e b& the L# A!"%"t (h"%% be "% "! bi!i # "%% the p"'tie( t# %ie 9'#$ the "w"'! #9 the L# A!"%"t. #ection 11 E*e'& p'#cee!i( #9 the L# A!"%"t (h"%% be !ee$e! t# be !ici"% p'#cee!i( 9#' the p'p#(e #9 :1. S$$#i #9 Gite((e(. Gite((e(. 23
ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION 2. Di(c#*e'& #9 !#c$et(. 3. Recepti# #9 e*i!ece(. 4. Re;i(iti#i #9 Pb%ic 'ec#'!.
&m"lementation of A$% in &ndia: The i$p%e$et"ti# #9 A%te'"ti*e A%te'"ti*e Di(pte Re(#%ti# Re(#%ti# $ech"i($( "( " $e"( t# "chie*e (pee!& !i(p#("% #9 (tice i( " c'ci"% i((e.The (e"-ch"e 9'#$ (i %iti"ti# "( " t##% t# 'e(#%*e !i(pte( t# (i A%te'"ti*e Di(pte Re(#%ti# Re(#%ti# $ech"i($( (ch "( c#ci%i"ti# "! $e!i"ti# t# p'#*i!e (pee!& (tice i( " ch"e th"t c"#t be e"(i%& "chie*e!. The '(t (tep h"! bee bee t"e i I!i" w"& w"& b"c i 14) whe the '(t '(t A'bit'"ti# Act w"( p"((e!. =#we*e'8 !e t# " %#t #9 %##p-h#%e( "! p'#b%e$( i the %ei(%"ti#8 the p'#*i(i#( c#%! #t 9%%& i$p%e$ete!. =#we*e'8 $"& &e"'( %"te' i 1+8 The A'bit'"ti# "! #ci%i"ti# Act w"( p"((e! which w"( b"(e! # the UNITRAL $#!e%8 "( "%'e"!& !i(c((e! i the p'e*i#( (ecti# #9 the p"pe'. p"pe'. The "$e!$et( t# thi( Act we'e "%(# $"!e t"i it# "cc#t the *"'i#( #pii#( #9 the %e"!i c#'p#'"te( "! b(ie(($e wh# ti%i(e thi( Act the $#(t. SMciet p'#*i(i#( h"*e bee c'e"te! "! "$e!e! i the "'e" #9 L# A!"%"t( i #'!e' t# he%p the ''"% "! c#$$#e' (e$et( t# $"e $#(t (e #9 thi( i;e A%te'"ti*e Di(pte Re(#%ti# Re(#%ti# $ech"i($ i I!i".
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ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION The'e9#'e8 t#!"& t#!"& the p'#*i(i#( i I!i" (Mciet%& p'#*i!e p'#*i!e 9#' A%te'"ti*e Di(pte Re Re(#%ti#. (#%ti#. 2) =#we*e'8 it( i$p%e$et"ti# h"( bee 'e(t'icte! t# (t %"'e c#'p#'"te( #' bi b(ie(( '$( .L# A!"%"t(8 th#h " *e'& #%! c#cept i I!i" S#ciet&8 h"( #t bee i$p%e$ete! t# it( t$#(t %e*e%. Pe#p%e (ti%% #pt 9#' %iti"ti# i $"& (phe'e( !e t# " %#t #9 !'"wb"c(. P'#*i(i#( $"!e b& the %ei(%"t#'( ee! t# be ti%i(e!. Thi( ti%i("ti# c" t"e p%"ce #%& whe " !eite p'#ce!'e t# ice'"(e the i$p%e$et"ti# #9 ADR i( 9#%%#we!. I #'!e' t# h"*e (ch ( ch " i$p%e$et"ti# p'#'"$$e8 p'#'"$$e8 it i( ece(("'& t# ""%&(e wh"t the p'#b%e$( "'e "! 'ecti9& the$.
3roblems in im"lemenation : A& i$p%e$et"ti# i( ("%%& c#9'#te! with p'#b%e$(. ADR i( # e7c"pti# e7c"pti# t# thi( '%e . S#$e #9 the p'#b%e$( 9"ce! !'i i$p%e$et"ti# "'e e$e'"te! "( !e': 1 Attit!e( : A%th#h I!i" %"w 9"*#'( 9 "*#'( !i(pte 'e(#%ti# b& "'bit'"ti#8 I!i" (eti$et h"( "%w"&( "bh#''e! the "%it& "tt"chi t# "'bit'"% "w"'!(. A (b(t"ci"% *#%$e #9 I!i" c"(e%"w be"'( te(ti$#& t# the %# "! "'!#( (t'%e t# be 9'ee! 9'#$ bi!i "'bit'"% !eci(i#(. Ai!e! "! "bette! b& the %e"% 9'"te'it&8 the "i$ #9 e*e'& p"'t& t# " "'bit'"ti# B!#$e(tic #' 9#'ei i(: Ht'& t# wi i9 c"8 i9 c"#t !# ' be(t t# (ee th"t the #the' (i!e c"#te9#'ce the "w"'! 9#' "( %# "( p#((ib%e. I th"t (e(e8 "'bit'"ti# "( " $e"( #9 (ett%i !i(pte( i( " 9"i%'e- th#h it i( bei ic'e"(i%& 'e"'!e! 'e"'!e! "( " (e9% $ech"i($ 9#' 'e(#%*i !i(pte(. 2 L"w&e' "! %iet Ite'e(t( : L"w&e'( "! c%iet( #9te h"*e !i*e'et "ttit!e( "! ite'e(t( c#ce'i (ett%e$et. (ett%e$et. Thi( $"& be " $"tte' #9 pe'(#"%it& B#e $"& be " hte'8 the #the' " p'#b%e$ (#%*e' #' #9 $#e&. $#e&. I (#$e ci'c$(t"ce(8 " (ett%e$et i( #t i the c%iet@( ite'e(t. #' e7"$p%e8 e7"$p%e8 the c%iet $"& w"t " bi!i p'ece!et p'ece!et #' $"& w"t t# i$p'e(( #the' p#teti"% %iti"t( %iti"t( with it( '$e(( "! the c#(e;et c#(t( #9 "((e'ti c%"i$( ""i(t it. A%te'"ti*e%&8 the c%iet $"& be i " (it"ti# i which the'e "'e # 'e%"ti#"% c#ce'( the #%& i((e i( whethe' it $(t p"& #t $#e& the'e i( # p'e2) http://www.!c".ic.i/ci'/"'2c1) 25
ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION !e$et ite'e(t ite'e(t "! the c#(t #9 c#te(ti c#te(ti the c%"i$ i( %e(( %e(( th" the ite'e(t # the $#e&. $#e&. I the(e8 "! " ($"%% $be' #9 (it"ti#(8 (ett%e$et wi%% wi%% #t be i the c%iet@( c%iet@( ite'e(t. ite'e(t. Sti%%8 " ("ti(9"ct#'& ("ti(9"ct#'& (ett%e$et t&pic"%%& i( i the c%iet@( ite'e(t. i te'e(t. It i( the i"bi%it& t# #bt"i (ch " (ett%e$et8 i 9"ct8 th"t i$pe%( the c%iet t# (ee the "!*ice #9 c#(e% i the '(t p%"ce. The %"w&e' $(t c#(i!e' #t #%& wh"t the c%iet w"t( bt "%(# wh& the p"'tie( h"*e bee "b%e t# (ett%e thei' !i(pte "! the $(t ! " !i(pte 'e(#%ti# p'#ce!'e th"t i %ie%& %ie%& t# #*e' c#$e the i$pe!i$et( t# (ett%e$et. N#te8 h#we*e'8 th"t8 e*e th#h it $"& iiti"%%& "ppe"' th"t the p"'tie( (ee " (ett%e$et8 (#$eti$e(8 " e7"$i"ti# #9 the i$pe!i$et( t# (ett%e$et( 'e*e"%( 'e*e"%( th"t "t%e"(t #e p"'t& w"t( (#$ethi th"t (ett%e$et c"#t p'#*i!e Be. Pb%ic *i!ic"ti# #' " '%i th"t e(t"b%i(he( " e9#'ce"b%e p'ece!et. p'ece!et. A "tt#'e& wh# i( p"i! # " h#'%& h#' %& b"(i( (t"!( t# p'#t h"!(#$e%& 9'#$ " t'i"%8 "! $"&be %e(( ite'e(te! i (ett%e$et (ett%e$et th" the c%iet. O the #the' h"!8 " "tt#'e& p"i! # " c#tiet 9ee b"(i( i( ite'e(te! i " p'#$pt 'ec#*e'& with#t the e7pe(e #9 p'ep"'i 9#' #' c#!cti " t'i"%8 "! $"&be $#'e ite'e(te! i (ett%e$et (ett%e$et th" i( the c%iet. It i( i p"'t bec"(e #9 thi( p#teti"% c#ict #9 ite'e(t th"t $#(t p'#ce((e( th"t (ee t# p'#$#te (ett%e$et p'#*i!e 9#' the c%iet( !i'ect i*#%*e$et. #' %"w&e'(8 thi( $e"( ew "pp'#"che( th"t iiti"%%& (ee$ "%$#(t c#te'ititi*e. #' e7"$p%e8 the 'ec#*e'& #9 %"'e ($( #9 $#e& i( ("%%& 'e"'!e! "( the %ti$"te 6wi6 9#' p%"iti>( ic#$$e'ci"% c"(e(. et8 G"%% St'eet *"%e( %#te'$ (t'e"$( #9 'e*ee e*e $#'e hih%& th" %"'e ($( #9 c"(h. Pe'h"p( Pe'h"p( the 'e(t'ct'i #9 " %#te'$ 'e%"ti#(hip w#%! #>e' " bette' 'e(%t. Oce i $e!i"ti#8 %"w&e'( ("%%& t'& t# e7e't e7e't " hih !e'ee #9 c#t'#% #*e' the p'#ce((8 #t %ie i " !ep#(iti# #' "t t'i"%. =#we*e'8 !i'ect i*#%*e$et #9 the c%iet i the $e!i"ti# p'#ce(( i( #9te the be(t w"& t# (ccee!. L"w&e'( "%(# 9'e;et%& e"e i " 6we-the&6 "pp'#"ch t# e#ti"ti#( th"t '"'e%& 'e(%t( i " Fe'#-($ "i. L"w&e'( ee! t# h"*e " bette' !e'(t"!i #9 the i$p#'t"ce #9 ite'"ti*e b"'"ii8 whe'e %"w&e'( %"w&e'( c" (it # the ("$e (i!e #9 the t"b%e "! t'& t# 6e7p"! the pie.6 L"w&e'( "%(# ee! t# 'eect p# the $e"i #9 Ethic"% #(i!e'"ti#8 which i$p#(e( " !t& t# 'ep'e(et " c%iet Fe"%#(%&. E>ecti*e $e!i"ti# "!*#c"te( ee! t# "b"!# "& !e(i'e 9#' 'e*ee 2+
ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION i 9"*#' #9 " $#'e #"%-#'iete! "pp'#"ch i9 the& "'e t# (ec'e the 6wi6 th"t be(t (e'*e(thei' c%iet( ite'e(t(. I $"& i(t"ce(8 it i( #t the %"w&e' bt the "'& " '& c%iet wh# w"t( 'e*ee. #' the(e c%iet(8 e*e'& ew c"(e bec#$e( " $"tte' #9 p'icip%e ti% the c%iet 'ecei*e( the %"w&e'( thi'! #' 9#'th bi%%-the the c%iet w"t( t# (pe%% the w#'! 6p'icip%e6 !i>e'et%&. C'i(!icti# t# c#''ect c#''ect p"tet %e"% e''#'( # the 9"ce #9 the "w"'! w"( " pec%i"'%& E%i(h i#*"ti#. T# h"*e i$p#'te! thi( ;e(ti#"b%e 'i(!icti# it# %iti#( %iti#( I!i" B"( we !i! !e' the A'bit'"ti# Act8 14) w"( " 'e"t $i(t"e. $i(t"e. The8 thi !i*i!i %ie betwee the $e'it( #9 " "w"'! "! e''#'( #9 %"w "pp"'et # it( 9"ce "'e #9te b%''e!9ew ;e(ti#( #9 9"ct c#tie t# 'e$"i (# "9te' bei ch'e! p i the $i! #9 " (i%%e! %"w&e'Q The(e b"(ic i'$itie( i the %"w #9 "'bit'"ti#8 "! the "pp'#"ch #9 (e'(8 %e9t thei' $"' # !#$e(tic "'bit'"ti# !e' the A'bit'"ti# Act8 14). 21 =e'e8 e*e $#'e (#8 the %"w&e' h"( " 'e(p#(ibi%it& t# $"e " e"'%& "! 'e"%i(tic "((e(($et #9the !i(pte !i(pte "! t# (e'*e "( " "ch#' 9#' the c%iet. The(e !i>e'ece( i ite'e(t ee! t# be (#'te! #t. 22 3 Le"% E!c"ti#: L"w (ch##%( t'"i thei' (t!et( $#'e 9#' c#ict th" 9#' the "'t( #9 'ec#ci%i"ti# "! "cc#$#!"ti# "! the'e9#'e (e'*e the p'#9e((i# p##'%&. A%'e"!&8 %"w&e'( !e*#te $#'e ti$e t# e#ti"ti c#ict( th" the& (pe! i the %ib'"'& #' c#'t'##$ "! (t!ie( h"*e (h#w th"t thei' e>#'t( t# e#ti"te we'e $#'e p'#!cti*e p'#!cti*e 9#' the c%iet(. O*e' the e7t ee'"ti#8 (#ciet&@( 'e"te(t #pp'titie( wi%% i t"ppi h$" ic%i"ti#( t#w"'!( c#%%"b#'"ti# "! c#$p'#$i(e '"the' th" (ti''i #' p'#c%i*itie( 9#' c#$petiti# "! 'i*"%'& ' i*"%'&.. I9 %"w&e'( "'e #t %e"!e'( i $"'(h"%%i c#-#pe'"ti# "! !e(ii $ech"i($( which "%%#w it t# #'i(h8 the& wi%% #t be "t the cet'e #9 the $#(t c'e"ti*e (#ci"% e7pe'i$et( #9 #' ti$e. 23 21 .S. N"'i$"8 HA%te'"ti*e Di(pte Re(#%ti#8 1 (t e!. 1,8 p.45 22 http://www.ce.(c#'t(.#*/G http://www .ce.(c#'t(.#*/Geb/OELib'".(9/)/ce3")5+ eb/OELib'".(9/)/ce3")5+5!,5325+ 5!,5325+4))++25" 4))++25" 23 http://www http://www.!"'tic%e(.c#$/p/"'tic% .!"'tic%e(.c#$/p/"'tic%e(/$i0;"323/i(02))1) e(/$i0;"323/i(02))1)2/"i05)5+3/p02 2/"i05)5+3/p02 2,
ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION 4 I$pe!i$et( t# (ett%e$et 24 : C(t "( the'e $"& be p'#b%e$( i the i$p%e$et"ti# techi;e(8 the'e "'e i$pe!i$et( e*e "9te' th"t (t"e8 i.e. !'i the ti$e #9 (ett%e$et. S#$e #9 the$ "'e: P##' c#$$ic"ti#: The 'e%"ti#(hip betwee the p"'tie( "!/#' thei' %"w&e'( $"& be (# p##' th"t the& c"#t e>etci*e%& c#$$ic"te. I98 9#' e7"$p%e8 the p"'tie( c#$e 9'#$ !i>e'et c%t'"% b"c'#!(8 the& $"& h"*e !iMc%t& i !e'(t"!i "! "pp'eci"ti e"ch #the'@( c#ce'(. O'8 i9 the'e h"! bee " %# hi(t#'& #9 "t"#i($ betwee the e& p%"&e'(8 "%% e>#'t( t# c#$$ic"te "'e %ie%& t# be h"$pe'e! b& "t"#i($. The ee! t# e7p'e(( e7p'e(( e$#ti#(: At ti$e(8 # (ett%e$et c" be "chie*e! ti% the p"'tie( h"*e h"! the #pp#'tit& t# e7p'e(( e7p'e(( thei' *iew( t# e"ch #the' "b#t the !i(pte "! e"ch #the'@( c#!ct. Sch *eti8 c#$bie! with the 9ee%i th"t #e h"( h" ( bee he"'! b& the #the' p"'t&8 h"( %# bee 'ec#iFe! "( " ece(("'& (tep i 'e(#%*i 9"$i%& "! eihb#'h##! !i(pte(. J(ie(( !i(pte( "'e # !i>e'et. A9te' "%%8 the& !# #t t"e p%"ce betwee !i(e$b#!ie! c#'p#'"ti#( bt betwee pe#p%e wh# $""e th#(ec#'p#'"ti#(8 "! wh# $"& h"*e "( $ch ee! t# *et "( "e e%(e i*#%*e! i " !i(pte. Di>e'et *iew( #9 9"ct(: U("%%& i " !i(pte8 the'e "'e tw# #' $#'e p"'tie(8 e"ch be%ie*i th"t the& "'e the h't p"'t& i (#$e w"& #' the #the'. #the'. E"ch be%ie*e( th"t the #the' i( the w'#-!#e'. T# thi( be%ie98 the& h"*e thei' #w (tic"ti#(. C(t "( e"ch #e #9 the$ h"( " !i>e'et pe'(pecti*e pe'(pecti*e # wh"t the 'e(%t #9 the !i(pte (h#%! be8 the& "%(#
24 '" E.A. S"!e' Stephe J. #%!be'8 Hitti Hitti the 9#'$ t# the 9((8 1 (t e!. 1,8 p.33 2
ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION h"*e thei' #w *iew 'e"'!i the 9"ct( #9 the c"(e. J#th p"'tie( h"*e thei' #w *e'(i# "( t# wh"t the 9"ct( "'e "! 'ec#ci%i the(e !i>e'et !i>e'et *iew( i( it(e%9 " $"#e p'#b%e$. 5 I#'"ce: Oe #9 the $"#' 'e"(#( 9#' the 9"i%'e i i$p%e$et"ti# i( the i#'"ce #9 the e7i(ti p'#*i(i#( #9 %"w. %"w. Lei(%"t#'( h"*e $"!e the ece(("'& %"w(8 bt h"*e e*e' th#ht #9 i$p%e$eti the$ "t the '"((- '##t %e*e%. The& !# #t he%p i bi%!i p the "w"'ee(( #9 th#(e %"w(8 (# th"t pe#p%e wi%% ti%i(e the$. ADR p'#*i(i#( "'e we%% #w #%& i the bi b(ie(( ci'c%e(. ?#(t #9 the e!c"te! e%ite "'e "%(# "w"'e #9 the "*"i%"bi%it& "! p#((ibi%it& #9 (ch $ech"i($( i I!i"8 %et "%#e the ''"% (ect#'. (ect#'. ?#(t #9 the ''"% (e$et8 "9te' "%% the(e &e"'( #9 i!epe!ece8 i( #w !e'(t"!i the 9#'$"% %e"% (&(te$ "! i( $"i (e #9 it "t " ti$e whe the c#t'& "! the w#'%! "t %"'e i( 'e*e'ti b"c t# the #%! c#$$it&-b"(e! p'#b%e$ (#%*i "! #the' ADR techi;e( (# we%% #w i ''"% I!i". I#'"ce #9 %"w( i( #t " e7c(e i #' c#t'&. =#we*e'8 whe # "w"'ee(( i( p'e(et8 h#w w#%! pe#p%e #w "b#t it "! ti%i(e it + #''pti#: #''pti# i( #t " ew ew i((e i #' c#t'&. c#t'&. It h"( "%w"&( bee " p"'"(ite t# the "ti# "! i( (ci #t the *e'& p'p#(e #9 i!epe!ece. T#!"&8 #t " (i%e w#' et( !#e with#t h"*i t# b'ibe the w"& th'#h. Pe#p%e h"*e (t#ppe! ch"%%ei it "( with#t bei " p"'t #9 it8 %i9e bec#$e( !iMc%t. ADR $ech"i($( h"*e " *e'& 'e"t 'i( #9 bei 'i!!e b& c#''pti#. #' i(t"ce8 i c"(e( #9 e#ti"ti# betwee " 'ich e!c"te! pe'(# "! p##' i%%ite'"te $" #*e' " %"! !i(pte8 ch"ce( #9 the e#ti"t#' bei b'ibe! b& the 'ich pe'(# i(*e'& hih. Th(8 c#''pti# c" bec#$e " '"i p'#b%e$ i ADR. , Th#h 'ec#'(e t# ADR "( (## "( the !i(pte "'i(e( $"& c#9e' $"7i$$ "!*"t"e( # the p"'tie( it c" be (e! t# 'e!ce the $be' #9 c#teti#( i((e( betwee the p"'tie( "! it c" be
2
ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION te'$i"te! "t "& (t"e b& "& #e #9 the !i(pti p"'tie(. =#we*e'8 the'e i( # "'"tee th"t " "% "% !eci(i# $"& be 'e"che!. 25 ADR p'#ce!'e( "'e ("i! t# be he%p9% i 'e"chi " !eci(i# i " "$ic"b%e $"e'. =#we*e'8 the !eci(i#( "''i*e! "t "9te' " #-%iti"ti*e p'#ce!'e "'e #t bi!i "( the& "'e*#%t"'&. Thi( $"e( the eti'e e7e'ci(e 9ti%e "( p"'tie( !# #t (tic t# thei' !eci(i# 'e(%tii 'e(%tii " w"(te #9 ti$e "! $#e&. ADR p'#ce!'e pe'$it( p"'tie( t# ch##(e et'"%( wh# "'e (peci"%i(t( i the (bect $"tte' #9 the !i(pte(. Thi( !#e( #t $e" th"t the'e wi%% be " !i$ii(he! '#%e 9#' %"w&e'(. The& wi%% c#tie t# p%"& " cet'"% '#%e i ADR p'#ce((e( h#we*e'8 the& wi%% h"*e t# "!"pt thei' '#%e ADR 'e;i'e$et(. Net'"%( "! t'"ie! ADR e7pe't( "'e *e'& 9ew t# c"te' t# the *"(t p#p%"ti#. 1) Sice the ADR p'#cee!i( !# #t 'e;i'e " *e'& hih !e'ee #9 e*i!ece8 $#(t #9 the 9"ct( 'e"'!i the !i(pte which w#%! h"*e bee p'#*e! #the'wi(e c#tie t# be " b"e i the !i(c((i# which $"& %e"! t# !i(("ti(9"cti#. 11 I ADR8 the p"'tie( c" ch##(e thei' #w '%e( #' p'#ce!'e( p'#ce!'e( 9#' !i(pte (ett%e$et. A''i*i "t the$ i( the $"#' h'!%e. 12 ADR p'#'"$$e( "'e e7ib%e "! #t "icte! with 'i#'#( '%e( #9 p'#ce!'e. The'e i(8 the'e9#'e8 " p#((ibi%it& #9 the p"'tie( #i b"c # the "'ee! '%e( "! p'#'"$$e(. Thi(c'e"te( " !e%"& "! (%#w( the p'#ce(( #9 !i(pte 'e(#%ti#.
25 D'. S. R. ?&eei8 HA'bit'"ti#8 #ci%i"ti#8 "! A%te'"ti*e Di(pte Re(#%ti# S&(te$(8 1(t e!. 2))48 p.1 3)
ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION
#4**E#&ON#: All these problems are not permanent in nature. They all have solutions. An attempt to make suggestions for the solutions of the above listed problems has been made below. This list of suggested solutions is merely illustrative and not e&haustive. An An in(depth research for this is vital. It is felt that an attitudinal change towards A5R would result in active implementation of A5R and the burden on the courts will reduce. "et, "et, whether it is in the urban segment or in the rural, there is still a lack of knowledge about A5R. A need for instilling awareness is imperative to bring in a change in the attitudes. The urban sector which has a higher literacy rate could be reached by inserting slides in movie theatres, having advertisements in television channels and newspapers, conducting periodical seminars and having having a dedicated helpline. helpline. It is the rural segment whose whose attitude is difficult to change. 8rom the initial gramasabha system, it took many years for them to adopt litigation. To revert back to the old system, which is in fact an A5R concept would re4uire tremendous amount of communication by trained professionals bespelling the strengths of the system. An insight into the advantages of conciliation andnegotiation would bring in the desired change K change of attitude. To To keep active here is awareness, by interactive communication. A dedicated helpline would e&hilerate the process of attitudinal change by giving clarity to communication. Feople are generally ignorant about legal terminology and the opportunities available in dispute resoolution. The other gnarling issue is corruption. To To combat these two forces, imparting knowledge is a must. 5riving ignorance away would infact, help in curtailing corruption too. The #Hs should put in their efforts in providing a knowledge base to the needy. A committed person in each #H,working in rural areas, should help in reaching the goal 4uickly. The major lacuna in A5R is that it is not binding. Hne could still appeal against the award or delay the implementation of the award. B!ustice delayed is justice denied.C The very essence of A5R is lost if it is not implemented in the true spirit. The award should
be $"!e bi!i # the p"'tie( "! # "ppe"% t# the c#'t (h#%! be "%%#we! %e(( it i( "''i*e! "t 9'"!%et%& #' i9 it ""i(t pb%ic p#%ic&. p#%ic&.
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ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION R%e( #9 p'#ce!'e "'e bei 9#'$%"te! # " c"(e b& c"(e b"(i( "! the '%e( $"!e b& the p"'tie( the$(e%*e(8 with $"&be8 (#$e ite'*eti# #9 %e"% p'#9e((i#"%(. =#we*e'8 " ee'"% i!e%ie "! " (tip%"te! 9#'$"t w#%! "((i(t i b'ii c%"'it& t# the 9#'$%"ti# #9 " ADR "w"'!. Thi(w#%! "%(# he%p i ctti !#w i#'"ce "! "((i(t i bette' e#ti"ti#. Le"% e!c"ti# "! %"w (ch##%( (h#% 9#c( # the "'t( #9 c#ci%i"ti# "! e#ti"ti# "! #t $e'e%& # %iti"ti#. L"w&e' c%iet ite'e(t( (h#%! "%(# be $#%!e! t#w"'!( " p'i$"'& 9#c( # A5R failing which the recourse should be towards litigation.
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ALTERNA ALTERNATIVE TIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION
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