Mahatma Gandhis Critique of Western Civilisation[1]

DIBIXDI AIGHBJ‚S CPJXJYUE KL QESXEPG CJ\JNJSIXJKG

Igupia AigainI`sxpicx Xbe Qesxepg cj|jnjsixjkg pe|kn|es ipkugh dixepjinjsd igh dissj|e ckgsudepjsx cunxupe xbpkuab xbpkuab dunxjdehj dunxjdehji. i. jglkpdixjk jglkpdixjkg g xecbgknka xecbgknkaz. z. dkhepg dkhepg ehucixjkg ehucixjkg.. ank`injseh ank`injseh gexqkpojg gexqkpojga a igh nj`epin dipoex eckgkdz qjxb jgxepgixjkgin ckpvkpixe gkpds igh lugcxjkgjga' Aighbj cinns xbjs cj|jnjsixjkg is jddkpin igh depenz i „gjge hizs qkghep—' Qesxepg cj|jnjsixjkg jxsenl bis gkq sxipxeh peinjsjga jxs njdjxixjkgs igh jgbepegx lknnjes qbjne Aighbj bih vpehjcxeh igh iginzseh xbed i`kux i bughpeh zeips iak' Musx nkko ix xbe |jsjkgipz gixupe kl Aighbj‚s ughepsxighjga kl xbe gixjkgin igh ank`in illijps gkx kgnz jg bjs kqg xjde `ux insk ducb `ezkgh kl qbix igzkge ense cig see igh |jsuinjse) Xbe lughidegxin vjnnips kl i cj|jnjsixjkg pesjhe jg jxs cbipicxep `ujnhjga. dkpin sxpegaxb. cunxupin cunxupin hj|epsjxz. hj|epsjxz. eyuinjxz eyuinjxz idkga jxs cjxj}egs. cjxj}egs. neisx vkqep xk xbe Sxixe. Sxixe. hecegxpinj hecegxpinjsixjk sixjkg g kl    vknjxjcin igh eckgkdjc vkqep. sujxi`ne ehucixjkg. geip lunn edvnkzdegx. skcjin secupjxz igh  `inigceh he|enkvdegx igh ehucixjkg szsxed' Kge cj|jnjsixjkg dusx gkx jdvkse jxs gixupe igh sinjegx leixupes uvkg kxbep cj|jnjsixjkgs xbpkuab hkdjgixjkg igh ervnkjxixjkg' I cj|jnjsixjkg dusx  `e gkg|jknegx' Qjxbkux gkg|jknegce. `z heljgjxjkg. i cj|jnjsixjkg ciggkx `e cinneh is sucb' Cj|jnjxz js i dusx lkp igz cj|jnjsixjkg igh jx dusx gkx `e `kpge kg snee|es kgnz' Jx dusx `e xpunz budig'

Aighbj‚s cpjxjyue kl Qesxepg cj|jnjsixjkg js gkx i `njghlknheh ervksjxjkg kl i `jis kl bjs kqg vpehjnecxjkgs' Kxbepqjse. bjs jheis ckunh gkx bi|e `eckde e|ep dkpe pene|igx e|eg lkp xbe Qesxepg qkpnh xkhiz'9 Aighbj bih sijh xbix xbe Qesxepg cj|jnjsixjkg js i „gjge hizs qkghep— igh jx js kg xbe vixb kl senl hesxpucxjkg'0 Is sucb. Aighbj‚s pene|igce js e|ep jgcpeisjga igh qjhegjga jg sckve gkx kgnz lkp penixj|enz vkkpep he|enkvjga igh edepaj edepajga ga vkvuni vkvunixjk xjkgs gs `ux insk insk xbe ivvipeg ivvipegxn xnz z he|enk he|enkveh veh ckugxp ckugxpjes jes kl xbe ckdjxz ckdjxz kl  gixjkgs igh vpesegx$hiz ank`injsjga jgxepgixjkgin cj|jn skcjexz' Xbjs su`mecx kl xbe Aighbjig cpjxjyue jg xbjs ckgxerx geehs dkpe dexbkhjcin igh heevep sxuhz jg i vpkvep sxpucxupin lkpdix lkp xbe vupvkse kl `exxep ughepsxighjga' K@MECXJ\E

Xbe dimkp k`mecxj|e kl xbjs qpjxe uv js xk ughepsxigh xbe gixupe kl dkhepg Qesxepg cj|jnjsixjkg icckphjga xk Aighbj' Igkxbep isvecx js xk apisv xbe deigjga kl  cj|jnjsixjkg igh jxs jgxepckggecxjkgs qjxb dehji. jglkpdixjkg xecbgknkaz "JX*. ehucixjkg igh kxbep ipeis kl erjsxjga njle vixxepgs sucb is ank`injsixjkg exc' Xbepelkpe. oezqkphs jg xbjs xbjs essiz essiz diz `e peaiph peaipheh eh is cj|jn cj|jnjsi jsixjk xjkg. g. ehucixj ehucixjkg. kg. ank`in ank`injsi jsixjk xjkg. g. cj|jn cj|jnjsi jsixjk xjkgin gin

Igupia Aigain. Aighbj‚s Cpjxjyue kl Qesxepg Cj|jnjsixjkg

9

hkdjgixjkg igh ervnkjxixjkg. musx qkpnh kphep igh i ckbesj|e kphep. pjabx gkx djabx. igh cj|jnjxz kl budig `ebi|jkup' JGXPKHUCXJKG

Xbe Qesxepg Qesxepg cj|jnjsix cj|jnjsixjkg jkg js dkhepg decbigjseh jghusxpjin jghusxpjinjsjga jsjga xecbgknkajci xecbgknkajcinnz nnz he|enkveh cj|jnjsixjkg qjxb vpjdipjnz hedkcpixjc igh lpee civjxinjsx ank`injsjga dipoex eckgkdz' E|eg Jghji bis nipaenz ihkvxeh jxs dijg leixupes sucb is jxs ehucixjkg. nj|jga sxzne. vknjxjcin igh eckgkdjc jgsxjxuxjkgs kl i vipnjidegxipz hedkcpicz igh djreh igh civjxin civjxinjsx jsx eckgkd eckgkdz z inkgaq inkgaqjxb jxb ckgxjgu ckgxjgukus kus uvqiph uvqiph dk|ede dk|edegx gx xkqiph xkqiphss vpeseg vpesegx$h x$hiz iz ank`injsixjkg' Dibixdi Aighbj ge|ep qigxeh sucb i cj|jnjsixjkg xk `e ihkvxeh jg Jghji kl bjs hpeids' Zex be ogeq xbix bjs jhein hpeid qkunh gkx `e vpicxjci`nz peinjseh `z bjs kqg ckugxpz `eciuse Jghji qis gkx pjve lkp sucb i peinjsixjkg igh jxs peinjsxjc erecuxjkg'3 Aighbj bih xbepelkpe sexxneh lkp xbe erjsxjga vipnjidegxipz hedkcpixjc igh eckgkdjc szsxed jg kup ckugxpz ugxjn xbe xjde qbeg Jghji pjvegs jgxk i gixjkg peihz xk ihkvx xbe bjabesx jhein kl Aighbj jg xbe lkpd kl ig jhein skcjexz qbepe xbe `puxe lkpce kl xbe Sxixe qkunh gkx `e geeheh hue xk vep|isj|e igh ugj|epsin vepdeixjkg kl xbe pune kl xpuxb igh gkg|jknegce' Lkp Aighbj xbix sxixe js `esx qbjcb ak|epgs xbe neisx' Zex lkp Aighbj. inn nipae scine jghusxpjes. jl geeheh ix inn. dusx `e gixjkginjseh lkp xbe `egeljx kl xbe qjhep   vkvunixjkg' ENEDEGXS KL QESXEPG CJ\JNJSIXJKG

Dkhepg kp Qesxepg cj|jnjsixjkg js dkpe heveghegx kg jxs kuxqiph vpkmecxjkgs sucb is jxs anidkup. ksxegxixjkus qizs. decbigjsixjkg. xkv bei|z xecbgknkaz. „jppenjajkg— igh „Sixigjc— gixupe. suvepljcjin sxighiphs kl ogkqnehae jg xepds kl jxs erxepgin peyujpedegxs kl iuxkdixjkg. iuxkdixjkg. elljcjegcz. elljcjegcz. ehucixjkg igh use kl dkhepg jglkpdixjkg jglkpdixjkg xecbgknkaz "JX* inkga qjxb ank`injsjga |inues igh exbjcs kl i cj|jn skcjexz. akkh ak|epgigce ";* igh e|ep  qjhegjga cig|iss kl heveghegce kg Jgxepgex igh Jgxpigex' Jgxpigex'8 Xbe dijg enedegxs igh leixupes kl xbjs Qesxepg cj|jnjsixjkg jg xbe Aighbjig lpideqkpo kl vbjnkskvbz ipe= j'

Qesxepg njle sxzne igh cnkxbjga sucb is xpkuseps. sbjpxs. sojpxs. meigs. X$ sbjpxs. sbkes. xjggeh lkkh. Jgxepgex. sneevjga nixe gjabx. pjsjga nixe jg xbe

Igupia Aigain. Aighbj‚s Cpjxjyue kl Qesxepg Cj|jnjsixjkg

0

dkpgjga. gkg$|eaexipjigjsd. peaunip use kl inckbkn igh jgxkrjcixjkgs exc' jj'

Dissj|e use kl `puxe lkpce kl Sxixe hj|epsenz xbpkuab dkhepg dehji. e|ep dkhepgjsjga ckg|egxjkgin ipdidegxs njoe Hpkgi kl Ugjxeh Sxixes. gucneip ipdidegxs igh `jknkajcin igh cbedjcin ipdidegxs is qenn is svzjga |ji sixennjxe ckddugjcixjkgs'

jjj'

Xecbgknkaz igh jxs pecuppjga k`sknescegce jg xepds kl e|ep geq lkpds kl xecbgknkaz `eckdjga k`sknexe indksx hijnz' Lkp eridvne. i nivxkv   `kuabx xkhiz qjnn `eckde k`sknexe igh knh lisbjkgeh qjxbjg i zeips xjde xjde'' Xbeg Xbeg e|eg e|eg jxs jxs esse essegx gxji jinn xecbg xecbgkn knka kajc jcin in vipxs vipxs qjnn qjnn insk insk gkx gkx `e i|ijni`ne lpkd jxs ckdvigz is qenn'

j|'

Jg xbjs segse insk xecbgknkaz `eckdes e|ep egsni|jga igh ervnkjxixj|e lkp xbe ckddkg disses'

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Jx js geipnz jdvkssj`ne xk jagkpe xbjs xecbgknkaz jg kge‚s hijnz njle'

|j'

Ak|epgdegxs igh gixjkgs igh cj|jn skcjexz sxipx lunnz heveghjga kg xbe dkhepg Qesxepg xecbgknkajcin gexqkpojga `ezkgh qbjcb xbepe js gk pesvjxe' Xbese gexqkpos cig ciuse xk dioe igh ugdioe ak|epgdegxs jg hjllepegx ckugxpjes kl xbe qkpnh'

|jj'

Ni`kup si|jga xecbgknkaz neihjga budigjxz xk uxdksx ckdlkpx igh neisx  vkssj`ne kl diguin ni`kup'

|jjj'

Dkpe kvvkpxugjxjes lkp jgcpeisjga ugedvnkzdegx jgsxeih kl e|ep dkpe edvnkzdegx lkp ckddkg disses jg vkkpep igh edepajga gixjkgs'

jr'

Ckgcegxpixjkg kl qeinxb igh civjxin jg leqep bighs'

r'

Pjsj Pjsjga ga eckn ecknka kajc jcin in xbpe xbpeix ixss is i pesu pesunx nx kl Qe Qesx sxep epg g xecb xecbgk gknk nkaj ajci cinn jgxeplepeg jgxeplepegce ce qjxb Gixupe' Gixupe' Lkp eridvne. eridvne. Cbnkpklnukp Cbnkpklnukpkcip`kg kcip`kgss "CLCs* "CLCs* lpkd lpkd ijp ckghjxj ckghjxjkgep kgepss igh dkhepg dkhepg xpigsv xpigsvkpx kpxixj ixjkg kg szsxe szsxeds ds neihjg neihjga a xk pecuppjga hevnexjkg kl k}kge nizep pesunxjga jg jgcpeisjga jgsxigces kl  unxpi|jknex pihjixjkg igh sojg cigceps' Xbjs js musx kge eridvne' Xbepe ipe. jg ellecx. eghness njsx kl sucb jgsxigces jg indksx e|epz ipei kl  budig njle xkhiz'

Igupia Aigain. Aighbj‚s Cpjxjyue kl Qesxepg Cj|jnjsixjkg

3

rj'

Qesxepg cj|jnjsixjkg js sucb xbix kge geehs xk `e vixjegx igh jx qjnn `e senl hesxpkzeh' Jx js njoe i Lpigoegsxejg'

rjj'

Jx js neihjga xk se|epin hjneddis kl he|enkvdegx sucb is vkvunixjkg ervnksjkg igh geeh lkp ehucixjkg igh uvnjlxdegx kl xbe vkkp – qbix sbkunh ckde ljpsx; Vkvunixjkg ckgxpkn kp he|enkvdegx ellkpxs;

rjjj'

Xbepe Xbepe js |epz |epz cnkse cnkse penixj penixjkgs kgsbjv bjv `exqee `exqeeg g Qesxep Qesxepg g cj|jnj cj|jnjsix sixjkg jkg igh dkhepg xecbgknkaz' Xbjs xecbgknkaz js senhkd lkp ig jghj|jhuin' Jx js inqizs lkp dissj|e ckgsudvxjkg xbpkuab jglnuegcjga xbe djghs igh  vszcbknkaz kl xbe disses xbe qkpnh k|ep'

rj|'

Hesvjxe Hesvjxe i`k|e degxjkgeh degxjkgeh enedegxs enedegxs kl Qesxepg Qesxepg cj|jnjsixjkg. cj|jnjsixjkg. jx js sxjnn   `enje| `enje|eh eh xbix xbix xbe cuppeg cuppegxx vpkces vpkcesss kl ank`in ank`injsi jsixjk xjkg g js vepdig vepdigegx egx igh ckgxjgukus lkp `pjgajga i`kux i geq igh musx qkpnh kphep) Js jx peinnz  vkssj`ne;

r|'

Qesxepg cj|jnjsixjkg js `njgh xk nipaep budig |inues |js$æ$|js jxs geeh lkp  dkhepg xecbgknkaz'

r|j'

Xbe Xbe Qe Qesx sxep epg g cj|j cj|jnj njsi sixj xjkg kg js insk insk neih neihjg jga a xk skcj skcjin in igh igh vknj vknjxj xjci cinn hjspuvxjkgs xbpkuab jxs uxxep dixepjinjsd igh e|ep apkqjga yuesx lkp  ipdidegxs igh hkdjgixjkg kl kxbep cunxupes igh cj|jnjsixjkgs kl xbe qkpnh'

LUGHIDEGXINS KL AIGHBJIG CPJXJYUE

Ckpgepsxkges kl xbe vknjxjcin vbjnkskvbz kl Dibixdi Aighbj nje jg xbe  Vigcb Zidi kl Vixigminj‚s Zkavipheev' Zkavipheev' Xbe vpjgcjvnes kl xpuxb. gkg|jknegce. gkg$sxeinjga. gkg$   vkssessjkg igh cenj`icz ipe xbe vigcb xbe  vigcb zidi' zidi' Jx js kg xbese lj|e vpjgcjvnes xbix egxjpe ehjljce kl Aighbj‚s skcjin. vknjxjcin igh eckgkdjc vbjnkskvbz js `iseh qjxb xbe cegxpin xbede kl xbe vnice igh pkne kl xbe jghj|jhuin jg e|epz pene|igx svbepe kl njle' Lpkd  `eajggjga xjnn xbe egh. jg inn bjs qpjxjgas. jghj|jhuin js xbe dijg ckgcepg' Jx js xbjs yuesx lkp ig jghj|jhuin‚s veicelun igh musx njle xbix Aighbj bis he|kxeh bjs vbjnks vbjnkskvbz kvbz kl njle njle xk' Vpese Vpesep|j p|jga ga igh vpkxec vpkxecxjg xjga a ig jghj|j jghj|jhui huin‚s n‚s jgxepe jgxepesxs sxs |epsus |epsus dkhepg Qesxepg decbigjsix decbigjsixjkg. jkg. jghusxpjin jghusxpjinjsixj jsixjkg kg igh xecbgknkajci xecbgknkajcinjsix njsixjkg jkg js kl api|e jdvkpxigce xk Aighbj' Xecbgknkaz dusx `e ni`kup$jg|kn|jga jgsxeih kl ni`kup si|jga'

Igupia Aigain. Aighbj‚s Cpjxjyue kl Qesxepg Cj|jnjsixjkg

8

Xbe Qesxepg cj|jnjsixjkg js. kg xbe kxbep bigh. vpjdipjnz `iseh kg dkhepg decbigjcin igh xecbgknkaz suvepckghucxkps igh cbjvs igh gigkxecbgknkaz' Jg xbjs xecbgknkajcin qkpnh. ig jghj|jhuin js nksjga kge‚s jhegxjxz igh erjsxegce `z  `eckdjga i sni|e xk sucb dkhepg Qesxepg xpeghs kl he|enkvdegx' Xbjs js gkx iccevxi`ne xk Aighbj inxbkuab be ivveips xk `e peihz xk iapee xk cepxijg hjnuxjkgs jg xbjs dixxep  esvecjinnz qbeg be ljghs i gud`ep kl dkhepg Qesxepg ckgxerxs is i gecessjxz lkp Jghji xk  vupsue is i geqnz jgheveghegx ckugxpz igh e|eg kxbepqjse jg xbe jgxepgixjkgin dipoex. eckgkdz igh vknjxz'5 Xbepelkpe. Aighbj js gkx ig jdvpicxjcin vepskg' Jgsxeih be js bjabnz dughige igh hkqg xk eipxb „vpicxjcin jheinjsx—' AIGHBJ‚S \JEQ KG DECBIGJSIXJKG

Qbeg Qbeg Aigh Aighbj bjig ig vbjn vbjnks kskv kvbz bz js sxuh sxuhje jeh. h. kge kge klxe klxeg g ckde ckdess icpk icpkss ss se|e se|epi pinn ckgxpihjcxjkgs penixjga xk |ipjkus hjllepjga sxixedegxs xbix Aighbj dihe lpkd xjde xk xjde xjde'' Aigh Aighbj bj sizs sizs xbix xbix qbeg qbege|e e|epp sucb sucb ckgx ckgxpi pihj hjcx cxjk jkgs gs ipjs ipjsee igeg igegxx bjs bjs |jeq |jeqss igh igh  vbjnkskvbz. jx js `exxep xk `enje|e jg xbe nixep kges xbig xbe eipnjep kvjgjkgs'< Is peaiphs dicbjgepz igh decbigjsixjkg. Aighbj sizs. „Jx js dicbjgepz xbix bis jdvk|epjsbeh Jghji'— Be lupxbep sizs. „J ciggkx pecinn i sjgane akkh vkjgx jg jg ckggecxjkg qjxb dicbjgepz'— Lkp bjd. „Xbe qkpoeps jg xbe djnns … `eckde sni|es'—1 Kg xbe kxbep bigh. Aighbj insk sizs. „Decbigjsixjkg js akkh qbeg bighs ipe xkk leq lkp xbe qkpo jgxegheh xk `e icckdvnjsbeh' Jx js e|jn qbepe xbepe ipe dkpe bighs xbig peyujpeh…—2 Aighbj lupxbep sizs. „Xbe suvpede ckgsjhepixjkg js dig' Xbe dicbjge sbkunh gkx xegh xk ixpkvbz xbe njd`s kl dig' Lkp jgsxigce. J qkunh dioe jgxennjaegx ercevxjkgs' Xioe xbe cise kl Sjgaep‚s Seqjga Dicbjge' Jx js kge kl xbe leq uselun xbjgas e|ep jg|egxeh…— Pevnzjga xk i yuesxjkg qbexbep be qis iaijgsx inn dicbjgepz. Aighbj sijh. „Bkq cig J `e qbeg J ogkq xbix e|eg xbjs budig `khz js i dksx henjcixe vjece kl  dicbjgepz; Xbe svjggjga qbeen js i dicbjge? i njxxne xkkxbvjco js i dicbjge' Qbix J k`mecx xk js xbe cpi}e lkp dicbjgepz. gkx dicbjgepz is sucb'—: Ix igkxbep vnice. Aighbj bis sijh xbix= J egxep egxepxi xijg jg gk lihs lihs jg xbjs xbjs peai peaiph ph _bjs _bjs i|kqe i|kqeh h kvvks kvvksjx jxjk jkg g xk dicbjgepz igh civjxin jgxegsj|e xecbgknkazT Inn xbix J hesjpe js xbix e|epz i`ne$`k i`ne$`khje hjeh h cjxj}e cjxj}eg g sbkunh sbkunh `e vpk|jh vpk|jheh eh qjxb qjxb aijglu aijglunn edvnkz edvnkzdeg degx' x' Jl 

Igupia Aigain. Aighbj‚s Cpjxjyue kl Qesxepg Cj|jnjsixjkg

5

enecxpjcjxz igh e|eg iuxkdixjc egepaz ckunh `e useh qjxbkux…cpeixjga uged ugedvn vnkz kzde degx. gx. J qjnn qjnn gkx gkx pijs pijsee dz njxx njxxne ne ljga ljgaep ep iaij iaijgs gsxx jx…' jx…' Jl xbe xbe Ak|epgdegx ckunh vpk|jhe lunn edvnkzdegx xk kup vekvne qjxbkux xbe benv kl Obihj bigh$svjggj bigh$svjggjga ga igh bigh$qei|jga jghusxpjes. jghusxpjes. J sbinn sbinn `e vpevipeh vpevipeh xk qjgh uv dz ckgsxpucxj|e vpkapidde jg xbjs peaiph'96 AIGHBJ‚S \JEQ KG QESXEPG EHUCIXJKG

Jg   Bjgh Sqipim. Aighbj Aighbj vpk|jh vpk|jhes es i |ebede |ebedegx gx cpjxjc cpjxjcjsd jsd kl dkhepg dkhepg Qesxep Qesxepg g cj|jnjsixjkg. ehucixjkg igh dissj|e jghusxpjinjsixjkg' Is sucb. esvecjinnz jg Cbivxep –  R\JJJ egxjxneh „Ehucixjkg—. be sizs= Qbix js xbe deigjga kl ehucixjkg; Jx sjdvnz deigs i ogkqnehae kl  nexxeps' Jx js depenz ig jgsxpudegx. igh ig jgsxpudegx diz `e qenn useh kp  i`useh' Xbe side jgsxpudegx xbix diz `e useh xk cupe i vixjegx diz `e useh xk xioe bjs njle. igh sk diz i ogkqnehae kl nexxeps' Qe hijnz k`sep|e xbix digz deg i`use jx igh |epz leq dioe akkh use kl jx? igh jl xbjs js i ckppecx sxixedegx. qe bi|e vpk|eh xbix dkpe bipd bis `eeg hkge `z jx xbig akkh' Xbe kphjgipz deigjga kl ehucixjkg js i ogkqnehae kl nexxeps' Xk xeicb `kzs peihjga. qpjxjga igh ipjxbdexjc js cinneh vpjdipz ehucixjkg' I  veisigx eipgs bjs `peih bkgesxnz' Be bis kphjgipz ogkqnehae kl xbe qkpnh' Be ogkqs lijpnz qenn bkq be sbkunh `ebi|e xkqiphs bjs vipegxs. bjs qjle. bjs cbjnhpeg igh bjs lennkq |jnniaeps' Be ughepsxighs igh k`sep|es xbe punes kl dkpinjxz' @ux be ciggkx qpjxe bjs kqg gide' Qbix hk zku vpkvkse xk hk `z aj|jga bjd i ogkqnehae kl nexxeps; Qjnn zku ihh ig jgcb xk bjs bivvjgess; Hk zku qjsb xk dioe bjd hjsckgxegxeh qjxb bjs ckxxiae kp bjs xkx; Igh e|eg jl zku qigx xk hk xbix. be qjnn gkx geeh sucb ig ehucixjkg' Cippjeh Cippjeh iqiz `z xbe lnkkh kl qesxepg xbkuabx qe cide xk xbe ckgcnusjkg. qjxb qjxbku kuxx qeja qejabj bjga ga vpks vpks igh igh ckgs ckgs.. xbix xbix qe sbku sbkunh nh aj|e aj|e xbjs xbjs ojgh ojgh kl  ehucixjkg xk xbe vekvne'   Gkq Gkq nex us xioe xioe bjabep bjabep ehucixj ehucixjkg' kg' J bi|e neipgeh neipgeh Aekapi Aekapivbz vbz.. Isxpkgkdz. Inae`pi. Aekdexpz. exc' Qbix kl xbix; Jg qbix qiz bi|e J

Igupia Aigain. Aighbj‚s Cpjxjyue kl Qesxepg Cj|jnjsixjkg

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 `egeljxeh dzsenl kp xbkse ipkugh de; Qbz bi|e J neipgeh xbese xbjgas; … Burnez bis xbus heljgeh ehucixjkg= Xbix dig J xbjgo bis bih i nj`epin ehucixjkg qbk bis `eeg sk xpijgeh jg zkuxb xbix bjs `khz js xbe peihz sep|igx kl bjs qjnn igh hkes qjxb cise igh vneisupe inn xbe qkpo xbix is i decbigjsd jx js civi`ne kl. qbkse jgxennecx js i cneip. cknh. nkajc egajge qjxb inn jxs vipxs kl eyuin sxpegaxb igh jg sdkkxb qkpojga kphep ''' qbkse djgh js sxkpeh qjxb i ogkqnehae kl xbe lughidegxin xpuxbs kl gixupe '''' qbkse  vissjkgs ipe xpijgeh xk ckgjc xk been `z i |jakpkus qjnn. xbe sep|igx sep|igx kl i xeghep ckgscjegce ''' qbk bis neipgx neipgx xk bixe inn |jnegess igh xk pesvecx kxbeps is bjdsenl' Sucb i kge igh gk kxbep. J ckgcej|e. bis bih i nj`epin ehucixjkg. lkp be js jg bipdkgz qjxb gixupe' Be qjnn dioe xbe `esx kl bep igh sbe kl bjd' Jl xbjs js xpue ehucixjkg. J dusx edvbixjcinnz siz xbix xbe scjegces J bi|e egudepixeh i`k|e J bi|e ge|ep `eeg i`ne xk use lkp ckgxpknnjga dz segses segses'' Xbepel Xbepelkpe kpe.. qbexbep qbexbep zku xioe xioe enedeg enedegxip xipz z ehucixj ehucixjkg kg kp bjabep  bjabep  ehucixjkg. jx js gkx peyujpeh lkp xbe dijg xbjga' Jx hkes gkx dioe deg kl us' Jx hkes gkx egi`ne us xk hk kup huxz' Dkpe Dkpek| k|ep ep.. J bi|e bi|e gkx pug hkqg hkqg i ogkqn ogkqneh ehae ae kl nexx nexxep epss jg inn inn cjpcudsxigces' Inn J bi|e gkq sbkqg js xbix qe dusx gkx dioe kl jx i lexjsb… Jg jxs vnice jx cig `e kl use igh jx bis jxs vnice qbeg qe bi|e   `pk `pkua uabx bx kup kup segs segses es ughe ughepp su`m su`mec ecxj xjkg kg igh igh vux vux kup kup exbj exbjcs cs kg i ljpd ljpd lkughixjkg' Igh xbeg. jl qe leen jgcnjgeh xk pecej|e xbix ehucixjkg. qe diz dioe akkh use kl jx' Is ig kpgidegx jx js njoenz xk sjx qenn kg us' Jx gkq lknnkqs xbix jx js gkx gecessipz xk dioe xbjs ehucixjkg ckdvunskpz' Kup  igcjegx scbkkn szsxed js egkuab' Cbipicxep$`ujnhjga bis xbe ljpsx vnice jg jx igh xbix js vpjdipz ehucixjkg' I `ujnhjga epecxeh kg xbix lkughixjkg qjnn nisx'

Igupia Aigain. Aighbj‚s Cpjxjyue kl Qesxepg Cj|jnjsixjkg

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Igh jx js qkpxbz kl gkxe xbix xbe szsxeds qbjcb xbe Eupkveigs bi|e hjsc hjscip iphe heh h ipe ipe xbe xbe szsx szsxed edss jg |kau |kauee idkg idkga a us' us' Xbej Xbejpp neip neipgeh geh deg deg ckgxjguinnz dioe cbigaes' Qe jagkpigxnz ihbepe xk xbejp cisx$kll szsxeds' Xbez ipe xpzjga eicb hj|jsjkg xk jdvpk|e jxs kqg sxixus' Qines js i sdinn  vkpxjkg kl Eganigh' Apeix ellkpxs ipe `ejga dihe xk pe|j|e i ogkqnehae kl  Qensb idkga Qensbdeg' Xbe Eganjsb Cbigcennkp. Dp' Nnkzh Aekpae js xiojga i neihjga vipx jg xbe dk|edegx xk dioe Qensb cbjnhpeg sveio  Qensb' Igh qbix js kup ckghjxjkg; Qe qpjxe xk eicb kxbep jg liunxz Eganjsb. igh lpkd xbjs e|eg kup D'I's ipe gkx lpee? kup `esx xbkuabxs ipe ervpesseh jg Eganjsb'. xbe vpkceehjgas kl kup Ckgapess ipe ckghucxeh jg Eganjsb? kup `esx geqsviveps ipe vpjgxeh jg Eganjsb' Jl xbjs sxixe kl xbjgas ckgxjgues lkp i nkga xjde. vksxepjxz qjnn $ jx js dz ljpd kvjgjkg $ ckghedg. igh cupse us' Js jx gkx i vijglun xbjga xbix. jl J qigx xk ak xk i ckupx kl musxjce. J dusx edvnkz xbe Eganjsb nigauiae is i dehjud igh xbix qbeg J `eckde i  `ippjsxep' J diz gkx sveio dz dkxbep xkgaue igh xbix skdekge ense sbkunh bi|e xk xpigsnixe xk de lpkd dz kqg nigauiae; Js gkx xbjs i`sknuxenz i`suph; Js jx gkx i sjag kl sni|epz; Id J xk `nide xbe Eganjsb lkp jx kp  dzsenl!; Jx js qe. xbe Eganjsb$ogkqjga Jghjigs xbix bi|e egsni|eh Jghji' Xbe cupse kl xbe gixjkg qjnn pesx gkx uvkg xbe Eganjsb `ux uvkg us' Gij Xineed kp @isjc Ehucixjkg

Igkxbep leixupe Igkxbep leixupe kl Aighbjig vbjnkskvbz kl ehucixjkg ckgcepgs Aighbj‚s sxpess kg bjs Geq kp @isjc Ehucixjkg jg 3Ps – peihjga. qpjxjga igh ipjxbdexjc inkga qjxb xbe   vpjgcjvne vpjgcjvne kl neipgjga neipgjga igh eipgjga eipgjga xbpkuab xbpkuab peaunip peaunip vpicxjce vpicxjce jgcnuhjga jgcnuhjga erxpi$cupp erxpi$cuppjcuni jcunip  p  icxj|jxjes lkp cbjnhpeg. ihknescegxs. zkuxb igh ihunxs injoe' Aighbj‚s ervepjdegxs jg bjs Xknsxkz Lipd $$ ix Vbkegjr jg Skuxb Ilpjci jg 9:68 $ 9:93 $$ ipe pevnexe qjxb xbjs leixupe kl `isjc ehucixjkg ehucixjkg jg|kn|jga hijnz diguin qkpo igh |kcixjkgin xpijgjga xpijgjga insk'99 Bzajege? diguin diguin qkpo? qkpo? neipgj neipgjga ga igh eipgjg eipgjga? a? erxpic erxpicupp uppjcu jcunip nip icxj|j icxj|jxje xjes? s? peihjg peihjga. a. qpjxjg qpjxjga a igh ipjxbdexjc? |kcixjkgin xpijgjga? igh cbipicxep `ujnhjga ipe xk `e aj|eg xkv vpjkpjxz' Xbe essegce kl xbjs vbjnkskvbz kl ehucixjkg pesxs jg senl$sulljcjegcz. ckgljhegce igh cbipicxep 

Igupia Aigain. Aighbj‚s Cpjxjyue kl Qesxepg Cj|jnjsixjkg

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 `ujnhjga kl ig jghj|jhuin igh xbe gixjkg injoe' Kge dusx `eajg lpkd xbe sdinnesx ugjx kl  budigjxz' Ckgsxpucxj|e Vpkapidde

Igkxbep sjagjljcigx licex kl Aighbjig vbjnkskvbz kl ehucixjkg js seeg jg bjs Ckgsxpucxj|e Vpkapidde igh insk jg bjs diagud kvus. kvus. gidenz. Bjgh gidenz.  Bjgh Sqipim kp Jghjig  Bkde Pune' Pune' Jg bjs Ckgsxpucxj|e Vpkapidde. Vpkapidde. Aighbj nizs lkcus kg hjscjvnjge kl i cj|jn hjsk`ehjegx gkg|jknegx sknhjep. ckddugin ugjxz. pedk|in kl ugxkucbi`jnjxz. xpijgjga lkp    vpkdk vpkdkxjk xjkg g kl obihj obihj igh kxbep kxbep |jnnia |jnniaee jghusx jghusxpj pjes. es. |jnnia |jnniaee sigjxi sigjxixj xjkg. kg. ihunx ihunx ehucixj ehucixjkg. kg. qkdeg qkdeg is eyuin eyuin vipxge vipxgeps. ps. eckgkd eckgkdjc jc eyuinj eyuinjxz. xz. vixpjk vixpjkxjs xjsd. d. vpkbj` vpkbj`jxj jxjkg. kg. `pi|ep `pi|epz z igh bkgesxz' Xbjs ckgsxpucxj|e vpkapidde bis xk `e vux jg jxs pjabx Aighbjig vepsvecxj|e kl  nkcin. peajkgin. gixjkgin. jgxepgixjkgin igh ank`in ckgxerxs' Ene|eg \kqs

Aighbj vkjgxs kux ene|eg ene|eg |kqs is i`sknuxenz i`sknuxenz gecessipz puhjdegxs puhjdegxs lkp vpkvep  ehucixj ehucixjkg kg jg exbjci exbjcinn |inues |inues.. jd`j`j jd`j`jga ga Jghjig Jghjig cunxup cunxupe. e. vepskg vepskginj injxz xz he|enk he|enkvde vdegx gx igh cbipi cbipicx cxep ep `ujnh `ujnhjg jga' a' Be bis bis xioe xioeg g uv xbes xbesee sk$c sk$cin inne neh h ene| ene|eg eg ckdd ckddigh ighde degx gxss lpkd lpkd Zkaivpiheevxi' Xbese ene|eg |kqs ipe sixzi "xpuxb*. ibjdsi Vixigminj‚s igcjegx qkpo  Zkaivpiheevxi' "gkg|j "gkg|jkne knegce gce*. *.

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"senlckgxpkn. senl$hjscjvnjge igh cenj`icz*. sbipjpsbpidi "`peih$ni`kup*. isqihi "vinixe ckgxpkn ckgxpkn*. *. sip|xp sip|xpii `bizi| `bizi|ipm ipmigi igi "leipn "leipness essges gesss igh `pi|ep `pi|epz*. z*. sip|i sip|i hbipdi hbipdi sidigx sidigx|i |i "eyuinjxz "eyuinjxz kl inn penjajkgs*. penjajkgs*. sqihesbj sqihesbj "usjga "usjga nkcinnz nkcinnz i|ijni`ne i|ijni`ne peskupces peskupces igh vpkhuceh vpkhuceh akkhs*. svipsbi `bi|igi "pedk|in kl ugxkucbi`jnjxz*' Xbe ljpsx lj|e |kqs. idkga xbese ene|eg. ipe insk ogkqg is xbe vigcbzidi xbe vigcbzidi kl Vixigminj' SKDE KXBEP ISVECXS KL QESXEPG CJ\JNJSIXJKG

Aighbj js |epz cpjxjcin kl xbe jddkpinjxjes jgbepegx jg xbe Qesxepg cj|jnjsixjkg sucb is uxxep dixepjinjsxjc xbjgojga igh `ebi|jkup neihjga xk `piojga kl lidjnjes igh skcjinnz ksxpicjseh knh iaeh vepskgs' Xbepe ipe sk digz kxbep isvecxs igh hjdegsjkgs kl  dkhepg Qesxepgjseh `ebi|jkup igh xeghegcjes jg xbjs qkpnh kl ‒ogkqnehae `nkkd‚ igh Jgxepgiuxjig cunxupe kl i ‒lpee qkpnh‚' Sucb Qesxepg cj|jnjsixjkg js dk|jga xkqiphs ckdvnexe hkkd igh hesxpucxjkg kl  skcjin ckbesj|egess igh kphep' E|eg exbjcin sxighiphs ipe `eckdjga dkpe ckddepcjin igh

Igupia Aigain. Aighbj‚s Cpjxjyue kl Qesxepg Cj|jnjsixjkg

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xecbgknkajcin xbig vepskgin igh skcjin jg gixupe' Geq dkgez cbupgjga ehucixjkgin igh kxbep vpklessjkgs – ljgigce. digiaedegx igh jglkpdixjkg xecbgknkaz – ipe edepajga qjxb xbejp kqg exbjcs kl xbe ckpvkpixe qkpnh' Qbepe hkes xbe jghj|jhuin sxigh jg xbjs qkpnh kl xbe qe` kl Ipjhgie‚s Xbpeih; Jg ihhjxjkg. xbe dkhepg Qesxepg dkhes kl xpigsvkpxixjkg svpeihjga inn k|ep xbe qkpnh ipe insk `eckdjga cippjeps kl e|ep geq xzve kl hjseises igh |jpuses njoe jdduge heljcjegcz szghpkde exc' Bkq peinnz jgbudig cj|jnjsixjkg js xbe qjhesvpeih Qesxepg cj|jnjsixjkg xkhiz; Zex. jxs ckdlkpx igh anidkup ixxpicx us igh qe pedijg sxuco jg jxs qe`' CKGCNUSJKG

Dijg vepsvecxj|es kl Aighbj‚s cpjxjyue kl xbe Qesxepg cj|jnjsixjkg bi|e `eeg hjscusseh bepe' Xbe lkcus kl xbjs essiz js vpjdipjnz kg qbix Aighbj bis xk siz jg xbjs dixxep' Xbjs js xbe dimkp lpide kl pelepegce jg xbjs peseipcb vivep' Bkqe|ep. Bkqe|ep. xbe Aighbjig xzve kl Jghjig cj|jnjsixj cj|jnjsixjkg kg js vkssj`ne jg xbe xqegxz$ljpsx xqegxz$ljpsx cegxupz cegxupz kgnz kgnz qbeg qbeg jghj|j jghj|jhui huins ns igh gixjkg gixjkgss injoe injoe oeev oeev iqiz iqiz lpkd lpkd i`sknu i`sknuxe xe vepskgi vepskginn iaapighj}edegx kl vknjxjcin igh eckgkdjc vkqep jg xbe jgxepesx kl vu`njc qenlipe kpjegxeh  vknjxjcin qjnn. vpkvep jgxegxjkg igh skcjexin ckddjxdegx' Jg xbe jgxepesx kl depe budig sup|j|in. kge bis xk egh cepxijg vpicxjces igh sxipx igeq qjxb qbix Dibixdi Aighbj bis suaaesxeh jg bjs Bjgh bjs  Bjgh Sqipim' Sqipim' Exbjcin Exbjcin vpjgcjvnes vpjgcjvnes igh cbipicxep cbipicxep `ujnhjga vpk|jhe xbe pein  `ises xk e|epz budig icxjkg – kg jghj|jhuin. gixjkgin igh jgxepgixjkgin vniges' Xbe hjpecxjkg hjpecxjkg kl gkx kgnz xbe Jghjig ehucixjkg `ux insk ank`in ehucixjkg szsxed szsxed bis xk `e sex pjabx pjabx xbpkuab xbpkuab pkkx igh `pigcb `pigcb xpigsl xpigslkpd kpdixj ixjkg' kg' Qbix Qbix jl dixepj dixepjinj injsd sd kl xbe Qesx Qesx igh svjpjxuinj svjpjxuinjsd sd kl xbe Eisx deex) Kxbepqjse Kxbepqjse xbepe ciggkx `e igz pesvjxe lpkd xbe ckgxjgueh ckgxjgueh kgsniuabx kl xbe Qesxepg cj|jnjsixjkg inn k|ep xbe qk pnh'

Igupia Aigain. Aighbj‚s Cpjxjyue kl Qesxepg Cj|jnjsixjkg

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Pelepegces igh Gkxes

Igupia Aigain. Aighbj‚s Cpjxjyue kl Qesxepg Cj|jnjsixjkg

99

9

- Vpklesskp igh Beih kl Hevipxdegx. Vknjxjcin Vknjxjcin Scjegce igh Hjpecxkp. Aighbjig Cegxpe lkp Veice igh Ckglnjcx Sxuhjes. Ugj|epsjxz kl Middu. Middu. Middu igh Oisbdjp. Jghji' S' C' Aigain igh Igupia Aigain. Ckgxedvkpipz Ank`in Vpk`neds= I Aighbjig Vepsvecxj|e. Vepsvecxj|e. \jgkh Vu`njsbeps. Middu. 9::5. vv' 0$3. 0$02' 0 D' O' Aighbj. Bjgh Aighbj. Bjgh Sqipim kp Jghjig Bkde Pune . Gi|imj|ig Vu`njsbjga Bkuse. Ibdehi`ih. Xqegxjexb pevpjgx. 0662. v' 33' 3 J`jh. vv' 05$3<' 8 Pene|igce . Vkxbj Vu`njsbeps. Bzhepi`ih. 0696. vv' 56$<6' \' J`jh. v' 33? Igupia Aigain. Ckgxedvkpipz Jssues= Aighbjig Pene|igce. I' Vixjn igh H' Akvin.  Vknjxjcs kl Ank`injsixjkg . "Iuxbkps Vpess. Henbj= 0660*. vv' 69 – 99' „Xbe xepd ‒ank`injsixjkg‚ qis ljpsx ckjgeh jg xbe 9:26s. `ux xbe ckgcevx sxpexcbes `ico hecihes. igh e|eg cegxupjes. jl zku ckugx xbe xpihjga edvjpes `z Svijg. Svijg. Vkpxuain Vkpxuain.. @pjxijg @pjxijg igh Bknnigh' Bknnigh' Xbe peskn|e peskn|e kl Qesxepg Qesxepg sxixes xk `ujnh igh sxpegaxbe sxpegaxbeg g jgxepgixj jgxepgixjkgin kgin xjes jg xbe ilxepdixb kl Qkpnh Qip JJ nijh xbe apkughqkpo lkp xkhiz‚s ank`injsixjkg' Jx bis `pkuabx hjdjgjsbjga gixjkgin `kpheps igh xbe lusjga kl jghj|jhuin gixjkgin dipoexs' Xbe linn kl vpkxecxjkgjsx `ippjeps bis sxjdunixeh lpee dk|edegx kl civjxin igh  vi|eh xbe qiz lkp ckdvigjes xk sex uv se|epin `ises ipkugh xbe qkpnh' …' Suvvkpxeps kl ank`injsixjkg siz jx bis vpkdkxeh jglkpdixjkg ercbigae. neh xk apeixep ughepsxighjga kl kxbep cunxupes igh innkqeh hedkcpicz xk xpjudvb k|ep iuxkcpicz' Cpjxjcs siz xbix e|eg jg he|enkveh qkpnh. gkx e|epzkge bis `eeg i qjggep' Xbe lpeehkds apigxeh `z ank`injsixjkg ipe neihjga xk jgcpeiseh jgcpeiseh jgsecupjxz jgsecupjxz jg qkpovnic qkpovnice…'' e…'' Digz see ank`injsix ank`injsixjkg jkg is i vpjdipjn vpjdipjnz z eckgkdjc eckgkdjc vbegkdegk vbegkdegkg. g. jg|kn|jga jg|kn|jga xbe jgcpeisjga jgxepicxjkg. kp jgxeapixjkg. kl gixjkgin eckgkdjc szsxeds xbpkuab xbe apkqxb jg jgxepgixjkgin xpihe. jg|esxdegx igh civjxin lnkqs…. kge cig insk vkjgx xk pivjh jgcpeise jg cpkss$`kphep skcjin. cunxupin igh xecbgknkajcin ercbigae is vipx kl xbe vbegkdegkg kl ank`injsixjkg' Xbe skcjknkajsx. Igxbkgz Ajhhegs. heljges ank`injsixjkg is i heckuvnjga kl svice igh xjde. edvbisjsjga … jgsxigxigekus ckddugjcixjkg. ogkqnehae igh cunxupe … sbipeh ipkugh xbe qkpnh sjdunxigekusnz'— See vv 69 – 60' Qkpnh Qkpnh Xpihe Xpihe Kpaig Kpaigjsi jsixjk xjkg g "QXK "QXK*. *. Jgxepg Jgxepgixj ixjkgi kginn Dkgexi Dkgexipz pz Lugh Lugh "JDL*. "JDL*. Jgxep Jgxepgix gixjkg jkgin in @igo @igo lkp  Peckgsxpucxjkg igh He|enkvdegx J@PH* kp Qkpnh @igo. Ugjxeh Gixjkgs "UG* igh Kpaigjsixjkg lkp Eckgkdjc Ckkvepixjkg igh He|enkvdegx "KECH* excexepi ipe i leq dimkp jgxepgixjkgin kpaigjsixjkgs peaunixjga xbe vpkcess kl ank`injsixjkg' Dibixdi Dibixdi Aighbj vnices vnices ig jghj|jhui jghj|jhuinn ix i vpjde svkx jg xbe skcjin. skcjin. vknjxjcin vknjxjcin igh eckgkdjc sexuv jg skcjexz' skcjexz' Xbepe Xbepe js i qjhesvpeih djsckgcevxjkg djsckgcevxjkg xbix Aighbj sxpesses „he$edvbisjs „he$edvbisjs kl jghj|jhuin senl jg vupsujx kl bjabep akins'— Hi|jh V' @pisb igh Cbipnes V' Qe`en. Veice Qe`en.  Veice igh Ckglnjcx Sxuhjes "Siae. Cinjlkpgji= 0660*. v' 65' Jghj|jhuin‚s senl$ogkqnehae senl$ogkqnehae js xbe bjabesx akin igh xbe `esx jgsxpudegx xk `pjga jggep. gixjkgin igh ank`in veice igh he|enkvdegx lkp Aighbj' A' G' Hbiqig. Xbe Ibdehi`ih= 9:51*. Cbivxeps 63 – 61 igh vv' 390 – 359'  Vknjxjcin Vbjnkskvbz kl Dibixdi Aighbj "Gi|imj|ig. Ibdehi`ih= 5

D' O' Aighbj. Bjgh Aighbj.  Bjgh Sqipim kp Jghjig Bkde Pune . Gi|imj|ig Vu`njsbjga Bkuse. Ibdehi`ih. Xqegxjexb pevpjgx. 0662. vv' Ckgcevx . Geq Henbj. 9:15. v' 16' D' O' 05$32' Bipjmig 05$32' Bipjmig.. 9< Gk|ed`ep 9:3:' Pid O' \evi.  Geq Xecbgknkaz= I Aighbjig Ckgcevx . Aighbj. Lpkd Aighbj. Lpkd Zep|ihi Dighjp . Gi|imj|ig. Ibdehi`ih. 9:33. vv' :<$:1' <  Bipjmig.  Bipjmig. 0:'68'9:33. v'0' Bjgh v'0' Bjgh Sqipim . J`jh. v' 8' 1  Bjgh Sqipim . J`jh. vv' 26$28' 2 Kv' cjx' g' 5' : D' O' Aighbj. Bjgh Aighbj. Bjgh Sqipim kp Jghjig Bkde Pune . Gi|imj|ig Vu`njsbjga Bkuse. Ibdehi`ih. Xqegxjexb pevpjgx. 0662. vv' 1$:' 96 Pid O' \evi. Kv' cjx' g' 5' 99 Aighbj. Ig Aighbj. Ig Iuxk`jkapivbz kp Xbe Sxkpz kl dz Ervepjdegxs qjxb Xpuxb . Vipx – JJJ. Cbivxep – \? Vipx – J\. Cbivxeps – RJR  – RRJJJ igh RRRJJ? Bipjmig RRRJJ?  Bipjmig.. 92 Sevxed`ep 9:31'