PENGEMBANGAN MATERI, METODE DAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN ADMINISTRASI PERKANTORAN MAKALAH
Disusun untuk memenuhi salah satu tugas mata kuliah Telaah Telaah Kurikulum dan Perencanaan Pembelajaran Manajemen Perkantoran. Dosen Pengampu Dr. H. Suwatno, M.Si.
Disusun oleh: ni !ulianti
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PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN MANAJEMEN PERKANTORAN FAKULTAS PENDIDIKAN EKONOMI DAN BISNIS UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA 2016
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KATA PENGANTAR
Segala puji dan sukur kami panjatkan kepada llah Swt. !ang berkat petunjuk dan hidaah1/al hidaah1/alah ah laporan laporan obser2asi obser2asi ini dapat terselesaikan. terselesaikan. 3aporan 3aporan obser2asi obser2asi ini bertemakan bertemakan “Pengembangan Materi, Media, dan Metode Pembelajaran Administrasi Perkantoran ”. dapun laporan makalah ini kami susun untuk memenuhi salah satu tugas mata kuliah Telaah Kurikulum dan Perencanaan Pembelajaran Manajemen Perkantoran. Terim Terimaa
kasih kasih
juga juga kami kami
ucapkan ucapkan
kepada kepada
dosen dosen
pengamp pengampu u mata mata kuliah kuliah Telaah elaah
Kurikulum dan Perencanaan Pembelajaran Manajemen Perkantoran karena telah memberikan kami kami
tugas tugas
sehing sehingga ga
kebers kebersamaa amaan n dan sinerg sinergii menguca mengucapka pkan n
menamba menambah h
pengeta pengetahua huan n dan pengala pengalaman man kami kami
dalam dalam kelompo kelompok k
terima terima kasih kasih
kepada kepada
kami kami
ini. ini.
serta serta membent membentuk uk
Dan secara secara khusus khusus kami kami
juga juga
kedua kedua orang orang tua kami kami ang ang senan senantia tiasa sa memb memberi erikan kan
semangat dan dukungan serta do4a ang selalu mengiringi kami. Kami selaku penusun sadar akan ketidaksempurnaan dan kekurangan ang terdapat dalam laporan makalah ini. 5leh sebab itu, kami sangat berharap atas kritik dan saran ang membangun guna guna mengemb mengembangk angkan an pengeta pengetahua huan n kita kita bersam bersamaa supaa supaa lebih lebih baik baik lagi lagi untuk untuk penusu penusunan nan laporan makalah selanjutna.
6andung, %' gustus '%#(
Tim Penusun
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1!1!
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Program Keahlian dministr dministrasi asi Perkantoran Perkantoran adalah Program Program keahlian keahlian ang siap mendidik dan menciptakan calon tenaga kerja ang kompeten, kompetiti? dan mandiri di bidang kesekretarisan. Di Program Keahlian ini siswa akan di didik untuk bisa menangani administrasi ang ada di perusahaan aitu meliputi pekerjaan surat1menurat, menge mengelo lola la dokum dokumen en "kea "kears rsip ipan an), ), menan menanga gani ni rapa rapat, t, mengo mengope peras rasik ikan an otom otomat atis isas asii perkantoran, dan mengoordinir tugas pimpinan dari membuat agenda kegiatan hingga merancang perjalanan dinas serta tugas sekretaris lainna. Selain itu, program keahlian ini mengajarkan peserta didik bagaimana cara berkomunikasi dan berpenampilan ang baik sebagai seorang sekretaris di perusahaan. Kurik Kurikul ulum um '%#0 '%#0 dira diranca ncang ng untu untuk k men menia iapka pkan n lulu lulusa san n prog progra ram m keahl keahlia ian n administrasi perkantoran ang memiliki kecerdasan intelektual, kecerdasan emosional, dan kecerdasan spiritual secara seimbang sebagai bekal untuk terjun ke dunia kerja agar dapat menjadi sekretaris pro?essional ang kompeten dan berakhlak mulia. Maka dari itu kita sebagai calon pendidik administrasi perkantoran harus mampu menguasai materi, meto metode de dan dan
medi mediaa
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PerkantoranA $. 6agai 6agaima mana na cont contoh oh pengi pengimp mple leme ment ntas asia ian n meto metode, de, dan dan media media pembel pembelaj ajar aran an ang ang
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BAB II PEMBAHASAN 2!1! 2!1!
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Menurut "Hamalik, '%%=), materiC isi kurikulum merupakan bahan kajian dan pelaja pelajaran ran untuk untuk mencap mencapai ai tujuan tujuan penele penelengga nggaraa raan n satuan satuan pendidi pendidikan kan ang bersangkutan dalam rangka upaa pencapaian tujuan nasioanal. "6ab , Ps. 0@). Sesu Sesuai ai denga dengan n rumu rumusa san n ters terseb ebut ut,, isi isi kurik kurikul ulum um dikem dikemban bangk gkan an dan dan disu disusu sun n berdasarkan prinsip1prinsip sebagai berikut: #) Materi Materi kurikul kurikulum um berupa bahan bahan pembel pembelaja ajaran ran ang terdiri terdiri dari bahan kajian kajian atau topik1topik pelajaran ang dapat dikaji oleh siswa dalam proses belajar dan pembelajaran ') Mate Materi ri kurik kurikul ulum um meng mengacu acu pada pada penca pencapai paian an tuju tujuan an masi masing ng1m 1mas asin ing g satu satuan an pendidikan. Perbedaan tujuan satuam pendidikan tersebutB 0) Materi Materi kurikulum kurikulum diarahkan diarahkan untuk mencapai mencapai tujuan tujuan pendidikan pendidikan nasional. nasional. Dalam Dalam hal ini, tujuan pendidikan nasional merupakan target tertinggi ang hendak dicapai melalui penampaian materi kurikulum. Menurut "Majid, '%%=) mengatakan bahwa bahan ajar adalah segala bentuk ang ang digun digunak akan an untu untuk k memb membant antu u guru guru atau atau inst instru ruct ctor or dala dalam m mela melaks ksan anaka akan n kegiatan belajar mengajar bisa berupa bahan tertulis maupun bahan tertulis. Dengan bahan ajar memungkinkan siswa dapat mempelajari suatu kompetensi dasar secara runtut dan sistematis sehingga secara akumulati? dapat menguasai materi secara utuh dan terpadu. Sebuah bahan ajar paling tidak mencakup antara lain:
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() 72aluasi Menurut
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"'%%&), pengertian "'%%&), pengertian bahan ajar adalah segala bentuk bahan ang digunakan untuk membantu guru atau instruktur dalam melaksanakan proses pembelajaran. 6ahan ang dimaksudkan dapat berupa bahan tertulis maupun tidak tertulis. Pandangan dari ahli lainna mengatakan bahwa bahan ajar adalah seperangkat materi ang disusun secara sistematis, baik tertulis maupun tidak tertulis, sehingga tercipta suatu lingkungan atau suasana ang memungkinkan siswa belajar. Menurut Panen "'%%#) mengungkapkan bahwa bahan ajar merupakan bahan1bahan atau materi pelajaran ang ang disusu disusun n secara secara siste sistemat matis, is, ang ang diguna digunakan kan guru guru dan pesert pesertaa didik didik dalam dalam proses pembelajaran "ndi,'%##:#(). "ndi,'%##:#(). ;adi dari pengertian diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa materi adalah segala sesu sesuat atu u ang ang digu diguna nakan kan untuk untuk mena menamp mpai aika kan n suat suatu u ilmu ilmu dan dan penge pengeta tahua huan n administrasi perkantoran untuk megubah pola pikir dan meningkatkan keterampilan peserta didik. Materi pembelajaran mencakup mata pelajaran baik normati2e "kelompok ), adapti? "kelompok 6), maupun produkti? "kelompok +). 6eriku 6erikutt adalah adalah mata mata pelajar pelajaran an ang ang dipelaj dipelajari ari oleh oleh siswaC siswaCpes pesert ertaa didik didik dministrasi Perkantoran: K73S MT P73;9/
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K73S MT P73;9/ ;umlah dan 6
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0. Pengemb Pengembang angan an bahan ajar harus harus dapat menjaw menjawab ab atau memecahk memecahkan an masalah masalah atau kesulitan dalam belajar. Deng Dengan an
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memperhatikan karakteristik siswa dan kebutuhan siswa sesuai kurikulum, aitu menuntut menuntut adana partisipasi partisipasi dan akti2asi akti2asi siswa lebih banak dalam pembelajaran. pembelajaran. Pengembangan lembar kegiatan siswa menjadi salah satu alternati? bahan ajar ang akan berman?aat bagi siswa menguasai kompetensi tertentu, karena lembar kegiatan siswa dapat membantu siswa menambah in?ormasi tentang materi ang dipelajari melalui kegiatan belajar secara sistematis. 2!1! 2!1!* *
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;enis bahan ajar dibedakan atas beberapa kriteria pengelompokan. Menurut Koesnandar "'%%=), jenis bahan ajar berdasarkan subjekna terdiri dari dua jenis antara lain: "a) bahan ajar ang sengaja dirancang untuk belajar, seperti buku, handout handouts, s, 3KS dan modulB modulB "b) bahan bahan ajar ajar ang ang tidak tidak diranca dirancang ng namun namun dapat dapat diman? diman?aat aatkan kan untuk untuk belajar belajar,, misaln misalnaa klipin kliping, g, koran, koran, ?ilm, ?ilm, iklan iklan atau atau berita berita.. Koesnandar Koesnandar juga menatakan menatakan bahwa jika ditinjau ditinjau dari ?ungsina, ?ungsina, maka bahan ajar ang dirancang terdiri atas tiga kelompok kelompok aitu bahan presentasi presentasi,, bahan re?erensi, re?erensi, dan bahan belajar mandiri. 6erdas 6erdasark arkan an teknol teknologi ogi ang ang digunak digunakan, an, Direkt Direktora oratt Pembina Pembinaan an Sekola Sekolah h Menengah tas "'%%=: ##) mengelompokkan bahan ajar menjadi empat kategori,
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2!1! 2!1!
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Prinsi Prinsip1p p1prin rinsip sip dalam dalam pemili pemilihan han bahan bahan ajar ajar atau atau materi materi pembel pembelajar ajaran an meliputi: a. rele2ansi, b. konsistensi, c. kecukupan. Prinsip Prinsip rele2ansi rele2ansi artina artina materi materi pembelajara pembelajaran n hendakna hendakna rele2an rele2an memiliki memiliki keterkaitan dengan pencapaian standar kompetensi dan kompetensi dasar. Prinsip konsistensi artina adana keajegan antara bahan ajar dengan kompetensi dasar ang harus dikuasai dikuasai siswa. siswa. Misalna, Misalna, kompetensi dasar ang harus dikuasai siswa empat macam, maka bahan ajar ang harus diajarkan juga harus meliputi empat macam macam.. Prin Prinsi sip p kecuk kecukupa upan n arti artin naa mate materi ri ang ang diaj diajar arka kan n henda hendakn knaa cukup cukup memadai memadai dalam dalam membant membantu u siswa siswa mengua menguasai sai kompete kompetensi nsi dasar dasar ang ang diajar diajarkan kan.. Materi tidak boleh terlalu sedikit, dan tidak boleh terlalu banak. ;ika terlalu sedikit akan akan kurang kurang membant membantu u mencap mencapai ai standar standar kompet kompetens ensii dan kompet kompetens ensii dasar dasar.. Sebalikna, jika terlalu banak akan membuang1buang waktu dan tenaga ang tidak perlu untuk mempelajarina. 2!1!5 L"n&%")4$"n&%") Me(-$-) B")"n A+"#
Materi Materi pembela pembelajar jaran an ang ang dipili dipilih h untuk untuk diajar diajarkan kan oleh oleh guru guru dan harus harus dipela dipelajar jarii siswa siswa hendakn hendakna a berisi berisikan kan materi materi atau atau bahan bahan ajar ajar ang benar1 benar1ben benar ar
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Secara Secara lengkap lengkap,, langkah langkah1la 1langka ngkah h pemili pemilihan han bahan bahan ajar ajar dapat dapat dijela dijelaska skan n sebagai berikut: Mengidenti?ikasi aspek1aspek ang terdapat dalam standar kompetensi dan kompetensi dasar. Sebelum menentukan materi pembelajaran terlebih dahulu perlu diidenti?ikasi aspek1aspek standar kompetensi dan kompetensi dasar ang harus dipelajari atau dikuasai siswa. spek tersebut perlu ditentukan, karena setiap aspek standar standar kompetensi kompetensi dan kompetensi kompetensi dasar memerlukan memerlukan jenis materi materi ang berbeda1 berbeda1 beda dalam kegiatan pembelajaran. denti?ikasi jenis1jenis materi pembelajaran. Sejalan dengan berbagai jenis aspek standar kompetensi, materi pembelajaran juga dapat dibedakan menjadi jenis materi materi aspek aspek kogniti kogniti?, ?, a?ekti a?ekti?, ?, dan psikom psikomoto otori rik. k. Materi Materi pembel pembelaja ajaran ran aspek aspek kogniti? secara terperinci dapat dibagi menjadi empat jenis, aitu: ?akta, konsep, prinsip dan prosedur. Materi jenis ?akta adalah materi berupa nama1nama objek, nama tempat, nama orang, lambang, peristiwa sejarah, nama bagian atau komponen suatu suatu benda, benda, dan lain lain sebaga sebagain ina. a. Materi Materi konsep konsep berupa berupa pengert pengertian ian,, de?ini de?inisi, si, hakekat hakekat,, inti inti isi. isi. Materi Materi jenis jenis prinsi prinsip p berupa berupa dalil, dalil, rumus, rumus, postul postulat at adagium adagium,, paradigma, teorema. Materi jenis prosedur berupa langkah1langkah mengerjakan sesuatu secara urut, misalna langkah1langkah menelpon, cara1cara pembuatan telur asin asin atau atau cara1ca cara1cara ra pembuat pembuatan an bel listri listrik. k. Materi Materi pembela pembelajar jaran an aspek aspek a?ekti a?ekti? ? meliputi: pemberian respon, penerimaan "apresisasi), internalisasi, dan penilaian. Materi pembelajaran aspek motorik terdiri dari gerakan awal, semi rutin, dan rutin.
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mengajarkann mengajarkanna. a. Sebab, setiap jenis materi pembelajaran pembelajaran memerlukan strategi strategi pembelajaran atau metode, media, dan sistem e2aluasiCpenilaian ang berbeda1 beda. Misalna, metode mengajarkan materi ?akta atau ha?alan adalah dengan menggunakan menggunakan Gjembatan Gjembatan keledai, keledai, Gjembatan Gjembatan ingatan ingatan "mnemonics) "mnemonics),, sedangkan sedangkan metode untuk mengajarkan prosedur adalah Gdemonstrasi. Setela Setelah h jenis jenis materi materi ditent ditentukan ukan langkah langkah beriku berikutn tnaa adalah adalah menentu menentukan kan sumber bahan ajar. Sumber bahan ajar merupakan tempat di mana bahan ajar dapat diper diperol oleh eh.. Dalam Dalam menc mencari ari sumb sumber er bahan bahan ajar ajar,, sisw siswaa dapa dapatt dili dilibat batka kan n untu untuk k mencari mencarina na,, sesuai sesuai dengan dengan prinsi prinsip p pembela pembelajar jaran an siswa siswa akti?. akti?. 6erbaga 6erbagaii sumber sumber dapat kita gunakan untuk mendapatkan materi pembelajaran dari setiap standar kompetensi dan kompetensi dasar. Sumber1sumber dimaksud dapat disebutkan di bawah ini: #. 6uku teks teks ang diterbi diterbitkan tkan oleh oleh berbagai berbagai penerbit penerbit . 8unakan 8unakan sebanak sebanak mungkin mungkin buku teks agar dapat diperoleh wawasan ang luas, '. 3aporan 3aporan hasil penelit penelitian ian ang diterb diterbitkan itkan oleh oleh lembaga lembaga penelitia penelitian n atau oleh oleh para
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=. ntern nternet et ang ang banak banak ditemu ditemuii segala segala macam macam sumber sumber bahan ajar. ajar. 6ahkan 6ahkan satuan pelajaran harian untuk berbagai matapelajaran dapat kita peroleh melalui internet. 6ahan tersebut dapat dicetak atau dikopi, @. 6erbagai 6erbagai jenis media media audio2isu audio2isual al berisikan berisikan pula bahan bahan ajar untuk untuk berbagai berbagai jenis jenis mata pelajaran. Kita dapat mempelajari gunung berapi, kehidupan di laut, di hutan hutan bela belant ntara ara mela melalu luii siar siaran an tele tele2i 2isi si,, dan dan lingk lingkun ungan gan " alam alam,, sosi sosial al,, senibudaa, teknik, industri, ekonomi). Perlu diingat, dalam menusun rencana pembelajaran berbasis kompetensi, buku1buku atau terbitan tersebut hana merupakan bahan rujukan. rtina, tidaklah tepat tepat jika jika hana hana menggan menggantun tungka gkan n pada buku buku teks teks sebaga sebagaii satu1s satu1satu atuna na sumber sumber bahan ajar. Tidak tepat pula tindakan mengganti buku pelajaran pada setiap pergantian semester atau pergantian tahun. 6uku1buku pelajaran atau buku teks ang ada perlu dipelajari untuk dipilih dan digunakan sebagai sumber ang rele2an deng dengan an
mater aterii
ang ang
tel telah
dipi dipili lih h
unt untuk
diaj diajar arka kan. n.
Meng Mengaajar jar
buka bukanl nlah ah
menelesaikan satu buku, tetapi membantu siswa mencapai kompetensi. Karena itu,
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"adeIuac). Kecukupan "adeIuac) atau memadaina cakupan materi juga perlu diperh diperhati atikan kan dalam dalam penger pengertia tian. n. +ukup +ukup tidakn tidakna a aspek aspek materi materi dari suatu suatu materi materi pembelajaran akan sangat membantu tercapaina penguasaan kompetensi dasar ang telah ditentukan. +akupan atau ruang lingkup materi perlu ditentukan untuk mengetahui mengetahui apakah materi materi ang harus dipelajari dipelajari oleh murid terlalu terlalu banak, terlalu terlalu sedikit, atau telah memadai sehingga sesuai dengan kompetensi dasar ang ingin dicapai. b. Me Menen nentu tuka kan n uruta urutan n bahan bahan ajar ajar
rutan penajian "seIuencing) bahan ajar sangat penting untuk menentukan urutan mempelajari atau mengajarkanna. Tanpa urutan ang tepat, jika di antara beberapa materi pembelajaran mempunai hubungan ang bersi?at prasarat "prereIuisi "prereIuisite) te) akan menulitkan menulitkan siswa siswa dalam mempelajari mempelajarina. na. Misalna Misalna materi operasi bilangan penjumlahan, pengurangan, perkalian, dan pembagian. Siswa akan mengala mengalami mi kesuli kesulitan tan mempel mempelajar ajarii perkal perkalian ian jika jika materi materi penjum penjumlaha lahan n belum belum dipelajari. Dan siswa akan mengalami kesulitan membagi jika materi pengurangan
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pengetahuanna, siswa mengalami kesulitan, atau siswa dengan cepat menguasai materi pembelajaran. Kemungkinan pertama siswa belum memiliki pengetahuan psarat. Pengetahuan prasarat adalah bekal pengetahuan ang diperlukan untuk mempelajari suatu bahan ajar baru. Misalna, untuk mempelajari perkalian siswa harus harus sudah sudah mempel mempelajar ajarii penjum penjumlah lahan. an. ntuk ntuk menget mengetahui ahui apakah apakah siswa siswa telah telah memiliki memiliki pengetahuan pengetahuan prasarat, prasarat, guru harus mengadakan tes prasarat prasarat "preIuisite "preIuisite test). ;ika berdasar tes tersebut siswa belum memiliki pengetahuan prasarat, maka siswa siswa terseb tersebut ut harus harus diberi diberi materi materi atau atau bahan bahan pembeka pembekalan lan.. 6ahan 6ahan pembeka pembekalan lan "matrikulasi) dapat diambil dari materi atau modul di bawahna. Dalam menghadapi kemungkinan kedua, aitu siswa mengalami kesulitan atau hambatan dalam menguasai materi pembelajaran, guru harus menediakan mate materi ri perb perbai aika kan n "rem "remedi edial al). ). Mate Materi ri pembel pembelaj ajar aran an reme remedi dial al disu disusu sun n lebi lebih h sederhana, sederhana, lebih rinci, diberi banak penjelasan penjelasan dan contoh agar mudah ditangkap ditangkap oleh siswa. ntuk keperluan remedial perlu disediakan modul remidial. Dalam menghad menghadapi api kemungk kemungkina inan n ketiga, ketiga, aitu aitu siswa siswa dapat dapat dengan dengan cepat cepat dan mudah mudah
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belajar mengajar metode dinperlukan oleh guru dengan penggunaan ang ber2ariasi sesuai dengan tujuan ang ingin dicapai. Tujuan dan materi ang baik belum tentu memberikan hasil ang baiktanpa memilih dan menggunakan metode ang sesuai dengan tujuan dan materi pelajaran. Menurut Menurut "Hamalik, '%%=, p. '() metode adalah cara ang digunakan untuk menampaikan materi pelajaran dalam upaa mencapai tujuan kurikulum. Suatu metode mengandung pengertian terlaksanana kegiatan guru dan kegiatan siswa dalam proses pembelajaran. Metode dilaksanakan melalui prosedur tertentu. Menu Menuru rutt "Maj "Majid id,, '%%=) '%%=) meto metode de adala adalah h pros proses es bela belaja jarr menga mengaja jarr ang ang dilakukan dengan cara interaksi antara guru dengan peserta didik dalam suatu pengajaran untuk mewujudkan tujuan ang ditetapkan.
Dari pengertian diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa metode adalah cara ang
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dimana terjadina interaksi antara komponen1komponen atau unsur1unsur sistem pembelajaran agar dalam pelaksanaanna dapat tercapai hasil ang diharapkan. Setelah memahmi berbagai pengertian dari metode dan pembelajaran, maka dapat disimpulkan disimpulkan bahwa metode pembelajaran pembelajaran merupakan suatu proses atau cara ang dilakukan oleh seorang guru atau pendidik dengan segala kemampuan ang dimilikina untuk dapat mengubah psikis dan pola piker anak didikna dari ang tidak tahu menjadi tahu serta serta mampu mendewasakan mendewasakan anak didikna, didikna, salah satuna satuna dengan mengajar di kelas atau per?ormance seorang guru untuk dapat menguasai keadaan keadaan kelas kelas sehing sehingga ga dapat dapat tercip terciptan tanaa suasan suasanaa belajar belajar ang ang menenan menenangka gkan n
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digunakan dalam pembelajaran dengan ciri1ciri tertentu. +eramah cocok untuk penampaian bahan belajar ang berupa in?ormasi dan jika bahan belajar tersebut sukar didapatkan. b. Metode Diskusi Metode pembelajaran diskusi adalah proses pelibatan dua orang peserta atau atau lebi lebih h untu untuk k berin berinte tera raks ksii sali saling ng bertu bertukar kar penda pendapa pat, t, dan dan atau atau sali saling ng mempert mempertaha ahankan nkan pendapa pendapatt dalam dalam pemecah pemecahan an masala masalah h sehing sehingga ga didapat didapatkan kan kesepakatan diantara mereka. Pembelajaran ang menggunakan metode diskusi merupakan pembelajaran ang bersi?at interakti? "8agne J 6riggs. #@ &@: '<#). Menurut Mc. Keachie1Kulik dari hasil penelitianna, dibanding metode ceramah, metode diskusi dapat meningkatkan anak dalam pemahaman konsep
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#.
Penge ngetahuan an ang g diper peroleh peserta didik dari ari has hasil bel belajar sendir diri
'.
akan dapat diingat lebih lama. Peserta didik memiliki peluang untuk meningkatkan keberanian, inisiati?, bertanggung jawab dan mandiri. Kelemahan Metode 9esitasi adalah :
0.
Kadang ang kal kala pes peserta did didik mel melakuka kukan n pen penipuan akn aknii pes pesert erta did didik hana meniru hasil pekerjaan orang lain tanpa mau bersusah paah
$.
mengerjakan sendiri. Kada Kadang ng kal kala tug tugas as dike dikerrjaka jakan n ol oleh oran orang g lai lain n tan tanpa pa peng pengaw awas asan an..
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maka setiapsiswa ang diuji harus langsung berhadapan dengan team pendidik j.
tersebut Metode Peer Theaching Metode Metode Peer Theaching sama juga dengan mengajar sesama teman, aitu
suatu metode mengajar ang dibantu oleh temanna sendiri. k. Meto Metode de prob proble lem m sol sol2i 2ing ng Metode Metode proble problem m sol2in sol2ing g "metod "metodee pemeca pemecahan han masala masalah) h) bukan bukan hana hana seka sekada darr meto metode de menga mengaja jarr, teta tetapi pi juga juga meru merupa pakan kan suat suatu u meto metode de berp berpik ikir ir,, sebabdalam problem sol2ing dapat menggunakan metode1metode lainna ang dimulaidengan mencari data sampai pada menarik kesimpulan. Metode problem sol2ing merupakan metode ang merangsang ber?ikir
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Mengamati dapat dilakukan antara lain melalui kegiatan mencari in?ormasi, melihat, mendengar, membaca, dan atau menimak. '. Menana Menan Menana a untu untuk k memb memban angu gun n penge pengeta tahua huan n pese pesert rtaa didi didik k seca secara ra ?akt ?aktual ual,, konsept konseptual ual,, dan prosed prosedura ural, l, hingga hingga berpik berpikir ir metakog metakognit niti?, i?, dapat dapat dilakuk dilakukan an melalui kegiatan diskusi, kerja kelompok, dan diskusi kelas. 0. Mencoba MengeksplorC MengeksplorCmengum mengumpulkan pulkan in?ormasi, in?ormasi, atau mencoba untuk meningkatkan meningkatkan keingintahuan peserta didik dalam mengembangkan kreati?itas, dapat dilakukan mela melalu luii
membac membaca, a, menga mengama mati ti akti akti2it 2itas as,,
kejad kejadia ian n
atau atau objek objek tert terten entu tu,,
memperoleh in?ormasi, mengolah data, dan menajikan hasilna dalam bentuk
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'. Mengajukan pertanaanB 0. Mengaj Mengajukan ukan dugaan dugaan atau atau kemungki kemungkinan nan jawaban jawabanCC mengas mengasosi osiasi asi atau atau melakukan penalaranB $. Mengumpulkan data ang terakait dengan dugaan atau pertanaan ang
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Pj63 Pj63 "pro "proje ject ct1ba 1base sed d lear learni ning ng)) adala adalah h model model pemb pembel elaj ajar aran an ang ang mengor mengorgan ganisi isirr pembela pembelajar jaran an diseki disekitar tar proek. proek. Proek Proek adalah adalah tugas tugas ang ang kompleks, berdasarkan pertanaan menantang atau masalah, ang melibatkan
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pada proek mereka masing1masing. Semakin besar keterlibatan dan ide1ide siswa siswa "kelompok siswa) ang digunakan dalam proek itu, akan semakin besar pula rasa memiliki mereka terhadap proek tersebut. 0. Men Menus usu un penj enjadwa adwallan " Creatin Creating g Schedule Schedule)B )B Selanj Selanjutn utna, a, guru guru dan siswa siswa
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0. )n"estigasi konstrukti( $constructi"e in"estigations&, in"estigations&, Proek Proek melibatkan melibatkan siswa siswa dalam dalam in2est in2estiga igasi si konstr konstrukt ukti?. i?. n2est n2estiga igasi si mungk mungkin in berup berupaa proses proses desain desain,, pengambilan keputusan, penemuan masalah, pemecahan masalah, disco2er, atau pembangunan model. kan tetapi,
dapat disebut proek
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6arrow mende?iniskan model pembelajaran P63 sebagai berikut: #. Pembel Pembelaja ajaran ran ang ang berp berpus usat at pada pada siswa siswa " student centered centered learning )B )B '. Pembelajar Pembelajaran an dilakuk dilakukan an dalam kelompok kelompok kecil, kecil, idealn idealnaa (1#% orangB orangB 0. 8uru bertin bertindak dak sebagai sebagai ?asilitato ?asilitatorr atau tutor tutor ang ang membimbi membimbing ng siswaB siswaB
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