TUGAS MAKALAH FARMASI INDUSTRI “FLOW MATERIAL TABLET”
KELOMPOK 1 (KELAS A) A. EDLAN TRI NOVRY NOVRYADI WAODE SURAENI A. SARTIKA NATSIR NATSIR JEANE F. RORIMPANDEY JULIANRI SARI LEBANG NURLINA ARLISA FITRIYANI FITRIYANI
PROGRAM STUDI PROFESI APOTEKER APOTEKER FAKULTAS FARMASI UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN MAKASSAR 2009
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
Table !e"#$a%a& 'e()aa& $a(a %*!$a%+ ()b#a 'e,a"a %e!$a () ba-a e%a&a& bebe"a$a "a#' %)l*/"a! $e" ,! 2+ (ala! be&#% be&#% ab#&/ ab#&/ $)$) $)$)
aa# aa#
')"% ')"%#l #le" e"++
%e(# %e(#a a
$e"! $e"!#% #%aa aa&& && a
"aa "aa
aa# aa#
,e!b ,e!b#& #&/+ /+
!e&/a&(#&/ 'a# 1e&)' *ba aa# leb) (e&/a& aa# a&$a a a!baa&. Leb) Leb) (a") 903 *ba a&/ a&/ be%e"1a ')'e!)% ')'e!)% ()be")%a& ()be")%a& 'e,a"a 'e,a"a *"al. B)la B)la '#a# '#a# *ba *ba ba"# ba"# ()e!# ()e!#%a& %a&++ $e"#'a $e"#'aa aa& a& 4a"!a' 4a"!a')) !#la5! !#la5!#la #la a%a& a%a& !e&el)) a$a%a *ba e"'eb# (a$a e4e%)4 'e$e") a&/ ()a"a$%a& b)la ()be")%a& 'e,a"a *"al. Da") *ba5*ba a&/ ()be")%a& 'e,a"a *"al+ !a%a 'e()aa& 'e()aa& $a(a $a(a 6!)'al&a 6!)'al&a able7%a$ able7%a$le le aa# %a$'#l8 %a$'#l8 !e"#$a%a !e"#$a%a& & be&#% be&#% a&/ leb) ()'e&a&/). Ke#&/ Ke#&//#l /#la& a& be&#% be&#% 'e()aa 'e()aa& & *ba *ba $a(a $a(a a&a"a a&a"a la)& la)& leb) leb) 'ab)l 'ab)l ()ba&()&/ ()ba&()&/%a& %a& be&#% be&#% la"#a& la"#a& aa# 'e!)$a(a+ 'e!)$a(a+ leb) !#(a ()ba-a ()ba-a (a& leb) e4)')e& $e&//#&aa&&a %a"e&a )(a% !e!b##%a& ala ba&# 1)%a a%a& ()/#&a%a&.
BAB II ISI II.1 Bahan-bahan Tabahan Da!a P"#$%$ P%b&a'an Tab!%' D) 'a!$)&/ !e&/a&(#&/ 'a# aa# leb) baa& a%)4+ b)'a&a able e"()" e"()")) (a") (a") 'ala 'ala 'a# 'a# aa# aa# leb) leb) baa& baa&5ba 5baa& a& a!ba a!baa& a& a&/ a&/ 'e")&/ 'e")&/ ()'e ()'eb# b# (e&/ (e&/a& a& excipients 6baa& 6baa& a!baa&8 a!baa&8.. Te"(a$a "(a$a (#a %el*!$*% %el*!$*% baa baa& & a!ba a!baa a& & be"( be"(a' a'a" a"%a %a& & 4#&/ 4#&/') ')& &a. a. Kel* Kel*!$ !$*% *% a&/ a&/ $e"a $e"a!a !a be"4# e"4#&/ &/' ')
#&# #&#% %
!e!$ e!$e"b e"ba)%) )%)
')4a )4a
4)' 4)')%
baa& aa&
a%)4 %)4
a/a" /a"
leb) leb)
!e!#(a !e!#(a%a %a& & $"*'e' $"*'e' $e!b#a $e!b#aa& a&& &a. a. Te"!a'#% "!a'#% (ala! (ala! %el*! %el*!$*% $*% )&) a(ala baa&5baa& 'eba/a) $e&/)') 6diluent 6 diluent 8+ 8+ $e&/a&,#" 6disintegrants 6disintegrants8+ 8+ $e&/ $e&/)% )%a a 6binders8+ binders8+ $el), el),)& )& 6glidant 8+ 8 + $el)&, l)&,)" )" 6lubricants8. lubricants8. Se(a& Se(a&/%a /%a& & %el*!$*% %e(#a ()!a%'#(%a& #&#% !e!$e"ba)%) $e&a!$)la& 4)')% able a&/ ()b#a. Te"!a'#% Te"!a'#% (ala! %el*!$*% )&) a(ala baa&5baa&+ $e-a"&a 6colouring agents8+ agents8+ $e!a&)' 6sweetening 6sweetening agents8+ agents8+ (a& $e"a'a 6flavouring 6flavouring agents8. agents8. Sala Sala 'a# 'a# 'a" 'a"a a a&/ a&/ a"# a"#' ' ()$e ()$e&# &#) ) *le *le 'el# 'el#"# "# baa baa& & a!baa& a!baa& )&) a(ala !e!)l)%) !e!)l)%) ')4a inert + a")&a baa&5baa& a!baa& e"'eb# )(a% be"ea%') (e&/a& a a%)4&a. Bahan
P%n$
(diluent). (diluent).
Baa&
$e&/)') )')
be"/# "/#&a
#&#%
!e&,#%#$%a& b*b* able a&/ ())&/)&%a&. Be"a able b)a'a&a be"%)'a" 205 205:0 :00 0 !/+ !/+ 'e!e 'e!e& &a" a"a a %a(a %a(a"" a a a%)4 a%)4& &a+ a+ b)a' b)a'a& a&a a 'a&/ 'a&/a a %e,) %e,)l+ l+ 'e)&//a 'e)&//a ()$e"l#%a& ()$e"l#%a& baa& a!baa& a!baa& 'eba/a) 'eba/a) $e&/)'). $e&/)'). D)'a!$)&/ D)'a!$)&/ )#+ baa& baa& a%)4 a%)4 e"%a( e"%a(a&/ a&/ !e!)l) !e!)l)%) %) %a"a% %a"a%e") e")') ')% %a&/ a&/ )(a% )(a% !e!#&/ !e!#&/%)& %)&%a& %a& #&#% ()%e!$a+ 'e)&//a ()$e"l#%a& baa& $e&/)') #&#% !e!$e"ba)%)
')4a al)" (a& be"4#&/') 'eba/a) baa& $e&/)%a 'e)&//a (a$a ()%e!$a aa# !e!a,# al)"a&. Bahan P%n*a' (binder ). Baa& $e&/)%a !e!e/a&/ $e"a&a& a&/ 'a&/a $e&)&/ (ala! $e!b#aa& /"a&#l. Baa& a%a& !e&e&#%a& %e'e"a/a!a& #%#"a& /"a&#l+ %e%e"a'a& able+ -a%# a&,#" able+ ()'*l#'), %*!$"e')b)l)a', (a& density granul . Baa& $e&/)%a (a$a ()a!ba%a&+ ba)% (ala! be&#% %e")&/ 6(ala! $"*'e' /"a&#la') %e")&/ (a& %e!$a la&/'#&/8 !a#$#& (ala! be&#% ,a)"a& (ala! $"*'e' /"a&#la') ba'a. Na!#& (e!)%)a&+ baa& $e&/)%a a%a& leb) e4e%)4 b)la ()/#&a%a& (ala! be&#% la"#a& a&/ ()/#&a%a& (ala! /"a&#la') ba'a. ;*&* %*!$*')') baa& $e&/)%a a&a"a la)& < amylum =503 b7> $a'a (ala! a)"+ gelatine 2503 b7> (ala! a)" aa# 23 (ala! mucilago amyli, PVP 6 poly vinyl pyrrolidone ) 23 (ala! a)" aa# al%**l+ methyl celluloce 2503 (ala! a)" (a& starch paste 6$a'a %a&1)8 (e&/a& %a(a" 05203. Bahan
P%nhan+&"
(disintegrants).
Baa&
$e&/a&,#"
6disintegrants) !e"#$a%a& baa& aa# ,a!$#"a& baa& a&/ (a$a !e&ebab%a&
able a&,#" %e)%a able %*&a% (e&/a& 'al#"a&
$e&,e"&aa&+ 1#/a (a$a (a$a be"4#&') !e&a")% a)" %e (ala! able+ !e&/e!ba&/ (a& !e&ebab%a& able $e,a !e&1a() ba/)a&5ba/)a&. ;a"a $e&a!baa& baa& $e&/a&,#" (a$a ()la%#%a& 'ebel#! /"a&#la') 6internal addition) !a#$#& 'eela /"a&#la') 6eksternal addition) aa# %*!b)&a') %e(#a&a. ;*&* baa&5baa& $e&/a&,#"+ a&a"a la)& < %a&1) 6amylum)+ %*&'e&"a') =5203 (a") be"a able ? ,*&* baa& $e&/a&,#"
1e&)' )&) a(ala a!l 1a/#&/ 6maize starch) + amyl %e&a&/ 6 corn starch)+ amyl be"a'+ amyl /a&(#!+ (a& la)&5la)&.!*()4)%a') a!l#! 6Sa5R@ =008 (a$a ()/#&a%a& 'eba/a) baa& $e&/)%a+ baa& $e&/a&,#"+ baa& $el),)& 6lubricant); 628 Micricrystalin Cellulocse+ ,*&*&a A>),el PH 0 (a& PH 02 ()/#&a%a& (ala! %ea(aa& %e")&/ 6#&#% /"a&#la') %e")&/ aa# ,ea% la&/'#&/8? 68 E@$l*ab 6Sodium Starch lycolate ! SSG8 !e"#$a%a& cross linked 'a", a&/ 'a&/a ba)% ()/#&a%a& #&#% *ba5 *ba a&/ )(a% la"#+ 68 %*!b)&a') a'a! !)'ala&a a'a! ')"a+ a'a! a""a+
!a#$#&
a'a!
4#!a"a+
be"'a!a5'a!a
(e&/a&
sodium
bicarbonate, apabila kontak dengan air menghasilkan carbon dioksida a&/ (a$a !e&ebab%a& able a&,#"+ b)a'a&a $e&/a&,#" 1e&)' )&) ()/#&a%a& #&#% able5able effervescent" Bahan P%!+n (Glidants). Baa& $el),)& ()/#&a%a& #&#% !e!a,# al)"a& 'e"b#% aa# /"a&#l (e&/a& 1ala& !e&/#"a&/) /e'e%a& a&a" $a")%el. Seba/)a& be'a" baa& $el),)& 1#/a (a$a be"4#&/') 'eba/a) baa& $el),)" 6lubricant) !a#$#& a&) le&/%e 6a&) adherent). ;*&* baa& $el),)& a&a"a la)& a(ala al% 6%*&'e&"a') =38+ e$#&/ 1a/#&/ 6%*&'e&"a') =5 038 aa# %*l*)( ')l)%a+ !)'al&a ;ab5O5')l aa# ae"*')l 6%*&'e&"a') 0+2=5 38. Bahan P%!n+" (lubricants). Baa& $el),)" !e"#$a%a& baa& aa# ,a!*#"a& baa& a&/ be"4#&/') #&#% !e!#(a%a& ()(*"*&/ %el#a" (a") die+ !e&,e/a able !ele%a $a(a punch, !e&,e/a /e'e%a& a&a"a punch dan die 'e"a !e!$e"ba)%) %e,e$aa& al)" 6flor rate) /"a&#l. Hal5al
a&/ a"#' ()$e"a)%a& $a(a $e&//#&aa& lubricant C(ala #'#"a& $a")%el lubricant 6#!#!&a < 0500 !e'8+ la!a -a%# $e&,a!$#"a&+ %a"e&a (a$a !e&ebab%a& %e&a)%a& -a%# a&,#" (a& !e&#"#&%a& %a(a" '*l#') *ba 6la!a $e&,a!$#"a& !a%')!#! = !&8. ;*&* baa&5 baa& $el),)"
< al% 6%a(a" 'a!$a) (e&/a& =38+ !eal), 6M/+ A'+ ;a8+
'ea"a 6%a(a" !a%')!#! 38 (a& P.E.G. 6Sa&/a 1a"a&a ()/#&a%a&8. Bahan P%,a"na (colouring agents). F#&/') $e&//#&aa& baa& $e-a"&a (ala! $"*'e' $e!b#aa& able C(ala 'eba/a) baa& e'e)%+ #&#% !e!be(a%a& $"*(#% a&/ 'a# (e&/a& a&/ la)& 'ela!a !a'a $"*(#%') 'e"a #&#% )(e&)4)%a') *ba5*ba e"e&#. Pe!a%a)a& $e-a"&a a&/ la"# !a%')!#! 0+0=3 6'e'#a) (e&/a& #&(a&/5#&(a&/ aa# $e"a#"a&
e&a&/
$e&//#&aa&
$e-a"&a
(ala!
,e(a&
*ba8.
Pe&a!baa& $e-a"&a+ b)a'a&a ()be")%a& $a(a 'aa $"*'e' /"a&#la') ba'a. P"*ble!&a < e"1a() !)/"a') -a"&a $a(a 'aa $e&/e")&/a& /"a&#l 6-a"&a )(a% "aa8. ;a"a $e&/aa'a&&a a(ala (e&/a& $e&a!baa& =5 03 Carboxy Methyl Cellulose 6;M;8+ %e!#()a& $e!a&a'a& /"a&#l ()la%#%a& $a(a e!$e"a#" "e&(a 'e"a ()la%#%a& $e&/a(#%a& /"a&#l 'ela!a $"*'e' $e&/e")&/a& 6!e')& $e&/e")&/ #luid $ed %ryer)" P%b%" Ra$a (flavouring agents). a $e!be") "a'a+ b)a'a&a ()baa') a&a ()/#&a%a& #&#% able %#&a 6chewabletablet) aa# able5able a&/ la)& a&/ ()#1#%a& #&#% la"# () (ala! !#l#. Pa(a #!#!&a a $e!be") "a'a a&/ ()/#&a%a& a(ala a&/ )(a% la"# (ala! a)". Hal )&) ()'ebab%a& %a"e&a baa& $e!be") "a'a a&/ la"# (ala! a)"
!e!)l)%) 'ab)l)a' a&/ %#"a&/ ba)%. J#!la !a%')!#! a&/ b*le ()a!ba%a& $a(a /"a&#l a&$a !e!$e&/a"#) ')4a 4)')% able a(ala 0+=50+:=3. ;*&* baa& $e!be") "a'a a&/ 'a&/a l#a' ()$a%a) a(ala aspartame"
II. M%'#% P%b&a'an Tab!%' Se,a"a #!#!+ able (a$a ()b#a (e&/a& ,a"a aa# !e*(e+ a)# •
Me*(e /"a&#la') ba'a 6wet granulation)
•
Me*(e /"a&#la') %e")&/ 6 dry granulation)
•
Me*(e %e!$a 6direct compression).
M%'#% G"an&!a$ K%"n (D"/ G"an&!a'#n) Me*(e /"a&#la') %e")&/ !e"#$a%a& 'ala 'a# !e*(e $e!b#aa& able a&/ e4e%)4 e"#a!a $a(a (*')' e4e%)4 e"lal# )&//) #&#% $e&,ea%a&
la&/'#&/+
(a&
*ba&a
$e%a
e"a(a$
$e!a&a'a&+
%ele!baba&+ aa# %e(#a&a. Me*(e )&) ba&a% ()/#&a%a& #&#% !e!b#a able a'$)")& aa# >)a!)&. Pa(a $"*'e' )&)+ %*!$*&e& able ()%*!$a%%a& (e&/a& !e')& ,ea% able aa# !e')& %#'#' 6roller comactor 8. Seela 'e"b#% (),a!$#"+ ,a!$#"a& 'e"b#% ()e%a& %e (ala! ()e+ a&/ be'a" (a& ()%*!$a%%a& (e&/a& $#&, be"$e"!#%aa& (aa". Ma''a a&/ ()$e"*le ()'eb# 'l#/ (a& $"*'e'&a ()'eb# 'l#//)&/. Sl#/ %e!#()a& ()aa% (a& ()a(#% #&#% !e&(a$a%a& be&#% /"a&#l a&/ (aa !e&/al)"&a leb) 'e"a/a! ()ba&()&/%a& 'e"b#% 6baa&8 a-al.
Sl#//)&/ !e"#$a%a& '#a# #'aa #&#% !e&)&/%a%a& -a%# $e&,ea%a&. Baa& a&/ !e&/ala!) (#a %al) aa# leb) e%a&a& $e&/*!$a%a& !e&ebab%a& leb) %#a&a )%aa& a&/ !e&/)%a able be"'a!a5'a!a. G"a&#l a&/ ()a')l%a& 1#/a !e&)&/%a%a& %e!a!$#a& al)"&a b)la ()ba&()&/%a& (e&/a& 'e"b#% )# 'e&()"). Pela%'a&aa& !e*(e /"a&#la') %e")&/ 1#/a (a$a ()la%#%a& (e&/a& !e&//#&a%a& !e')& "*lle" ,*!$a,*". Me')& )&) (a$a !e!b#a leb) (a") =00 %/ baa& 'e$e") $)a (ala! -a%# 1a!. R*lle" ,*!$a,*" !e!)l)%) (#a $e&//)l)&/ a&/ be"$#a' 'al)&/ be"la-a&a&. De&/a& ba&#a& e%a&a& )("*#l)% $a(a 'ala 'a# $e&//)l)&/+ !e')& )&) !a!$# !e&//)l)&/ $a(a e%a&a& e"e&# $a(a baa& 'e"b#% a$a 'a1a a&/ !e&/al)" () a&a"a $e&//)l)&/. Se"b#% ()!a'#%%a& %e $e&//)l)&/+ be&#%&a be"#ba !e&1a() $)a )$)'. I&) !)")$ 'l#/ a&/ ()a')l%a& !elal#) $"*'e' 'l#//)&/. Sela&1#&a $)a /"a&#l e"'eb# ()aa% (e&/a& aa%a& a&/ 'e'#a)+ %e!#()a& (),a!$#" (e&/a& baa&5baa& a!baa& la)&+ 'ela&1#&a b)'a la&/'#&/ (),ea% 6()%e!$a8. Ke#&#&/a& !e*(e /"a&#la') %e")&/ < •
Ala (a& "#a&/a& leb) 'e()%) (a")$a(a /"a&#la') ba'a
•
T)(a% !e!e"l#%a& baa& $e&/)%a
•
P"*'e'&a leb) ,e$a+ )(a% !e!e"l#%a& $"*'e' $e!a&a'a& 'e)&//a b)aa $"*(#%') (a$a ()e%a&
•
U&#%
*ba5*ba
a&/
'e&'))4
e"a(a$
%ele!baba&
(a&
$e!a&a'a&+ !)'al&a >)a!)& E a%a& !e&/a')l%a& $"*(#% a&/ 'ab)l •
Me!$e"ba)%) -a%# a&,#"+ %a"e&a $a")%el5$a")%el 'e"b#% )(a% e")%a *le a(a&a baa& $e&/)%a.
•
Me!$e"ba)%) %ela"#a& (a& b)*a>)ab)l)a'
•
Me!$e"ba)%) *!*/e&)a'+ %a"e&a )(a% e"1a() $e")')-a !)/"a') *ba aa# baa& $e-a"&a
Ke"#/)a& !e*(e /"a&#la') %e")&/ •
Me!e"l#%a& !e')& ea> (# 6a"/a&a !aal8
•
a -a"&a '#%a" *!*/e& 6)(a% e"()'$e"') !e"aa8
•
;e&(e"#&/ !e&/a')l%a& $a")%el5$a")%el al#' 64)&e'8 a&/ leb) ba&a% ()ba&()&/ (e&/a& !e*(e /"a&#la') ba'a+ 'e)&//a able 'e")&/ "a$# aa# %#"a&/ %#a (a& "e')%* %*&a!)&a') leb) )&//).
•
Ala7!e')& ,)l'*&a*" )(a% b)'a ()/#&a%a& #&#% *ba a&/ )(a% la"# %a"e&a a(a&a %e!#&/%)&a& a!baa& %e,e$aa& ()'*l#') 6a(a&a e%a&a !e"#ba ')4a *ba8
M%'#% 0%'a* Lan$&n (D"%+' 0#"%$$) Te"(a$a bebe"a$a baa& a&/ !e!)l)%) ')4a %*!$ab)l)a' aa# %*!$"e')b)l)a' 6%e!a!$#a& #&#% b)'a (),ea%8 a&/ )&//) 'e"a !e!)l)%) ')4a al)" a&/ ba)%. Pa(a baa& (e&/a& ')4a5')4a (e!)%)a&+ !a%a $e!b#aa& /"a&#l )(a% ()$e"l#%a& la/)+ a")&a baa& b)'a (),ea% la&/'#&/ aa# a&/ 'e")&/ ()'eb# (e&/a& !e*(e $e!b#aa& able
,ea% la&/'#&/ 6()"e, ,*!$"e''8. Pa(a $"*'e' )&) ,a!$#"a& *ba (a& 'e!#a
baa&
a!baa& 6$e&/)')+
$e&/a&,#"+
$el)&,)"8
(),a!$#"
%e!#()a& (),ea%. Sa"a a/a" ,a!$#"a& e"'eb# (a$a (),ea%+ a&a"a la)& < !e!$#&a) ')4a al)" a&/ ba)%+ %*!$"e'')b)l)a' )&//) (a& !e!$#&a) e4e%l#b"),a& a&/ ba)%. Ke#&#&/a& !e*(e ,ea% la&/'#&/ < o
Leb) e%*&*!)' ()ba&()&/ %e(#a !e*(e a&/ la)&
o
T)(a% e"$e&/a"# *le $a&a' (a& %ele!baba&
o
Sab)l)a' $"*(#% e"1a!)&
o
U%#"a& $a)%el 'e"a/a!
Ke"#/)a& < o
Pe"be(aa& #%#"a& $a")%el (a& %e"a$aa& b#l% a&a"a *ba (e&/a& $e&/)')
(a$a
!e&)!b#l%a&
'"a)4)%a')
()a&a"a
/"a&#l
a&/
'ela&1#&a (a$a !e&)!b#l%a& )(a% 'e"a/a!&a )') *ba (ala! able o
Pa(a *ba (*')' be'a"+ $e"l# a!baa& baa& $e&/)') 'e)&//a able !e&1a() be'a"
o
Baa& $e&/)') a&/ b)'a (),ea% la&/'#&/+ b)a'a&a a"/a&a !aal
Ma'ala a&/ 'e")&/ ()a(a$) (ala! !e*(e ,ea% la&/'#&/ a&a"a la)& < 8
Ma'ala e%&)'+ a)# '#l)&a !e&e!#%a& baa& (e&/a& ')4a al)" (a& %*!$"e'')b)l)a' a&/ ba)%
28
Ma'ala e%*&*!)'+ ()!a&a baa&5baa& (e&/a& ')4a al)" (a& %*!$"e'')b)l)a' a&/ ba)% e"'eb# b)a'a&a a"/a&a !aal+ ba%a& b)'a bebe"a$a %al) l)$a.
M%'#% G"an&!a$ Ba$ah (W%' G"an&!a'#n) Me*(e /"a&#la') !e"#$a%a& !e*(e e"#a a&/ $al)&/ l#a' (a& $al)&/ ba&a% ()/#&a%a& (ala! $"*'e' $e!b#aa& able. Hal e"'eb# ()'ebab%a& *le %a"e&a 'e!#a baa& *ba (a$a (),ea% (e&/a& !e*(e )&) (a& !e!e&#) 'e!#a $e"'a"aa& able (e&/a& ba)%. T#1#a& /"a&#la') a(ala #&#% !e&)&/%a%a& -a%# al)"a& ,a!$#"a& (a& aa# %e!a!$#a& %e!$a. P"*'e'5$"*'e' $*%*% (ala! /"a&#la') ba'a < .
Pe&/aa%a& (a& $e&,a!$#"a& 'e"b#%
2.
Pe&a!baa& la"#a& baa& $e&/)%a %e ,a!$#"a& 'e"b#% #&#% !e!be&#% !a''a (e&/a& #%#"a& a&/ ,#%#%$ ba'a 6$la')'8
.
Pe&/aa%a& (e&/a& #%#"a& /"a&#l a&/ 'e'#a)
.
Pe&/e")&/a&
=.
Pe&/aa%a& %e")&/
.
Pe&a!baa& baa& $el),)&+ baa& $e&/a&,#" aa# baa& a!baa& la)&
:.
Pe&/e!$aa&7 $e&ablea& Ke#&#&/a& !e*(e /"a&#la') ba'a <
Te"be&#%&a /"a&#l 'e)&//a a%a& !e!$e"ba)%) ')4a al)" (a&
-
%*!$"e')b)l)a'+ $"*'e' %*!$a%'a') leb) !#(a %a"e&a $e,a&a /"a&#l !e!be&#% $e"!#%aa& ba"# a&/ leb) a%)4 Oba5*ba
-
(*')'
)&//)
a&/
!e!$#&a)
')4a
al)"
(a&
%*!$"e')b)l)a' 1ele% !a%a (e&/a& $"*'e' /"a&#la') ba'a a&a $e"l# 'e()%) baa& $e&/)%a U&#% baa& (e&/a& (*')' "e&(a (e&/a& $e-a"&a+ !a%a
-
()'")b#') leb) ba)% (a& !e&1a!)& %e'e"a/a!a& )') a a%)4 G"a&#la') ba'a !e&,e/a 'e/"e/a') ,*!$*&e&5%*!$*&e&
-
,a!$#"a& a&/ '#(a *!*/e& Me!$e"ba)%) ()'*l#') *ba a&/ be"')4a )("*4*b
-
Kele!aa& Me*(e G"a&#la') Ba'a < P"*'e' leb) $a&1a&/ ()ba&()&/ (e&/a& (#a !e*(e la&)lla
-
'e)&/a 'e,a"a e%*&*!)' leb) !al Pe"alaa& a&/ ()/#&a%a& leb) ba&a% 'e)&//a 'e,a"a
-
**!a)' leb) ba&a% $#la $e"'*&al)a a&/ ()$e"l#%a& T)(a% b)'a ()/#&a%a& #&#% *ba5*ba a&/ 'e&'))4 e"a(a$
-
%ele!baba& (a& $e!a&a'a& Pa(a able be"-a"&a (a$a e"1a() $e")')-a !)/"a') (a&
-
%e)(a%*!*/e&a& 'e)&//a able be"b)&)%5b)&)% I&,*!$ab)l)a'
-
a&a"
%*!$*&e&
()(ala!
4*"!#la')
a%a&
()$e"be'a"+ e"#a!a #&#% *ba5*ba ,a!$#"a& 6!#l)>)a!)& (a& la)&5 la)&8
P"*'e'
$e!b#aa&
able
(e&/a&
!e*(e
/"a&#la')
ba'a
!e!e"l#%a& $e"')a$a&5$e"')a$a& (a& la&/%a5la&/%a a&/ ,#%#$ $a&1a&/. Pa(a $")&')$&a+ /"a&#l ()be&#% (e&/a& 1ala& !e&/)%a 'e"b#% (e&/a& '#a# $e&/)%a. Te%&)% )&) !e!b##%a& la"#a&+ '#'$e&') aa# b#b#" a&/ !e&/a&(#&/ $e&/)%a a&/ b)a'a&a ()a!ba%a& %e ,a!$#"a& 'e"b#%? 'ela)& )#+ baa& $e&/)%a e"'eb# (a$a $#la ()!a'#%%a& %e")&/ %e (ala! ,a!$#"a& 'e"b#% ('a& ,a)"a& (a$a ()a!ba%a& 'e&()") 'e,a"a e"$)'a. ;a"a $e&a!baa& baa& $e&/)%a 'a&/a e"/a&#&/ $a(a %ela"#a&&a (a& %*!$*&e& ,a!$#"a&. Ka"e&a !a''a a&/ e"be&#% a&a be"#$a !a''a a&/ le!bab 6b#%a& ba'a aa# 'e$e") $a'a8 !a%a $ela"# a&/ ()a!ba%a& )(a% b*le be"leb)a& 61#!la&a e"baa'8. La"#a& a"#' b)'a e"()'$e"') (e&/a& !#(a %e (ala! ,a!$#"a& 'e"b#%. ;a)"a& 6$ela"#8 !e!e/a&/ $e"a&a& a&/ 'a&/a $e&)&/. Je!baa& ,a)"a& e"be&#% ()a&a"a $a")%el5$a")%el (a& %e%#aa& (aa "e&a&/ (a& )%aa& )&) a%a& !e&)&/%a b)la 1#!ala ,a)"a& a&/ ()a!ba%a& !e&)&/%a. Gaa e/a&/a& $e"!#%aa& (a& e%a&a& %a$)le" !e"#$a%a& 4a%*" a&/ 'a&/a $e&)&/ $a(a a-al $e!be&#%a& /"a&#l 'e"a be"$e&/a"#/ e"a(a$ %e%#aa& /"a&#l. Seela ,a)"a& $e&/)%a ()a!ba%a&+ $e&,a!$#"a& ()la&1#%a& 'a!$a) ()'$e"') a&/ !e"aa e",a$a) (a& 'e!#a baa& $e&/)%a be%e"1a (e&/a& 'e!$#"&a. Sela!a $"*'e' /"a&#la') 6$e!ba'aa&8+ $a")%el5 $e")%el
(a&
/#!$ala&5/#!$ala&
a%a&
!e&(a$a
e%a&a&7
/aa
%*&'*l)(a') *le a%') be"ba/a) ba/)a& !e')& (a& e&a/a a&a" $a")%el. La!a&a -a%# /"a&#la') e"/a&#&/ ')4a $e!ba'aa& (a") ,a!$#"a& 'e"b#% (a& ,a)"a& $e&/)%a+ 'e"a ala7 !e')& $"e&/a(#% 6!)@e"8 a&/ ()/#&a%a&. ;a"a e"!#(a #&#% !e&e&#%a& ))% a%)" a(ala (e&/a& !e&e%a& 6!e&//e&//a!8 !a''a /"a&#l $a(a ela$a% a&/a&+ b)la "e!#% (e&/a& e%a&a& a&/ 'e(a&/ !a%a ,a!$#"a& !a''a /"a&#l e"'eb# '#(a 1a() 6')a$8. Me')& $e&/a(#% /"a&#l 6!)@e" /"a&#la*"8 ()be(a%a& !e&1a() (#a 1e&)'+ a)# !e')& /"a&#la*" %e,e$aa& )&//) 6)/5'ea" /"a&#la*"8 (a& !e')& /"a&#la*" %e,e$aa& la!aba 6l*-5'ea" /"a&#la*"8. Ma')&/5 !a')&/ !e')& !e!)l)%) ')4a (a& %a"a%e")')% a&/ be"be(a 'e"a !e%a&)'!e %e"1a a&/ be"be(a $#la. Me')& )/5'ea" /"a&#la*" e"()") (a") )/a ba/)a&+ a)# b*-l 'eba/a) e!$a 'e"b#%7 /"a&#l+ $e&/a(#% 6bla(e !)@e"7 )!$elle"8 (a& $e!**&/ 6,#$$e"8. I!$elle" be"4#&/') #&#% !e!**&/ !a''a /"a&#l !e&1a() be&#% $a")%el /"a&#l. Be&#% b*-l #!#!&a be"be&#% !a&/%#% aa# ,l)&("), aa# ,*&),al. U!#!&a )!$elle" (a$a be"$#a" $a(a %e,e$aa& 005=00 "$!+ 'e(a&/%a& ,#$$e" (a$a be"$#a" !e&,a$a) %e,e$aa& 0005000 "$!. Ke#&#&/a& !e')& )&) ()ba&()&/%a& (e&/a& l*-5'ea" /"a&#la*" a&a"a la)&+ -a%# $e&/e"1aa& leb) ,e$a+ $e&//#&aa& baa& $e&/)%a a&/ leb) 'e()%)+ /"a&#l a&/ ()a')l%a& leb) %*!$a%+ (a$a ()/#&a%a& #&#% !e&//"a&#l baa& a&/ be"')4a )("*4*b+ /"a&#l a&/ ()a')l%a&
!e!)l)%) #%#"a& $a")%el a&/ leb) 'e"a/a!+ 'e"a -a%# a%)" /"a&#la') leb) b)'a ()$"e()%') 1)%a ()ba&()&/ (e&/a& l*-5'ea" /"a&#la*". Me')& /"a&#la') )$e l*-5'ea" /"a&#la*" 6!+e')& /"a&#la*" be"%e,e$aa& la!ba+ ()be(a%a& !e&1a() !a,a! 'e'#a) (e&/a& 1e&)' $e&/a(#%&a+ a)# ")bb*&7 $a((le ble&(e"+ $la&ea" !)@e"+ *"b)a' ',"e-+ *"b)a' ,"e- ble&(e" (a& ')/!a bla(e /"a&#la*". R)bb*& ble&(e" #!#!&a ()/#&a%a& #&#% !e&/a(#% %e")&/ 6(" !)@e"8+ &a!#& (e!)%)a& 'e()%) baa& $e&/)%a (a$a ()a!ba%a& (ala! !e')& /"a&#la*" 1e&)' )&)+ !)'al&a #&#% /"a&#la') able e44e">e',e&. Pla&ea" !)@e"+ e"()") (a") b*-l (a& a/)a(*" 6ala7 le&/a& $e&,a!$#"8. Le&/a& $e&,a!$#" a&/ be'a" !e!be&#% !e&e"#$a) b#laa& !a&/%#% (a& !e!#&/%)&%a& /e"a%a& $e&/a(#%a& 'e"b#% (ala! 1#!la be'a". O"b))&/ ',"e-
/"a&#la*"+
1#/a #!#!&a
()/#&a%a&
#&#%
/"a&#la') %e")&/ 6(" /"a&#la*"8. Na!#& (e!)%)a&+ !e')& )&) ()le&/%a$) (e&/a& &*le ()'e$a&1a&/ a/)a*" (a& be"4#&/') #&#% !e&e!$"*%a& ,a)"a& $e&/)%a $a(a ,a!$#"a& 'e"b#%. S)/!a
bla(e /"a&#la*" !e"#$a%a& ,*!$"e'')>e /"a&#la*"
#!#&a ()/#&a%a& #&#% !e!b#a /"a&#l ()!a&a la"#a& $e&/)%a be"be&#% $a'a %e&al (a& !e!b##%a& e&a/a a&/ be'a" '#$aa b)'a ()/"a&#l. Sela)& ,a"a e"'eb# ()aa'+ e"(a$a $#la $"*'e' /"a&#la') ba'a (e&/a& $e&e!$"*a& la"#a& $e&/)%a $a(a ,a!$#"a& 'e"b#% aa a&/
'e")&/ ()'eb# (e&/a& 4l#)( be( '$"a /"a&#la)*&. Ke#&#&/a& (a") !e*(e )&) a/l*!e"a') (a& $e&/e")&/a& () (ala! 'a# #&) 'e)&//a !a''a /"a&#l leb) ,e$a (),a$a). Se(a&/%a& %e'#l)a& a&/ ()a(a$) a(ala a(a&a %e,e&("#&/a& e"1a() $e!)'aa& b)la a(a %e)(a%'e'#a)a& (ala! #%#"a& aa# be"a 1e&)' $a")%el (ala! baa& a&/ 'e(a&/ ()*la. Pa")%e"5$a")%el (e&/a& baa& /"a&#l $a(a $e"!#laa&&a ,e&(e"#&/ #&#% !ele%a $a(a 4)le" 6'a")&/a&8+ !e&/#"a&/) l#a' $e"!#%aa& e4e%)4 (a") 'a")&/a&+ !e&ebab%a& )la&/&a $"*(#% (a& leb) !e!$e"'#%a" $e!be"')a&&a.
BAGAN METODE PEMBUATAN TABLET
METODE ;ETAK LANGSUNG BASAH
$e&,a!$#"a&
METODE GRANULASI KERING
$e&,a!$#"a& a-al
METODE GRANULASI
$e&,a!$#"a& a-al /"a&#la') ba'a
Sl#//)&/7R*lle" ;*!$a,)&/ Pe&,a!$#"a& a%)"
$e&/aa%a& %e")&/ Pe&,a!$#"a& a%)"
Pe&,ea%a& able
$e&/aa%a& ba'a $e&/e")&/a& Pe&,a!$#"a& /"a&#l a%)" $e&/aa%a& %e")&/
II.2 P%"$#na!a Pa(a '"#%#" *"/a&)'a') $e"#'aaa&+ ba/)a& $"*(#%') (a& ba/)a& $e&/a-a'a& ()$)!$)& *le 'e*"a&/ 4a"!a')' aa# a$*e%e" (a& )(a% 'al)&/ be"a&//#&/ 1a-ab 'a# 'a!a la)&. Ma')&/5!a')&/ ba/)a& ()be") -e-e&a&/ $e&# (a& 'a"a&a a&/ ,#%#$ #&#% (a$a !ela%'a&a%a& #/a'&a 'e,a"a e4e%)4. Ba/)a& %e$ala $"*(#%') aa# %e$ala $e&/a-a' !## e&(a%la 'e*"a&/ a$*e%e" a&/ ,a%a$+ e"la) (a& !e!)l)%) $e&/ala!a& $"a%)' ()b)(a&/ )&(#'") !e!$#&a) %ee"a!$)la& (a& a&//#&/ 1a-ab (ala! !ela%'a&a%a& #/a'&a !a')&/5!a')&/. Dala! $ela%'a&a%aa& #/a' 'e*"a&/ a$*e%e" ()ba&# *le '#$e">)'*" (a& e&a/a e%&)% la)&&a+ 'ela)& )# a"#' a(a %e"1a'a!a a&/ $"*4e'')*&al a&a"a %e$ala b)(a&/ (a& 'e'a!a %a"a-a& la)&&a. a. Se!#a %a"a-a& a"#' !ela%#%a& $e!e")%'aa& %e'eaa& 'e,a"a be"%ala. Pe&e"a$a&
/)e&e $e"*"a&/a& e&(a%la ()la%'a&a%a&
*le 'e)a$ *"a&/ a&/ !e!a'#%) (ae"a $"*(#%') e"!a'#% a!#+ e%&)') #&#% $e"ba)%a& (a& $e"a-aa&+ 'a4 !a&a/e!e&+ $e!e")&a (a& )&'$e%#" $e&/a-a'a& !##+ e&a/a le$a' (a& $e"'*&al)a )&'"#%#". T)(a% ()$e"%e&a&%a& be%e"1a aa# be"a(a () "#a&/ $"*(#%') b)la < Me!$#&a) l#%a e"b#%a+ be",a%5be",a% /aal+ b)'#l aa# $e&a%)
•
•
%#l) Me&/)(a$ $e&a%) )&4e%') $a(a 'al#"a& $e"&a$a'a& ba/)a& aa'+ $)le%+ ba#%+ ale"/) 'e"b#%
Me&/e&a) Kebe"')a& $e"*"a&/a& a"#'la •
Ma&() 'e,a"a e"a#"
•
;#,) a&/a& 'e,a"a e"a#" a&a"a la)& < 'e/e"a 'e'#(a b#a&/ a)" be'a" !a#$#& b#a&/ a)" %e,)l 6()a%a& $e&e"a&/a& !e&/e&a)
•
$e&//#&aa& 'ab#& (a& ,a"a $e&//#&aa& 'a"a&a ,#,) a&/a&8 Ra!b# e&(a%la ()$el)a"a a/a" 'e&a&)a'a be"') (a& "a$)
•
6()la"a&/ !e&)')" ()'e!#a "#a&/a& %e,#al) "#a&/ /a&) $a%a)a&8 D)la"a&/ !e&//#&a%a& $e")a'a& a&/ ,e&(e"#&/ (a$a 1a#
!a'#% %e (ala! $"*(#%. !)'al < a&)&/+ %al#&/ K*'!e)% e&(a%la 'e'e()%) !#&/%)& b. B)la !e&a&/a&) baa& ba%#+ $"*(#% a&a"a (a& $"*(#% "#aa& a&/ •
e"b#%a+ $ela%'a&a $"*(#%') e&(a%la !e&/e&a%a& 'a"#&/ a&/a& a&/ e$a 6'a"#&/ a&/a& %a"e7$la')%8 ,. Me&//#&a%a& $a%a)a& $el)&(#&/ 'e'#a) $e!a%a)a&&a () "#a&/ (e&/a& %ela' %ebe"')a& e"e&#. Ma'%e" 6D)%e&a%a& $a(a 'aa be%e"1a (e&/a& baa& be"(eb# (a& $a(a 'aa !e&a&/a&) $"*(#% a&/ e"b#%a8 'e$a# 6Se$a# %e"1a b)a'a8 $el)&(#&/ "a!b# 6Ga&) 2 5 %al) 'e!)&//#8 ba1# 6Ga&) 2 %al) 'e)a$ !)&//# aa# (a$a leb) 'e")&/ ()/a&) b)la e"l)a %**"8. II.3 R&anan R&anan Un'&* P"#&*$ Tab!%' 4 La&a) "#a&/a& $"*(#%') a(ala #b)& aa# e"a'* D)&()&/ e"b#a (a") baa aa# be*& $a(a a&/ e"b#a (a") e$*%') La&/)5la&/) !e"#$a%a& $a&el 1e&)' /a&#&/ Kele!baba& &)'b) #&#% "#a&/a& $"*(#%') able a(ala =5:00; Sa&)')a' 'a")&/a& #(a"a 9059=3
• • • • •
II.5 Un' P%n%na!an Ua"a (AHU) U&) $e&/e&(al)a& #(a"a aa# AHU 6 &ir 'andling (nit 8 a)# '#a# #&) a&/ be"#1#a& #&#% !e&/e&(al)%a& 1#!la $a")%el (ala! "#a&/a&+ e%a&a& #(a"a ba)% () (ala! !a#$#& () l#a" "#a&/a& 6%*")(*"8+
%ele!baba& #(a"a aa# RH 6elative 'umidity 8 (a& e!$e"a#" #(a"a. U&) )&) e"()") (a") bebe"a$a ba/)a& $e&#'#& a)# < 'a")&/a& #(a"a 6 &ir #ilter 8 + %)$a' #(a"a 6$lower 8 + 'al#"a& #(a"a 6%ucting 8 + l#ba&/ )'a$ 7 $e&/el#a"a& #(a"a 6rill 8+ ,)lle" 'e"a "e4")/e"a& #&) 6A;8. S$'% K%"6a AHU Un'&* R&an G"%/ A"%a S#$$l #(a"a a&/ a%a& ()'al#"%a& %e (ala! "#a&/ $"*(#%') be"a'al (a") 2 '#!be"+ a)# <
Be"a'al (a") #(a"a a&/ ()')"%#la') %e!bal) 6'eba&a% 038
Be"a'al (a") #(a"a beba' 6'eba&a% 2038 S#$$l #(a"a e"'eb# %e!#()a& !ele-a) 4)le" a&/ e"(a$a
(ala! 4)le" *#'e+ 'ela&1#&a+ '#$$l #(a"a !ele-a) ,**l)&/ *)l 6e>a$*"a*"8 a&/ a%a& !e&#"#&%a& '## (a& %ele!baba& "ela)4 #(a"a. Ke!#()a& #(a"a ()$*!$a !e&//#&a%a& bl*-e" %e (ala! "#a&/ $"*(#%') !elal#) (#,)&/. J#!la #(a"a a&/ !a'#% %e (ala! "#a&/ $"*(#%') ()a#" (e&/a& !e&//#&a%a& >*l#!e (#!$e". Sela&1#&a #(a"a ()')"%#la') %e!bal) %e AHU+ (e!)%)a& 'ee"#'&a. T)(a% !e&/a&(#&/ =00000 $a")%el.
II.7 A" Un'&* P"#&*$ (Wa'%" S/$'%) A)" !e"#$a%a& 'ala 'a# a'$e% %"))' 6>)al8 (ala! $ela%'a&aa ,5 GMP. Hal e"'eb# ()'ebab%a& %a"e&a a)" !e"#$a%a& baa& ba%#+ (ala! 1#!la be'a"+ e"#a!a #&#% $"*(#%') ')"#$+ *ba '#&)% ,a)"+ ,a)"a& )&4#' (a& la)&5la)&. B)la e",e!a"+ be")')%* 'a&/a 4aal ba/) $e!a%a) 6$a')e&8.
T#1#a& (a") ')'e! $e&/*laa& a)" #&#% $"*(#%') a(ala !e!&/)la&/%a& ,e!a"a& 'e'#a) (e&/a& 'a&(a" %#al)a' a)" a&/ ()ea$%a&. A" Un'&* P"#&*$ (0POB 4 881) G"a(e III
< A#a(e!)&e"al)'aa7 $#")4)e( -ae"
F#&/')
< ,#,) a%)" ,*&a)&e"+ $"*(#%')7 ')"#$7 able7 ,*a)&/
P&"9% ,a'%" (PW) A)" !#"&) a&/ ()a')l%a& !elal#) 'e"a&/%a)a& $"*'e' $e&(a#l#a& #&#%!e&/)la&/%a& "a'a+ ba#+ -a"&a+%e'a(aa&+ )*& $*'))4 &e/a)4 (e&/a& !e&//#&a%a& -ae" '*4e&e"+ !)@e( be(+ R.O7Re>e"'e O'!*')' S'e! (a& ')&a" UV7#l"a>)*le. K#al4)%a')
PW
a"#'
!e!e&#)
$e"'a"aa&
E#"*$ea&
Pa"!a,*$*e)a USP52 (a& a"#' ()5"e,,le e"#' !e&e"#' 'ela!a 2 1a! &*& '*$.
Potable water
Saringan mikro 3µm
Saringan mikro 1 µm
De-ionisasi
Uv lamp
S'ana" A" Un'&* P"#&*$ S%$&a D%nan 0POB T%"*n (887) Saringan mikro&"9% 0,2µm Hh!/
P&"9% ,a'%" (E&". Pha". USP 0#n&+';'/ a' 58 0 H%a;/ M%'a!$ N'"a'% T#'a! O"an+ 0a"b#n M+"#ba! L'
,a'%"
Wa'%" 9#" n6%+'#n
(E&"#%an Pha"a+#%a)
(E&". Pha".)
<1=2 >S?+
< 1=2 >S?+
< 1=2 >S?+
-
8=1 8=
8=1 8=1
@ 588 b
@ 588 b
@ 588 b
@
:
188 @ 188 +9&?!
USP
-
@ 188 +9&?!
Purified water
En#'#n%$
+9&?! -
@ 8=5 E&?!
@ 8=5 E&?!
II. M%'#% P%b&a'an P"#&* Tab!%' A. Tab!%' +%'a* Table )&) ()b#a (a") baa& *ba (a& baa& $e&/)') a&/ #!#!&a !e&/a&(#&/ la%*'a (a& 'e"b#% '%"*'a (ala! be"ba/a) $e"ba&()&/a&. Ma''a 'e"b#% ()ba'a) (e&/a& ea&*l $e"'e&a') )&//). Ka(a" ea&*l e"/a&#&/ $a(a %ela"#a& a (a& baa& $e&/)') (ala! ')'e! $ela"# (a& (e"a1a %e%e"a'a& able a&/ ())&/)&%a&. Ma''a 'e"b#% a&/ le!bab ()e%a& (e&/a& e%a&a& "e&(a %e(ala! l#ba&/ ,ea%a&+ %e!#()a& ()%el#a"%a& (a& ()b)a"%a& %e")&/. Table ,ea% a/a% "a$# 'e)&//a a"#' a)5a) (ala! $e&/e!a'a& (a& $e&()'")b#')a& . %e$a(aa& able e"/a&#&/ $a(a )%aa& %")'al a&/ e"be&#% 'ela!a $"*'e' $e&/e")&/a& 'ela&1#&a (a& )(a% e"/a&#&/ $a(a %e%#aa& e%a&a& a&/ ()be")%a&.
;*&* <
Table ")#"a !e"#$a%a& able ,ea% aa# %e!$a be"be&#% %e,)l+ #!#&a ')l)&(")'+ ()/#&a%a& #&#% !e!be")%a& 1#!la e"#%#" a&/ e$a #&#% $e"a,)%a& *ba.
Table )$*(e"!)% a(ala able ,ea% a&/ ()b#a (a") baa& a&/ !#(a la"# aa# !ela"# 'e!$#"&a (ala! a)"+ a"#' 'e")l (a& ()la"#%a& leb) (a#l# 'ebel#! ()/#&a%a& #&#% ) &1e%') )$*(e"!)%.
B. Tab!%' In' Table a&/ a%a& ()'al# 6able )&)8 a"#' !e!)l)%) ')4a5')4a 4)')% e"e&# a&/ 'e'#a). D)(ala! $"*'e' $e&al#a&+ able5able be"/#l)" ()(ala! $a&,) $e&al# aa# be"a!b#"a& (ala! #(a"a (a") '#a# $e&al# '#'$e&') #(a"a %e)%a $"*'e' $e&al#a& be"la&/'#&/. A/a" b)'a ()'al# (a& !e&/a')l%a& able 'al# a&/ 'e!$#"&a+ !a%a able a"#' !e!)l)%) 'a"a5'a"a+ a&a"a la)& < .
Be&#% able 'e(a$a !#&/%)& 'e(e!)%)a& "#$a 'e)&//a able !#(a be"$#a" (a& be"/e"a%. Be&#% a&/ )(eal+ !)'al&a sferis, ellips+ biconvex b#la+ biconvex l*&1*&/7*>al.
2.
Pe"!#%aa& able )&) a"#' al#' (a& 'e,#!b#&/ !#&/%)& a/a" )(a% !e&)!b#l%a& !a'ala $a(a 'aa $e&al#a&.
.
Table )&) a"#' ,#%#$ %e"a'+ 'e)&//a aa& e"a(a$ be&#"a& a&/ ()ala!) $"*'e' $e&al#a&.
.
#iabilitas
6%e"a$#a&8
able )&) a"#'
'e%e,)l
!#&/%)&+
'e)&//a 'ela!a $"*'e' $e&al#a& )(a% !e&)!b#l%a& ba&a% (eb# (a& /#!$ala& 'e)&//a $e"!#%aa& able 'al# !e&1a() %a'a". C. P%"a!a'an Pe"alaa&
$e&al#a&
a&/
a%a&
()/#&a%a&
#&#%
$"*'e'
$e&al#a& able+ e"/a&#&/ (a") e%&)% $e&al#a& a&/ a%a& ()/#&a%a& (a& %e"a!$)la& *$e"a*"
a&/ a%a& !ela%#%a& $"*'e' $e&al#a&.
Me'%)$#& (e!)%)a&+ 'e,a"a $")&')$+ $e"alaa& $e&al#a& !e&//#&a%a& 'ala 'a# (a") 1e&)' $e"alaa& be")%# )&)+ a)# <
.
Pa&,) $e&al# 'a&(a" 6%*&>e&')*&al8
2.
Pa&,) $e&al# be"l#ba&/
.
Pa&,) $e&al# baa& ,a)" 6'#'$e&') #(a"a8. Ke,e&(e"#&/a& #!#!&a !e&/a"a $a(a ')'e! e4)')e&') e&e"/)
**!a)' #&#% !e&)&/%a%a& %*al)a' able 'al#( a&/ ()a')l%a&+ !e!$e"')&/%a *al -a%# $e&al#a& (a& !e&/#"a&/) 4a,*" %eal)a& *$e"a(*" (ala! $"*'e' $e&al#a&. D. P%n/a!&'an La$ T$ Pe&al#a& la$)' )$)' !#la) be"%e!ba&/ a#& 9=05a&. Pe"a!a %al) ()%e!ba&/%a& *le $"e#'a& 4a"!a') A!e")%a Se")%a+ &bbott *aboratorios. D)ba&()&/%a& (e&/a& $e&al#a& /#la+ $e&al#a& la$)' )$)' !e!)l)%) %e#&//#la&+ a&a"a la)& -a%# $e&/e"1aa& leb) ')&/%a+ 'e,a"a e%*&*!)' leb) e4)')e& %a"e&a !e!b##%a& e&a/a (a& baa& leb) 'e()%) (a") $a(a 'al# /#la+ e!$a a&/ ()b##%a& leb) %e,)l+ a!baa& be"a !)&)!al ()ba&()&/%a& able 'al# /#la 62538+ )&),)al 6l*/*8 $a(a able )&) !a') ea$ a!$a% 'e)&//a !#(a )(e&)4)%a')+ $e&al#a& la$)' )$)'+ b)a'a&a !e&//#&a%a& ala a&/ '#(a **!a)' 'e)&//a 4a%*" %eal)a& *$e"a*" )(a% be/)# (*!)&a&. Se(a&/%a& %e"#/)a& 'al# la$)' )$)' b)la ()ba&()&/ 'al# /#la a&a"a la)& a(ala < .
A(a&a a% $ae& #&(a&/ #&(a&/ (a") 4*"!#la (a& ,a"a %e"1a la$)' )$)'.
2.
Me&//#&a%a& $ela"# $ela"# *"/a&)% ()!a&a $e&//#&aa&&a 'e!a%)& ()baa') *le #&(a&/ #&(a&/.
.
P*l)!e
$a(a
'eba/a)
$e!be&#%
la$)'a&
)$)'
'e,a"a
$e"(a/a&/a& 1#!la&a e"baa' (a& a"/a&a "ela)4 ! aal. .
Pe"alaa& $e&al#a& la$)' )$)' *le %a"e&a 'e"ba **!a)' aa# 'e!) **!a)' leb) !aal ()ba&()&/ (e&/a& able 'al# /#la. Baa& (a'a" $e!be&#%a& $e&al# la$)' )$)' a(ala $*l)!e"
be"be&#% la$)' )$)' 6$*l)!e" 4)l!8. Sa"a #a!a a&/ $e"l# ()$e"a)%a& $a(a $e&//#&aa& $*l)!e" )ala %e!a!$#a& !e!be&#% la$)'a& )$)' a&/ %*ee"e& $a(a $e"!#%aa& baa& a&/ a%a& ()'al# $a(a %*&()') $e&al#a&. J)%a la$)'a& )$)' $*l)!e" ()a$l)%a')%a& $a(a '#a# !a")%'+ e"(a$a bebe"a$a (aa+ a)# (aa %*e') 6a&a"a 'e'a!a !*le%#l $*l)!e"8 (a& (aa a(e') 6a&a"a $*l)!e" (e&/a& !a")%'8. U&#% !e&,a$a) %*e') a&/ !a%')!al e"(a$a 2 4e&*!e&a a&/ $e"l# ()$e"a)%a&+ a)# < .
Daa %*e') (a") !*le%#l $*l)!e" a"#' "ela)4 ,#%#$ be'a" (a&+
2.
Pe"!#%aa& !*le%#l a&/ be"(e%aa& (a") $*l)!e" $e!be&#% la$)'a& )$)' a"#'la $a(a ))% $e"e!#a& 6%*ale'e&')8. J)%a %*e') 'e'a!a !*le%#l be'a" (a& e"1a() $#la ()4#') 'e"a
%*ale'e&')+
ba"#
a%a&
e"1a()
"e'*"a')
'"#%#"
$*l)!e"
(ala!
be&#%#&)4*"! (a& )(a% e"1a() $ele&/%ea& $a(a (ae"a $e"e!#a& a&/ ()'ebab%a& *le %a"e&a a(a&a $e!)&(aa& !*le%#l 'e,a"a !e&el#"# aa# *le 'e/!e& )&()>)(# (a") "a&a) !)%"*!*le%#l. Ha&a (a") la"#a& $*l)!e" (e&/a& b*b* !*le%#l )&//) (a$a !e&/a')l%a& 'e"a (a& '#%#" la$)'a& )$)' be"be&#% 4)l!.
a. P#!%" P%b%n'&*an La$ T$ Pe!)l)a&
1e&)'
$*l)!e"
$e!be&#%a&
la$)'
)$)'+
'a&/a
()$e&/a"#) *le #1#a& (a") $e&al#a& )# 'e&()"). Se,a"a /a")' be'a" $*l)!e" (a$a ()%el*!$*%%a& (ala! /*l*&/a&+ a)# < .
P*l)!e" a&/ la"# (ala! 'al#"a& $e&,e"&aa& 6/a'"*5'*l#ble8 P*l)!e" Ga'"*'*l#ble ()/#&a%a& #&#% $"*'e' $e&al#a& la$)' )$)'
a&/
()!a%'#(%a&
#&#%
(a$a
la"#
(ala!
'al#"a&
$e&,e"&aa& 6,a)"a& la!b#&/8 2.
P*l)!e" a&/ )(a% la"# (ala! 'al#"a& $e&,e"&aa& 6/a'"*5 "e')'a&8 T#1#a&
$e!a%a)a&
$*l)!e"
/a'"*"e')'a&
a(ala
#&#%
!e&/a')l%a& able 'al# e&e")% 6)(a% la"# (ala! la!b#&/+ a$) (ala! #'#'8. .
P*l)!e" a&/ 'a!a 'e%al) )(a% la"#.
T#1#a& $e!a%a)a& $*l)!e" a&/ )(a% la"# a(ala #&#% !e!$e"la!a aa# !e!$e"$a&1a&/ %e"1a 7 $ele$a'a& la!ba 6'#'a)&e "elea'e able8. P*l)!e" a&/ )(eal !e!)l)%) ')4a a&a"a la)& a(ala < .
La"# (ala! $ela"# a&/ ()/#&a%a& #&#% $e"')a$a& $e&al#a&
2.
La"# (ala! %ea(aa& e"e&# a&/
()!a%'#(+ !)'al&a
%ela"#a& a&/ !#(a (ala! a)"+ la!ba la"# (ala! a)"+ aa# %ela"#a& a&/ e"/a&#&/ $a(a $H 9la$)'a& e&e")%8 .
Ke!a!$#a& #&#% !e&/a')l%a& $"*(#% a&/ a!$a% a&//#&
.
T)(a% *%')'+ )(a% be"-a"&a+ )(a% be"a'a (a& )(a% be"ba#+ 'e""a
=.
Sab)l e"a(a$ $a&a'+ ,aaa %ele!baba& #(a"a (a& '#b'"a a&/ a%a& ()'al#.
b. P%!a"&' a'a& P%,a"na Sebel#! !e!)l) '#a# $ela"# aa# ')'e! ,a!$#"a& $ela"#+ $e"l# e"leb) (a#l# ()$e")!ba&/%a& bebe"a$a al. Fa%*" #a!a a&/ $e"l# ()$e"a)%a& a(ala < .
Ke!a!$#a& $ela"# #&#% !ela"#%a&7!e&()'$e"')%a& $*l)!e". Pela"#
$*l)!e"
a&/
*$)!al
)ala
b)la
$ela"#
e"'eb#
!e!#&/%)&%a& "a&a) $*l)!e" be"%e!ba&/ 'e,a"a !a%')!al+ !e&/a')l%a& $e&al# la$)' )$)' (e&/a& %e%#aa& %*e') e"be'a" 'e)&//a ()a')l%a& ')4a !e%a&)% la$)' )$)' a&/ e"ba)% 2.
Ke!#(aa& !e&/#a$. A/a" $*l)!e" e"(e$*') $a(a $e"!#%aa& able (e&/a& e"a#" (a& ba)% !a%a $ela"# a"#' !#(a !e&/#a$. Hal )&) 'a&/a $e&)&/ 1)%a ())&/)&%a& la$)'a& $e&al# a&/ e")%a (a& !ele&/%e 'e,a"a ba)% $a(a $e"!#%aa& able
.
Pe"#baa& %*!$*')') $ela"# 'ela!a $"*'e' $e&al#a&. J)%a 'e!#a %*!$*&e& ,a!$#"a& 6$*l)!e"5$ela"#8 (a$a !ela"# 'e!$#"&a+ !a%a )(a% a(a !a'ala a&/ )!b#l 'ela!a $"*'e' $e&al#a&. Tea$) 1)%a ')'e! $ela"# b#%a& $ela"# a&/ ba)%+ !a%a %e'e)!ba&/a& e"!*()&a!)%a a&a"a $*l)!e"5$ela"# a%a& be"#ba 'ela!a $"*'e' $e&al#a&. P*l)!e" !#&/%)& '#(a
e")'$)a') 'ebel#!
e"be&#%&a la$)'a& )$)' a&/ %*e')4 aa#
!#&/%)& $#la %ela"#a& $*l)!e" !e&1a() be"%#"a&/. ;*&*5,*&* $ela"# *"/a&)%+ a&a"a la)& < Me)le&%l*")(a5 ea&*l+ Me)le&%l*")(a5 !ea&*l+ Me)le&%l*")(a5)'*$"*$a&*l+ Sae&+ Me)le&%l*")(a5A'e*&5 Ea&*l+ Ea&*l5 A)"+ (a& Ea&*l5I'*$"*$a&*l5A)". +. P%,a"na Pe!a%a)a& aa# $e&a!baa& a -a"&a !e&)&/%a%a& &)la)
e'e)%a 'e()aa&
(a&
be"#1#a&
#&#%
#&#%
!e!$e"!#(a
)(e&)4)%a') 'e()aa&. Dala! al e"e& (e&/a& !e&//#&a%a& a -a"&a a&/
'$e')4)%+
$e&a!baa& %*!$*&e& a
-a"&a $a(a
$#la
!e&/)&/a%a& ')4a 4)')% la$)'a& $e&al# a&/ ()a$l)%a')%a& $a(a able. a -a"&a a&/ b)a'a ()/#&a%a& #&#% 'e()aa& 4a"!a') (a$a ()ba/) !e&1a() 2 %ae/*")+ a)# < .
a -a"&a a&/ la"# (ala! ')'e! $e!ba-a 7 $ela"#
2.
a -a"&a a&/ )(a% la"#+ !)'al&a all#!#&)#! la%e (a& 'e&a-a a&*"/a&)% 6be') *%')(a+ )a&)#! ()*%')(a (a& 'eba/a)&a8 U&#% !e&(a$a%a& a')l $e&al#a& la$)' )$)' a&/ ba)%+ !a%a al a&/ $e"l# ()$e"a)%a& a(ala ba-a #%#"a& $a")%el a"#' al#' 6(ala! '%ala !)%"*&8. Sela)& (a") $a(a )# 4*"!#la '#'$e&') *!*/e& $a(a la"#a& 7 '#'$e&') $*l)!e".
E. Ma$a!ah-a$a!ah a!a P"#$%$ P%n/a!&'an La$ T$ .
+icking 6$e"le%aa& (a& $e&//#!$ala&8+ a)# %ea(aa& ()!a&a la$)'a& )$)' a&/ e"lal# ba'a aa# e"lal# le&/%e 'e)&//a
!e&ebab%a& able !ele%a 'a# (e&/a& a&/ la)&&a aa# !ele%a $a(a $a&,). Pe&/aa'a&&a+ (e&/a& !e&/#"a&/) 1#!la ,a)"a& a&/ ()/#&a%a& aa# !e&)&/%a%a& e!$e"a#" $e&/e")&/a& (a& >*l#!e #(a"a 2.
+eeling + a)# !e"#$a%a& %ela&1#a& (a") picking + ()!a&a #&//#la& able e"lal# ba'a aa# be"/#!$al /#!$al %e!#()a& %e)%a 1a# (a") $e"le%aa& 'el## la$)'a& le$a' (a& !e&e!$el $a(a able la)&.
.
$ridging, a)# %ea(aa& ()!a&a l*/* 7 )&))al able e"##$) *le la"#a& $e&al#. Hal )&) ()'ebab%a& %a"e&a (aa adhes) 6(aa )%a8 a&a"a la"#a& $e&al# (e&/a& $e"!#%aa& able %#"a&/. Pe&ebab la)&&a %a"e&a 'ela!a $e!a&a'a& aa# $e&/e")&/a&+ la$)'a& )$)' a&/ be"a(a $a(a ba/)a& ,e%#&/a& )&))al 6l*/*8 a%a& !e&/%e"# (a& !e&1a# (a") '#(# "#&,)&/ 6b)'e,8.
.
oughness 6able %a'a" aa# e4e% %#l) 1e"#%8. Pe&ebab (a") !a'ala )&) a(ala $e&/e")&/a& e"lal# )&//) 'e"a $e&eba"a& la"#a& $e&al# a&/ )(a% 'e)!ba&/.
=.
Mottling + a&/ ()'ebab%a& %a"e&a $e&//#&aa& a -a"&a a&/ la"# (a& !e&/ala!) !)&/"a') $a(a $"*'e' $e&/e")&/a&+ 1#/a $a(a $e&//#&aa& $la'),)e".
F. P%n/a!&'an %nan 0#"%$$ (T%*anan8 Je&)' $e&al#a& )&) !e!e"l#%a& '#a# !e')& able %#'#'. U&#% 'aa )&)+ $e&al#a& (e&/a& ,a"a )&) '#(a 'a&/a 1a"a&/ ()la%#%a&.
Me'%)$#& (e!)%)a&+ !e*(e $e&al#a& (e&/a& ,a"a )&) !e!)l)%) %e#&#&/a& (ala! bebe"a$a %ea(aa&+ ()!a&a able )&) )(a% !e&e")!a $ela"# *"/a&)% aa# $ela"# a)". Sela)& )# baa&5baa& a&/ )(a% (a$a be",a!$#" (a$a ()$)'a%a& (e&/a& !#(a. G. P%n/a!&'an %nan Micro-encapsulation Pe&al#a& (e&/a& microencapsulation !e"#$a%a& !*()4)%a') (a") $e&al#a& la$)' )$)'. Pe"be(aa& #a!a a&a e"lea% $a(a #%#"a& $e")%el a&/ a%a& ()'al# (a& !e*(e a&/ ()/#&a%a&. Pa(a $e&al#a& !e*(e )&) baa& a&/ ()'al# a(ala $a")%el5$a")%el /"a&#l aa# able (e&/a& #%#"a& a&/ %e,)l. P"*'e' (a& $e"alaa& a&/ ()/#&a%a& b)a'a&a !e&//#&a%a& fluidizedbed"
II.C a!a$ S#a# )&(a%a& $e!b#%)a& (e&/a& ,a"a a&/ 'e'#a) ba-a )a$ baa&+ $"*'e'+ $"*'e(#"+ %e/)aa&+ ')'e!+ $e"le&/%a$a& aa# !e%a&)'!e a&/ ()/#&a%a& (ala! $"*(#%') (a& $e&/a-a'a& a%a& 'e&a&)a'a !e&,a$a) a')l a&/ ())&/)&%a&. Ala'a& ()la%#%a& >al)(a') < •
Me!e&#) Pe"a#"a& Pe!e")&a
•
Me&1a!)& M## Oba
Pe&)&/%aa& !##
Pe&)&/%aa& %*&')'e&') !##
Pe&)&/%aa& $e",aa ()") (a& %e$e",aaa& %*&'#!e&
•
Pe&/e!aa& B)aa P"*(#%')
U"#a& $ela%'a&aa& >al)(a') $"*'e' $"*(#%') < •
Pe!b#aa& "e&,a&a )&(#% >al)(a') $"*'e'
•
Pe!)l)a& $"*'e' $"*(#%') a&/ ()#1)
•
Pe!b#aa& $"**%*l >al)(a')
•
Pe!b#aa& le!ba" %e"1a >al)(a')
•
Pela%'a&aa& >al)(a')
•
Pe&/#1)a& 'a!$el
•
Pe&e&#a& %")e")a 6baa'8 $e&e")!aa&
•
Me!b#a %e')!$#la&
•
Pe!b#aa& la$*"a& >al)(a')
SKEMA PEMBUATAN TABLET Tab!%' 0%'a*
Penimbangan
Metode cetak langsung
Metode granulasi basah
Pengayakan
Pencampuran awal
Pencampuran
Granulasi Pengayakan basah
Cek IPC Keseragaman kadar
Cek IPC – kadar air
Pengeringan granul Pengayakan kering
Cek IPC –Keseragaman kadar
Cek IPC Penampilan Kelengkapan Penandaan
Pencampuran akhir Cek IPC Keseragaman kadar Keseragaman bobot Kekerasan Kerapuhan Waktu hancur Disolusi
Percetakan tablet Pengemasan primer Pengemasan sekunder udang obat !adi
Cek IPC Penampilan Kelengkapan Penandaan
Tab!%' Sa!&'
Penimbangan
Pembuatan $ablet Inti #ilm coating
praying o% &ac'uer Coating
eal Coating
Cek IPC Keseragaman kadar Keragaman bobot Kerapuhan Waktu hancur Disolusi
ugar White Coating
Coloring
moothimg
Polishing
Cek IPC Penampilan Kelengkapan Penandaan
Cek IPC Keseragaman kadar Keragaman bobot Kerapuhan Waktu hancur Disolusi
Pengemasan Primer
Pengemasan ekunder
Gudang !bat "adi
Cek IPC Penampilan Kelengkapan Penandaan
II.C P%n&6an Tab!%' A. E;a!&a$ (K#n'"#! K&a!'a$) G"an&! A(a&a
be"ba/a)
>a")abel
4*"!#la')
(a&
$"*'e'
(a$a
!e!$e&/a"#) la&/%a5la&/%a $e!b#aa& /"a&#l. Ole %a"e&a&a $e"l# ()la%#%a& !e*(e e>al#a') #&#% !e&/#%#" %a"a%e"5%a"a%e" /"a&#l (ala! #$aa !e!a&a# %e'e'#a)a& /"a&#l a&/ a%a& ()$a%a) (ala! !e!b#a able. Hal5al a&/ $e"l# ()e>al#a') #&#% !e&e&#%a& %a"a%e" /"a&#l+ a&a"a la)& < −
U%#"a& (a& be&#% $a")%el #%#"a& $a")%el /"a&#l (a$a !e!$e&/a"#) be"a "aa5"a able+ >a")a') be"a able+ -a%# a&,#"+ %e"e&aa& /"a&#l+ (aa !e&/al)" /"a&#l 'e"a %)&e)%a %e,e$aa& $e&/e")&/a& (a") /"a&#la') ba'a. S)4a )&) 'a&/a ()$e&/a"#) *le baa& a&/ ()/#&a%a& 'e"a %*&'e&"a')&a+ 1#/a $e"alaa& a&/ ()$a%a) 'e"a %*&()') $a(a 'aa $"*'e' /"a&#la') ()la%#%a&
−
L#a' $e"!#%aa& $e&/#%#"a& l#a' $e"!#%aa& be"ba/a) 'e"b#% *ba a&/ ela ()al#'%a& !e"#$a%a& 4a%*" $e&)&/ e"#a!a ba/) *ba5*ba a&/ %ela"#a&&a (ala! a)" e"baa'. U%#"a& $a")%el (a& e"#a!a l#a' $e"!#%aa&+ 'a&/a !e!$e&/a"#) %e,e$aa& $ela"#a&.
−
Ke"a$aa& 6(e&')8 %e,e$aa& /"a&#l (a$a !e!$e&/a"#) %*!$"e'')b)l)a'+ $*"*')a' able+ %ela"#a& (a& ')4a5')4a la)&&a. G"a&#l a&/ %e"a' (a& $a(a !e!e"l#%a&
%*!$"e')
a&/
leb)
be'a"
#&#%
!e&/a')l%a&
%*e')6)%aa&8 a&/ %*!$a%. Beba& %*!$"e') a&/ )&//) 'ebal)%&a !e!$#&a) $*e&') #&#% !e&)&/%a%a& ()')&e/"a') 6-a%# a&,#"8 able (a& -a%# $ela"#a& *ba. A(a (#a !e*(e #&#% !e&e&#%a& %e"a$aa& /"a&#l+ %e(#a&a !e&//#&%a& ala $)%&*!ee". Ya&/ $e"a!a !e!a%a) a)" "a%'a 'eba/a) ,a)"a& $e&/)') 'ela+ 'e(a&/%a& a&/ %e(#a !e!a%a) $ela"# a&/ be"e%a&a& "e&(a 6!)'al&a be&e&e8 (a& )(a% !ela"#%a& /"a&#l&a. Me*(e )&) '#(a 'a&/a 1a"a&/ ()la%#%a& () )&(#'"). Me*(e a&/ leb) ()%e&al a(ala %e"a$aa& b#l%. Ke"a$aa& b#l% a(ala #%#"a& a&/ ()/#&a%a& #&#% !e&aa%a& 'e/#!$ala& $a")%el aa# /"a&#l. Pe"'a!aa& #&#% !e&e&#%a& %e"a$aa& b#l% a(ala < Ke"a$aa& b#l% Ma''a $a")%el V*l#!e /"a&#l Se1#!la /"a&#l ()!a'#%%a& %e (ala! /ela' #%#" (e&/a& ba&#a& ,*"*&/. ;aa >*l#!e a-al+ %e!#()a& /ela' #%#" ()%e#%5%e#% 'a!$a) )(a% e"1a() $e&#"#&a& >*l#!e. Sela&1#&a >*l#!e )&) ()/#&a%a& #&#% !e&/)#&/ %e"a$aa& b#l%. Da") a')l $e")#&/a& %e"$aa& b#l% 'ebel#! (a& 'e'#(a ()%e#%5%e#% (a$a ())#&/ $e"'e& %*!$"e'')b)l)a' 6;8+ a)# <
; 6Ke"a$aa& b#l% 'ebel#! ()%e#% Ke"a$aa& 'eela ()%e#%8 @003 Ke"a$aa& b#l% 'ebel#! ()%e#% Se!a%)& be'a" &)la) ; !a%a !a%)& be'a" %e!a!$#a& #&#% ()%e!$a+ 'ebal)%&a !a%)& %e,)l &)la) ; !a%a !a%)& %e,)l 6%#"a&/8 #&#% ()%e!$a. S)4a5')4a !e&/al)" 6-a%# al)"8
−
S)4a al)" '#a# baa& ()a')l%a& (a") ba&a% /aa. Pa")%el5$a")%el $a(a a%a& 'al)&/ a")% !e&a")% (a& /aa a&/ be%e"1a ()a&a"a $a")%el b)la !e"e%a be"#b#&/a& e"#a!a /aa $e"!#%aa&. Te"(a$a bebe"a$a /aa a&/ (a$a be%e"1a ()a&a"a $a")%el5$a")%el $a(a < 8
Gaa /e'e%a&74")%')
28
Gaa e/a&/a& $e"!#%aa&
8
Gaa !e%a&)% a&/ ()'ebab%a& *le 'al)&/ !e&/#&,)&a $a")%el a&/ be&#%&a )(a% e"a#"
8 −
Gaa ele%"*'a)% S#(# ()a! 6'#(# ba")&/8.
S&&' a (Baring ). Me*(e ,*"*&/ e/a% (a& %e"#,# a&/ be"()") beba' !e!a%a) ,*"*&/ a&/ ()1a/a a/a" #1#&/&a be"a(a $a(a '#'# %e)&//)a& e"e&# 6H8 () aa' %e"a' /"a4)% a&/ e"lea% $a(a b)(a&/ *")*&al. G"a&#l ()#a&/ be"laa&5laa& 'a!$a) %e #1#&/ ,*"*&/. Ja")51a") 6R8 (a") aa' #!$#%a& b#b#% a&/ be"be&#% %e"#,# %e!#()a& () #%#". a& H7R aa# a",a& H7R
a(ala '#(# ba")&/. B)la '#(# ba")&/ leb) %e,)l aa# 'a!a (e&/a& 00 b)a'a&a !e&#&1#%%a& ba-a baa& (a$a !e&/al)" beba'+ b)la '#(#&a leb) be'a" aa# 'a!a (e&/a& 0 0 !a%a b)a'a&a (aa !e&/al)"&a %#"a&/ ba)%. B. E;a!&a$ (K#n'"#! K&a!'a$) Tab!%' U&#% !e!a&a# %#al)a' $"*(#% *ba+ e>al#a') 'e,a"a %#al)a)4 'e"a $e&ea$a& ')4a %)!)a+ 4)')%a (a& b)*a>a)lab)l)a' able a"#' ()b#a. Ke)/a %ela' ')4a e"'eb# !e!)l)%) $"*4)l 'ab)l)a' a&/ &aa+ ea$) $"*4)l 'ab)l)a' )# (a$a 'al)&/ be"$e&/a"#+ !)'al&a %e"#'a%a& %)!)a aa# )&e"a%') a&a"a %*!$*&e&5%*!$*&e& able a%a& !e!$e&/a"#) ')4a 4)')%a able (a& 'a&/a !e!$e&/a"#) b)*a>a)lab)l)a' (a") ')'e! able )# 'e&()"). Hal5al a&/ $e"l# ()la%#%a& e>al#a') 6%*&"*l %#al)a' 8 'ela!a (a& 'eela $"*'e' $e&,ea%a& a&a"a la)& < $e&a!$)la& #!#!+ #%#"a& (a& be&#% $e&/e&ala& a&(a5a&(a %#'#'+ %e'e"a/a!a& b*b*+ -a%# a&,#" 6disintegrasi 8+ %a"e&a %e%e"a'a& (a& %e"e&aa&+ %a&(#&/a& *ba 6a a%)48 (a& ()'*l#'). −
Ke%e"a'a& (a& Ke"e&aa& 6#riability ) Table a"#' !e!$#&a) %e%#aa& aa# %e%e"a'a& e"e&# 'e"a
aa& aa' %e"e&aa& (a$a be"aa& e"a(a$ be"ba/a) /#&,a&/a& !e%a&)% $a(a 'aa $e!b#aa&+$e&/e$a%a& (a& ()'")b#'). Sela)& )# able 1#/a a"#' aa& e"a(a$ $e"la%#a& be"leb)a& *le %*&'#!e&+ 'e$e") /#&,a&/a& (ala! a'+ (a& la)& 'eba/a)&a. Ke%#aa& able ()e&#%a& *le be'a"&a e&a/a a&/ ()$e"l#%a& #&#% !e!e,a%a& able (ala! #1)
%*!$"e') ()a!e"). U&#% #1) )&) able ()lea%%a& ()a&a"a (#a la&(a'a&+ %e!#()a& ()e%a& (a& %e%#a& e%a&a& !e!e,a able ()a&a"a&a. −
Ke'e"a/a!a& B*b* (a& Ke'e"a/a!a& %a&(#&/a& a A%)4 U&#% e>al#a') %ea&1#"a& '#a# able+ 1#!la %a&(#&/a& a a%)4
e"(a$a ()(ala!&a a"#' e"#' ()$a&a# $a(a 'e)a$ able aa# ba,. U1) $e&)!$a&/a& b*b* ()la%#%a& (e&/a& ,a"a !e&)!ba&/ 20 able 'a# $e"'a# %e!#()a& ())#&/ be"a "aa5"aa (a& $e&)!$a&/a& ba%# 'a&(a"
6RSD
elative
standard
%eviation
8
(a&
$"*'e&a'e
$e&)!$a&/a&&a.
−
Be"a Raa5"aa able 6!/8
Pe"be(aa& $e"'e&a'e Ma%')!#! a&/ ()$e"%e&a&%a&
0 !/ aa# %#"a&/
0
052 !/
:+=
Leb) (a") 2 !/
=
Wa%# Ha&,#" Ba/) able la&/%a $e&)&/ $e"a!a 'ebel#! !ela"# a/a" 'e/e"a
b)'a ')a$ #&#% ()ab'*"$') a(ala $e,a&a !e&1a() $a")%el5$a")%el %e,)l aa# /"a&#l. Wa%# a&/ ()$e"l#%a& *le able #&#% (a$a a&,#" 6!ela"#8 e"'eb# ()'eb# (e&/a& -a%# a&,#" . Ala a&/ ()/#&a%a& #&#% $e&/#1)a& -a%# a&,#" ()'eb# (e&/a& disintegratian tester"
