Dqumpk X-Dlkiü`mlg www.egldfkka.lk`/DqXDlkik`mlg
@DVLGHK ] D\XVTLXTVG\ HD @DVLGHK
Hd`gihg (fuslgi pgjgr fudiks prdlmks)
@drlghk
Mitdrlg`fmk hd FF y \\.
^rdlmks
^rdlmk Ds cg dxprdsmüi `kidtgrmg hdc vgckr. Euditds hdc Ugckr \ufodtmvgs, cg idldsmhgh qud hdpdihd g su vdz hd cg vgckrglmüi pdrskigc. Kfodtmvgs, dc lkstk hd prkhullmüi, XUX, dtl. •
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Mitdrhdpdihdilmg
Kedrtg (fuslgi `gx jgigilmgs k mijrdsks)
Dqumpk X-Dlkiü`mlg www.egldfkka.lk`/DqXDlkik`mlg
@DVLGHK ] D\XVTLXTVG\ HD @DVLGHK M^K\\ HD ^VDLMK\ XM^K
^rdlmks hdrmvghks hd cg dstrulturg hd `drlghk •
@drlghk lk`pdtmtmvk, ^rdlmk lk`pdtmtmvk. @kikpkcmk, ^rdlmk `kikpücmlk. Kcmjkpkcmk, ^rdlmk kcmjkpücmlk. \m`pcd`ditd, prdlmks. •
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Hu`pmij ^rdlmk hdrmvghk hdc lk`drlmk mitdriglmkigc. Hmslrm`miglmüi mitdriglmkigc hd prdlmks , dc prdlmk hd ui prkhultk, lugihk sd vdihd di dc pgàs m`pkrtghkr, ds miedrmkr gc prdlmk g qud sd vdihd dsd prkhultk di dc `drlghk hdc pgàs dxpkrtghkr. Krjgimzglmüi @uihmgc hd Lk`drlmk (K@L, gitds Jdidrgc Gjrdd`dit ki Xgrmees gih Xrghd, JGXX), lkismhdrg gc hu`pmij lk`k lk`pdtdilmg hdscdgc , hmstkrsmkig dc euilmkig`mditk lk`pdtmtmvks hd cks `drlghks. \m sd lk`prudfg hg÷k g cg prkhullmüi iglmkigc prkhultk hdc hu`pmij hu`pmij , dc pgàs gedltghk pudhd m`pkidr `dhmhgs gitmhu`pmij? sgcvgjugrhmgs. Cg mivdstmjglmüi kemlmgc, pgrg cg m`pksmlmüi hd `dhmhgs gitmhu`pmij skck pudhd sdr rdgcmzghg pkr cg Lk`msmüi hd Hu`pmij y \ufsmhmks hdc Mihdlkpm. Cg kpmimüi hd dlkik`mstgs dstç hmvmhmhg pdrk `gykràg dstç hd gludrhk qud `dhmhgs gitmhu`pmij gcmditgi dc prktdllmkims`k.
^rdlmk dxtdrik
@drlghk Iglmkigc
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√ 3 ̄ Dcm`migr lk`pdtdilmg
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^rdlmk \ufsmhmghk Ds ui prdlmk pkr hdfgok hdc prk`dhmk hd `drlghk hdfmhk g gcjuig pkcàtmlg dlkiü`mlg y sklmgc. 0 ∖ Dod`pck? ^rkjrg`g EM\D, Ekihk hd Milcusmüi \klmgc Didrjítmlg, uik hd sus kfodtmvks ds cg prk`klmüi pgrg dc glldsk gc JC^ hd cks sdltkrds vucidrgfcds tgitk urfgiks lk`k rurgcds. Dc ^rkjrg`g hd prk`klmüi hd glldsk gc JC^ frmihg ui sufsmhmk `dhmgitd cg ditrdjg `disugc hd ui vgcd hd hdsluditk (lupüi) hd \/. 75 skcds g ui bkjgr fdidemlmgrmk qud lu`pcd lki lmdrtks rdqumsmtks, pgrg su utmcmzglmüi dxlcusmvg lk`k `dhmk hd pgjk di cg lk`prg hd ui fgcüi hd Jgs Cmlughk hd ^dtrücdk (JC^) hd bgstg 7> Aj.
Dqumpk X-Dlkiü`mlg www.egldfkka.lk`/DqXDlkik`mlg
@DVLGHK ] D\XVTLXTVG\ HD @DVLGHK M^K\\ HD ^VDLMK\ XM^K
Dqumpk X-Dlkiü`mlg www.egldfkka.lk`/DqXDlkik`mlg
@DVLGHK ] D\XVTLXTVG\ HD @DVLGHK HD@GIHG
Cg hd`gihg, ds dc jgstk rdgcmzghk pkr dc lkisu`mhkr lki dc kfodtmvk hd sgtmsegldr sus idldsmhghds. Dc lkisu`mhkr ds rglmkigc . \d hmld qud ui lkisu`mhkr ds rglmkigc, sm pudhd odrgrqumzgr sus prdedrdilmgs. G ck cgrjk hd cg lurvg hd hd`gihg, dc lkisu`mhkr `gxm`mzg su fmdidstgr suodtk g su rdstrmllmüi hd prdsupudstk `gxx `g .^rd .^rdsu supu puds dstk tk Cks prdlmks, mijrdsk, y cks justks-prdedrdilmgs dstçi hghks. Hghk ck gitdrmkr, cg hd`gihg mihmvmhugc, rdprdsditg cg `çxm`g hmspksmlmüi g pgjgr pkr pgrtd hdc lkisu`mhkr. Cg hd`gihg hd `drlghk (hdc fmdi), ds cg su`g hd cgs hd`gihgs mihmvmhugcds. 0 , , , , , έ ^uf ^ufcml cmlmhg mhgh h 0 ∗ HD@GIH GIHG G? ↜⟽ ↗ –CD] ‐ HD CG HD@ Ldtdrms Ldtdr ms pgrmf pgrmfus us (tkhk ck hd`çs lkistgitd). lkistgitd). Ik ds uig cdy di sditmhk dstrmltk, pudstk qud bgy ui lgsk qud qumdfrg hmlbg –cdy‐, fmdids Jmeedi. Ti fmdi Jmeedi, ds ui tmpk dspdlmgc hd fmdi miedrmkr . •
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Xdkràg hdc Lkisu`mhkr Xdkràg hd cg Dcdllmüi.
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Dqumpk X-Dlkiü`mlg www.egldfkka.lk`/DqXDlkik`mlg
@DVLGHK ] D\XVTLXTVG\ HD @DVLGHK HD@GIHG Dcgstmlmhghds Cg dcgstmlmhgh ds ui lkdemlmditd hd rdgllmüi? Θ% Θ% \d hdemid lk`k, cg vgrmglmüi pkrlditugc di cg lgitmhgh hd`gihg, lugihk lg`fmg gcjuik hd sus hdtdr`migitds di 7%. Dcgstmlmhgh prdlmk Ugrmglmüi pkrlditugc hd cg lgitmhgh hd`gihghg lugihk dc prdlmk hdc fmdi vgràg di 7%. 0
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\m || 9 7, cg hd`gihg hd`gihg ds dcçstmlg, dcçstmlg, tmdihd tmdihd g tdidr tdidr `ulbks sustmtutks. 0 7, cg hd`gi hd`gihg hg ds ds uimtg uimtgrmg rmg.. || 3 7, cg hd`gihg hd`gihg ds midcçstmlg midcçstmlg,, tmdihd g tdidr pklks sustmtutks.
Dcgstmlmhgh lruzghg Ugrmglmüi pkrlditugc hd cg lgitmhgh hd`gihghg lugihk vgràg dc prdlmk hd ktrk fmdi di 7%. 0
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\m? 9 >, cks cks fmdids fmdids y ski sustm sustmtutk tutks. s. ↗⟽ ↜, ↗. 0 >, cks cks fmdids fmdids y ski mihdpdi mihdpdihmditd hmditds. s. ↗⟽ ↜, . 3 >, cks cks fmdids fmdids y lki lk`pcd` lk`pcd`ditgrmk ditgrmks. s. ↗⟽ ↜, ↜. •
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Dcgstmlmhgh mijrdsk Ugrmglmüi pkrlditugc hd cg lgitmhgh hd`gihghg lugihk vgràg vgràg dc mijrdsk di 7%. 0
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\m? 9 >, dc fmdi fmdi ds ikr`g ikr`gc.c. ↗⇖↗. 0 >, dc fmdi fmdi ds idutr idutrgc. gc. ↗ ⟽ . 3 >, dc fmdi fmdi ds miedrm miedrmkr. kr. ↗⟽↜. •
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Miedrmkrds
Jmeedi
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Fmdids Jmeedi \ki ui lcgsd dspdlmgc hd fmdi miedrmkr. Di rmjurksk, dc dedltk mijrdsk giucg y supdrg dc dedltk sustmtulmüi (di sditmhk lkitrgrmk), qudfrgihk cg –cdy‐ hd cg hd`gihg.
Dqumpk X-Dlkiü`mlg www.egldfkka.lk`/DqXDlkik`mlg
@DVLGHK ] D\XVTLXTVG\ HD @DVLGHK HD@GIHG
Lurvgs hd hd`gihg hd gludrhk g su dcgstmlmhgh prdlmk. 0 >, pdred pdredltg` ltg`dit ditdd midcçs midcçstml tmlg. g.
Dcgstmlmhgh prdlmk sd bgld `gykr, lkiekr`d cg lurvg hd hd`gihg sd bgld –`çs pcgig‐.
0 ∙, pdre pdredlt dltg`di g`ditd td dcçs dcçstml tmlg. g.
Dqumpk X-Dlkiü`mlg www.egldfkka.lk`/DqXDlkik`mlg
@DVLGHK ] D\XVTLXTVG\ HD @DVLGHK HD@GIHG Hd`gihg mihmvmhugc
Hd`gihg hd @drlghk
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Dqumpk X-Dlkiü`mlg www.egldfkka.lk`/DqXDlkik`mlg
@DVLGHK ] D\XVTLXTVG\ HD @DVLGHK HD@GIHG Lg`fmks di cg lgitmhgh hd`gihghg
Lg`fmks di cg hd`gihg
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Dc `kvm`mditk dstg rdcglmkighk lki cg `ms`g euilmüi hd hd`gihg (dc `kvm`mditk sd rdgcmzg skfrd cg `ms`g euilmüi).
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Hdspcgzg`mditks hd cg euilmüi hd hd`gihg Hdrdlbg? milrd`ditk di mijrdsk, `dokrg di cg prdedrdilmg pkr dc fmdi, milrd`ditk hd cks prdlmks hd cks fmdids sustmtutks, milrd`ditk hd cg hd`gihg hd cks fmdids lk`pcd`ditgrmks, milrd`ditk hd cg pkfcglmüi (hd`gihg hd `drlghk). Dxpdltgtmvgs.
Dqumpk X-Dlkiü`mlg www.egldfkka.lk`/DqXDlkik`mlg
@DVLGHK ] D\XVTLXTVG\ HD @DVLGHK HD@GIHG •
Cgs dxpdltgtmvgs hdc euturk miecuydi di cg hd`gihg mihmvmhugc, y lkcdltmvg. Vdlkrhd`ks qud 0 ∗ , , , , , έ ^uf ^ufcml cmlmhg mhgh h
Hmgrmk Dc Lk`drlmk, @grzk 6>7:.
Hmgrmk Jdstmüi, @grzk 6>7:.
Dqumpk X-Dlkiü`mlg www.egldfkka.lk`/DqXDlkik`mlg
@DVLGHK ] D\XVTLXTVG\ HD @DVLGHK KEDVXG Euilmüi hd ^rkhullmüi Vdcglmüi qud dxmstd ditrd cks misu`ks utmcmzghks y prkhultk (uimhghds hdc fmdi prkhulmhk) rdsuctgitd. 0 (,, à). à). Lkrtk y Cgrjk ^cgzk di Dlkik`àg Dc lkrtk pcgzk, ds dc dspglmk hd tmd`pk di dc lugc gc `diks uik hd cks egltkrds hd prkhullmüi sd `gitmdid emok. Dod`pck? cg miergdstrulturg hd prkhullmüi, lgpmtgc, dtl. Dc cgrjk pcgzk , lkrrdspkihd gc dspglmk hd tmd`pk di dc qud tkhks cks misu`ks hd prkhullmüi ski vgrmgfcds. •
Euilmüi hd ^rkhullmüi hd Lkrtk ^cgzk 0 ,
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Euilmüi hd ^rkhullmüi hd Cgrjk ^cgzk
Misu`ks
Euilmüi hd ^rkhullmüi
^rkhultk 0 , msklugitgs
Dqumpk X-Dlkiü`mlg www.egldfkka.lk`/DqXDlkik`mlg
@DVLGHK ] D\XVTLXTVG\ HD @DVLGHK KEDVXG Lkstks hd ^rkhullmüi Vdcglmüi qud dxmstd ditrd cks misu`ks utmcmzghks y prkhultk (uimhghds hdc fmdi prkhulmhk) rdsuctgitd. 0 (,, à à). ). Euilmüi hd Lkstks Lkstk Dlkiü`mlk 0 Lkstk Lkitgfcd + Lkstk hd Kpkrtuimhgh. 0 + , dc Lks Lkstk tk Xktg Xktgcc , ds ds cg su`g su`g hdc Lkstk hd (cks) egltkr(ds) vgrmgfcd(s) `çs dc Lkstk Emok . Dstd ÿctm`k, ds mihdpdihmditd hd cg dslgcg hd prkhullmüi. Ediü`dik tdlikcüjmlk.
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Dqumpk X-Dlkiü`mlg www.egldfkka.lk`/DqXDlkik`mlg
@DVLGHK ] D\XVTLXTVG\ HD @DVLGHK KEDVXG
Kedrtg mihmvmhugc Lurvg hd Kedrtg hd cg d`prdsg \urjd hd `gxm`mzgr cks fdidemlmks k jgigilmgs. Hdemim`ks dc Lkstk @grjmigc , lk`k dc lkstk ghmlmkigc pkr uimhgh ghmlmkigc hd prkhultk, ds hdlmr? 0
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Kedrtg hd @drlghk
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Dqumpk X-Dlkiü`mlg www.egldfkka.lk`/DqXDlkik`mlg
@DVLGHK ] D\XVTLXTVG\ HD @DVLGHK KEDVXG Lg`fmks di cg lgitmhgh kedrtghg
Lg`fmks di cg Kedrtg
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Dc `kvm`mditk dstg rdcglmkighk lki cg `ms`g euilmüi hd kedrtg (dc `kvm`mditk sd rdgcmzg skfrd cg `ms`g euilmüi).
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Hdspcgzg`mditks hd cg euilmüi hd Kedrtg Hdrdlbg? rdhullmüi di cks prdlmks hd cks misu`ks, fudigs lkihmlmkids lcm`çtmlgs, lkihmlmkids g`fmditgcds k igturgcds egvkrgfcds, `dokrgs tdlikcüjmlgs, milrd`ditks k `dokrgs di cg miergdstrulturg hd prkhullmüi, milrd`ditks di cg prkhultmvmhgh, dtl.
Dqumpk X-Dlkiü`mlg www.egldfkka.lk`/DqXDlkik`mlg
@DVLGHK ] D\XVTLXTVG\ HD @DVLGHK K@^DXMXMUK MXMUK K LK@^DXDILMG ^DVEDLXG @DVLGHK LK@^DX
\upudstks? ^rkhultk y d`prdsg bk`kjíidg. Cmfrd ditrghg y sgcmhg hd d`prdsgs. Ik bgy lkstks rdcglmkighks g cg ditrghg y sgcmhg hd d`prdsgs. Lkisu`mhkr/^rkhultkr gtk`àstmlk, ik krjgimzghks. ^dredltg `kvmcmhgh hd egltkrds prkhultmvks. Miekr`glmüi pdredltg.
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^rkhultk bk`kjíidk smi qud cg d`prdsg sdg bk`kjíidg.
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Lk`pdtdilmg ^urg.
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Ktrgs dstrulturgs hd @drlghk.
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Miekr`glmüi gsm`ítrmlg.
Lkisu`mhkr/^rkhultkr gtk`àstmlk , Dc
lkisu`mhkr k prkhultkr mihmvmhugc ds tgi pdqud÷k qud dccks pkr sà skcks ik pudhdi miecumr di dc rdsuctghk jckfgc hdc `drlghk. •
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Miekr`glmüi pdredltg, cks gjditds (prkhultkrds
y lkisu`mhkrds) tmdidi pcdig miekr`glmüi gldrlg hdc prkhultk, y ski lgpglds hd prkldsgr dstg miekr`glmüi. Lkikldi cks dedltks lkcgtdrgcds hd su lkisu`k k egfrmlglmüi, y, ghd`çs, sgfdi qud cks hd`çs gjditds sgfdi, skfrd ístks dedltks lkcgtdrgcds.
Dc `drlghk lk`pdtmtmvk, lkistmtuyd uig smtuglmüi mhdgc, gc lugc, hdfd tdihdr dc euilmkig`mditk rdgc hd cks `drlghks.
Dqumpk X-Dlkiü`mlg www.egldfkka.lk`/DqXDlkik`mlg
@DVLGHK ] D\XVTLXTVG\ HD @DVLGHK @KIK^KCMK
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\upudstks Tig skcg d`prdsg sd dierditg g tkhg cg hd`gihg hd `drlghk. Hd`gihg hd `drlghk qud ik dstç krjgimzghg. +
Fgrrdrgs g ditrghg y/k sgcmhg. Dstgs fgrrdrgs pudhdi sdr cdjgcds k tdlikcüjmlgs (dlkiü`mlgs). Cdjgcds? ^gtditds, ^rmvgtmzglmkids, Lkildsmkids, Vdjucglmkids jufdrig`ditgcds, Vdlursk dsdilmgc, Aikw-bkw ÿimlk. Dlkiü`mlgs? Dlkik`àgs hd dslgcg y @kikpkcmks Igturgcds, Mivdrsmüi mimlmgc, Lkstks buihmhks. •
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^rkfcd`gs ^rdlmk `gykr gc hd lk`pdtdilmg (midemlmdilmg gsmjigtmvg). Cg prkhullmüi ds `dikr qud di lk`pdtdilmg. Gfusk hd pksmlmüi hd hk`mimk.
Lkistmtulmüi ^kcàtm Lkistmtulmüi ^kcàtmlg lg hdc ^drÿ (7== (7==<) <) Grtàluck 57¿.- Dc Dstghk eglmcmtg y vmjmcg cg cmfrd lk`p lk `pdt dtdi dilm lmg. g. Lk Lk`f `fgt gtdd tk tkhg hg pr prçl çltm tmlg lg qu qudd cg cm cm`m `mtd td y dc gfusk gfu sk hd pks pksmlm mlmkid kidss hk` hk`mig migitd itdss k `ki `kikpü kpücml cmlgs. gs. Imi Imijui juigg cdy im lkildrtglmüi pudhd gutkrmzgr im dstgfcdldr `kikpkcmks. Cg pr prdi disg sg,, cg rg rghm hmk, k, cg td tdcd cdvm vmsm smüi üi y ck ckss hd hd`ç `çss `d `dhm hmks ks hd dxprdsmüi y lk`uimlg lgllmüi sklmgc1 y, di jdid idrrgc, cgs d`pr d` prds dsgs gs,, ck ckss fm fmdi dids ds y sd sdrv rvml mlmk mkss rd rdcg cglm lmki kigh ghkks lk lki i cg cmfd cm fdrt rtgh gh hd dx dxpr prds dsmü müi i y hd lk` lk`ui uiml mlglm glmüi üi,, ik pu pudh dhdi di sd sdrr kfod kf odtk tk hd dx dxlc lcus usmv mvmh mhgh gh,, `k `kik ikpk pkcm cmkk im gl glgp gpgr grg` g`md mdit itk, k, hmrd hm rdlt ltgg im mi mihm hmrd rdlt ltg` g`di dittd, pk pkrr pg pgrt rtdd hd hdcc Ds Dstg tghk hk im hd pgrtmlucgrds.
Ti lkstk ds buihmhk, lugihk ds mrrdlupdrgfcd di dc lkrtk pcgzk.
^ksmlmüi ^ksml müi hd Hk`mi Hk`mimk mk (MIHD (MIHDLK^M) LK^M) •
Hdlrdtk Hdlrd tk Cdjms Cdjmscgtmv cgtmvk k 7><8 (6>> (6>>2), 2), Grtàluc Grtàluck k :¿ .. - \d di ditm tmdih dihdd
qud ui gj qud gjdi ditd td dl dlki kiü` ü`ml mlkk jk jkzg zg hd pk pksm smlm lmüi üi hd hk hk`m `mim imkk di ui `d `drlg rlghk hk rd rdcd cdvgi vgitd td lug lugih ihkk tm tmdi didd cg pk pksm smfm fmcm cmhg hgh h hd rdstrm rds trmijmr ijmr,, gedl gedltgr tgr k hms hmstk tkrsm rsmkig kigrr di ekr ekr`g `g sus sustgi tgilmgc lmgc cgs lkih lk ihml mlmk mkid idss hd cg ke kedr drtg tg k hd hd`g `gih ihgg di hm hmlb lbkk `d `drl rlgh ghk, k, smi qud sus lk`pdtmhkrds, prkvddhkrds k lcmditds pudhgi, di ds dsdd `k`di dittk k di ui euturk mi` i`ddhmgtk, lkitrgrrdst lkitrg rrdstgr gr hmlbg pksmf pksmfmcmhgh mcmhgh..
Dqumpk X-Dlkiü`mlg www.egldfkka.lk`/DqXDlkik`mlg
@DVLGHK ] D\XVTLXTVG\ HD @DVLGHK @KIK^KCMK ^gtditds (Mistru`ditks hd cg prkpmdhgh mihustrmgc) \ki tàtucks hd prkpmdhgh d`mtmhks pkr dc Dstghk y qud pdr`mtdi dodrldr cg dxlcusmvmhgh skfrd cg prkhullmüi y lk`drlmgcmzglmüi hd mivdilmkids, pkr ui tmd`pk hdtdr`mighk y di ui tdrrmtkrmk di pgrtmlucgr. •
^gtditds
^rmvgtmzglmüi Ds cg trgisedrdilmg hd cg prkpmdhgh y dc hdrdlbk hd dxpcktglmüi qud bgld dc sdltkr pÿfcmlk, gc sdltkr prmvghk. Dod`pck? ^rmvgtmzglmüi hd cg Lk`pg÷àg ^drugig hd Xdcíekiks di cks =>s, bky Xdcdeüimlg hdc ^drÿ.
Vdlursk (Dstghk)
M`pudstks
Vdjgcàg @kikpkcmk Igturgc Ds cg lcgsd hd `kikpkcmk `çs lk`ÿi. Xg`fmíi hdik`mighk `kikpkcmk tdlikcüjmlk, dxmstd lugihk uig d`prdsg pudhd prkvddr dc fmdi k sdrvmlmk g ui `dikr lkstk qud hks k `çs d`prdsgs. Gc lkitrgrmk hd ck qud suldhd di dc `kikpkcmk purk, cg euilmüi hd lkstk `dhmk di dc `kikpkcmk igturgc, smd`prd ds hdlrdlmditd. Dstks `kikpkcmks dxmstdi fgok rdjucglmüi hdc Dstghk, di dc lgsk pdrugik, Ksmptdc, Ksmidrj`mi, \utrgi, \uigss. Dod`pck? Xdcdeüimlg (tdcdekiàg emog), \dhgpgc, Cuz hdc \ur, Dhdcikr, Dhdcikr, Dhdjdc. Bky Dhdcikr Dhdcikr y Dhdjdc pgsgrk pgsgrki ig ekr`gr pgrtd hd Didc Hmstrmfulmüi ^drÿ.
D`prdsg ^rmvghg
Dstghk
Tsk
Lkildsmüi Ds ktkrjgr dc hdrdlbk hd dxpcktglmüi hd ui hdtdr`mighk fmdi k sdrvmlmk qud bgld dc Dstghk gc sdltkr prmvghk pkr ui hdtdr`mighk pcgzk hd tmd`pk, trgislurrmhk dstd pcgzk, rdjrdsgi gc lkitrkc hdc Dstghk. Dod`pck? Lkildsmkids @midrgs y ^dtrkcdrgs.
Lgiki @midrk Jkfmdriks @uimlmpgcds y Vdjmkigcds
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Dxpcktglmüi
Dqumpk X-Dlkiü`mlg www.egldfkka.lk`/DqXDlkik`mlg
@DVLGHK ] D\XVTLXTVG\ HD @DVLGHK KCMJK^KCMK\
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Lgrgltdràstmlgs Cg prkvmsmüi hdc fmdi k sdrvmlmk dstç di `giks hd pklgs d`prdsgs. \mtuglmüi mitdr`dhmg gc `kikpkcmk y cg lk`pdtdilmg pdredltg. Dc fmdi k sdrvmlmk ds bk`kjíidk k (cmjdrg`ditd) hmedrdilmghks.
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Fgrrdrgs g ditrghg y/k sgcmhg. Dstgs fgrrdrgs pudhdi sdr cdjgcds k tdlikcüjmlgs (dlkiü`mlgs). Cdjgcds? Vdjucglmkids jufdrig`ditgcds. Dlkiü`mlgs? Dlkik`àgs hd dslgcg, Mivdrsmüi mimlmgc, Lkstks buihmhks. •
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Lkisdludilmgs Gc sdr pklks prkhultkrds, dxmstd cg mitdrhdpdihdilmg dstrgtíjmlg . Cgs d`prdsgs di ui `drl ghk kcmjkpücmlk tk`gi sus hdlmsmkids fgsghgs di dc lk`pkrtg`mditk hd cgs hd`çs. Dstd lk`pkrtg`mditk miecuyd di cks prdlmks y lgrgltdràstmlgs hd cks prkhultmvks y sdrvmlmks kerdlmhks rdtrkgcm`ditgihk dc lk`pkrtg`mditk hd cgs d`prdsgs rmvgcds.
Dod`pcks Di dc ^drÿ? cks Fgilks, \djurks, GE^”s. Fdfmhgs gzulgrghgs. Di dc sdltkr rdtgmc? Gcmlkrp, ^&J di cg egfrmlglmüi hd prkhultks hd usk hmgrmk, pkr dod`pck, cm`pmdzg. Di dc `uihk, dc `drlghk hd s`grtpbkids (Gppcd, \g`suij, Bugwdm, dtl.), Fdfmhgs gzulgrghgs (^dpsm, Lklg Lkcg). •
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Dqumpk X-Dlkiü`mlg www.egldfkka.lk`/DqXDlkik`mlg
@DVLGHK ] D\XVTLXTVG\ HD @DVLGHK LK@^DXDILMG @KIK^KCÀ\XMLG
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Lgrgltdràstmlgs Lk`pdtdilmg ditrd `kikpkcmks , lghg d`prdsg ds hud÷g hd su prkhultk k `grlg, qud sd hdsdivudcvdi di ui `drlghk rdcdvgitd . \mtuglmüi mitdr`dhmg gc `kikpkcmk y cg lk`pdtdilmg pdredltg. ^rkhultk (cmjdrg`ditd) hmedrdilmghks. ^khdr hd @drlghk, ^ksmlmüi hk`migitd. +
Fgrrdrgs g ditrghg y/k sgcmhg. Dstgs fgrrdrgs pudhdi sdr cdjgcds k tdlikcüjmlgs (dlkiü`mlgs). Cdjgcds? ^gtditds. Dlkiü`mlgs? Dlkik`àgs hd dslgcg y @kikpkcmks Igturgcds, Mivdrsmüi mimlmgc, Lkstks buihmhks. •
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@drlghk Vdcdvgitd, pkr dod`pck? \`grtpbkids, jg`g Gctg/@dhmg/Fgog.
Gppcd
\g`suij
Bugwdm
Lghg d`prdsg tmdid dc `kikpkcmk hd su prkhultk k `grlg. Dod`pcks Di dc ^drÿ? Di dc sdltkr rdtgmc? Gcmlkrp, ^&J, Fdfmhgs Gzulgrghgs. Di dc `uihk, dc `drlghk hd s`grtpbkids (Gppcd, \g`suij, Bugwdm, dtl.), Fdfmhgs gzulgrghgs (^dpsm, Lklg Lkcg). •
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Dqumpk X-Dlkiü`mlg www.egldfkka.lk`/DqXDlkik`mlg
@DVLGHK ] D\XVTLXTVG\ HD @DVLGHK LK@^DXDILMG @KIK^KCÀ\XMLG
Dqumpk X-Dlkiü`mlg www.egldfkka.lk`/DqXDlkik`mlg
@DVLGHK ] D\XVTLXTVG\ HD @DVLGHK M^K\\ HD LKILDIXVGLMÜI D@^VD\GVMGC XM^K
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Lkilditrglmkids Bkrmzkitgcds Lçrtdc , gludrhk ekr`g k miekr`gc (lkcusmüi) ditrd d`prdsgs hdc `ms`k rufrk lki dc emi hd dodrldr ui pkhdr `kikpücmlk, hmstrmfuydihk cg prkhullmüi y cgs jgigilmgs `dhmgitd luktgs emoghgs prdvmg`ditd. Emog prdlmks `kikpücmlks. D`prdsgs lkisdrvgi su gutkik`àg, pdrk ik pudhdi hdsvmgrsd hd cks gludrhks tk`ghks.
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Ktrks Bkchmij, ds uig uimüi hd lgpmtgc gllmkigrmk hd hmvdrsgs d`prdsgs, cgs lugcds pudhdi sdr hd hmedrditds sdltkrds. Dc kfodtmvk ik ds (idldsgrmg`ditd) `kikpkcmzgr sdltkrds dlkiü`mlks smik pksddr dc lkitrkc `gykrmtgrmk hd gllmkids lki dc emi hd kftdidr uig jgigilmg gh`mimstrgihk dstgs d`prdsgs.
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Lkilditrglmkids Udrtmlgcds Xrust , lkilditrglmüi vdrtmlgc hd d`prdsgs lki dc emi hd dodrldr ui pkhdr `kikpücmlk, gpkhdrçihksd tkhgs cgs egsds hd prkhullmüi lki dc emi ghmlmkigc hd rdhulmr lkstks. lkstks. ^mdrhdi gutkik`àg fgok ui `gihk lk`ÿi.
Dqumpk X-Dlkiü`mlg www.egldfkka.lk`/DqXDlkik`mlg
@DVLGHK ] D\XVTLXTVG\ HD @DVLGHK @KIK^\KIMK
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Lgrgltdràstmlgs Ti skck lk`prghkr sd dierditg g tkhg cg kedrtg hd `drlghk, cg kedrtg hd `drlghk ik dstç krjgimzghg. Miekr`glmüi lk`pcdtg skfrd cg kedrtg.
Lkisdludilmg Gc sdr dc ÿimlk lk`prghkr y tdidr pcdig miekr`glmüi skfrd cg kedrtg, dc prdlmk qud pgjud dc `kikpskimstg hdpdihdrç hd cg cg lgitmhgh. Dc prdlmk hd dqumcmfrmk emigc, ds ui prdlmk miedrmkr gc hd lk`pdtdilmg. ^rkfcd`gs ^rdlmk `dikr gc hd lk`pdtdilmg (midemlmdilmg gsmjigtmvg). Cg prkhullmüi ds `dikr qud di lk`pdtdilmg.
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Cks `kikpskimks ski rgrks, pdrk sudcdi gpgrdldr di dc `drlghk hd trgfgok.
Dod`pck D`prdsg `midrg qud hd`gihgi trgfgok hditrk hd cg lkildsmüi `midrg, luyks trgfgoghkrds ik dstíi smihmlgcmzghks. •
Dqumpk X-Dlkiü`mlg www.egldfkka.lk`/DqXDlkik`mlg
@DVLGHK ] D\XVTLXTVG\ HD @DVLGHK @KIK^KCMK FMCGXDVGC
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Lgrgltdràstmlgs Ti skcg lk`prghkr sd dierditg g tkhg cg kedrtg hd `drlghk, hditrk hdc `drlghk rdcdvgitd . Tig skcg d`prdsg sd dierditg g tkhg cg hd`gihg hd `drlghk, hditrk hd su `drlghk rdcdvgitd. Miekr`glmüi pcdig skfrd cg hd`gihg y kedrtg hd `drlghk. @kikpkcmk vs. @kikpskimk
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0 0 ∗ Çrdgg hd Idjkl Çrd Idjklmgl mglmüi müi 0
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Lkisdludilmg Gc sdr dc ÿimlk lk`prghkr y ÿimlk vdihdhkr, y tdidr pcdig miekr`glmüi skfrd cg kedrtg y cg hd`gihg, dc dqumcmfrmk emigc sdrç mihdtdr`mighk. Dxmstmrç ui çrdg hd idjklmglmüi. Dc prdlmk hd dqumcmfrmk emigc, pudhd sdr supdrmkr k miedrmkr gc hd lk`pdtdilmg. ^rkfcd`gs ^rdlmk hmedrditd gc hd lk`pdtdilmg (midemlmdilmg gsmjigtmvg). Cg prkhullmüi ds `dikr qud di lk`pdtdilmg.
Dod`pck D`prdsg `midrg qud hd`gihg trgfgok hditrk hd cg lkildsmüi `midrg, luyks trgfgoghkrds dstçi smihmlgcmzghks.
Cks `kikpkcmks fmcgtdrgcds ski gÿi `çs rgrks qud cks `kikpskimks, smdihk rdcdjghks gc lg`pk hd cg dlkik`àg cgfkrgc.
Dqumpk X-Dlkiü`mlg www.egldfkka.lk`/DqXDlkik`mlg
@DVLGHK ] D\XVTLXTVG\ HD @DVLGHK @KIK^KCMK FMCGXDVGC
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»Lkistmtuyd Gppcd ui @kikpkcmk Fmcgtdrgc; Hd gludrhk g cg hdemimlmüi hd `drlghk rdcdvgitd , m^bkid ik ds dc ÿimlk prkvddhkr di dc `drlghk, pkr ck qud ik lkistmtuyd ui `kikpkcmk, pkr tgitk, tg`pklk lkistmtuyd ui `kikpkcmk fmcgtdrgc. Dc `drlghk hd \`grtpbkids ds hd lk`pdtdilmg `kikpkcàstmlg.
@drlghk Vdcdvgitd, Hdlrdtk Cdjmscgtmvk 7><8 Grtàluck 5¿.- Dc `drlghk rdcdvgitd .5.7. Dc `drlghk rdcdvgitd dstç mitdjrghk pkr dc `drlghk hd prkhultk y dc `drlghk jdkjrçemlk . 5.6. Dc `drlghk hd prkhultk rdcdvgitd ds, pkr ck jdidrgc, dc fmdi k sdrvmlmk `gtdrmg hd cg lkihultg mivdstmjghg y sus sustmtutks . ^grg dc giçcmsms hd sustmtulmüi, cg gutkrmhgh hd lk`pdtdilmg dvgcugrç, ditrd ktrks egltkrds, cgs prdedrdilmgs hd cks lcmditds k lkisu`mhkrds1 cgs lgrgltdràstmlgs, usks y prdlmks hd cks pksmfcds sustmtutks1 gsà lk`k cgs pksmfmcmhghds tdlikcüjmlgs y dc tmd`pk rdqudrmhk pgrg cg sustmtulmüi. 5.<. Dc `drlghk jdkjrçemlk rdcdvgitd ds dc lkiouitk hd zkigs jdkjrçemlgs hkihd dstçi ufmlghgs cgs euditds gctdrigtmvgs hd gprkvmsmkig`mditk hdc prkhultk rdcdvgitd. ^grg hdtdr`migr cgs gctdrigtmvgs hd
gprkvmsmkig`mditk, cg gutkrmhgh hd lk`pdtdilmg dvgcugrç, ditrd ktrks egltkrds, cks lkstks hd trgispkrtd y cgs fgrrdrgs gc lk`drlmk dxmstditds.