UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL EXPERIMENTAL EXPERIMENTAL “SIMÓN RODRÍGUEZ” NUCLEO CANOABO MICROBIOLOGIA GENERAL
HONGOS
FACILITADOR: Ing. Judi! G"n#$% B%'n("
PARTICIPANTES: S')'! R"d)*gu M'i)' R"+&%i M',"- /01 0
INDICE INTRODUCCION
2
3ONGOS
4
MOR5OLOGIA
4
5ISIO 5ISIOLO LOGI GIA A
6
NUTRICION
6
CRECIMIENTO DE 3ONGOS
7
REPRODUCCIÓN DE LOS 3ONGOS
7
CLASI5ICACION DE LOS 3ONGOS
8
UTILIDAD DE LOS 3ONGOS
00
MO3OS DE IMPORTANCIA IMPORTANCIA INDUSTRIAL INDUST RIAL
0
CULTIVO DE 3ONGOS
02
METABOLISMO METABOLISMO DE 3ONGOS
04
CONCLUSIONES
06
BILBIOGRA5IA
07
INTRODUCCION D&+d& &% d&+(u9)i:i&n" !&(!" ;") 5%&:ing d& %' ;&ni(i%in' (":" un :&'9"%i" d&% :&(' :&('ni ni+: +:"" 'n' 'n'g< g"+ 'ni9i<i("+. En)& %"+ !"ng"+ :&di(in'%&+ :$+ i:;")'n&+ d&+'('n >')i'+ &+;&(i&+ d&% g?n&)" Penicillium- d& %"+ =u& +& &@)'& %' ;&ni(i%in' L"+ !"ng"+ ;"+&&n g)'n (';'(id'd d& 'd';'(ii>"+. E+"+ +&)&+ !'n ug'd" , u&g'n un ;';&% :u, i:;")'n& &n %' :&di(in'- %' indu+)i' , %' '%i:&n'(i'>in"+ , ")"+ 'd&:$+ 'd&:$+ d& %' &@(&%&n& &@(&%&n& u&n& d& >i':in'+>i':in'+- ;)"&*n'+;)"&*n'+- i9)' , :in&)'%&+ :in&)'%&+ =u& ("n+iu,&n %"+ !"ng"+ (":&+i9%&+. E+"+ +& &n(u&n)'n &n un )&in" ';')'d" d& %"+ 'ni:'%&+- %'+ ;%'n'+ & in(%u+i>& %'+ 9'(&)i'+- d&9id" ' =u& ;"+&&n un' &+)u(u)' (&%u%') >')i'd'. Su !$9i' n'u)'% &+ :u, >')i'd"- &ni&nd" &n '%gun"+ ('+"+ un' :'ni&+'(ii+i9%& d&9id" ' +u+ &+('+'+ di:&n+i"n&+- &n("n)$nd"+& (":n:&n& &n :'&)i' &n d&+(":;"+i(i
2
HONGOS E+ un g)u;" d& +&)&+ >i>i&n&+ >i>i&n&+ =u& n" ;&)&n&(&n ;&)&n&(&n '% )&in" 'ni:'% ni '% >&g&'%- +in" =u& "):' ;')& d& +u ;)";i" )&in" 9i"%'du)'+%&>'du)'+- " 9i&n &+') "):'d"+ ;") >')i'+ (?%u%'+ "):'nd" un' &+)u(u)' ("n()&'- (":" %"+ (!':;i"n&+ F;u&d&n +&) uni(&%u%')&+ " ;%u)i(&%u%')&+. En &% &("+i+&:'&("+i+&:'- &+"+ ")g'ni+:"+ ")g'ni+:"+ i&n&n i&n&n un )"% d& d&+(":;"n&d")&+ d&+(":;"n&d")&+ ;)i:')i"+;)i:')i"+'(u'nd" g&n&)'%:&n& &n %' :'&)i' :u&)' =u& +& ;)&+&n' &n %"+ 'ni:'%&+ , ;%'n'+'(u'nd" (":" 'g&n& und':&n'% &n %"+ (i(%"+ g&"=u*:i("+- d&g)'d'nd" %' :'&)i' , "):'nd" 'd&:$+ nu)i&n&+ ;')' &% +u&%"- ;&):ii&nd" &% d&+'))"%%" d& &+;&(i&+ >&g&'%&+ , =u& ' +u > %& +i)>&n (":" '%i:&n" '% )&in" 'ni:'%- ;") %" =u& ':9i?n i&n&n un' g)'n i:;")'n(i' 9i"%')i'd"- &ni&nd" &n '%gun"+ ('+"+ un' :'ni& :'ni&+'( +'(ii+i9% >i+i9%&& d&9id" d&9id" ' +u &+('+'+ &+('+'+ di:&n+i di:&n+i"n&+ "n&+-- &n("n &n("n)$nd )$nd"+& "+& (":n:&n& &n :'&)i' &n d&+(":;"+i(i
MORFOLOGIA S& &n(u& &n(u&n n)' )'nn &n d"+ &+' &+'d" d"++ :")" :")"%< % ">'% '% " &+?) &+?)i( i('. '. S& ;u& ;u&d& d&nn Leva Levadu dura ras: s: S"n :u%i;%i(') :&di'n& %' %%':'d' i+ii+i' (?%u%' =u& n" +& +&;')' , =u& 'd=ui&)& "):' i%':&n"+'. L'+ %&>'du)'+ +& >i&n&n ui%i#'nd" d&+d& !'(& :i%&+ d& '"+ ;')' %' '9)i('(i'du)' %&>'du) ' =u& +in dud' dud ' u? %' ;)i:&)' , 'n ' n !", !" , &n d*' +igu& + igu& +i&nd" %' :$+ ui%i#'d' ;") &% !":9)& &+ Saccharomyces cerevisiae d& %' =u& +& &:;%&'n di&)&n&+ (&;'+ ;')' %' '9)i('(i'- >in"- +'&- ;'n , '%("!"%&+ indu+)i'%&+.
Figura 1: L&>'du)'+
4
Mohos: +& ;u&d&n d&ini) (":" !"ng"+ i%':&n"+"+- :u%i(&%u%')&+. L'+ &+;")'+ d&% :"!" g&):in'n ;')' ;)"du(i) %"+ i%':&n"+ %')g"+ d& )':ii('(i ;u&d&n +&)H . 3i'+ +&;'d'+H d&9id" ' =u& ;"+&&n un"+ '9i=u&+ '9i=u&+ " +&;"+ d& +&;')'(iid&n &n (?%u%'+ uninu(%&'d'+.
Figura : !i'+ +&;'d'+
. 3i' 3i'++ n" +&; +&;'d 'd'+ '+HH &n &+& &+& ('+" ('+" %'+ %'+ !i' !i'++ ()&( ()&(&n &n "): "):'n 'nd" d" un un'' :'+' :'+' d& )':ii('(iH :i(&%i" >&g&'i>"- &n )&%'(i
Figura !: !i'+ n" +&;'d'+
1
FISIOLOGIA L' :u%i;%i('(i
"# Hu$edad: '(i%i' &% ()&(i:i&n" d& %"+ :"!"+. "# Presi%& Os$%'i(a: &% ()&(i:i&n" d& '%gun'+ &+;&(i&+ d& :"!"+ &+ in!i9id" ;") +"%u(i"n&+ +'%in'+ '% 0/K " +"%u(i"n&+ '#u(')'d'+ d&% 01 '% /K. "# )H: +& :u%i;%i('n &n %*:i&+ d& ;! d& . ' 8.6 'un=u& ;3 d& 1 ' 6 &+ :$+ '>")'9%& ;')' &+"+ ")g'ni+:"+. "# Te$)era'ura: Te$)era'ura: T&:;&)'u)' T&:;&)'u)' :*ni:'H 10/ C T&:;&)'u)' T&:;&)'u)' <;i:'H 2 C T&:;&)'u)' T&:;&)'u)' :$@i:'H 24/ C "# O*ige&o: 9$+i(':&n& "d"+ %"+ :"!"+ +"n '&)"9i"+ , n&(&+i'n 9'+'n& "@*g&n". NUTRICION L"+ L"+ !"n !"ng" g"++ i&n& i&n&nn un' nu)i nu)i(i (i i>''- =ui:i =ui:i"" !&&)< !&&)<) )" "''- ("n ("n )&+&)> )&+&)>'+ '+ nu)ii>'+ d& g%u( )'>?+ ?+ d& (":;u& (":;u&+ +"+ "+ ")g$ ")g$ni ni(" ("++"# Ni'r%ge Ni'r%ge&o: &o: "9i& ;&;"n'+- ;?;i("+ , ':in"$(id"+. A%gun'+ &+;&(i&+ ui%i#'n ':"ni'(" , ni)'"+.
"# ,i'a$i&as: :u(!"+ +in&i#'n >i':in'+ , ")"+ '(")&+ +":'")";i("+ =u& n&(&+i'n.
6
CRECIMIENTO DE HONGOS L"+ !"ng"+ ()&(&n :&di'n& %' ;)"du((i +u;&)>i> i>&n &n(i (i'' , ;)";' ;)";'g'( g'(i< iid&n d& :"d" (":;%&" " in(":;%&" un' ('>id'd &n un'+ :$+ ;&=u&'+- ()&(&n &n "):' (&n)*;&'- +u un(ii&n&n &n &% ()&(i:i&n" d& %"+ !"ng"+- &n %"+ (u'%&+ ;"d&:"+ :&n(i"n')H . Fa('ores -.si(os L' !u:&d'd !u:&d'd ,' =u& &+' d&9& &n("n)' &n("n)')+& )+& &n '%" ;")(&n' ;")(&n'& & d& %" ("n)')i ("n)')i"" &n !"ng" n" n" ;"d)$ d&+'))"%%')+& d&+'))"%%')+& d& igu'% igu'% :'n&)' :'n&)' n&(&+i' n&(&+i' d& 'gu' &+;&(i'% &+;&(i'%:&n& :&n& &n "):' "):' %i9)&- ,' =u& d& &+" d&;&nd& %' g&):in'(i
"# Fa('ores /u.$i(os P3 %"+ !"ng"+ i&n&n %' (';'(id'd d& "%&)') in&)>'%"+ d& P3 &n)& F-1 7-1 &+" +ignii(' =u& +";")'n :$+ &% :&di" '(id" =u& &% '%('%in". E+ i:;")'n& d&(i) =u& %"+ !"ng"+ i&n&n i&n&n %' %' ;)";i&d'd ;)";i&d'd d& :"dii(' :"dii(')) &% P3 ;") ;") :&di" :&di" d& %"+ $(id"+ $(id"+ ")g$ni("+ ")g$ni("+ d&% '%i:&n" , %"+ &@()&'d"+ ;") 9'(&)i'+ '(idii('n&+ %"+ %"+ (u'%&+ ui%i#'n (":" &n&)g*'. En (u'n" ' %' )i=u' d&% +u+)'" %"+ %"+ !"ng"+ n" +"n &@ig&n&+ &n (u'n" '% ;un" nu)i(i"n'%nu)i(i"n'%- ,' =u& &%%"+ +& nu)&n d& %"+ :'()" &%&:&n"+ , :i()" &%&:&n"+ &@i+&n&+ &@i+&n&+ &% +u+)'"- +in &:9')g" &% !i&))" , &% #in( +"n i:;")'n&+ ;')' &% d&+'))"%%" d& %"+ !"ng"+. . Fa('ores +io0%gi(os L' ;)&+&n( ;)&+&n(i' i' d& in+& in+&( ("+ "+ ',ud' ',ud' ' %' :u%i; :u%i;%i %i('( ('(i< i
REPRODUCCIN DE LOS HONGOS Los hongos unicelulares; +& )&;)"du(&n '+&@u'%:&n& ;") g&:'(i
&+;" &+;")' )'++ g&n? g&n ?i( i(': ':&n &n&& id?n id?ni i(' ('++ ' +u ;)"g&n ;)"g&ni i") ")-- =u& ';')& ';')&(& (&nn &n &% &@)& &@)&:" :" d& un un'+ '+ !i' !i'++ &+;&(i'%&+- " 9i&n +&@u'%:&n&- ;") ")" i;" d& &+;")'+- g&n?i(':&n& di&)&n&+ '% ;)"g&ni") , di&)&n&+ &n)& +*. 7
En '%gun"+ !"ng"+- (":" &% :"!" d&% ;'n- +& '%&)n' %' )&;)"du((i?+ d& &+)u(u)'+ =u& ;u&d&n +&) '+&@u'%&+ F+<%" :i"+i+ " +&@u'%&+ F:&i"+i+ ;)&>i' u+i*' +&@u'%.
Re)rodu((i%& ase*ua0 B'" B'" &+' &+' d&n" d&n":i :in'(i n'(i&g >&g&' &'i> i>"" , %' )&;)"du )&;)"du((i ((i
+& &n(u&n)'n d&n)" d& %' un' &+)u(u)' g%"9"+' g%"9"+'
d&n":in'd' &+;")'ngi". .- Las conidias +&
"):'n ' ;')i) d& (?%u%'+ &+;&(i'%i#'d'+ &n un' &+)u(u)' !i'% =u& &+ &% ("nidi<")". Su (%'+ii('(i
Cóndidos tálicos: S"n %"+ d&+'))"%%'d"+ d&n)" d&% (u&);". Un
)'g:&n" d& %' !i' +& d&%i:i' ;") &% '9i=u& :$+ g)u&+" , =u&d' di&)&n(i'd' F'))"("nidi' Cóndidos blásticos: P)"du(id"+ ;") un ;)"(&+" d& g&:'(i'du)'. 5i'%"( 5i'%"("ni "nidi' di'+H +H %' (?%u%' (?%u%' ("n ("nidi idi
•
Re)rodu((i%& se*ua0 D' %ug') ' un n:&)" ;') d& (?%u%'+ d&n":in'd'+ &+;")'+ +&@u%&+. S&gn &% i;" :")"%i di>i+i +i"n& "n&++ di+ di+in in'+H '+H M,@": M,@":i( i(" "''- C!, C!,)i )idi di":, ":,(" ("''- "" "":, :,(" ("''#,g":,("'- '+(":,("' , 9'+di":,("'.
CLASIFICACION DE LOS HONGOS
E+& )&in" i&n& ';)"@i:'d':&n& 0/2 <)d&n&+- 44 ':i%i'+- 4.878 g?n&)"+ , un'+ /./// &+;&(i&+ d&+()i'+. S& di>id& &n (u')" g)u;"+ " i%"+H ASCOMCOTA BASIDIOMCOTA C3TRIDIOMCOTA ZGOMCOTA • • • •
g)u;" :$+ g)'nd g)'nd&. &. E+" E+"++ !"n !"ng" g"++ ;" ;"+& +&&n &n "):' "):'++ :u, As(o$2(o'a: E+ &% g)u;" >')i'd'+H d& (";'- 9"id)i"- %&n&+ d& ($:')'+- ;')&d&+&(. L' (')'(&)*+i(' ;)in(i;'%- 'd&:$+ d& +u "):'- &+ %' ;)&+&n(i' d& &+)u(u)'+ )&;)"du(")'+ )&;)"du(")'+ :i()"+(<;i('+ :i()"+(<;i('+ %%':'d'+ '+('+- =u& d'n ")ig&n ' %'+ &+;")'+. L'+ '+('+ &+$n "):'d'+ ;") un' (?%u%' &+;&(i'%i#'d' ("n "):' d& +'(" &n (u," in&)i") +& "):'n %'+ &+;")'+. A %'+ &+;")'+ ;)"du(id'+ ;") %"+ '+("+ ':9i?n +& %&+ %%':' '+("+;")'+. L"+ %*=u&n&+ %*=u&n&+ ;&)&n&(&n '% )&in" d& %"+ 3"ng"+ ;")=u& i&n&n &% :i+:" i;" d& )&;)"du((i'du)'+ , ")'+ +"n ;%u)i(&%u%')&+ (":" %'+ ("%:&ni%%'+- %'+ )u'+ " &% P&ni(i%%iu: =u& &+ &% ;)"du(") d&% 'ni9i<i(" Q;&ni(i%in'Q.
Figura 3: '+(' ("n &+;")'.
8
4asidio$2(o'a: In(%u,& '=u&%%"+ !"ng"+ ("n "):' d& +":9)i%%'- d& (")'%- %'+ ")&'+ d& ;'%"- %"+ g&%'in"+"+- g%"9"+"+ , '%gun'+ %&>'du)'+- &n)& ")"+. T':9i?n in(%u,& %"+ =u& i&n&n '+;&(" ;"%>")i&n" " (":" :'n(!'+ , ()&(&n +"9)& di>&)+'+ &+)u(u)'+ d& %'+ ;%'n'+ F%")&+- )u"+- !"'+- '%%" " )'*(&+. A%gun"+ i&n&n i:;")'n(i' &("n<:i('(":" %'+ )",'+ , %"+ (')9"n&+. A ni>&% :i()"+(<;i(" +u (')'(&)*+i(' ;)in(i;'% &+ %' ;)&+&n(i' d& &+)u(u)'+ )&;)"du(")'+ &+;&(i'%i#'d'+ " 9'+idi"+- %'+ (u'%&+ d'n ")ig&n ' %'+ &+;")'+ ;&)" &n "):' &@&)n'- g&n&)'%:&n& &n g)u;"+ d& (u')"- 'un=u& &n '%gun'+ &+;&(i&+ ;u&d&n &n("n)')+& d"+ , +&i+ &+;")'+ ;") 9'+idi". L'+ &+;")'+ +& ("n"(&n (":" 9'+idi<+;")'+. P)&+&n'n !i'+ ("n '9i=u&+ F!i'+ +&;'d'+ , +u+ &+;")'+ +& "):'n &n &% &@&)i") d& un'+ (?%u%'+ &+;&(i'%&+ d&n":in'd'+ 9'+idi"+. S"n ;%u)i(&%u%')&+. Un"+ d'n %ug') ' +&'+ (":&+i9%&+- (":" &% (!':;i
Figura 5: &+)u(u)' d& !"ng" B'+idi":,("' , B'+idi" ("n &+;")'+H
Ch2'ridio$2(o'aH G)u;" "):'d" ;)in(i;'%:&n& ;") !"ng"+ '(u$i("+. A%gun"+ ;u&d&n ()&(&) ':9i?n +"9)& :'&)i' ")g$ni(' &n d&+(":;"+i(ii>"+ (":" gu+'n"+- in+&("+in+&("+- ;%'n'+ , ")"+ !"ng"+. P"+&&n %'g&%"+ =u& %&+ ;&):i&n :">&)+& &n :&di"+ %*=uid"+. Figura 6: M'%%")(' ungu+ '(u$i("
0/
72go$2(o'aH g)u;" d& !"ng"+- =u& in(%u,& '%)&d&d") d& :i% (in(u&n' &+;&(i&+. L"+ !"ng"+ ;&)&n&(i&n&+ '% i%" Z,g":,("' +& (')'(&)i#'n ;") "):') #,g"+;")'+ ("n g)u&+'+ ;')&d&+- d& ")ig&n +&@u'% , &+;")'ngi"+;")'+ n" n'd'd")'+- d& ")ig&n '+&@u'%. E% :"!" n&g)" d&% ;'n FR!i#";u+ nig)i('n+- un )&;)&+&n'n& 9i&n ("n"(id" d& &+& g)u;" d&% ")d&n Mu(")'%&+- ;)"du(& :'+'+ d& !i'+ +"9)& ;'n- )u' , ")"+ '%i:&n"+ '%i:&n"+ d&&)i")'d"+. E% (u&);" d& &+& !"ng"- (":;u&+" d& !i'+ n" +&;'d'+- :u&+)' =u& ' ;&+') d& un' ;&=u&' di&)&n(i'(i')i"+ ;)";<+i"+. L"+ !"ng"+ d&% ")d&n En":"")'%&+ +"n ;')$+i"+ d& %'+ :"+('+ ;)"i+'+ :ini'u)'+ , d& ")"+ in+&("+. S"n ")g'ni+:"+ d& nu)i(i" i>" d& '%gun'+ '%gun'+ &+;&(i& &+;&(i&++ d& '))<;"d"+- (":" %"+ in+&("+.
Figura 8H R!i#";u+ nig)i('n+ F!"ng" n&g)" d&% ;'n
UTILIDAD DE LOS HONGOS Res)e('o a 0os mohos; +"n i%&+ (":" 'u@i%i')&+ &n %"+ ;)"(&+"+ indu+)i'%&+ (":"H M'du)'(i
E%%"+ +"n d'in"+ ;')' %"+ ;)"du("+ '%i:&ni(i"+- %%&>'nd" ' :&nud" ' ("+"+'+ ;?)did'+ &("n<:i('+. D&9id" ' %' 'd';'9i%id'd 'd' ;'9i%id'd d& :u(!'+ &+;&(i&+ ' ("ndi(i"n&+ ("nd i(i"n&+ &@)&:'+ , +u+ 9'"+ )&=u&)i:i&n"+ *+i("+ , =u*:i("+ ;)";")(i"n'n un' &@;%i('(i&ni) , &))'di(') %' ("n':in'(i'd" ;)"g)&+i>':&n& '% u+" d& :u(!"+ ungi(id'+. P&)" d&9id" '% d&+'))"%%" d& )&+i+&n(i'- !' &nid" =u& +&) :"dii('d' %'+ "):u%'+ ungi(id'+.
Res)e('o a 0a u'i0idad de 0as levaduras; +& >i&n&n ui%i#'nd" d&+d& !'(& :i%&+ d& '"+ ;')' %' '9)i('(i'du)' =u& +in dud' u& %' ;)i:&)' , 'n !", &n d*' +igu& +i&nd" %' :$+ ui%i#'d' ;") &% !":9)& &+ Saccharomyces cerevisiae; d& %' =u& +& &:;%&'n di&)&n&+ (&;'+ ;')' %' '9)i('(i'- >in"- +'&- ;'n , '%("!"%&+ indu+)i'%&+. Kluyveromyces ragilis &+ un' &+;&(i& &):&n'd")' &):&n'd")' d& %' %'("+' %'("+' =u& +& &@;%"' &n ;&=u&' &+('%' ;')' %' ;)"du((i
i:;")'n& ;';&% &n %"+ +i+&:'+ d& dig&+i'du)'+ , !"ng"+- (":" %"+ d&)i>'d"+ &n<%i("+.
MOHOS DE IMPORTANCIA IMPORTANCIA INDUSTRIAL T)i(!"!&(iu:H ESPECIEH T)i(!"!&(iu: )"+&u: M"!" ("%") )"+'- ()&(& &n %' :'d&)'- ;';&%- &n )u'+ (":" :'n#'n' , &n !")'%i#'+ (":" ;&;in"+. G&")i(!u:H ESPECIEH G&")i(!u: ('ndidu: S& %& ("n"(& (":" !"ng" d& %' %&(!&)*'- d' un ()&(i:i&n" d& '+;&(" ()&:"+" d& ("%") >')i'9%& &n)& 9%'n(" , )"". N&u)"+;")'H ESPECIEH N&u)"+;")' +i";!i%' S& %& ("n"(& (":" :"!" )"" d&% ;'n- ;")=u& +u ()&(i:i&n" )"#'d" +& +u&%& &n("n)') &n %' +u;&)i(i& d&% ;'n. T':9i?n ()&(& &n %' +u;&)i(i& d& %' ('' d& '#('). S;")")i(!u:H ESPECIEH S;")")i(!u: (')ni+ Cu," ()&(i:i&n" +& &n(u&n)' &n %'+ +u;&)i(i&+ d& (')n&+ )&)ig&)'d'+ &n %'+ =u& ;)"du(& un :"&'d" 9%'n(". 0
B")ii+H ESPECIEH B")ii+ (in&)&' P)"du(& &n&):&d'd &n %'+ u>'+. Mu(")H ESPECIEH Mu(") )"u@ii S& ui%i#' &n ;)"(&+"+ d& :'du)'(ii&n& &n %' '%&)'(i'd'+ d& '#(') , +'% F'%i:&n"+ ("n B'" ("n&nid" d& !u:&d'd. M"n'+(u+H ESPECIEH M"n'+(u+ ;u);u)&u+ L&>'du)' d& ()&(i:i&n" ;"9%'(i"n'%- +& &n(u&n)'n &n ;)"du("+ %$(&"+ , '))"# (!in" )"".
CULTI,O DE HONGOS L"+ !"ng"+ ()&(&n 9i&n &n :&di"+ ')ii(i'%&+ , i&n&n )&=u&)i:i&n"+ nu)ii>"+ +i:;%&+- un' u&n& d& (')9"n" ")g$ni("- g&n&)'%:&n& '#(')- , d& ni)'du)'+. E% :&di" d& (u%i>" :$+ ui%i#'d" ui%i#'d" ;')' %"+ !"ng"+ &+ &% :&di" d& S'"u)'ud: =u& )&n& &+'+ (')'(&)*+i('+ , un ;3 d& 1-6- =u& dii(u%' &% ()&(i:i&n" 9'(&)i'n". N" &+ (i&)" =u& %"+ !"ng"+ )&=ui&)'n n&(&+')i':&n& ;')' +u ()&(i:i&n" +&) (u%i>'d"+ &n &% :&di" d& S'9"u)&'ud- %' :',") ;')& d& :&di"+ d& (u%i>" ui%i#'d"+ &n 9'(&)i"%"g*' ;&):i&n +u d&+'))"%%"- ;&)" +u ui%i#'(i
'(idi"n' " (i%"!&@':id' =u& in!i9&n &% ()&(i:i&n" d& :u(!"+ !"ng"+ n" ;'". L"+ :&di"+ d& (u%i>" d&+;u?+ d& +&:9)'d"+- +& in(u9'n &n '&)"9i"+i+ , %' &:;&)'u)' <;i:' +u&%& +&) 12/ C ;')' %"+ =u& ;)"du(&n in&((i"n&+ ;)"und'+. L"+ !"ng"+ %&>'du)i"):&+ d'n %ug') &n 44 !")'+ ' ("%"ni'+ d& '+;&(" , :")"%"g*' +i:i%') ' %'+ 9'(&)i'+. E% d&+'))"%%" d& %'+ ("%"ni'+ d& %"+ !"ng"+ i%':&n"+"+ &+ :u(!" :$+ >')i'9%& '%gun"+ ()&(&n :u, %&n':&n&- ;&)" +u+ ("%"ni'+ +"n :u, (')'(&)*+i('+ , &n g&n&)'% +& di&)&n(i'n $(i%:&n& d& %'+ %&>'du)'+.
Figura 9: ("%"ni' d& P&ni(i%%iu:.
META4OLISMO DE HONGOS L"+ !"ng"+ d&;&nd&n d&% +u+)'" ;')' ":') %"+ &%&:&n"+ =u& )&=ui&)&n ;')' ()&(&)- +& '%i:&n'n :&di'n& '9+")(i&n :&di'n& &n#i:'+ =u& +&()&'n- d&+;u?+ +& '9+")9&n ' )'>?+ d& %' in' ;')&d d& %' (?%u%' , +& di+)i9u,&n ;") diu+i&g&'% =u& g)'(i'+ ' +u (';'(id'd d& &@;%")'(i- %'+ ;%'n'+ %&+ ';")'n ' %"+ !"ng"+ %"+ nu)i&n&+ =u& )&=ui&)&n ;')' ()&(&). E+& i;" d& )&%'(iid' d&% !":9)& , d& %"+ 'ni:'%&+- ;u&+ d&9id" ' +u (';'(id'd d& '(u') (":" ;')$+i" >&g&'%- ;)"du(& %' :',") ;')& d& %'+ &n&):&d'd&+ d& %'+ ;%'n'+. S& ("n"(& (&)(' d& 0//./// &+;&(i&+ d& !"ng"+d& %"+ (u'%&+ (&)(' d& ./// +"n i";')$+i"+. L"+ !"ng"+ )&=ui&)&n "@*g&n" ;')' +u ()&(i:i&n"- '+* (":" g)'nd&+ ('nid'd&+ d& 'gu' , d& !id)'"+ d& (')9"n" u ")'+ u&n&+ d& (')9"n". Ui%i#'n '#(')&+ (":" %' g%u("+' , %' %&>u%"+' FD)u("+'- ;&)" '%gun"+ u+'n ")"+ (":;u&+"+ ")g$ni("+ (":" '%i:&n"- +&gn +u (';'(id'd ;')' +in&i#') %'+ &n#i:'+ 'd&(u'd'+. 04
Ci&)'+ :i("))i#'+ ":'n di)&(':&n& &% ni)')i&d'd d& +u+'n(i'+. Un g)u;" d& &n#i:'+%%': %%':'d" 'd" &% (":; (":;%& %&" " #i:' #i:'+'+'- ;&): ;&):i i&& ' %'+ %'+ %&>' %&>'du du)'+ )'+ %%&> %%&>') ') ' ('9" ('9" %' &):& &):&n n'( '(i< i&)'+'- %'('+'- :'%'+'- ;)"&'+' , %' 'n'+' +"n ':9i?n &n#i:'+ ;)"du(id'+ ;") %"+ !"ng"+. E% g%u(' d& !id)'"+ d& (')9"n" :$+ (":n &n %"+ !"ng"+. Ad&:$+- '%gun"+ !"ng"+ "):'n ;"%i+'($)id"+ , '%("!"%&+ ;"%i!id)"@*%i("+- (":" &% :'ni"% , %' g%i(&)in'. O)"+ ;)"du(&n ;)"&*n'+ , g)'+'+ &n '9und'n(i'. Mu(!"+ !"ng"+ +in&i#'n $(id" "@$%i(" , ")"+ $(id"+ ")g$ni("+- (":" (*)i("- <):i("- ;i)>i("- +u((*ni("- :$%i(" , '(?i(". O)"+ ;)"du("+ d&% :&' :&'9"% 9"%i+ i+:" :" ngi ngi(" (" +"n (":; (":;u& u&+ +"+ "+ d& '#u)& '#u)&-- +u+' +u+'n( n(i' i'++ =u& ("n ("ni& i&n& n&nn (%") (%")"" , nu:&)"+"+ ;ig:&n"+. Un"+ (u'n"+ !"ng"+ i&n&n %' '(u%'d d& "):') (":;u&+"+ >"%$i%&+ d& ')+?ni(" (u'nd" ()&(&n +"9)& +u+)'"+ =u& %" ("ni&n&n.
01
CONCLUSIONES S& ;u&d& d&du(i) =u& %"+ !"ng"+ !'n id" &>"%u(i"n'nd" +"9)& +u+ ")*g&n&+- +u+ u+"+- +u+ nu&>"+ d&+(u9)i:i&n"+- ("n)'di((i"n&+ , 9&n&i(i"+ ' %" %')g" d& %"+ '"+(":&n#'nd" ;") +&) ui%i#'d"+ &n %' g'+)"n":*'- indu+)i' '%i:&n')i'- %u&g" '9')('nd" $:9i"+ :$+ i:;")'n&+ (":" &n %' :&di(in'- , %' indu+)i' '):'(?ui('. T':9i?n !'n &nid" u+"+- '%&+ (":" +& %&+ d'n ' %"+ !"ng"+ '%u(in' " :&di(in'%. S& di>i di>id& d& &n (u' (u')" )" g)u;"+ g)u;"+ " i%" i%"+H +H ASCOM SCOMC COT OTA A BASID BASIDIO IOM MCO COT TA C3TRIDIOMCOTA ZGOMCOTA. S& )&;)"du(&n d& "):' '+&@u'% , +&@u'% ' )'>?+ d& &+;")'+. P&)&n&(&n ' un )&in" ind&;&ndi&n& =u& n" &+ ni 'ni:'%- ni >&g&'%- &+& &+ %%':'d" &% )&in" 5UNGI. S"n :i()"")g'ni+:"+ &u(')i"' =ui:i"")g'n")"i("+- n" ""+in?i("+. P"+&&n un' ;')&d (&%u%') )*gid' (":;u&+' ;") =uiin'. S"n in:<>i%&+- &n '%gun"+ +"n :<>i%&+. S"n ")g'ni+:"+ uni(&%u%')&+ " ;%u)i(&%u%')&+. Pu&d&n +&) :i()"+(<;i("+ " :'()"+(<;i("+.
06
4IL4IOGRAFIA ADA B DE MORENO. MICROBIOLOGÍA GENERAL. MARIDA VENEZUELA 0886. MIC3AEL J PELCZAR . MICROBIOLOGIA GENERAL. MEXICO 0877. ILLIAM J PANE. MICROBIOLOGIA GENERAL. ARGENTINA 0874. P3ILIP L CARPENTER- MICROBIOLOGIA GENERAL 0868. .:"n"g)'i'+.(":)'9'"+0/!"ng"!"ng".+!:% 88 88 .:"n"g)'i'+.(":)'9'"+01!"ng"+!"ng"+.+!:% 4 ';un&+.in"n"'+.(":;'g&+9i"%"gi'+&)&+>i>"+)&in"!"ng"+.;!; .in9i".'(.();';&)+!"ng"+(%'+ii('(i"n.!: 02 .('n&+&n.&+(u)+":i("%"0.!: .('n&+&n.&+(u)+":i("%"0.!: 0 &+.ii;&di'.")giiC')'(&)&+:")"%
07