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REPORT ON PCSIR (Pakistan Council of Scientific and a nd Industrial Research) Mainly
PITMEAM (PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY FOR MINERAL AND ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS) &
MPRC (MINERAL PROCESSING RESEARCH CENTER)
SUBMITTED TO: MR. SYED MAHMOOD ALI SHAH SUBMITTED BY: M. HAROON AFZAL Master your semester with Scribd Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title & The New York Times Useful Not useful Cancel anytime.
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ROLL NO. 12
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REPORT ON THE PCSIR, LAHORE,PAKISTAN. By Muhammad Haroon Afzal th
Institute of Geology, 6 semester, University University of o f the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
INTRODUCTION:
A study tour of Geochemistry organised by our CR Mr. Moazzam Abbas under instru of our incharge Mr. S.M.A. Shah to PCSIR (Pakistan Council For Scientific And Industrial Rese on Thursday, January 13,2011. PCSIR is best institution for resarch work in Pakistan as some precious equipments not found in other ones. PCSIR Lahore is situated on Ferozpur near Muslim Town Mor, Lahore. We reached there at 10 am and visited two blocks, named and PITMAEM. PITMAEM (PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY FOR MINERALS AND ADVANCED A DVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS):
It is a double story building with well wel l equipped labs containing number of machines name
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MINERAL PROCESSING RESEARCH CENTE Mineral Processing:
Mineral processing, also known as mineral dressing or ore dressing, is the process of separ commercially commercially valuable minerals from their t heir ores.
Unit Operations: Mineral processing can involve three general types of unit operation: 1. Comminution Comminution ² particle size reduction. 2. Concentration by taking advantage of physical and surface chemical properties. 3. Dewatering ² solid/liquid separation.
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or slurries. Crushing and grinding are the two primary comminution comminution processes. Crus Special offer formaterials students: Only $4.99/month.
is normally carried out on "run -of -mine"ore, while grinding (normally carried out after crus
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so that its molecules separate from (fracturing), or change alignment in relation to (deforma each other.
Jaw Crusher:
A jaw or toggle crusher consists of a set of vertical jaws, one jaw being fixed and the other moved back and forth relative to it by a cam or pitman mechanism. mechanism. The jaws are farther apart top than at the bottom, forming a tapered chute so that the material is crushed progress smaller and smaller as it travels downward until it is small enough to escape from the bo opening. The movement of the jaw can be quite small, since complete crushing is not perform one stroke. The inertia required to crush the material material is provided by a weighted flywheel that m a shaft creating an eccentric motion that causes the closing of the gap.
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The hammer crusher is one of the main equipment for intermediate and fine crushing the b materials with less than intermediate such as limestone coal and other used in metallurgy, bui material, chemical and water f eature of big crushing ratio and even pro - power industry, with a feature graininess.
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A ball mill, a type of grinder is a cylindrical device used in grinding (or mixing) materials like chemicals, ceramic raw materials and paints. Ball mills rotate around a horizontal axis, pa filled with the material to be ground plus the grinding medium. Different materials are use media, including ceramic balls, flint pebbles and stainless steel balls. An internal cascading reduces the material to a fine f ine powder.
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conditions leading to rod charge tangling, the length to diameter ratio is maintained at 1.4 t Rod mills accept feed up to about 50 mm (2 in.) and produce a product in the size range of 30 270 mm (²4 to ²35 mesh). Grinding action is by line contact between the rods extending the le of the mill. Rods tumble and spin in roughly parallel alignment simulating a series of roll crus This results in preferential grinding of coarse material and minimizes production of slimes.
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1. Gravity separation:
Historically the earliest method used, particles can be classified based on their specific gravit is the main fluid f luid medium used for the process.
Gravity separation methods fall into three broad categories: dense-medium separation, in whic particles are immersed in a bath containing a medium of intermediate density, so that s particles float and others sink; separation in vertical currents, such that advantage is tak differing rates of settlement, as typified by jigging; and separation in streaming currents, or film sizing' as for example on a shaking table or spiral separator. A flat, rectangular surface tha be tilted and shaken about the long axis and has horizontal riffles for imposing restrai removing minerals from classified sand. Also known as shaking table.
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Flotation is the most widely used method for the concentration of fine-grained minerals. It advantage of the different physicochemical surface properties of minerals³in particular, wettability, which can be a natural property or one artificially changed by chemical reagents.
By altering the hydrophobic (water -repelling) or hydrophilic (water -attracting) conditions of surfaces, mineral particles suspended in water can be induced to adhere to air bubbles pas through a flotation cell or to remain in the pulp. The air bubbles pass to the upper surface o pulp and form a froth, which, together with the attached hydrophobic minerals, can be remo The tailings, containing the hydrophilic minerals, can be removed from the bottom of the cell.
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Magnetic separation is based on the differing degrees of attraction exerted on various minera magnetic fields. Success requires that the feed particles fall within a special size spectrum (0. millimetre). With good results, strongly magnetic minerals such as magnetite, franklinite pyrrhotite can be removed from gangue minerals by low -intensity magnetic separators. intensity devices can separate oxide iron ores such as limonite and siderite as well as iron manganese, titanium, and tungsten ores and iron -bearing silicates.
Dewatering:
Dewatering is an important process in mineral processing. The purpose of dewatering is to rem water contained in particles. This is done for a number of reasons, specifically, to enable handling and concentrates to be transported easily, allow further processing to occur an dispose of the gangue. The water removed from dewatering can be recycled through a mi processing plant. The main processes that are used in dewatering include dewatering scr sedimentation, filtering, and thermal drying. These processes increase in difficulty and cost a particle size decreases.
Filtration:
Filtration is the separation of a suspension into a solid filter cake and a liquid filtrate by pass through a permeable filtering material. Important factors in this process are the properties o suspension (e.g., size distribution, concentration), the properties of the filtering materials (e.g width and shape of pores), and the forces applied to the suspension. Filtration is carried o gravity filters (screens, dewatering bins), in centrifugal filters (screen centrifuges), in vacuum f Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up toSuch vote title (drum cell filters, disk filters), or in pressure filters (filter presses). devices make itpossi Not useful produce filter cakes containing 8 to 15 percent moisture. Useful Cancel anytime.
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Thickening:
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PITMAEM
PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY FOR MINERA AND ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS Lab. #01 Optical Emission Spectrometry
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Sample Mounting:
Small specimens generally require mounting so that the specimen is supported in a stable me for grinding and polishing. The medium chosen can be either a cold curing resin or a hot mou compound.
1. Hot Mounting:
When preparation requirements include less expensive, uniform size and shape, and processing times, hot mounting (hot compression mounting) is ideal. Hot mounting takes under pressure in a mounting press, where the specimen is placed in a cylinder together wit appropriate mounting resin.
A temperature of up to 200ºC, and a pressure of up to 50kN are then applied during the embed of the specimen.
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2. Cold Mounting:
Cold mounting or embedding is when a resin is mixed with a hardener (or accelerator) to pro the mounting compound, and then the polymerization process take place to form the block. In cases, this process gives -off heat. However this heat generation can be controlled by the use o
or cool air blow setting. Cold mounting compounds are preferred for specimens that
sensitive to the heat or pressure, which applies a pplies during the hot mounting process.
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Grinding the Sample 1. Coarse Grinding:
Grinding can be achieved in a variety of ways, using a variety of abrasives. Fixed abrasive sur are available using diamond or cubic boron nitride (CBN) abrasives. The method used to bin abrasives to the wheel affects the grinding characteristics, the harder or more rigid the bon medium, the more aggressive the grinding action of the surface. Therefore metal bonded abrasive wheels are the most aggressive grinding surfaces, whereas resin bonded wheels are aggressive. 2. Fine Grinding:
Silicon Carbide (SiC) paper is the traditional method used for fine grinding and is adequate used properly. SiC paper blunts quickly and therefore should be discarded after a short peri grinding in order to t o maintain efficient 'stock' removal. Grinding Grinding on a surface that abrasives causes a great deal of surface damage by smearing, 'burnishing' 'burnishing' and local heating.
Polishing 1. Preliminary Polishing:
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abrasive to move to some degree and conform to the surface aspirates of the specimen.
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or attack grain boundaries excessively. Caution should be exercised when choosing and etches. Materials that are difficult to polish may benefit from repeated etching and repol Using special acid or alkali resistant cloths, it is also possible to add dilute etchants polishing wheel during polishing. This can be effective, but can be difficult to contro experience is required. Any etchant that is used must dissolve the specimen surface in a manner, and not leave behind any oxide or reaction product layers. Such layers can com suppress diffraction.
Electrolytic Polishing and etching:
Electrolytic preparation uses an electrolytic reaction cell containing a liquid electrolyte with electrodes: an anode and cathode. The sample to be polished/etched forms the anode. electrodes are connected to an external power supply and voltage applied to cause reaction w the cell.
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5. Voltage
Zoom Microscope:
Zoom microscopes can greatly enhance the ability of a researcher to record his finding allowing the alteration of an image size s ize from the microscope to a video monitor.
Lab. #03 Non
destructive Testing
Brinell scale:
The Brinell scale characterizes the indentation hardness of materials through the sca penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material test-piece. It is one of several definitio hardness in materials science.
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Proposed by Swedish engineer Johan August Brinell in 1900, it was the first widely used standardised hardness test in engineering and metallurgy. The large size of indentation possible damage to test -piece limits its usefulness.
The typical test uses a 10 millimetres (0.39 in) diameter steel ball as an indenter with a 3,00 (29 kN; 6,600 lbf) force. For softer materials, a smaller force is used; for harder materials, a tun carbide ball is substituted for the steel ball. The indentation is measured and hardness calcu as:
Material Hardness Softwood (e.g., pine) 1.6 HBS 10/100 Hardwood 2.6²7.0 HBS 1.6 10/100 Aluminium 15 HB Copper 35 HB Mild steel 120 HB 18-8 (304) stainless steel 200 HB[4] annealed Glass 1550 HB Hardened tool steel 1500²1900 HB Rhenium diboride 4600 HB
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techniques have been developed to detect and monitor progressive cracking in a varie equipment.
Dye Penetrant Testing:
This method employs a penetrating liquid, which is applied over the surface of the componen enters the discontinuity or crack. Subsequently, after the excess penetrant has been cleared the surface, the penetrant exudes or is drawn back out of the crack is observed. Liquid pene testing can sbe applied to any non-porous clean material, metallic or non-metallic, but is unsu for dirty or very rough surfaces. Penetrants can contain a dye to make the indication visible u white light, or a fluorescent material that fluoresces under suitable ultra-violet light. Fluore penetrants are usually used when the maximum flaw sensitivity is required. Cracks as narro 150 nanometers can be detected.
Magnetic Particle Testing:
The Magnetic Particle Inspection method of Non -Destructive testing is a method for loc surface and sub-surface discontinuities in ferromagnetic material. It depends for its operatio the face that when the material or part under test is magnetized, discontinuities that lie direction generally transverse to the direction of the magnetic field, will cause a leakage field therefore, the presence of the discontinuity, is detected by use of finely divided ferromag particles applied over the surface, some of these particles being gathered and held by the lea field, this magnetically held collection of particles forms an outline of the discontinuity indicates its location, size, shape and extent. Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title Dry magnetic particle examinations and wet fluorescent magnetic particle examinations Not useful Useful anytime. performed on ferromagnetic materials to detect surface and Cancel slight subsurface discontinu Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. Specialized wet fluorescent magnetic particle techniques are available for black light int
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Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD):
Physical Vapor Deposition, or PVD, is a term used to describe a family of coating processes most common of these PVD coating processes are evaporation (typically using cathodic a electron beam sources), and sputtering (using magnetic enhanced sources or "magnetr cylindrical or hollow cathode sources). All of these processes occur in vacuum at working pres (typically 10-2 to 10-4 mbar) and generally involve bombardment of the substrate to be coated energetic positively charged ions during the coating process to promote high density. Additio reactive gases such as nitrogen, acetylene or oxygen may be introduced into the vacuum cha during metal deposition to create various compound coating compositions. The result is a strong bond between the coating and the tooling substrate and tailored physical, structura tribological properties properties of the film.
In addition to our standard TitankoteT PVD processes, we also provide several proprietary coating processes to meet our customers' needs. Each of these processes represents a fam specific PVD coating compositions (TiN, TiCN, etc) that are processed in order to benefit sp applications.
The term physical vapor deposition appears originally in the 1966 book Vapor Deposition b Powell, JH Oxley and JM Blocher Jr, but Michael Faraday was using PVD to deposit coatings a back as 1838. Variants of PVD include, in order of increasing novelty:
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Some of the techniques used to measure the physical properties of PVD coatings are: Calo tester: coating thickness test Nanoindentation: Nanoindentation: hardness test for thin-film coatings Pin on disc tester: wear and friction coefficient test Scratch tester: coating adhesion test
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Transport:
This process simply consists of the movement movement of ¶vaporised· ¶vaporised· atoms from the t he target to the sub to be coated and will generally be a straight line affair. Reaction
In some cases coatings will consist of metal oxides, nitrides, carbides and other such materia these cases, the target will consist of the metal. The atoms of metal will then react with appropriate gas during the transport stage. For the above examples, the reactive gases ma oxygen, nitrogen and methane. In instances where the coating consists of the target material a this step would not be part of the process. Deposition
This is the process of coating build up on the substrate surface. Depeding on the actual pro some reactions between target materials and the reactive gases may also take place a substrate surface simultaneously with the deposition process.
What are PVD Coatings Used For? PVD coatings are deposited for numerous reasons. reasons. Some of the t he main ones are: 1. Improved hardness and wear resistance 2. Reduced friction 3. Improved oxidation resistance
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component compone nt life. They may also allow coated components to operate in environments th Special offer forlonger students: Only $4.99/month. uncoated component component would not otherwise have been able to t o perform.
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3. Some processes operate at high vacuums and temperatures t emperatures requiring skilled opera 4. Processes requiring large amounts of heat require appropriate cooling systems 5. The rate of coating deposition is usually quite slow
Applications:
As mentioned previously, PVD coatings are generally used to improve hardn wear resistance and oxidation resistance. Thus, such coatings use in a wide rang applications such as: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Aerospace Automotive Surgical/Medical Dies and moulds for all manner of material processing Cutting tools Fire arms
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-SL (AlTiN-CrN) Coated Aluminum Die-Casting
Titankote C7 (TiAlSiCN) BallnoseInserts
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Cavities
Coated
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Hydroxyapatite (Ca (PO ) (OH) ):
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Hydroxyapatite is a thermally unstable compound, decomposing at temperature from about 1200°C depending on its stoichiometry (see above).
Generally speaking dense hydroxyapatite does not have the mechanical strength to enable succeed in long term load bearing applications.
Applications Bioceramic Coatings
Coatings of hydroxyapatite are often applied to metallic implants (most commonly commonly titanium/tita alloys and stainless steels) to alter the surface properties. In this manner the body hydroxyapatite-type material which it is happy to accept. Without the coating the body would foreign body and work in such a way as to isolate it from surrounding tissues. To date, the commercially accepted method of applying hydroxyapatite coatings to metallic implants is pl spraying. Bone Fillers
Hydroxyapatite may be employed in forms such as powders, porous blocks or beads to fill defects or voids. These may arise when large sections of bone have had to be removed (e.g. cancers) or when bone augmentations are required (e.g maxillofacial reconstructions or d applications). The bone filler will provide a scaffold and encourage the rapid filling of the vo naturally forming bone and provides an alternative to bone grafts. It will also become part o bone structure and will reduce healing times compared to the situation, if no bone filler fil ler was us Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title
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In energy dispersive spectrometers (ED X or EDS), the detector allows the determination o energy of the photon when it is detected. Detectors historically have been based on s semiconductors, semiconductors, in the form of lithium-drifted silicon crystals, or high-purity silicon wafers.
Schematic arrangement of ED X spectrometer
Wavelength dispersive spectrometry
In wavelength dispersive spectrometers spectrometers (WD X or WDS), the photons are separated by diffractio a single crystal before being detected. Although wavelength dispersive spectrometers occasionally used to scan a wide range of wavelengths, producing a spectrum plot as in EDS, are usually set up to make measurements only at the wavelength of the emission lines o elements of interest. Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title
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Densitometer:
A densitometer is a device that measures the degree of darkness (the optical density) photographic or semitransparent material or of a reflecting surface. The densitometer is basic light source aimed at a photoelectric cell.
Heiland Densitometer TRDZ 1
It determines the density of a sample placed between the light source and the photoelectri from differences in the readings. Modern densitometers have the same components, but also electronic integrated circuitry for better reading. There are two types: 1. Transmission Transmission densitometers that measure transparent materials 2. Reflection densitometers that measure light reflected from a surface. Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title Densitometers are used for: Useful Not useful
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temperature throughout the experiment. Generally, the temperature program for a DSC analys designed such that the sample holder temperature increases linearly as a function of time reference sample should have a well-defined heat capacity over the range of temperatures scanned.
The technique was developed by E.S. Watson and M.J. O'Neill in 1960, and intro commercially at the 1963 Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Ap Spectroscopy. The term DSC was coined to describe this instrument which measures en directly and allows precise measurements of heat capacity.
DSC Curve
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As the temperature increases, an amorphous solid will become less viscous. At some poin molecules may obtain enough freedom of motion to spontaneously arrange themselves in crystalline form. This is known as the crystallization temperature (Tc). This transition amorphous solid to crystalline solid is an exothermic process, and results in a peak in the signal. As the temperature increases the sample eventually reaches its melting temperature The melting process results in an endothermic peak in the DSC curve. The ability to deter transition temperatures and enthalpies makes DSC a valuable tool in producing phase diagram various chemical systems.
Dilatometer
A dilatometer is a scientific instrument that measures volume changes caused by a physic chemical process. A familiar application of a dilatometer is the mercury -in-glass thermomet which the change in volume of the liquid column is read from a graduated scale. Because me has a fairly constant rate of expansion over normal temperature ranges, the volume changes directly related to temperature. t emperature.
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Dilatometry is also used to monitor the progress of chemical reactions, particularly displaying a substantial molar volume change (e.g., polymerisation). A specific example is the of phase changes. Another common application application of a dilatometer is the measurement of thermal expansion.
Laser Particle Analysis: Laser Diffraction
Laser diffraction based particle size analysis relies on the fact that particles passing through a beam will scatter light at an angle that is directly related to their size. As particle size decrease observed scattering angle increases logarithmically. Scattering intensity is also dependen particle size, diminishing with particle volume. Large particles therefore scatter light at na angles with high intensity whereas small particles scatter at wider angles but with low intensity
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Light scattering patterns observed for a large particle p article (upper part) and a smaller particle (lower part).
It is this behaviour that instruments based on the technique of laser diffraction exploit in ord determine particle size. A typical system consists of: 1. A laser, to provide a source of coherent 2. Intense light of fixed wavelength 3. A series of detectors to t o measure the light pattern produced over a wide range of angles
Some kind of sample presentation system to ensure that material under test passes throug laser beam as a homogeneous stream of particles in a known, reproducible reproducible state of dispersio
The dynamic range of the measurement is directly related to the angular range of the scatt measurement, with modern instruments making measurements from around 0.02 degrees thr to beyond 140 degrees (figure 3). The wavelength of light used for the measurements is important, with smaller wavelengths (e.g. blue light sources) providing improved sensitivity to micron particles.
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pattern. The electrons interact with the atoms that make up the sample producing signals contain information about the sample's surface topography, composition, and other prope such as electrical conductivity. The types of signals produced by an SEM include : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Secondary electrons, Back-scattered electrons (BSE) Characteristic X-rays, Light (cathodoluminescence), (cathodoluminescence), Specimen current and transmitted electrons.
Secondary electron:
Secondary electron detectors are common in all SEMs, but it is rare that a single machine w have detectors for all possible signals. The signals result from interactions of the electron with atoms at or near the surface of the sample. In the most common or standard detection m secondary electron imaging or SEI, the SEM can produce very high -resolution images of a sa surface, revealing details about less than 1 to 5 nm in size. Due to the very narrow electron b SEM micrographs have a large depth of field yielding a characteristic three -dimensional appea useful for understanding the surface structure of a sample. This is exemplified by the microgra pollen shown to the right.
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Special offer forBack students: Only $4.99/month. electrons (BSE) are beam electrons that are reflected from the sample by e -scattered
scattering. BSE are often used in analytical SEM along with the spectra made from
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A wide range of magnifications is possible, from about 10 times (about equivalent to powerful hand-lens) to more than 500,000 times, about 250 times the magnification limit o best light microscopes
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volume, between two surfaces in contact. It was invented by the 18th century Dutch sci Musschenbroek
Static Friction Tribometer
A tribotester is the general name given to a machine or device used to perform tests simulations of wear, friction and lubrication which are the subject of the study of tribology. tribotesters are extremely specific in their function and are fabricated by manufacturers who d to test and analyze the long-term performance of their products. An example is that of orthop implant manufactures who have spent considerable sums of money to develop tribotesters accurately reproduce the motions and forces that occur in human hip joints so that they perform accelerated wear tests of their products.
Surface Profilometer
Profilometer is a measuring instrument used to measu surface's profile, in order to quantify its roughness. Ve resolution is usually in the nanometre level, Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title though l resolution is usually poorer . Useful Not useful
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While the historical notion of a profilometer was a device si
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REPORT ON PCSIR (Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) Mainly PITMEAM (PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY FOR MINERALS AND ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS) & MPRC (MINERAL P… Full description
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Mineral processing
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Mineral processing
Mineral Processing Lab
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