MODIFIERS OF HUMAN ACTS: MODIFIERS OF HUMAN ACTS PowerPoint Presentation: Certain factors which may affect any of the three constituents of human acts. These factors may iminish one!s cu"#a$i"ity A"so %nown as o$stac"es affectin& the 'o"untariness of human acts A. IGNORANCE: A. I(NORANCE I(NORANCE )ac% )ac% or a$sence a$sence of %now"e&e %now"e&e in a #erson ca#a$"e ca#a$"e of of %nowin& a certain thin& or thin&s thin&s (A.) Invini!"e i#norane: *A.+ In'inci$"e i&norance The ty#e of i&norance which cannot $e is#e""e $y orinary i"i&ence. Ca$ses o% invini!"e i#norane: Causes of in'inci$"e i&norance It may $e im#ossi$"e for the ini'iua" to remo'e his i&norance $ecause he has no way of sus#ectin& that he is i&norant. *a waiter who is not aware of the #oison on the foo that he ser'es+ Ca$ses o% invini!"e i#norane: Causes of in'inci$"e i&norance ,. A"thou&h one may rea"i-e that %now"e&e at a certain #oint shou" $e acuire it is mora""y im#ossi$"e for him to o$tain the %now"e&e * An aeta who "i'es in the mountains a"" his "ife an ha##ens to come to Mani"a for the first time an 'io"ate the traffic "aws+ Ca$ses o% invini!"e i#norane: Causes of in'inci$"e i&norance ,. A"thou&h one may rea"i-e that %now"e&e at a certain #oint shou" $e acuire it is mora""y im#ossi$"e for him to o$tain the %now"e&e * A octor who is assi&ne to cure an im#ossi$"e isease+ PRINCIP&E FOR IN'INCI&E IGNORANCE: /RINCI/)E FOR IN0INCI1)E I(NORANCE No o$2ecti'e"y wron& act is cu"#a$"e if it is #erforme in in'inci$"e i&norance in as much as the e"ement of %now"e&e is not ue to the fau"t of the a&ent. (.) 'ini!"e i#norane: *1.+ 0inci$"e i&norance The ty#e of i&norance which can an shou" $e is#e""e. The a&ent cou" %now an shou" %now Can $e c"eare u# if one is i"i&ent enou&h A mani"a resient who 'io"ates traffic "aws ue to his i&norance of such "aws is sti"" res#onsi$"e INDS OF 'INCI&E IGNORANCE: 3INDS OF 0INCI1)E I(NORANCE SIM/)E 0INCI1)E I(NORANCE 4 when one uses some5 $ut not enou&h i"i&ence in an effort to remo'e i&norance One is ou$tfu" whether c"asses are sus#ene5 as%s his c"assmate who is a"so ou$tfu"5 then ecies not to &o to c"ass5 is cu"#a$"e of not comin& to c"ass if there are no sus#ension INDS OF 'INCI&E IGNORANCE: 3INDS OF 0INCI1)E I(NORANCE /RINCI/)E FOR SIM/)E 0INCI1)E I(NORANCE 4 If one #erforms an o$2ecti'e"y wron& act whose wron&ness one is unaware of $ecause of sim#"e i&norance5 the action is cu"#a$"e. Howe'er5 the cu"#a$i"ity is "essene $y the #resence of that i&norance INDS OF 'INCI&E IGNORANCE: 3INDS OF 0INCI1)E I(NORANCE CRASS OR SU/INE I(NORANCE 4 a %in of i&norance which thou&h not irect"y wi""e5 cou" an shou" $e c"eare u#5 $ut "eft who""y unistur$e $ecause of "ac% of effort. 4A octor isco'ers that his #atient has sym#toms which he oes not reco&ni-e5 $ecause of "a-iness 6 thou&h he can consu"t meica" $oo%s an fe""ow #hysicians4 he ma%es no attem#ts to ascertain the nature of the isease INDS OF 'INCI&E IGNORANCE:
3INDS OF 0INCI1)E I(NORANCE /RINCI/)E FOR CRASS OR SU/INE I(NORANCE 4 This ty#e of i&norance "essens the im#uta$i"ity of an act. Sti"" it ma%es one &ra'e"y cu"#a$"e if it concerns a matter of &ra'e im#ortance
INDS OF 'INCI&E IGNORANCE: 3INDS OF 0INCI1)E I(NORANCE 7. AFFECTED I(NORANCE 4 the %in of i&norance which is e"i$erate"y fostere in orer to a'oi any o$"i&ation that %now"e&e mi&ht $rin& to "i&ht. 4 it is not on"y the "ac% of %now"e&e $ut the unwi""in&ness of the #erson to is#e" his i&norance INDS OF 'INCI&E IGNORANCE: 3INDS OF 0INCI1)E I(NORANCE 7. /RINCI/)E FOR AFFECTED I(NORANCE 4 this ty#e of i&norance in re&ar to a matter of serious im#ortance is &ra'e"y cu"#a$"e. PRINCIP&ES GO'ERNING IGNORANCE: /RINCI/)ES (O0ERNIN( I(NORANCE 8. IN0INCI1)E I(NORANCE e"iminates mora" res#onsi$i"ity or cu"#a$i"ity. ,. 0INCI1)E I(NORANCE oes not e"iminates cu"#a$i"ity $ut "essens it. 9i&norance of the "aw e:cuses no one; T0PES OF PASSION: T?/ES OF /ASSION ANTECEDENT Arises s#ontaneous"y $efore the wi"" contro"s the situation Suen fee"in&s of 2oy5 hatre5 #ity5 &rief5 an&er5 as reactions to news5 o$2ects5 etc. CONSE@UENT De"i$erate"y
arouse $y the wi"" to ensure a more #rom#t an wi""in& o#eration Continuous"y $rooin& o'er an insu"t5 attac%s the enemy an %i""s him
PRINCIP&ES: /RINCI/)ES Anteceent #assions o not estroy freeom 5 $ut "essens freeom an hence the res#onsi$i"ity of the a&ent $ecause it tens to $"in 2u&ment of the inte""ect an freeom of the wi"". PRINCIP&E: /RINCI/)E Conseuent #assions o not "essen 'o"untariness $ut may increase it $ecause these #assions are e"i$erate"y e:cite. D. 'IO&ENCE: D. 0IO)ENCE An e:terna" force a##"ie $y someone on another in orer to com#e" him to #erform an action a&ainst his wi"". PRINCIP&ES :
/RINCI/)ES If one resists the 'io"ence as much as #ossi$"e5 the e'i" act to which one is force is not cu"#a$"e. A man forces a youn& &ir" to ha'e se: with him. The &ir" fi&hts $ac%5 ne'erthe"ess5 since the man is stron&er than the &ir"5 he succees in oin& his e'i" intention. In this case5 the youn& &ir" is not res#onsi$"e for the act.
PRINCIP&ES : /RINCI/)ES If one sees that any resistance wou" $e who""y ineffecti'e5 there is no o$"i&ation to resist. The reason is one is not o$"i&e to o what is use"ess. Thou&h a "itt"e resistance may $e usefu" to show "ac% of consent to the 'io"ence $ein& one. A $an% cashier an his two $oy&uars are he" u# $y ten hea'i"y arme men. HAITS: HA1ITS Are inc"ination to #erform some #articu"ar action acuire $y re#etition5 an characteri-e $y a ecrease #ower of resistance an an increase faci"ity of #erformance. Sometimes ca""e secon nature somethin& ee#"y em$ee in an ini'iua"5 $ut in&raine $y $ein& acuire not $ein& in$orn Re#eate actions #erforme $y the a&ent. HAIT: HA1IT 0IRTUE Dis#oses to &o 0ICE Dis#oses one to e'i" HAIT: HA1IT E'i" ha$its o not "essen the im#uta$i"ity of e'i" actions #erforme $y force of ha$it if the ha$it has $een reco&ni-e as e'i" an is free"y #ermitte to continue. E'i" ha$its "essen the im#uta$i"ity of e'i" actions #erforme $y force of ha$it if one is sincere"y tryin& to correct the ha$it. 1 . Mo di fi e r so fHu ma nAc t sI g no r a nc eCo nc u pi s c e nc eFe arVi o l e nc eHa bi t s I g no r a nc ei nI g no r a nc ei n I gnor anc ei nAnt ec edentVer bal i t sObj ec ti t sObj ec tConc upi s c enc eWi t hFearVi ol enc eVi c esi t sRes ul t Co ns e qu en tPh y s i c a lVi r t u eVi n c i b l eFr o m Fe arL awAn t e c ed en tCo nc u pi s c e nc eVi o l e nc eI g no r a nc e I gnor anc eSe x ual I n vi nc i bl eVi ol enc eFac tConc omi t antI gnor anc eI gnor anc eEmo t i onal Vi ol enc e Pe na l t yCo ns e qu en tI g no r a nc e 2 . Mo d i fi e r so fHu ma nAc t s I g no r a nc eCo nc u p i s c e n c eFe arVi o l e nc eHa bi t 3.I gnor anc eI gnor anc ei ni t sObj ec tI gnor anc ei ni t sObj ec tI gnor anc ei ni t sRes ul tLawVi nc i bl eI gnor anc e An t e ce de ntI g no r a nc eFa c tI n v i n ci bl eI g no r a nc eCon c omi t a ntI g no r a nc ePe na l t yCo ns eq ue ntI g no r a nc e 4.“ I n vi nc i bl eI gnor anc e“ Vi nc i bl eI gnor anc edoesno t des t r o yst hev ol unt ar i nes sofdes t r o yt he v ol unt ar i nes sofanac t . ”anac t . ”I gnor anc e“ Affec t edI gnor anc e,i noneVi nc i bl eI gnor anc el es senswa y l es sens ,andi nanot her t hev ol unt ar i nes sofanac t . ”wayi nc r eas ev ol unt ar i nes s. ”
5. Concupi scenceAnt ecedentConcupi scenceConsequentConcupi scence 6 . Co nc u p i s c e n c e“ Co ns e q ue nt“ An t e c e de nt“ An t e c e de ntCo nc u p i s c e n c e ,h owe v e r Co nc u p i s c e n c e l es s ensConc upi s c enc edoesno tgr eat ,doesno tl es s ent hev ol unt ar i nes sofandes t r o yt he v ol unt ar i nes st hev ol unt ar i nes sofanac t . ”ofanac t . ”ac t . ” 7.Wi t hFearAct i onsmaybedoneFr om Fear 8.Fear “ Anac tdonef r om f ear ,howev ergr eat ,i ssi mpl yvol unt ar y ,al t houghi ti sr egul ar l yal s oc ondi t i onal l y i nv ol unt ar y . ” 9 . Ve r b al Vi ol e nc eEmo t i o na lPh y s i c al Vi ol e nc eVi o l e nc eVi o l e nc eSe x ua lVi ol e nc e 10.Vi ol enc e“ Ac t sel i c i t edbyt hewi l l ar enots ubj ec tt ov i ol enc e;ex t er nal ac t scaus edv i ol enc e,t owhi c h duer es i s t anc ei soff er ed,ar ei nnowi s ei mput abl et ot heagent . ” 1 1. Vi c i o usBadHa bi t sVi c es Ha bi t sVi r t u eGo odHa bi t sVi r t u ou s 12. Habi t“ Habi tdoesno tdes t r o yv ol unt ar i nes s ;andac t sf r omhabi tar eal wa ysv ol unt ar y , at l eas ti nc aus e, asl ongast hehabi ti sal l owedt oendur e. ” 1 3. MODI FI ERSOFHUMANACTSPr o f .Ch r i sPe l i a sI n s t i t u t eofAr t sa ndSc i e nc e sFa rEa s t e r nUn i v e r s i t y 14. •Et hi c sorMor al Phi l os oph y-deal swi t hhumanac t i v i t yi nasmuc hast heac t sar ei nc onf or mi t ywi t ht he nat ur al end.Themedi um ofk no wl edgei sr eas onal one,s et t i ngoutt hedat aofe x per i enc eandac qui r ed k no wl edge.•Der i v edf r om Gr eekwor d‘ et hos ’ -c ons c i enc e•Et hi c se x cl udespos i t i v er e vel at i onoft he Ol dan dNe wT es t a me nt sa sso ur c eofi t smo r al k n owl ed gean dg ui da nc e .•Et h i c si sc on ce r n edwi t h nor ms ,mor esort r adi t i onsandpr i nc i pl esofbeha vi ori ns of arast hes epr i nc i pl esar ek nownb yr eas on. 1 5. •Ma n’ sNa t u r a lEndOn ceap er s onr e ac he sma t u r i t y , h ef a ce saq ues t i o nf o rh i ms el f :Wh ats ho ul dId o wi t hmyl i f e?Whati smypur pos ei nl i f e?Thus ,hi sac t i onsar eal l di r ec t edt ohi sgoal ,hi spur pos e,hi s end.Humanac t i onsar ec har ac t er i s t i c al l yanac t i onf oranend.Thepr i nc i pl eofhumanac t si st heend, goal orpur pos e.I fnogood( r eal orappar ent )i sk no wnbyr eas on,nohumanac ti sper f or med 16. •Thewi l l i sabl i ndf ac ul t y–nodes i r eunl es st her eas ons howst her ei ssomet hi ngdes i r abl e“Not hi ng ent er st hemi ndwi t houtpas si ngfi r s tt hr ought hes ens es . ”Ar i s t ot l e*man’ sac t i oni sgoodi fi tl eadshi m t ohi sendandbadi fi tdr i v eshi ma wa yf r o m hi sul t i mat eend.2k i ndsofgoodAppar entGoodReal Good 17. •At t ai nmentoft hegoal orend-t heul t i mat eendnec es s i t at esac t s .Theul t i mat eendi safi x edpr i nc i pl e butt hev ar i ousmeanst oat t ai ni ti sno t.Fr eedom ofChoi c eappl i est ot hes emeans .Mor al l ygoodac t s ar et hos ewhi c har es ui t abl et ot heat t ai nmentoft heend.Mor al l ybadac t sar et hos euns ui t abl et ot he at t ai nmentoful t i mat eend. 18. •HumanAc t s-ac t i onst ha tar ef r eeanddel i ber at e-t hos et hatpr oc eedsf r o mt hef r eeandc ons c i ous ac t sofman-ac tt hati sal wa ysdonef orapur pos e-anac tt hataf t erf e w del i ber at i oni sper f or med k no wl edgeoft heendandc ons entoft hewi l l wi t h 19.•-ac t st hatar epr opert omanasman•-ac t si nt er nal orex t er nal , bodi l yors pi r i t ual l yper f or medbya humanbei ng•ACTSOFMAN-ACTSTHATMANPERFORM I NDELI BERATEL YORWI THOUT ADVERTENCE-ma n’ sa ni ma la c to fs e ns at i on( u seofs e ns es )a ndap pe t i t i o n(b od i l yt e nd en c i e s ) 20. -a c t sdoneabs t r ac t edl yorwi t hc ompl et ei nadv er t enc e-ac t sper f or medi ni nf anc y ,i nfi r mi t ymi ndort he weak nes sofs eni l i t y-ac t sdonei ns l eep,i ndel i r i um,i nt hes t at eofunc ons ci ous nes s 21 .•CONSTI TUENTSORELEMENTSOFHUMAN ACTSKNOWLEDGE_pr od uc tof t hemi nda f t erdu e i nt el l ec t i on_pr oc eedsf r om t hedel i ber at ewi l l Ki ndsofKnowl edgeAbs t r ac t -pur el yspec ul at i v e, k nowl edget hati snotenoughf ormor al s_i twi l l l eadt os pl i tl ev el c hr i s t i ani t yort ol egal i s m _Of t ent i mes c hi l dr enands t udent sar egui l t yoft hi s_Rel i gi onandmor al v al uesar el ear nedwi t houtappr ec i at i ngi t 22. •B.Ev al uat i v ek no wl edge_k no wl edgeappl i edork no wl edgeofappr ec i at i oni sr equi r ed_“ whati s obj ec t i v el yt r uemus tbes ubj ec t i v el yt r ueandmeani ngf ul f orme”_“T r ueeduc at i onai msatt he
f or mat i onoft hehumanper s onwi t hr es pec tt ohi sul t i mat egoal ands i mul t aneous l ywi t hr es pec tt ot he goodo ft hes oc i e t yofwhi c hhei samemb erandi nwhos er es pons i bi l i t i esasanadul th ehast os har e” 23.•MODI FI ERSOFHUMANACTSA.I GNORANCE_t heabs enc eofkn owl edge_i st heabs enc eof k no wl edget hatoughtt obet her e(pr i v at i v e)_t heabs enc eofi nt el l ec t ual k no wl edgei nman(negat i v e) _negat i onofk nowl edge 24. •Ki ndsofI gnor anc eA.I gnor anc ei ni t sObj ec t-I gnor anc eoft heLa w –i st hei gnor anc ei nt he e xi s t enc eo fadut y , r ul eorr egul at i one x .Ay oungf r es hmanc omest oc l as swi t hf e v ert ot ak eane x am i nc he m no tk no wi n gt h atame moh asbe enp as s edp r o hi b i t i n ga ny o net oa t t e ndh i sc l a s swi t h sympt omsmani f est i ngAH1N1 25. •2 .I gnor anc eofFac t–i gnor anc eofnat ur eorc i r c ums t anc esofanac tasf or bi ddene x .Pedes t r i an v i ol at esl awnotk nowi ngt hatt heunder pas si si nus eal r eadyB.I gnor anc ei ni t sSubj ec t1.Vi nc i bl e I g no r a nc e( Co nq uer a bl eI g no r an c e)-i g no r a nc et h atc a nb es u ppl a nt e db yk no wl e dg eb yt h eu s eo f or di nar ydi l i genc e-i gnor anc ei sduet ol ac kofpr operdi l i genc e. 26. Ki ndsofv i nc i bl ei gnor anc e1. 1Si mpl yv i nc i bl e-s omeeff or tha sbeendonebutno tenought odi s pel t he i gnor anc e1. 2Cr as sorSupi ne-r es ul toft ot al ornear l yl ac kofeffor tt odi s pel i t1. 3Affec t ed-i fpos i t i v e eff or th asbeendonet or e t ai nt hei gnor anc e.•Pas tac t i onsc annotbej udgedwi t hpr es entk no wl edge 27.2.I nv i nc i bl eI gnor anc e-i gnor anc et hator di nar yandpr operdi l i genc ec annotdi s pel .t hi si sat t r i but abl et o 2c aus es ;( a)t heper s onhasnor eal i z at i onofhi sl ac kofk nowl edge( b)t heper s onwhor eal i z eshi s i gnor anc efi ndshi seff or ti neff ec t i v e 2 8. •C.I GNORANCEI NI TSRes u l t1 .An t e c ed en tI g no r a nc e–t h atwh i c hpr e c ede sal l c o ns en to ft h ewi l l e x .Th ec h efs e r v e dap oi s on ou smu sh r o om n otk no wi n gt h ati tc anca us et h ed ea t ho fi t sc us t o me r s2. c onc omi t ant -ac c ompani esanac tt hatwoul dha v ebeenpe r f or mede v eni ft hei gnor anc edi dno te x i s t . ex .As t udentmi s seshi set hi c sc l as sbutev eni fhek nows ,hewi l l s t i l l mi s si t . 29.3.c ons equent -t hatwhi c hf ol l owsupont heac toft hewi l l ex .Adoc t ors us pec t st hatt hepat i ent ’ s di s eas ei sc anc er ousbutdel i ber at el yr ef r ai nf r om mak i ngsur e,anddoesnoti nf or m hi m. 30. PRI NCI PLES1.I n vi nc i bl ei gnor anc edes t r o y st hev ol unt ar i nes so ft heac t2.Vi nc i bl eI gnor anc edoes notdes t r o yt hev ol unt ar i nes sofanac t3.Vi nc i bl eI gnor anc el es senst hev ol unt ar i nes s4.Aff ec t ed i gnor anc ei sonewa yl es s ensandi nano t herwa yi nc r eas esv ol unt a r i nes s 31. l l .ERROR-s t at eofbel ei v i ngwhati sno tt r ueLi k ei gnor anc ei sapr i v at i onofr i ghtk nowl edgeandt r ue i ns i ghtduet of al s eopi ni onsandc on vi c t i onsbec aus eo fdefi c i enteduc at i on,i nfl uenc eofbadc ompan y , r eadi ngo fmi s l eadi ngbook sandpaper s ,i ns i dousi nfl uenc eofmas sMedi a.Er r ori spos i t i v ei gnor anc e. “ Weal l needer as er st oourpenc i l s ” . Pr i nc i pl eofer r orf ol l owPr i nc i pl eofI gnor anc el l l .I nat t ent i on– mo me nt a r yd ep r i v a t i o no fk n owl e dg e 3 2. B.FREEDOM –No tt h ep o we rt od owh atwel i k e ,b utt h et h er i g hto fb ei n ga bl et od owh atwek n o wwe oughtt odoi nr el at i ont oourul t i mat eend.Res pons i bi l i t y -t heabi l i t yofani ndi v i dual t ogi v eafi t t i ng r es pons et oahumansi t uat i ont hati n v ol v eshumannee ds .Bot hf r eedom andr es pons i bi l i t yar e i nt er l i nk e dwi t heac ho t herandass uc hi ns epar abl e–Ther ear eman yt hi ngsi nmant ha thewoul dl i k e t odobuthec anno tdo.e x .T os t a yy oungf or e v er ,t ok no we v er y t hi ng 33.•Al t houghhi sf r eedom i sl i mi t ed,hei sf r eei nhi schoi c es•Hi sf r eedom l i esont hef ac tt hatonc ehe madeadeci si onnoonecanmakehi m changehi smi nd•Whenhechoosesnopowerwhat soevercan f or c ehi mt oc hangehi sc hoi c e( di gni t yofman )•Hec anbeent i c ed,i nduc ed,per s uadedbutne v er f or c ed.•Hi schoi c ei sno tonhi snat ur al endbuti sf r eede t er mi nehi ms el ft o war dst heendandmeans t oat t ai ni t 34. I mpai r ment st oFr eedom 1 .Ant ec edentorI nc ul pabl ePas s i on-oc c ur swheni ts pr i ngsi nt oac t i on uns t i mul at edbyt hewi l l .-al way sl es senst hev ol unt ar i nes soft heac tanddi mi ni s hesr es pons i bi l i t y
s i nc ei thi nder sr efl ec t i onofr eas onandweak ensat t ent i on-t hes t r ongeri st hepas s i ont heweak eri s t hei nt el l ec tandwi l l -doesnotdes t r oy st her es pons i bi l i t yoft heagents i nc ek nowl edgeandf r eedom ma ybel es senedbuthei sst i l l t hemas t erofhi sac t•I fpas si oni ssogr eat ,ast omak ec ont r ol i mpos s i bl et hent heagenti st empor ar i l yi ns aneandhi sac ti sno thumanac tbutac t sofman 35. 2.Cons equentpas s i on-f ol l o wst hef r eedet er mi nat i onoft heac tandi sf r eel yadmi t t edandcons ent ed t oanddel i ber at el yar ous ed.-t hewi l l di r ec t l yori ndi r ec t l yst i r st hem up-howev ergr eatdoesnotl es sen t hev ol unt ar i nes ss i nc ei ti swi l l eddi r ec t l yori ndi r ec t l y .ex .Pl annedr ev engeoras sas si nat i on,r eadi ng por nogr aph y ,s i ngi ngh y mnsofpr ai s e 36. •3 .Fear -s hr i nk i ngbac koft h emi ndbec aus eofani mpendi nge vi l Ki nds :a.Ac t sdonewi t hf earor i ns pi t eoff earaswhenaper s oncl i mbsadanger ousmount ai natni ght.Feari nt hi sc as eac c ompani es anac twhi c hi ni t s el fi sv ol unt ar yb.Ac t sdonef r om f earandt hr oughf earorbec aus eoff earaswhena per s ont hr eat enedwi t haguny i el dshi sweal t ht oat hi ef .c .f earmay bes l i ghtorgr av eac cor di ngt ot he amo untofpr o xi mi t yoft hei mpendi nge vi l .Thedangerofdeat ho rl os i ngabi gamountofpr oper t yar e c as esofgr av ef ear .