Modul Bahasa Inggris

Contoh : The teacher is teaching now. At present the applicants are waiting for their  turn to be interviewed. i nterviewed. I am still taking a short course c ourse of driving. 2) Menyatakan pekerjaan yang dilakukan dalam near future.  Near future : Jarak masa masa yang akan datang datang dengan saat ini dekat, misal: - tonigh - tomorrow - the day after tomorrow  Near future ini relatif. relatif. I am visiting you tomorrow Tonigh I am going to the movie . D. NEGATIVE DAN INTERROGATIVE Untuk membentuk kalimat negative cukup Meletakkan not sesudah to be

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TENSES 1 · PRESENT CONTINOUS · PRESENT TENSE · PRESENT PERFECT · PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS

1. PRESENT CONTINOUS A. PENGERTIAN :

Menyatakan pekerjaan yang sedang terjadi pada saat kalimatnya diucapkan B. BENTUK 

S + is/am/are + V + ing

S + is/am/are + not + v + ing Subjek I We You He She It They

To be am are are is is is are

Is + not Are + not

: isn't : aren't

ex : · I am not visiting you tomorrow · The teacher is not teaching now · They are still waiting for us Pembentukan kalimat Tanya (interrogative) dilakukan dengan menukarkan posisi to be dengan subjek.

smart learning center Ing ditambahkan pada kata kerja bentuk pertama (V1), ex: work + ing = working walk + ing = walking sing + ing = singing singing · Penambahan ing mengakibatkan V1 mengalami  penghampusan "e" diakhir kalimat, ex: make + ing = making love + ing = loving write + ing = writing writing · Penambahan ing mengakibatkan penggandaan huruf akhir g, t, m, n, p pada V 1 yang terdiri dari short vowel. dig + ing = digging swim + ing = swimming run + ing = running stop + ing = stoppinng  put + ing = putting

Is/ am/ are + S + V + ing ? Ex: - Is the teacher teaching now ? - Are you taking the book ? - Are the student discussing the problem 2. SIMPLE PRESENT A. BENTUK :

S + V1 Jika subjek orang ketiga tunggal (he,she,,it)maka V1 mengalami penambahan s, es, atau ies tergantung pada huruf akhir V1.

C. FUNGSI

1) Menyatakan pekerjaan yang sedang dilaksanakan

He/She/it + V1 + s/es/ies

Ditandai dengan adanya kata:

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1) V1 yang di akhiri huruf h, o, s, x menglami penambahan es. - o : go ..........goes - h : teach ..... teaches - s : kiss ...... kisses - x : fix ......... fixes 2) V1 yang diakhiri oleh huruf y jika sebelumnya terdapat konsonan sebelum menambah- ies, y dihapuskan. - y : fly .......... flies - y : cry cr y ......... cries B. FUNGSI

ex :  Budi doesn't walk to school.  We don't play Badminton  Does Budi walk to school ?

· Do you play badminton every morning? 3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE A. BENTUK 

S + has/have has/ have + V3

1) Habitutual Action Menyatakan pekerjaan/ sesuatu yang meru  pakan kebiasaan.Untuk kebiasaan.Untuk fungsi ini digunakan  beberaapa keterangan waktu waktu : Every day  often week · seldom month  sometimes year  always etc ex:  Budi walk to school every day · we play badminton every every morning · Johny always always sing at night 2) Untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum (General Sense). Menyatakan teori, hal dan kecenderungan yang memang benar. ex:  Doctors work hard  Men eat foot  Gravitatioan makes apple fall. C. NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE

I You We They

have

He She It

has

Berdasarkan pembentukan kata kerja dari  bentuk pertama (V1) ke bentuk yang kedua dan ketiga (V2, V3) kata kerja dapat dibedakan : 1) Regular Verb Perubahan bentuk pertama ke bentuk kedua dan ketiga hanya menambahkan : - d untuk V1 yang berakhiran dengan huruf e

smart learning center V1 V2 V3 decide decided decided  bake  baked  baked - ed ditambahkan pada V1 yang tidak  berakhiran dengan huruf e, mi :

V1 V2 V3 work  worked worked walk  walked walked - Untuk V1 yang berakhiran oleh huruf y, dan Sebelumnya huruf y dan sebelumnya huruf mati (konsonan) maka sebelum menambah kan ed, y dihapus.

Untuk membentuk kalimat negative dan interrogative kata Bantu do/ does digunakan. do + not : don't does + not : doesn't I You We They

do

He She It

does V1 V2 V3 cry cried cried fry fried fried 2) Irregular Verb Kata kerja tak beraturan. Pembentukan kata kerja dari V1 ke V2 dan V3 tanpa melalui suatu kaedah. V1 V2 V3 go went gone sing sang sung take took  taken cut cut cut

Pengguanan do/does sebagai kata Bantu  pada kaliamat negative dan interrogative mengakibatkan penambahan s, es, ies tidak berlaku. S + do/does/ + not + V1

do/does/ + S + V 1 ?

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Kata kerja yang yang digunakan untuk Present Perfect Tense ialah Kata kerja bentuk ketiga V3 (Past Participle) B. FUNGSI

B. FUNGSI Untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang dirintis pada masa yang lampau dan sampai saat ini masih berlangsung. Dalam fungsi ini digunakan: - for : lama - Since : sejak  Ex: - We have been doing doing the exercise for for two hours - She has been writing the novel for two months

1)

Untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang telah dilaksanakan. Dalam fungsi ini keterangan waktu tidak dibutuhkan, hanya kata  just , alreading atau alreading atau yet untuk penekanan makna. ex : - Ted has postend the letter  - The police have caught the thief  He has just arrived The students have taken the exam already. 2) Untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang yang dirintis dirintis pada pada masa yang lampau dan sampai saat ini masih Berlangsung. Dalam fungsi ini digunakan ; - for : selama - since since : sejak  Ex : - We have don't the exercise for two hours. - She has written the novel for two months. The woman has been ill since next week.

C. NEGATIVE DAN INTERROGATIVE

Kalimat negative ditandai dengan adan ya kata not sesudah has, have. S + has/ have + not + been + V + ing ex: - We haven't haven't been doing the exercise for two two hours. - She hasn't hasn't been writting the novel novel for two months. Kalimat interrogative / tanya dibentuk  dengan meletakkan has/ have sebelum subjek.

.C. NEGATIVE DAN INTERROGATIVE

smart learning center has/ have + S + Been + V .....?

Kalimat negative ditandai dengan adanya kata not sesudah has, have dan tidak jarang terdapat kata yet diakhir kalimat.

ex : - Have we been doing the exercise for two hours ? - Has she been writing the novels for two months?

S + has/ ha s/ have + not + V3 .....yet Has + not : hasn't Have + not : haven't ex : - the police haven't caught the thief yet - She hasn't written the novel for two months Kalimat interrogative/ tanya dibentuk  dengan meletakkan has/ have sebelum subjek.

Contoh Soal : 1. I ________ my holiday in Bali every year. (A) are spending (B) have spent (C) wiil spend (D) spent (E) spend 2. Mr. Brown _____ in his car for half an hour  (A) has rode (B) drove (C) drives (D) has been driving (E) is driving 3. The servant ___ the floor. (A) Has been sweepng (B) Has swept (C) is sweeping (D) sweeps (E) sweep

Has/ have + S + V3 ex : - Has the visitor arrive ? - Have the teacher given us a test ?

4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS A. BENTUK 

S + Has/ have + been + V + ing

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C. NEGATIVE DAN INTERROGATIVE

4. Detectives ___ uniforms. (A) do not wear  (B) does not wear  (C) are wearing (D) have not worn (E) have not being wearing 5. Badu _____ learning English now (A) learns (B) has learnt (C) has been learning (D) is learning (E) learn

Pembentukan Negative dan Interrogative dengan menambahkan not pada did dan merubah kata kerja menjadi V1 S + did + not  + V1 did + not : didn’t  ex : - He didn't pass with flying colours in the last exam. - He didn't play football once Meletakkkan did sebelum subjek 

E- 2

Did + S + V 1 .......?

TENSES 2 -

Ex ; - Did he pass with flying colours ? - Did Budi visit me yesterday ?

Simple past Past continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous c ontinuous

2. PAST CONTINOUS A. BENTUK 

1. SIMPLE PAST

smart learning center S + was/ were + V + ing

A. BENTUK 

To be digunakan tergantung pada subyek.

S + V2 V2 Verb Past Tense Pembentukan kata kerja dari bentuk V1 ke V2 dan V3 seperti yang telah dijelaskan pada Present  pada Present   Perfect Tense. Tense.

I He She It

B. FUNGSI

B FUNGSI Menyatakan perbuatan yang sedang terjadi pada masa lampau. ex : - The thieves were climbing  the wall when the  police saw him. him. - As the woman was getting  off the bus, She dropped her purse. - My mother was mother was singing while singing while she was cooking. - Tuti was not helping helping her mother when her  friends came.

Menyatakan perbuatan yang terjadi pada masa lampau. Untuk fungsi ini Simple Past selalu ditandai oleh keterangan waktu : - a month ago - Once - Yesterday two week ago -  Last night a few year year ago etc -  Last week month - just now  year  etc ex : - He passed  He passed with with flying colours in the last exam. - Yesterday Budi visited me visited  me - He played  He played football football once.:

was

you we they

3. PAST PERFECT TENSE A. BENTUK 

S + had  + V3

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were wer e

5. Before the thief ____ , the police caught him (A) ran away (B) had been run away (C) had run away (D) had been running away (E) has run away

Ex: - When he reached the the station, the train had left for  Medan - After he had taken medicine medicine he felt better  - Before the bus arrived, he had finished his Breakfast. - Before he had studied went to his house - Had the gone home home after they took lunch?

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4. PAST PERFECT CONTINOOUS

- Modals - pronoun

A. BENTUK 

MODALS

S + had + been + V + ing Pengertian

Kata Bantu yang digunakan dalam satu kalimat yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri tanpa kata kerja.

B. FUNGSI S + had  + been + V + + ing 

Menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau kejadiaan yang dimulai pada masa lampau dan masih  berlanjut pada masa tersebut.

FUNGSI

ex :

1. Permission 1. Permission Memberi keizinan. Modal yang digunakan : - may - might  - can contoh:  you may go now  you can have it  Meminta keizinan. Modal yang digunakan : - may - can - could  Contoh :  May I help you ? Could you show how to get to the post  Office ?

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At the time I started working at the office, He had been working for three years. - When I came to England in 1985 Budi had  been staying there for ten years. Contoh Soal : 1. He _________ in a café when I saw him. him. (A) were sitting (B) is sitting (C) was sitting (D) are sitting (E) has been sitting 2. When I want to Bali, my brother ________ for  three days. (A) have stayed (B) had been staying (C) was staying (D) has been staying (E) stayed 3. My uncle sent me a letter after he ______  (A) arrived (B) was arriving (C) had been arriving (D) had arrived (E) will arrive 4. Jack's father ______the army in 1970. (A) had joined (B) had been joining (C) Joined (D) was joining (E) Joins

smart learning center

2. Ability 2. Ability Menyatakan kemampuan. Modals yang di gunakan : - can - could  Contoh :  He could leave leave the heavy heavy trunk. trunk.  Jack can swim. swim. 3. Possibility 3. Possibility Menyatakan digunakan: -  May -  Might 

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kemmungkinan.

Modals

yang

Contoh : He might come tomorrow. He may finish the assigment now. 4. Advisability 4. Advisability Menyarankan sesuatu. Modals yang digunakan : - should - ought to Contoh : - you should  you should clean clean your teeth. - You ought not ought not to speak loudly. 5. Obligation Menyatakan kewajiban atau keharusan. Modals yang diguanakan : - Must - have to - has to - had to Contoh : You must obey must obey your parents. All had to had to return the book. 6. Logical Conclusion. Menarik kesimpulan logis dari suatu statement. Modals yang digunakan : - Must - Might - Should -ought to Contoh : He has a lot of houses. He must be must be rich. I knocked on the door and got no answer. He might have been sleeping.

Pembagian. Pronount terdiri dari : A. PERSONAL PRONOUN B. POSSSESSIVE PRONOUN C. REFLEXIVE PRONOUN a. personal Pronoun kata ganti orang, yaitu kata yang menggantikan benda sebagai subyek  sebagai subyek dan dan obyek.

PERSONAL PRONOUN

SUBJECT PRONOUN

OBJECT PRONOUN

Kata ganti orang terdiri : SUBJECT I we you he she it they

OBJECT me us you him her  it they

smart learning center Contoh Soal

1. you _____ go for a walk. (A) may (D) might (B) must (E) should (C) could 2. ______ I go home in the last lesson. (1) may (3) can (2) could (4) must 3. Birds____ fly. (A) could (D) must (B) can (E) ought to (C) may 4. the woman looked ill. She ____see a doctor. (1) must (3) has to (2) ought to (4) should 5. there was no bus or taxi, so I_____ walk. (A) ought (D) should (B) should (E) has to (C) could .

1. SUBJECT PRONOUN

Kata ganti orang untuk pokok kalimat (Sub yek). The woman is going to the shop the woman is shopping. Sebaiknya : She is shopping. The cat is flying on the floor. The cat is sleeping. Sebaiknya : It is sleeping. Johny and I are running. running. Johny and I are chased by a dog. Sebaiknya : We are chassed by a dog. Bob and Ted are in the river. Bob and Ted are swimming. Sebliknya : Bob and Ted are swimming. 2. OBJECT PRONOUN.

PRONOUN

Pengertian Kata ganti, yaitu kata yang digunakan sebagai ganti dari kata benda.

Menggunakan kata benda sebagai objek.

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Contoh : We saw a donkey. The farmer hit the donkey with a stick. Sebaiknya the donkey pada kalimat kedua digantikan oleh oleh Objek Pronoun. The farmer hit it with a stick.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUN menggantikan kata  benda. Contoh : This is my car. Tis car is mine. This is her wtch. her wtch. This watch is hers. hers.

The lady bought potatoes. The hawker put the potatoes in a package. Sebaiknya : The hawker put them in a package.

That is your  is your pen. pen. That pen is yours is yours..

The teacher called Ani. Her mother waited for Ani in the office. Sebaiknya : Her mother waited for her in the office.

These are their books. their books. These books are theirs That is our class. our class. That class is ours.

Contoh : The man is standing outside the building. The man is waiting for his son. The man pada kalimat kedua Sebaiknya digantikan oleh kata ganti orang sebagai subyek. Kalimatnya : He is waiting for his son.

That is its kitten That kitten is its. its. Possessive Pronoun bisa juga digunakan menggantikan Possessive Adjective jika  bendanya diketahui. diketahui. That is my pen and this is yours. Is this your ? Where is mine ? It belongs to hers. C. reflexive Pronoun Merefleksikan kata benda, reflexive Pronoun :

I met Amir at the station. A conductor was talking talking Amir  Sebaiknya : A conductor was talking to her.

smart learning center The headmaster punished the boys. The teacher found the boys bo ys peeping. Sebaiknya : The teacher found them peeping.

SINGULAR myself  yourself  himself  herself  itself 

2. POSSESSIVE PRONOUN Kata ganti kepunyaan. Kata ini penggunaannya kerap dikaitkan dengan POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE. POSS. ADJECTIVE my our  your  his her  its their 

PLURAL Oursselves yourselves themselves

Contoh : The little girl fell down and hurt herself.

POSS. PRONOUN mine ours yours h is hers Its their 

PERSONAL PRONOUN

POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE menerangkan kata benda dan letaknya sebelum benda yang diterangkan.

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SUBJET

OBJECT

I we you you he she it they

me us you you him her  it them

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE

my our  your  your  his her  its their 

POSSESSIVE PRO-NOUN

mine ours yours yours h is hers Its their 

POSSESSIVE PRONOUN

myself  ourselves yourself  yourselves himself  herself  itself  themselves

He was tired of life so he killed himself .

The book is red We see high buildings in the city. The teacher always gies us difficult problem to solves. B. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE

A baby cannot dress it self . I sometimes cut myself when myself  when I am shaving.

Kata sifat yang menunjukkan kepunyaan. Letaknya sebelum benda yang diterangkan.

W e must not be selfish and think only about Ourselves.

PERSONAL PRONOUN

She looked at herself in herself  in the mirror. He lives alone and often talks to himself.

SUBJECT I we you you he she it they

Some men go to a barber, but most men shave themselves. Reflexive Pronoun dapat digunakan untuk  mengeraskan atau menjelaskan benda atau orang yang dimaksud. I saw the minister himself. I myself mended the wireless The queen herself is going to open the  New hospital. hospital.

OBJECT

POESSESSIVE ADJECTIVE

me us you you him her  it them

my our  your  your  his her  its their 

Contoh : I lost my book  The teacher forgot to bring his beg his beg The studens were busy writing their composition their composition The pick-pocket tole her wallet her wallet

E-4 1. ADJECTIVE 2. ADVERB

smart learning center C. DEMONTRATIVE ADJECTIVE

1. ADJECTIVE

Menunjukkan benda yang dimaksud.Letaknya di depan benda yang diterangkannya. diterangkannya. Contoh : This boy is strong. These mangoes are sour. Don’t be in such a hurry. That rascal must be punished.

PENGERTIAN

Kata yang menerangkan kata benda (noun ). PEMBAGIAN

Kata sifat terdiri atas : A. B. C. D.

ADJECTIVE OF QUALITY POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE DEMONTRATIVE DEMONTRATIVE ADJECTIVE INTERROGSTIVE INTERROGSTIVE OF QUALITY

D. INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE

Kata tanya seperti seperti which what, what, whose yang digunakan dengan kata benda dalam sebuah kalimatnya. Contoh :

A. ADJECTIVE OF QUALITY

Menerangkan kualitas benda dalam konteks:

What manner of man is he ? Which way shall we go? Whose book is this ?

Karakter  Usia Bentuk  Ukuran Warna

E. ADJECTIVE OF QUANTITY

Kata sifat yang menunjukkan jumlah ben da yang dimaksud.

Letaknya bisa di depan ataupun di belakang  benda yang diterangkannya. diterangkannya. Contoh : He is an old man. old man.

Contoh : I eat some eat some rice. He showed much patience.

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Letak adverb of manner di dalam kalimat ialah sesudah atau sebelum kata ker-ja. Ex : - He runs quikly - He speaks English fluently - He hopefully found the money

 All men  All men must die. He claimed his half share of the booty. You have no sense. The whole sum is expended. There hasn’t been sufficient rain this year.

POSISI ADJECTIVE

2. ADVERB OF PLACE

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Dete r  mile r 

Qual -ityc harat er 

size-

Participle

shape

colour 

Origin location

oun

2 four

Beau tiful expe nsive

Big strong

Ag e lem  per  a old

Negie ted

square

Red black 

African french

Hous -es Hors -es

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Menunjukkan tempat terjadi  perbuatan. Letaknya Letaknya di akhir kalimat . Ex : - He work in an office. - She’ll meet me at the same. - He drove drove eastwards.

suatu

3. ADVERB OF TIME

2. ADVERB

Menunjukkan waktu terjadi suatu  perbuatan. Letaknya di depan dan di akhir  kalimat. Ex : - She is studying now. - Yesterday I visited my cousin. -  Next month he will will be forty.

PENGERTIAN

Kata yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan atau menerangkan kata kerja (verb). PEMBAGIAN 1. ADVERB OF 2. ADVERB OF 3. ADVERB OF 4. ADVERB OF 5. ADVERB OF 6. ADVERB OF

MANNER  MANNER  PLACE TIME FREQUENCY DEGREE

4. ADVERB OF FREQUENCY

Kata yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan frekwensi terjadinya suatu perbuatan. Kata-kata keterangan tsb : - usually usuall y - sometimes - always - never  - often - seldom letaknya sebelum verb (kata keja). Ex : - I always go to the library. - She often watchs t.v.

smart learning center 1. ADVERB OF MANNER 

Menerangkan cara melakukan sesuatu.Adverb ini dibentuk dari  Adjective + ly

5. ADVERB OF DEGREE

Adjective quick  easy foolish  beautiful

Adverb

Menunjukkan kadar/derajat dari suatu tindakan. letaknya sebelum adjective atau sebelumadverb.

quickly easily foolishly  beautifully

ex : - He is too big - He walks very slowly

Sehingga : Untuk beberapa adjective kadang-kadang  penambhan ly tidak tidak diperlukan. Adjective fast hard good late

POSISI ADVERB Jika dalam satu kalimat terdapat lebih dari satu adverb maka susunannya :

Adverb fast hard well late

Manner

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place

time

ex : -

Susan regularly studio biology at home every day.

.........., and so + to be/h.v 1 too

Contoh Soal :

........., and neither + h.v + s to be

1. Our teacher speaks English _______  (A) good (B) fluent (C) clear 

(D) fluently (E) fluenting

....., and s + h.v + n’t + either  to be

2. Jakarta has many many ____ building building (A) high (D) expensive (B) big (E) modern (C) large

................ but S + h.v./to be

.......... but S + h.v./to be + n’t

3. I want to meet _____  (A) two teacher teacher english english (B) teachers english english two (C) two english english teacher  (D) english two teacher  (E) teacher two two english english

Aplikasi

Kalimat Positif  untuk menggabung dua kalimat positif  yang hanya berbeda subyek, formula berikut dapat digunakan : - and so ....... ....... - and ....., too Contoh : Jack can swim Budi can swim. - Jack can swim and so can Budi atau Jack can swim and Budi can, too Ali walks to school We walk to school - Ali walks to school and sodo we atau Ali walks to school and we do too.

4. which of the following senteces is correct ? (1) He works hard in his office every day (2) He hard works in his office every day (3) Every day he works hard in his office (4) He every day works hard in his office

smart learning center 5. He always feels______  (1) anxious (3) happy (2) anxiously (4) happily

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Kalimat negatif  Untuk menggabung dua kalimat negatif yang hanya memiliki perbedaan pada Subyek  digunakan formula sebagai berikut : - and neither ..... - and ...... neither 

- ELLIPSIS - DEGREE OF COMPARISON

ELLIPSIS

Contoh :

Fungsi

Peter can’t swim Teddy can’t swim Peter can’t swim and neither can neither  can Teddy Peter can’t swim and teddy can’t either  Budi didn’t attend the party last night. Joni didn’t attend the party last night.

Untuk menggabungkan kalimat yang hanya memiliki perbedaan pada Subyek ( pokok  pokok kalimat  kalimat ) Formula .........., and so + to be/h.v + s

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Untuk membandingkan dua kata sifat (adj

Budi didn’t attend the party last night and neither did Joni. Budi didn’t attend the party last night and Joni didn’t either. Kalimat Negatif-Positif  Untuk mengkombinasikan mengkombinasikan dua kalimat yang hanya memiliki perbedaan dalam subyek dan salah satunya negatif digunakan :

ective). Cara membuat perbandingan dengan a). Menambahkan "er) "er) di akhir akhir kata sifat. Hal ini dilakukan jika kata sifat (adjective (adjective)) satu suku bunyi (one (one syilable). syilable). Contoh : Positive short slow quick  tall high

....... but S + to be/h.v. Jika kalimat pertama negatif. Contoh : Jack can’t play the guitar. Budi can play the guitar. Jack can’t play the guitar, but Budi can. ....... but S + to be/h.v. + n’t Jikakalimat kedua negatif. Contoh : Joni passed in the exam Budi didn’t pass the exam Joni passed in the exam, but budi did’nt.

Comparative shorter  slower  quicker  taller  higher 

 Kecuali : Kata sifat berakhiran denganhuruf "e" cukup Dengan menambah "r  "r ". ". Positive  brave white

Contoh Soal : 1. Ani ____wears glassed but her sister______  (A) do (D) don’t (B) can’t (E) doesn’t (C) does

Comparative  braver  whiter 

Gunakan than sebelum bentuk Comparative. Kata sifat berakhiran dengan huruf "d  "d ", ", " g ", ", "m","n ","n","t  ","t " dan sebelumnya sebelumnya terdapat short short vowel maka huruf tersebut digandakan sebelum "er" ditambahkan.

smart learning center 2. Joni made a lot of mistakes in the exam and ____  (A) so I did (D) so did I (B) so do I (E) I did so (C) I do too

Positive red  big slim thin fat

3. The girls don’t like the movie, _____  (A) So do we (D) We do too (B)  Neither we do (E) Neither don’t we (C) We don’t, either 

Comparative redder   bigger  slimmer  thinner  fatter 

Kata sifat yang berakhiran dengan huruf "Y"dan sebelum huruf tersebut adalah huruf mati (konsonan) maka sebelum menambahkan"er  menambahkan"er ", ", "y" hilang dan digantikan dengan "i " i".

DEGREE OF COMPARISON Pengertian :

Tingkat perbandingan kata sifat (adjective (adjective)) dan kata keterangan (adverb. Pembagian :

Positive dirty noisy

A. Comparison of Adjectives B. Comparison of Adverb C. Equal Comparison

Comparative dirtier  noisier 

 b). Kata sifat yang yang terdiri atas lebih dari satu suku  bunyi (more (more than one syilable) syilable) mengalami penambahan "more "more". ".

A. Comparison of Adjectives Membuat perbandingan atas kata sifat (adj-

Positive useful difficult necessary hopeless

Ective). Perbandingan terdiri atas dua, yaitu : 1. Comparative 2. Superlative 3. Compareative

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Comparative more useful more difficult more necessary more hopeless

c). Kata-kata sifat tertentu tak menggunakan kaidah di atas tersebut di bawah ini : Positive Comparative good  best  bad worst much most many most little least Contoh : Budi is 20 years old. Joni is 21 years old. Ati is 19 years old.

Contoh : Comparative Planes move faster than buses. Budi learns harder than Joni does. She explained it more clearly than I did. He speaks more loudly than I do. Superlative Rockets move the fastest. Ati learns the hardest. Mr. Ali explains the lesson the most clearly of the teachers.

Ati is the youngest. Joni is the oldest. "The" harus digunakan sebelum bentuk Superla tive.

C. Equal Comparison Perbandingan setara. Pembentuknya ialah: .............as.............as...........

B. Comparison Of Adverb. Perbandingan Adverb atau kata keterangan. Pada umumnya yang dibandingkan ialah Adverb of  manner (keterangan Cara). Bentuk perbandingan : 1. Untuk kata-kata keterangan (adverb) yang di  bentuk bukan dari dari Adjective + ly maka er dan est digunakan dalam membentuk"compamembentuk"comparative" dan "Superlative". "Superlative".

.........not as........as..............

............not so..........as.........

Untuk bentuk tersebut kita bisa mengguna kan baik untuk kata sifat (adjective (adjective)) maupun kata keterangan (adverb). 1. Adjective

smart learning center Positive fast hard high

Comp.

faster  harder  higher 

Super 

fastest hardest highest

Untuk perbandingan yang positif kita gunakan bentuk : .......... .......... as adjective as ....

2. Kata keterangan yang yang bersal dari Adjective + ly menggunakan bentuk more dan most untuk  Comparative dan Superlative. Superlative . Pos.

Comparative

Super 

slowly simply nicely neatly tidily

more slowly more simply more nicely more neatly more tidily

most slowly most simply most nicely most neatly most tidily

Contoh : This book is as thick as that one. Ani is as clever as Budi. Untuk mengungkapkan perbandingan, yang negatif dapat digunakan dua bentuk : ........ not so ... adjective ..... as........ ........ not as ... adjective ..... as ........ Contoh : The car is not as fast as that one. The car is not so fast as that one.

3. Kata keterangan (adverbs (adverbs)) tertentu tidak  menggunakan kaidah di atas tersebut dibawah ini :

Tuti is not as clever as Ati. Tuti is not so clever as Ati. 2. Adverb

Positive

Comp.

Super 

well  bad little much

 better  worse less more

 best worst least most

Positive .......... as ..... adverb .... as ....... Contoh: He thinks as hard as I do. He played as well as I did.

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 Negative …….. not as…… adverb ….as ……… …….. not as…… adverb ….as ……… Contoh : He doesn’t walk as fast as I do. He doesn’t walk so fast as I do. Joni didn’t sing as well as Nita did yesterday. Joni didn’t sing so well as Nita did yesterday.

I shall We you he she it they

Contoh Soal : 1. Lauren _____ than Diana. (A) tender  (B) tenderer  (C) more tender  (D) the tenderest (E) the more tender 

will

Contoh ; Jack  will  visit his moter in the country next week. I shall not attend the party tonight. We shan’t have another extra lesson tomorrow. The boys won’t swim across the river next weekend.

2. Martin doesn’t speak ____  (A) so foudly as you do (B) so loud as you do (C) as loudly as you do (D) as loud as you do (E) as louder as you do

Interrogative Form. Untuk membentuk kalimat interrogative, kata bantu shall  bantu  shall , will  diletakkan sebelum atau di depan Subyek.

E-6

smart learning center TENSES-3

1. 2. 3. 4.

Shall/will + S + V 1 ?

SIMPLE FUTURE FUTURE CONTINOUS FUTURE PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT CONTINOUS

Will  Jack visit his mother in the country next week ? Shall I Shall I attend the party tonight ?

1. SIMPLE FUTURE

Shall we Shall we have another extra leson tomorrow? tomorrow?

Pengertian Menyatakan pekerjaan yang dilaksanakan /terjadi pada masa yang akan datang. Oleh karena itu kalimat Future kalimat Future Tense Tense//Sim ple Future selalu ditandai dengan keterangan waktu

Will the boys swim across the river next weekend ? Will you take a day off the day after  tomorrow ?

soon afterwards tomorrow tonight the day after tomorrow next week  next month. . next year 

Will Tini return the book to the library next month ?

Contoh Soal : 1. We _____ our homework together soon. (A) shall do (D) did (B) do (E) does (C) done

bentuk 

2. The visitor _____ tonight. (A) arrived (D) arrives (B) has arrived (E) arrive (C) will arrived

S + shall/will + V 1

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The boys are not going to going to swim a acroxx the river next weekend.

3. ____ the father punish the son for his bad habit ? (A) shall (B) will (C) Do

(D) does (E) has

You are not going to going to take a day off the day after tomorrow.

TO BE GOING TO

You are not going to take a day off the day after tomorrow .

Fungsi Menyatakan sesuatu yang terjadi pada masa yang akan datang. Bisa digunakan sebagai alternatif  dari bentuk Shall dan Will. Bentuk 

Tini is not going to return the book to the Library next month . Interrogative Dibentuk dengan melatakkan to be sebe -

S + is/am/are + going to + V 1  subyek. I ______

am

You We they

are

he she it

is

To be + S + going to + V 1 Is Jack going to visit his mother in the country next week ? Am I going to attend the part tonight ? Are we going to have another extra lesson tomorrow ?

Contoh : Jack is going to visit his mother in the country next week. I am going to going to attend the part tonight. We are going to going to have another extra lesson tomorrow. The boys are going to going to swim a acroxx the river  next weekend. You are going to going to take a day off the day after  Tomorrow. Tini is going to going to return the book to the library next mont.

smart learning center Are the boys going to swim across the river next weekend ?

Are you going to take a day off the day after  tomorrow ? Is Tini going to return return the book to the library next month ? Contoh Soal : 1. The teacher __ a test soon. soon. (1) has given (2) will given (3) gave (4) Is going to give

 Negative Form  Not digunakan  Not digunakan sesudah to be untuk membentuk  kalimat negatif.

2. The boys __ a short short course nex week. week. (A) Are going to take (B) Is going to take (C) Shall take (D) Has taken (E) Took 

S + to be + not + Going to + V 1

Jack is not going to going to visit his mother in the country next week.

3. The lady __ to shop tomorrow. (A) Will (D) Are going (B) Shall (E) must (C) is going

I am not going to going to attend the part tonight. We are not going to going to have another extra lesson tomorrow.

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by now by the end of the year 

4. Amir __ for Jakarta next month. (A) Is going to leave (B) Are going to leave (C) Has leave (D) Left (E) Leaving

ex : - By tomorrow, Joni will have worked for three days. - By the time he finishes the question, I will  have read the book for one hour.

5. I ____ supper afterwards. (1) am going to (3) shall have (2) will have (4) have had

4. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS BENTUK 

2. FUTURE CONTINUOUS S + Shall/will + have + been + v + ing

BENTUK 

Shall/will + be + v + ing

Menyatakan perbuatan yang sedang dan masih berlangsung pada masa yang akan datang. Terdapat kesamaan antara future antara future  perfect continuous continuous dengan future perfec tenseterutama dalam fungsi. ex : - When she get to London, she will have been travelling for five days. - By the end of this year, he will have been working for three years .

FUNGSI

Untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang sedang terjadi pada masa yang akan datang. Keterangan waktu yang digunakan untuk fungsi ini; This time tomorrow  Next week  week   Monday  Month  Moring   Etc Di samping itu ia juga dapat menggunakan keterang -an waktu simple waktu simple future. future. ex : - I"ll be playing  be playing tennis tennis this time tomorrow. - I"ll be watching t.v. watching t.v. tonight. - This time next week week the pupils will will be having a having a test. - John will be helping us helping us this evening.

smart learning center Contoh Soal :

1. She ___ as a secretary in the company for five years by the end of this year. (A) will work  (B) have worked (C) will have been working (D) will be working (E) is going to work 

2. Don't come at five o'clock because _____  (A) I will be playing (B) I will have been playing (C) I have played (D) I will have played (E) I will playing

3. FUTURE PERFECT BENTUK 

S + Shall/will  + have + V3

3. My friends _____ next sunday. (1) Will invite (2) Will be inviting (3) Is going to invite (4) Is inviting

FUNGSI

Menyatakan perbuatan yang telah selesai  pada masa yang akan akan datang. Untuk fungsi ini keterangan waktunya selalu diawali oleh kata by, by, mis:

4. we _____ a meeting this time next wednesday. (1) have (2) will have (3) would have (4) shall be having

by the end of this month by the end of the week 

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5. John ___ in prison prison for two months months by and of this year. (1) Will stay (2) Will have been staying (3) Will be staying (4) Will be stayed

is/am/are + S + V3 (?) Is the butter is kept here ….? Is Budi played the guitar ….? 2. Present 2. Present Continous Continous Tense Tense

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(+)

PASSIVE VOICE IMPERSONAL IT A B A P

PASSIVE VOICE Adalah kalimat dimana subjek bukan  pelaku cerita atau dikenal dikenal pekerjaan . Passive hanya memiliki satu jenis kata kerja.yakni kata kerja transitive dimana ia butuh objek untuk membuat suatu kalimat dan objek  merupakan pokok kaliamt dari sebuah kalimat  pasif. Bentuk :

: : : :

S + is/am/are + being + V3

They are repairing the bridge The bridge bridge is being repaired. The man man is supervising supervi sing me Iam being supervised supervise d by …..

(-)

S + Is/am/are + not + being + V 3

A : The thief is climbing the wall when the Police saw him. P : the wall is being climbed by the thief when the police saw . The bridge isn’t being repaired I am not being supervised …...

To be + V3

smart learning center Seperti juga kalimat aktif, kalimat pasiv juga mengikuti tense dalam artian terdapat tense untuk  kalimat pasiv, mis : present, past dan future.Berikut ini bentuk kalimat pasiv dengan tense yang diiutinya.

(?)

Is/am/are + S + being + V3

Is the bridge being repaired ……? repaired ……? Are you being supervised ……...? supervised  ……...? 3. Present Perfect Tense

1. Present tense Present tense

(+) A P A P A P

(+)

S + is/am/are + V3 ....

A : Tuti has written two letters. P : Two letters have been written. A : He has don the work well. P : The work has been done….

: We keep the butter here : The butter is kept here : Budi plays the guitar guitar at night night : The guitar is played by budi : The teacher teaches the pupils : The pupils pupils are taught by ….. …..

(-)

S + has/have + been + V 3

(-)

S + has/have + not + been +V 3

Two letters have not been not been written The work has work has not been not been done …..

S + is/am/are + not + V3

(?)

The butter is kept here …. The guitar is not played ….

has/have + S + been + V 3

 Have two letters been written ?  Has the work been done by him ?

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4. Past Tense

8. To be going to

1.

(+)

S + was/were + V3

(+)

A : We are going to hoid a party P : A party is going to be held … A : the teacher is going to punish the lazy stude  Nts. P : The lazy students are going to be punished byThe teacher.

A : The bad boys broke the windows P : The windows were were were broken by .... A : The farmer hit the snake P : The snake was hit by ...... (-)

S + was/were + not + V3

9. Future Perfect Tense

The windows were not broken ....... The snake was not hit ..... (?)

S + shall/will + have + been + V 3

was/were + S+ V 3 ..... ? A : They will have elected new president in five Years. P : New President will have been elected in five years. A : IPTN will have produced war planes by the year of 2000. P : War planes will have been produced by IPTN  by .....

Were the windows were broken by .....? Was the snake hit by ....? 5. Past Continous Tense (+)

S + is/am/are + going to + be + V3

S + was/were + being + V 3

A : They were taking the injured player out of the Field P : the injured player were being taken by them ....

10. Past Future

6. Past Perfect Tense

smart learning center (+)

S + had + been + V 3

S + wuold/should wuold/shoul d + be + V3

A : Ani had watered the flowers when Badu came. P : The flowers had been watered by Ani when when Badu came. A : Mother had prepared the meal when the guest arrived. P : The meal had been prepared prepared by the mother mother When the guest arrived.

A : if it rained, We We should postphone postphone our picnic P : if it rained, our picnic would be postphoned. A : if all didn't didn't change his behaviour, behaviour, the teacher  would punish him. him. P : if all didn't change his behaviour, behaviou r, he would  be punished  by  by the teacher.

7. Future Tense

11. Past Puture Perfect

S + shall/will + be + V 3

(+)

(+) A : He will meet meet you at the station P : You will be met by him ...... A : Budi will lend me his book. P : I shall be lent by ...... (?)

S + wuold/should wuold/should + have +been + V3

A : If you had studied hard, you would have got good marks. P : If you had studied hard, good marks would have been got by you. A : If the the goverment goverment had not made made mistake, mistake, the  judge would not have have sent Sophia Sophia Laurent to prison. P : If the goverment had not made mistake, Sophia Laurent would not have the j udge would not have beensent to prison by the  judge.

Will /shall + S + be + V 3

Will you be met by him ....? Will you be lent by .......?

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2. America ______ four hundred years ago. A. discovered B . will be discovered C. had discovered D. was discovered E. was being being discovered discovered

S + wuold/should wuold/should + have +been + V3

12. Modals

3. Tomorrow the car ___ by my sister. A. will be driven B. has be driven C. is driven D. was driven E. will be being driven

S + modals + be + V3

Modals : . . . . . . .

can ….. …could may ……. might must … has to ….. had to have to … had to ought to should

4.He sald the several plans ___  A. were being B. were been C. has been D. are been E. had being

shut these doors A : you must shut these P : These doors must be shut 

5.The food _____ several hours before the guast arrived. A. were cook  B. had cooking C. has cook  D. were cooked E. had been cooked

A : You ought to open the windows  P : The windows ought to be opened A : They should They should told him told him P : He should be told by told by them A : He has to drive me home P : I have to be driven by him …

smart learning center 13. Modals With The Perfect Tense

IMPERSONAL IT

PENGERTIAN

S + modals + have + been + V3

It yang bukan berfungsi sebagai personal  sebagai personal   pronoun.

A : The girl must have watered the flowers when I saw her. P : The flowers must have been watered by the girl when …

APLIKASI

1.Digunakan 1. Digunakan untuk menyatakan : - distance contoh ; it is it is a long way to London.  It is  It is about two kilometers reach the post of fice. - time Contoh : What time is it ? It is four o’clock. - condition Contoh : It is cold outside. It is warm inside. 2.Dapat digunakan pada kalimat yang subyeknya: - Gerund Dilakukan dengan meletakkan Gerund diakhir -

A :  I could have have asked somebody to carry that  box P : Somebody could have been asked to carry That box by me A : The teacher might  teacher might have have told the story the story when I was absent. P : The story might have been told by the teacher  story when I was absent.

Contoh Soal : 1. Most scientific book book ___ in English. (A) Are printing (D) has been printed (B) Are print (E) are printed (C) Is print

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kalimat dan mengganti posisinya dengan it.

2. I think ___ necessary for you to sleep. (A) It is (B) It will be (C) It was (D) It (E) It should be

Going on appears no good. It appears no good going on. - To infinitive Caranya sama seperti diatas yaitu dengan menem  patkan to infinitive infinitive diakhir kalimat kalimat dan posisinya digantikan oleh it To say To say is easy.  It is  It is easy to say.

3. _____ impossible for for us to build a brick brick house in a week.

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

- That clause Lakukan pada that clause cara diatas. That they will have will  have to go seem a pity.  It seems  It seems a pity that willhave to go 3. Dapat digunakan pada pada kalimat yang yang objeknya : - To infinitive Memindahkan ke akhir kalimat dan meletakkan it diposisinya. Kata kerja to be atau kata-kata kerja seem, appear, look, happen dihilangkan kaena itu merupakan obyek bukan subyek. Contoh : We consider to cheat is wrong We consider it consider it wrong to cheat .

It It be It is There is There be

4. To understand the lesson is difficult, in other  word. (A) it has difficult difficult to understand the lesson. (B) it difficult understand the the lesson. (C) it's difficult difficult understand the lesson. (D) it is difficult difficult to understand understand the lesson. (E) That is difficult to understand the lesson. 5. _____ right for us to obey our parents. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

- That clause That clause Lakukan cara di atas untuk that clause. Contoh : We think that they didn't try is a pity. We think it a pity that he didn't try. Kalau sesudah that langsung diikuti oleh to infinitive (tanpa subyek ) maka penempatan itu menyebabkan hilangnya that. Contoh : People believe that to be polite is important. People believe it important tobe polite. Ada beberapa kata kerja yang biasanya diikuti oleh it antara lain : - Believe - know - Consider - realize - Declare - snow - Find - suppose - Guees - take - Imagine - think  - Understand

there is there are. there has. it is it has

smart learning center E-8 CONDITIONALS Secara harfiah conditionals dapat diartikan pengandaian. Merupakan kalimatkalimat yang terdiri dari : 1.syarat/ 1. syarat/ prasyarat 2.Hasil 2. Hasil jika prasyarat tersebut terpenuhi Syarat/ prasyarat tercermin pada if clause dan tercermin pada main clause.

Main clause

Contoh Soal :

.

1. Step inside ____ outside. (A) There is cold (B) It’s cold (C) Cold (D) It (E) It cold

Conditional

- hasil

If clause

- syarat - 19 -

Catatan : if Clause ialah rangkaian kata-kata yang diawali if  . Posisi If clause bias di depan atau di belakang main clause. If + S + V + …… If Clause

Main Clause

Simple Present

SimpleFuture(can,may) SimpleFuture(can,may)

If you study hard If it rains

You will pass the exam We shall postpone our   picnic You can wait here If you agree You may use your  If you don't know the Dictionary meaning of words The teacher will punish If all doesn't change him his behaviour  I shall buy you a car  If I am rich

S + V + …….. I Clause

Atau S + V + …….. Main Clause

If clause

If + S + V + …….. I Clause

1. Open Conditionals (Future Conditionals/Type 1) - Fungsi

Unless Unless : if not : jika tidak . Digunakan sebagai ganti dari if clause yang negative. Kalimat yang diawali unless harus positif.  If all doesn't doesn't change his behaviour, The teacher  will punish him. Unless all changes his behaviour, The teacher  will punish him. · If you you don't save your money,your fatherwon’t fatherwon’ t give it again. Unless you save your money, your father won’t give it again.

Untuk menyatakan bahwa sesuatu akan terjadi jika syaratnya dipenuhi. Conditionals type ini disebut possibility/probability possibility/probability artinya kemungkinan. - Bentuk 

 If clause Tense yang digunakan ialah Simple Present Tense ini terdiri atas:

smart learning center a.

S + Stem/Verb/V

Main clause yang negative tidak dapat dihindari.  b.

 Kalimat Tanya dalam conditionals

S + is/am/are + …..

Yang berbentuk kalimat tanya adalah Main clause dan posisinya di depan if Clause.

 Main Clause

Will/Shall/Can/may Will/Shall/C an/may + Stem…,if + S + Stem ..?

Tense yang digunakan ialah Simple Future, Bentuknya ialah :

Will the teacher punish him, if Ali doesn’t change his behaviour …? 2. Present Conditionals ( Conditionals Type 20 Menyatakan sesuatu yang terjadi sekarang (present) kontras atau bertentangan dengan keinginan (harapan). Tertutup kesempatan untuk memenuhi syarat sehingga disebut Improbable (mustahil) atau Unreal Condition Present. - Fokus  fakta (present Group)  Pengandalan - Bentuk   If  Clause Tense yang digunakan ialah Simple Past. Tense ini terdiri dari atas dua bentuk :

Shall/will + Stem Shall … I,We Will … He, She, It You, They Can dan May sering digunakan dalam conditionals pada main clause. .

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a. a.

S + V Past tense

 b

S + were + ….

Was tidak digunakan, oelh sebab itu ia dise  but "unreal". If If Clause tidak menggambarkan menggambarkan keada an yang sebenarnya terjadi. ex : I was a boy if I were a bird I was a boy dianggap real (nyata). Saya seorang boc ah laki-laki dahulu. Tetapi seandainya saya burung (if I were a bird) tidak nyata (unreal), karena saya  bukanlah seorang burung yang disulap menjadi manusia. Main Clause a. Past Future

Mengidentifikasikan Mengidentifikasikan fakta dari segi tense-nya. Fakta dapat dibentuk ke dalam Conditionals type 2 jika tense Present Group : ¯ Present Tense ¯ Present Continous Tense ¯ Present Perfect Tense ¯ Present Perfect ContinousTense

 b. Menentukan Prasyarat …. …. If Clause Hasil ……… Main Cause c.

Mengembalikan fakta Jika fakta positif, conditional harus negative dan sebaliknya Jika fakta negative, conditional harus positif.

d. Hindari penggunaan was ex : (-) (+) All doesn’t study hard. He falls in the exam. Syarat hasil

Should/ would + stem  b. Bentuk "could/ "could/ Might" untuk untuk kondisi tertentu.

If Ali studied hard, he would not fall in the exam. (+)

Could / might + Stem

(-)

People don’t ring me up, because my number  is not in the directory (hasil) (syarat)

If Clause Simple Past

Main Clause Past Future/could/Might If you studied hard You would get good marks If it rained We should postphone our picnic If you agreed You could wait here If you didn’t know the You might use you meaning of word dictionary if All didn’t change his The teacher would  bhaviour   punish him If I were rich I should by you a car 

smart learning center People would ring me up, if my number were in the directory. (+) (+) e.

Kalau dalam hasil terdapat terdapat "can" gunakan "could" pada Main Clause. ex : We haven’t got any matches, we can’t light a fire If we got matches, we could light a fire

Jika dalam if Clause terdapat “were”, if bias dihapuskan dengan memindahkan were ke depan. Ex : - If I were rich, I should buy you a car  Were I rich, I should buy you a car  ¯ If he were not of today, he would meet the supervisor. Were he not of today, he would meet the supervisor.

f.

Kalau dalam fakta terdapat "perhaps" gunak  an "might" ex : He’s very thin, perhaps that’s why he feels the cold so much If he were not thin, he might not feel the cold so much.

3. Past Conditionals (conditional type 3) Tanpa “if”, Main Clause harus di belakang. Membentuk Conditional type 2 (present conditionals).

Menyatakan sesuatutelah terjadi dahulu (Past) bertentangan denagn keinginan (harapan). Mustahil untuk memenuhi syarat, dengan demiki an disebut impossible atau unreal condition past.

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- Fokus * Fakta (past Group) * Penggandaian - Bentuk  If clause Tense yang digunakan ialah "Past Future perfect". Bentuknya :

 jika tense-nya Past Group: - Past tense - Past Continous Tense ¯ Past Perfect Tense ContinousTense ¯ Past Perfect ContinousTense  b. Menentukan prasyarat ( if Clause) Clause) Hasil (Main Clause)

Had + Verb Past Participle (Verb 3)

c. Memutar balikkan fakta

Main Clause Tense yang digunakan ialah "Past Future perfect" Bentuknya :

Jika fakta positif, conditional harus negative dan sebaliknya Jika fakta negative, conditional harus positif 

Should/would + have + Verb Past Participle (-) (+) All didn’t study hard in the last exam. He failed. Syarat hasil

Untuk kondisi-kondisi tetentu, main Clause dapat  berbentuk : Could/might + have + Verb Past Participle Past If Clause Past Perfect Tense I you had studied hard

If Ali had studied hard in the last exam, he would not have fall. (-) (+) I had no map, I got lost

Main Clause Past Future Perfect Could/might Perfect

If I had had map, I would not have got lost a. Kalau dalam hasil terdapat "could" jangan gunakan Should/would/might, Should/would/might, tetapi gunakan "could have + verb past participle" pada main clause. We couldn’t get into the house, because the hasil

You would have got good marks We should have  postphoned our picnic picnic You could have waited here You might have used your dictionary

smart learning center If it had rained

If you had agreed

If you had studied not known the meaning of  words If Ali had not changed his behaviour  If I had been rich

 police forbade us. us. syarat We could have got got into the house, if the  police had not forbidden forbidden us.  b. Kalau dalam fakta fakta dapat "perhaps", gunakan: gunakan:

The teacher would have  punished him I should have bought you a car  Semua if bisa dihapus, dengan memindahkan memindahkan had ke depan. Ex : - If I had been rich, I should have boughtyou boughtyou car. Had been rich, I should have boughtyou car  - If you hadn’t known the meaning of word, you might have used a dictionary. Had you not known the meaning of word, you might have used a dictionary.

Might + have + Ver b Past Participle

Ex : The champion didn’t take the fight seriously at first;  Perhaps that’s why he lost it.

If the champion had taken the fight seriously at first he might no have lost it. Contoh Soal :

Tanpa "if", Main Clause harus diblakang

1. If A. B. C.

Membentuk Conditional Tpe3 ( Past Conditional ) a.  Menentukan tense dari fakta Fakta yang dirubah ke dalam Conditional tipe 3

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it rains tomorrow, tomorrow, we ___at home. home. Shall stay D. stay Should stay E. Stayed Stay

2. If I were you,I you,I _____ that book. A. B. C. D. E.

Would buy Will buy Buy  bought Will not buy

As If  + S + V2 As Though Example : - He always speaks as thought he were the superior. - He dresses as if he were an officer. - She speaks as thougt she knew it a lot 2.Mengungkapkan rasa kesal atas sesuatu yang terjadi saat ini (Present).

3. If he had not helped me, I ___ of hunger. A. B. C. D. E.

Would die died Will die Will have died Would doesn’t doesn’t come today, so so I cann’t meet him.

Wish If only + S + V2 Would rather 

4. He doesn’t come today, so I cann’t meet him. A. B. C. D. E.

If If If If If

he come today, I can meet him. he had come today, I could have met met him he came today, I could meet him I met met him today, I could come. I had met him, He could have come today.

Example : He is sick so he is not able to come. -  He wishes wishes he came  If only he came came She would rather he came The teacher always explains the lesson in a glance - The students wish the teacher explained in detail. If only the teacher explained in detail. The student would rather the teacher explained in detail. Was tidak digunakan karena unreal past (menggambarkan sesuatu yang tidak nyata). C. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

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smart learning center -

SUBJUNCTIVE CONCORDANCE

SUBJUNCTIVE Pembagian : A. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE B. PAST SUBJUNCTIVE C. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

1. Mengungkapkan sesuatu yang terjadi dahulu (past). - bertentangan dengan fakta - diragukan kebenarannya

A. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE

As If  S + had + V3

Menyatakan keinginan, doa atau harapan yang belum tentu terwujud pada masa yang akan datang.  Ex : Long live the queen God bless you Heaven help you Sering digunakan dalam sastra atau literature.

As Though Example : - She screamed as if she had seen a ghost. - He acted as thought he had been an actor  yesterday. - He talks about rome as if he had been there once. 2.Mengungkapkan 2.Mengungkapkan rasa kesalaha atas sesuatu yang terjadi dahulu ( Past).

B. PAST SUBJUNCTIVE

1. Menggunakan Menggunakan sesuatu sesuatu yang yang terjadi saat ini (Present) : - bertentangan dengan fakta - diragukan kebenarannya. .

Wished/wish/es If only + S + had + V3 Would rather 

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"and " selalu menggunakan kata kerja jamak  (Plural Subjek) ex : - Bob and Badu are here. - He and his friends have arrived. - Fire and water don’t agree.  Kecuali : a) Kedua subyek subyek tunggal itu menunjukkan menunjukkan orang atau benda yang sama. ex : - The orator and stateman is dead. de ad. - The captain and adjutant was present. - My friend and benefactor has benefactor has come.

The teacher didn’t give us a test yesterday. - We wished/wish the teacher had given us a test. - If only the teacher had given us a test. - We would rather teacher had given us a test. Budi didn’t take part at the game and we lost it. - Budi wished/wishes he had taken part a t the game. - If only Budi had taken part at the game. - I would rather Budi had taken part at the game. Tina was absent to the meeting last night. - Tina wished/wishes he had not been absent to the meeting last night - If only Tina had not been absent the the meeting last night. - Tina would rather she she had not been absent absent to the meeting last night.

 b) Dua subyek menunjukkan menunjukkan satu opini opini ex : - Bread and milk is milk is his only food. - Slow and steady wins the race. - The horse and carriage is at the door. c) Dua subyek yang diawali oleh kata every dan each. each. - Every boy and girl was ready. - Every woman, man and child was lost. 2. Dua subject yang dihubungkan oleh : a) - Neither …………nor …………nor ……… - Either …………..or ………. - ………………….or ……… yang menentukan bentuk kata kerja ialah subyek  terakhir. - Either Abdul or Amir has stolen the watch. - Neither the headmaster nor the assistant assistant masters were present. - Rama or his brother have done this. - Either he boy or parents have arrend.  b) Dua subyek atau lebih yang dihubungkan dihubungkan oleh: - ……………, with, …………… - ……………, together with, ….. - ……………, in addition to, ….. - ……………, as well as,………. Bentuk kata kerja di tentukan oleh subyek   pertama. ex : - The chief, with all his men, was massacred. - John, as well as j ames, deserves pralse. - Justice,as well as, mercy, allows it. 3.Collective noun menggunakan kata kerja tunggal (singular) jika dianggap sebagai suatu kesatuan, dan menggunakan kata kerja jamak  (pural) jika dilihat secara individu. ex : - The council has shosen its presuden. - The military were called out. - The crew was large. - The crew was taken prisoners. prisoners. - A number of interesting suggestions have  been made.

Contoh Soal : 1. He speaks as if he ____ an orator. (A) Was (D) is (B) Had been (E) had (C) were 2. The teacher wished all the students _______ the homework. (A) did (D) was doing (B) had done (E) do (C) have done 3. He acted as if he ______ill. (A) were (D) is (B) was (E) have (C) had been 4. Choose the correct ones. (1) I would rather he went to Medan now. (2) If only he had joined the last lecture. (3) She wished she had joined medical faculty. (4) She wishes she picked her mother up. 5. I wish I ______ you the right time unfortunately my watch stops now. (A) told (D) tell (B) had told (E) telling (C) have told

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CONCORDE

PENGERTIAN Bentuk kata kerja yang kita gunakan dalam kalimat apakah  singular  singular atau  plural  tergantung kepada subyek  kepada subyek  Apabila Subyek Plural maka kata kerja  juga plural dan begitu pula sebaliknya jika subyek  singular kata kerja harus singular.

BENTUK-BENTUK  1. Dua atau lebih singular subjek digabungkan

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 b.Keteranngan  b. Keteranngan waktu

4. Kata kerja jamak yang diawali oleh kata ganti atau benda tungga diikuti oleh subyek tunggal. ex : - Each of his sisters is clever  - Neither of the men was very tall - The quality of mangoes was not good.

Direct

Indirect

now today tomorrow yesterday tonight last night last ago next

Contoh Soal : 1. Neither Rama nor his friends ______ hurt. (A) was (D) am (B) were (E) are (C) has 2. Each of these subtances _______ found in India. (A) is (D) were (B) am (E) has (C) are 3. A number of boys ____ caught peeping. (A) are (D) is (B) were (E) am (C) was 4. The horse and the cab _____ in front of the gate. (A) was (D) are (B) is (E) has (C) Am 5. Rama, as well as Hari and govind, ____ hot curry (A) like (D) are liking (B) likes (E) was liking (C) is liking

then that day the following day the previous day the following night the previous night the previous the following

 Namun demikian tidak seluruh keterangan keterangan waktu  berubah, seperti keterangan keterangan waktu yang yang diawali oleh Every. c. Tenses Direct Present Tense Pres.Cont Pres. Perfect Pres. Perf. Con Past Tense Future Tense Future Cont Future Perf 

Indirect Past Tense Past Cont. Past Perfect Past Perf. Con Past Perfect Past Future Past F. Con PastF. Perf 

Perubahan Tense dimungkinkan jika introduction dalam Past. Sebaliknya tidak ada prubahan dalam tense jika introduction dalam present.

smart learning center Present

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Say Will say Have said

REPORTED SPEECH

Past Said Would say Had said

d. Penghilangan beberapa tanda baca seperti tanda kutip, koma tanda seru, dan tanda tanya. e. Keterangan lain.

Pengertian

Reported speech disebut juga direct inderect speech. DIRECT SPEECH ialah kalimat langsung, kalimat yang diucapkan oleh si pembicara. INDIRECH SPEECH : kalimat tak lansung, kalimat langsung yang diceritakankembali. Penceritaan kembalikalimat langsung atau  pembentukan kalimat tak langsung menyebabkan  beberapa perubahan.

Direct

Indirect

this these here

that those there

Reported Speech terdiri atas A. Statement B. Imperative C. Interrogative

a. Pronoun Karena kalimatnya diucapkan oleh orang kedua maka kata ganti harus disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan kalimat.

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Tom said :"My uncle may go to The USA soon." Tom said that his uncle might go toThe USA soon.

Reported Speech

The teacher told us, : "you have to finish your  exercise at home."

The teacher told us we had to finish our exercise Statement

Imperative

at home.  b. Imperative

Interro.

a. Statement Disebut juga kalimat berita. Bentuk Indirect selalu diawali oleh That. Tetapi that bisa tidak  digunakan.

Merupakan istilah lain dari perintah dan kalimat permintaan. Perubahan Tenses tidak  tampak karena adanya penggunaan to , sehingga kata kerja yang mengikutinya ialah to infinitive. Contoh :

Contoh :

I said to Bob : "Open the window, please". I asked Bob to Open the window.

PRESENT CONT ____ PAST CONT Jack said : "My sister's learning to cook now". Jack said (that) his sister was learning to cook then.

The angry workmen said to the manager : "Pay us at once". The angry workmen asked the manager to pay them at once.

PRESENT TENSE ____ PAST TENSE Bob said: "I come to school by bus every morning". Bob said that he came to school by bus every morning.

Badu said to Budi : "Please lend me your  dictionary". Badu asked Budi to lend himhis dictionary

PRESENT PERFECT____ PAST PERFECT Tini said :"My uncle has bought a new car." Tini said (that) her uncle had bought a new car.

The teacher said to Tom,: "Collect the exercise  books and put them on my table". The teacher asked Tom to collect the exercise  books and put them on his table.

smart learning center PRESENT .PERF.CON____ PAST PERF CON. Siti said to Johny: "I have been waiting for you for  half an hour here." Siti told Johny that she had been waiting for him for  half an hour there.

Untuk kalimat Negatif not diletakkan sebelum to.

PAST TENSE ____ PAST PERFECT Jack said : " Mary fell down but she didn’t hurt herself ". Jack said (that) she had fallen down but she hadn’t hurt herself.

The mother said to her children, : "Don’t play with fire". The mother asked her children, not to play with fire. The bus conductor said to the passengers, : "Don’t get off the bus while it is going". The bus conductor conductor told the passengers, not not to get off the bus while it was going.

SIMPLE FUTURE ___ PAST FUTURE Ted said : "I shall be fifteen years old tomorrow". Ted said (that) he wold would be fifteen years old the following day.

Mary’s mother said to her, : "Don’t go out at night without your cout". Mary’s mother told her not to go out at night without her coat.

FUTURE CONT. ____ PAST FUTURE CONT. Rudi said to Johny: "I will be playing tennis with my friend this time tomorrow." Rudi told Johny (that) he would be playing tennis with his friend this time the following day.

The teacher said to the student, : "Don’t make a lot of noise!". The teacher told the student not to make a lot of  noise.

Bob said: "I must go to bed early". Bob said he had to go go bed early. Jack said : " My father can drive a car ". Jack said his father could drive drive a car .,.,

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nish you ?" The father asked his son why his teacher had punished him.

c. Interrogative Interrogative atau kalimat Tanya dibedakan atas: 1.YES/NO 1. YES/NO QUESTION 2.INTERROGATIVE WITH QUESTION WORDS

The policeman asked the woman "where does the suspect park his car ?" The policeman asked the woman when the suspect parked his car.

1. YES/NO QUESTION

Kalimat Tanya yang dijawab ya atau tidak  dibentuk ke dalam indirect dengan menggunakan kata sambung if atau whether. Kalimat tak langsung hanya berbentuk  kalimat berita.Oleh karena itu, kalimat tanyaditanya dibentuk menjadi kalimat berita dalam indirect. Contoh : The stranger asked the boy, : "Is it a long way to get to the post office?". The stranger asked the boyif it was a long way to get to the post office.

Mother asked Mary, "What are you doing now ?" Mother asked Mary what she was doing then. The teacher asked the students when they would finish their homework. The teacher asked the students when they would finish their homework. Tense tidak berubah jika INTRODUCTION dalam present

The teacher asked the student, : "Have I given you a test ?". The teacher asked the students if he had given us a test.

The teacher always asks his students, "When do you get up every morning ?" The teacher always asks his students when they get up every morning.

The old man asked the boy, "will you post a letter  for me?". The old man asked the boy if he would post a letter  for him.

Mary tells me, I takes a knap at two. Mary tells me that she takes a knap at two.

smart learning center Contoh Soal :

1.Bob 1. Bob said, "Will you borrow the book for me ?" Bob said __________  (A) you would borrow the book for him. (B) whether you would borrow the book for  him (C) whether I would borrow the book for him (D) that I would borrow the book for him (E) that you would borrow the book for him

Siti asked her mother, "Did my friend bob visited me ?" Siti asked her mother, if her friend bob had visited her. The policeman asked the driver, "Do you have you own license ?" The police asked the driver if he had his own license. Kata sambung whether dapat menggantikan if.

2. The teacher asked asked the student (A) to clean the blackboard (B) that he cleaned the black board (C) if he cleaned the black board (D) whether he cleaned the blackboard (E) he cleaned the black board

The police asked the driver whether he had his own license.

3. The police asked him, "where is your driving license ?" The police asked Jack ______  (A) where his driving license is (B) where his driving license was (C) whether was his driving license (D) where was his driving license (E) where is his driving license

2. INTERROGATIVE WITH QUESTION WORDS Question words pada kalimat langsung, menjadi kata sambung pada kalimat tak langsung.

The stranger asked me : "What is your name ?" The stranger asked me What my name was. The father asked his son, "why did your teacher pu-

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4. The actor said, "I didn’t want to play that part" The actor said _______  (A) He didn’t want to play that part (B) He hadn’t wanted to play that part (C) He haven’t wanted to play that part (D) I hadn’t want to play that part (E) I didn’t want to play that part

6. Untuk memberikan memberikan keterangan keterangan tambahan terhadap kata sifat. Contoh : Meat are good to eat The medicine is pleasant to cat The boys are anxious to learn. 7. Untuk menerangkan menerangkan kata benda Contoh : This is notthe time to play You will have cause to repent 8. Untuk memberikan keterangan tambahan terhadap kalimat. Contoh: To tell the truth, I quite forgot my promise. To sering digunakan pada infinitive, tetapi  bukan merupakan bagian bagian yang utama. To tidak digunakan jika : 1. Setelah Modals Contoh : I will play He may go 2. Setelah kata-kata kerja tertentu.

5. "I don’t like to see the film" (A) He told me that he does not like to see the film (B) He told me that he didn’t like to see the film (C) He told me that he didn’t like to see the film (D) He told me that he didn’t like to have seen the film (E) He told me whatever he didn’t like to see the film.

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- INFINITIVE - GERUND

Bid Let S + make + O + infinitive infiniti ve See Hear 

INFINITIVE

smart learning center Fungsi

Contoh : Let him sit Make him stand I saw him do it I heard him cry I bid him go.

1.Sebagai 1. Sebagai pokok kalimat Contoh : To find fault is easy. To err is human To reign is worth ambition 2. Sebagai objek  Contoh : I do not mean to read He likes to play cards

Contoh Soal : 1. I am sorry ___ this. A. Hear  B. To hear  C. Hearing D. Heard E. Hears 2. I have come ___ you . A. To see B. Seeing C. See D. Saw E. Seen 3. Let us ___  A. Pray D. prays B. Prayed E. praying C. To pray

3. Sebagai Complement Contoh : Her greatest pleasure is to sing His custom is to ride daily 4. Objek dari kata depan. He had no choice but to obey The speaker is about to begin 5. Untuk memberikan keterangan tambahan terhadap kata kerja ,terutama untuk menyatakan tujuan (puspose). Contoh : We eat to leave. I come to bury Caesar 

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4. The order ____ was given A. B. C. D. E.

She finished doing her homework  You prevented seeing me bad film. Gerund juga dapat digunakan sesudah rangkaian kata-kata berikut, yakni: Can’t stand Can’t help It’s no good + V. ing It’s no use To be worth

To advance Advanced Advancing Advance Advances

5. I sawher _____ there A. stand B. stands C. stood D. stood E. to stand

Contoh : It was no good speaking that way It was no use telling him soon The best was really worth seeing I can’t help falling in love with you He couldn’t stand laughing at you

GERUND

Contoh Soal 1.We 1. We can’t excuse ___ in this room A. Smoke D. to smoke B. smokes E. smoked C. smoking 2. I couldn’t help ___  A. laugh D. laughed B. to laugh E. laughed C. laughing 3. I must avoid ______ him money. A. giving D. given B. to given E. give C. gave

Pengertian Kata kerja yang mengalami penambahan ing yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda. V + ing Fungsi : 1. Sebagai Subyek  Contoh : Seeing is believing Hunting tigers is a favourite sport in this country. 2. Sebagai objek  Contoh : Stop playing Children love making mud castles 3. Object of preposition Contoh : I am tired of waiting He is fond of swimming 4. Sebagai Complement Contoh : Seeing believing What I most detest is smoking.

smart learning center E-12 - PARTICIPLE - CAUSATIVE

PARTICIPLE Terdiri atas : - PRESENT PARTICIPLE - PAST PARTICIPLE Bentuk :

Gerund sebagaimana infinitive dapat mengikuti kata-kata kerja tertentu, yakni:

Verb + ing

mind enjoy consider excuse S + finish suggest + V. ing  prevent keep (on) avoid miss risk resist  postphone Would you mind helping me ? I consider buying another house.

Fungsi : 1.Digunakan 1. Digunakan dalam Continuous Tense. tidak dibahas lebih lanjut. lanjut. 2.Digunakan 2. Digunakan sebagai adjective. Untuk fungsi yang kedua ia disebut sebagai Participle Adjective. Berfungsi memberikan keterangan tambahan terhadap kata benda.

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Contoh :

 b. - Subyek kalimat kalimat pertama = Subyek Subyek kalimat kedua - Kejadian pada kalimat kalimat I dilanjutkan oleh kalimat II. Penggabungan : Subyek kalimat I dihapus & kata kerjanya di  jadikan Present Participle. Participle. Contoh : He opened the drawer  He took out a revolver. Opening the drawer , he took out a revolver.

The rolling stone gathers no moss. The lying witness ought to be punished. The smilling general gave the flowers to the little girl. Rolling, lying, smilling berasal dariVerb 1 roll, lie, dan smile + ing. Ketiga bentuk Present Participle tersebut menerangkan kata benda stone (batu), witness (saksi) dan genaral (jendral) kerenanya ia  berfungsi sebagai kata kata sifat.

He seized his stick. He rushed out of the room Seizing his stick he rushed out of the room.

3. Digunakan sesudah kata-kata kerja tertentu. feel find hear  imagine keep leave S + listen to + O + V + ing look at notice observe  perceive see smell watch

c. - Subyek kalimat 1 = Subyek kalimat ke dua - Salah satu kalimat kalimat Past Perfect Perfect Tense S + had + V 3 Penggabungan : Kalimat yang Past Perfect dihapus Subyeknya dan had dibentuk kedalam keadaan Present Parti ciple. Had______ having Contoh : I had seen the photos photos of the place. I didn’t didn’t have any desire to go there. Having seen the photos of the place I didn’t have any desire to go there. 4. Meringkas Kalimat Kalimat-kalimat yang diawali oleh : AS Since + S + V ...... Because Bisa diringkaskan dengan a. menghapus since, As, Because dan Subjeknya.  b. Kemudian kata kerja (verb) dibentuk ke dalam Present Participle. Contoh :

smart learning center Contoh : They saw the thief running away. They left me waiting outside. We mustn’t keep them wating. 3.Menggabungkan 3.Menggabungkan kalimat Kalmat-kalimat yang bias digabungkan dengan Present Participle. a. - Subyek atau obyek salah satu kalimat = Su  byek kedua - Salah satu kalimat continuous. Penggabungan : - Subyek kalimat kedua dihapus. - to be atau kata bantu bantu kalimat yang contino us dihilangkan. Contoh : Some students were playing football. They won the game. Some students palying football won the game. - Jika kalimat kalimat continous di kalimat kedua maka ia diletakkan setelah subyek atau obyek kalimat 1. Contoh : Some boys were punished. They were chesting during the examinations. Some boys cheating during the examinations were  punished.

 Because He thought that he couldn’t buy anything on his journey, he brought anything with him Thinking  that he couldn’t buy anything on his  jouney, he brought anything with with him. •

PAST PARTICIPLE V3

Disebut juga kata kerja bentuk ketiga. Fungsinya :

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1. Sebagai kata sifat ex : a lost change never returns.

Contoh Soal : 1. _____ a sharp axe, he cut down a big tree. (A) Use (B) Used (C) Have used (D) Using (E) Uses 2. The techer caught the students _____  (A) Peep (B) Peeping (C) To peep3. The painter  (D) Peeped (E) Peeps 3. The painter _____ with his fans exhibited his paints last month. (A) Talk  (B) To talk  (C) Talking (D) Talks (E) Talked 4. _____ in the first exam he didn’t want to have another try. (A) Having failed (B) failed (C) fails (D) fail (E) To fail 5. We can drink____ water  (A) Boil (B) Boils (C) To boil (D) Boiled (E) Boiling

The boiled watered has been poured into a glass. 2. Menggabungkan kalimat Kalimat yang dapat digabung dengan Past  participle : a.. - Subyek atau obyek salah satu kalimat sama dengan Subyek kalimat kedua. - Salah satu satu kaliamt kaliamt pasip. Penggabungan : - Subyek kalimat kedua dihapus. - Tobe/kata bantu kalimat yang passive hilang. Contoh : The students were punished by the teacher. They are lazy The students students punished by teacher are lazy. - Jika bentuk passive di kalimat kedua maka ia diletakkan setelah subyek atau obyek kalimat I. Contoh : The old man was sad. He was mocked by the bad boys …… Penggabungan : The old man mocked by the bad boys was sad.  b. - Subyek kalimat pertama = Subyek kalimat kedua. - Kejadian pada kalimat I dilanjutkan oleh kalimat II. - kaliamt I mengandung V3. Penggabungan : Subyek kalimat I dihapus & kata kerjanya dijadikan Past Participle. Contoh : The ship was scattered by the storm The storm The ship drowned Scattered by the storm the ship drowned c. - Subyek kaliamt I = Subyek kalimat kedua - Salah satu kalimat Past Past perfect Tense Tense

smart learning center CAUSATIVE CASE Pengertian Mengakibatkan dilaksanakan atau tidak  dilaksanakannya sesuatu. Formula Aktiv

S + had + been + V3 Get + O pelaku + To infinitive Penggabungan : Kalimat yang Past Perfect dihapus Subyeknnya dan had dibentuk ke dalam Present Participle.

Have + O pelaku + infinitive

He had been praised by all his friends He was very happy Having been praised by all his friend, he was very happy

Contoh : The manager had  manager had his his secretary type the letter. The manager  got his  got his secretary type the letter 

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The teacher always has his students finish the homeworks. The teacher always gets always gets his students finish the homeworks.

5. We have the shop ____ the magazine (A) to deliver  (B) delivered (C) delivers (D) delivering (E) deliver 

We have the servant do the house work . We get the servant to do the house work . I will have my brother fix the bicycle I will get my brother to fix the bicycle

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Passiv

CLAUSES

Have

CLAUSE terbagi atas dua, yaitu: yaitu:

+ O Penderita + V3 Get

1. Main Clause 2. Subordinate Clause

Contoh: The manager had  manager had the the letter type got The teacher  has the homeworks finished gets We have the house work done. get I will have the bicycle fixed. get

CLAUSES

SUBORDINATE

MAIN CLAUSE

CLAUSES

Contoh Soal :

smart learning center 1. Asthe trunks were heavy my mother, my mother  got someone ____ them (A) To move (B) move (C) moving (D) moves (E) moved

1. SUBORDINATE CLAUSE Rangkaian kata-kata yang memiliki subyek dan predikat tetapi tidak dapat dikatakan kalimat karena pengertiannya tak lengkap.Ia disebut juga anak kalimat. SUBORDINATE CLAUSE diawali oleh kata sambung yangdisebut SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION, :

2. As He was ill,he wanted to have his meal ___  (A) Serve (B) serves (C) to serve (D) served (E) serving

What Who When Where Who

3. I go to the barber to have him____ my hair. (1) Cuts (2) Cutting (3) To cut (4) Cut (5) 4. The guest had the porter carry his bag (1) The guest himself carried the luggage (2) The guest asked asked someone to to carry luggage (3) The porter got the trunk carried (4) The guest got the trunk carried

how which whom whose that

however  whatever  whenever  wherever  why, etc

Subordinate Subordina te Conjunction Conjuncti on + S + V Contoh : Where I lived When he will come back  How we got in touch with them

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Rangkaian kata-kata tsb.bukan kalimat, karena tidak memberikan pengertian yang lengkap. Agar ia dapat memberikan makna yang lengkap, dibutuhkan kalimat lain yang disebut dengan MAIN CLAUSE. 2. MAIN CLAUSE Disebut juga induk kalimat. Induk kalimat identik  dengan kalimat. Dia dikatakan induk kalimat jika ada anak kalimat. Contoh : He asked me He let us now The police had arranged SUBORDINATE CLAUSE dapat menjadi sebuah kalimat dengan adanya MAIN CLAUSE. Contoh : He asked me where I lived He let us now When he will come back  The police had arranged How we got in touch with them. Berdasarkan jabatan kalimat CLAUSE terbagi atas: 1.  NOUN CLAUSE 2. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE 3. ADVERB CLAUSE

Contoh Soal : 1.Tell 1. Tell me _____  (A) How you found it out (B) How did you find it out (C) How it you found (D) How it did find you (E) How did it find you 2. _____ is doubtful. (A) How long shall I stay (B) How long I shall stay (C) How shall I stay long (D) How shall I stay long (E) How long I stay shall 3. Will you explained ______? (A) Why did you behave so (B) Why so you behave (C) So Why you behave (D) Why you behaved so (E) You behaved so why 4. Do _______  (A) Whatever you think right (B) Whatever right you think  (C) Whatever do you think right (D) Whatever right do you think  (E) Whatever right think you 5. It is not clear _____  (A) Who done this (B) Who this done (C) Who did do this (D) This Who done (E) Who this done

1. NOUN CLAUSE Rangkaian kata-kata yang memiliki subyek  dan objek tetapi tidak dapat dikatakan sebagai kalimat atau berfungsi sebagai kata benda (noun).

smart learning center FUNGSI KATA BENDA DALAM KALIMAT

1. SUBYEK (POKOK KALIMAT) Contoh : When his father will return is uncertain. Why he left is a mistery. Whether we can start tomorrow seems uncertain. What is done can’t be undone. 2. OBJEK KATA KERJA TRANSITIF He says that he won’t go I don’t know when I’ll return Tell me why you did this 3. OBJEK KATA DEPAN Pay careful attention to what I am going to say? There’s no meaning in what you say Idon’t believe in what he tell in his story 4. COMPLEMENT OF A VERB My belief is that he will not come His great fear isthat he may fail Life is what we make it 5. MENERANGKAN KATA BENDA ATAU

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Relative Pronoun Relative Pronoun adalah subordinating conjuction yang mengawali suatu Adjective Clause (who,whom, whose, which, that) .Clause yang diawali oleh Relative Pronoun disebut Relative Clause.

KATA GANTI

You must never forget this, that honesty is the  best policy It is feared that he will no come.

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Manusia Subyek  Objek  Possess

Relative Pronoun who/ that whom/ that whose

 Non Manusia Subyek  Objek 

Relative Pronoun which/ that which/ that

Subyek kalimat kedua mempunyai hubungan kepunyaan subyek atau objek kalimat pertama. I saw the boy the boy’s father had an accident yesterday. Penggabungan : Bentuk kepunyaan (the boy’s) digantikan oleh whose.

Penggunaan : Who digunakan jika penggabungan mengakibatkan hilangnya salah satu subyek. Menggabungkan dua kalimat yang subyeknnya sama : Contoh : The students was my classmate He passed the examination e xamination with flying colours.

I saw the boy whose father had an accident yesterday.

Penggabungan : Subyek kalimat kedua dihapus dndigantikan oleh who dan ditempatkan sesudah subyek yang  pertama.

Which Jika subyek atau obyek kalimat pertama sama dengan subyek atau obyek kalimat kedua.

The students who passed the exam with flying colours was my classmates. The dapat menggantikan who The students that passed the exam with flying colours was my classmates.

The book is on the table. It was written by him The book which/that was written by him is on the table.

Objek kalimat pertama sama dengan subyek kalimat kedua. The teacher called the girl The girl wears glasses. Penggabungan : Subyek kalimat kedua dihilangkan dan digantikan dengan who/that kemudian ditempatkan sesudah objek.. The teacher called the girl who/that wears glasses. Whom Penggabungan menyebabkan salah stuobjek hilang.

That is the house. We live in it. That is the house which/that we live in Jika diakhir kalimat terdapat kata depan ia bisa dipindahkan ke depan which. Which yang berada setelah kata depan tidak bisa digantikan oleh that.

smart learning center That is the house in which we live.

Dikatakan Defining Relative Clause jika ia mengidentifikasikan kata benda (noun) ynag diterangkannya. That is the house which/that we live in.

Dua kalimat mempunyai objek yang sama. That is the English teacher. Mr.Ali is speaking to her  Penggabungan : Kalimat kedua diawali oleh who/that dan objeknya dihilangkan lalu ditempatkan sesudah objek kalimat  pertama.

That is the boy whose father had an accident yesterday. The teacher called the girl who/that wears glasses. That is the English teacher whom/that Mr.Ali speaking to. Contoh Soal : 1.The man ___ wrote this article is a famous writer. (A) Who (B) Whom (C) Which (D) Whose (E) What 2.My grand father, ____ you just helped, was  born ninety years years ago. (A) Which (B) Whose (C) Whom (D) What (E) where

That is the English teacher who/that Mr.Ali is speaking to. Jika diakhir kalimat terdapt kata depan /preposition seperti pada kalimat diatas with, kata depan tersebut dapat diletakkan sebelum whom. Whom yang  berada sesudah kata depan tidak bias digantikanoleh that. That is the English teacherto whom Mr.Ali is speaking. Whose Penggabungan yang disebabkan karena hubungan kepunyaan(possessive )

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43. have 44. hear  45. hide 46. hit 47. hold 48. hurt 49. kneel 50. know 51. lay 52. lead 53. leave 54. lend 55. let 56. lie 57. loose 58. make 59. may 60. mean 61. meet 62. ought to 63. overcome 64.  partake 65.  pay 66.  put 67. read 68. rend 69. ride 70. ring 71. rise 72. run 73. say 74. see 75. seek  76. sell 77. send 78. shake 79. shall 80. shine 81. shoot 82. show 83. shut 84. sing 85. sink  86. sit 87. sleep 88. slide 89. smell 90. speak  91. spell 92. spend 93. spin 94. apread 95. stand 96. steal 97. stick  98. sting 99. strike 100. swear  101. sweep 102. swim 103. swing 104. take 105 toach 106. tear  107. tell 108. think 

3. The helmet ___ you put on the shelf is my  brother’s. (A) Who (B) Whom (C) Whose (D) Which (E) What 4. The woman ___ daughter wrote this poem is the  professor of French. French. (A) who (B) whose (C) who (D) which (E) that DAFTAR KATA-KATA KERJA TAK  BERATURAN (LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS)  No

Stem Verb1

1. 2. 3. 4 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. .42.

arise awake  be  bear   become  begin  bid  bid  bite  blow  break   bring  build  burn  buy can catch choose come creep cut dig do draw drink  drive eat fail feed feel fight flee fly forbid forget forgive freeze get go give grow hang

Past Tense Verb II arose awoke was, were  bore  became  began  bade  bid  bit  blew  broke  brought  built  burnt  bought could caught chose came crept cut dug did drew drank  drove ete feel fed felt fought filed flew forbade forgot forgave froze got went gave grew hung

Past Participle Verb III arisen awoken  been  born  become  begun  bidden  bid  bitten  blown  broken  brought  built  burnt  bought could caught chosen come crept cut dug done drawn drunk  driven eaten falden fed felt fought fled flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen got gone given grown hung

Meaning terbit membangunkan adalah/berada melahirkan menjadi memulai meminta menawar  menggigit  bertiup mematahkan membawa membangun membakar  membeli dapat menangkap memilih dating merangkak  memotong menggali melakukan menggambar  meminum menyetir  makan  jatuh memberi makanan merasakan  berkelahi melarikan diri terbang melarang lupa memaafkan membeku memperoleh  pergi memberi tumbuh menggantung

had heard hid hit held hurt knelt knew laid led left lent let lay lost made might meant met ought to overcame  partook   paid  put rent rend rode rang rose run said saw sought sold sent shook  should shone shot showed shut sang sank  sat slept slid smelt spoke spelt spent spun apread stood stole stuck  stung struck  swore swept swam swung took  taught tore told thought

had Memiliki heard Mendengar  hid Bersembunyi hit Memukul held Memegang hurt Melukai knelt Berlututu known Mengetahui laid Menaruh led Memimpin left Meniggalkan lent Meminjamkan let membiarkan lain Berbaring lost Hilang made Membuat Mungkin meant Bermaksud met Bertemu Seharusnya overcome Menyelesaikan  partaken Partisipasi  paid Membayar   put meletakkan rent Membaca rend Menyewakan ridden Menunggang rung membunyikan risen Terbit run Berlari said Berkata seen Melihat sought Mencari sold Menjual sent Mengirim shaken Menguncang Akan shone Bersinar  shot Menembak  shown Menunjukkan shut Menutup sung Bernyanyi sunk  Tenggelam sat Duduk  slept Tidur  slid Tergelincir  smelt Mencium bau spoken Berbicara spelt Mengeja spent Menghabiskan spun Memiintai apread Menyebarkan stood Berdiri stolen Mencuri stuck  Melekt stung Menyengat struck  Memukul sworn Bersumpah swept Menyapu swum  berenanng swung  berayun taken membawa taught mengajar  torn mengoyak  told memberitahu thought  berfikir 

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109. 110 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118.

Throw Understand Wake Wear  Weep Will Win Wind Withdraw write

Threw Understood Woke Wore Wept Would Won Wound Withdrew wrote

Thrown Understood Woken Woken Wept Won Wound Withdrawn written

Melempar  Mengerti Bangun Mengenakan Meratap Akan Menang Mengunci Menarik  menulis

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