NEBOSH International General Certifcate in Occupational Health and Saety
Questions & Answers
Q! Identiy the control measures control measures needed to reduce the risk to workers (8) A12 The control measures control measures needed to reduce the risk to workers include:the detection of underground services by using lans or cable!ie detectors suorting the sides of the e"cavation by shoring or benching storing materials and soil away from edge of the e"cavation roviding means to revent vehicles falling into the e"cavation such as sto blocks roviding guard-rails and barriers to revent eole falling into the e"cavation roviding means of suort for f or ad#acent structures to revent collase roviding safe means of access!egress into the e"cavation testing for no"ious fumes and roviding ventilation if necessary using ums to rotect against $ooding taking recautions to safeguard the workers from biological ha%ards or those caused by the resence of contaminated ground arranging for the e"cavation to be insected at regular intervals by a cometent erson Q!! Outline a hierarchy of measures for controlling e"osures to ha%ardous substances& "#$ A22 The various stages of the usual hierarchy of risk controls are underlined in this answer& answer& 'limination or substitution is the best and most eective way of avoiding a severe ha%ard and its associated risks& 'limination occurs when a rocess or activity is totally abandoned because the associated risk is too high& ubstitution describes the use of a less ha%ardous form of the substance& substanc e& There are many e"amles of substitution* such as the use of water-based water-based rather
than oil-based aints and the use of asbestos substitutes& +n some cases it is ossible to change the method of working so that e"osures are reduced* such as* the use of rods to clear drains instead of strong chemicals& +t may be ossible to use the substance in a safer form, for e"amle* in liuid or ellets to revent dust from owders& ometimes the attern of work can be changed so that eole can do things in a more natural way, for e"amle* by encouraging eole in o.ces to take breaks from comuter screens by getting u to hotocoy or fetch documents& /educed or limited time e"osure involves reducing the time that the emloyee is e"osed to the ha%ardous substance either by giving the emloyee other work or rest eriods& +f the above measures cannot be alied* then the ne"t stage in the hierarchy is the introduction of engineering controls* such as isolation (using an enclosure* a barrier or guard)* insulation (used on any electrical or temerature ha%ard) or ventilation (e"hausting any ha%ardous fumes or gases either naturally or by the use of e"tractor fans and hoods)& +f ventilation is to be used* it must reduce the e"osure level for emloyees to below b elow the worklace e"osure limit& 0ousekeeing is a very chea and eective means of controlling risks& +t involves keeing the worklace clean and tidy at all times and maintaining good storage systems for ha%ardous substances& A safe system of work is a reuirement of the 0 Act and describes the safe method of erforming the #ob& Training T raining and information are imortant but should not be used in isolation& +nformation includes such items as signs* osters* systems of work and general health and safety arrangements& ersonal rotective euiment (') should only be used as a last resort& There are many reasons for this& +t relies on eole e ole wearing the euiment at all times and an d must be used roerly roerly&& elfare facilities* which include general worklace ventilation* lighting and heating and the rovision of drinking water* sanitation and washing facilities* are the ne"t stage in the hierarchy& All risk control measures* including training* and suervision must be monitored by cometent eole to check on their
than oil-based aints and the use of asbestos substitutes& +n some cases it is ossible to change the method of working so that e"osures are reduced* such as* the use of rods to clear drains instead of strong chemicals& +t may be ossible to use the substance in a safer form, for e"amle* in liuid or ellets to revent dust from owders& ometimes the attern of work can be changed so that eole can do things in a more natural way, for e"amle* by encouraging eole in o.ces to take breaks from comuter screens by getting u to hotocoy or fetch documents& /educed or limited time e"osure involves reducing the time that the emloyee is e"osed to the ha%ardous substance either by giving the emloyee other work or rest eriods& +f the above measures cannot be alied* then the ne"t stage in the hierarchy is the introduction of engineering controls* such as isolation (using an enclosure* a barrier or guard)* insulation (used on any electrical or temerature ha%ard) or ventilation (e"hausting any ha%ardous fumes or gases either naturally or by the use of e"tractor fans and hoods)& +f ventilation is to be used* it must reduce the e"osure level for emloyees to below b elow the worklace e"osure limit& 0ousekeeing is a very chea and eective means of controlling risks& +t involves keeing the worklace clean and tidy at all times and maintaining good storage systems for ha%ardous substances& A safe system of work is a reuirement of the 0 Act and describes the safe method of erforming the #ob& Training T raining and information are imortant but should not be used in isolation& +nformation includes such items as signs* osters* systems of work and general health and safety arrangements& ersonal rotective euiment (') should only be used as a last resort& There are many reasons for this& +t relies on eole e ole wearing the euiment at all times and an d must be used roerly roerly&& elfare facilities* which include general worklace ventilation* lighting and heating and the rovision of drinking water* sanitation and washing facilities* are the ne"t stage in the hierarchy& All risk control measures* including training* and suervision must be monitored by cometent eole to check on their
continuing eectiveness& eriodically the risk control measures should be reviewed& 3onitoring and other reorts are crucial for f or the review to be useful& /eviews often take lace at safety committee and!or at management meetings& A serious accident or incident should lead to an immediate review of the risk control measures in lace& 4inally* secial control reuirements are needed for carcinogens&
Q% Outline ossible measures to minimise the risks to young ersons at work& ( 5) A6 /isk assessment seci7c to young ersons +nduction training areful suervision by e"erienced and resonsible workers eci7c health surveillance lear lines of communication /estriction on tye of work and hours worked Q# efne 9ergonomics (2) A1;&There are many accetable de7nitions: The study of the interaction between workers workers and the work environment 3aking the #ob or task 7t the erson The study of how eole interact with machinery or euiment within the worklace 'rgonomics is the alication of scienti7c information concerning humans to the design of ob#ects* systems and environment for human use 4itting the #ob to the eole who have to do it* through the design of euiment and rocedures 4itting the erson to the #ob* through the use of lacement rocedures or training The study of how the worklace relates to human functions Q' Identiy SI( observations of a machine oerators station which could suggest that the machine has not been ergo ergono nomi mica cally lly desi designe gned& d& (<) (<) A11& The need for e"cessive force force or reetitive movements The need to stretch or stoo
3achine controls in awkward ositions ontrols unmarked or oorly marked and functions not obvious =ack of visibility by the oerator i%e or weight of work item making it di.cult to osition or because of tye of machine rotection >i.culty in changing* ad#usting or cleaning machine tools
GC!) Control o International *or+place Ha,ards
-ast Questions & Answers ro. NEBOSH IGC E/a.inations Q Identiy the factors that could lace a greater risk of accidents at work on young ersons& ?5@ A1 =ack of knowledge* lack of e"erience* lack of training* hysical develoment of the individual* desire!nature of young erson to take risks* eer grou ressure in young ersons is generally greater than that of more e"erienced individuals& Q! Outline ossible measures to minimise the risks to young ersons at work& ?5@ A2 arry out a young ersons risk assessment* comrehensive induction training* good suervision by e"erienced and resonsible emloyees* seci7c health surveillance* clear lines of communication* restriction on the variety of work * shift atterns and number of hours worked& Q0 Identiy eight common causes of 7res in the worklace& ?8@ A5 4aulty electrical euiment or incorrectly used electrical euiment* smoking matrials discarded unsafely* oorly maintained euiment ie friction caused by lack of lubrication* sarks from certain tyes of work eg grinding* hot surfaces on heating aliances* wilful intention to cause 7res ? arson@* statice electricity resulting from imroer transfer of $ammable liuids* certain chemical reactions can give o heat* hot work eg cutting B welding& Cote: lease remember to ay attention to the wording of the uestion ie D causes of 7resD is dierent from the sread of
7resE* also + would urge you to ractice answering uestions in aragrah style unless you were asked to +dentify in which case you can +dentify or use bullet oint answers&
Q1 Outline the ossible eects on health from e"osure to high levels of noise "2$& AF ossible eects on health from e"osure to high levels of noise include:both ermanent and chronic eects noise induced hearing loss (caused by damage to the hair cells of the inner ear with reduced hearing caacity at articular freuencies) tinnitus and temorary eects such as temorary threshold shift* acute tinnitus* stress and fatigue& acute trauma such as a burst eardrum caused by e"osure to sudden loud noise G< Outline the ha%ards that a worker could be e"osed to when using a etrol driven chainsaw to cut down tree "2$ A< 0a%ards from a etrol driven chainsaw include:contact with moving arts of the chainsaw e"osure to fumes and dust ha%ards arising from manual handling oerations e"osure to noise and vibration falls from height handling lubricating oils which might lead to dermatitis $ying articles such as tree bark and sawdust uneven ground or wet grass which could lead to slis and falls falling ob#ects such as branches or the tree itself contact with overhead services ha%ards from adverse weather conditions
Q3 +dentify '+H0T common causes of 7res in the worklace (8) AI ommon causes of 7re in the worklace include:faulty or incorrectly used electrical euiment machinery or lant which has either incorrectly used or badly maintained such as friction caused by inadeuate lubrication chemical reactions that may give o heat hot work such as welding or cutting smoking materials which are discarded in an unsafe manner hot surfaces such as those on cooking or heating aliances sarks from cold working such as grinding
static electricity arising from the incorrect transfer of $ammable liuids arson
Q2 Outline the recautions that should be taken when using mobile cranes "2$ A8 recautions for the use of mobile cranes could include:ensuring the crane and its attached lifting gear are suitable for the task that the ground on which the crane is to be sited is $at and 7rm and that the outriggers of the crane are always correctly ositioned that the driver and slinger to be used in the oeration are cometent that there are no obstructions such as overhead ower lines or buildings in the vicinity of the lift and that warning signs and barriers are erected to ensure that the area where the lift is to take lace is ket clear of ersonnel not directly involved in the lift the actual lift should involve carrying the load smoothly at an aroriate height and ideally to an arranged lifting lan& Q% Outline the control measures that might be reuired in order to minimise risks to workers& "2$ A6 The control measures that might be reuired in order to minimise risks to workers include:use of suitable containers for the chemicals carrying warning signs as to their danger the methods used for handling the chemicals rocedures for the cleaning u and containment of the sillages the rovision of adeuate ventilation for the working areas and the use of ersonal rotective euiment such as chemical roof gloves* eye rotection and overalls site rules setting out the hygiene rocedures to be followed and rohibiting eating or smoking in the working areas setting u emergency rocedures including 7rst aid rovision roviding emloyees with instruction* information and training on the handling of to"ic substances and ensuring the rovision of adeuate suervision and monitoring to check that control measures were being followed&
Q# '"cavation work is being carried out on a construction site& Identiy the control measures needed to reduce the risk to workers "2$ A1; The control measures needed to reduce the risk to workers include:the detection of underground services by using lans or cable!ie detectors suorting the sides of the e"cavation by shoring or benching storing materials and soil away from edge of the e"cavation roviding means to revent vehicles falling into the e"cavation such as sto blocks roviding guard-rails and barriers to revent eole falling into the e"cavation roviding means of suort for ad#acent structures to revent collase roviding safe means of access!egress into the e"cavation testing for no"ious fumes and roviding ventilation if necessary using ums to rotect against $ooding taking recautions to safeguard the workers from biological ha%ards or those caused by the resence of contaminated ground arranging for the e"cavation to be insected at regular intervals by a cometent erson
Q A glassworks roduces covers for streetlights and industrial lighting& The rocess involves molten glass being blown by hand and shaed in moulds& (i) Identiy 4JK/ health eects that may be caused by working in the hot conditions of the glass factory& (5) (ii) escri4e measures that could be taken in order to minimi%e the health eects of working in such hot environments& (<) (iii) Outline the factors relating to the task and the load that may aect the risk of in#ury to an emloyee engaged in stacking the 7nished roduct onto racking& (1;) A11: (i) 1& 0eat e"haustion due to high ambient temerature 2& >ehydration due to e"cessive sweating L& 0eart stress and* in e"treme cases* heat stroke due to rolonged e"osure to high ambient temeratures
5& Murns from handling hot molten glass F& (Additional answer) the eyes can also be aected by high intensity light from looking at molten glass& (ii) The health eects of working in a hot environment can be reduced by the gradual acclimati%ation of new workers& 'ven after the initial acclimati%ation* freuent rest eriods will be necessary to allow the body to acclimati%e to the hot conditions on a daily basis& /est should be in cool areas which in summer may need to be arti7cially cooled& +f* in addition* the humidity is high* a good suly of ventilation air will be needed* to hel control sweating& Adeuate suly of cold drinking water is essential to avoid dehydration& orkers in hot conditions should wear aroriate clothes* which must be a comromise between lighter garments to romote evaoration of ersiration* and rotective clothes to revent burns& +t will be necessary to rovide rotective leather or 7 re resistant arons and gloves* and aroriate eye and face rotection such as eye visors& Nisors may need to be sulied with cooling air to kee eole cool and ermit roer vision& creens could also be rovided to rotect workers from radiant heat& eriodic health surveillance should be rovided& 4inally* workers should be trained to recognise ill health aects on others& (iii) The task should be analysed in detail so that all asects of manual handling are covered including the use of mechanical assistance& This will involve a manual handling risk assessment& The number of eole involved and ersonal factors* such as age and health* should also be considered& A satisfactory body osture must be adoted with the feet 7rmly on the ground and slightly aart& To avoid work related uer limb disorders (/K=>) there should be no stooing or twisting of the trunk, it should not be necessary to reach uwards since this will lace additional stresses on the arms* back and shoulders& The further the load is held or maniulated from the trunk* the more di.cult it is to control and the greater the stress imosed on the back& These risk factors are signi7cantly increased if several of them are resent at the same time& The load should not be carried over e"cessive distances (greater than 1; m)& The freuency of lifting* and the vertical and hori%ontal distances the load needs to be carried (articularly if it has to be lifted from the ground and!or laced on a high shelf) can lead to fatigue and a greater risk of in#ury& +f the loads are handled
whilst the individual is seated* the legs are not used during lifting and stress is laced on the arms and back& There should not be e"cessive ulling* ushing or sudden movements of the load& The state of $oor surfaces and the footwear of the individual should ensure that slis and tris are avoided& There should be su.cient rest or recovery eriods and!or the changing of tasks articularly in the hot ambient temeratures of the glassworks& This enables the body to recover more easily from strenuous activity& The imosition of a high rate of work is a articular roblem with some automated roduction lines and can be addressed by sells on other work away from the line& The handling caability of an individual is aro"imately halved when he or she becomes a member of a team& Nisibility* obstructions and the roughness of the ground must all be considered when team handling takes lace& The load must also be carefully considered during the assessment O it may be too heavy& The ma"imum load that an individual can lift will deend on the caability of the individual and the osition of the load relative to the body& There is therefore no safe load but guidance is available from 0' literature* which does give some advice on loading levels& +f the load is too bulky or unwieldy* its handling is likely to ose a risk of in#ury& Nisibility around the load is imortant* as is awareness that it may hit obstructions or become unstable in windy conditions& The osition of the centre of gravity is imortant for stable lifting O it should be as close to the body as ossible, however* this may be di.cult if the load is hot* such as in bo"es or trays of recently blown glass& They should be allowed to cool su.ciently& The load becomes di.cult to gras when it is carried over sliery surfaces* has rounded corners or there is a lack of foot room& ometimes the contents of the load are likely to shift& This is a articular roblem when the load is a container full of smaller items* such as small glass covers& These are glass comonents which may shatter if droed and leave shards of glass to be carefully cleared u& The load is likely to be hot and could be shar as well in laces or when broken so that ersonal rotective euiment* such as leather gloves and arons lus eye rotection* may be reuired&
Q! Outline the recautions that may be needed when carrying out reairs to the $at roof of a building& (8) A12: /oof work is ha%ardous and reuires a seci7c risk assessment and method statement rior to the commencement of work so that the reuired recautions may be identi7ed& The articular ha%ards are fragile roo7ng materials* including those materials which deteriorate and become more brittle with age and e"osure to sunlight* e"osed edges* unsafe access euiment and falls& There must be suitable means of access such as scaolding* ladders and crawling boards& uitable edge rotection will be needed in the form of guard rails to revent the fall of eole or materials* and access must be restricted to the area below the work using visible barriers& arning signs indicating that the roof is fragile* should be dislayed at ground level& rotection should be rovided in the form of covers where eole work near to fragile materials and roof lights& The means of transorting materials to and from the roof may reuire netting under the roof and even weather rotection& recautions will be reuired for other ha%ards associated with roof work* such as overhead services and obstructions* the use of euiment such as gas cylinders and bitumen boilers and manual handling& 4inally* only trained and cometent ersons must be allowed to work on roofs and they must wear footwear having a good gri& +t is good ractice to ensure that a erson does not work alone on a roof& Q0 4or 'A0 of the following agents* outline the rincial health eects AC> identiy a tyical worklace situation in which a erson might be e"osed: (i) carbon mono"ide (2) (ii) asbestos (2) (iii) legionella bacteria (2) (iv) heatitis virus& (2) A1L: (i) arbon mono"ide is a colourless* tasteless and odourless gas& +t causes headaches and breathlessness and at higher concentrations unconsciousness and death& The most common occurrence of carbon mono"ide is in e"haust gas from a vehicle
engine& orking in a vehicle reair garage without roer ventilation to e"haust gases would e"ose a erson to carbon mono"ide fumes& (ii) Asbestos roduces 7ne 7bres which can become lodged in the lungs& This can lead to asbestosis (scaring of the lungs)* lung cancer or mesothelioma O cancer of the lining of the lung& Asbestos can be found in buildings* in ceiling tiles and as lagging around heating ies& hen these sites are disturbed* the asbestos 7bres become airborne and inhalable aecting those engaged in maintenance or demolition work& (iii) =egionella is an airborne bacterium and is found in a variety of warm water sources between 2; and 5FP& +t roduces a form of neumonia caused by the bacteria enetrating the alveoli in the lungs& The disease is known as =egionnaires disease and has symtoms similar to in$uen%a& The three most common systems at risk from the bacteria are water systems that incororate a cooling tower* air conditioning units* and showers& eole working on these systems or working in the area of infected systems are at risk* articularly if they are over 5F years of age and it aects men more than women& (iv) 0eatitis is a disease of the liver and can cause high temeratures* nausea* #aundice and liver failure& The virus can be transmitted from infected faeces (0eatitis A) or by infected blood (0eatitis M and )& 0osital workers and 7rst aiders who come into contact with blood roducts are at risk of heatitis&
-ractice Questions & Answers ro. NEBOSH IGC E/a.inations Q '"cessive dust levels have been discovered in a worklace* the rincial cause being the ine.cient local e"haust ventilation system (='N)& Identiy 4JK/ indications that could have highlighted the ='N systems ine.ciency& (5) A1 >eosits of dust on surfaces and eole Nisible articles in the air >iscomfort and irritation by emloyees Air monitoring reviews Actual ill-health in emloyees due to e"osure to dusts
Q! Outline the factors which could have reduced the ='N systems eectiveness& (8) A2 oor design =ack of lanned testing =ack of maintenance '"traction hood too far from dust source >amaged or blocked ducting or 7lters ystem alterations O unauthori%ed ettings incorrect 4aulty fan rocess changes that could lead to greater dust emissions& Q0 escri4e other methods of control to minimise levels of airborne dust e"cet from ='N& (8) AL 0ierarchy of control 'liminating the rocess causing the dust A change in rocess to reduce dust amounts ubstitution of materials i&e& casule form* ellets or liuid egregation or enclosure of the dust creation rocess >aming down the dust for easier removal such as vacuuming 3ethods of cleaning so as not to disturb the dust i&e& vacuuming instead of sweeing Q5 Outline necessary recautions to be taken when edestrians are reuired to work close to vehicle movement areas& (8) A5 egregation systems for vehicles and edestrians lear and aroriate road markings Nisibility O mirrors* transarent doors* adeuate lighting etc& Nehicular audible warnings ite rules 0igh-visibility clothing Hood housekeeing Training and suervision of all involved on site Q1 4actory cleaning sta use a rotary $oor olisher each night& Identiy the associated ha%ards& (5) AF 'ntanglement lis* tris and falls Coise Nibration 'lectrical ha%ards
'rgonomic ha%ards ossible chemical involvement of cleaning agents
Q6 Outline what control measures could be used to reduce the risks& (5) A< Huarding able management +solation for the task of changing brushes Aroriate non-sli footwear /egular testing and maintenance /esidual current devices O />s Training to ensure re-use checks Q3 Outline recautions needed when maintenance work is being carried out in an underground storage vessel& (8) AI ermit-to-work /isk assessment +solation re-cleaning urging and testing the vessels atmoshere afe means of access and egress Aroriate tools i&e& non-sark &&' Aroriate lighting ontinual monitoring ometent and trained ersonnel Hood communication systems between tank and above-ground workers 3aintenance of detailed emergency rocedures Q2 Outline the rincial reuirements to ensure e"cavation work is carried out safely& (8) A8 '"amine the suort structures weekly by cometent erson /ecord e"amination +nsect working art daily or er shift if deeer than 2m +nsect suort material before use uort work done under suervision of cometent erson Co erson to work in e"cavation unless cometently e"amined Co ro#ecting nails on suort structure Co materials left near edges of e"cavation
Q%ith resect to work-related uer limb disorders (/K=>s)& Identiy tyical symtoms& (5) A6 Mack* neck and shoulder ain wollen #oints /educed mobility and stiness rams and muscle fatigue!tiredness Q# Outline the factors that would increase the develoment of /K=>s& (5) A1; >islay screen euiment issues O >' =ayout of workstation +nsu.cient breaks from the task +nadeuate sace leading to oor ostures '"cessive force needed to carry out tasks 4reuency of the task Nibrating tools!euiment re-e"isting medical conditions regnant women Q Outline what is reuired for a safe means of escae when evacuating a building in the event of 7re& (8) A11 At least two escae routes in oosite directions7 none to e"ceed the recognised travel distance 'scae route 7re integrity elf closing 7re doors that oen outwards easily 'scae routes clearly marked 'mergency lighting for routes /outes ket free from obstruction afe* clearly signed assembly oint Q! hat are the rincial ha%ards associated with the use of ladders at workQ (L) A12 oor maintenance +ncorrect use +ncorrect locations Q0 E/plain how these ha%ards may be eliminated or reduced& (F) A1L +nsection and reair orrect storage IF degrees sloe (1 in 5) ecured to and base Cot to use aluminium ladders near overhead cables
Q5 Outline the recautions to rotect against electrocution when e"cavating near underground cables (5) A15 uly isolation able routes identi7cation via lans and cable detectors hecking for service bo" covers 3arking of cable routes >igging with hand-tools Q1 Outline the recautions to rotect against electrocution when working near overhead ower lines (5) A1F +solation Hoal-ost barriers de7ning clearance distances Kse of signs and bunting to clearly mark danger %ones afe access routes under lines Kse of marshals and banksmen when cranes* e"cavators or tier lorries may aroach /estriction on use of metal ladders and scaold tubes Q6 Identiy '+H0T routine insection items included on a check+dentify at the beginning of a shift* before using a fork-lift truck& (8) A1< Tyre ressure and condition =ights functioning (where 7tted) ecure and roerly ad#usted seats Kndamaged mirrors with good vision =eakages from various $uids O diesel* battery acid* oil* brake $uid etc& Mattery connections hains in good order 0orn oerates /eversing audible signals where 7tted 4orks in good order Mreak checks* including hand break 4orks do not dro when raised O hydraulic $uid levels ok Co lay in steering wheel Q3 Outline '+H0T recautions that should be considered to revent in#uries to children who may be temted to access a construction site& (8) A1I 4encing arning signs of any dangers
ecurity atrols TN +solating services /educing heights of materials overing e"cavations /emoving ladders O lashing the ladders O to deny access to scaolding ecuring tools* chemicals* euiment and vehicles under lock and key ommunity liaisons
Q2 efne 9ergonomics& (2) A18 The study of the interaction between workers and their work* and is concerned with the design of the worklace* work euiment and work methods with the needs and limitations of the human oerator in mind& Q% Outline which health issues could be caused by oor ergonomic designs of dislay screen euiment (>') workstations& (5) A16 ork-related uer limb disorders such as: ain in shoulders* arms (including forearms)* wrists* hands* 7ngers and even neck ains& 'ye strain This uestion asks for an outline which would tyically include detail of the symtoms and the circumstances that would make the eects more likely& Q!# Outline which factors should be considered for an ergonomic assessment of a >' workstation& (15) A2; 'uiment 'nvironment Task +ndividual - inter-relationshis between these four /eetition orking osture of 7ngers* hands and wrists orking osture of shoulders and arms sychosocial factors such as: ace of work* unlanned overtime!shift work* little control over own work* stressful deadlines* lack of training
Q! Kse escri4ees to clearly show what is meant by the following terms relating to mechanical ha%ards from moving arts of machinery& 'ntanglement (2) rushing (2) >rawing-in (2) hear (2) A! Co need for a masteriece& lear reresentation of machinery arts demonstrating each articular ha%ard& Arrows to show the direction of movement
Q!! Outline the main considerations when deciding on the siting of 7re e"tinguishers& (5) A22 Accessibility Nisibility ro"imity to e"its and escae routes Travel distances uort of the euiment o the ground 4ree from obstruction rotection from the weather rotection from other sources of damage
Q!0 Outline maintenance and insection reuirements for 7re e"tinguishers& (5) +nsection O routine i&e& monthly visual checks ensuring e"tinguishers are in lace* have not been discharged and have no obvious damage& 3aintenance 8 annual tests by a cometent erson according to the manufacturers instructions in order to ensure the e"tinguishers integrity* with faulty euiment being removed and relaced& Q!5 E/plain these terms with regards to noise control& ilencing (2) Absortion (2) >aming (2) +solation (2) A25: Silencin9 The suression of noise generated by the air $ow* gas or steam in ducts and ies* or when e"hausted to the atmoshere* and uses either absortive material or baRes A4sorption /eduction of re$ected noise by using materials such as foam or mineral wool a.pin9 /eduction of amount of noise radiating from large anels and is eected by increasing the stiness of the anels Isolation hysical searation of eole from the noise source such as acoustic booths or havens* or by isolating the noise by vibration using $e"ible ies or anti-vibration machine mounts Q!1 Outline a rocedure for the safe lifting of a load whilst using a crane* ensuring the crane has been roerly selected and ositioned for the task& (8) A2F The suitability of the lifting tackle such as its safe working load* free from defects* etc& The cometence of the eole involved i&e& driver* slinger* signaler The load must be lifted vertically* secure balanced and controlled during the lift by the use of tag lines whenever necessary
roer communication Area must be ket clear of non-essential ersonnel =ifting* moving and lowering must be erformed at the correct rate maintaining roer control at each art of the oeration
Q!6 efne the occuational health term Starget organ& (2) A2< A art of the body that sustains an adverse eect when e"osed to* or is contaminated by* a articular substance or agent& The harmful eects of a to"ic substance con7ned to articular organs such as the lungs* liver* skin or kidneys& Q!3 Outline ersonal hygiene methods that would decrease the risk of ingesting a ha%ardous substance& (<) A2I /egular hand washing /estriction of smoking and eating in the worklace &&' such as gloves /emoval and cleaning of contaminated clothing Q!2 Identiy 4JK/ dierent tyes of ha%ards that could reuire the use of secial footwear and E/plain in 'A0 tye how the footwear rotects the wearer& (8) A28 The tyes of secial footwear and their uses are: 4alling ob#ects O steel toe-cas har ob#ects O steel in-soles 4lammable atmosheres O anti-static footwear read of contamination O washable boots 3olten metal O heat resistant boots and gaiters 'lectricity O rubber soles et environments O imermeable ellington boots liery surfaces O non-sli soles old environments O thermally insulated footwear Q!% Identiy the items to include on an insection check+dentify for ortable electrical aliances& (8) A26 Aroriate euiment for the task and environment 'uiment is tested 'uiment* lugs* connectors and cables are free from damage orrect wiring and sound connections 4uses and other means of reventing e"cess current in lace and correct rating Accessible and aroriate means of isolation
ystem not overloaded
Q0# Outline the main recautions to be taken whilst undertaking an e"cavation ro#ect& (8) AL; >etection of services using lans* cable!ie detectors etc& uorting the sides torage of materials and soil away from the edge 3easures to revent vehicles falling into e"cavations such as sto blocks Huard rails and barriers 3easures to revent collase of ad#acent structures afe means of access!egress Testing for* and ventilation of* no"ious fumes 3easures to um out water afe rocedures for working with mechanical lant +nsection* training and suervision Q0State TJ asbestos related resiratory diseases& (2) AL1 3esothelioma Asbestosis =ung cancer Q0! Identiy where you are likely to encounter asbestos in a building undergoing renovation work& (<) AL2 ie lagging all and roof anels eiling tiles Te"tured coatings such as 7re resistant encasulation of metal girders +nsulation materials Haskets and other seals Q00 Identiy ways that may cause a fork-lift truck to become unstable when in use& (8) ALL +nsecure* e"cessive or uneven loading +ncorrect tilt and!or elevation of forks whilst traveling Kneven or unconsolidated ground loes and incorrect rocedures to deal with them Jbstructions overhead and low level ornering at e"cessive seeds udden breaking Tyres in oor condition
3echanical failure
:e;ision Questions & Answers ro. NEBOSH IGC E/a.inations Ele.ent
Q Outline the most imortant factors in the management of (fork)-lift truck oeration& A1 The following factors are at the forefront of the management of (fork)-lift truck oeration: U select suitable sta: they need to be at least 1I years old (other reuirements aly in industry seci7c regulations)* medically 7t and with the right disosition U identify vehicles: dierent tyes of lift truck and attachments will reuire additional training U identify work: the worklace environment* materials to be handled and work activities will imose additional training reuirements U identify training needs: by matching the individuals selected with the tye of vehicle* work activity and worklace environment* a training rogramme can be develoed in accordance with the Aroved ode of ractice (/emember that e"erienced oerators may reuire conversion training&) U rovide training: V either in-house or via a training centre V ensure instructors are cometent and adeuate facilities are available V training should cover: basic training* seci7c #ob training and familiarisation
U kee records: record the training undertaken by individual oerators and certi7cation awarded along with continuous assessment and test results U authorisation: rovide written authorisation to those allowed to oerate lift trucks& U monitor erformance: V kee an eye on oerating rocedures etc U refresher training: rovide as and when necessary U health surveillance: rovide routine medical checks for lift truck oerators* articularly for those in middle age and above
Q! roduce a check-+dentify of key oints for the design and layout of vehicle tra.c routes& A2 >esign and layout of vehicle tra.c routes* check+dentify of key oints: U ensure roadways are wide enough for the largest vehicle likely to use them& U take account of the ma"imum number of vehicles and edestrians entering or leaving the remises at the beginning and end of each shift& U design road systems to rovide minimum travel distances between laces where vehicles have to visit& U where ossible eliminate the need for vehicles to reverse by* for e"amle* the introduction of one-way tra.c systems& U where ossible eliminate shar bends and blind corners, where this is not ossible rovide suitable warning signs and mirrors U kee road #unctions and rail crossings to a minimum U ensure entrances and gangways are wide enough to rovide su.cient sace to accommodate vehicles stoed for checking from causing obstructions U ensure there are clear direction signs and identi7cation markings on doors and buildings to hel avoid driver error and unnecessary tra.c movement Q0 >itto* a check-+dentify of the key oints for edestrian tra.c routes& AL edestrian routes need to be ket clear and unobstructed& The following key oints* outlined
in the free 0' ublication J.cewise (+C>H1IL)* are worth stressing with regard to edestrian tra.c routes: U do not allow trailing leads to create triing ha%ards U do clear u sillages uickly U do relace or reair torn $oor coverings etc U do rovide handrails on stairways and ensure stairs are well lit U do not block assageways or corridors Jbviously* the above recautions refer to 9in the o.ce, management must also ensure that risk assessments also e"tend to encomass: U edestrian routes into and out of the building: do doors 9suddenly oen on to avements* or on to vehicle routes U car arking arrangements* and so on
Q5 Outline the most imortant general reuirements concerning the conditions of $oors and tra.c routes& A5 Heneral reuirements concerning the conditions of $oors and tra.c routes: U sound construction U su.cient strength and stability to meet the reuired demands U surfaces should be even and free of faults U secial attention must be aid to surfaces which are liable to become sliery* for e"amle in a machine sho with its oils and lubricants, in such an environment* $oors should be non-sli and every eort should be made to contain the inevitable sills by mounting the machines in 9trays and carefully designing the system of ies and valves by which the machines can be drained of coolant oils and other $uids U when any sills or a leakages do occur* they should be cleaned u immediately U $oors and tra.c routes which are oen to the elements should have 9non-skating rink surfaces which may need to be gritted in sells of free%ing weather
Q1 eole and vehicles* what are the key reuirements of The orklace /egulationsQ AF eole and vehicles* reuirements of The orklace /egulations: U searation of edestrians and vehicles U careful design of crossing laces U signosting and the use of $oor markings to indicate routes to be followed by internal vehicles U 9restraining barriers at sites where edestrain routes suddenly emerge onto vehicle routes U doors and gates V use of transarent viewing anels V safety features with ower-oerated doors V safe use of uward oening doors U consideration to be given to disabled eole U suitabililty of routes used by vehicles U signosting of restrictions (headroom* resence of edestrians* sloes* blind bends and so on) U shielding and marking of dangerous obstructions such as overhead electrical cables or iework U rotection of illars and iework from imact by vehicles (fork-lift trucks are very heavy the author once saw such a truck drive into a set of storage racking at a snails ace* but still causing an ama%ing amount of damage) Q6 hat are the three main tyes of ha%ard faced by edestriansQ A< lis* tris and falls, collisions, in#ury or damage caused by environmental conditions& Q3 hat are the main ha%ards causing slis* tris and falls on the same levelQ AI et or greasy $oors* uneven or loose surfaces* and obstacles on the surface& Q2 hat are the four main environmental ha%ardsQ A8 =ighting levels* heat* noise and air uality&
Q% State four items that a risk assessment should consider in relation to otential ha%ards to edestrians& A6 There are many such factors& The following were given in the unit: W The normal atterns of movement in and around the worklace W atterns of movement outside of those which are normal* whether authorised or not* and which may be reasonably redicted W The articular needs of certain grous W The needs of eole not normally on the remises W The in$uence of dierent weather conditions W The in$uence of maintenance rocedures W Accident and incident reorts W 0ow good are the e"isting measures and systems of work in roviding adeuate rotection for edestrians& Q# hat is a designated walkwayQ (F) >esignated walkways are areas which are secially rotected from ha%ards by segregating eole from vehicles* and within which edestrians should be reasonably safe from harm& Q here and how should ha%ard warning markings be lacedQ (<) 0a%ard warning markings (yellow diagonal stries on a black background) should be 7"ed as tae or ainted onto any ob#ect likely to resent an unforeseen ha%ard& +n addition* they may be used to indicate areas to avoid* such as around doors used by vehicles* and to mark the edges of safe walkways& Q! hat safety measures may be taken relating to doorsQ A12 4our strategies are suggested: W Jne-way systems through double doors W Automatic doors or soft doors W 0a%ard signals and warning lights on the doors themselves* and in surrounding areas W utting in viewing anel windows& Q0 hat are the three main tyes of ha%ard caused by vehicle oerationsQ
A1L =oss of control* overturning and collisions with other vehicles* edestrians or 7"ed ob#ects
Q5 hat may cause loss of control of a vehicleQ A15 >river error* mechanical failure and environmental conditions& Q1 hat factors may contribute to the risk of overturningQ A1F everal factors may be involved* including: W eed of travel W teeness of the sloe W 0eight of the vehicle (including its load) - tability of the load W 0igh tyre ressure W Any e"ternal longitudinal ressure* such as wind or colliding ob#ects W resence and si%e of any bums or holes in the surface& Q6 Identiy the environmental conditions which might contribute to accidents& A1< Adverse environmental conditions include: W oor weather W oor lighting& W oor sight lines& W oor ground surface& W ongestion& Q3 0ow can visibility be imrovedQ A1I My ensuring adeuate lighting is rovided for the tra.c route (and its surroundings)* and by making sure that sight lines are good& Q2 Identiy the main safety measures used to manage vehicle oerations and movement& A18 3anagement of vehicle oerations and movements includes the following measures: W 3ovement systems W eed limits W Nehicle arking W igns and markings W ignalling W =oading and unloading rocedures W ecial rules for articular sites
W Heneral rules to make sure vehicles do not become ha%ards&
Q% Jn what key areas should vehicle safety maintenance concentrateQ A16 Nehicle safety maintenance should concentrate on: W Mraking systems W teering mechanisms W Tyres W '"haust systems& Q!# +n what conditions should warning lights and alarm systems be usedQ A2; arning lights and alarms should be used to alert edestrians and other drivers of the aroach of a vehicle& They are articularly imortant at blind corners* #unctions and doorways* and on reversing& Q! hat secial euiment should be 7tted to vehicles to rotect driversQ A21 The main methods of rotecting drivers are the use of seat belts* secured doors and rotective cages and cabins with shatter-roof glass& Q!! hat are the main means of searating vehicles and edestriansQ A22 There are three main means of searation: W Marriers and!or clear surface markings to mark searate routes for edestrians and vehicles& W >esignated crossing oints for edestrians to use when crossing vehicle routes& W earate doorways* etc&* for edestrians& Ele.ent !
+f you are not able to illuminate each of these with a coule of e"amles* refer back to the study material&
Q! ho might be resonsible for the manual handling assessment in a articular worklaceQ A2 /esonsibility for conducting a manual handling assessment: the answer to this uestion is the same general answer we always give when we consider who is able to undertake a articular risk assessment in a articular worklace* namely the erson(s) who searately or together have a thorough knowledge of the work activities in uestion& +f no such erson(s) are available* then serious uestions must be raised concerning both the working ractices and the training sta have received& '"cetions to this reuirement that inhouse sta should be able to undertake the necessary risk assessments will arise with secialised euiment such as steam boilers and certain lifting euiment where outside e"ertise (erhas rovided by insurance comanies) may be needed& +n the +H2!2 study material we outlined the seci7c in-house e"ertise that might be called uon in a manual handling assessment& Q0 auses of manual handling accidents and common manual handling in#uries - together the basis of many C'MJ0 uestions over the years* generally not di.cult and one that should reward you with good marks& Accordingly* rovide an answer &&& AL auses of manual handling accidents and in#uries: U slis* tris and falls U oor lifting techniues U loads which are too heavy for the individual concerned U loads with shar corners U decetive loads: either because they are une"ectedly heavy or because the centre of gravity is not as anticiated U oor osture U reeated handling and maniulation of loads which might be accetable as a 9one-o& ommon in#uries include: U strains and muscle in#uries involving the sine U strains and muscle in#uries involving other arts of the body U scratches* bruising and gra%es (mostly to the uer body)
U fractures* either as a result of falls or droing heavy ob#ects onto the body Jther common manual handling uestions ask the candidate to +dentify grous of workers who are articularly at risk when it comes to manual handling in#uries& A good answer will suly* erhas* four or 7ve at-risk grous together with a brief outline of work they undertake and the in#uries likely to be encountered&
Q5 Outline some other general oints concerning manual handling techniues A5 Additional manual handling techniues include: U using a midway stage which may* for e"amle* be valuable when an ob#ect has to be lifted from the $oor to a high shelf U making use of the strong leg muscles to ush an ob#ect into (storage) osition U team handling - using two eole in certain manual handling oerations U ensuring that workers are aware of the most e.cient ways of manoeuvring euiment such as trolleys U avoiding unnecessary stretching U use of 9kinetic handling techniues Q1 E/plain* giving a few details* how avoiding the need for a articular manual handling oeration can be achieved by: elimination of handling* or if this is not ossible* automation& AF Avoiding the need for a articular oeration &&& 'limination of handling U are certain handling oerations necessaryQ U can the same results be achieved another wayQ U can a rocess such as machining or wraing be carried out in situ* without handling the loadQ Automation or mechanisation* if the load handling oerations cannot be avoided entirely: U can the oeration be mechanised - for e"amle* the use of roller conveyors U is automation a ossibilityQ
Q6 Knder the following motion of machinery ha%ard categories (+H2!L)* 9i;e some e"amles of ha%ards seci7cally associated with handling euiment: U entanglement U friction and abrasion U cutting U shear U stabbing and uncture U imact U crushing U drawing in A< 0andling machinery ha%ards* some e"amles: U entanglement: rollers on conveyor systems* drum and cable lifting dveices U friction and abrasion: any handling system involving belts (very tough* very abrasive) for the movement of grain* coal* sand, simle building site roe and ulley systems U cutting: hard to think of a seci7c handling cutting e"amle* aart from the side edge of a travelling conveyor belt* although obviously many of the other categories included here might also involve cutting U shear: lift moving across the oening in a lift shaft, any lifting euiment that makes use of scissor-action U stabbing and uncture: any fast moving handling euiment might* either on its own* or through the articles being carried cause this tye of in#ury U imact: clearly #ust about any moving handling euiment could cause an imact in#ury (9tra.c ha%ards* +H2!1), we should also mention the imact eects of euiment such as fork-lift trucks hitting storage racking* brick walls and so on the damage that can be caused by even a very slow moving vehicle can be uite remarkable: buckling and toling storage racks and so on U crushing: device such as an insection latform ushes the worker on the latform into the ceiling* ventilation ducting etc U drawing in: roller and screw conveyor systems for moving bulk materials
Q3 +n addition to the motion of machinery ha%ards of the revious uestion* outline some other ha%ards associated with handling euiment& AI Jther ha%ards associated with handling euiment U electrical ha%ards from the owerful batteries used in milk $oats* hand-oerated trucks etc U falls from height U toling over of lifting euiment (you should be able to suggest a few ossible causes) U electrostatic eects leading to 7re and e"losion ha%ards (think conveyor systems with the build-u of dust* frictional generation of electrostatic charges etc) Q2 hat are the main causes of in#ury to workers as a result of manual handling oerationsQ A8 The main causes of in#ury are: W 4ailing to use a roer techniue for lifting and!or moving the ob#ect(s) or load W 3oving loads which are too heavy W 4ailing to gri the ob#ect(s) or load in a safe manner W Cot wearing aroriate ersonal rotective euiment& Q% hat is a /K=> and how might it be brought aboutQ A6 /K=> stands for Swork related uer limb disorder and refers to ill-health conditions aecting the uer limbs* articularly the soft connecting tissues* muscles and nerves of the hand* wrist* arm and shoulder& /K=>s arise from the reetition of ordinary movements (such as griing* twisting* reaching or moving)* often in a forceful and awkward manner* without su.cient rest or recovery time& Q# hat is the rimary means of minimising the ha%ards of manual handlingQ A1; The elimination of risk by the use of mechanical aids& Q hat are the characteristics of the load which may resent a ha%ardQ A11 The characteristics of a load which constitute a ha%ard are its weight* si%e* shae* resistance to movement* rigidity or lack of it* osition of its centre of gravity* resence or absence of
handles* surface te"ture* stability of any contents and the contents themselves&
Q! Identiy the main ha%ards resented by the working environment in relation to manual handling oerations& A12 The main ha%ards in the working environment are: W /estrictions on movement and osture W onditions of $oors and other surfaces W Nariations in levels W Temerature and humidity W trong air movements W =ighting conditions& Q0 0ow can manual handling tasks be re-designed to make them less ha%ardousQ A1L /e-design of the task may include: W euencing O ad#usting the seuence of tasks in a rocess to minimise the number of oerations involving lifting and carrying loads& W ork routine O reducing reetitive oerations to allow variation in movement and osture* by such means as introducing breaks* #ob rotation and roviding ways in which workers can oerate more at their own ace* rather than the work being controlled by a continuous suly of materials to be handled& W Ksing teams O sharing the load by using teams of workers to carry out the task& Q5 hat are the most common ha%ards associated with: (i) 4ork-lift trucks (ii) =ifts and hoists (iii) ranes (iv) ack trucksQ A15 (i) The most common ha%ard of lift trucks is that* with their small wheels and articularly when loaded and with the forks raised* they may become unbalanced* resulting in them shedding their load or tiing over& Jther ha%ards arise from the constant need to reverse the truck* obscured vision when the load is raised and using unsuitable trucks for the working environment&
(ii) The main risks associated with lifts and hoists are falls from a height (from a landing level* from the latform or with the latform) and being hit by materials falling from the latform& Jther ha%ards include being struck by the latform or other moving arts* and being struck by e"ternal ob#ects or structures while riding on the latform& (iii) The main ha%ards associated with cranes are the risk of them becoming unbalanced and toling over* the arm of the crane swinging out of control or the load striking something whilst being moved hori%ontally or falling& (iv) The main ha%ards of sack trucks are overloading* instability of the load* tiing when moving over uneven ground or on sloes* and careless stowage&
Q1 hat ersonal rotective euiment might be aroriate for working with: (i) allet trucks (ii) ranesQ A1F (i) afety footwear* as well as gloves and arons to rotect whilst handling loads& (ii) afety helmets& Q6 0ow can entry to and e"it from lifts be made safe for eoleQ A1< The main means of rotection is the use of interlocking gates which ensure that access to and egress from the lift latform is only ossible when the lift is at rest& Jther relevant safety measures include the ositioning of the oerator so that each access oint can be seen or the use of signallers to inform the oerator that it is clear& Ele.ent 0 *or+ e>uip.ent ha,ards and control Q 0ow is work euiment de7ned* give some e"amles& A1 ork 'uiment is de7ned as what is and what isnt work euiment& Although you robably think that this answer is a little evasive* such a statement should form art of your answer together with some e"amles which fall within the de7nition of work euiment: lawn-mower* hotocoier* hand saw and some e"amles which fall outside the
de7nition of work euiment: livestock* substances* structural features such as walls&
Q! escri4e* giving e"amles* what is meant by 9mobile work euiment* 3'& A2 3' includes any euiment which carries out work whilst it is travelling (dumer* fork lift truck* cro srayer) or which travels between dierent locations where it is used to carry out work (comressor* trench diggers* mobile latform for insecting street lights)& Q0 Mrie$y outline some of the legal reuirements which aly seci7cally to 3'& AL Co emloyee shall be carried on 3' unless it is suitable and incororates features to revent ersons falling under wheels and tracks& /oll-over rotection &&& reventing unauthorised start-u, starting* stoing* emergency stoing, drivers 7eld of vision, lighting for use in the dark, carriage of 7re aliances and so on* /emote ! robotic controlled self-roelled work euiment must sto automatically if it leaves its control range and risks of crushing and imact must be guarded against& rotection against the ha%ards associated with the transmitting ower from one iece of work euiment to another* for e"amle the ower take-o shaft from a tractor to a hay baler& Q5 +n develoing a training rogramme which will satisfy the needs of legal reuirements* three articular asects of work will need to be addressed - what are theyQ A5 The three asects of work that will need to be encomassed in a training rogramme will be: U day to day oeration of the euiment - starting* stoing* loading* unloading and so on U foreseeable abnormal situations such as a drill bit shattering or a tyre uncturing U what the 0' describe as 9conclusions to be drawn from e"erience in using the work euiment which means that* following training* the worker should have su.cient knowledge to be able to make constructive criticism about the euiment and its use in the worklace in uestion&
Q1 hen develoing the training rogramme* what factors will need to be considered as far as the needs of individual workers are concernedQ AF +t will be necessary to consider the emloyees age and e"isting cometence and hence what additional training will be necessary to enable them to use* suervise or manage the use of the work euiment with due regard to health and safety& (+t is imortant to remember that an emloyer has an obligation to train not only to those who use work euiment but also to those suervising or managing&) The training rogramme should also take account of the circumstances in which the emloyee is to work (alone* under close suervision of a cometent erson or whatever)& Q6 0ow can you de7ne the motion of machinery artsQ A< 3achinery motion may be described as being a combination of rotary and linear motion, (recirocating movement can be seen as a form of linear motion)& Q3 There are various dierent ways of classifying the mechanical ha%ards associated with machinery motion, in our study material we have chosen to use a common classi7cation which divides mechanical ha%ards in eight categories, the 7rst is entanglement* can you Identiy the other sevenQ AI The mechanical ha%ards associated with machinery motion may be classi7ed as follows: U entanglement U friction or abrasion U cutting U shear U stabbing or uncture U imact U crushing U drawing in* which might lead to one or more of the above ha%ards Q2 efne the following terms (some of which you have de7ned in +H1!1):
U machinery U ha%ard U risk U safeguard U guard U safety device U safe working ractice or safe system of work U interlock U failure to danger U failure to safety (the referred term is now 9failure to minimal danger) U integrity A8 >e7nitions U machinery is aaratus for roducing or alying ower* having 7"ed or moving arts each with de7nite functions U a ha%ard has the otential to cause ersonal in#ury or ill health U risk is a measure of the likelihood that a ha%ard will result in harm together with the resulting severity U a safeguard is a guard or device designed to rotect ersons from danger U a guard is a hysical barrier that revents or reduces access to a danger oint U a safety device is a device other than a guard that eliminates or reduces danger U a safe working ractice or safe system of work is a method of working that eliminates or reduces the risk of in#ury U an interlock is a safety device that interconnects a guard with the control system or the ower system of the machinery U failure to danger is any failure of the machinery* its associated safeguards* its control circuits or its ower suly that leaves the machinery in an unsafe condition U failure to minimal danger is any failure of the machinery* its associated safeguards* control circuits or its ower suly that leaves the machine in a safe condition* or rather* a condition of minimal danger
U integrity is the ability of the devices* systems and rocedures to erform their function without failure or defeat
Q% Outline the hierarchy of control which is aroriate for machine safety& A6 The hierarchy of control which is aroriate for machine safety: having assessed the risk osed by the machinery in uestion* the solution must then be chosen through the hierarchy of controls (we have added a few notes under each heading): U substitution* the use of a safer machine &&&& remember that there are legal reuirements for urchase of new machinery U engineering control to reduce the severity of harm and the likelihood of harm arising from the ha%ard in uestion U administrative control including the establishment of aroriate working rocedures for day to day oeration and cleaning and maintenance and emergency rocedures U ersonal rotective euiment if all other measures fail to achieve su.cient control Q# 3atching hakeseares seven ages of man* we came u with the eleven stages in the life of a machine - what are they* starting with the design of the machineQ A1; The eleven stages of machine: U design U construction U transort U installation U commissioning U oeration* including start-u and shut-down U setting or rocess change-over U cleaning U ad#ustment U maintenance U decommissioning and dismantling Q The selection of guards forms one ste in the hierarchy of control of machines - what is
the common aide-memoire used to show the order of reference for the selection of guardsQ Xou should be able to rovide e"amles of the various tyes of guard& A11 election of guards: 4 + A T& 4i"ed guards being the 7rst choice* followed by interlock guards* automatic guards and 7na&
Q! (i) 4rom what do the risks in the use of hand tools ariseQ (ii) 4rom what do the additional risks of ortable ower tools ariseQ A12 (i) The risks in the use of hand tools arise from oerator error* misuse and imroer maintenance& (ii) The additional risks of ortable ower tools arise from the resence of the ower source (and esecially the electrical cables) and the seed and force of the tool itself& Q0 hy might each ower tool be markedQ A1L To identify it for insection uroses as art of a routine maintenance system& Q5 hat are the general factors about machines and the way in which eole may come into contact with them which cause the seci7c mechanical ha%ards in any situationQ A15 There are si" general factors: W hae of the machineO for e"amle* whether an ob#ect has shar edges* angular arts* etc&* which may be a ha%ard even if not moving& W /elative motion of machine arts or of a machine art to a body* or art of a body& W 3ass and stability of the machine or arts of it* including the workiece& W Acceleration of moving arts of a machine (or the workiece)* either under normal conditions or if something breaks& W +nadeuate mechanical strength of a machine or art of it& W otential energy of elastic comonents which may be translated into movement& Q1 hat are drawing-in in#uriesQ
A1F These occur where a art of the body is caught between two moving arts and drawn into the machine&
Q6 Identiy the non-mechanical ha%ards arising from the use of machinery& A1< Coise* vibration* electricity* temerature* ha%ardous materials and substances (including radiation) and ergonomics& Q3 hat ha%ards might arise from the use of the following machinesQ (i) Mench to grinder (ii) imle robot (iii) neumatic drill (iv) Mench-mounted saw A1I (i) Mench to grinder: 3echanical O contact* e#ection of arts* swarf Con-mechanical O dust (ii) imle robot: 3echanical - imact!crushing Con-mechanical O noise (iii) neumatic drill: 3echanical - imact!crushing Conmechanical O noise* vibration* dust (iv) Mench-mounted saw: 3echanical O cutting!severing Conmechanical O noise* dust Q2 hat is the hierarchy of rotective measuresQ A18 The hierarchy of rotective measures referred to in the te"t is as follows: W 4i"ed enclosing guards W Jther guards or rotection devices W rotection aliances W The rovision of information* instruction* training and suervision& Q% hat 7ve reuirements are there for any guarding systemQ A16 That they should: W Me comatible with the rocess W Me of adeuate strength W Me roerly maintained W Cot increase risk W Cot be easily byassed or disabled&
Q!# escri4e the rinciles of an interlocking guard system& A2; +nterlocking guards comrise a system which links the oening of the rimary guard to the oeration of a second safety device* leading either to the comlete stoage of the machine or to the oeration of another guard& Q! hat is a tri deviceQ A21 A tri device is a system which stos or reverses the motion of a machine when a erson enters the ha%ard area& Q!! hat are the limitations of ad#ustable guardsQ A22 There are two otentially serious limitations: W They can easily be defeated W They rely uon oerators being 1;;Y vigilant in roviding for their own safety* a condition the guard should rovide* not the oerator& Q!0 hat are rotection aliancesQ A2L These are hand held tools or hand controlled 7"ed devices which are used to hold or maniulate a workiece as it enters the machine* is worked on and!or removed from the machine& They allow the oerator to kee control of the iece whilst not coming into contact with the ha%ardous arts of the machine& They include ush sticks* #igs and other tyes of holder& Q!5 0ow may two-handed controls be over-riddenQ A25 Two eole can over-ride the system by each holding one handle& Q!1 hen are oerators reuired to be trained in the use of safety euimentQ A2F At all times and in all situations& Ele.ent 5 Electrical ha,ards and control 4or many eole* electricity seems to be erceived as a sub#ect of secial obscurity and comle"ity, for this reason* in the 'lectrical ha%ards and control element* we decided to adot a dierent aroach to usual* namely e"osing students very early in their study to tyical C'MJ0 erti7cate e"amination uestions&
Q efne the meaning of the following terms which are +dentifyed in the syllabus: cometence* earthing* isolation* insulation* rotection* reduced voltage* e"cess current rotection* residual current device and duty holder& A1 >e7nitions U ometence is de7ned as those working on electrical euiment must have the necessary knowledge and e"erience or be under aroriate suervision& 3aybe you feel that this is a slightly evasive or circular de7nition but you try to think of a better way of e"ressing the concet of cometence& U 'arthing &&& very low resistance electrical connection to the 'arth* which* in the event of a fault will allow e"cess current to $ow away, this $ow to earth should trigger the oeration of a safety device such as a fuse or a rcd& U +nsulation &&& material of such a high electrical resistance that no electrical current will $ow through it& U rotection &&& the usual meaning of the word - as we have stressed* rotection which is aroriate to revent irrearable damage to a iece of euiment (for e"amle* a fuse) may be insu.cient to revent irrearable damage to a erson (the very raid circuit breaking action of a rcd is needed to rotect eole)& U /educed voltage &&& most tyes of electrical ower tool can be roduced in versions which oerate o 11; volts rather than the normal mains 2L; volts& Mecause of the way the electrical circuits for such euiment are constructed (9centre-taed)* in eect the voltage to which a victim might be e"osed is reduced by a factor of four& 0owever* because FF volts is still caable of roducing a fatal shock* other forms of rotection (rcd) will still need to be incororated in the electrical circuit& U '"cess current rotection &&& if e"cess current is $owing in an electrical circuit* something is wrong* and devices such as the fuse and the rcd are needed to rovide the reuired level of rotection& U /esidual current device &&& very fast acting electrical device which will break the circuit if it
detects that electrical current is any way being 9silled from the circuit - that is actually the signi7cance of the word 9residual& lease seak to your tutor or hone us in hichester if you wish to discuss further& U >uty holders &&& we can identify three grous of duty holder* namely: emloyers* self-emloyed eole and emloyees each with their seci7c duties which relate to matters which are within the control of each of these grous, the /egulations reuire emloyer ! emloyee co-oeration& when this is necessary&
Q! hat does 9double insulation meanQ A2 >ouble insulation is an aroriate form of rotection in euiment which no e"osed metal arts may not need to be bonded to earth (earthed) and the electrical circuit will comrises line (brown) and neutral (blue)& The second level of insulation (9double insulation) in such euiment may be rovided by lastic casing of the euiment& Q0 hat is the voltage of a circuitQ AL Noltage is the measure of dierence in electrical otential between the two terminals of a circuit& Q5 hat determines the current in a circuitQ A5 The current in a circuit is determined by the voltage& Q1 hat is the dierence between resistance and imedanceQ AF +n rincile* there is no dierence as both terms relate to the slowing of the $ow of electricity through a circuit& Henerally* resistance relates to the comonents connected to a circuit whereas imedance relates to resistance within the conductor itself& Q6 hat is a short circuitQ A< A short circuit is formed where another conductor touches the circuit and rovides the electricity with an alternative ath to a terminal with a larger otential dierence than the neutral terminal* usually the earth& Q3 hat does arcing doQ AI 'arthing rovides a safe ath for any faulty current to be disersed to earth through a designated conductor&
Q2 hat is the main eect of electric shock on the bodyQ A8 An electric shock results in a convulsive resonse by the nervous system to the assage of electricity through that art of the body* causing the muscles to contract* often violently& Q% +f a erson receives a shock for one second which asses through the body along a ath with an imedance of 1;*;;; ohms* what would be the current received and what eect might it have on the erson if the voltage of the circuit touched was: (i) 25; volts (ii) 11; volts (iii) F; voltsQ A6 Ksing the euation for calculating current from Jhms =aw and e"ressing the result in milliams: This will cause strong muscle + Z /N contraction and (i) Z ;;; 1o*25; ossibly some Z 25 mA& breathing di.culties& This will be + Z /N ainful and there (ii) Z ;;; 1o*11; will be some Z 11 mA& muscle contraction& This will be barely + Z /N ercetible* (iii) Z ;;; 1o*F; erhas some Z F mA& mild tingling will be felt&
Q# hat is the 7rst ste in treating a victim of electric shockQ
A1; The 7rst action should be to break any continuing contact between the victim and the current&
Q hat is arcing and what risks does it oseQ A11 Arcing is the electrical bridging through air of one conductor with a very high otential to another nearby earthed conductor& +f the arc is connected to a erson* the victim may be sub#ect to both a $ame burn from the arc and electric shock from the current which asses through the body& There is also a danger of burns from ultraviolet radiation and radiated heat* even where the arc does not actually touch a erson& Arcing can also rovide a source of ignition for 7re& Q! hy are cable drum e"tension leads dangerousQ A12 The bends in the cable increase resistance and may cause overheating of the conductor& Q0 hat 7ve factors should be used to assess the suitability of the construction of an electrical systemQ A1L The factors to be considered when evaluating the suitability of the construction of electrical systems are: W The manufacturers recommendations W The likely load and fault conditions W The robable use of the system(s) W The need for suitable electrical rotection devices* such as overload rotection W The environmental conditions which may aect the mechanical strength and rotection reuired& Q5 hat rotection is oered by the cord gri in a lugQ A15 A cord gri restricts movement at the oint of entry of the $e"ible cable into the lug* thus reventing abrasion of the cable& +t also revents the conductors being ulled loose from their terminals& G1F hat is the dierence between a fuse and a circuit breakerQ A1F A fuse forms a weak link in a circuit by overheating and melting by design if the current e"ceeds the safe limit& A circuit breaker is a mechanical device in the form of a switch which automatically oens if the circuit is overloaded&
Q6 hat is the urose of a fan in an item of electrical euimentQ A1< A fan is designed to diserse e"cess heat generated by the normal oeration of the euiment& +t is not designed to revent overheating from electrical faults& Q3 hat is euiotential bondingQ A1I 'uiotential bonding is the rocess of connecting all e"ternal metalwork in the system to a common bonding conductor* thus ensuring that all the metalwork is at the same otential and* if any of the metal 7ttings become live* current will not $ow through the system& Q2 hat is the dierence between switching o and isolationQ A18 witching o refers to deriving the euiment of electric ower* but still leaving it connected& +solation refers to hysically searating it from any source of electric ower* with the additional ste being taken of ensuring that it cannot be inadvertently re-energised& Q% hat rotection is oered by a reduced voltage transformer in a circuitQ A16 /educed voltage circuits reduce the eect of any shock received from making contact with art of the circuit& Q!# State the main features of a roer system of maintenance& A2; The main elements of a roer system of maintenance are: W +denti7cation of the euiment which has to be maintained and where!how it is to be used W >iscouragement of Sunauthorised euiment in the worklace W arrying out simle user checks for signs of damage, for e"amle* casing* lug ins and cable sheath W 4ormal visual insections carried out routinely by a cometent erson W eriodic testing of euiment by a cometent erson W ystems for the reorting and relacement of defective euiment W /ecording of all maintenance and test results along with the inventory of euiment in use&
Q! hat checks should be carried out before an item of electrical euiment is usedQ A21 The erson utilising the electrical euiment should visually check for signs that the euiment is not in sound condition, for e"amle: W >amage to the cable sheathes* #oints or lugs W The euiment has been sub#ected to conditions for which it is not suitable, for e"amle* it is wet or e"cessively contaminated W >amage to the e"ternal casing of the euiment or there are loose arts or screws& Q!! hat is the safest method of owering electric hand tools which are being used outdoorsQ A22 +f they cannot be owered by battery* the electrical ower should be delivered through a reduced voltage circuit and!or rotected by a residual current circuit breaker&
Ele.ent 1 ?ire ha,ards and control Q hat are the essential elements necessary for 7re to occur, e"lain the imlications for 7re control& A1 'ssential elements for 7re to occur or continue& 0ere you should have described the 7re triangle* emhasising that removing any side of the triangle will revent the 7re from starting (7re recautions) or will sto a 7re that has started (7re 7ghting)& As we have ointed out* almost any uestion on the revention and 7ghting of 7re can be answered* at least in art by aroriate mention of the 7re triangle& A rich answer would e"lain that the heat side of the triangle is actually formed of two comonents - the heat to create a vaour (because it is the vaour that actually burns* not the solid or liuid itself) lus the energy to ignite the vaour& ome authorities have argued that it might thus be referable to talk of a 7re 9suare but it seems as if the triangle is now too well established to be relaced& Q! E/plain the terms: e"othermic and o"idising&
A2 '"othermic* o"idising U e"othermic: a reaction that gives out heat as it takes lace U o"idising: the reaction consumes o"ygen (strictly* chemists may rovide a dierent de7nition* but this will su.ce for our uroses)
Q0 Mrie$y descri4e some common causes of 7re& AL ommon causes of 7re include: U delayed discovery allowing develoment into a ma#or 7re U combustible material not roerly stored - or disosed of U resence of e"losive dusts* gases or vaours U resence of $ammable material (for e"amle* $ammable liuids) in unsuitable containers U oor building design combined with lack of aroriate 7re stoing measures - inadeuate 7re doors* roof voids and cavity walls which allow 7res to develo and sread without being detected and so on U use of combustible materials in construction U windows and ! or doors accidentally or intentionally left oen U vandalism resulting in the disabling of 7re 7ghting systems U arson +magine now that the uestion had asked for the 9rincile sources of ignition for 7res O although there is obviously an overla with this 9common causes uestion* your answer should focus on ignition sources such as friction* static electricity and so on& (3ake sure that you can indeed +dentify and describe seven or eight sources of ignition&) Q5 escri4e the basic methods of heat transfer in the sread of 7re A5 Masic methods of heat transfer in the sread of 7re: U conduction (for e"amle: along ies* through brickwork) U convection (via the sace above false ceilings* u stairwells) U radiation (from a burning building or trees across a distance of many metres) U direct burning (9eating steadily along - remember what we said about this) Q1 Identiy the four methods heat transfer by which the human body can loose heat& hich of these cannot be involved in heat gainQ
AF The body may loose heat by the three basic means of heat transfer - conduction* radiation and convection lus heat loss via sweating (in many situations* the most imortant means of heat loss)& 0eat cannot be gained by sweating&
Q6 efne: U sontaneous ignition temerature U lower $ammable limit U uer $ammable limit A< >e7nitions U sontaneous ignition temerature is the lowest temerature at which a substance will ignite sontaneously without any e"ternal source of ignition: coal tis* haystacks and oil soaked rags are some e"amles U lower $ammable limit is the smallest concentration of $ammable gas or vaour which* when mi"ed with air* is caable of ignition and subseuent $ame roagation U uer $ammable limit is the highest concentration of $ammable gas or vaour which* when mi"ed with air* is caable of ignition and subseuent $ame roagation Q3 4ire detectors oerate by sensing a change in one or more of three hysical ! environmental factors - what are theyQ Xou should also be able to brie$y descri4e the method of oeration of these detectors& AI 4ire detectors are intended to detect an outbreak of 7re!smouldering in its early stages by sensing one or more of the following: U heat detectors and $ame detectors have three basic oerating rinciles: V fusion (melting) V e"ansion V infra-red $ame and smoke detectors U smoke detectors generally fall into three categories: V ionisation detectors V light scatter detectors V obscuration detectors (3ake sure that you can brie$y describe all these&)
Q2 Outline the oeration of the two main tyes of automatic srinkler system& A8 rinkler systems may be divided into two main tyes: U wet systems where the ie work is fully charged with water at all times and thus there must be no danger of the water free%ing U dry installations are installed where the temerature conditions are arti7cially maintained close to* or below free%ing* for e"amle in cold stores, the ies are ket charged with air under su.cient ressure to hold back the water suly Q% 4ires and 7re e"tinguishers are classi7ed as lass AO>* 4& Mrie$y outline the characteristics of each lass& hat has haened to lass 'Q hat colour are the 7re e"tinguishers for each lassQ A6 lasses of 7re and 7re e"tinguishers U lass A 4ires involving solid materials - aer* wood* fabrics& ooling by water or sray foam is the most eective way of e"tinguishing this tye of 7re& U lass M 4ires involving $ammable liuids such as etrol* oils* fats, foam and dry owder e"tinguishers should be used& U lass 4ires which are fuelled by $ammable gases such as Corth ea Has* butane and so on& riority must be given to shutting o the source of fuel and the 7re should be tackled with dry owder& U lass > 3etal 7res involving metals such as aluminium and magnesium, secial owders are reuired in such situations& U (4ormerly known as lass ' 4ires) in which live electrical euiment is involved& 4or such 7res* non-conducting agents such as owder and carbon dio"ide must be used, if those 7ghting the 7re can* with certainty* disconnect all electrical ower* then the 7re can be treated in terms of its aroriate lass* AO>* 4& U lass 4 0igh temerature ([L<; ) cooking oils used in large industrial catering kitchens* restaurants* takeways etc, wet chemical 7re e"tinguishers are reuired&
All e"tinguishers are now to be coloured red although the old coding system (cream for foam e"tinguishers etc) can be retained as a coloured stri on the e"tinguisher&
Q# hat are the si" main factors to be considered when assessing a building with regard to means of escae in the case of 7reQ A1; The main factors to be considered when assessing a building with regard to escae in the case of 7re are as follows: U construction of building (layout and materials) U time needed for the comlete evacuation of the building U tye of occuancy U number and location of e"its U travel distances to the e"its U management control Q hat is the urose of emergency lightingQ A11 'mergency lighting may be classed as 9maintained (in oeration at all times)* 9non-maintained which is triggered when the normal lighting fails and 9stand-by lighting which rovides a full relacement system in areas such as an oerating theatre or a control rocess control centre& 'mergency lighting has three functions: U indicate escae routes U rovide su.cient illumination along such routes to ermit safe escae in case of 7re U ensure that 7re alarms and 7re 7ghting euiment situated along the escae route can be readily located& Q! escri4e a diagram of a 7re notice& A12 A 7re notice should encomass the following:
Q0 Mrie$y outline the factors that may be involved in causing a dust e"losion, what measures may be taken to minimise the risk of such e"losionsQ A1L 3easures to reduce the risk of dust e"losions include: U good housekeeing U engineering control by use of e"haust ventilation to gather u and disose of e"cess dust U control of electrostatic sources by the use of earthing and so on Q5 Outline 7ve or si" key factors in the revention of liuid 7res& A15 The key to the revention of liuid 7res is to control the formation of vaour: U contain the liuid so that vaour does not escae during storage U handle the liuid so that sillages are contained and disosed of aroriately U rovide ventilation so that any vaour which is created is disersed
U control ignition sources - static electricity* electrical euiment* cigarettes* naked $ames U treat 9emty containers as if they were full U kee 9immediate use sulies in small uantities in metal cuboards U kee bulk stocks in 7re-resisting stores
Q1 >itto the revention of 7res involving $ammable gases& A1F revention of 7res involving $ammable gases such as o"ygen and acetylene: U the referred otion is to site gas cylinders outside the building and to ie the gas through 7"ed ie work to where it is needed, where this is not ossible* for e"amle with mobile welding sets* it will be necessary to take the gas cylinders to the lace reuired and rotect them by chaining in racks or trolleys U oerators must be trained in the correct use of $ammable gases: changing cylinders* checking valves and connectors* testing for leaks* working rocedures U ensuring good ventilation U storage of full and emty cylinders (referably in secure* wellventilated stores in outside buildings* never below ground level or ne"t to drains and similar) Q6 hat is likely to haen if you oen a window to release the dense smoke in a room created by a 7reQ A1< The smoke may begin to clear but by allowing fresh air into an o"ygen-deleted environment the 7re is likely to burn with increased intensity& Q3 E/plain brie$y how each of the following might start a 7re& (i) tatic electricity (ii) 4riction (iii) ace heater A1I (i) tatic electricity is an electrostatic charge roduced by friction or induction& The charge may be transorted a considerable distance from the oint of origin and a sark may
be roduced when su.cient charge accumulates& This sark may have enough energy for ignition& (ii) 4riction is the rocess whereby heat is given o by two materials moving against one another& +n the absence of a lubricant or cooling substance it can result in the surfaces of the materials becoming hot or actually roducing sarks* either of which may be su.cient to cause ignition& 4riction can be caused by imact (one material striking another)* rubbing (when moving arts of a machine contact stationary surfaces) or smearing (for e"amle* when a steel surface coated with a softer light metal is sub#ected to a high seci7c bearing ressure with sliding or gra%ing)& (iii) A sace heater is designed to give o considerable heat and* close to the heater* temeratures may be very high& 4ire may be started by combustible materials being laced too close to the source of the heat (through radiation) or by actually touching the hot surfaces of the heater itself&
Q2 Identiy the rocess of heat transmission!7re sread shown in the following hotograhs& (i)
A18 (i) onvection, (ii)
A18(ii) /adiation, (iii)
A18(iii)onduction&
Q% hat additional method of heat transfer!7re sread is not illustrated by the hotograhs aboveQ A16 >irect burning
Q!# Identiy the 7re classi7cation of each of the following tyes of 7re& (i) Mutane gas cylinders burning in the storage area of a garden centre& (ii) 4ire in the aint sho of a car manufacturer& (iii) 4ire in an o.ce& A2; i) lass O 7res involving gases or liue7ed gases&& (ii) lass M O 7res involving $ammable liuids or liue7ed solids& (iii) lass A O 7res involving solid* mainly carbonaceous* materials (here* most likely aer and furniture* etc&)&
Q! 0ow might you minimise the risk of 7re in a woodworking areaQ A21 4ire risk can be minimised by ensuring that wood shavings and dust are cleared regularly and ignition sources such as cigarettes and sarks from electrical euiment do not come into contact with combustible materials& Q!! hat recautions should be taken when using $ammable liuidsQ A22 The volume of $ammable liuids in use at any one time should be minimised and it should be held in aroriate (usually metal)* correctly labelled containers with secure lids& The need to decant highly $ammable liuids from one container to another should be minimised* thus reducing the risk of sillages& Q!0 Kon what does the 7re resistance of each of the following building materials deendQ (i) Timber (ii) /einforced concrete (iii) Mrick walls A2L (i) The 7re resistance of timber deends on the Sfour Ts: the thickness or cross-sectional area of the iece* the tightness of any #oints involved* the tye of wood and any treatment received& (ii) The 7re resistance of reinforced concrete deends on the tye of aggregate used and the thickness of concrete over the reinforcing rods& (iii) The 7re resistance of a brick wall deends on its thickness* the alied rendering or lastering* whether the wall is loadbearing or not* and the resence of erforations or cavities within the bricks& Q!5 escri4e the eects of 7re on an unrotected steel beam& A25 The beam will distort* ossibly causing the collase of any structure it is suorting& +t will also conduct heat and increase the ossibility of 7re sread& Q!1 escri4e how $ame retardant aint rotects covered timber&
A2F hen e"osed to heat the aint bubbles rather than burns and thus gives additional rotection to the covered timber&
Q!6 hat three elements should be addressed in any assessment of 7re riskQ A2< A site lan* the 7re ha%ards and their level of risk* and 7re control and evacuation measures& Q!3 hat are the limitations of manual alarm systems and how may they be overcomeQ A2I 3anual systems alone can only raise an alarm over a limited area and for a limited time& There has to be some means for the erson raising the alarm to make it general O by using the hone or ublic address system* or a manual!electric system& Q!2 Identiy the three ways in which 7re may be detected and state the tyes of automatic detector associated with each& A28 (i) >etection of smoke or other fumes by ionisation or otical smoke detectors& (ii) >etection of $ames by ultra-violet and infra-red radiation detectors& (iii) >etection of heat by fusion or e"ansion heat detectors& Q!% Identiy the three ways of e"tinguishing a 7re& A26 tarvation (removing the fuel)* smothering (removing the o"ygen) and cooling (removing the heat)& Q0# Identiy the classes of 7re for which each of the following e"tinguishing agents!devices are suitable& (i) ater (ii) arbon dio"ide gas (iii) >ry owder (iv) 4oam (v) 4ire blankets& AL; (i) ater O class A (ii) arbon dio"ide gas O classes A and M (iii) >ry owder O classes A* M* and > (iv) 4oam O class M (v) 4ire blankets O classes A* M* > and 4
Q0 State the four colour coding reuirements for ortable 7re e"tinguishers& AL1 ater O /ed hemical foam O ream arbon dio"ide O Mlack >ry owder O Mlue Q0! Outline the main oints to be covered in training in the use of 7re e"tinguishers& AL2 Heneral understanding of how e"tinguishers oerate& The imortance of using the correct e"tinguisher for dierent classes of 7re& ractice in the use of dierent e"tinguishers& hen to and when not to tackle a 7re& hen to leave a 7re that has not been e"tinguished& Q00 hat areas may be used as assembly ointsQ ALL An assembly oint should be a lace of ultimate safety (outside the building* in the oen air* away from any further danger from the 7re) or a lace of comarative or relative safety* in a 7re-rotected area& Q05 hat should take lace in an assembly oint following an evacuationQ AL5 There should be a roll call to ensure that all eole in the aected area are resent& Q01 State the escae times and distances for (i) 0igh 7re risk areas (ii) Cormal 7re risk areas (iii) =ow 7re risk areas& ALF (i) 0igh 7re risk areas O one minute or 12 - 2F metres (ii) Cormal 7re risk areas O three minutes or 18 - 5F metres (iii) =ow 7re risk areas O 7ve minutes or 5F - <; metres Q06 hat is the urose of signs used on escae routesQ AL< To direct occuants to the means by which they can safely leave the remises&
Q03 Outline the main reuirements for an escae route& ALI The escae route should be as straight as ossible direct to the assembly oint* clear of obstruction* free of materials which could ose a 7re ha%ard* and be wide enough throughout (including at doorways and oenings) to rovide for the unrestricted $ow of eole& Q02 Identiy the actions for which 7re marshals!wardens are resonsible when an evacuation takes lace& AL8 'nsuring all occuants leave by the designated escae route& earching all areas to ensure that the area is clear& 'nsuring that 7re escae routes are ket oen and clear at all times& 'nsuring all doors and windows are closed on leaving the area& onducting the roll call at the assembly area& 3eeting the 7re brigade on arrival and informing them of all relevant details& Ele.ent 6 Che.ical and 4iolo9ical health ha,ards and control Q E/plain and 9i;e e"amles of the four tyes of occuational health ha%ard as categorised by the syllabus: U hysical U chemical U biological U ergonomic A1 The four tyes of occuational health ha%ard (as categorised by the syllabus): U hysical ha%ards* including: V noise V vibration V electromagnetic radiation including visible light* ultraviolet* microwaves V ionising radiation: \-rays* alha* beta and gamma radiation V thermal environment ha%ards* both hot and cold U chemical ha%ards* which may be sub-divided in a number of ways* including: V to"ic* harmful* corrosive* irritant* carcinogenic (0+ 9risk hrases)
V acute* chronic V by target organ U biological ha%ards* by way of e"amles you could give: V heatitis M V A+> V legionellosis V letosirosis V genetically-modi7ed organisms V diseases associated with the laboratory Alternatively* you could lace biological ha%ards into the following categories: V virus - e"tremely small organisms: rabies* common cold* $u* A+> V bacteria - single cell organisms: legionnaires disease* anthra"* tuberculosis* tetanus V other micro-biological agents such as fungus conditions* birdhandlers disease V genetically modi7ed organisms U ergonomic ha%ards V manual handling ha%ards V musculoskeletal disorders V ha%ards associated with dislay screen euiment
Q! efne 9acute and 9chronic and give some e"amles for chemical and biological agents& A2 Acute* chronic &&& words which* in normal seech* are used in a fairly haha%ard manner, in health and safety the meanings are well-de7ned: U an acute condition is one in which the body shows an immediate resonse to e"osure, full recovery from an acute condition will robably occur unless of course* the victim dies& U a chronic condition is one which develos over a long eriod of* robably* low e"osure levels, chronic conditions may have eriods in which they do not worsen* but full recovery will not occur& As we e"lained in the te"t* some agents (carbon mono"ide* ben%ene) can be resonsible for both acute and chronic conditions& Jur uestion seci7cally referred to acute and chronic biological health ha%ards, e"amles might be legionnaires disease (acute)* tuberculosis and athletes foot
(chronic)& >oes the e"amle of athletes foot show that some chronic conditions may in fact recover* contrary to what we said above, or do we say that in the long eriods when the condition of athletes foot is not aarent it can be said to be dormantQ
Q0 efne 9local* 9target organ and 9systemic& Although e"erience shows that C'MJ0 rarely ask a 9arts of the body uestion* you should be able to rovide a brief outline of the organs of the body which we mentioned in the te"t O resiratory system* skin* kidney* liver* circulatory system* brain ! C& AL =ocal* target organ* systemic& /emember that the syllabus +dentifys a do%en 9seci7c agents (ammonia* chlorine* &&&)* the individual ha%ards of which you must know& +t is useful to have a few other e"amles u your sleeve for uestions like this &&& &&& carbon tetrachloride enters the body via the resiratory system and acts in the liver (target organ), acid burn (local), lung damage by a substance taken into the resiratory system (local)& ystemic tends to be taken to mean that the eect involves the whole organism but strictly systemic means that the substance has to travel through the body to its lace of action* for e"amle tetraethyl lead which acts in the brain having travelled through the body from the skin or the gut or the lungs& Q5 efne* with e"amles if ossible* the terms which are +dentifyed in the syllabus: to"ic* harmful* corrosive* irritant* ashy"iant* narcotic* carcinogenic* teratogenic!mutagenic& A5 To"ic* harmful* corrosive* irritant* ashy"iant* narcotic* carcinogenic* teratogenic!mutagenic& These are all de7ned in the study material, check your answers& +n this sort of uestion it may be useful to 9lace the de7nitions of 9to"ic etc in the conte"t of the 0+ legislation and guidance material such as '05;& Q1 escri4e* with e"amles* the main routes of entry into the body for substances (obviously it is to"ic substances with which we are articularly concerned)&
AF /outes of entry into the body for (to"ic) substances: U inhalation U in#ection U ingestion U skin absortion +nhalation is usually described as being 9the most imortant route of entry, we need to be careful here because* for e"amle for (say) heatitis M* in#ection is the route of entry& My now* you will areciate that 9the most imortant route of entry really is a shorthand way of saying 9the route of entry which is is alicable to most agents and substances which can cause harm to the body&
Q6 hat is the signi7cance of the 9article si%e of airborne contaminants* ollutants and microbiological agentsQ A< The si%e of any airborne contaminant (gas* vaour* mist* dust etc) will determines how far they will travel in the resiratory system& =arge articles (grit) will be unable to negotiate their way into the resiratory system at all (think of the orientation of the nose), contaminants of si%e 1;- 1;; microns (1;-< metre) will get traed somewhere in the uer resiratory system and very 7ne articules and gas molecules and 7ne mist will travel all the way to the gas transfer region of the lungs* erhas becoming traed or erhas being subseuently breathed out& Q3 efne the terms +dentifyed in the syllabus which encomass airborne liuids and articles: gas! vaour* mist* smoke* fume* dust, which of these would fall into the category of 9aerosolQ AI Has* vaour* mist* smoke &&& the syllabus reuires that you must know the meaning of these terms, if necessary* refer back to our te"t& 'nsure that you areciate the health and safety meaning of 9aerosol& Q2 There are three common ways of e"ressing the airborne concentration of a substance E/plain&
A8 The airborne concentration of a substance may be e"ressed: U weight er volume: mg ! mL U ratio: arts er million U number of 7bres in a given volume of air: 7bres ! millilitre +n the te"t we asked you to say which would be the aroriate way(s) of e"ressing the concentration of si" substances, lease make sure that you did indeed tackle this uestion and are hay with the answer&
Q% hat would you say is the dierence between air samling and air monitoringQ A6 Air samling* air monitoring As we mentioned in the study material* words like 9samling* 9surveying* 9checking* 9monitoring tend to have somewhat $e"ible meanings (unlike some health and safety terms such as 9risk and 9ha%ard which* as we have e"lained* have very clearly de7ned meanings)& Air monitoring imlies a continuing fairly detailed evaluation of the levels of ollutants in the air* whereas air samling imlies a more limited e"ercise& +t could of course be b e that the air monitoring is reuired because the results of a one-o air samling e"ercise indicate that more detailed investigations are reuired& e e refer you back to the te"t for a brief glimse of some of the factors that would need to be taken into account in develoing an aroriate strategy in investigating and controlling the ollutants in a articular environment - for e"amle* dont waste time and money on detailed air monitoring when it is obvious that the situation demands that resources need to be concentrated on imroving control& Q# 0ardwood dust has a long-term '= of F mg m-L& A worker is e"osed to hardwood dust at a concentration averaged over a day of 5 mg m-L& +s this accetableQ A1; An averaged hardwood concentration of 5 mg m-L ('= of hardwood Z F mg m-L) is not accetable& There is a legal obligation to bring it as low as reasonably racticable& Q An oerator is e"osed to a general dust at a concentration of < mg m-L averaged over the day& day& This dust has a long-term '= of F mg m-L& +s this accetableQ
A11 Co* it is not accetable&
Q! hat rovision is there in '0 5; to deal with e"osure levels which 9eak from time to time in the dayQ A12 The 1F minute short-term limit (T'=) is intended to accomodate e"osure levels which 9eak from time to time in the day& Q0 +n addition to the nature of the contaminant (ie what is in the airQ)* what other factors might be investigated by air monitoringQ (Xou (Xou should be able to add three or four factors&) A1L +n addition to identifying unknown ollutants* air monitoring may be used to determine the concentrations of the contaminants* the variations throughout the worklace and variations during the shift ! weekly work cycle& Q5 A +dentify of the most common reasons for undertaking air monitoring would robably start with: U to estimate e"osure of ersonnel to contaminants& Add another three or four reasons for undertaking air monitoring& A15 /easons for undertaking air monitoring include: U assessing the e"osure of ersonnel - individual and collective - to contaminants U to assess comliance with hygiene standards* ie worklace e"osure limits ('=) or* in the case of substances without a '=* to assess comliance with an internally derived standard U to check the eectiveness of the control measures such as local e"haust ventilation which are in force U selection of aroriate resiratory rotective rotective euiment which deends on the full identi7cation of the contaminant U emergency or alarm monitoring in* for e"amle etrochemical lant* to ensure that leakages do not lead to e"losive or to"ic concentrations of gases, alarm monitors may be ortable and carried by the worker or they may be in a 7"ed osition* ermanently 9on guard whether or not the site is occuied Q1 Mrie$y Identiy a few key oints to outline the similarities and dierences between ersonal
monitoring and area monitoring& A1F +n outlining the similarities and dierences between ersonal monitoring and area monitoring you should have ointed out that ersonal euiment must be ergonomically accetable to the worker& +f correctly chosen and oerated* such ortable euiment will be able to assess the level of the contaminant which is resent in the workers breathing %one as the worker ursues his!her normal attern of work& 4or some gases and vaours* ersonal euiment may rovide a 9real time value for the concentration of the contaminant or the samle may be collected for subseuent analysis - articularly when the contaminant is a solid& Area euiment can be more sohisticated* roviding a full read-out of the levels of one or more contaminants over the chosen time eriod&
Q6 hy do you think that it is necessary to have e"osure limits for general worklace dustQ A1< Heneral worklace dust (9nuisance dust) has an occuational e"osure limit because such dust may cause irritation to the worker& Q3 Outline the oeration and use of a colour detector tube (chemical indicator tube) for measuring the concentration of a gas or vaour in the air& A1I A colour detector tube (chemical indicator tube* stain detector tube* >r]ger tube) oerates by drawing a known amount of air through a chemical acked into the tube& The air may be drawn through in erhas 1; 9guls over a eriod of a few seconds or* if a long-term average concentration is reuired* over a eriod of several hours by a small batterydriven um& The chemical in the tube will change in some way (colour* deth of stain* density of stain) and this will give a measure of the concentration of the contaminant in the air& Q2 Outline the hierarchy of control for substances* with e"amles& A18 0ierarchy of control for substances, our te"t rovides e"amles under each of the following: U elimination of e"osure (erhas in con#unction with enclosure* when for e"amle a welding
rocess is automated) U substitution: water-based degreasing agents for solventbased U modi7cation of the rocess (engineering control) U enclose the rocess* erhas in con#unction with other controls such as automation or the introduction of ='N U ventilation control V local e"tract ventilation (='N) V dilution ventilation for low levels of non-to"ic ollutants U ersonal rotection U &&& at each and every level of the hierachy &&& administrative issues
Q% Outline the limitations of ersonal rotective euiment with regard to ha%ardous substances& A16 The limitations of ' focus on the fact that* even when well-selected* 7tted and used* they will only rotect the erson wearing it& +n ractice* ' will often fail to achieve the full manufacturers level of rotection because: U it is inaroriately chosen U ill-7tting (beards* sectacles) U con$icts with other ' (hearing rotection and /' are freuently badly combined) U not maintained* stored and cleaned U not worn for 1;;Y of the time that it should be worn, as we have e"lained* failure to wear (say) hearing rotection for only short eriods can greatly increase e"osure levels Cot really a limitation of ' as such* but certainly worth mentioning in your answer is the fact that ' can be used as a cover for oor ractice in the worklace* an alternative to undertaking the control measures that should be undertaken - engineering control* ='N etc& Q!# Administrative issues can be seen as alying through the hierarchy of control, Gi;e some e"amles of what we might call 9administrative control& A21 Administrative control will encomass: U training workers in the correct use (including cleaning* maintenance and emergency rocedures) of the euiment they encounter and use in the worklace
U training in the selection* storage* maintenance* use of any ersonal rotective euiment that is reuired for the rotection of the worker U reduce the number of emloyees e"osed to ha%ardous activities and their time of e"osure U ensure good housekeeing: cleaning schedules* control of eating* drinking and smoking U control of ha%ardous substances throughout their life-cycle: receit* storage* use* disosal U rovision of facilities for washing* changing* storage of clothes U record keeing As weve said before* you cant go wrong with 9record keeing it has almost universal relevance in health and safety& learly your answer will be better if you give some e"amles of the records that should be ket - in this case you could mention records of the urchase* suly and use of '* training records* data sheets for the substances which are used* and so on&
Q!! Nentilation is one form of (engineering) control& '"lain the dierence between general dilution ventilation and local e"haust ventilation& >escribe a simli7ed 7gure showing the main comonents of a local e"haust system& A22 Heneral ventilation may be aroriate in the control of substances of low ha%ard and!or in roviding thermal comfort and a suly of fresh air& =ocal ventilation may be ortable (for e"amle* e"traction systems which can be wheeled to the lace were welding is taking lace) or 7"ed around the site of the ollutant (you should be able to rovide a handful of e"amles here* check the te"t if necessary)& The main comonents of a local e"haust system must include: U device for gathering contaminated air (hood) U ductwork to take the contaminated air from the hood to &&& U collection device (cleaning the air and disosal of waste) U air-moving device (fan)
Q!0 0ealth surveillance is articularly imortant for what class of ha%ardous substancesQ A2L 0ealth surveillance is articularly imortant for substances which cause allergic reactions* when the worker has become sensitised& Q!5 Outline some environments in which workers might come into contact with biological ha%ards& A25 'nvironments in which workers might come into contact with biological ha%ards include: U agriculture* food roduction* work associated with animals V animal husbandry and transort* slaughterhouses V contact with sores: mushroom growing* grain storage* etc V veterinary work* bird handling* laboratory animals* et shos and garden centres U building ! demolition ! reair work: birds droings etc U health care workers: TM* A+>* heatitis U sewerage and drainage system work U te"tile work: animal hair* cotton dust etc These are #ust some e"amles of 9occuational ha%ards* although of course* non-occuational
members of the ublic will not be immune to these ha%ards& +n addition you might have mentioned ha%ards such as humidi7er fever and legionnaires disease which are associated with micro-organisms in air conditioning systems& These are found throughout the built environment - commerce* entertainment* recreational&
Q!1 Mrie$y descri4e the three main routes of entry for biological agents& A2F /outes of entry for biological agents: U ingestion: food oisioning* for e"amle salmonella* brucellosis U inhalation: legionnaires disease and tuberculosis U skin entry: either through a wound (eg tetanus* eils disease) or a bite by an insect (malaria) or an animal (rabies) or via contaminated body $uids (A+>* heatitis M) Q!6 Identiy 1; or so methods of control that could be used in the control of the various microbiological agents - for e"amle* the control that would be reuired when health surveillance shows that an individual is becoming sensitised to a articular allergen is immediate change of work away from risk of e"osure, now add to this 7rst e"amle& A2< ome methods of control for microbiological agents, there are many e"amles from which to choose* including: U control of rodents and insects U ersonal rotective euiment: full length boots for sewer workers (eils disease)* /' for workers who are liable to be e"osed to bird-carried diseases U health surveillance to show if a worker is becoming sensitised to a articular allergen, immediate aroriate action is then reuired U good housekeeing including the collection and aroriate disosal of all contaminated clothes* animal bedding and waste, rotect broken skin U adeuate ventilation U disinfection - euiment* animal stalls U scruulous ersonal hygiene - changing clothes U control (enclosure* ventilation) of the the aerosols roduced by euiment such as laboratory centrifuges and dryers
U roer design* commissioning and maintenance of engineering controls in water cooling and ventilation systems
Q!3 State the forms of chemical agents which may arise in the worklace& A2I =iuids* gases* vaours* mists* fumes and dusts& Q!2 Identiy the three general classi7cations of chemical ha%ards& A28 The classi7cation of ha%ardous substances is slit into three basic grous: hysico-chemical* 0ealth and 'nvironmental& Q!% >istinguish brie$y between acute and chronic ill-health eects& A26 Acute ill-health eects arise where the uantity of a to"ic or harmful substance absorbed into the body roduces harmful eects very uickly* that is within seconds* minutes or hours& hronic ill-health eects arise where the harmful eects of a substance absorbed into the body take a very long time to aear* erhas months or even years& Q0# Identiy the routes of entry of chemical and biological agents into the body& AL; +nhalation* ingestion* absortion* asiration and in#ection& Q0 hat are the conditions which allow the =egionella bacterium to develoQ AL1 The =egionella bacterium thrives in: W ater temeratures in the range of 2;-5F^& W The resence of sediment* sludge* scale and!or organic material in the water which act as a source of nutrients& W lime on the surface of water& Q0! hat is the dierence between the eects of J 2 and JQ AL2 Moth carbon dio"ide and carbon mono"ide are ashy"iants* that is when inhaled they do not cause direct in#ury to the resiratory tract* but reduce the o"ygen available to the body& J2 is a simle ashy"iant which dislaces air* whereas J is a chemical ashy"iant which combines with haemoglobin to form a comound which revents o"ygen transort by the blood&
Q00 hat is the dierence between an inhalable substance and a resirable substanceQ ALL +nhalable substances are caable of entering the mouth* nose and uer reaches of the resiratory tract during breathing& /esirable substances are caable of deeer enetration to the lung itself& +t is the si%e of the individual article which determines whether a substance such as a dust is inhalable or resirable& Q05 hat is neumoconiosisQ AL5 neumoconiosis is the general term for an accumulation of dust in the lungs and the tissue reaction to its resence& Q01 hat do you understand by the term time-weighted average in relation to an '=Q ALF orklace '"osure =imits ('=s) are e"ressed as timeweighted averages* meaning that measurements are taken over a articular time eriod (1F minutes for short-term limits or 8 hours for long-term limits) and then averaged out& The concet of time-weighted averages allows concentrations levels to e"ceed the limit* rovided that there are euivalent e"osures below it to comensate& Q06 Gi;e three e"amles of the limitations of '=sQ AL< The limitation of '=s are: W They are designed only to control absortion into the body following inhalation W They take no account of human sensitivity or suscetibility (esecially in relation to allergic resonse) W They do not take account of the synergistic eects of mi"tures of substances W They do not rovide a clear distinction between Ssafe and Sdangerous conditions W They cannot be alied directly to working eriods which e"ceed eight hours W They may be invalidated by changes in temerature* humidity or ressure& Q03 hat information is generally rovided on the label of a substance or rearation which has been classi7ed as dangerousQ
ALI The label on a rearation which is dangerous for suly must give the following information: W The name(s) of the ha%ardous constituents W The indication(s) of danger and the corresonding symbols W The risk hrases W The safety hrases W Came* address and telehone number of the sulier&
Q02 hat is the urose of safety data sheetsQ AL8 afety data sheets are intended to rovide users with su.cient information about the ha%ards of the substance or rearation for them to take aroriate stes to ensure health and safety in the worklace in relation to all asects of their use* including their transort and disosal& Q0% hat is the dierence between assive and active samling devicesQ AL6 +n assive samling devices the air samle asses through!into the device by means of natural air currents and diuses into a chamber containing an absorbent material which can be removed for later analysis& +n active samling devices the air samle is forced through the instrument by means of a um& Q5# Gi;e three e"amles of limitations in the use of stain tube detectors& A5; The limitations of stain tube detectors are: W The volume of air samled may not be accurate due to incorrect assembly interfering with the air $ow (through leaks* etc&) or incorrect oeration W There may be the ossibility of cross-sensitivity of tube reagents to substances other than the one being analysed W There may be roblems caused by variations in temerature and ressure W The indicating reagent in the tubes may deteriorate over time W There may be variations in the recise reagent make-u between tubes W 0and-oerated detectors are caable of only a single Soint in time sot samle& Q5 hat are smoke tubes used forQ
A51 moke tubes are used to test the eectiveness of ventilation or air conditioning systems and chimneys* to detect leaks in industrial euiment* to assess relative air ressures used in certain tyes of local ventilation systems* and to rovide general information about air movements in a work area&
Q5! hat rinciles of control are illustrated by the following measuresQ (i) Ksing granulated ottery gla%es instead of owders (ii) Nacuum cleaning rather than sweeing u with a broom (iii) _ob rotation (iv) Ksing water-based adhesives rather than solvent-based ones& A52 The rinciles of control that illustrated by the above measures are: (i) ubstitution (ii) ork rocess change (iii) /educed time e"osure (iv) 'limination Q50 hat is the dierence between local e"haust ventilation and dilution ventilationQ A5L =ocal e"haust ventilation (='N) is a control measure for dealing with contaminants generated from a oint source& >ilution ventilation deals with contamination in the general atmoshere of a worklace area& Q55 hat are dead areas and why are they a roblem for dilution ventilation systemsQ A55 >ead areas are areas in the worklace which* owing to the air$ow attern roduced by the ositioning of e"traction fans and the inlets for make-u air used in the ventilation system* remain motionless and so the air is not changed& They can move from one osition in the worklace to another as a result of changing the ositions of fans and inlets* by draughts of air through windows and doors or moving the osition of machinery or workbenches& Q51 Identiy the 7ve main tyes of resirator and the three main tyes of breathing aaratus
A5F The main tyes of resirator are 7ltering face-iece resirators* half-mask resirators* full-face or canister resirators* owered clean-air resirators and owered visor resirators& 4or breathing aaratus the three main tyes are fresh air hoses* comressed airlines and self-contained systems&
Q56 hat are the key criteria in the selection of the aroriate resirator to useQ A5< The tye of ha%ard (dust* gas* vaour* etc&) and the category of danger* contaminant concentration levels and wearer accetability& Q53 hat is the main urose of routine health surveillanceQ A5I The main urose of routine health surveillance is to identify at as early a stage as ossible any variations in the health of workers which may be related to working conditions Ele.ent 3 -hysical7 er9ono.ic and psycholo9ical health ha,ards and control Q efne a 9N>K worker and outline the basic ergonomic checks and ad#ustments that should be undertaken on a work station& A1 orkers covered by the >' legislation &&& this needs some e"laining& The >' /egulations aly where sta habitually use N>Ks as 9a signi7cant art ot their work& orkers who use N>Ks only occasionally are not covered by the /egulations but such workers are still covered by the general duties of other health and safety legislation& Thus you can imagine that the >' /egulations will 9kick-in if they are needed& Q! Outline an emloyers resonsibilities regarding eye tests and the rovision of rescrition sectacles& A2 'ye tests: emloyees covered by the >' /egulations can ask their emloyer to rovide and ay for an eyesight test, (you will be able to link this back to the uestion of whether a worker is* or is not* a >'-worker)& 'mloyees only have to ay for sectacles if secial sectacles are needed for the work in uestion&
Q0 ho is resonsible for reorting defects in the worklaceQ AL =ooking at the wider icture* as you know it is the resonsibility of the emloyee to reort any observed defect* whether it be a relatively trivial broken towel rail or lifethreatening - the measures that the emloyee takes should of course re$ect the urgency that the situation demands: reort the towel rail by a memo at the end of the day &&& 9stand guard over a machine which aears to have develoed a serious electrical fault& Q5 As in so many other areas of the syllabus and in so many sets of /egulations* maintenance considerations thread their way through the orklace /egulations& hat should a suitable system of maintenance encomassQ A5 93aintenance should encomass: U regular maintenance: V insections V testing V lubrication V cleaning U systems for: V dealing with immediate ha%ards V ensuring that ersonnel are not e"osed to any danger: U while work is being carried out U while the euiment is out of action U cometency of individuals who carry out maintenance work U maintaining accurate records of all work carried out Jf course* it is di.cult to imagine any iece of euiment that needs no maintenance* ever, you should be able to rovide e"amles of euiment with seci7c maintenance reuirements* euiment such as: emergency lighting* air conditioning* escalators* ventilation systems& Xou should also areciate that* for some euiment* statutory maintenance reuirements aly, you should be able to give some e"amles& Q1 Two noise sources indeendently give a sound ressure level of 62 dM* what will be the overall sound ressure level if they oerate at the same timeQ
AF A sound ressure level of 62 dM combined with another sound ressure level of 62 dM gives an overall sound ressure level of 6F dM& This L dM dierence is barely ercetible to the human ear although it involves a doubling of the amount of energy involved& The ear will erceive a ten-fold increase in energy (ie ten similar sources) as being twice as load& &&& ten times the energy* ten times the e"ense* ten times the en#oyment* but only twice as loud &&&
Q6 +solation* insulation* absortion* daming* silencing - the engineering noise control terms that C'MJ0 reuire you to be able to e"lain and illustrate with e"amles, several times in the last ten years* this has formed the basis of a erti7cate uestion& Accordingly* rovide e"lanations and e"amles for each of these terms& A< +solation* insulation* absortion* daming* silencing &&& using the study material* check your descritions and e"amles of these terms, remember that* because of the ambiguity in the use of these terms* it is imortant to use e"amles to illustrate your de7nitions& Q3 Ksing e"amles of your own choosing* e/plain how dierent noise sources can have very dierent noise characteristics (sometimes called noise 9ro7le)& As a challenge* you might like to e"tend your answer to encomass the sorts of noise control measures that might be aroriate for the dierent noise ro7les that you have identi7ed& AI A full descrition of the noise characteristics of a articular environment will need to encomass: U intensity of the noise* dM U freuency characteristics of the noise (high freuency noise from steam #ets etc) U the attern of the noise as it changes with time (at its most e"treme* this could be eriods of general engineering worksho noise with the occasional very loud imact noise from a ower ress) &&&
U &&& characteristics of any imact or ercussive noise eaks which do occur U overall noise level* summed u over a eriod of* erhas* 8 hours, =e or ='*d U characteristics of the worklace: reverberation time* assage of noise along duct work and so on The urose of drawing u this noise ro7le is of course to ensure that the most eective noise control measures can be taken&
Q2 Outline the two main tyes of ersonal hearing rotection together with their advantages and disadvantages& A8 There are many tyes of hearing rotection but they can all be categorised as lugs or mus, the study material gives e"amles of the advantages and disadvantages of each tye which include: U mus* some advantages V convenient for utting on and o in situations where the noise is not continuous (road drilling) V ditto in situations where communication is reuired during uiet eriods V built-in (radio) communication ossible using mus (helicoter ilots) U mus* some disadvantages V may clash with other ' V can rove uncomfortable with continued use U lugs* some advantages V unlikely to clash with other ' V not uncomfortable V can rovide good rotection (for e"amle* secial lugs are available for imact noises) V lugs are always ready* 9on-guard (roviding they are being worn of course) U lugs* some disadvantages V cannot easily be taken in and out (think of communication imlications) V reuire careful storage and 7tting
Q% ersonal hearing rotection is of course the last otion in the hierarchy of control of noise Outline the stes that should be taken before deciding on this otion& A6 ersonal hearing rotection* the last otion in the hierarchy of control As always* make sure that you are answering the uestion which is asked &&& &&& our uestion asks which otions should have been eliminated before hearing rotection is chosen &&& a good answer should thus concentrate on the higher levels of the hierarchy& +f the candidate instead rovides a rich essay on hearing rotection as such* very oor marks will be achieved - this haens& Xour answer should thus encomass: U legislation - Coise /egulations and the associated action levels U noise survey to establish the cause and characteristics of the worklace noise U noise control - isolation* insulation &&& etc U role of hearing rotection in situations where control by other means roves insu.cient Q# Outline tyical uses of the following members of the electromagnetic family of radiations U radiowaves U microwaves U infra-red U lasers U ultraviolet U \-rays and gamma-rays A1; Tyical uses of the following members of the electromagnetic family of radiations are given in the study material and we will not reeat them here& e should emhasise that* 7rstly you should know the members of the electromagnetic family which does CJT include alha and beta radiation but does include gamma radiation& econdly* do check whether the uestion is referring to radiation which is roduced as an (unwanted) by-roduct of a rocess*
for e"amle: infra-red from glass-blowing* ultraviolet from welding or whether the radiation is roduced intentionally* as in the e"amles given in the study material* such as the generation of ultraviolet light for sterilisation uroses&
Q Gi;e one or two uses for alha and beta radiation sources& A11Alha and beta radiation sources are used to eliminate static electricity from a roduct or comonent in order either to reduce the risk of a static discharge causing a 7re or e"losion (in in$ammable atmosheres) or to rotect workers or electronic comonents from risk of static shock& Xou could also have mentioned: U alha article sources in smoke detectors U beta article sources used in various devices for measuring the thickness of continuouslycreated roducts such as aer and fabric Q! E/plain* in terms of the human body* the signi7cance of the rocess of ionisation& A12 +onisation &&& in terms of living matter* the signi7cance is that the in#ection of energy from the source of the ionising radiation will leave living cells in a highly unstable state* erhas to return to normality* or to die or to mutate& Q0 Outline the meaning of the terms: U somatic eects U genetic eects A1L omatic and genetic eects U acute and chronic eects (can you name someQ) which haen to the e"osed individual are known as somatic eects U ill-eects suered by the osring of the e"osed individual and which involve chromosome damage - genetic eects Q5 resent the case for ersonal rotective euiment in a ositive way (ie dont use hrases such as 9in the last resort* 9the last otion in the hierarchy of control &&& and so on)&
A15 resenting the case for ersonal rotective euiment in a ositive way: U a sensible recaution* a 9long-sto in situations involving dangerous chemicals (acid in a laboratory) or materials (molten metal) or mechanical ha%ards such as grinding wheels U good ractice in situations involving grous of young and ine"erienced students and visitors (notably the use of eye rotection) U striking the right balance in the hierarchy of control &&& as we have said in the study material* it might be ossible to introduce such a high level of engineering control in a metal-work sho that workers could wear ee-toe sandals* but this would be an absurd mis-use of resources* far better to accet that occasionally a small iece of metal will dro on to a workers well-rotected foot and to concentrate resources on ensuring that (say) large ieces of metal are always fully under control
Q1 rovide 1;O1F e"amles of the use of dierent tyes of ' to rotect dierent arts of the body and the body as a whole& A1F >ierent tyes of ': we refer you to the study material for a wide range of e"amles of ' - gloves* oversuits* /'* boots* high-visibility clothing (this is a very imortant form of ')* ear mus and so on& 3ake sure that you have this rich 9catalogue of euiment in your memory for #ust such a uestion& Q6 Identiy some ha%ards which may be created by the use of '& A1< The main ha%ards which may be created by the use of ' include: U communication roblems U discomfort (articularly in situations where there is a ' con$ict) at the worst leading to ' being discarded with conseuent loss of rotection U interference with vision and general awareness U thermal stress* articularly in the case of full rotective clothing
U false sense of security* either because the ' has been incorrectly chosen or is faulty or oorly maintained
Q3 There are hundreds of dierent tyes of /' but they can all be classi7ed as being in one (or occasionally both) of two main categories - what are theseQ A1I All /' can be laced in one of two broad categories:
U resirators: air-urifying devices which ranges from: to: U breathing aaratus: air-sulied devices which rovide a suly of fresh air to the worker from an o"ygen cylinder or via a suly line* for e"amle:
Q2 Knder what circumstances do you think it will be necessary to use air-sulied /' devicesQ A18 'nvironments demanding the use of such air-sulied /' devices, you should remember three articular situations: U if there is immediate danger to health U in cases of o"ygen de7ciency (no amount of uri7cation can be guaranteed to rovide the reuired o"ygen) U in con7ned saces Q% Identiy some ossible 9heat-in and 9heat-out mechanisms for the human body - some mechanisms can act in both directions* some one way only& A16 4or the 9heat-in and 9heat-out mechanisms of the human body - if you understand this then everything else in this sub#ect area follows easily - see the study material for this element& Q!# Outline some illnesses associated with heat& A2; Thermal (heat) illnesses include:
U circulation disorders U water or salt imbalance U skin disorders (rickly heat) U e"treme disorders in which the body enters a state of hysical and erhas mental collase (mental collase may mean that the individual looses the ability to take the necessary lifesaving actions) +f the bodys thermoregulatory system breaks down* a raid increase in the core body temerature will occur, sweating stos and serious mental disturbance may occur& hen the core temerature reaches 52 * raid action is needed to cool the erson to revent death or ermanent damage& The most eective way of reducing core temerature to L6 or lower is to sray the body with teid water (to simulate sweating) and increase air movement around the body&
Q! Outline some illnesses associated with e"osure to cold& A21 +llnesses associated with e"osure to cold: U hyothermia (general body) U frostbite (e"tremities) 0yothermia occurs when the body core temerature falls below LF , the body will react by shivering between L< and L2 , below L2 * shivering stos* the heart rate decreases and resiration becomes deressed* disorientation occurs and consciousness may be lost& +f the core temerature falls to 2< * there is a very serious risk of cardiac arrest and the victim needs to be laced in an environment where no further heat loss occurs and any heat which is generated by the victims body is retained by wraing gently in dry blankets& Q!! +n addition to climatic conditions* outline some other factors which might be of imortance in determining the level of heat stress on an individual& A22 Jther factors which might be of imortance in determining the level of heat stress on an individual include: U ersonal rotective euiment: V imervious over-suits and resiratory rotection V water-cooled suits
V gloves* arons* gloves* headware V rubber suit and thigh-length boots &&& with conseuent imlications for the body heat balance& ersonal characteristics which aect the ability of an individual to coe with heat stress include: U general state of health* including weight* 7tness U age U race U se" (women have a greater density of sweat glands but men tend to sweat more readily) U degree of acclimatisation&
Q!0 um u the aims of ergonomics in a simle hrase& A2L 4itting the task to the worker& Q!5 hat are the categories of health risks arising from oor task and workstation designQ A25 hysical stress* resulting in in#ury or general fatigue* visual roblems and mental stress& Q!1 hat is 0AN and how is it causedQ A2F 0and-Arm Nibration yndrome (0AN) is a condition roduced at work by e"osure to vibrations from hand-held tools& The vibration aects blood $ow to the 7ngers and arms causing blanching of the 7ngers (white 7nger) and tingling of muscles* and may cause blocking and restriction of blood $ow in small arteries and even gangrene& Q!6 State the risk factors involved in the hysical reuirements of the task& A2< osture and hysical action* forces involved* reetition* and duration and recovery time& Q!3 hat asects of lighting are risk factorsQ A2I +llumination* contrast* $ickering and glare& Q!2 ummarise the reuirements relating to the following elements of workstations& (i) ork surface!desk (ii) `eyboard (iii) hair (iv) ace&
A28 (i) The work surface or desk should be large enough to hold all necessary euiment and other items used from time to time* and to allow them to be arranged to suit the individuals needs& +f necessary* it should also be dee enough to accommodate a N>K for viewing at a distance of about LF; to <;; mm without craming the work surface in front of it& (ii) The keyboard should be of aroriate design to be usable in comfort* with keys of su.cient si%e and clarity to suit the demands of the task& +t should be able to be tilted and searated from the screen so the oerator can 7nd a comfortable osition& (iii) A work chair must have an ad#ustable seat back* good lumbar suort and be ad#ustable in height to suit the user& (iv) There should be su.cient clear and unobstructed sace at each workstation to enable the work to be done safely* allowing for the manoeuvring and ositioning of materials& This should also rovide for adeuate freedom of movement and the ability to stand uright&
Q!% hat does an ='*d of 8F dM(A) mean and what is signi7cant about this 7gureQ A26 This refers to a daily ersonal e"osure to noise (='*d) at a level of 8F dM(A) over the course of a working day (eight hours)* or an euivalent e"osure over a shorter eriod& GL; hat are the limitations of ear defenders and earlugsQ AL; There is a general limitation on the level of noise reduction that can be achieved* deending on the uality and tye of ear rotection& Taking o the rotection reduces its eectiveness& +n addition* the seal between the ear and the rotective device may be less than erfect due to long hair* thick sectacle frames and #ewellery* incorrect 7tting of lugs or the wearing of helmets or face shields&
Q0 Identiy the rotective measures to be used for working in conditions of e"treme heat& AL1 roviding as much ventilation as is reasonable* ensuring that the length of time for which individual workers are e"osed is limited* there are adeuate rest facilities* away from the heat* with aroriate facilities to counter the eects of e"osure* including cold drinks& here there is a direct source
of heat* rotective clothing will have to be rovided* such as face shields and heat!$ame resistant footwear* gloves and clothing&
Q0! hat tye of non-ionising radiation is given o by the following ieces of euimentQ (i) /adio transmitter (ii) 0ot late in a kitchen (ii) Arc welder in oeration (iv) =aser AL2 (i) /adio freuency (ii) +nfra-red radiation (iii) Kltra-violet (iv) Nisible radiation Q00 hat are the health risks of visible radiationQ ALL Nisible radiation can cause serious burns to e"osed skin tissue and is articularly dangerous to the eyes& Q05 State the nine categories of cause of work-related stress and* for each, Gi;e one e"amle of a reventive measure& AL5 (i) ulture O reventive measures include taking stress seriously* with encouragement to raise any roblems* knowing that they will be recognised and dealt with romtly* and a recognition of the imortance of the work-life balance& (ii) ork demands O reventive measures include ensuring that there are su.cient resources available and suort is oered to re-negotiate riorities and deadlines& (iii) ontrol over work O reventive measures measures include encouraging workers to lan their work* and make make decisions about how it is comleted and how roblems will be tackled& (iv) /elationshis between sta O reventive measures include clear standards of conduct and olicies to tackle harassment and bullying& (v) Jrganisational change O reventive measures include consultation and involvement of sta in determining rocesses& (vi) /ole con$icts and uncertaintiesO reventive measures measures include clear work ob#ectives* #ob descritions and reorting resonsibilities&
(vii) uort by management O reventive measures include roviding ositive feedback* focusing on erformance* not on ersonality& (viii) Training Training O reventive measures include training needs assessments and the rovision of aroriate training rogrammes where necessary& (i") 4actors 4actors uniue to the individual O reventive measures include taking account of individual dierences in skills and aroaches in allocating and managing work&
Q01 State the main risk factors for violence at work& ALF The risk factors reside in articular situations such as: W The handling of high value goods W ontact with customers or clients where the outcome will be to refuse the erson what they want W ontact with customers!clients where the outcome is to censure them in some way W ontact with customers!clients who are under stress (erhas as a result of frustrations or delays in obtaining the necessary contact)* under the in$uence of alcohol or drugs* or with a history of violence& Q06 hat strategies are available to avoid the risk of violenceQ AL< 3inimisation of cash handling* minimisation of customer!client frustration and refusing access to otentially violent customers and clients& Ele.ent 2 Construction acti;ities = ha,ards and control Q Identiy the most common causes of construction ! demolition accidents& A1 The most common causes of construction ! demolition accidents involve: U falls U falling material and collases U electrical shock and burns U mobile lant U manual handling +n addition* the toll of illness and death from what we have called 9slow accidents - noise* vibration* e"osure to ha%ardous chemicals and so on* is more di.cult to uantify but shockingly large&
Q! Outline the rules for working at height to revent falls make sure sure that the 7rst item in your +dentify sets the scene for the rules which follow& follow& A2 /ules you might adot for working at height ! the revention of falls of workers include: U no work at height unless it is essential, if work at height is unavoidable &&& U ensure that the working latform* of whatever tye* is safe and secure* checking that: V it is strong enough to suort the weight of worker(s) and euiment V it is stable and will not overturn (scaolding needs to be tied to a suorting structure) V the ground is stable and will suort the structure U rovide guard-rails* barriers* toe boards etc: V at all oenings on $oors V close to edges on roofs V on working latforms U latforms etc to be constructed so as to be free of any oenings or tras through which eoles feet could ass U constructed so as to revent material falling through, in articular: V with a wire mesh $oor* mesh should be 7ne enough to revent materials sliing through U ket free of triing and sliing ha%ards U ket clean and tidy /emember that the above can be seen as another e"amle of a control hierarchy with the 7rst otion being* as usual: 9if ossible* avoid the roblem comletely& ithout this 7rst otion* no set of rules for working at height could ever be comlete& A risk assessment is needed for all work at height& Q0 '"tend the above rules for reventing falls to encomass the revention of ob#ects falling and endangering those below (whether workers or members of the ublic)& AL The answer to uestion L touched on reventing ob#ects falling (9constructed so as to revent material falling through &&&) and your answer should have e"tended this to encomass:
U aroriate storage of materials such as bricks at height U enclosure by lastic sheeting of working areas when the work activities (shot blasting* water cleaning etc) inevitably leads to material being hurled around U good housekeeing (a very useful catch-all hrase this - you can use it again and again in uestion after uestion) U workers to be sulied with and use aroriate tool belts and tool ouches
Q5 Outline some of the factors that need to be taken into account when selecting the aroriate latform for work at height &&& A5 +n selecting an aroriate work latform* some of the factors that need to be taken into account include: U the length of time that the euiment is to be in use U any risks to ersonnel during the building of the structure U any maintenance roblems it the latform will be u for a long eriod of time U how many eole will be using the euiment* and how often U any roblems securing the euiment to revent the ossibility of intruders* articularly children* climbing u U at what stage in the construction rogramme the work latform will be bought into use Q1 Outline some general rules for the safety of working latforms AF afety of working latforms orking latforms should be adeuately suorted and rovided with guard rails or barriers and should be: U wide enough to allow eole to: V ass safely V use any euiment or material needed for their work U free of any oenings or tras through which eoles feet could ass U constructed so as to revent material falling through, in articular: V if there is a wire mesh $oor* the mesh should be 7ne enough to revent materials* esecially bolts and nails* from falling through
U ket free of triing and sliing ha%ards U ket clean and tidy (yes againE) +f you think that this answer is rather similar to the answers to uestions L and 5* then you are right for the simle reason that uestions L* 5 and < do overla considerably& The temtation when faced with such a 9working at height ! falls ! latforms uestion is to bla%e away utting down everything you can think of& C'MJ0 do not use negative marking in the erti7cate so you would not loose marks by this 9elehant gun aroach but you would waste recious time, accordingly read the uestion very carefully and see recisely what it is that the e"aminers are asking&
Q6 Outline the similarities and the dierences between the two main tyes of general access scaold: indeendent tied and utlog scaolding& Hive a coule of e"amles of their uses& A< e refer you back to the study material for this element CH2!8 for the characteristics of these two tyes of general access scaolding, remember* you should know the nomenclature: %ig-%ag bracing* timber sole board* ledger etc& An indeendent tied scaold will robably be used for work on an e"isting building - the scaold being erected alongside the building and 9holding on very 7rmly via the ties made through e"isting window oenings etc& A utlog scaold will grow uwards as a new structure is created& Q3 Outline the recautions to be taken in the use of temorarily susended access cradles and latforms& AI Temorarily susended access cradles and latforms recautions include: U adeuate guard-rails and toe boards and material cannot fall o U it can be 7tted close to the building which must be caable of carrying the loads laced uon it U a secondary safety roe 7tted with a fall arrest device is rovided and used
U adeuate oerating instructions and technical suort are available U there is safe access into* and safe egress from* the cradle
Q2 rovide a Identiy of the main recautions to be taken for the safe storage and use of ladders& A8 =adders are a means of getting to a worklace& They may be used as a worklace in their own right for light short-term work only& +f it is not ossible to rovide a better means of access and ladders have to be used* it is necessary to make sure that: U the ladder(s) are in good condition U the ladder(s) can be 7"ed to revent running sideways or sliing away from the wall U the bottom of the ladder is suorted on a 7rm level surface* if ossible making use of ladder 9feet U if the bottom of the ladder cannot be 7"ed then a second erson should 9foot the ladder* both to hold it 7rmly and as a look-out to sto eole walking into it U the ladder should e"tend a su.cient height above the landing lace to ensure that workers can safely and comfortably transfer from and to the ladder All light tools should be carried in a shoulder bag or holster attached to a belt leaving both hands free, heavy or bulky loads simly must not be allowed& As a rule of thumb* the ladder needs to be 9one out for every four u& articular care is needed with ste ladders which are so rone to overturn when sub#ect to any kind of side loading* caused for e"amle by over-reaching& Q% rite a few sentences to descri4e the health and safety lan and one to descri4e the health and safety 7le& A6 The health and safety lan rovides the health and safety focus for the construction hase of a ro#ect, it comrises a retender health and safety lan (the resonsibility of the lanning suervisor)& The health and safety lan for the construction hase is develoed by the rincial contractor and is the foundation on which health and safety management of construction work is
based& The health and safety 7le is a record of information for the client!end user* which tells those who might be resonsible for the structure in future of the risks that have to be managed during maintenance* reair or renovation&
Q# hat are the reuirements for a mi"ed storeQ A1; +n mi"ed stores* dierent goods and materials should be searated in dierent areas to allow for easy location and access& +ncomatible ha%ardous materials should not be stored together* nor should $ammable materials be mi"ed with other materials and $ammable liuids* solids and gases should be ket searately& Q hat are the reuirements for the internal storage of $ammable materialsQ A11 +nternal stores for $ammable materials must be constructed of 7re-resistant materials and rovide a good level of ventilation to sto dangerous levels of gases accumulating& The reuirement for 7re-resistant materials is not necessary if the store is a comletely searate building located in a safe lace& Q! hat is the safe method of working on a fragile roofQ A12 The use of roof ladders (or crawling boards) laid across the roof surface* suorted by the underlying load bearing roof members* in order to distribute the load of the worker over a wide area& Q0 hat are the main ha%ards of using laddersQ A1L Cot being tied or not resting on 7rm ground* which may cause the ladder to ti& oor storage and maintenance allowing the ladder to rot or war* which may cause the rungs to break& Q5 hat measures should be taken to revent materials falling from a heightQ A15 To revent materials from falling in the 7rst lace* the following control measures should be used: W Cot stacking materials near edges and articularly unrotected edges
W lose boarding of working latforms O minimising gas between scaold boards or lacing sheeting over the boards so that material cannot fall through W Avoiding carrying materials u or down ladders* etc& by using hoists and chutes to move materials&
Q1 +n resect of scaolding: (i) hat is the dierence between standards* ledgers and transomsQ (ii) hat is the dierence between tying and bracingQ A1F +n resect of scaolding: (i) tandards are the vertical tubes (the urights)* ledgers are the hori%ontal tubes running arallel to the face of the building and transoms are the tubes sanning across ledgers to secure a scaold transversely& (ii) Tying secures the scaolding to the building* whereas bracing is used to stien the framework& Q6 State the safety recautions which need to be taken when mobile elevating work latforms are in use& A1< The recautions for the use of 3's are W That there is 7rm sound ground for the vehicle to stand on W That there must be su.cient clearance from any building or obstacle W Marriers must be ut in lace to rovide an e"clusion %one which also revents collisions with the euiment W That there is adeuate edge rotection for the cradle W That the controls of the arm should be inside the cradle& G1I hat is the angle at which ladders should be ositionedQ A1I IF^
Q2 hen should scaolding be insectedQ A18 Mefore being used for the 7rst time* after any substantial alteration or any event likely to aect its strength or stability* and at regular intervals (usually weekly) days& Q% Identiy the main ha%ards associated with e"cavation work& A16 The two main ha%ards are that things (and eole) may fall into the e"cavation and that the ground will collase into it&