Neuromuscular Physical Therapy

Neuromuscular Neuromuscul ar Physical Therapy Chapter Part Part 1 Study online at quizlet.com/_7qtuy

38.

-70mV

Resting membrane membrane potential: positive on outside, outside, an d negative on the insi de. Wha t is the value of the resting membrane membrane potential potential on the insi de?

125. Abducens

(CN VI)

Which Whi ch crania l nerve is responsible for lateral eye movement movement and propriocept proprioception? ion?

126. Abducens

(CN VI)

Inability to turn turn eye out is a n impairment of which crania l nerve?

168. Abnormal

posturing, bilateral flaccidity if herniation has occurred

Maintenan ce of Intracranial pressure pressure (ICP) or prompt prompt recognition recognition of elevated elevated ICP is one of the primary goals for anyone ca ring for a postcraniosurgica l patient, or cerebral cerebral traum, neoplasm or infection. ICP = the pressure CSF CSF exerts within the ventricles. During observation observation of Motor performance performance a l ate sign of increased ICP is?

70.

Abstraction

A therapist shows a patient a two two cans can s of sodas. A can of regular Coca-Cola an d a can of regular Pepsi. Pepsi. Th e therapis asks the patient what are the differences and similarities between the two objects. What cognitive function is being tested? tested?

69.

Abstraction

Bases on definition and task,what type of cognitive function is being assess? - Defined as the ability to reason in an abstract rather than a literal or concrete fashion. i.e., discuss how two objects are simila r or different different

50.

Alert

As part of the the mental status status examina tion ass essment of of level level of consciousness is important. important. It is important important to determ determine ine if i f the patient is alert, lethargi c, obtundent obtundent stuporous, stuporous, or coma. - Patient responds appropriately, appropriately, ca n open eyes, l ook at the ex aminer, respond fully and a ppropriate ppropriately ly to stimuli. Patient is completely awake, aware of all stimuli and able to interact meaningfully with clinician. Based on the above description, description, Identify which level of consciouness it represents? represents?

43.

Alpha

There are several different different type type A nerve fibers,whi ch a re large myelinated fibers fibers a nd conduct the fastest. Whi ch type type of A fibers is responsible for proprioception, proprioception, somatic motor?

116. Anisocoria 104. Anosmia

Condition defined as unequal unequal pupils pupils A patient at a rehab center was told at a request request of a therapist therapist to use use deodorant deodorant before before the the coming to therapy sessi on. Th e patient replied replied to to the therapist " I am sorry, I did not I had a s trong smell, I c ould not smell at all anything". This condition of inability to detect smells is called?

102. Anosmia

This condition is characterized by inability to detect smells. It is seen with frontal lobe lesions of patients with dysfunction dysfunction of impairment of the CN I (Olfactory)

160. Anterior

Motor pathway for ipsilateral VOLUNTARY movement. This is the function of which tract?

corticospinal tract 24.

Anterior horn cells cells

It contains cell bodies that g ive rise efferent efferent (motor) (motor) neurons: Al pha motor neurons to effect muscles muscles a nd gamma ga mma motor neurons neurons to muscle spindles.

29.

Anterior spinothalamic tract

Ascending tract (sensory pathways ) that convey crude crude touch touch

155. Apneustic

Abnormal respiration marked by prolonged prolonged inspiration; acoompanies damag e to upper upper pons. pons. This is i s called? call ed?

breathing 95.

Apraxia Apra xia

Comes from the the greek word praxis = w ork, act, deed. A = no. It is cha racterized racterized by loss of the ability to execute execute or carry out learned purposefu purposefull movements, movements, despite despite having ha ving the desire and the phys ical ability to perform the the movement movements. s. Another definition: It is a disorder of the brain an d nervous nervous system in wh ich a person person i s unable to perform perform tasks or movements movements w hen a sked, even though: - The request or command is understood - They are wil ling to perform perform the the task - The muscles needed to perform the task work properly - The task may have already been learned

21.

Archicerebellum Archicerebellum

(flocculonodular lob) connects w ith vestibular vestibular sys tem and is concerned with equillibrium and regulation regulation of muscle tone helps coordinate vestibulo-occular vestibulo-occular reflex

72.

Attention

A therapist ask a patient to to recall up to seven seven numbers numbers in order presented. presented. Then asks, can you spell backwards bottle, then fork, garden (using small words, and then ask progressively longer words) Wha t cognitive function function is being tested? tested?

60.

Attention

As part of neurologica neurologica l examina tion, testing of cognitive function function is i mportant mportant to ass ess attention, orientation, memory, memory, abstract thought, an d the ability to perform perform calculations or con struct figures. Bases on definition and task,what cognitive function is being assess? - It is defined as the a bility to attend attend to a specific stimulus or task. Th e patient is asked to repeat repeat a series s eries of numbers numbers or letters, spelling words forward and backward

41.

B fiber

There are several different different nerve nerve fiber types, types, A, B and C fibers. This type type of nerve fiber is small , myelinated and conduct less rapidly; preganglionic autonomic. Which nerve fiber type is?

198.

Barognosis

Identify the following cortical sensations test - Test the ability to identify identify simila r size/sh aped objects objects placed in the hand w ith different different gradations of weigh t (eyes (eyes closed)

17.

Basal Ganglia Which Whi ch part of the the brain is this ? Mass es of gray matter deep deep within the cerebral cerebral h emispheres emispheres including: in cluding: - the corpus s triatum triatum (caudate nucleus and l enticular nuclei - amygdalid nucleus, a nd claustrum - lenticular nuclei are further divided divided into the putamen putamen a nd glo bus pallidus Forms an ass ociated motor motor system (extrapyramidal (extrapyramidal system) with other nuclei in the s ubthal ubthalmus mus and midbrain midbrain

130.

Bell's palsy

A therapist asks a patient to smile, show your teeth,frown,rai teeth,frown,rai se eyebrows, eyebrows, w rinkle brows, purse lips, puff puff out both cheeks a nd close eyes tightly; how ever, ever, he is unable to control the facial muscles whi ch produce the the above movements movements on the right side, but no problem with his left side. As a result of this paralysis, the patient's face looks and feels stiff or pulled to one side. He a lso presents wi th drooling a nd drooping drooping of the face, s uch as the eyelid eyelid or corner of the mouth. mouth. has trouble trouble closin g one eye. In a ddition ddition other symptoms symptoms that this patient presents presents are: Dry eye or mouth, mouth, h eadache,los s of sense of taste(anterior 2/3 of tongue),sound that is louder in one ear (hyperacusis),twitching in face. The patient's wife added that he has difficulty eating eating a nd drinking drinking , and that food falls out of one side of the the mouth. mouth. Based on the above description, description, the patient's condition is called?

44.

Beta

There are several different different type type A nerv n erve e fibers,wh ich are large myelina myelinated ted fibers fibers and con duct the the fas test. Which type type of A fibers is responsible for touch and pressure?

107.

Blindness, myopia, presbyopia, homonymous hemianopsia

Possible Poss ible dysfunction dysfunction or impairments impairments of cra nial nerve II (optic (optic nerve) include?

165.

Blurred vision, diplopia, and decreased visual acuity

Maintenan ce of Intracranial pressure pressure (ICP) or prompt prompt recognition recognition of elevated elevated ICP is one of the primary goals for anyone caring for a postcranios urgical patient, or cerebral traum, traum, neoplas m or infection. ICP = the pressure pressure CSF exerts exerts within w ithin the ventricles. During observation of vision an early sign of increased ICP is?

173.

Brain stem reflexes

These reflexes are those regulated at the level of the brain stem, such as pupillary, pharyngeal, and cough reflexes, and the control of respiration; their absence is on e criterion criterion of brain death. These are called?

9.

Broca's area

This area of the brain co ntrols the motor aspect of speech speech

94.

Broca's motor aphasia

Part of the neurological examination, is the assessment of speech and language. Aphasias can be divided into fluent aphasias and non-fluent aphasias. It is a central language disorder in which speech is typically awkward, restricted, interrupte interrupted, d, and an d produced produced with effort. effort. Typicall y the result of a lesi on involving in volving the 3rd. frontal co nvolution of the left hemisphere. Example of a normal s peech: peech: It's been 5 years s ince I have h ave the stroke. I feel feel fine no w, I am able to drive my my car to the store, and to my relatives' house. Speec Speech h impairment impairment:: ah.. .man..strooke.. .man..strooke.. uh..I.. geez. ... Drive Drive car... uhh. ..... ..I.. five yearshh..... yearshh..... housess... This type type of speech impairment is ca lled?

158.

Bruzdzinski's Bruzdzinski's sign

This is a test for CNS infection or meningeal irritation. - Patient in supine flex neck to chest (+) causes flexion of hips and knees (drawing up) suggests meningela irritation. This is called?

42.

C fiber

There are several different different nerve nerve fiber types, types, A, B and C fibers. Th is type type of nerve fiber is the small est, unmyelina unmyelinated ted,, s lowest con ducting ducting fiber. Whic h nerv n erve e fiber type type is?

65.

Calculation

Bases on definition and task,what type of cognitive function is being assess? - Defined D efined as the abili ty to perform perform verbal verbal or written mathematical problems problems (a dd,substract,multip dd,substract,multiply ly or divide whol e numbers). numbers). i.e., 8 ÷ 4 =?; 7+5 =? etc..

67.

Calculation

A physical therapist as ks a patient to perform perform the the followi ng mathematical operations. 9+3 =?; 4+7=? 8 ÷ 4 =?; 7 - 4 =? etc... Also the therapist aske to count backward from 100 by 7s. What cognitive function is being tested?

6.

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

A period of apnea lasting for 10 - 60 seconds followed by gradually increasin g depth depth and frequency frequency of respirations. Accompanies depression depression of FRO NTAL LOBE and diencephalic diencephalic dysfunction

153.

Cheyne-stokes respiration

A period of apnea lasting 10 - 60 secons follow ed by by gradually increasing depth depth and frequency frequency of respiration; accompanies depression of frontal lobe and diencephalic dysfunction. This is called

54.

Coma

As part of the the mental status status examina tion ass essment of of level of consciousness is important. important. It is important important to determ determine ine if the patient is alert, lethargi c, obtu o btundent ndent stuporous, stuporous, or c oma. - Patient can not be aroused, eyes remain remain closed; no respons e to external external stimuli or environment. environment. Pa tient is unrousable and non-verbal. Based on the above description, description, Identify which level of consciouness it represents? represents?

162.

Coma

Maintenanc e of Intracrania l pressure (ICP) or prompt prompt recognition recognition of elevated ICP is one of the primary goal s for anyone caring for a postcraniosurgical patient, or cerebral traum, neoplasm or infection. ICP = the pressure CSF exerts within the ventricles. During observation of Level of consciousness, a late sign of increased ICP is?

161.

Confusion, restlessness, restlessness, lethargy lethargy

Maintenanc e of Intracrania l pressure (ICP) or prompt prompt recognition recognition of elevated ICP is one of the primary goal s for anyone caring for a postcraniosurgical patient, or cerebral traum, neoplasm or infection. ICP = the pressure CSF exerts within the ventricles. During observation of Level of consciousness, an early sign of increased ICP is?

68.

Construction

A physical therapist as k a patient (verbal (verbal command) command) to draw draw h ouse and tree tree next to it. Also the therapist therapist shows a picture of a red barn with white fences around it, and ask can you draw this picture in the best possible wa y you could? could? Wha t cognitive function is being tested? tested?

66.

Construction

Bases on definition and task,what type of cognitive function is being assess? - Defined as the ability to construct a 2D or 3D figure or sha pe. i.e., Draw a figure fig ure after after a verbal verbal command or reproduce a figure from a picture

167.

Contralateral paresis

Maintenanc e of Intracrania l pressure (ICP) or prompt prompt recognition recognition of elevated ICP is one of the primary goal s for anyone caring for a postcraniosurgical patient, or cerebral traum, neoplasm or infection. ICP = the pressure pressure CSF exerts exerts within w ithin the ventricles. During observation observation of Motor performance performance an early sign of increased ICP is?

32.

Corticospinal tracts

Descending fiber systems systems (motor pathways) Arise from primary primary motor motor cortex, cortex, descend in brainstem, cross in medulla medulla (pyramidal (pyramidal decussation) - Important for voluntary motor control

55.

daiylight, radio or television television sound, or a cold cloth on the forehead

Chang es in body position, position, especially the transition from a recumbent recumbent position to a s itting position often stimulate increased alertness. O ther stimuli stimuli that tha t can be used to to stimulate alertness in clude:? clude:?

46.

Delta

There are several different different type type A nerve fibers,w fibers,w hich are large myelina ted fibers fibers and con duct the fastest. Wh ich type of A fibers is responsible for pain, temperature and touch?

152.

Deviation of the tongue towards towards the right side

A patient with RIGHT RIGHT hypogloss al nerve (CN (CN XII) involvement involvement presents presents to the the clini c. The therapist ask the patient to protr protrude ude his/her tongue. During protrusion, protrusion, the tong ue will deviate deviate towards w hich side?

74.

Divided attention

In testing c ognitive function, a ttention ttention can be subdivided subdivided into sustained attention, divided attention, attention, and focused attention. - Defined as the ability to shift attention from one task to another. As therapists, assess ability of dual taks control. (i.e., can the patient perform perform two activities simultaneously?) Also ass ess for perseveration perseveration (mental inertia) getting s tuck on a task.

47.

Dorsal root

C fibers are the smallest, unmyelinated, slow est conducting conducting fibers, Whi c type type of C fiber is responsible for pain a nd reflex responses?

97.

Dysarthria

Dys = having h aving problem problem with; Arthr = articulating Impairment Impairment of speech production, production, in the CNS/PNS mechanis ms that control respiration, a rticulation, phona tion, a nd movements of jaw and tongue. It is a condition in which problems occur with the muscles that help you talk; this makes it very very difficult difficult to to pronounce words. It is unrelated to any problem problem with understanding understanding cogn itive lang uage.Patient may present present with a "slur speech", or speak softly or barely able to whis per. per. This condition is called?

131.

Facial (VII)

Bell's palsy is a condition where facial muscles are paralyzed on the affected side. This is due to a dysfunction of which cranial nerve?

128.

Facial (VII)

A therapist asks a patient to: smile, show your teet teeth,frown h,frown ,raise ,rais e eyebrows, eyebrows, wrinkl e brows, brows, purse purse lips, puff out out both both cheeks and close eyes tightly. Which cranial nerve is being tested?

127.

Facial (VII)

Which Whi ch crania l nerve is responsible for Facia l expressions, autonomic innervation of lacrimal and sali vary glands, a nd sense of o f taste of an terior terior 2/3 of the tongue?

129.

Facial (VII)

A therapist asks a patient to smile, show your teeth,frown,rai teeth,frown,rai se eyebrows, eyebrows, w rinkle brows, purse lips, puff puff out both cheeks and clos e eyes eyes tigh tly; however, he is una ble to control the facial muscles w hich produce produce the the above movements movements on the right side, but no problem with his left side. Which cranial nerve is impaired?

132.

Facial (VII)

A patient presents presents with ipsilateral paralysis of upper upper and lower facia l muscles, loss of lacrimation, dry mouth, mouth, loss of taste of anterior 2/3 of the tongue on the ipsilateral side. Which cranial nerve is affected?

26.

Fasciculus cuneatus

Ascending fibers systems systems (sensory (sens ory pathwa pathwa ys) Dorsal columns/medial columns/medial lemniscal system (Upper (Upper extremity extremity tracts, tracts, l aterally loca ted) ted) convey sensa tions of propriocept proprioception, ion, vibration and tactile discrimina discrimina tion

27.

Fasciculus gracilis

Ascending fibers systems systems (sensory (sens ory pathwa pathwa ys) Dorsal columns/medial columns/medial lemniscal system (Lower extremity extremity tracts, tracts, mediall medially y located) convey sensation s of propriocept proprioception, ion, vibration and tactile discrimina discrimina tion

A fiber

There are several different different nerve fiber fiber types, types, A, B and C fibers. This type type of nerve fiber is larg large, e, myelinated and fast conducting. W hich nerve fiber fiber type type is?

75.

Focused attention

In testing c ognitive function, a ttention ttention can be subdivided subdivided into sustained attention, divided attention, attention, and focused attention. - Defined as the ability to stay on a task in presence of detractors. As therapists assess impact of environmental vs. internal detractors. This cognitive function is called?

1.

Frontal lobe

Precentral Precentral gyrus: - Primary motor cortex for voluntary muscle muscle activation - Prefrontal cortex: Controls emotions an d judgement judgement - Broca's area: Control motor aspect of speech

45.

Gamma

There are several different different type type A nerv n erve e fibers,whi ch a re large myelinated fibers fibers a nd conduct the fastest. Whi ch type of A fibers is responsible for motor to muscle muscle s pindles?

56.

Glasgow coma scale

It is a widely accepted measure of level level of cons ciouness a nd responsiveness. It relates cons ciousness to three element elementss or response. Eye opening (E) with a max possible score = 4, Motor response (M) with a max possible score = 6, and verbal response (V) with a max possible score = 5. Score = (E+M+V) Max score = 15 and lowest score = 3. A score of ≤ 8 signifi es coma or severe severe brain brain inj ury

99.

Global aphasia

A severe form of aphas ia characterized ch aracterized by marked marked impairments impairments in comprehension comprehension a nd product production ion of lan guage

40.

141.

Glossophar Glossophar yngeal yngeal (IX )

Which Whic h crania l nerve is being tested? tested? - Induce gag w ith tongue depressor depressor (one si de at a time) - Patient phona tes a prolonged vowel s ound or talks for an ex tended tended period period oftime. oftime. - Listen Lis ten for voice quality and pitch

142.


Loss of gag reflex, dysphagia (difficult swallowing), dysphonia: hoarseness denotes vocal cord paralysis, nasal quality denotes palatal weakness,dry mouth, loss of taste ipsilateral 1/3 of tongue are signs/symptoms of impairment of which cranial nerve?

140.


Which Whic h crania l nerve is responsible for gag reflex, motor and propriocep proprioception tion of superior superior pharyngeal muscle, Autonomic innervation of salivary gland, Taste (posterior 1/3 of tongue?

199.

Graphesthesia

Identify the following cortical sensations test - Test ability to identify numbe numbers, rs, letters, letters, or symbols traced on skin, typicall typicall y the hand. Can you tell tell me what you feel I wrote wrote on you hand? han d? ( letter letter B, number number 8 etc..) etc..)

172.

Headache, vomiting, altered altered brain bra in stem reflexes reflexes (p upillary, pharynge phar yngeal, al, and cough reflexes, reflexes, and the control of respiration) respir ation)

Maintenanc e of Intracrania l pressure (ICP) or prompt prompt recognition recognition of elevated elevated ICP is one of the primary goals for anyone caring for a postcraniosurgical patient, or cerebral traum, neoplasm or infection. ICP = the pressure CSF CSF exerts within the ventricles. ventricles. A dditional dditional findings during during late signs of ICP is/are?

171.

Headache,seizure, cranial nerve palsy

Maintenanc e of Intracrania l pressure (ICP) or prompt prompt recognition recognition of elevated elevated ICP is one of the primary goals for anyone caring for a postcraniosurgical patient, or cerebral traum, neoplasm or infection. ICP = the pressure CSF CSF exerts within the ventricles. ventricles. A dditional dditional findings during during early signs of ICP is/are?

110.

Homonymouse Homonymouse hemianopsi a

Defined as the loss of half of the field of view on the same side in both eyes. i.e., the patient cannot canno t see from the the left half o f the left and right eye.

115.

Horner's syndrome

This condition is not a disease itself, but rather, it's a sign of another medical problem — such as a stroke, tumor or spinal cord injury. Typically involves, miosis (constriction of pupil), Ptosis (drooping of eyelid), and decreased sweating of the face on the same side.

170.

Hypertension and bradycardia (Cushing's resp onse), altered altered respiratory pattern, increased temperature

Maintenanc e of Intracrania l pressure (ICP) or prompt prompt recognition recognition of elevated elevated ICP is one of the primary goals for anyone caring for a postcraniosurgical patient, or cerebral traum, neoplasm or infection. ICP = the pressure CSF CSF exerts within the ventricles. ventricles. During observation of vital signs late signs of increased ICP ICP is/are?

154.

Hyperventilation.

Increased rate and depth depth of respirations respirations;; accompanies dysfunction of low er midbrain midbrain an d pons. This is ca lled? lled?

150.

Hypoglossal Hypoglossal (CN XII )

Which Whic h crania l nerve is being tested? tested? - Listen Lis ten to patient's patient's articulation problems problems - Examine the resting posi tion of the tongue - Ask patient to to stick out his /her tongue and observe for for midline. (deviation (deviation o f tongue to weak side on protrusion) protrusion) - Ask As k patient to move tongue tongue side to si de

151.


A therapist ask a patient to to stick out the tongue. tongue. During protrusion, protrusion, in stead of tongue tongue remaining in midline, the tongue deviates ipsilaterally. Which cranial nerve is impaired?

149.


Which Whic h crania l nerve is responsible for motor motor control of pharynx an d larynx, and movement movement and proprioception proprioception of tongue for chewing and speech?

86.

I. No Response

Rancho Los Amigos level of cognitive function, assesses cognitive recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI). (TBI). - Patient appears to be in a deep sleep and is completely completely unresponsive to any stimuli. Based on the above description, description, Thi s patient is s aid to be at wha t level/category? level/category?

87.

II. Generalized Response

Rancho Los Amigos level of cognitive function, assesses cognitive recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI). (TBI). - Patient reacts inconsistently and non-purposefully to stimuli in a nonspecific manner. - Responses a re limited and often the same regardless of s timulus. timulus. - Responses may be physiological changes, gross body movements, and/or vocalization. Based on the above description, description, Thi s patient is s aid to be at wha t level/category? level/category?

88.

III. Localized Response

Rancho Los Amigos level of cognitive function, assesses cognitive recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI). - Patient reacts specifically but incons istently to stimuli. stimuli. - Responses are directly related to the type of stimulus presented. - May follow simple commands such as closing the eyes or squeezing the hand in an inconsistent, delayed manner. Based on the above description, description, Thi s patient is s aid to be at wha t level/category? level/category?

62.

Immediate recall

Bases on definition and task,what type of memory (cognitive function) is being assess? - Name Na me three items items previously previously presented after after a brief interval interval (a few seconds to a few minutes) minutes) for example, the patient repeats, repeats, a red car, black pants, g reen tomatoes. tomatoes.

14.

Insula

Located deep within lateral sulcus, it is associated with viceral functions

163.

Ipsilateral Ipsilateral pupi l sluggish to light, ovod in shape, with gradual dilatation

Maintenance of Intracrania l pressure (ICP) or prompt prompt recogni recognition tion of elevated ICP ICP is one of the primary goal s for anyone caring for a postcraniosurgical patient, or cerebral traum, neoplasm or infection. ICP = the pressure pressure CSF exerts exerts within w ithin the ventricles. During observation of Pupil apprearance apprearance an early sig n of increased ICP is?

89.

IV. Confused-Agitated

Rancho Los Amigos level of cognitive function, assesses cognitive recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI). - Patient is i n a heigh tened state of activity. activity. - Behavior is bizarre and n on-purposeful on-purposeful relative to the immediate immediate environment. - Does not discriminate among persons persons or objects; is una ble to cooperate cooperate directly directly with treatment treatment efforts. efforts. - Verbaliza tions frequently frequently are incoh erent erent and/or inn appropriate appropriate to the environment; environment; confabulation may be present. - Gross a ttention ttention to environment to very very brief; brief; selective attention attention is often nonexis tent. tent. Pa tient lacks short and long-term recall. Based on the above description, description, Thi s patient is s aid to be at wha t level/category? level/category?

194.

Joint position sense

Identify Identify the follow ing propriocept proprioceptive ive sensation s test - Test the abili ty to perceive perceive joint position at rest in response to YOUR PO POSITIONING SITIONING te patient's patient's li mb (up,down, in, out)

71.

Jugdement

Bases on definition and task,what type of cognitive function is being assess? - Defined as the ability to reason (according to age and lifestyle). Demonstrate common sense and safety.

157.

Kernig's sign

This is a test for CNS infection or meningeal irritation. - Patient in supine, flex hip and knee fully to chest and then extend knee. (+) causes pain and increased resistance to extending the knee owing to spasm of hamstrings; when bilateral suggest meningeal irritation. This called?

195.

Kinesthesia

Identify Identify the follow ing propriocept proprioceptive ive sensation s test - Movement sense: Test the abil ity to perceive perceive movement movement in response to YOUR MOVING MO VING the patient's l imb; Patient can duplicate movement with opposite limb or give a verbal report

159.

Lateral corticospinal tract

Motor pathway for contralateral VOLUNTARY fine muscle movement. This is the function of which tract?

28.

Lateral spinothalamic tract

Ascending tract (sensory pathways) tha t convey convey sensations o f pain and temper temperature ature

51.

Lethargy

As part of the the mental mental status examina tion ass essment of of level of consci ousness is important. important. It is important important to determine determine if the patient is alert, lethargi c, obtundent obtundent stuporous, stuporous, or coma. - Patient appears drowsy; can open eyes and lo ok at exminer, respond to questions, questions, but fall fall asleep asl eep easi easily. ly. Arousal wi th stimuli, stimuli, tha t is falls a sleep when not stimulated. stimulated. Decreased awa reness, los s of train of thought. Based on the above description, description, Identify which level of consciouness it represents? represents?

84.

Level VII

Rancho Los Amigos level of cognitive function, assesses cognitive recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI). Wh at levels a re called the a utomatic utomatic appropriate appropriate level?

85.

Level VIII

Rancho Los Amigos level of cognitive function, assesses cognitive recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI). Wh at levels a re called the purposeful purposeful a ppropriate ppropriate level? level?

81.

Levels I

Rancho Los Amigos level of cognitive function, assesses cognitive recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI). What levels are called the no response level?

82.

Levels Levels II, II I

Rancho Los Amigos level of cognitive function, assesses cognitive recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI). What levels are ca lled the decreased response levels?

83.

Levels IV, V, VI

Rancho Los Amigos level of cognitive function, assesses cognitive recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI). What levels are cal led the confused levels? levels?

20.

Limbic circuit

Originates in prefrontal and limbic areas of cortex to Basal Ganglia, to prefrontal cortex functions to organi ze behaviors (executive functions, functions, problem problem solving, motivation) motivation) a nd for procedu procedural ral learni ng (repeating (repeating a complex activity over over and over aga in until a ll of the relevant relevant neural s ystems ystems w ork together to automatically produce the activity).

5.

Limbic system

Part of the brain concerned with: - ins tincts an d emotions emotions contributing contributing to preservation preservation of the individual. - basic functions inlcude: feeding, aggression, emotions, and endocrine aspects of sexual response

64.

Long-term memory

Bases on definition and task,what type of memory (cognitive function) is being assess? - Recount past events events (i. e., Where W here were you born?; Where did you you grow up?) up?)

78.

Mild cognitive impairment

Mini-mental status exa mination or MMSE. A s core between between 21 - 24 indica tes?

76.

Mini-mental status examination

Produced by Folstein, Folstein, and McHugh, in 1975. aka as Folstein test. It is a brief 30-point questionnaire test that is used to screen for cognitive impairment. impairment. Includes screenings items items for orientation, regis tration, attention, calculation, recall and language. The max possible score is 30 points, and a score ≤ 15 indicates severe impairment. This test is called

57.

Minor brain injury

Using the glas gow coma scale. A score betwee between n 13 - 15 sig nifies what?

58.

Moderate brain inj ury

Using the glas gow coma scale. A score betwee between n 9 - 12 s ignifies wha t?

79.

Moderate cognitive impairment

Mini-mental status examination or MMSE. A score between 16 - 20 indicates?

48.

Motor (efferent) fibers

These fibers originate from motor nuclei (cranial nerves) or anteior horn cells (spinal nerves). These are?

108.

Myopia

Defined as impaired far vision

156.

Neck mobility

This is a test for CNS infection or meningeal Irritation. - Patient in supine, flex neck to chest. (+) sign = pain in the neck with limitation and guarding of head flexion resulting resulting from spasm of posterior posterior neck muscles; can result from from meningeal in flammation,arthritis, or neck injury. This is ca lled? lled?

23.

Neocerebellum

Receives input from corticopontecerebellar tracts and olivocerebellar fibers -It is con cerned with the soomth coo rdination of voluntary movement movements, s, ensures accurate force, direction direction a nd extent of movement - Important Important for motor learnin g sequencing of movement movements, s, and visual ly triggered movements movements - May have a role in assisting cognitive function and mental imagery

37.

Neuroglia

Support Supportss cells cell s that tha t do not transmit sig nals ; important important for myelin an d neuron product production;maintenanc ion;maintenanc e of K+ levels an d reupt reuptake ake of neurotransmitter neurotransmitterss after neural neural transmissi on a t synapses

77.

No cognitive impairment

Mini-mental status examination or MMSE. A score ≥ 25 indicates?

52.

Obtundation

As part of the the mental mental status examina tion ass essment of of level of consci ousness is important. important. It is important important to determ determine ine if the patient is alert, lethargi c, obtundent obtundent stuporous, stuporous, or c oma. - Patient can open eyes, eyes, look at a t examiner, but responds responds slow ly and is confused; demonstrates demonstrates decreased decreased alertness and interest interest in environment. environment. Difficult Di fficult to arouse, requires requires CONSTANT s timulation timulation for all activities. Based on the above description, description, Identify which level of consciouness it represents? represents?

4.

Occipital lobe

Primary visual cortex: receives/processes receives/processes visual s timuli timuli Visual a ssociation ssoci ation cortex: process process visual stimuli

114.

Occulomotor Occulomotor (CN II I)

If a patient is exhibiting absence of pupillary constriction, Ptosis (drooping of eyelid), unequal pupils; Horner's syndrome this condition is likely to be an impairment of which cranial nerve?

113.


Which Whic h crania l nerve is being tested? - Gaze: Hold objects (e.g. , pen) at arm's l ength from the patient, patient, and a nd hold the patient's head steady. Ask the patient to to follow the object with a full horizontal, vertical and diagon al ga ze.

112.


Which Whic h crania l nerve is being tested? - Pupil reaction to light: Shine a flashlight into one eye and observe bilateral pupil reaction. Normal is bilateral pupil constriction occurs with flashing into one eye. Also hold an object about 10 cm from the the patient's eye and ask him/her to look at the near object and to look off into the distance. Watch for pupil pupil cons triction with near object and pupil pupil dilation w ith distance objects.

111.


Which Whic h crania l nerve is responsible for eyelid eyelid elevation, elevation, pupil constriction (pupillary (pupillary reflexes), reflexes), vis ual focusing, upward, downwa rd inwa rd and infero-medial infero-medial eye moveme movement? nt?

18.

occulomotor occulomotor circui t

Caudate loop: originte in frontal an d supplementary supplementary motor motor eye fields projects projects to caudate functions functions with sa ccadic eye movem movements ents

100.

Olfactory (CN I)

Which Whic h crania l nerve is responsible for sense of smell

101.

Olfactory (CN I)

Which Whic h crania l nerve is being tested in the followin g example? - Have the patient close one nostril, and ask him/her to sniff a mils smelling substance and identify it. (e.g., coffee, vanilla etc.)

103.

Olfactory (CN I)

A patient at a rehab center was told at a request request of a therapist therapist to use use deodorant deodorant before before the the coming to therapy session. The patient replied replied to to the therapist " I am sorry, I did not I had a s trong smell, I could not smell at all anything". Which cranial nerve is being affected?

105.

Optic (CN II)

Which Whic h crania l nerve for central central and an d peripher peripheral al visio n?

106.

Optic (CN II)

Which Whic h crania l nerve is being tested? - Acuity: Have patient cover cover one eye, eye, an d ask patient to read a visual ch art (snellen eye cha rt) - Fields: Ha ve patient patient cover one eye, and hol d an object (e.g. , pen cap) at a rm's length from the patient in his or her peripheral peripheral field. Hol d the patient's patient's head h ead steady. Slowly move the the object centrally, an d ask the patient to state when h e or she first sees the object. Repeat the the process in all quadrants

61.

Orientation

Bases on definition and task,what cognitive function is being assess? - It is defined as the a bility to orient to to person, place a nd time - Identify name, age, current date, date, and s eason, birth date, date, present location, town etc...

196.

Pallesthesia

Identify Identify the follow ing propriocept proprioceptive ive sensa tions test - Vibration sense: Test proprioceptive proprioceptive pathwa pathwa ys by applying vibrating tunnin tunning g fork or pressure pressure only (sham vibration) on bony areas

Papilledema, ipsilateral pupil dilated and fixed or bilateral pupil dilated and fixed (if brain herniati on has occurred)

Maintenan ce of Intracrania l pressure (ICP) or prompt prompt recogni recognition tion of elevated ICP ICP is one of the primary goals for anyone caring for a postcraniosurgical patient, or cerebral traum, neoplasm or infection. ICP = the pressure pressure CSF exerts within the ventricles. ventricles. During observation of P upil upil apprearance a late sign of increased ICP is?

181.

Parasympathetic nervous system

Identify Identify wh ich autonomic nervous nervous system is being described.(Symp described.(Sympathetic athetic or Pa rasympathetic) rasympathetic) - Decreases force of contraction

179.


Identify Identify wh ich autonomic nervous nervous system is being described.(Symp described.(Sympathetic athetic or Pa rasympathetic) rasympathetic) - Constrict pupils

184.


Identify Identify wh ich autonomic nervous nervous system is being described.(Symp described.(Sympathetic athetic or Pa rasympathetic) rasympathetic) - Decreases blood pressure pressure

186.


Identify Identify wh ich autonomic nervous nervous system is being described.(Symp described.(Sympathetic athetic or Pa rasympathetic) rasympathetic) - Constricts bronchi

164.

175.


Identify Identify wh ich autonomic nervous nervous system is being described.(Symp described.(Sympathetic athetic or Pa rasympathetic) rasympathetic) - Results in co nservation oand restoration of body energy and moeostatsis moeostatsis (system balance)

193.


Identify Identify wh ich autonomic nervous nervous system is being described.(Symp described.(Sympathetic athetic or Pa rasympathetic) rasympathetic) - Increases glandular secretions

191.


Identify Identify wh ich autonomic nervous nervous system is being described.(Symp described.(Sympathetic athetic or Pa rasympathetic) rasympathetic) - Increases peristalsis, intestinal motility

188.


Identify Identify wh ich autonomic nervous nervous system is being described.(Symp described.(Sympathetic athetic or Pa rasympathetic) rasympathetic) - Dilates bronchial arteries

177.


Identify Identify wh ich autonomic nervous nervous system is being described.(Symp described.(Sympathetic athetic or Pa rasympathetic) rasympathetic) - The effects are localized and short acting

2.

Parietal lobe

Post central gyrus: - primary sensory cortex cortex for integration of sensa tion - Receives fibers conveying touch, proprioceptive proprioceptive,, pain, pai n, and temperatur temperaturee sensations sens ations from opposite opposite side of body

25.

Posterior horn cells cells

It contain afferent (sensory) neurons with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglia.

8.

Prefrontal corex

This area is part of the the frontal lobe of the brain for con trol of emotions emotions and judgements judgements

109.

Presbyopia

Defined as i mpaired near vision

11.

Primary auditory cortex

This area of the temporal temporal lobe tha t receives/processes receives/processes a uditory uditory stimuli

7.

Primary motor cortex

This area is part of the the frontal lobe of the brain a nd is con cerned with voluntary muscle muscle activations

10.

Primary sensory cortex

This area is part of the parietal lobe of the brain and is responsible for integration of sensation. it receives receives fibers con veying veying touch, proprioception, proprioception, pain , a nd temperatu temperature re sensation sensa tion from opposite side of body

13.

Primary visua l cortex cortex

Located in the occi pital lobe, it receives/process receives/process visual s timuli timuli

35.

Reticulospi Reticulospinal nal system

Descending fiber systems systems (motor pathways) Arises in the reticular formation formation of the brains brainstem tem and descends (crossed and uncrossed) uncrossed) in ventral and lateral columns, terminates both on dorsal gray (modifies transmission of sensation, especially pain) and on ventral gray (influences gamma motor neurons and spinal reflexes)

139.

Rinne's test

This test compares air and bone conduction. Place a vibrating tunning fork on the mastoid process, then close to ear canal; sound heard longer through air than bone. (+) test = sound heard on bone longer than air. This test is called?

34.

Rubrospinal tract

Descending fiber systems systems (motor pathways) Assist Ass ist in motor function function

39.

Saltatory Saltatory conduc tion

Myelinated axons, are axons overed with myelin with small gaps called nodes of Ranvier where myelin myelin i s absent. a bsent. Myelin functions to increas e speed of conduction and cons erve erve energy. The action potential potential j umps umps from one no de to the the next. This type type of conductions w here the action potential jump from one node to to the next is called?

The sames as the early signs, but more more exaggerated exaggerated blurred vision, diplopi a, and decreased visual acuity

Maintenan ce of Intracrania l pressure (ICP) or prompt prompt recogni recognition tion of elevated ICP ICP is one of the primary goals for anyone caring for a postcraniosurgical patient, or cerebral traum, neoplasm or infection. ICP = the pressure CSF CSF exerts within the ventricles. ventricles. D uring observation of vision a la te sign of increased ICP is?

49.

Sensory (afferent) fibers

These fibers originate in cells outside of the brainstem or spina cord with sensory ganglia (cranial nerves) or dorsal root ganglia (spinal nerves).

59.

Severe Severe brain inj ury or coma

Using the glasg ow coma scale. A score ≤ 8 signifies what?

80.

Severe Severe cognitive imp airment

Mini-mental status examination or MMSE. A score ≤ 15 Indicates?

63.

Short-term memory

Bases on definition and task,what type of memory (cognitive function) is being assess? - Recounts words (after a few minutes) or recall recent events events (i.e., Wha t did you you have for breakfast?)

166.

19.

Skeletomotor circuit

Putamen Putamen loop: Origi nates in precentral precentral motor and postcentral postcentral somatosens ory areas; - projects to putamen functions to scale amplitude and velocity of movements - reinforces selected patter pattern, n, supresses supresses conflicting patterns; patterns; preparatory preparatory for movement movement (i. e. motor set, anticipatroy movement)

147.

Spinal accessory Which Whi ch crania l nerve is being tested? tested? (CN XI) - Ask As k a patient to rotate the head or sh rug the shoulders (with/wi thout gentle resistance) resistance)

148.

Spinal accessory Weakness / inabili ty with head turning turning to the opposite opposite side and ipsila teral teral sh oulder shrug, s houlder droops droops are (CN XI) signs & symptoms of which cranial nerve impairment?

146.

Spinal accessory Which Whi ch crania l nerve is responsible for motor motor control and propr proprioception ioception of head rotation, rotation, and sh oulder elevation (CN XI) (sternocleidomastoid, trapezius)?

30.

Spinocerebellar tracts

Ascending tract (sensory pathways ) that convey propriocept proprioception ion information from muscle muscle spindles, gol gi tendon organs, and touch and pressure receptors to cerebellum for control of voluntary movements

22.

Spinocerebellum

Receives Receives in put put from propriocep proprioceptive tive patways patways and is concerned with modifying muscle tone a nd synergis tic actions of muscles It is important important in maintenance of posture posture and an d voluntary moveme movement nt control

31.

Spinoreticular tratcs

Ascending tract (sensory pathways ) that convey deep deep ande chronic pain to reticular reticular formation formation of brainstem via via diffuse polysynaptic polysynaptic pathwa ys

169.

Stable blood pressure, and heart rate

Maintenan ce of Intracranial pressure pressure (ICP) or prompt prompt recognition recognition o f elevated elevated ICP is one of the primary goals for anyone ca ring for a postcraniosurgica l patient, or cerebral cerebral traum, neoplasm or infection. ICP = the pressure CSF CSF exerts within the ventricles. During observation of vital signs early sign of increased ICP is/are?

197.

Stereognosis

Identify the following cortical sensations test - Test the ability to identify familia r objects placed in the hand by manipulation a nd touch. Can you identify this this object? (a key, spoon, pencil etc..)

119.

Strabismus

Condition where eyes deviate deviate from normal normal conjugate co njugate position i. e., eyes are not properly properly alig ned with each other. one eye migh mightt be aligned wh ile the other is either up (hypert (hypertropia), ropia), down (hypotropia), (hypotropia), i nward nwa rd (esotropia), (esotropia), a nd outward (exotropia). This is called?

53.

Stupor

As part of the the mental mental status examina tion ass essment of of level of consci ousness is important. important. It is important important to determ determine ine if i f the patient is alert, lethargi c, obtundent obtundent stuporous, stuporous, or coma. - Patient can be aroused from sleep ONLY with PAINFUL or VIGOROUS stimuli; verbal responses are slow or absent; patient returns returns to unresponsiveness s tate when s timuli timuli are a re removed removed.. Demonstrate D emonstratess minimal mini mal aw areness o f self an d environment. environment. Una ble to complete complete mental mental status examina tion because responses are usually incomprehensible words. Based on the above description, description, Identify which level of consciouness it represents? represents?

73.

Sustained attention

In testing c ognitive function, a ttention ttention can be subdivided subdivided into sustained attention, divided attention, attention, and focused attention. Defined as the ability to attend to a task without redirection. redirection. As therapists determ determine ine time on tas k, a nd frequency frequency of redirection. Based on definition this is called?

182.

Sympathetic nervous system

Identify Identify wh ich autonomic nervous nervous system is being described.(Sympathetic described.(Sympathetic or Paras ympathetic) ympathetic) - Breaks down glycogen into glucose - Increases blood sugar levels - Increases blood flow in skeletal muscles - Constricts blood flow to skin and abdomen

183.


Identify Identify wh ich autonomic nervous nervous system is being described.(Sympathetic described.(Sympathetic or Paras ympathetic) ympathetic) - Increases blood pressure pressure and peripheral peripheral vas cular resistance

192.


Identify Identify wh ich autonomic nervous nervous system is being described.(Sympathetic described.(Sympathetic or Paras ympathetic) ympathetic) - Increases sweating - Reduces Reduces g landular s ecretions ecretions

176.


Identify Identify wh ich autonomic nervous nervous system is being described.(Sympathetic described.(Sympathetic or Paras ympathetic) ympathetic) - The effects are widespread instead of localiz ed

190.


Identify Identify wh ich autonomic nervous nervous system is being described.(Sympathetic described.(Sympathetic or Paras ympathetic) ympathetic) - Decreases peristalsis, intestinal motility

189.


Identify Identify wh ich autonomic nervous nervous system is being described.(Sympathetic described.(Sympathetic or Paras ympathetic) ympathetic) - Stimulates cortex and medulla, produces hyperalertness

180.


Identify Identify wh ich autonomic nervous nervous system is being described.(Sympathetic described.(Sympathetic or Paras ympathetic) ympathetic) - Increases h eart rate and force of contraction contraction

187.


Identify Identify wh ich autonomic nervous nervous system is being described.(Sympathetic described.(Sympathetic or Paras ympathetic) ympathetic) - Constricts bronchia l arteries

185.


Identify Identify wh ich autonomic nervous nervous system is being described.(Sympathetic described.(Sympathetic or Paras ympathetic) ympathetic) - Dila tes bronchi for maximum respiratory respiratory flow

174.


Identify Identify wh ich autonomic nervous nervous system is being described.(Sympathetic described.(Sympathetic or Paras ympathetic) ympathetic) - Activated in stressful situations producing an arousal reaction (flight or fight response)

178.


Identify Identify wh ich autonomic nervous nervous system is being described.(Sympathetic described.(Sympathetic or Paras ympathetic) ympathetic) - Dila tes pupils pupils

36.

Tectospinal tract

Descending fi ber systems systems (motor pathwa pathwa ys) Arises from superior superior colliculus (midbrain) (midbrain) and descends to ventral ventral gray; Assis ts in head-turning head-turning respons es to visual visual stimuli

3.

Temporal lobe

Primary auditory cortex: receives/processess auditory stimuli Associative Ass ociative auditory auditory cortex: cortex: process process auditory stimuli Wernicke's area: lan guage comprehensi comprehension on

16.

Transverse commissural fibers

This fibers interconnect two hemispheres, including the corpus callosum (the largest), anterior commissure, and hipocampal comissure

123.

Trigeminal (CN V)

If a patient lost his/her facial sensation, or has numbness, which cranial nerve is involved?

124.

Trigeminal (CN V)

A patient demosntrates demosntrates weakness of muscles muscles of mastica tion (temporal (temporal and masseter muscles). muscles). Wh en asked to open open his mouth, the jaw not the tongue deviates ipsilaterally. Which cranial nerve is involved?

122.

Trigeminal (CN V)

If a patient lost his/her corneal reflex ipsilaterally (involuntary blinking in response to corneal touch), which cranial nerve is involved?

120.

Trigeminal (CN V)

Which crania l nerve is responsible for sensation of face, cornea a nd for mastication mastication (motor: temp temporal oral and mass eter eter muscles)?

117.

Trochlear (CN IV)

Which crania l nerve is responsible for infero-lateral (downward and lateral) eye movement? movement?

118.

Trochlear (CN IV)

Which crania l nerve is being tested? tested? - Patient follows with eyes,(head steady) downward, lateral gaze

90.

V. ConfusedConfusedInappropriate

Rancho Ranch o Los A migos l evel evel of cog nitive function, function, ass esses cog nitive recover recovery y from traumatic traumatic brain brain injury (TBI). - Patient is a ble to respond respond to simple commands commands fa irly consis tently. tently. How ever, ever, with increased complexity of commands commands or lack of any external external structure structure,, responses are non-purposeful, non-purposeful, random, or fragmented. fragmented. - Demonstrates gross attention attention to the environment but but is hig hly distractible and lack s the abili ty to to focus attention on a specific tas k. With W ith structure structure,, may be able to converse on a s ocial automatic level level for short periods of time. time. - Verbaliza tion is often inappropriate inappropriate and confabulatory. - Memory is s everly everly impaired; impaired; often sh ows inappropriate inappropriate use of objects; - May perform prev previously iously learned tasks with structure structure,, but is unable to learn n ew information. Based on the above description, description, Thi s patient is s aid to be at wha t level/category? level/category?

145. Vagus

(X)

Dysphagia, soft palate paralysis, contralateral deviation of uvula, ipsilateral anesthesia of pharynx and larynx, hoarseness:denotes vocal cord paralysis, nasal quality denotes palatal weakness. All these are signs & symptoms of which whi ch crania l nerve impairment? impairment?

144. Vagus

(X)

Examine for difficulty swa llowi ng. Have the patient say "ah"; observe motion motion of soft pala te (eleveates) (eleveates) and position of uvula (remains midline). Stimulate back of throat lightly on each side (gag reflex). Which cranial nerve is being tested?

143. Vagus

(X)

Which crania l nerve is responsible for swa llowi ng, proprioception proprioception of pharynx and larynx, parasympathetic parasympathetic innervation of heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera?

96.

Verbal apra xia

136. Vestibulocochlear Vestibulocochlear

(CN VIII)

134. Vestibulocochlear Vestibulocochlear

Impairment Impairment of volitional a rticulatory rticulatory control secondary to a cortical, dominant hemisphere lesion. A person ha s trouble saying what he or she wants to say correctly and consistently, and it is not related to facial muscle weakness . Vertigo, dysequilibrium,nystagmus, dysequilibrium,nystagmus, neural deafness, impaired hearing, tinni tus, tus, unila teral teral conductive loss: loss : sound lateralized to impaired ear, conductive loss: sound heard through bone = or longer than air, sensorineural loss: Sound heard in good ear, sound heard longer through air. All of above conditions are the result of which cranial nerve impairment? Which crania l nerve is reponsible for gaze stability with head rotations?

(CN VIII) 137. Vestibulocochlear Vestibulocochlear

(CN VIII) Vestibulocochlear 133. Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) 135. Vestibulocochlear Vestibulocochlear

A therapist is testing testing for lateraliza tion (weber's test). test). a vibrating tunning fork is placed on top of the head, mid position. The sound of the tunning fork is checked to see if it is heard in one ear or equally in both. This is testing for which cranial nerve impairment? Which crania l nerve is responsible for sense of equilibrium equilibrium (vestibular (vestibular branch) branch) a nd a sense of hearing (c ochlear branch)?

(CN VIII)

Testing of the vestibular branch involves the occulocephalic reflex aka Doll's eyes, or vestibular-occular reflex. It is a reflex tha t is tested by turning turning the patient's h ead from side to side, adn w atch for eye movement. movement. The eyes movement movement should be opposite opposite to the direction direction of o f the head. Which Whic h cran ial nerve is being tested? tested?

33.

Vestibulospinal tract

Descending fiber systems systems (motor pathwa pathwa ys) Important Important for control of muscle tone, an tigravity muscles, muscles, and postural reflexes.

91.

VI. ConfusedConfused Appr opriate opria te

Rancho Ranch o Los Amigos level of cognitive function, as sesses cognitive recovery recovery from traumatic traumatic brain brain injury (TBI). - Patient sh ows goal-direct goal -directed ed behavior, behavior, but is dependent dependent on external input or direction. direction. - Follows simple directions consistently and shows carryover for relearned tasks such as self-care. - Responses may be incorrect due to memory problems, but they are appropriate to the situation. - Past Pa st memories memories show more dept depth h and detail tha n recent memory. memory. Based on the above description, description, Thi s patient is s aid to be at wha t level/category? level/category?

92.

VII. Automatic Appr opriate opria te

Rancho Ranch o Los Amigos level of cognitive function, as sesses cognitive recovery recovery from traumatic traumatic brain brain injury (TBI). - Patient appears appropriate appropriate and oriented within the hos pital and home settings; g oes gthrough daily routine routine automaticall automaticall y, but frequently frequently robot-like. - Patient shows minimal to no confusion and h as shallow recall recall of activitie activities. s. - Shows carryover carryover for new learnin g, but at a decreased rate. rate. With Wi th structure structure is able to initiate socia l or recreational activities; judgment remains impaired. impaired. Based on the above description, description, Thi s patient is s aid to be at wha t level/category? level/category?

93.

VII. Purposeful Appr opriate opria te

Rancho Ranch o Los Amigos level of cognitive function, as sesses cognitive recovery recovery from traumatic traumatic brain brain injury (TBI). - Patient is a ble to recall recall and integrate past and recent events events and is awa re of and responsive to environment. environment. -Shows carryover for new learning and needs no supervision once activities are learned. - May continue to show a decreased ability relative relative to premorb premorbid id abilities, abstract reasoning , tolerance for stress, and judgment in emergencies or unusual ci rcumstances. rcumstances. Based on the above description, description, Thi s patient is s aid to be at wha t level/category? level/category?

138. Weber's Weber's

98.

test

Wernicke's aphasia

A therapist places places a vibrating tunning fork on top of the the head, mid forehead, forehead, and as k the patient patient if sound is heard equally equally (n ormal) or if it is heard louder louder in one ear (l ateralized;the ateralized;the defective defective ear). This test is call ed? A type type of aphasia consider consi dered ed to be a fluent aphasia , receptive receptive aphas ia. It is central lan guage disorder in which spontaneous speech is preserve preserved d and flows smoothly, wh ile auditory compre comprehensi hension on is impaired. impaired. It is the result of a lesion l esion i n the posterior first temporal temporal gyrus of the l eft hemisphere. hemisphere. Individuals Individuals with thi s type of aphasia have difficulty understanding understanding spoken la nguage but are able to produce produce sounds, phrases, and word sequences. While these utterances have the same rhythm as normal speech, they are not language because no information is conveyed. This is ca lled? lled?

12.

Wernicke's area

Area of the temp temporal oral lobe of the brain brain reponsible for language comprehension

15.

White Matter

Myelinated nerve nerve fibers located centrally. centrally. Th is is i s called? ca lled?

121.

Wisp of cotton cotton on the patient's cornea cornea

How would you test for cornea reflex?

Neuromuscular Physical Therapy

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