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Section 2: Pakistan movement 1905 – 1947
PARTITION OF BENGAL, 1905 Reasons for Partition >Largest Province in area, difficult to govern as one unit e.g: communication >Largest Population, Bigger than entire British population. >British Muslims relationship had detoriated since 1857, partition to improve relations >indus !ere "ecoming stronger in Bengal especiall# !ith the help of congress >$ast Bengal !as in !ea% economic condition, this could "e improved &'hittagong seaport, infrastructure, (ute Mill)industrial setup* >Bal +angadhar ila% of Poona ignited indu -ationalism, this needed countering >n 187/0s, man# secret societies sprung up against "ritish, 187 "ritish officer assassinated . Partition to reduce hindu po!er
Reasons for reversal: reversal: >Lord minto assassination attempt 2 British feared for officer0s officer0s lives >3!adeshi movement crippled "ritish econom# >'ongress, largest political part# in ndia supported reversal
SIMLA DEPUTATION, DEPUTATION, 1906 1 906 Reasons why: >indus protested, Muslims too fe! to match protest 2 reversal thus li%el# >'ongress !or%ed primaril# for indu interests &to protect Political 4ights* >indus demanded hindi "e made national language instead instead of rdu &to protect cultural rights* rights* >$6tremist +roups li%e r#a 3ama did militant activities, converted -on hindus. &to protect religious rights* >-e! Li"eral +overnment in ndia !as !illing to give ndia elected seats in the council
Importance: >British cceptance cceptance of 3eparate 3 eparate $lectorates 9 r#ing to !or% !ith Muslims and improve relations >cceptance of 3eparate $lectroates, gulf "et!een t!o communities gre!, couldn0t live live together, t!o nation theor# strong. >3uccess of this made Muslims realie their political strengths. ;anted ;anted their demands to "e accepted.
MUSLIM LEAGUE
Reasons for formation: formation: &ll points of 3imla 1/= 'ongress President refused to accept Muslims as significant communit#, Muslims Muslims thus needed right protection, second largest communit# of ndia
: ;as ;as Pro indu attitude of the 'ongress 'ong ress the most important reason for the formation of muslim league in 1/=? $6plain #our ans!er L@: (ust the one Pro hindu attitude of 'ongress point LA: ll Muslim League points
MORLEY MINTO REFORMS – 1909
Reasons for Congress’ Congress’ss opposition of these these reforms: reforms: >-um"er of ndians in councils !as increased, "ut onl# had advisor# role >cceptance of Muslim demand of separate electorates !as !as disli%ed >Muslims !ere given e6tra seats and more political status >'ongress e6pected partition of Bengal reversal to happen in these reforms reforms
: o! 3uccesful !as British Muslim relationship "et!een 1/= and 111? $6plain #our ans!er. 3uccesses: >Partition of Bengal >3imla Muslim League ormation >Morle# Minto electorates >Morle# Minto seats >Muslims didn0t participate in 3!adeshi movement ailures: >Partition of Bengal !as reversed
: ;as Partition of Bengal the most important event "et!een 1/= and 111 !here indu Muslim relationship !as affected? $6plain L@: >Partition of Bengal LA: >Cther 4eforms >3!adeshi movement >Muslim League formed > Morle# Minto 4eforms > 3eparate $lectorates > Partition of Bengal 4eversal
B/W 1911-191 1911-191 !in"# $ %#slim relations relations increase" increase" >fter P C B reversal the Muslim League revisited Morle# Minto reforms, criticied "ecause no sa# in government >n 11@ Muslim League changed their aim from British Lo#alt# to 3elf 4ule.
WAR YEARS 1914-1918 %i&e" views "#ring WW1 WW1 >Pro British s#mpathied "ecause attac% on British !as indirect attac% on ndia since British $mpire part >Cthers thought that the# !ould get concessions if the# fight for British >3ome nti British thought British !ouldn0t !ou ldn0t give concessions easil#, pressuried pressuried British for self rule through activities e.g: Lala arda#al, Mutin# Part# >British ought ;;1 against ur%e#, ur%e#, made muslims hesitate against fello! Muslim
LUCKNOW PACT – 1906
Reasons why it was signe": signe": &Points of improved relations 111211A* D to achieve common aims and pressurie British British Polic# of 4epression against ndians, !orried 'ongress and League (innah, mem"er of 'ongress and League !as a "eliever in their unit# and convinced them to hold sessions together for ndian0s sa%e. British deli"eratel# lea%ed)let it %no!n that there !ere going to ma%e reforms, ndians !anted to let their demands "e %no!n
Why it was important: 'ongress agreed to demands of separate electorate. e lectorate. 'ongress !illing to support muslims 'ongress agreed to e6tra seats, gave Muslims more seats than population 'ongress agreed to no la! affecting the communit# co mmunit# "eing passed until @ Euarters supported it F sho!ing support for minorities
MONTAGUE CELMSFORD REFORMS Why In"ians oppose" this: 'ouncil of princel# states that !as purel# advisor#) tal%ing shop Gicero# could change la!s for the Hsafet#I of the ndians, this could "e e6ploited and gave less po!er 3#stem of
ROWLATT ACT - 1919 19 19 >ntroduced to counter nationalism. ndians could "e arrested !ithout !arrant, detention !ithout "ail, govt could tell people !here to live. nfair rights, "oth 'ommunities opposed this, thus closer. (innah left imperial legislative council, +andhi launched artal.
AMRITSAR MASSACRE – 1919 >+eneral 4eginald <#er fired upon a peaceful protest in (alian!ala "agh, 1=// rounds fired. 1J// inured, A// %ill. unter0s committee to set up to investigate his actions. >+ave indus and Muslims a common enem# ene m# against the British thus united, "oth denounced them.
: ;here the Montford 4eforms the onl# event that affected British Muslims relations in 11? L@: Montform 4eforms, A points. LA: 4o!latt ct, mritsar Massacre, unter0s unter 0s committee : o! successful !as indu2Muslim relations ")! 1/5 and 11? $6plain #our an!er. 3uccesses: Luc%no! Pact mritsar Massacre 4o!latt ct unter0s committee Montford 4eport ails: 3!adeshi Movement 4eversal of Partition of Bengal Morle# Minto 4eforms 3imla
KILAFAT MO!EMENT
Reasons for starting the 'hilafat %ovement: %ovement: >British captures ur%ish ur%ish $mpire this included Ma%%ah, Madinah. Launched to protect these areas >3ultan of ur%e# dethroned, immense figure in Muslim !orld. >+erman# and ustria had "een punished through several treaties, !orries a"out ur%e# "eing treated in a similar manner >he Muslims supported the British "ut did not !ish to fight against their Muslim Brothers. 3ome Muslim Leaders thought that ndian Muslims !ould also "e p unished through reforms, etc. >British had previousl# promised good treatment of ur%e# empire. >indu supported the Muslims "ut !anted 3elf 4ule
Reasons for (ail#re: (ail#re: >British polic# of repression against supporters. @/,/// arrested. arrested. >irat movement failure >Leaders, li Brothers arrested on 3edition charges >+andhi0s non co operation movement spilled over to violence, 'hauri chara incident. hus ended non co2operation. >emal tatur% too% over ur%e#, a"olished 'aliphate s#stem.
Reasons for !i)rat %ovement: %ovement: >3ome Muslim Leaders li%e Maulana "dul amal "elieved that ndia !as Muslims !ho migrated !eren0t in good economic condition and !ere promised fertile land in fghanistan.
Reasons for fail#re fail#re of !i)rat !i)rat %ovement : >Muslims !ho migrated couldn0t enter fghanistan fghanistan "ecause closed "orders so forced "ac%. he movement itself !as ver# ill planned, no leaders, no afghani govt consulted, (innah did not "elieve in this movement sa#ing that Politics should remain in ndia
*#ccesses: >Precursor to ndependence D Large 3cale indu and Muslim Muslim nationalistic feelings)!ant feelings)!ant for self rule >Muslims learnt political strength and ho! to do large scale movements unli%e small previous methods >4ealied mista%es the# made in M !hich led to do!nfall >indu ;ithdra!al from movement gave credence to the !o nation heor#
(ail#res: (ail#res: >Man# Muslims migrated to fghanistan, fghanistan, came "ac% to economic miser# >muslims pulled children from schools, !ea%ening education >ur%ish F emal tatur% 2 themselves a"olished the caliphate
;as ;as the hilafat Movement the most important event "et!een 1J/ and 1J that affected indu Muslim 4elations? L@: hilafat movement, &earl# on together, ended !ith hindu !ithdra!al* LA: indu nationalistic groups activities 'ongress refused Muslim demands of provincial autonom# even in Muslim areas 3imon 'omission of 1J7, opposed "# BC ll part# conference against commission -ehru 4eport 1A Points
maorit#
NERU REPORT 19"8 >3uggested stronger center !ith ! ith limited provincial utonom#, utonom#, relations do!n since Muslims interested in provincial autonom# >indu as national Language >Muslims shouldn0t "e given e6tra seats in the council mportance to Pa%istan movement: >3ame points as a"ove, !ith reference to indu 2 Muslim estrangement.
FOURTEEN POINTS OF #INNA Why pro"#ce"+ >ried to amend the -ehru report resulted resulted in a HParting of the ;a#sI ;a#sI >4esponse to -ehru 4eport, <$-ehru 4eport0s nti Muslim)Prohinduness countered >(innah %ne! British !ere going to introduce 4eforms, so informed them of Muslim demands
SIMON COMISSION – 19"$ Reasons for it ,eing sent sent >+ro!th of 'ommunalism in ndia and indu2Muslim riots. 3ent to negotiate and restore peace "et!een t!o parties >Montford 4eport 11 promised reforms after 1/ #ears >British 'onservative +overnment feared losing against La"or part#
;as ;as Luc%no! Pact of 11= onl# "eacon of hope ")! 115 and 1@/ 1 @/ L@: Luc%no! Pact LA: Montford 4eport mritsar Massacre unter0s committee 4o!latt ct hilafat Movement &3tart* 3imon commission
: o! successful !as indu F Muslim relationship ")! 1J/ and 1J 3uccesses: hilafat Movement 3imon 'omission ailures: ;ithdra!al of hilafat Movement -ehru report 1A Points
ALLAABAD ADDRESS - 19%0
Importance to Pa.istan Pa.istan %ovement: >E"al gave dea of Muslim omeland, 3trenthened !o-ationheor# !o-ationheor# >-ehru report !as anti Muslim, E"al gave clear cu t goal in its opposition >e !as source of nspiration for future Muslim Leaders, accepted " # (innah in 1A/ resolution E"al0s poetr# tried tried to to a!a%en ndian Muslims Muslims
ROUND TABLE CONFERENCES – 19%0 TO 19%"
Why hel": >Muslim criticied 3imon 3imon 'omission 4eport &-o e6tra seats, no 3indh from from Bom"a# separation* >Previous 4eforms reected "# ndians "ecause no ndian Cpinion a%en
Reasons for 1 st RC ,eing #ns#ccessf#l >'ongress refused to attend "ecause reforms !ere not guaranteed
Why they were important for the %#slims of In"ia >1st 4', British British agreed on provincial autonom# au tonom# &1A points demand* &helped Muslim in Muslim maorit# areas* >Jnd 4': British agreed to ma%e 3indh and -;P separate provinces &good for Muslims* >@rd 4' +andhi too% a hard line, reected 1A points. +ulf "et!een t!o communities !idened
Reasons for 0n" RC ,eing #ns#ccessf#l >1@1 La"or Part# lost po!er, ne! coalition govt less li%el# to give reforms >+andhi too% a hardline and refused minorit# rights >+andhi !anted -ehru 4eport in 'onstitution, Muslims !anted 1A points.
Reasons for r" RC ,eing #ns#ccessf#l >Lord r!in replaced !ith Lord ;illington ;illington !ho !as less !illing to ma%e reforms, less ndian thus !anted to come. Cnl# A= delegates came. >'ongress restarted -on 'o2operation movement and leaders +andhi and -ehru arrested. hus >'ongress leaders didn0t attend >innah !ent to voluntar# e6ile after Jnd 4' "ecause disappointed, thus not invited and did not attend.
: o! 3uccessful !ere the 4'03? $6plain #our ans!er. 3uccesses &mportance* ailures&4easons for each eac h 4'0s failure* : Hhe 4' of 1@/ achieved nothingI
CAUDRI REMAT ALI
: ;h# !as he important to the Pa%istan Movement? ;rote H-o! or -everI gave idea of separate homeland. hus inspired ndian Muslims !ith Muslim omeland goal. -amed it HPa%istanI D HLand of the PureI "# ta%ing names from lands. D +ave name to Muslim goal Muslim League accepted 'haudri0s idea after 'ongress rule thus gave "asis for Lahore 4esolution and idea of ndependent Muslim 'ountr#
GO!ERNMENT OF INDIA ACT – 19%5 mportance 9 3uccesses Cpposition "# ndia reasons 9 ailures :o! 3uccessful !as the +ovt of ndia ct of 1@5? $6plain #our ans!er
*#ccesses: >Parliamenter# form of govt introduced in !hich ndians !ere given representation, meant that the# could negotiate !ith British for reforms Olso meant that British !ere planning to leave ndia since the# transferred a lot of po!er to ndians >-o -;P, 3indh made into separate provinces, Muslims happ# since Muslim maorit# areas and political strength increased Oelped dra! "oundaries for eventual Pa%istan >-um"er of voters increased to J5K Ohese voted in 1A=2A5 elections elections and achieved ndependence
(ail#res: (ail#res: >3till man# ndians could not vote : ;ere ;ere (innah0s 1A points the most important factor)event "et!een 1J8 F 1@5 that strengthened Pa%istan Movement? $6plain #our ans!er L@: 1A Points -ehru 4eport reection LA: HParting of the !a#sI -ehru 4eport0s reection of indi llaha"ad ddress H-o! or -everI +o separate provinces acceptance
19%$ ELECTIONS
Why %#slim 2eag#e was #ns#ccessf#l: >irst maor elections contested "# League, lac%ed organiation and planning "ecause no e6perience >Muslim League had an image pro"lems, leaders seen as Hristocrats and LandlordsI poor and illiterate didn0t sense an# empath# thus did not vote. >Muslim League still had not passed the Lahore 4esolution, maorit# of Muslims did not %no! >League0s aims. aims. hus voted for congress "ecause senior and e6perienced part# and same aim
CONGRESS RULE 19%$ – 19%9 Reasons for why it was so hate" ,y the In"ians an" %#slims: >indu made official language, Muslims could not read, !rite this, so une mplo#ment >Bande Matram as%ed to e6pel Muslims and !as nationalistic ndian song, "ecame li%e national song >;arda >;arda 3cheme !as introduced, picture of o f +andhi, cotton !eaving. >'ongress "anned 'o! slaughter, Muslims oppressed if the# slaughtered co!s. >nti Muslim riots, Muslim propert#, houses "urned. 'omplaints ignored >;iddi#a Mander scheme, indu temple as education centers, indu heroes !ere taught to Muslim 'hildren DBecause of this,