OBESITAS PADA REMAJA DAN IBU HAMIL
Diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu tugas Mata Kuliah Gizi Semester Genap
Disusun oleh:
Didah Paridah Lia Novianingsih Vina Yuliana
1540110006 1540110009 1540110018
Susi
PRODI STUDI KEBIDANAN FAKULTAS ILMU KESEHATAN UNIVERSITAS GALUH CIAMIS 2011
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KATA PENGANTAR
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim..
Puji Puji syukur syukur kami kami panjat panjatkan kan kehadi kehadirat rat Allah Allah SWT, SWT, berkat berkat rahmat rahmat dan karuni karunia-N a-Nya ya sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan dan menyusun makalah ini. Makala Makalah h ini disusu disusun n agar agar pembac pembacaa dapat dapat memper memperlua luass tentan tentang g “OBESI “OBESITAS TAS PADA PADA REMAJA REMAJA DAN IBU HAMIL” HAMIL”,, yang yang kami kami sajika sajikan n berdas berdasark arkan an pengama pengamatan tan dari dari berbaga berbagaii sumber. Makalah ini disusun dengan berbagai rintangan. Baik itu yang datang dari diri penyusun maupun yang datang dari luar. Namun dengan penuh kesabaran dan terutama pertolongan dari Tuhan akhirnya makalah ini dapat terselesaikan. Kami Kami meny menyad adar arii bahwa bahwa maka makala lah h ini ini masi masih h bany banyak ak kekur kekuran angan ganny nyaa di kare karena nakan kan keterbatasan pengetahuan yang kami miliki, oleh karena itu dengan segala kerendahan hati, kami menerima kritik dan saran yang bersifat membangun untuk perbaikan di masa yang akan datang. Dalam proses pembuatan makalah ini kami banyak mengalami kendala dan kesulitan. Namun, kendala dan kesulitan itu dapat diatasi berkat bimbingan dan petunjuk dari berbagai pihak. Maka seyogyanya dalam kesempatan ini kami mengucapkan banyak terimakasih yang tak terhingga kepada mereka. Kami berdo’a kepada Allah SWT, semoga amal kebaikan yang telah mereka berikan mendap mendapatk atkan an balasa balasan n dari-N dari-Nya, ya, Amin. Amin. Dan mudahmudah-mud mudahan ahan semua semua isi makala makalah h ini dapat dapat bermanfaat bagi kami khususnya dan bagi pembaca pada umumnya. Wassalam..
Ciamis, juni 2011
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DAFTAR ISI
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BAB I
PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang
Obesitas yang dalam bahasa awam sering disebut kegemukan merupakan kelebihan berat badan sebagai akibat dari penimbunan lemak tubuh yang berlebihan. Obesitas dapat menurunkan rasa percaya diri seseorang dan menyebabkan gangguan psikologis yang serius. Belum lagi kemungkinan diskriminasi dari lingkungan sekitar. Obesitas menjadi masalah di seluruh dunia karena prevalensinya yang meningkat pada orang. orang. Secara Secara ilmia ilmiah, h, obesit obesitas as terjad terjadii akibat akibat mengko mengkonsu nsumsi msi kalori kalori lebih lebih banyak banyak dari dari yang yang diperlukan oleh tubuh. Penyebab terjadinya ketidakseimbangan antara asupan dan pembakaran kalori ini masih belum jelas. Di antara Negara sedang berkembang, jumlah anak usia sekolah dengan overweight terbanyak berada di kawasan Asia yaitu 60% populasi atau sekitar 10,6 juta jiwa. Penelitian di Semarang Semarang pada tahun 2004 memperlihatkan memperlihatkan bahwa prevalensi prevalensi overweight pada overweight pada anak 6-7 tahun adal adalah ah 9,1% 9,1% seda sedang ngkan kan obes obesit itas as 10,6% 10,6%.. Peni Peningk ngkat atan an prev preval alen ensi si obes obesit itas as terj terjadi adi kare karena na berku berkuran rangny gnyaa aktivi aktivitas tas fisik fisik dan peruba perubahan han pola pola makan. makan. Metabo Metabolis lisme me energy energy ini berper berperan an penting dalam pengaturan berat badan dan energi obesitas. Komponen terbesar pengeluaran energy adalah resting resting energy energy expendi expenditure ture (REE) (REE) yang yang diperl diperluka ukan n untuk untuk memper mempertah tahanka ankan n homeos homeostas tasis is tubuh, tubuh, sedangk sedangkan an aktivi aktivitas tas fisik fisik merupa merupakan kan kunci kunci utama utama keseim keseimban bangan gan enrgi. enrgi. Aktivitas fisik menyumbang 31% pengeluaran energy pada anak laki-laki dan 25% pada anak perempuan.
Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia pada Tahun 1994 ini melakukan
penelitian faktor risiko obesitas pada kelompok remaja obesitas dan gizi normal pada satu SMP di Semarang, dimana hasilnya memperlihatkan bahwa pengeluaran nergy saat istirahat (REE) dan pengeluaran energy total (TEE) setelah dikontrol berat badan lebih rendah secara bermakna pada remaja obesitase energy remaja normal, tetapi tidak ada perbedaan pada tingkat aktivitas
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B. Rumusan Masalah Berdasarkan latar belakang masalah tersebut maka rumusan masalah dalam makalah ini adalah: a. Apa pengertian obesitas? b. Apa penyebab terjadinya obesitas? c. Faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi obesitas? d. Apa saja macam-macam obesitas? e. Bagai mana pengaruh obesitas? f. Bahaya apa yang di timbulkan dari obesitas? g. Bagaimana cara mencegahnya? h. Apakah obesitas pada remaja itu? i. Apakah obesitas pada ibu hamil itu?
C. Tujuan Penulisan
Adapun tujuan makalah ini adalah: a. ingin mengetahui pengertian obesitas b.ingin mengetahui terjadinya obesitas c..ingin mengetahui faktor yang mempengaruhinya d.ingin mengatahui macam-macam obesitas e.ingin mengetahui pengaru obesitas f. ingin mengetahui bahaya dari obesitas g.ingin mengetahui cara pencegahannya h. ingin mengetahui obesitas pada remaja i. ingin mengetahui obesitas pada ibu hamil
D.Manfaat Penulisan Makalah Adapun manfaat makalah ini adalah: a. dapat mengetahui pengertian obesitas
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e.dapat mengetahui pengaru obesitas f. dapat mengetahui bahaya dari obesitas g.dapat mengetahui cara pencegahannya h. dapat mengetahui obesitas pada remaja i. dapat mengetahui obesitas pada ibu hamil
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BAB II
PEMBAHASAN 1. OBESITAS
A. Pengertian
Obesitas atau Overweight? Obes Obesit itas as yang yang dala dalam m
baha bahasa sa awam awam seri sering ng dise disebu butt
kege kegemu muka kan n
merupakan kelebihan berat badan sebagai akibat dari penimbunan lemak tubuh yang berlebihan. berlebihan. Obesitas dapat menurunkan menurunkan rasa percaya diri seseorang dan menyebabkan gangguan psikologis yang serius. Belum lagi lagi
kemu kemung ngki kina nan n
disk diskri rimi mina nasi si
dari dari
ling lingku kung ngan an
seki sekita tar. r.
Dapa Dapatt
dibayangkan dibayangkan jika obesitas obesitas terjadi pada remaja, remaja, maka remaja tersebut tersebut akan
tumbuh
menjadi
remaja
yang
kurang
percaya
diri.
Obesitas terjadi jika seseorang mengkonsumsi kalori melebihi jumlah kalori yang dibakar. Pada hakikatnya, tubuh memerlukan asupan kalori untuk kelangsungan hidup dan aktivitas fisik. Namun untuk menjaga berat badan, perlu adanya keseimbangan antara energi yang masuk dengan energi yang keluar. Ketidakseimbangan energi yang terjadi dapat
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•
Faktor genetik. Obesitas Obesitas cenderung cenderung diturunkan, diturunkan, sehingga diduga memiliki memiliki penyebab penyebab genetik. genetik. Tetapi anggota keluarga tidak hanya berbagi gen, tetapi juga makanan dan kebiasaan gaya hidup, yang bisa mendorong terjadiny terjadinyaa obesitas. obesitas. Seringkali Seringkali sulit untuk memisahkan memisahkan faktor gaya hidup dengan faktor genetik. Penelitian terbaru menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata faktor genetik memberikan pengaruh sebesar 33% terhadap berat badan seseorang.
•
Faktor lingkungan. Gen merupakan faktor yang penting dalam berbagai kasus obesitas, tetapi lingkungan sese seseor orang ang juga juga meme memega gang ng pera perana nan n yang yang cukup cukup bera berart rti. i. Ling Lingkun kunga gan n ini ini term termas asuk uk perilaku/ perilaku/pola pola gaya hidup (misalnya (misalnya apa yang dimakan dan berapa kali seseorang makan sert sertaa bagai bagaima mana na akti aktivit vitas asny nya) a).. Sese Seseor orang ang tent tentu u saja saja tida tidak k dapat dapat mengu menguba bah h pola pola genetiknya, tetapi dia dapat mengubah pola makan dan aktivitasnya.
•
Faktor psikis. Apa yang yang ada di dalam dalam pikira pikiran n seseor seseorang ang bisa bisa mempen mempengar garuhi uhi kebias kebiasaan aan makanny makannya. a. Banyak orang yang memberikan reaksi terhadap emosinya dengan makan. Salah Salah satu satu bentuk bentuk ganggua gangguan n emosi emosi adalah adalah persep persepsi si diri diri yang yang negati negatif. f. Ganggua Gangguan n ini
merupakan masalah yang serius pada banyak wanita muda yang menderita obesitas, dan bisa menimbulkan kesadaran yang berlebihan tentang kegemukannya serta rasa tidak nyaman dalam
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C. Klasifikasi Obesitas Obesitas itu sendiri adalah kelebihan berat badan sebagai akibat dari penimbunan lemak tubuh yang berlebihan. Setiap Setiap orang memerlukan sejumlah sejumlah lemak tubuh tubuh untuk untuk menyim menyimpan pan energi, energi, sebagai sebagai penyekat panas, penyerap guncangan dan fungsi lainnya. Rata-rata wanita memiliki lemak tubuh yang lebih banyak dibandingkan pria. Perbandingan yang normal antara lemak tubuh dengan berat badan adalah sekitar 25-30% pada wanita dan 18-23% pada pria. Wanita dengan lemak tubuh lebih dari 30% dan pria dengan lemak tubuh lebih dari 25% dianggap mengalami obesitas. Seseorang yang memiliki berat badan 20% lebih tinggi dari nilai tengah kisaran berat badannya yang normal dianggap mengalami obesitas. Derajat obesitas biasanya diukur dengan menghitung Body Mass Index (BMI) atau Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT). Nilai BMI diperoleh dari membagi berat badan dalam kilogram (kg) dengan kuadrat tinggi dalam meter (m2). Nilai 2529,9 29,9 dikate dikategor gorika ikan n sebaga sebagaii berat berat badan badan lebih lebih (overw (overweig eight) ht),, sedangk sedangkan an nilai nilai 30 atau atau lebih lebih dikatakan sebagai obesitas. Tabel Klasifikasi BMI Klasifikasi
BMI (kg/m2)
Underweight
<18.50
Berat
<16.00>
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Perhatian tidak hanya ditujukan kepada jumlah lemak yang ditimbun, tetapi juga kepada lokasi lokasi penimbunan lemak tubuh. Pola penyebaran penyebaran lemak tubuh pada pria dan wanita cenderung berbeda. Wanita cenderung menimbun lemaknya di pinggul dan bokong, sehingga memberikan gambaran seperti buah pir. Sedangkan pada pria biasanya lemak menimbun di sekitar perut, sehingga memberikan gambaran seperti buah apel. Tetapi hal tersebut bukan merupakan sesuatu yang mutlak, kadang pada beberapa pria tampak seperti buah seperti buah pir dan pir dan beberapa wanita tampak seperti buah apel, terutama setelah masa menopause. Seseor Seseorang ang yang yang lemakn lemaknya ya banyak banyak tert tertim imbu bun n di peru perutt mung mungki kin n akan akan lebi lebih h mudah udah kese keseha hattan
meng mengal alam amii yang ang
ber berbaga bagaii
ber berhubu hubung ngan an
masa masallah deng dengan an
obesitas. Mereka memiliki risiko yang lebih ting tinggi gi.. Gamb Gambar aran an buah buah pir pir lebi lebih h baik baik dibandingkan dengan gambaran buah apel.
D. Dampak Obesitas
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tubuh diukur dengan membagi berat badan (dalamkilogram), dengan tinggi badan (dalam meter) kuadrat. Indeks massa tubuh diatas 25 disebut dengan berat badan berlebih, dan diatas 30 disebut dengan obesitas. Bayangkan seseorang memiliki berat badan 100 kg dengan tinggi badan 200 cm, cm, maka maka ia memi memili liki ki inde indeks ks mass massaa tubu tubuh h sebe sebesa sarr 100/ 100/ (2)2 (2)2 yait yaitu u 25. Kons Konsep ep bahwa bahwa “langsing” itu indah dibentuk oleh media sejak beberapa dekade lalu. Konsep ini mrupakan mrupakan warisan warisan budaya secara turun-menurun. turun-menurun. Hal ini menyebabkan menyebabkan kelompok obesiatas obesiatas dikategori dikategorikan kan sebagai sebagai “kelo “kelompok mpok lain” lain”.. Di banyak kultur obesitas pun masih dihub dihubun ungka gkan n denga dengan n kemakm kemakmur uran an atau atau keseha kesehata tan.D n.Dii lain lain pihak pihak,, juml jumlah ah kasu kasuss obes obesit itas as// kegemu kegemukan kan akan bertam bertambah bah sebagai sebagai dampak dampak dari dari perubah perubahan an pola pola hidup hidup dan era teknol teknologi ogi info inform rmas asi. i. Pert Pertan anya yaan an mena menari rik k yang yang munc muncul ul adal adalah ah &ldqu “ o;apa apaka kah h damp dampak ak sosi sosial al dan dan psiko psikolog logis is obesit obesitas as pada penyan penyandan dangny gnya? a? Psiko Psikopat patolo ologi gi obesit obesitas as Perasa Perasaan an merasa merasa diriny dirinyaa berbe berbeda da atau atau dibedak dibedakan an dari dari kelomp kelompokn oknya ya akan akan membuat membuat indivi individu du dengan dengan obesita obesitass rentan rentan terhadap berbagai masalah psikologis. Penelitian Daniel (1997) memperlihatkan bahwa ada hubungan yang sangat eratantara psikopatologi dengan obesitas pada remaja, terutama dalam bentuk depresi. Remaja obesitas yang dijauhi olehteman-temannya memiliki kecenderungan untuk mengalami rasa putus asa yang besar.Hubungan antara obesitas dengan gejala psikopatologis merupakan suatu lingkaran yang tidak terputus. Seseorang yang mengalami obesitas akan mudah merasa tersisih atau tersinggung. Hal ini akan lebih parahbila ia mengalami kegagalan dalam pergaulan. Seseorang yang obese akan cenderung dicap sebagai orang yang susah bergaul dan mudah tersinggung. Orang yang obese akan mencap sebagian dari temannya sebagai orang yang suka mengolok-olok. Penelitian Pesa, dkk di Jerman (2000) pada 47 remaja obesitas menunjukkan bahwa masalah psikologis
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internal berasal dari anak itu sendiri, berupa keinginan untuk menguruskan badan dan merasa dirinya berbeda dengan anak-anak lain. Hal ini menyebabkan berkurangnya rasa percaya diri, dan rentan terhadap depresi. Faktor eksternal yang berpengaruh adalah stigma di masyarakat bahwa anak yang obese adalah anak yang lamban dan malas. Hal ini diperparah diperparah oleh kenyataan kenyataan dalam berbagai kegiatan olahraga yang menghambat gerakan anak obese tersebut. Anak-anak yang mengalami obesitas akan merasa dirinya berbeda dengan orang lain di sekitarnya. Hal ini menyeb menyebabka abkan n rasa rasa tidak tidak puas pada diriny dirinya, a, dan beruju berujung ng pada konflik konflik intern internal. al. Peneli Penelitia tian n Mustillo, dkk (2003) pasda anak-anak berusia 9-16 tahun mendapatkan bahwa obesitas kronik ber berhu hubu bung ngan an
deng dengan an
berb berbag agai ai
geja gejala la
psik psikop opat atol olog ogi. i.
Obes Obesit itas as
dihu dihubu bung ngka kan n
deng dengan an
kecenderungan tidak puas pada diri sendiri, kehidupan yang terisolasi, depresi, dan rasa percaya diri diri yang yang renda rendah. h. Ling Lingkun kunga gan n seki sekita tarr tamp tampakn aknya ya juga juga mend menduku ukung ng munc muncul ulny nyaa gejal gejalaa psikopatologi pada anak obese. Penelitian Richardson, dkk (1998) memperlihatkan bahwa anakanak lebih cenderung memilih teman yang tidak obese. Hal ini memunculkan perasan terisolasi dan rendah diri.
2. OBE OBESIT SITAS AS PADA PADA REMAJ REMAJA A
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Obesitas merupakan pembahasan yang sensitif bagi remaja. Remaja yang mengalami kelebihan berat badan mungkin memperhatikan perubahan fisiknya tersebut. Di samping risiko kesehatan jangka panjang seperti peningkatan tekanan darah dan diabetes, masalah sosial dan emosional sebagai akibat kelebihan berat badan dapat menyebabkan remaja putus asa. Belum lagi jika usaha menurunkan berat badan tidak memberikan hasil terbaik. Remaja perlu diingatkan bahwa tidak ada gambaran tubuh yang sempurna yang dapat dicapai. Berat yang sesuai untuk seseorang belum tentu tepat untuk orang lain. Remaja harus didorong untuk mencapai berat badan yang sehat. Menurunkan berat badan dan tetap mempertahankannya merupakan komitmen jangka panjang. Diperlukan perubahan gaya hidup yang teratur dan konsisten agar upaya yang telah dilakukan tidak sia-sia. Diet yang berlebihan akan mengurangi asupan nutrisi yang diperlukan untuk perkembangan remaja. Sementara pil penurun berat badan instan hanyalah solusi sementara yang tidak menyelesaikan akar permasalahan. Aktivitas fisik juga diperlukan untuk membantu penurunan berat badan dan membakar kalori. Ikut serta dalam tim olahraga di sekolah, bersepeda atau mungkin berjalan kaki ke sekolah merupakan diantara cara untuk membuat remaja tetap aktif. Mencuci mobil atau
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A. Faktor yang berkontribusi untuk remaja menjadi gemuk 1. Kebia Kebiasa saan an maka makan n yang yang buru buruk. k. Tidak makan makanan yang tepat pada jumlah yang tepat pada waktu yang tepat adalah alasan utama yang berkontribusi terhadap obesitas pada remaja. Makanan cepat saji dan minuman ringan adalah penyebab utama. Remaja telah menjadi pelanggan konsisten dari rantai makanan cepat saji yang telah bermunculan di semua lingkungan Amerika. Kecenderungan untuk makan terlalu banyak pilihan makanan cepat ditambah kegagalan untuk makan pada waktu yang tepat semua faktor remaja ini kelebihan berat badan masalah. Di samping itu, remaja cenderung makan yang cukup kuantitas tetapi gagal untuk mendapatkan nutrisi yang tepat dari makanan yang mereka konsumsi. Makanan cepat saji telah menunjukkan untuk menjadi sarana yang ideal makan terutama karena banyak orang yang hidup mondar-mandir gaya hidup yang cepat. 2. Kemala Kemalasan san dan dan kuran kurangny gnyaa berola berolahra hraga. ga.
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Beberapa kondisi penyakit dapat menyebabkan remaja menjadi kelebihan berat badan seperti masalah tiroid. 5.Heredity. Ini adalah situasi di mana masalah kelebihan berat badan hanya berjalan di dalam keluarga. Faktor-faktor yang berkontribusi terhadap obesitas remaja harus diatasi dalam rangka untuk mengurangi meningkatnya jumlah remaja yang sedang kelebihan berat badan. Ada banyak kasus di mana anak-anak meninggal di depan orang tua mereka hanya karena obesitas sehingga sangat penting untuk melakukan sesuatu yang positif dan mengatasi masalah ini segera. Keluarga terutama orang tua memiliki peran besar untuk diputar bila menyelesaikan obesitas remaja mereka.
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C. Komp Kompli lika kasi si
Obesitas bukan hanya tidak enak dipandang mata tetapi merupakan dilema kesehatan yang menge mengeri rika kan. n. Obes Obesit itas as secar secaraa langs langsung ung berba berbahay hayaa bagi bagi kese keseha hata tan n sese seseor oran ang. g. Obes Obesit itas as meningkatkan risiko terjadinya sejumlah penyakit menahun seperti: •
Diabetes Diabete s tipe 2 (timbul pada masa dewasa)
•
Tekanan Tekana n darah tinggi (hipertensi) (hiperte nsi)
•
Stroke
•
Serangan Serang an jantung (infark miokardium) miokard ium)
•
Gagal jantung
•
Kanker (jenis kanker tertentu, misalnya kanker prostat dan kanker usus besar)
•
Batu kandung kandun g empedu dan batu kandung kandun g kemih
•
Gout danartritis gout
•
Osteoartritis
•
Tidur apneu (kegagalan untuk bernafas secara normal ketika sedang tidur, menyebabkan
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Center di Boston. Dr RedLine dan rekannya mempelajari 240 remaja berusia 16-19 mengambil bagian dalam studi. Tidur mereka dimonitor di rumah dengan alat band pada pergelangan tangan dan asupan makanan diukur dengan wawancara dilakukan oleh staf terlatih. Hasilnya, mereka yang kurang tidur atau yang memiliki pola diet yang serampangan cenderung mengalami obesitas. Tim peneliti menemukan bahwa setiap jam tidur tambahan menurunkan kemungkinan makan jumlah kalori tinggi tinggi dari makanan ringan ringan dengan rata-rata 21 persen. Anehnya, mereka menemukan hasil secara statistik signifikan pada anak perempuan, tapi tidak pada anak laki-laki. Meskipun tidak jelas mengapa, tim mengatakan mungkin bahwa gadis remaja lebih cenderung beralih ke makanan untuk alasan emosional daripada anak laki-laki, tetapi hal ini masih perlu dipelajari.
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kebanyakan berasal dari kehilangan air dari dalam tubuh, sehingga tubuh akan terasa lemas. •
Peningkatan Aktivitas Fisik
Tujuan aktivitas fisik dalam penurunan berat badan adalah membakar lebih banyak kalori. Banyaknya kalori yang dibakar tergantung dari frekuensi, durasi, dan intensitas latihan yang dilakukan. Salah satu cara untuk menghilangkan lemak tubuh adalah dengan aerobik atau berjalan kaki selama 30 menit setiap harinya. Dapat pula dilakukan modifikasi yang dapat meningkatkan aktivitas fisik sehari-hari. Misalnya dengan lebih memilih menggunakan tangga untuk naik atau turun beberapa lantai dibanding
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Walaupun secara umum sibutramin dapat lebih menurunkan berat badan dibanding diet dan olahraga, namun itu bukanlah segalanya. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa setelah satu tahun, pengguna sibutramin mengalami penurunan berat badan hanya sekitar 5 kg dibanding mereka yang menjalani diet rendah kalori dan menggunakan plasebo.
Efek samping penggunaan sibutramin yakni peningkatan tekanan darah, sakit kepala, mulut kering, konstipasi, dan insomnia. o
Orlistat
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o
Nilai BMI antara 35-39,9 dan terdapat risiko kesehatan serius terkait obesitas, seperti diabetes atau peningkatan tekanan darah.
3.Obesitas pada Kehamilan
Cara pandang akan selalu berubah. Demikian juga cara pandang terhadap bentuk badan. Dahulu, kelebihan berat badan dianggap sebagai simbol kemakmuran. Pandangan ini kemudian berubah. Kelebihan berat badan dianggap mengurangi keindahan bentuk badan dan,perkembangan terakhir, cara pandang ini berubah lagi, mengarah pada kesadaran akan
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biasanya saat usia kehamilan mencapai 20 minggu). Kelebihan berat badan pada ibu hamil akan mengakibatkan bayi lahir prematur, sulitnya proses melahirkan karena pertumbuhan atau berat badan bayi lebih besar daripada seharusnya, kesulitan bernapas, dan kerusakan pada otak. Para ahli menyebutkan, obesitas selama kehamilan juga dapat menyebabkan efek negatif pada sang bayi saat ia dewasa nanti. Banyak dari anak-anak ini nantinya akan mengalami obesitas, baik selama masa kecilnya ataupun saat ia dewasa. Oleh karena itu disarankan para ibu hamil untuk menjaga berat badan mereka selama kehamilan. Normalnya, kenaikan berat badan ibu hamil antara 12,5 kilogram sampai 17,5 kilogram. Dan bagi Anda yang mengalami berat badan berlebih disarankan untuk menurunkan berat badan, namun diiringi pemantauan dokter. Untuk menurunkan berat badan selama kehamilan ini Anda
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Ibu hamil disarankan untuk mengatur berat badan agar tetap berada pada kondisi ideal.Peningkatan berat badan di trimester pertama memang relatif sedikit, tidak naik atau bahkan berkurang karena muntah-muntah. Peningkatan berat badan yang cukup pesat terjadi di
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Bila saat kehamilan mengalami obesitas, perlu dilakukan penanganan khusus. Sang ibu pun harus bersikap tenang karena sikap tenang sangat bermanfaat bagi perkembangan janin. Pilihlah klinik atau rumah sakit dengan fasilitas lengkap. Ini sebagai antisipasi jika ibu membutuhkan
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kandungannya terjaga baik. Belum diketahui apa yang menyebabkan obesitas pada kehamilan dapat menimbulkan komplikasi. Pemerintah Amerika menyebutkan sepertiga dari
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•
Sulitnya mendiagnosa ketidaknormalan pada janin karna image ultrasound terhalang ultrasound terhalang lemak
Dibutuhkan penanganan serius dari dokter bagi para para wanita yang mengalami obesitas
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Bayi yang dilahirkan oleh perempuan dengan masalah obesitas ternyata berisiko lebih tinggi meninggal dunia, terutama pada minggu pertama setelah dilahirkan, dibandingkan dengan bayi yang dilahirkan perempuan dengan berat badan normal. Oleh karena itu, pencegahan obesitas ata tambah tambah berat berat bada terlal terlal tinggi tinggi sel kehami kehamilan lan lu dilakuk dilakuk Deng
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