Oil & Gas Data

Schemes 1.How

schemes are conceived & formed

2.What 3.How

are P& IDs and How are they formed

Lay outs are formed

4.What

Piping Area Diagrams and how are they prepared 5.Tender 6.CCOE

and AFC drawings drawings

Schemes 1.How

schemes are conceived & formed

2.What 3.How

are P& IDs and How are they formed

Lay outs are formed

4.What

Piping Area Diagrams and how are they prepared 5.Tender 6.CCOE

and AFC drawings drawings

Relevant codes and standards •ASME

31.4

•OISD

118

•OISD

117

•OISD

141

•Electrical

Standards

Station Stati on Equipments Equipments – Mec Mechanic hanical, al, Electric Electrical al and T&I

Overall Project Activities

Corporate Optimization Group

PMS 1

Options Project Requirements

Exploring Options Options

Scheme

PMS 2 Past Project Reference Data base

Cost Estimation

Scheme Development

PMS 3 Scheme

Costing Estimation Past P.O reference/B.O

PMS 4 Detailed Engineering Scheme

Standard Spec. Database

Engineering Details PMS 4 HR Estimation

HR Estimate

Approval

HR Database Costing

PMS 5 DFR / Final scheme transmission

Execution / Monitoring Group

Pj Requirement

COG

Land profile data soil survey

PMS 1.1 Route Selection

Pop. data Govt. records

Route details

Engg. files

PMS 1.2 Pipe Grade & Size Selection

Pipe data specification

PMS 1.3 Equipment Selection PMS 1.5 Equipment details Instruction & Control Selection

Power tariff & availability

PMS 1.4 Control requirements

Power requirement calculation

PMS 1.6 Compilation of data for each option

Electrical database

Options

PMS 2 Scheme Development

FACILITIES

Pump Station Facilities •Pumping •Receipt •Delivery •Storage •

Scrapper Launch/Receipt

•Surge

tank/Others •OWS •Fuel storage •Metering •Controls •Electrical •Instrumentation •Communication •Switch Yard

MOTHER PUMP STATION WITH TANK FARM Main Equipments Sl. No.

Equipment

Applicable Code

1.

Storage tanks

API standard 650

2.

Booster Pumping Units

ANSI/API Standard 610

3.

Crude Oil Blender

4.

Basket Strainer

BODY: ASME section VIII Welding: ASME section IX Flanges: ANSI B 16.5 & MSS-SP44 Gasket: API 601

5.

Mainline Pumping Units


6.

Scraper Launchin g Barrel

BODY: ASME section VIII QOC: BS EN 10222 Flanges: ANSI B 16.5 & MSS-SP44 Gasket: API 601

7.

Different Valves- Gate, Swing API 6D, API 600/602, BS 1868, BS

Remark s

MOTHER PUMP STATION WITH TANK FARM

Auxiliaries: Sl. No.

Equipment

1.

OWS

2.

Sump Tank & Sump Pump

3.

Drag Reducer

4.

TRVs

Applicable Code

Remarks

API standard 520, 526, 527 ASME section VIII

Fire Fighting Facilities: Sl. No.

Equipment

1.

Fire water pond/tank

2.

Fire Fighting Pump & Jockey Pump

3.

Fixed Foam Protection

Applicable Code

Remarks

INTERMEDIATE PUMP STATION WITH TANK FARM Main Equipments Sl. No.

Equipment

Applicable Code

1.

Storage tanks

API standard 650

2.

Basket Strainer


3.



4.

Scraper Launching/Receiving Barrel


5.

Different Valves- Gate, Swing API 6D, API 600/602, BS 1868, BS Check, Control etc. 1873

Remark s

INTERMEDIATE PUMP STATION WITH TANK FARM

Auxiliaries: Sl. No.

Equipment

1.

OWS

2.

Sump Tank & Sump Pump

3.

Drag Reducer

4.

TRVs

Applicable Code

Remark s


Fire Fighting Facilities: Sl. No.

Equipment

1.

Fire water po nd/tank

2.

Fire Fighting Pump & Jockey Pump

3.

Fixed Foam Protection System

Applicable Code

Remark s

INTERMEDIATE PUMP STATION Main Equipments Sl. No.

Equipment

Applicable Code

1.

Basket Strainer


2.



3.

Scraper Launching/Receiving Barrel


4.

Different Valves- Gate, Swing API 6D, API 600/602, BS 1868 Check, etc.

Remark s

INTERMEDIATE PUMP STATION Au A u x i l i ari ar i es: es : Sl. No. No .

Eq u i p m en t

1.

OWS

2.

Sump Tank Tank & Sump Pump

3.

Drag Redu Reducer cer

4.

TRVs

A p p l i c ab l e Co d e

Rem ar k s

API A PI st s t and an d ard ar d 520, 526, 527 ASME A SME sect sec t i o n VIII

Fire ir e Fighti igh ting ng Faciliti cil itie es: Sl. No. No .

Eq u i p m en t

1.

Fire water pond/tank

2.

Fire Figh Fightin ting g Pump & Jockey Pump

3.

Compre ompr essors sso rs and DG


Rem ar k s

DELIVERY STATION Main Equipm Equi pme ents nt s Sl. No. No .

Eq u i p m en t


1.

Basket Strainer

BODY: ASME BODY: ASME section secti on VIII VIII Welding:: ASM Welding A SME E secti on IX Flanges:: ANSI B 16.5 & MSS-SPFlanges 44 Gasket:: API 601 Gasket 601

2.

Scraper Rece Receivi iving ng Barrel

BODY: ASME BODY: ASME section secti on VIII VIII QOC:: BS EN 10222 QOC Flanges:: ANSI B 16.5 & MSS-SPFlanges 44 Gasket:: API 601 Gasket 601

3.

Differe iff erent nt ValvesValves- Gate, Gate, Swing win g API A PI 6D, API A PI 600/602, BS 1868 Check, etc.

Rem ar k s

DELIVERY STATION Au A u x i l i ari ar i es: es : Sl. No. No .

Eq u i p m en t

1.

OWS

2.

Sump Tank Tank & Sump Pump

3.

Drag Redu Reducer cer

4.

TRVs


API A PI st s t and an d ard ar d 520, 526, 527 ASME A SME sect sec t i o n VIII

Fire ir e Fighti igh ting ng Faciliti cil itie es: Fire Water Water Netwo Network rk Hooke ook ed up u p w ith Refinery Fire water Network. Network.

Rem ar k s

FACILITIES FACILITIES / EQUIPMENTS

TANK FARM

INTERMEDIATE PUMPING STATION

SCRAPPER STATION

STORAGE TANKS

X

BOOSTER PUMPS

X

GENERATOR

X

COMPRESSOR

X

MAINLINE PUMPS

X

SCRAPPER BARREL SUMP TANK SUMP PUMP

X

FACILITIES FACILITIES / EQUIPMENTS

TANK FARM

INTERMEDIAT E PUMPING STATION

SCRAPPER STATION

FIRE PUMPS

X

FUEL TANK

X

FUEL UNLOADING PUMP

X

WATER SOFTENING PLANT

X

BASKET STRAINER

X

TURBINE METER

X

CONTROL VALVE

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL SYSTEM A

system of measuring process parameters, sensing status, logical decision making based on such analog / digital inputs, activation of corresponding controls in the process loop based on such logical decisions, initiating audible / visible alarms and providing a continuous, consistent, real time, accurate process feedback to the operator vide suitable MMI.

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL SYSTEM 

To ensure that the process runs in a safe, economical, efficient manner strictly in adherence to the operational philosophy by providing an easy, convenient and error free interface for the operator to monitor, maintain and record the process

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL SYSTEM 

By measuring various parameters / physical states online and storing them w.r.to time to enable decision making / activation of various controls

Process parameters



Pressure  



Indicators (Bourdon type Gauges) Transmitters (LCR Bridge Transducer)

Temperature 

Indicators (Bourdon type Gauges)



Transmitters (Pt100 RTDs)

I n d u c t i o n T r C a T i n M i n P g L I n d i a n O i l P i p e l i n e s

22/3 0

Process parameters



Density 





Transducer (Frequency sensors)

Flow 

Thermally activated switches



Turbine Flow Meters


Level 

Magnetic float switches



Radar Tank Gauges

23/3 0

TANK FARM

D L O F I N A M

DENSITY MEAS.

BOOSTER PUMPS FILTERATION

METERING SUMP TANK & PUMP

MANIFOLD

TO NEXT STATION

METER PROVER

FCV

BLOCK VALVES

SLB SLB MAINLINE PUMPS

FCV

DENSITY MEAS.

FILTERATION

METERING

S R VALVE

SRB FROM PREV. STN

SUMP TANK & PUMP

M A N I F O L D

TAN K FAR M

SCADA 



SCADA SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE 

LEAK DETECTION & LOCATION WITH DRA MODULE



LINE / PRODUCT BALANCE (FLOW MEASUREMENT)



METER PROVING



BATCH TRACKING



PIG TRACKING



OVER/UNDER PRESSURE PROTECTION



PREDICTIVE MODEL



PIPELINE EFFICIENCY



OPERATOR TRAINER/PLANT SIMULATION SOFTWARE



C.P. PERFORMANCE

 

AUTOMATIC LOOK AHEAD INSTRUMENT ANALYSIS


26/3 0

Design Considerations •Station •Rated

Discharge Head

Flow

•Velocity •Piping

of flow in the line

Selection

•Equipment •Tankage •Effluent •Fire

Rating

Requirement treatment

& Safety Requirement

•Offsite •Allied

Facilities

Facilities

Piping and Instrument Diagram

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION  

  

    

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

P&I Diagrams include 

Process Flow Diagram

 All equipments connected with piping  All pipe sizes and grades  All valves and sizes like Hand / Motor Operated Valves  All pipe fittings and flanges except LR bends 

Two dimensional

 All instrumentation

INTRODUCTION

P&I Diagrams exclude X

Piping Route

X

Civil Facilities like buildings etc

X

Co-ordinates for various facilities

X

Distances between facilities

X

Isometric Plant View

X

Pipe Elevation

Codes & Standards being followed

Sl. No

Standard

Description

Usage

01

ANSI B31.4

Pipeline Transportation To Establish System for Liquid Requirement for Hydrocarbons and other safe Design liquids

02

OISD 118

Layouts for Oil & Gas Installation

F/F Facility

03

OISD 117

Fire Protection Facilities for Petroleum Depots, Terminals, Pipeline Installations and Lube Oil Installations

F/F Facility

04

API 5L

Specification for Line Pipes

M/L Pipe

05

ASTM A106 Gr.B

Station Pipes

06

ASTM A53 Gr.B

Station Pipes

07

IS 3589

Station Pipes

Sl. N o

Standard

Description

Usages

08

API 610

Centrifugal Pumps for Petroleum, Petrochemical and Natural Gas Industries

MLPU, BPU

09

API 650

Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage

Tanks

10

BS 5355

Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines

Engines

11

API 6D

Valves Pipeline Transportation System -Pipeline Valves

12

API 600

Gate Valves

Sl. Std. No 14

Description Design – ASME Section VIII,

Usages Barrels

QOC- BS EN 10222 Door Closure – BS PD 5500 15

Design – ASME Section VIII Div-I

Sump Tank

16

Material- ASTM A 234 WPB, MSS SP 75 WPHY 52,65

Fittings

Dimension- ANSI 16.25, MSS SP75 Inspection – ANSI B16.9, MSS SP 75 17

Material- ASTM A 105,

Flanges

Mfg/Dimension- ANSI B16. 5, MSS SP 44, API 605 18

OWS

19

API 1589, API 1581

Separator Filter Elements

20

Material- ASTM A 216 WCB,

Control Valves

Design- ANSI B16 104, ANSI B 16.5,

Sl. No 21

Standard

Description

API STANDARD Welding of Pipeline and related 1104 Facilities

22

Pump Design: IS 5120 Engine Testing: BS 5514

23

Usages Welding Fire Fighting Pumping Units

Design – ASME Section VIII Div-I

Insulating Coupling

24

API Standard 601

Metallic Gasket for Raised-Face Pipe Flanges and Flanged Connections (Double-Jacketed Corr ugated and spiral-wound)

Gaskets

25

API Standard 526

Flanged Steel Pressure Relief valves

Relief Valves

26


Steel Gate, Globe and Check Valves for sizes DN 100 and smaller for th e petroleum and Natural gas Industries

27

API Standard

Design and Construction of LPG

Sl. No

Standard

Description

28

OISDSTANDARD214

Cross Country LPG Pipelines

29

ASME B 31.82003

Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping System

Usages

30


TRVs

31

BS 1873

Globe Valves

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR LIQUID LINE Following

fire protection system/ facilities shall be considered for all the liquid hydrocarbon lines as per OISD-141.

Detection System Fire Alarm System Fire Extinguishers Fire Water System a. Fire water sto rage b. Fire water Pumps c. Fire water distribution piping network d. Fire hydr ant / Monitors

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR LIQUID LINE HOSES, NOZZLES AND ACCESSORIES AND SPARES First Aid and Safety Equipment: Windsock Emergency Power supply Communication System Emergency Response Plan (ERP) / Disaster Management Plan (

DMP)

NOMENCLATURE

NOMENCLATURE A)

LINE :- THE LINE NUMBER GIVES THE SIZE, LINE NUMBER AND RATING AS FOLLOWS : SIZE OF PIPE – P – LINE NUMBER – RATING EXAMPLE

20” – P – 2033 – 31

LINE RATING

LINE NUMBER

LINE SIZE

NOMENCLATURE B) FULL BORE VALVE :- THE VALVE NUMBER GIVES SIZE OF VALVE, STATION AND VALVE RATING AS FOLLOWS : SIZE OF VALVE – STATION – VALVE RATING EXAMPLE

24” – IMP – 20 VALVE RATING

STATION

VALVE SIZE

NOMENCLATURE C) REDUCED BORE VALVE :- THE VALVE NUMBER GIVES SIZE OF VALVE-FLANGE, SIZE OF VALVE BORE, NAME OF STATION AND VALVE RATING AS FOLLOWS :SIZE OF VALVE FLANGE X SIZE OF VALVE BORE – STATION – VALVE RATING

EXAMPLE

24” x 20” – IMP – 20 VALVE RATING STATION VALVE BORE SIZE VALVE FLANGE

RATINGS RATING

WORKING PRESSURE

150 SR

275 PSI

300 SR

720 PSI

400 SR

960 PSI

600 SR

1440 PSI

800 SR

2160 PSI

900 SR

2160 PSI

1500 SR

3600 PSI

LINE SPECIFICATION NUMBERS ANSI CODE

RATING

150

11

300

21

400

31

600

41

800

51

900

61

VALVE RATINGS – GATE / BALL VALVE ANSI CODE

END CODE

RATING

150

W/W

1A

300

W/W

2A

400

W/W

3A

600

W/W

4A

800

W/W

5A

900

W/W

6A


END CODE

RATING

150

W/F

01

300

W/F

02

400

W/F

03

600

W/F

04

800

W/F

05

900

W/F

06


END CODE

RATING

150

F/F

00

300

F/F

10

400

F/F

20

600

F/F

30

800

F/F

40

900

F/F

50

VALVE RATINGS – ALL CLEAR / NORMAL SWING CHECK VALVE ANSI CODE

END CODE

RATING

150

W/W

05

300

W/W

15

400

W/W

25

600

W/W

35

800

W/W

45

900

W/W

55

VALVE RATINGS – ALL CLEAR / NORMAL SWING CHECK VALVE ANSI CODE

END CODE

RATING

150

W/F

01

300

W/F

02

400

W/F

03

600

W/F

04

800

W/F

05

900

W/F

06

VALVE RATINGS – ALL CLEAR / NORMAL SWING CHECK VALVE

ANSI CODE

END CODE

RATING

150

F/F

09

300

F/F

19

400

F/F

29

600

F/F

39

800

F/F

49

900

F/F

59

PIPING LEGEND

PIPING LEGEND

PIPING LEGEND

DIFFERENT GRADES SPECIFIED BY API 5L STANDARD Grade

Yield Strength (PSI)

Ultimate Tensile Strength (PSI)

A25

25000

45000

A

30000

48000

B

35000

60000

X42

42000

60000

X46

46000

63000

X52

52000

66000

X-56

56000

70000

X60

60000

75000

X65

65000

77000

X70

70000

82000

X80

80000

90600

DIFFERENT GRADES SPECIFIED BY API 5L STANDARD YS/ UTS > 0.93 History  Upto X56

Developed upto 1960

 X60 - X70

Developed in 1970s

 X80

Developed in 1980s but commercially produced in India recently.

 X90 to X120 are now also developed in the last twenty years but

not in commercial use till date in India.

STANDARD LENGTH OF PIPES Nominal Length 6M

Minimum Avg. Length 5.33 M

12 M

10.67 M

13.72 M

15 M

13.35 M

16.76 M

18 M

16.00 M

19.81 M

24 M

21.84 M

25.91 M

Max. Length 6.86 M

 6 M length are termed as single random lengths.  12 M lengths are termed as double random lengths .

END CONFIGURATION OF PIPES

Based on pipe to pipe joints pipe ends are specified as Beveled Ends

Pipe to pipe/ fitting joints are butt welded

 Plain Ends

Pipe to pipe/ fitting joints are fillet welded

 Screwed Ends

For threaded connections

 Flanged Ends

For bolted connection

 Spigot/ Socket Ends

Cemented joints

DIFFERENT CODES USED FOR PIPE SELECTION  ANSI 36.10

Carbon steel pipes

 ANSI 36.19

Stainless steel pipes

 ASTM A53

Welded and seamless pipes

 ASTM A 106

Seamless CS pipes for high temp. service

 ASTM A 120

Galvanized pipe for ordinary use

 API 5L

Line pipes for petroleum products

 IS 3589

Steel pipe for general purpose

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR PIPES

 Corrosion allowance is added depending on type of service  Design pressure is taken as 10% higher than anticipated MOP  Design temperature is taken as 25 0 C higher than anticipated

MOT  When design temperature is 15 0 C and below consideration

should be given for minimum temperature also.  Design should meet the requirements of relevant code  Material should be in accordance with the latest revision of

standards .

CALCULATION OF PIPING WALL THICKNESS 

Mainline pipe is designed for 10% higher than the maximum operating pressure. Design factor of 72% SMYS is considered.



Station piping is designed for higher pressure than mainline to allow for the pump start-up against shut off and for throttling. In order to compensate for any un-calcubale expansion, mechanical, thermal or any residual stresses, generally 65% of SMYS is taken as the design factor.



For sizing of the piping a maximum velocity of 4.5 M/ Sec. is considered in the design.

CALCULATION OF PIPING WALL THICKNESS 

Specified Minimum Yield Stress (SMYS) of pipe is known from the specification of the pipe. Hoop stress (s) = 0.65 x SMYS x E Where E = Weld joint factor = 1.0 Design pressure = 1.1 x Working Pressure Design pressure = 2 x S x t / D Where t = thickness of pipe in Inch. D = Outside Dia of pipe in Inch.

LIST OF SOME REPUTED API GRADE PIPE MANUFACTURERS  M/s Jindal Saw Pipes  M/s Wellspun Gujarat  M/s PSL Limited  M/s Tubacero, Mexico (Plant at Monterry Pipe Mill, Mexico)  M/s Hyundai Corporation, Korea (Plant at SEIIA Pipe, Korea)  M/s ILVA, Italy (Plant at ILVA s.p.a. Taranto)  M/s International Economics & Trading Co. (Baoji Petroleum Pipe

Corporation, Wuhan)

 M/s Thyseen Krupp, Germany (Corinth Pipe Works s.a., Greece)  M/s Daewoo Corporation, Korea (Shinho Steel Co., Korea)  M/s Bao Steel, China (Shashi Steel, China)  M/s Steel Authority of India Ltd. (Plant at Rourkela)  M/s. Mitshubishi, Japan (NKK, Japan)  M/s Sumitomo Corporation, Japan (Sumitomo Industries)  M/s Marubeni Corporation, Japan

IndianO il

EQUIPMENTS IN PIPELINES

ENGINE

-

FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE (CRUDE/DIESEL)

PUMP

-

API 610 HORZONTAL CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

-

API 610 VERTICAL TURBINE PUMP

GEAR BOX

-

SPEED INCREASING SINGLE STAGE GEAR BOX

VALVES

-GATE VALVES GLOBE VALVES SWING CHECK VALVES BALL VALVES – TOP ENTRY CONTROL VALVES – PRESSURE/ FLOW, RELIEF VALVES – THERMAL / PRESSURE / SURGE

IndianO il

SPECIFICATION MAINLINE ENGINE

•Mainline Engine being most critical equipment procured by P/L Division, the Spec. has been prepared covering all the a spect of a Diesel engine. A comparison of various aspects covered in the spec.for engine, pump ,valves , pipe & pipe fitting are as Engine ENGINE

PUMP

VALVE

SCOPE

SCOPE

SCOPE

ENVOIRNMENT

ENVOIRNMENT

ENVOIRNMENT

SPECIFIC REQUIREMENT


CODES AND STANDARD

CODES AND STANDARD

CODES AND STANDARD


LUB OIL SYSTEM

DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS

DESIGN

STARTING SYSTEM

COMPONENTS

MATERIAL OF COINSTRUCTIO

CHARGE AIR SYSTEM

DIRECTION OF ROTATION

DIMENSIONS

EXHAUST SYSTEM

MATERIAL OF COINSTRUCTION TEST/INSPECTION

FUEL OIL SYSTEM

TEST/INSPECTION

PERFORMANCE GURANTEE

COOLING SYSTEM

CONTROL SYSTEM

DOCUMENTATION

GOVERNOR

PERFORMANCE GURANTEE

FLYWHEEL & FLYWHEEL GUARD

DOCUMENTATION

PUMP COUPLING GUARD DIRECTION OF ROTATION MATERIAL OF COINSTRUCTION CONTROL SYSTEM SERVICE TANKS TEST/INSPECTION PERFORMANCE GURANTEE DOCUMENTATION

LUBE OIL FILTER ASSEMBLY

MAIN LINE ENGINE AUXILIARIES

EXHAUST SILENCER

RADIATOR ASSEMBLY

OIL BATH FILTER

MAINLINE ENGINE AUXILIARIES

FUEL OIL DAILY SERVICE TANK

EXHAUST SILENCER

RADIATOR ASSEMBLY

MAINLINE PUMPING UNIT

MAIN LINE PUMP WITH SUCTION / DISCHARGE ARMS

FIRE WALL

GEAR BOX

M/L ENGINE

HOT CRANE

CLOSE VIEW OF MAINLINE PUMP

MAINLINE PUMP WITH SUCTION AND DISCHARGE CONNECTION

PUMP DRAIN WITH FUNNEL ASSEMBLY

SCRAPPER LAUNCHING BARREL

SCRAPPER RECEIVING BARREL

UNEQUAL TEE (X BAR)

TRV

PI

PS/P T

TYPICAL PIPE CONNECTIONS

TRV PI PS/P T

BASKET STRAINER WITH ISOLATING MOV’S

STRAINER BASKET

LEVEL TRANSMITTER

LEVEL SWITCH

SUMP PUMP & MOTOR

PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE

U/S FLOW STRAIGHTENER

INSTALLATION OF TURBINE METER

D/S FLOW STRAIGHTENER

BASKET STRAINER WITH ISOLATING MOV’S

INSTALLATION OF LR BENDS

INSTALLATION OF SEPARATOR FILTER

ENGINE DRIVEN

MOTOR DRIVEN

AIR COMPRESSORS

EXHAUST PIPING

ALTERNATO R

RADIATOR

INSTALLATION OF DG SET

INSTALLATION OF DIESEL U/L PUMP

VERTICAL PUMP (MULTI STAGE)

ENGINE

DELUGE VALVE

FOAM BLADDER TANK

VALVES IN PIPELINES INDUSTRY

TYPE OF VALVES COMMONLY USED 

GATE VALVE



GLOBE VALVE



BALL VALVE



CHECK VALVE



BUTTERFLY VALVE

GATE VALVE 

Gate valves are full flow valves normally used to start or stop flow.

A gate (sliding shut-off wedge) within the valve body is raised and lowered through a set of threads on the valve stem. The valve is operated by turning the valve stem counter clockwise to open the valve and clockwise to close the valve.





These valves are usually either fully open or fully closed during service.

GATE VALVE 

When fully open the gas or fluid flows through the valve in a straight line with very little resistance to flow.

A gate valve can normally be recognized by a long stem, by the number of turns of the valve stem that it takes to close the valve (more turns are needed for a gate as compared to a globe valve), and sometimes by the appearance of the outside of the valve body (more square when compared to a rounded globe valve).



GLOBE VALVE 

Globe valves are extensively used for the control of flow and where positive shut off is required.

A globe valve employs an internal seat within the valve body. Hand operated globe valves are operated by turning the valve stem counter clockwise to open the valve and clockwise to close the valve. Threads on the valve stem cause the seal on the valve stem to mate with or move away from the valve seat. Close control over flow is readily accomplished.



As the fluid or gas moves through this type of valve it must change direction. This results in increased resistance to flow.



GLOBE VALVE 

Globe valves are ideal for use on product and air lines where close control over flow is required. Globe valves have a positive shut off feature which can prevent leakage of air and product.

BALL VALVE 

Ball valves are quick opening, full flow valves, needing only a quarter of a turn to be fully open.

A ball with a non-restricting port rides in a valve body on plastic non-sticking seats. Ball valves can provide a bubble tight seal. The ball valve can be used for full flow (venting), and control (product and air supply) functions.



BUTTERFLY VALVE 

Butterfly valves are quick opening, full flow valves which employ a metal disk which when rotated on a shaft seals against seats in the valve body.



Butterfly valves are normally used as throttling valves to control flow.

CHECK VALVE 

In the functional grouping of the entire valve family, the check valve will be found in the group defined as valves designed to control the direction of flow.



Check valves differ considerably in their construction and operation from the other groups of valves, designed either to stop the flow entirely (gate, plug, and quick-opening valves), or throttle the flow to a desired degree (globe, angle, needle, Y, diaphragm, and butterfly valves).

CHECK VALVE 

Check valves are entirely automatic in their operation, and are activated internally by the flow of fluid or gases which they regulate.



Check valves permit the flow of fluids or gases in only one direction; if the flow stops or tries to reverse its direction, the check valve closes immediately and prevents a back-flow. As soon as the pressure in the line is re-established, the check valve opens and the flow is resumed in the same direction as before.

Swing check valves 

Swing check valves are the most popular of all check valves since they offer very little resistance to the flow when in wide open position.



They are generally used on all piping where the pressure drop is of prime importance.

Swing check valves 

Swing check valves are used for handling liquids, and can be installed in vertical or horizontal position without impairing their performance. However, these check valves are not recommended for such applications where the reversal of flow is frequent, since this causes the valve disk to fluctuate rapidly and result in "valve chatter."

PIPE-FITTINGS  VARIOUS TYPES OF PIPE-FITTINGS ARE USED TO COMPLETE

THE PIPING SYSTEM.  PIP PIPE E - FIT FITTIN TINGS GS ARE USED USED FOR FOR :  CHANGING DIRECTION  CHANGING DIAMETER  FOR PROVIDING PROVIDING BRANCH-OF BRA NCH-OFF F FROM MAIN PIPE PIPE..

TYPES OF PIPE-FITTINGS (1) TEES 

EQUAL TEE



UNEQUA UNEQ UAL L TEE



CROSS CRO SS BAR BA R TEE

(2)

REDUCERS



CONCENTRIC REDUCER



ECCENTRIC REDUCER

(3)

BENDS



L ONG RADIUS BENDS (LR BENDS B ENDS)) 90 DEG. BENDS 45 DEG. BENDS

PIPE FITTINGS MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Material

Forging

Welding

Inspection

Machining

Finished product

Heat Treatment

TYPES OF PIPE-FITTINGS  

SHORT RADIUS BENDS(SR BENDS) 90 DEG. BENDS 45 DEG. BENDS

SPECIAL FITTINGS (1) WELD -OLET

BUTT WELDED BRANCH CONNECTION WHERE STANDARD TEE IS NOT AVAILABLE

(2) SOCK-OLET

WHERE SOCKET WELDED BRANCH CONNECTIONS ARE REQUIRED

(3) THREAD-O- FOR THREADED BRANCH CONNECTIONS LET (4) ELBOWLET

FOR BRANCH CONNECTIONS ON ELBOWS

(5) NIPPOLET

FOR BRANCH CONNECTIONS ALONG WITH NIPPLES

(6) LATROLET FOR BRANCH CONNECTIONS AT AN ANGLE

DESIGN FEATURES OF LOW PRESSURE FITTINGS (ANSI - CLASS 150) (1) ALL FITTINGS SHALL BE OUT OF ASTM-A-234 WPB MATERIAL. (2) FITTINGS OF SIZE 18” NB AND ABOVE OF 150 CLASS PRESSURE RATING MAY BE OF TWO CUP, BUTT WELDED TYPE OUT OF SUITABLE CARBON PLATE MATERIAL. (3) WELDING OF PIPE SHALL BE DOUBLE BUTT WELDED TYPE. (4) AND

ALL WELD JOINTS HAVE TO BE 100% RADIOGRAPHED HAVE TO BE STRESS RELIEVED.

DESIGN FEATURES OF HIGH PRESSURE FITTINGS (ANSI - CLASS 400 & ABOVE ) (1)

MATERIAL FOR FITTINGS UPTO 18” NB SIZE SHALL BE CONFORMING TO WPHY-52 GRADE, WHILE CONSTRUCTION FOR THE SAME SHALL BE OF SEAMLESS TYPE. (2) FITTINGS OF SIZE 20” NB AND ABOVE SHALL BE OF WELDED TYPE CONSTRUCTION. (3) WELDING OF PIPE SHALL BE DOUBLE BUTT WELDED TYPE. (4) AND

ALL WELD JOINTS HAVE TO BE 100% RADIOGRAPHED HAVE TO BE STRESS RELIEVED.

Oil & Gas Data

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