Little bit of heat to get it going and plenty of oxygen Little bit of heat to get it going, and not enuf O2, oxygen is limiting reactant UV light, hv
Incomplete: CO and water + Halogen (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2)
haloalkane
Classification Combustion (also redox reactions)
Example
Uses /Other
2 C4H10 + 13 O2 8 CO2 +10h2o CO harmful to humans, unburned hydrocarbons produce smog
2 C4H10 + 9 O2 8 CO + 10 H2O
Substitution
H H
H H
+
H
hν
Cl Cl
Cl
H
H
hν
Cl
H
methane
H
hν
Cl
Cl
Cl
H
chloromethane
hν
Cl
dichloromethane
+ hydrogen
+ acid halide (HF, HCl, HBr, HI) + water
Addition
Dihaloalkane
Alkane
Platinum or palladium catalyst
Addition
Haloalkane
Alcohol
Addition (also called reduction)
Acid conditions
Addition
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Alcohols + Carboxylic acid + oxidizing agent (KMnO4 or K2Cr2O7)
Ester + water
Acidic solution and heat
chloroform
For incomplete oxidation: Distillation in acidic aqueous soln
Cl Cl
H
P
+
t2 / O P
H H
d
Br2 dissolved in dichloromethane is used to distinguish between alkenes and alkanes. If reddish-brown color of Br2 disappears when added to unknown, the unknown has alkenes in it.
Hydrogenation of oil for margarine
H H H H H
+
Haloalkanes are useful starting materials for organic syntheses
H Cl
H Cl
H
H H H
+
H
O
a c i d
H
commercial manufacture of ethanol
H H H
O
Condensation
H
H
tetrachloromethane also: carbontetrachloride
Uses: makes starting material for PVC and Indication of akenes
Cl Cl H H
CH3
H3C
Primary: Aldehyde
+
Cl Cl
also: trichloromethane
Alkenes + halogen (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2)
Cl Cl
O H H CH3 O
+ H3C
OH
OH
Oxidation OH propan-1-ol
a c ∆i d
,
H3C
+
K 2C
2
Or 7
O
CH3
a c i d
O H 1-propanal
Esters are used in flavouring agents, plasticizers, as solvents in perfume, polyesters
Primary: Carboxylic Acid Secondary: ketone
For complete oxidation: Heat under reflux in acidic aqueous soln Heat under reflux in acidic aqueous soln
+
OH
K 2C
2
a c i d
Or 7
O OH propanoic acid
propan-1-ol
+
OH
K 2C
2
Or 7
a c i d
O
butan-2-ol
Carboxylic acid + alcohol
Ester, see above example Amide + water
+ amine
+ base (e.g. NaOH)
See above
Condensation
difficult to conduct since amine (a base) and acid neutralize each other. Other rxns that “protect” F.G. are required
Condensation
See above
Amide, see above example
O + H3C
H3C
OH
NH2
a c ∆i d
O NaOH a c ∆i d , OH H3C
,
H3C
Condensation
See above
Distillation Apparatus
CH3
O-Na
+ H2O
See above
See above
Heating under reflux condensing tube
water out aldehyde vapor
NH
condensing tube
water in
water in boling solution
To distill you heat up the solution and collect the vapor
peptide bond formation, polymerization reactions to make nylons
O
+
H3C
Amine + Carboxylic acid
See above
O
Neutralization
Organic salt and water
butan-2-one
water out vapor condenses and falls back into flask
condensed aldehyde out
boling solution
heat under reflux means you want to heat it for a long time w/o having it evaporate to heat under reflux you need to attached a condensing tube to your flask so that vapors condense before they can escape
