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OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY ◙ •
IMPORTANT TERMS AND CONCEPTS
•
Characteristics of Democracy: Promotes equality, enhances the dignity of the individual, improves the quality of
Outcome: Result, consequences or output.
decision making, provides methods to resolve conflicts, accommodates correct mistakes. •
Alternative forms of government than democracy: Monarchy military rule by religious leaders.
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Elements? Constituents of democracy: Formal constitution, election, political parties, constitutional rights.
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Monarchy: the government ruled by the monarch or king of the country i.e., monarch or king is the head of the country.
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Dignity: The word denotes privileged position, honourable rank or importance given to any particular post or personating.
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Outcome of democracy: Political equality and political justice social equality and social justice, economic equality and economic justice. Dignity to the individual.
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Measures for democratic outcome: Regular free and fair elections; open public debate on major policies, right to information given to the people.
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Economic Development: It refers to the growth advancement of the country in the way of providing better facilities and services to the individual.
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Transparency: Right or means to examine the process of decision making.
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Accountable: Responsible, answerable, legitimate to the individual/post and their needs and expectations.
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Poverty: It is a socio economic phenomenon which in general terms is the denial of opportunities to lead a long, healthy, creative life and to enjoy a decent standard of living.
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Inequality: Absence of equal opportunities, equal treatment and equal status at any level, social economic or political is known as inequality.
•
Measures to sustain democracy: ►►
Unity in diversity
►►
Historical background of the country.
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Tolerance power among people
►►
Feeling of nationalism and patriotism
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Peaceful co-existence
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Non-alignment
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International peace and understanding 1
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Civil Liberties: These are privileges or rights thought to be valuable in themselves and important for the functioning of democratic.
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HOW DO WE ASSESS DEMOCRACY’S OUTCOMES? Democracy is a better form of government when compared with dictatorship or any other alternative. It was said that democracy was better because it : (i)
Promotes equality among citizens
(ii)
Enhances the dignity of the individual
(iii) Improves the quality of decision-making (iv)
Provides a method to resolve conflicts, and
(v)
Allows a room to correct mistakes
Over a hundred countries of the world today claim and practice some kind of democratic politics : They have format constitutions, they hold elections, they have parties and they guarantee rights of citizen. While these democratic elements are common to most of them, these democracies are very much different from each other in terms of their social situation, Their economic achievements and their cultures. Clearly, what may be achieved or not achieved under each of these democracies will be very different. Sometimes we expect everything and anything from democracy. Our interest in and fascination for democracy often pushed us in taking a position that democracy can address all socio-economic and political problems. If some of our expectations are not met, we start blaming the idea of democracy or we start doubting if we are living in a democracy. It can only create conditions for achieving some things. The citizens have to take advantage of those conditions and achieve those goals. Moreover, democracy is just not related to many other things that we value. Democracy is not a magical remedy for all our social ailments. ◙
ACCOUNTABLE, RESPONSIVE AND LEGITIMATE GOVERNMENT They are some things that democracy must provide. In a democracy, we are most concerned with ensuring that people will have the right to choose their rules and people will have control over the rulers. Whenever possible and necessary, citizens should be able to participate in decision making that affects them all. Therefore, the most basic outcome of democracy should be that it produces a government that is accountable to the citizen, and responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens. Is the democratic government efficient? It it effective: Some people think that democracy produces less effective government. It is of course true that non-democratic rulers do not have to deliberate in assemblies and worry about majorites and public opinion. So, they can be very quick and efficient in decision making and implementation. Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation. So, some delay is bound to take place. 2
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The democratic government will take more time to follow procedures before arriving at a decision. But because it has followed procedures, its decisions always be both more acceptable to the people and more effective So, the cost of time that democracy pays is perhaps worth it. Democracy ensures that decision making will be based on norms and probcedures. So a citizen, who wants to know if a decision was taken through the correct procedures, can find this out. She has the right and the means to examine the process of decision making. This is known as transparency. This factor would often be missing from a non-democratic government. We can expect that the democratic government develops mechanism for citizens to hold the government accountable and mechanisms for citizens to take part in decision making whenever they think fit. If we wanted to measure democracies on the basis of this expected outcome. We would look for the following practices and institutions; regular free and fair election; open public debate on major policies and legislations and citizens’ right to information about the government and its functioning. The actual performance of democracies shows a mixed record on this. Democracies have had great success in setting up regular and free elections and in setting up regular and free elections and in setting up conditions for open public debate. But most democracies fall short of elections that provide a fair chance to everyone and in subjecting every decision to public debate. All one can say in favour of democratic regimes is that they are much better than any nondeniocratic regime in these rcspects. In substantive terms it may be reasonable to expect from democracy a government that is attentive to the needs and demands of the people and is largely free of corruption. Democracies often frustrate the needs of the people and often ignore the demand of majority of its population. The routine tales of corruption are enough to convince us that democracy is not free of this evil. At the same time there is nothing to show that-non democracies are less corrupt or move sensitive to the people. There is one respect in which democratic government is certainly better than its alternatives: democratic government is legitimate government. It may be slow, less efficient not always very responsive or clean. But a democratic government is people’s own government. This is why there is an overwhelming support for the ideal democracy all over the world. ◙
ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT If we consider all democracies and all dictatorship for the fifty years between 1950 and 2000, dictatorship have slightly higher rate of economic growth. Evidence shows that in practice many democracies did not fulfil this expectation. The inability of democracy to achieve higher economic deyelopment worries us. But this alone cannot be reason to reject democracy. The difference between less developed countries with dictatorships and democracies is negligible. Overall, we cannot say that democracy is a guarantee of economic development. But we can expect democracy not to lag behind dictatorship in the respect.
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ECONOMIC OUTCOME OF DEMOCRACY 3
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Within democracies there can be very high degrees of , inequalities. In democratic countries like South Africa and Brazil the top 20 per cent people take away more than 60 percent of the nations income, leaving less than 3 percent only at the bottom. Countries like Denmark and Hungary are much better in this respect. Rates of economic growth for different countries , 1950-2000 Type of regimes and countries All democratic regimes All dictatorial regimes Poor countries under dictatorship Poor countries under democracy
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Growth rate 3.95 4.42 4.32 4.28
Inequality of income in selected countries
South Africa Brazil Russia USA United Kindom Denmark Hungary
Top 20% 64.8 63.0 53.7 50.0 45.0 34.5 34.4
% share of national income Bottom 20% 2.9 2.6 4.4 4.0 6.0 9.6 10.0
REDUCTION OF INQUALITY AND POVERTY Democracies are based on political on political equality. All individuals have equal weight in electing representatives. A small number of ultra-rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth and incomes. Not only that, their share in the total income of the country has been increasing. Those at the bottom of the society have very little to depend upon. Their incomes have been declining. Sometime they find it difficult to meet their basic needs of life, such as food, clothing, house education and health. In actual life democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic inequalities. The poor constitute a large proportion of our voters and no party will like to lose their votes. The situation is much worse in some other countries. In Bangladesh more than half of its population lives in poverty. People in several poor countries are now dependent on the rich countries even for the food supplies.
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ACCOMMODATION OF SOCIAL DIVERSITY Democracies usually develops a procedure to conduct their competition. This reduces the possibility of these tensions becoming explosive or violent. Not society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups. But we can certainly learn to respect these differences and we can also evolve mechanisms to negotiate the differences. Democracy is best suited to produce this outcome. Non democratic regimes often turn a blind eye to or suppress internal social differences. Ability to handle social difference, divisions and conflicts is thus a definite plus point of democratic regimes. But the examples of Sri Lanka reminds us that a democracy must fulfil two conditions in order to achieve this outcome: (i) It is necessary to understand that democracy is not simply rule by majority opinion. The majority always needs to work with the minority. So that governments function to represent the general view. Majority and minority opinion are not permanent. 4
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(ii) It is also necessary that rule by majority does not become rule by majority community in terms of religion or race or linguistic group, etc. Rule by majority means that in case of every decision or in case of every election, different persons and groups may be can form a majority. Democracy remains democracy. Only as long as every citizen has chance of being in majority at some point of time. If someone is barred from being in majority on the basis of birth, then the democratic rule ceases to be accommodative for that person or group. ◙
DEGNITY AND FREEDOM OF THE CITIZENS Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual. Every individual wants to receive respect from fellow beings. Often conflicts arise among individuals because some fell that they are not treated with due respect. The passion for respect and freedom are the basis of democracy. Democracies throughout the world have recognized this, at least in principal. This has been achieved in various degrees in various democracies. Democratic regimes do not always value the liberty of its citizens in practice. Yet, for societies, which have been built for long on the basis of subordination and domination, it is not a simple matter to recognize that all individuals are equal. Take the case of dignity of women. Most societies across world were historically male dominated societies. Long struggle by women have created some sensitivity today that respect and equal treatment of women are necessary ingredients of a democratic society. That does not mean that women are actually always treated with respect. But once the principle is recognized, it becomes easier for women to wage a. struggle against what is now unacceptable legally and morally. In a non-democratic set up, this unacceptably would not have legal basis because the principle of individual freedom and dignity would not have the legal and normal force there. The same is true of caste inequalities. Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated caste for equal status and equal opportunity. There are still instances of caste-based inequalities and atrocities, but these lack the moral and legal foundation. Perhaps it is this recognition that makes ordinary citizen value their democratic rights. People believe that their vote makes a difference to the ways the goverriment is run and to their own self-respect. Expectation from democracy also function as the criteria for judging any democratic country. Democracy examination never get over. As it passes one test, it produce another test. As people get some benefits of democracy they ask for more and want to make democracy even better. The fact that people are complaining is itself a testimony to the success of democracy.
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EXERCISE ◙
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1.
Why is democracy preferred as the better form of government than dictatorship?
2.
What is the dilemma regarding the practical aspect of democracy?
3.
What are the basic elements of democracy in practical sense?
4.
In what ways are democracies different from each other?
5.
What thought should be put in to assess the outcome of democracy?
6.
What should be the basic outcome of democracy?
7.
What is the importance of castes of time in decision making?
8.
What do democracies ensure regarding decision making? What can we expect from democracy regarding its outcome?
9.
It the democratic government efficient and effective? 6
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10.
List out the factors for the economic development. Do democracies produce economic development?
11.
Examine the forms of economic inequality in democracy.
12.
Do democracies appear to be successful in reducing economic inequalities?
13.
What do you mean by civil liberties?
14.
How has dignity of women been ensured in a democracy?
15.
List out the merits and demerits of democracy?
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SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1.
How can we measure democracy on the basis of its expected outcome?
2.
In what ways a democratic government is better than its alternatives?
3.
Examine the political outcome of democracy.
4.
Write a note on economic outcome.
5.
Discuss the social outcome of democracy.
6.
The ideals, principles and norms of democracy requires certain conditions to be implemented. Explain the statement.
7.
When was democracy introduced in India? Examine its relevance?
8.
Discuss the factors that denote the successful working of democracy in India.
9.
Explain any four outcomes on which democracy has failed.
10.
“Democratic government is a legitimate government.” Explain?
11.
“To accommodate social diversities democracy must fulfil some basic conditions” Explain the basic conditions.
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LONGE ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1.
How do we assess democracy’s outcome?
2.
What outcome can one reasonably expect of democracies?
3.
Can or should democracy be judged by its outcome?
4.
Does democracy in India meet these expectations?
5.
What sustains democracy in India?
CHALLENGES TO DEMOCRACY ◙ •
IMPORTANT TERMS AND CONCEPTS Challenges: Difficulties which are significant and which can be overcome are known as challenges. 7
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Political Reforms: Suggestion or proposals about overcoming various challenges to democracy are called “Democracy Reforms” or “Political Reforms”.
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Legal constitutional changes: Legal ways of reforming politics and to think of new laws to ban undersirable things are known as the legal constitutional changes.
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Right to Information Act: It is an act that empowers the people to find out-what is happening in government and act as watchdogs of democracy.
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Bureaucracy: It refers to the rule by the office or rule by the officials. The term denotes the organization, officials and set procedures associated with any large administrative set up.
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Challenges to democracy: It means various problems that come while ensuring a democratic set up in a country. A challenge is not just any problem.
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Forms of democracy: There are tow forms of democracy direct and indirect.
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Direct Democracy: In the Direct democracy people govern themselves.
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Indirect Democracy: People keep control on the government through their representatives.
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By Elections: Due to the certain causes, if election held out of the normal schedule, are called by elections.
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THINKING ABOUT CHALLENGES Different countries face different kinds of challenges. At least one fourth of the globe was still not under democratic government. The challenge for democracy in these parts of the world is very stark. These countries. Face the foundational challenge of making transition of democracy and then instituting democratic government. This involves, keeping military away from controlling government and establishing a sovereign and functional state. Most of the established democracies face the challenge of expansion. This involves applying the basic principal of democratic government across all the regions, different social groups and various institutions. Ensuring greater power to local government across all the regions, different social groups and various institutions. Ensuring greater power to local governments. Extension of federal principle to all the units of the federation, inclusion of women and minority groups etc. falls under this challenge. This also means that less and less decisions should remain outside the arena of democratic control. Most countries including India and old democracies like the US face this challenge. The third challenge, of deepening of democracy, faced by every democracy in the one form or another. This involves strengthening of the institutions and practices of democracy. This should happen in such a way that people can realize their expectations of democracy. But ordinary people have different expectations from democracy in different societies. Therefore this challenge takes different meaning and paths in different parts of the world. In concrete terms it usually means strengthening those institutions that help people’s participation and control. This requires an attempt to bring down theh control and influence of the rich and powerful people on decision making. 8
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DIFFERENT CONTEXTS, DIFFERENT CHALLENGES Case and context :
(i)
Chile : General Pincochet’s government defeated, but military still in control of many institutions.
(ii)
Poland: After the first success of solidarity, the government imposed martial law and banned solidarity.
(iii)
Ghana: Just attained independence Nkrumah elected president.
(iv)
Mayanmar: Suu Kyi under house arrest for more than 15 years army rulers getting global acceptance.
(v)
International organization: USA as the only super power disregards the UN and takes unilateral action.
(vi)
Mexico: Second free election after the defeat or PRI in 2000; defeated candidate alleges rigging.
(vii)
China: Communist party adopts economic reforms but maintain monopoly over political power.
(viii)
Pakistan: General Musharraf hold referendum allegations of fraud in voters list.
(ix)
Iraq: Widespread sectarian Violence as the new government fails of establish its authority.
(x)
South Africa: Mandela retires from active politics, pressure on this successor Mbeki to withdraw some concessions given to White minority.
(xi)
US, Guantanamo Bay : UN Secretary Genral calls this a violation of international law, US refused to respond.
(xii)
Saudi Arabia: Women not allowed to take part in public activites no freedom of religion for minorities.
(xiii)
Yugoslavia: Ethnic tension between serbs and Albanians on the rise in the province of Kosovo Yugoslavia disintegrated.
(xiv)
Belgium: One round of constitutional change taken place, but the Dutch speakers not satisfied; they want more autonomy.
(xv)
Sri Lanka: The peace talks between the government and the LTTE breaks down renewed violence.
(xvi)
US, Civil Rigt: Blacks have won equal rights, but are still poor, less educated and marginalized.
(xvii)
Ireland : The civil war has ended but catholics and protestants yet to develop trust.
(xviii) Nepal: Constituent Assembly about to be elected, unrest in Terai areas Maoists have not surrendered arms. (xix)
Bolivia: Morales, as supporter of water struggle, becomes prime minister, MNCs threaten to leave the country.
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DIFFERENT TYPES OF CHALLENGES (i)
Democratic rights
(ii) Working of institutions
(iii) Elections
(iv)
Federalism, decentralisation
(v) Accommodation of diversity
(vi) Political organization 9
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(vi)
Foundational challenge
(viii) Challenge of expansion
(ix) challenge of deepening
Inspite of being the largest democracy in the world Indian democracy also suffers from some challenges of its own nature. E.g., challenge of expansion challenge of deepening democracy challenges of criminalization and challenge of corruption. (i)
Challenge of expansion: This challenge of Indian democracy involves the practical aspected of
►►
Ensuring greater power to local governments.
►►
Extension of federal principles to all the units of the federation.
►►
Inclusion of women and minority groups. Although India has the federal nature of democracy based on decentralization of power, the local self government is not implemented in a fair and just manner at every local or regional level because India has quasi-Federal nature of democratic setup which is unitary basis. Women and minority groups still have not got a proper representation in the electoral politices of India. Hence, electoral reforms and political reforms have to be introduced in India.
(ii)
Presently, India is suffering from the challenges like casteism, communalism, political violence etc. casteism plays a dominant role in the Indian polity. There are many caste pressure groups like scheduled caste Federation, etc., which influence those who are in power by different methods to get their demands met. For example political parties like the AIDMK, DMK and BSP have come up to protect the interest of the backward classes communalism has also its negative implications in Indian politics like: (a) It leads to the formation and growth of “Pressure groups to protect and promote specific interest of the community e.g. VHP etc. (b) It also leads to intolerance, suspicion and fear towards members of the other communities. Besides, there are various types of violence like caste, communal electoral in our country.
(a)
The most serious manifestation of political and social violence is the growth of “Terroism”
(b)
Rising state violence is assuming serious dimensions and harms the very foundation of democratic polity. Thus, this challenge requires an attempt of bring down the control ands influence of the rich and powerful people in governmental decision making.
(iii)
Challenge of criminalization: This challenge of Indian democracy reflects:
►►
Money and muscle power, violence,
►►
Multiplicity of candidates,
►►
Lack of electoral ethics, insufficient representation of various sections of society like minorities and women etc have polluted the electoral process. Hence, meaningful and comprehensive electoral reforms are urgently needed. 10
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Challenge of corruption: This challenge of Indian democracy is related to the criminal record and personal possession of politicians. Now it is mandatory for every candidate who contests election to the file on “Affidavit” giving details of his property and criminal cases pending against him. The new system has made a lot of information available to the public. But there is no system to check if the information given by candidates is true. As yet we do not know if it has led to decline in the influence of the rich and the criminals.
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THINKING ABOUT POLITICAL REFORMS
(i)
No doubt, law has an important but limited role to play in political reform. Carefully devised changes in law can help to discourage wrong political practices and encourage good ones, but legal constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome challenge to democracy.
(ii)
Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politics. Sometims the result it will have on politics Sometimes the results may be counter-productive. For example many state have banned people who have more than two children from contesting panchayats elections. This has results in denial do democratic opportunity to many poor and women, which was not intended. Generally, laws that seek to ban something are not very successful in politics. Laws that give political actors incentives to do good things have more chances of working. The best laws are those which empowers the people to find out and act as watchdogs of democracy. Such a law helps to control corruption and supplements the existing laws that banned corruption and imposed strict penalties.
(iii)
Democratic reforms are to be brought about principally through political practice. Therefore the main focus of political reforms should be on ways to strengthen democratic practice. As we discussed in the chapter on political parties, the most important concern should be increase and improve the quality of political participation by ordinary citizens.
(iv)
Any proposal for political reforms should think not only about what is a good solution but also who will implement it and why. It is not very wise to think that the parliaments will pass legislation that go against the interest of all the political parties and MPs. But measures that rely on democratic movements, citizens’s organizations and the media are likely to succeed.
Proposed reforms regarding doctors: (i)
The government should make it compulsory for the doctors to live in the village where they are posted, otherwise their service should be terminated.
(ii)
District administration and police should carry out surprise raids to check the attendance of the doctors.
(iii)
Village panchayat should be given the power to write the annual report of the doctor which should be read out in the Gram sabha meeting.
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Problems like this can be solved only if Uttar Pradesh is split into several smaller states which can be administered more efficiently.
Proposed reforms regarding political founding: (i)
The limit of the maximum expenditure allowed for any candidate (between 20-25 lakhs in most parts of the country in a Lok Sabha election) Should be reduced further and strictly observed.
(ii)
The financial accounts of every political party should be made public. These accounts should be examined by government auditors.
(iii)
There should be state funding of elections. Parties should be given some money by the government to meet their election expenditure. Citizens should be encouraged to give more donations to parties and to political workers. Such donations should be exempt from income tax.
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REDEFINING DEMOCRACY For the expansion the definition slightly to add some qualifications
(i)
The rules elected by the people must take all the major decisions.
(ii)
Election must offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the current rulers.
(iii)
This choice and opportunity should be available to all the people on an equal basis.
(iv)
The exercise of this choice must lead to a government limited by basic rule of the constitution and citizens rights You may have felt disappointed that the definition did not refer to any high deals that we associate with democracy. Various aspects of democratic government and politics
(i)
We discussed democratic rights at length and noted that these rights are not limited to the right to vote, stand in election and form political organization.
(ii)
We have taken up power sharing as the spirit of democracy and discussed how power sharing between government and social groups is necessary in a democracy.
(iii)
We saw how democracy can not be the brute rule of majority and how a respect for minority voice is necessary for democracy.
(iv)
Our discussion of democracy has gone beyond the government and its activities.
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EXERCISE ◙
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1.
What do you mean by the term challenge?
2.
What type of challenge is faced by nondemocratic country for democratic setup?
3.
What type of challenge do established democracies face ?
4.
Which is the very common challenge faced by a democracy?
5.
What do you mean by political reform?
6.
What are the legal ways of reforming politics?
7.
Which type of law is best for political reform ? Give an example/ 13
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8.
How can the principles of democracy be applied to all spheres of life?
9.
Which is the most common form of democracy in today’s world and why?
10.
How do we defined a good democracy?
11.
What distinguishes democracy from other forms of government?
12.
What is the use of the right to information Act?
13.
Mention some important qualification for a democracy?
14.
What do you mean by Bureaucracy?
15.
Explain the “Right to Information act”.
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SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1.
Is the idea of democracy shrinking?
2.
Discuss briefly foundational challenge of making transition to democracy.
3.
“Challenge of expansion is very common which an established democracy faces”. Comment.
4.
Write a note on the challenge of “deepening democracy”.
5.
Write a note on the expanded definition of Democracy.
6.
Examine the features of democracy.
7.
Discuss the expanded scope of democracy in the modern world.
8.
List out the demerits of democracy.
9.
Why is democracy considered the best form of government?
10.
What is the role and importance of mass media in a democracy?
11.
Mention some of the suggestion for improvement.
12.
What role do the political parties plan in representative democracy?
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LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1.
Describe briefly the challenges faced by modern democracies of the world.
2.
How can democracy be reformed and deepened ? Suggest some guide lines.
3.
What role can an ordinary citizen play in deepening democracy ?
4.
What are the major challenges to democracy in India ?
5.
What is the significance of election in a democracy ?
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