Paris Agreement

Paris Agreement the Paris climate conference (COP21) in December 2015, 195 countries adoted the !rst"e#er uni#ersal, legall$ binding global climate deal% &he agreement agreement sets out a global action lan lan to ut the 'orld 'orld on trac trac to a#oid dangerous climate change b$ limiting global 'arming to 'ell belo' 2C% &he agreement agreement is due to enter enter into force force in 2020%

Key elements &he Paris Paris Agreement Agreement is a bridge bridge bet'een toda$*s toda$*s olicies and and climate"neutralit$ climate"neutralit$ before the end of the centur

%$Mitigation: reducing emissions +o#ernments agreed a long"term goal of eeing the increase in global a#erage temerature temerature to 'ell belo' 2C abo#e re"industrial re"industrial le#els to aim to limit the increase to 1%5C, since this 'ould signi!cantl$ reduce riss and the imacts of climate change on the need for global emissions to ea as soon as ossible, recognising that this 'ill tae longer for de#eloing countries to undertae raid reductions thereafter in accordance 'ith the best a#ailable science% -efore and during the Paris conference, countries submitted comrehensi#e national climate action lans (./DCs)% &hese are not $et enough to ee global 'arming belo' 2C, but the agreement traces the 'a$ to achie#ing this target%

Transparency and global stocktake +o#ernments agreed to •

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come together e#er$ 5 $ears to set more ambitious targets as reuired reuired b$ science reort to each other and the ublic on ho' 'ell the$ are doing to imlement their targets trac rogress to'ards the long"term goal through a robust transarenc$ and accountabilit$ accountabilit$ s$stem%

Adaptation +o#ernments agreed to •

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strengthen strengthen societies* abilit$ to deal 'ith the imacts of climate change ro#ide continued and enhanced international suort for adatation to de#eloing countries%

Loss and damage &he agreement agreement also •

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recognises the imortance of a#erting, minimising and addressing loss and damage associated 'ith the ad#erse eects of climate change acno'ledges the need to cooerate and enhance the understanding, action and suort in dierent areas such as earl$ 'arning s$stems, emergenc$ rearedness and ris insurance%

Role of cities, regions and local authorities &he agreement agreement recognises recognises the role role of non"Part$ non"Part$ staeholders staeholders in address addressing ing climate change, including cities, other subnational authorities, authorities, ci#il societ$, the ri#ate sector and others% &he$ are in#ited in#ited to •

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scale u their eorts and suort actions to reduce emissions build resilience resilience and decrease decrease #ulnerabilit$ to the ad#erse eects of climate change uhold and romote regional and international cooeration%

Support &he 3 and other de#eloed countries 'ill 'ill continue to suort climate climate action to reduce emissions and build resilience resilience to climate change imacts in de#eloing countries% Other countries are encouraged to ro#ide or continue to ro#ide such suort #oluntaril$% De#eloed countries intend to continue their e4isting collecti#e goal to mobilise 3D 100 billion er $ear b$ 2020 and e4tend this until 2025% A ne' and higher goal 'ill be set for after this eriod%

Lima-aris Action Agenda &his initiati#e initiati#e of the Peru#ian Peru#ian and 6rench 6rench COP COP Presidencies Presidencies brought brought countries, countries, cities, businesses businesses and ci#il societ$ members together to accelerate cooerati#e climate action in suort of the ne' agreement% 4amles of ma7or announcements announcements Paris Pledge for Action

!"#s role &he 3 has been at the forefront of international eorts to'ards a global climate deal% 6ollo'ing limited articiation in the 8$oto Protocol and the lac of agreement in Coenhagen in 2009, the 3 has been building a broad coalition of de#eloed and de#eloing countries in fa#our of high ambition that shaed the successful outcome of the Paris conference% &he 3 'as the !rst ma7or econom$ to submit its intended contribution to the ne' agreement in arch 2015% .t is alread$ taing stes to imlement its target to reduce emissions b$ at least :0; b$ 20<0% 3 Climate Action at COP21 (torif$) =o' the 3 heled build the ambition coalition (torif$) Action areas at 3 > international le#el

$e%t steps &he agreement oened for signature for one $ear on 22 Aril 201?% &he agreement 'ill enter into force after 55 countries that account for at least 55; of global emissions ha#e deosited their instruments of rati!cation% The Paris Agreement (French: L'accord de Paris) is an agreement within the framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dealing with greenhouse gases emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance starting in the year !!" #n agreement on the language of the treaty was negotiated $y representatives of %&' countries at the %st Conference of the arties of the UNFCCC in aris and adopted $y consensus on % ecem$er !%'" *t was opened for signature on  #pril !%+ ( arth ay),-. and %// UNFCCC mem$ers signed the treaty, %' of which ratified it" *t has not entered into force" -0.-1. The head of the aris Conference, France2s foreign minister 3aurent Fa$ius, said this 4am$itious and $alanced4 plan is a 4historic turning point4 in the goal of reducing glo$al warming"-'.

Content [ edit ] Aim[edit] The aim of the convention is descri$ed in #rticle , 4enhancing the implementation4 of the UNFCCC through:-+. 4(a) 5olding the increase in the glo$al average temperature to well $elow  6C a$ove pre7 industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to %"' 6C a$ove pre7

industrial levels, recogni8ing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change9 ($) *ncreasing the a$ility to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production9 (c) aking finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate7resilient development"4 Countries furthermore aim to reach 4glo$al peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possi$le4"

Nationally determined contributions and their limits [edit] The contri$ution that each individual country should make in order to achieve the worldwide goal are determined $y all countries individually and called 4nationally determined contri$utions4 (NCs)" -/. #rticle 0 re;uires them to $e 4am$itious4, 4represent a progression over time4 and set 4with the view to achieving the purpose of this #greement4" The contri$utions should $e reported every five years and are to $e registered $y the UNFCCC unless provided otherwise>as the initial Nationally determined contri$ution" The level of NCs set $y each country -%!. will set that country2s targets" 5owever the 2contri$utions2 themselves are not $inding as a matter of international law, as they lack the specificity, normative character, or o$ligatory language necessary to create $inding norms"-%%. Furthermore, there will $e no mechanism to force -%. a country to set a target in their NC $y a specific date and no enforcement if a set target in an NC is not met" -%!. -%0.

There will $e only a 4name and shame4 system -%1. or as ?@nos @s8tor , the U"N"

assistant secretary7general on climate change, told CA< News (U<), a 4name and encourage4 plan"-%'. The negotiators of the #greement however stated that the NCs and the 6C reduction target were insufficient, instead, a %"'6C target is re;uired, noting 4with concern that the estimated aggregate greenhouse gas emission levels in !' and !0! resulting from the intended nationally determined contri$utions do not fall within least7cost  C

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scenarios $ut rather lead to a proBected level of '' gigatonnes in !0!4, and recogni8ing furthermore 4that much greater emission reduction efforts will $e re;uired in order to hold the increase in the glo$al average temperature to $elow  C $y reducing emissions �

to 1! gigatonnes or to %"' C4" -%+. �

Global stocktake [edit] The implementation of the agreement $y all mem$er countries together will $e evaluated every ' years, with the first evaluation in !0" The outcome is to $e used as input for new nationally determined contri$utions of mem$er states" -%/. The stocktake will not $e of contri$utionsachievements of individual countries $ut a collective analysis of what has $een achieved and what more needs to $e done"

Structure[edit] The aris #greement has a 2$ottom up2 structure in contrast to most international environmental law treaties which are 2top down2, characterised $y standards and targets set internationally, for states to implement" -%=.

Adoption[ edit ] Negotiations [edit] Dithin the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, legal instruments may $e adopted to reach the goals of the convention" For the period from !!= to !%, greenhouse gas reduction measures were agreed in the Eyoto rotocol in %&&/" The scope of the protocol was etended until !! with the oha #mendment to that protocol in !%" -%&. uring the !%% United Nations Climate Change Conference , the ur$an latform (and the #d 5oc Dorking Group on the ur$an latform for nhanced #ction) was esta$lished with the aim to negotiate a legal instrument governing climate change mitigation measures from !!" The resulting agreement was to $e adopted in !%'"-!.

Adoption [edit]

5eads of delegations at the !%' United Nations Climate Change Conference in aris"

Main article: 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference

#t the conclusion of CH %, on % ecem$er !%', the final wording of the aris #greement was adopted $y consensus $y all of the %&' UNFCCC participating mem$er

states and the uropean Union -0. to reduce emissions as part of the method for reducing greenhouse gas" *n the % page #greement, -%. the mem$ers promised to reduce their car$on output 4as soon as possi$le4 and to do their $est to keep glo$al warming 4to well $elow  degrees C4 -0"+ degrees F." -.

Signature and entry into force [edit]

The aris #greement is open for signature $y
%/' arties (%/1 states and the uropean Union) signed the treaty on the first date it

was open for signature" -.-&.

Parties and signatories[ edit ] #s of ! ay !%+, %/+ states and the uropean Union have signed the #greement" %/ of those states have ratified the #greement" -%.

% of Greenhouse Party or signatory-%.

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Green Climate Fund [ edit ] Not part of the aris agreement (and not legally $inding) -0%. is a (non7$inding) plan to provide S%!! $illion a year in aid to developing countries for implementing new procedures to minimi8e climate change with additional amounts to $e provided in su$se;uent years" -0. *n early arch !%+, the H$ama administration gave a S'!! million grant to the 4Green Climate Fund4 as 4the first chunk of a S0$n commitment made at the aris climate talks"4 -00.-01.

Critical reception[ edit ] Perfectible accord [edit] #l Gore stated that 4no agreement is perfect, and this one must $e strengthened over time, $ut groups across every sector of society will now $egin to reduce dangerous car$on pollution through the framework of this agreement"4 -0'.

!ack of binding enforcement mechanism [edit] #lthough the agreement was lauded $y many, including French resident Francois 5ollande and UN

Paris Agreement

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