passive building design

Passive Building Building Design Design Elias KINAB  Department of Mechanical Engineering Engineering 2011

Outline • Introduction ▫ Definition of Passive Building ▫ Sustainable Building ▫ Building thermal

• Passive Building Strategies ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫

Passive Solar Heating Passive Cooling Energy Storage and Restitution Day lighting

• Environmental impact of building materials ▫ Life cycle costing

•  Assessment of Building Energy Performance • Energy Efficiency Standards for Building Design

Outline • Passive Building Strategies ▫ Passive Solar Heating     

Solar Energy  Solar Design Solar Strategies Landscape  Active Solar Technologies

Passive Heating

Solar Active Technologies • Solar Water Heating ▫ For space heating and domestic hot water Heat Exchanger Collector Storage Primary  Loop

Pump

▫ 3 types of collectors: Unglazed, Glazed and Evacuated Tubes

Passive Heating

Solar Active Technologies • Solar Water Heating ▫ Unglazed collector

Passive Heating

Solar Active Technologies • Solar Water Heating ▫ Glazed flat-plate collector

Passive Building Design – E. Kinab – 2011

6

Passive Heating

Solar Active Technologies • Solar Water Heating ▫ Evacuated tubes

Evacuated tube Glazing

Inlet Outlet

Cross section of evacuated tube Outer Glass Tube Inner Glass Tube Fluid Tube Copper Sheet Evacuated Space

Passive Heating

Solar Active Technologies • Cost and benefits of solar collectors

Evacuated tube

Efficiency  % Glazed Unglazed

Passive Heating

Solar Active Technologies • Domestic Hot Water ▫ Simple system

3 ways valve

Pump

Inlet cold water

▫ Thermosyphon bloc

Passive Heating

Solar Active Technologies • Space Heating ▫ Floor heating Floor Heating

▫ Combined solar system (Space heating + DHW)

Passive Heating

Solar Active Technologies • Solar Water Heating Sizing Solar system efficiency depends on ambient temperature and sky conditions

•

DHW Consumption Heating+DHW consumption Solar Energy  Solar Energy Used(Economised)

DHW collector productivity  Zone A (ex. : Germany) : 300 à 400 kWh/m² Zone B (ex. : France) : 400 à 500 kWh/m² Zone C (ex. : Greece) : 500 à 600 kWh/m²

•

• • •

Passive Heating

Solar Active Technologies • Solar Water Heating Sizing ▫ Solar Fraction (f)= the amount of energy provided by  the solar technology divided by the total energy  required ▫  Annual domestic hot water needs 

The consumption depends on 









the number of occupants their behavior (shower, bath) the equipment efficiency (dish washer, washing machine) the hot water temperature (45-50 °C)

The consumption does not vary much with the season 

generally 40 l/occupant/day (standard for a dwelling)

Passive Heating

Solar Active Technologies • Solar Water Heating Sizing ▫ Instant heating

Q(t )  m(t ).c p .(Thot  Tcold  )  losses

▫ Energy annually dedicated to water heating h 8760

 E DHW 



m(t ).c p .(Thot  Tcold  (h))  losses

h 0

▫ ▫ ▫ ▫

T cold = 4° C to 20 °C (depend on location and season) Thot= 45 °C to 60 °C T water return (closed loop) = 25 °C to 45 °C Storage tank volume 

50-100 litres / m² collector

▫ Collector surface 

Space / Economic aspect / Sun (solar fraction)

▫ Software SOLO, TRANSOL (TRNSYS)…

Passive Heating

Solar Active Technologies • Sizing Examples (France) • Solar DHW  ▫ Needs: 40-50 liters of hot water /person/day( 50 °C) ▫ For 4 personnes : 3 to 5 m² collector surface and a storage tank   volume of 200 to 300 litres ▫ Solar Fraction: de 50 à 80 % (depends on climatic zone) ▫ Collector: orientation south-west to south-east with inclinaison of  30° to 60° ▫ Investment : for 4 to 6 m2 collector 3 700 to 5 400 € TTC (solar tank only) +600 € for tank dual energy 

• Floor Heating ▫ Needs: depend on building performance from 10 to > 200 kWh/m²/year ▫ 1 m² for 7 to 10 m² heated floor area => 10 to 20 m² for individual residence ▫ Investment: for a house of 100 m² , 15 m² collector, with integrated backup heating system 16000 to 18 000 € HT

Passive Heating

Solar Active Technologies • Heat recovery  ▫ from any hot process (e.g. power generation, boiler) 





Condenser in a boiler Exhaust gas heat exchanger (cogeneration) Efficiency can be > 100%

▫ from grey water 

Drain Water Heat Recovery 

from the shower, etc.

Passive Heating

Solar Active Technologies • Photovoltaic (PV) systems

PV integrated in curtain  wall elements at the Mataró Librar y, Mataró, Catalonia, Spain. (The facade is also used for fresh

PV as window shading elements (overhangs) at Queen’s University, Kingsto  Source Kawneer

Passive Heating

Solar Active Technologies • Photovoltaic (PV) systems ▫ Semiconductor material that converts solar energy directly into electricity  ▫  Autonomous PV systems with Battery storage ▫  Hybrid PV systems have at least one additional electricity source, such as a fuel-fired generator or a wind turbine. ▫ Grid-connected PV systems cancel out the need for onsite generators and batteries and eliminate the problem of  intermittent solar energy 

Battery 

inverter

Passive Heating

Solar Active Technologies • Photovoltaic (PV) systems ▫ Photovoltaic hybrid heating system (PV-thermal system) 









Generate HEAT + ELECTRICITY   A typical crystalline silicon PV panel has an efficiency of 10–15 % PV solar panels produce more than four times as much heat as electricity. Drawing outside air in across the back of panels pre-heats the HVAC supply air and also increases the PV efficiency by keeping them cooler

The cooler the PV cells, the higher the efficiency.

Passive Heating

Solar Active Technologies • Photovoltaic (PV) systems: New Technology 

Passive Heating

Solar Active Technologies • Photovoltaic (PV) systems ▫ Description of PV collector types

Passive Heating

Solar Positioning Consideration