TO MEASURE MEASU RE THE WAV WAVELENGT ELENGTH H OF SODIUM LIGHT USING NEWTON’S RINGS A PHYSICS PROJECT REPORT Submitted by
ANUSHA PRASAD In Partial Fulfillment Fulfillment Of The
CBSE GRADE XII In
PHYSICS AT
AECS MAGNOLIA MARUTI PUBLIC SCHOOL #36/909,, ARAKERE, BANNERGHAT #36/909 BANNERG HATTA TA ROAD,, ROAD BANGALORE- 56006! 2013-2014
CERTI"ICATE
This is to c!ti"# th$t ANUSHA PRASAD o" G!$% XII& AECS MAGNOLIA MAARUTI PUBLIC SCHOOL& BANGALORE 'ith !(ist! )*+,! -------------------- h$s s$tis"$cto!i.# co+/.t% th /!o0ct i) Ph#sics o) TO MEASURE THE WAVELENGTH OF SODIUM LICHT USING NEWTON’S NEWTON’S RINGS i) /$!ti$. "*."i..+)t o" th !1*i!+)ts o" A.. I)%i$ Sco)%$!# Schoo. C!ti"ic$t E2$+i)$tio) 3AISSCE4 $s /!sc!i,% ,# CBSE i) th #$! 56789567:;
Signature of the
Signature of the
Candidate
Teacher Teacher In-Charge
Signature of the Principal
Signature of the External Examiner
CERTI"ICATE
This is to c!ti"# th$t ANUSHA PRASAD o" G!$% XII& AECS MAGNOLIA MAARUTI PUBLIC SCHOOL& BANGALORE 'ith !(ist! )*+,! -------------------- h$s s$tis"$cto!i.# co+/.t% th /!o0ct i) Ph#sics o) TO MEASURE THE WAVELENGTH OF SODIUM LICHT USING NEWTON’S NEWTON’S RINGS i) /$!ti$. "*."i..+)t o" th !1*i!+)ts o" A.. I)%i$ Sco)%$!# Schoo. C!ti"ic$t E2$+i)$tio) 3AISSCE4 $s /!sc!i,% ,# CBSE i) th #$! 56789567:;
Signature of the
Signature of the
Candidate
Teacher Teacher In-Charge
Signature of the Principal
Signature of the External Examiner
Co)t)ts 1.
ABBREIATION..................................................................................................................1
2!
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 2
3!
THEOR$.......................................................................................................................... .... 4
4!
SCOPE AND LIMITATION................................................................................................10
5!
APPARATUS............................................................................................................ .......... 12
6!
DESCRIPTION O" COMPONENTS...................................................................................13
<;7 <;5 <;8 <;:
SODIUM LAMP................................................................................................... ........ 13 TRAVELLING MICROSCOPE ........................................................................................14 PLANO9 CONVEX LENS ...............................................................................................15 SPHEROMETER ............................................................................................................16
!
PROCEDURE..................................................................................................................... 18
%!
OBSERATION.................................................................................................................. 20
=;7 =;5
TABLE FOR DETERMINATION OF 3D5 N>P ? D5 N4........................................................20 TO DETERMINE RADIUS OF CURVATURE OF CONVEX LENS ...................................21
CALCULATIONS............................................................................................................... 22
9!
@; 7 @;5
TO FIND THE DIAMETER OF NEWTON’S RINGS.....................................................................22 TO FIND THE RADIUS OF CURVATURE OF THE CONVEX LENS.................................................22
10!
RESULT.......................................................................................................................... 23
11!
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................24
12!
BIBLIOGRAPH$............................................................................................................ 25
ACNOWLEDGEMENT
I 'o*.% .i to th$) +# t$ch!s& M!s; B!)$.i $)% M!s; J$#$thi "o! (*i%i)( + th!o*(h this /!o0ct $)% "o! thi! $.*$,. i)/*ts 'hich /!oi%% + 'ith $ co)st$)t )*%( "o! i+/!o+)t; It is i+/!$ti to th$) o*! P!i)ci/$.& M!s; S+$ Go. "o! /!oi%i)( + th o//o!t*)it# to 'o! o) this /!o0ct; It (os 'itho*t s$#i)( th$t +# c.$ss+$ts& s/ci$..# A,hi!$+i& M$%h*+$ti& $)% Sh!*thi "o! thi! h./ i) %* co*!s o" this /!o0ct; M# /$!)ts h$ $.so /.$#% $ /$!t i) h./i)( + i) this /!o0ct; M# th$)s (os o*t to th+ $.so; This /!o0ct $)% !$%i)(9*/ o) th s$+ h$s /!oi%% + 'ith $) i) %/th *)%!st$)%i)( o" th to/ic; It h$s )*!t*!% +# sci)ti"ic t+/!$+)t $)% c*!iosit#;
Signature of the Candidate
1. ABBREIATION
S.;No
A,,!i$tio ) 7 5 8 :
M;S;R L;S;R T;R C;S;R
E2/$)sio) M$i) Sc$. R$%i)( Li)$! Sc$. !$%i)( Tot$. R$%i)( Ci!c*.$! Sc$. R$%i)(
1
2! INTRODUCTION N'to)’s !i)(s& i) o/tics& is $ s!is o" co)c)t!ic .i(ht9 $)% %$!9co.o*!% ,$)%s o,s!% ,t') t'o /ics o" (.$ss 'h) o) is co)2 $)% !sts o) its co)2 si% o) $)oth! /ic h$i)( $ ".$t s*!"$c; Th*s& $ .$#! o" $i! 2ists ,t') th+; Th /h)o+)o) is c$*s% ,# th i)t!"!)c o" .i(ht '$si;;& th s*/!i+/osi)( o" t!$i)s o" '$s so th$t 'h) thi! c!sts coi)ci%& th .i(ht ,!i(ht)s ,*t 'h) t!o*(h $)% c!st +t& th .i(ht is %st!o#%; Li(ht '$s !".ct% "!o+ ,oth to/ $)% ,otto+ s*!"$cs o" th $i! "i.+ ,t') th t'o /ics o" (.$ss i)t!"!; Th /h)o+)o) '$s "i!st %sc!i,% ,# Ro,!t Hoo i) his 7<<: ,oo Mic!o(!$/hi$& $.tho*(h its )$+ %!is "!o+ th /h#sicist Is$$c N'to)& 'ho '$s th "i!st to $)$.# it; Th /!i)ci/. is o"t) *s% i) tsti)( th *)i"o!+it# o" $ /o.ish% s*!"$c ,# st*%#i)( th i)t!"!)c /$tt!) th s*!"$c +$s 'h) /.$c% i) co)t$ct 'ith $ /!"ct.# ".$t (.$ss s*!"$c;
Th o*t! !i)(s $! s/$c% +o! c.os.# th$) th i))! o)s; Moi)( o*t'$!%s "!o+ o) %$! !i)( to th )2t& "o! 2$+/.& i)c!$ss th /$th %i""!)c ,# th s$+ $+o*)t& & co!!s/o)%i)( to th s$+ i)c!$s o" thic)ss o" th $i! .$#!& 5; Si)c th s.o/ o" th co)2 .)s s*!"$c i)c!$ss o*t'$!%s& s/$!$tio) o" th !i)(s (ts s+$..! "o! th o*t! !i)(s; Fo! s*!"$cs th$t $! )ot co)2& th "!i)(s 'i.. )ot , !i)(s ,*t 'i.. h$ oth! sh$/s;Th /h)o+)o) o" N'to)’s !i)(s is *s% to c$.c*.$t th '$.)(th o" +o)och!o+$tic so%i*+ .i(ht; 2
A thi) '%( sh$/% $i! "i.+ is c!$t% ,# /.$ci)( $ /.$)o9co)2 .)s o) $ ".$t (.$ss /.$t; A +o)och!o+$tic ,$+ o" .i(ht is +$% to "$.. $t $.+ost )o!+$. i)ci%)c o) th $!!$)(+)t; Ri)( .i i)t!"!)c "!i)(s $! o,s!% i) th !".ct% .i(ht; Th %i$+t!s o" th !i)(s $! +$s*!%;
N'to)’s !i)(s i)t!"!)c /$tt!) c!$t% ,# $ /.$)o9co)2 .)s i..*+i)$t% ,# <6)+ !% .$s! .i(ht& /hoto(!$/h% *si)( $ .o'9/o'! +ic!osco/;
Ho' th i)t!"!)c "!i)(s "o!+;
3
3! THEOR$
T&'( )'*+ '(.).( '& )'*+ ) .'( &'7( 8N( .'(:;
Ri)(s $! "!i)(s o" 1*$. thic)ss; Th# $! o,s!% 'h) .i(ht is !".ct% "!o+ $ /.$)o9co)2 .)s o" $ .o)( "oc$. .)(th /.$c% i) co)t$ct 'ith $ /.$) (.$ss /.$t; A thi) $i! "i.+ is "o!+% ,t') th /.$t $)% th .)s;
Th thic)ss o" th $i! "i.+ $!is "!o+ !o $t th /oi)t o" co)t$ct to so+ $.* t; I" th .)s /.$t s#st+ is i..*+i)$t% 'ith +o)och!o+$tic .i(ht "$..i)( o) it )o!+$..#& co)c)t!ic ,!i(ht $)% %$! i)t!"!)c !i)(s $! o,s!% i) !".ct% .i(ht; Ths ci!c*.$! "!i)(s '! %isco!% ,# N'to) $)% $! c$..% N'to)’s !i)(s; A !$# AB i)ci%)t )o!+$..# o) th s#st+ (ts /$!ti$..# !".ct% $t th ,otto+ c*!% s*!"$c o" th .)s 3R$# 74 $)% /$!t o" th t!$)s+itt% !$# is /$!ti$..# !".ct% 3R$# 54 "!o+ th to/ s*!"$c o" th /.$) (.$ss /.$t; Th !$#s 7 $)% 5 $! %!i% "!o+ th s$+ i)ci%)t !$# ,# %iisio) o" $+/.it*% $)% th!"o! $! coh!)t; R$# 5 *)%!(os $ /h$s ch$)( o" / */o) !".ctio) si)c it is !".ct% "!o+ $i!9to9(.$ss ,o*)%$!#; Th co)%itio) "o! co)st!*cti $)% %st!*cti i)t!"!)cs $! (i) $s "o! )o!+$. i)ci%)c cos ! K 7 $)% "o! $i! "i.+ K 7; 4
;;3Constructive interference)
;;3 Destructive interference)
7; C(.* <.7 = At th /oi)t o" co)t$ct o" th .)s 'ith th (.$ss /.$t th thic)ss o" th $i! "i.+ is !# s+$.. co+/$!% to th '$.)(th o" .i(ht th!"o! th /$th %i""!)c i)t!o%*c% ,t') th i)t!"!i)( '$s is !o; Co)s1*)t.#& th i)t!"!i)( '$s $t th c)t! $! o//osit i) /h$s $)% i)t!"! %st!*cti.#; Th*s $ %$! s/ot is /!o%*c%; 5; C'.>*. ).'( '& ?>* &'7(; E$ch +$2i+*+ o! +i)i+*+ is $ .oc*s o" co)st$)t "i.+ thic)ss; Si)c th .oc*s o" /oi)ts h$i)( th s$+ thic)ss "$.. o) $ ci!c. h$i)( its c)t! $t th /oi)t o" co)t$ct& th "!i)(s $! ci!c*.$!; 8; ".'( . **'@<; Tho*(h th s#st+ is i..*+i)$t% 'ith $ /$!$... ,$+ o" .i(ht& th !".ct% !$#s $! )ot /$!$...; Th# i)t!"! )$!! to th to/ s*!"$c o" th $i! "i.+ $)% $//$! to %i!( "!o+ th! 'h) i'% "!o+ th to/; Th "!i)(s $! s) )$! th *//! s*!"$c o" th "i.+ $)% h)c $! s$i% to , .oc$.i% i) th "i.+;
5
:; R<'' ) & +& <.7 .'(
5! R<'' ) & +& .'& .'(
Th !$%i*s o" $ %$! !i)( is /!o/o!tio)$. to th !$%i*s o" c*!$t*! o" th .)s ,# th !.$tio)& ; Ri)(s (t c.os! $s th o!%! i)c!$ss 3+ i)c!$ss4 si)c th %i$+t! %os )ot i)c!$s i) th s$+ /!o/o!tio); I) t!$)s+itt% .i(ht th !i)( s#st+ is 2$ct.# co+/.+)t$!# to th !".ct% !i)( s#st+ so th$t th c)t! s/ot is ,!i(ht; U)%! 'hit .i(ht ' (t co.o!% "!i)(s Th '$.)(th $s;;
o"
+o)och!o+$tic
.i(ht
c$)
,
%t!+i)%
6
Wh!& D+>/ is th %i$+t! o" D+ is th %i$+t! o" th + th %$! !i)(;
th
3+>/4 th %$!
!i)(
$)%
This +tho% "o! %t!+i)i)( th '$.)(th o" .i(ht '$s /!o/os% ,# Si! Is$$c N'to) i) his ,oo O/tics& /*,.ish% i) 77; Th 2/!i+)t$. $!!$)(+)t is sho') i) Fi(*! 7; A /.$)o9co)2 .)s o" .$!( !$%i*s o" c*!$t*! R is /.$c% o) $ /.$) (.$ss /.$t 'ith its c*!% s*!"$c %o')'$!%s $)% is i..*+i)$t% "!o+ $,o 'ith $ /$!$... ,$+ o" +o)och!o+$tic .i(ht; So+ o" th .i(ht is !".ct% "!o+ th *//! s*!"$c o" th (.$ss /.$t $)% so+ "!o+ th .o'! s*!"$c o" th .)s i)t!"!)c th*s occ*!s ,# %iisio) o" $+/.it*%& th "!i)(s ,i)( .oc$.is% i) th $i! ($/ ,t') th .)s $)% /.$t; At $)# /oi)t $ %ist$)c ! "!o+ th $2is o" th .)s th /$th %i""!)c 'i.. ,5h& 'h! h is th %ist$)c ,t') th .)s $)% th /.$t $t th$t /oi)t 3SFi(*! 54; Th i)t!"!)c "!i)(s $! ci!c*.$! ,c$*s th s#st+ is s#++t!ic$. $,o*t th c)t! o" th .)s; Th !$%i*s o" $)# !i)( is (i) ,# 35R ? h4h K ! 5 so ! 5 K 5 Rh 9 h5 B*t h5 is s+$.. co+/$!% 'ith 5Rh $)% so ' c$) '!it 5Rh K ! 5 Th /$th %i""!)c 35h4 is th!"o! ! 5 R A /h$s ch$)( o" / occ*!s 'h) th .i(ht !".cts "!o+ th to/ s*!"$c o" th /.$t ,*t )ot $t th .o'! s*!"$c o" th .)s& $)% th!"o!
Fo! $ ,!i(ht !i)( i'% ,# !".ctio) 35+ > 745 K ! +5R Fo! $ %$! !i)( i'% ,# !".ctio)
+ K ! +5R
Wh! + K 6& 7& 5& 8& tc $)% !+ is th !$%i*s o" th +th !i)(;
7
I" $ (!$/h is /.ott% o" !5 $($i)st + "o! th %$! !i)(s $ st!$i(ht .i) sho*.% , /!o%*c% 'ith $ (!$%i)t (i) ,# 3! +5 9 ! 7543+ 9 74 K .R
'h! !7 $)% !+ $! th !$%ii o" th "i!st $)% +th !i)(s !s/cti.#; 3S Fi(*! 84; Wh) %oi)( th 2/!i+)t it is +*ch $si! 3$)% +o! $cc*!$t4 to +$s*! th %i$+t! o" th !i)(s $)% th) c$.c*.$t thi! !$%i*s; A %$! c)t!$. s/ot sho*.% , o,t$i)% 'h) i'% ,# !".ctio);
Th !i)(s c$) , i'% ,# t!$)s+issio) ,# /*tti)( th +ic!osco/ ,.o' th /.$t& $)% i" this is %o) th 1*$tio)s "o! ,!i(ht $)% %$! !i)(s sho*.% , i)t!ch$)(% $s t'o /h$s ch$)(s 'i.. occ*!& /!o%*ci)( $) ""cti /$th %i""!)c o" 5/; A ,!i(ht c)t!$. s/ot sho*.% , o,t$i)%; 8
I" 'hit .i(ht is *s% $ "' co.o*!% !i)(s 'i.. , s) %* to th %i""!)t '$.)(ths o" th %i""!)t co.o*!s o" .i(ht; N( .'( (< & .).' '(< ) *'?>'<
P*tti)( $ .i1*i% o" !"!$cti i)%2 ) ,t') th .)s $)% th /.$t 3Fi(*! 4 'i.. ch$)( th /$th %i""!)c to 5)h $)% (i $ "o!+*.$ "o! th + th %$! !i)( o"
+ K )! +5R
<; Th !$%i*s o" $)# (i) !i)( 'i.. , .ss 'ith th .i1*i% i) /.$c th$) 'itho*t it; This ""ct +$# , *s% to +$s*! th !"!$cti i)%2 o" th .i1*i% th +tho% is $ (oo% o) si)c it is $cc*!$t $)% $s# to /!"o!+& $)% o).# $ s+$.. $+o*)t o" th .i1*i% is )%%;
9
4! SCOPE AND LIMITATION Th i)t!"!)c tch)i1* o" N'to)’s Ri)(s is 'i%.# *s% "o! th 1*$.it# co)t!o. o" o/tic$. s*!"$cs ,c$*s th /!cisio) o,t$i)% 'ith this +tho% /!os to , !# s$tis"$cto!#; Th %i+)sio)s o" th !i)(s /!+its c$.c*.$tio) o" th !$%ii o" c*!$t*! o" th $)$.#s% s*!"$cs $)% %"o!+$tio) o" th i)t!"!)c /$tt!) c$) , *ti.is% to c$.c*.$t oth! /$!$+t!s& s*ch $s $sti(+$tis+; W %sc!i, th st*%# o" /!o(!ssi s*!"$cs ,# +$)s o" this tch)i1*& 'h!,# th $)$.#sis o" th $!io*s /oi)ts o" th /!o(!ssi co!!i%o! is +$%& $)% $.so i)c.*% i)"o!+$tio) o) th /o'! "*)ctio) "o! ths .)ss& $s '.. $s th $%%itio) $)% co!!i%o! .)(th; Th# c$) , *s% to (t $ +$s*! o" ho' ".$t s*!"$cs $!; A !# ".$t sht o" (.$ss& .#i)( o) to/ o" th s*!"$c o" i)t!st 'i.. sho' /*%%.s o" N'to)’s !i)(s $!o*)% %/!ssio)s $)% !$is% $!$s 9 ,st to *s +o)och!o+$tic .i(ht to i' th+ 'ith; Co*)ti)( th !i)(s $)% )o'i)( th '$.)(th o" th i..*+i)$tio) c$) (i $) $cc*!$t +$s*! o" th si o" $)# ho..o's $)% hi(hts o) $ s*!"$c; Ho'!& th! $! "' i+/o!t$)t /!c$*tio)s 'hich +*st , t$) i) o!%! to s*ccss"*..# co+/.t this 2/!i+)t; Th# $! $s "o..o's •
•
•
Th thi) "i.+ +*st , i)s!t% c$!"*..# ,t') th /.$i) (.$ss /.$t $)% /.$)o co)2 .)s 'itho*t %ist*!,i)( th "!i)(s; NB A hi(h9/!ss*! so%i*+ st!t .$+/ $s *s% i) co.o*! st*%is 'i.. )ot (i sh$!/ "!i)(s i) this 2/!i+)t; I" th c)t! "!i)( is )ot %$!& t!# /o.ishi)( th .)s $)% ".$t 'ith $ s/ct$c. c.$)i)( c.oth; So%i*+ +t$. is !# !$cti 'h) it is 2/os% to $i!; H)c so%i*+ .i(ht is co!% 'ith st!o)( si.ic$t (.$ss; Th*s /!o/! c$! +*st , t$) 'hi. h$)%.i)( 'ith th so%i*+ .$+/; It sho*.% , )s*!% th$t th (.$ss %os)’t (t %$+$(%; 10
Th! +i(ht , !!o!s i) th t!$..i)( +ic!osco/ o! th s/h!o+t! 'hich 'i.. !s*.t i) !!o)o*s $.*s; H)c !o !!o!s +*st $.so sho*.% , t$) i)to $cco*)t;
11
5! APPARATUS R?>'.+(;
$; • • • • • • •
A//$!$t*s R1*i!+)t So%i*+ $/o*! .$+/ T!$..i)( Mic!osco/ S/h!o+t! P.$)o Co)s .)s G.$ss /.$t Foc*ssi)( .)s Po'! s*//.# 'ith co!%;
12
6! DESCRIPTION O" COMPONENTS 6!1
SODIUM LAMP
A so%i*+9$/o! .$+/ is $ ($s9%isch$!( .$+/ th$t *ss so%i*+ i) $) 2cit% st$t to /!o%*c .i(ht; Th! $! t'o t#/s o" so%i*+ .$+/s th .o' /!ss*! so%i*+ .$+/ 3LPS4 $)% th hi(h /!ss*! so%i*+ .$+/ 3HPS4; A .o' /!ss*! so%i*+ .$+/ is *s% i) this 2/!i+)t $s hi(h /!ss*! so%i*+ .$+/s 'i.. )ot (i sh$!/ "!i)(s i) this 2/!i+)t; Lo'9/!ss*! so%i*+ 3LPS4 .$+/s h$ $ ,o!osi.ic$t (.$ss ($s %isch$!( t*, 3$!c t*,4 co)t$i)i)( so.i% so%i*+& $ s+$.. $+o*)t o" )o)& $)% $!(o) ($s i) $ P))i)( +i2t*! to st$!t th ($s %isch$!(; Wh) th .$+/ is t*!)% o) it +its $ %i+ !%/i) .i(ht to '$!+ th so%i*+ +t$. $)% 'ithi) $ "' +i)*ts it t*!)s i)to ,!i(ht #..o' $s th so%i*+ +t$. $/o!iss; Ths .$+/s /!o%*c $ +o)och!o+$tic .i(ht $!$(i)( $ '$.)(th o" =@;8 )+; LPS .$+/s h$ $) o*t! (.$ss $c**+ ).o/ $!o*)% th i))! %isch$!( t*, "o! th!+$. i)s*.$tio)& 'hich i+/!os thi! ""ici)c#; It is $+o)( th +ost ""ici)t .$+/s i) th 'o!.% ,c$*s it *ss $.. th c*!!)t it (ts to c!$t .i(ht $t th +ost s)siti "!1*)c# to th h*+$) #; Th $%$)t$(s o" so%i*+ .$+/s $! • •
•
V!# ""ici)t .$+/ Ds/it $ '$!+ */ ti+ o" 976 +i)*ts it !st$!ts i++%i$t.# i" th! is $ ,!o')o*t L*+) o*t/*t %os )ot %!o/ 'ith $(
13
A) LPS 'ith its #..o' (.o'
6!2
TRAELLING MICROSCOPE
T!$..i)( Mic!osco/
A t!$..i)( +ic!osco/ is $) i)st!*+)t "o! +$s*!i)( .)(th 'ith $ !so.*tio) t#/ic$..# i) th o!%! o" 6;67++; Th /!cisio) is s*ch th$t ,tt!9 1*$.it# i)st!*+)ts h$ +$s*!i)( sc$.s +$% "!o+ I)$! to $oi% !!o!s %* to th!+$. ""cts; Th i)st!*+)t co+/!iss $ +ic!osco/ +o*)t% o) t'o !$i.s "i2% to& o! /$!t o" $ !# !i(i% ,%; Th /ositio) o" th +ic!osco/ c$) , $!i% co$!s.# ,# s.i%i)( $.o)( th !$i.s& o! "i).# ,# t*!)i)( $ sc!'; 14
Th #/ic is "itt% 'ith "i) c!oss9h$i!s to "i2 $ /!cis /ositio)& 'hich is th) !$% o"" th !)i! sc$.; T!$..i)( +ic!osco/ co)sists o" $ c$st i!o) ,$s 'ith +$chi)%9V9to/ s*!"$c $)% is "itt% 'ith th! ..i)( sc!'s; A +t$..ic c$!!i$(& c.$+/% to $ s/!i)(9.o$%% ,$! s.i%s 'ith its $tt$ch% !)i! $)% !$%i)( .)s $.o)( $) i).$i% st!i/ o" +t$. sc$.; Th sc$. is %ii%% i) h$." +i..i+t!s; Fi) $%0*st+)ts $! +$% ,# +$)s o" $ +ic!o+t! sc!' "o! t$i)( $cc*!$t !$%i)(; Both !)i! !$%i)( to 6;67++ o! 6;65++; Mic!osco/ t*, co)sists o" 762 E#/ic $)% 7++ o! 6++ o! ++ o,0ctis; Th Mic!osco/& 'ith its !$c $)% /i)io) $tt$ch+)t is +o*)t% o) $ !tic$. s.i%& 'hich too& !*)s 'ith $) $tt$ch% !)i! $.o)( th !tic$. sc$.; Th +ic!osco/ is "! to !ot$t ) !tic$. /.$); Th !tic$. (*i% ,$! is co*/.% to th ho!io)t$. c$!!i$( o" th +ic!osco/; Fo! ho.%i)( o,0cts $ ho!io)t$. st$( +$% o" $ +i.# co)o.it sht is /!oi%% i) th ,$s;
6!3
PLANO- CONE LENS
P.$)o Co)2 L)s A .)s 'hich h$s o) si% /.$) $)% th oth! si% co)2& is c$..% $ /.$)o co)2 .)s; P.$)o9co)2 .)ss $! *s% to co..i+$t %i!(i)( .i(ht o! to "oc*s co..i+$t% .i(ht; Th# $! *s% $s sco)%$!# "oc*si)( .)ss to !"oc*s th co..i+$t% .i(ht so*!cs; P.$)o9co)2 .)ss h$ .o' s/h!ic$. $,!!$tio);
15
This is th +ost co++o) t#/ o" .)s .+)t; It is $.so *s"*. $s $ si+/. i+$(i)( .)s 'h! i+$( 1*$.it# !1*i!+)t is )ot too c!itic$.;
6!4
SPHEROMETER
S/h!o+t!
A s/h!o+t! is *s% to +$s*! ith! !# s+$.. thic)ss o! th !$%i*s o" c*!$t*! o" $ s/h!ic$. s*!"$c; It 'o!s o) th /!i)ci/. o" +ic!o+t! sc!';
Th s/h!o+t! co)sists o" $ +t$..ic t!i/o% "!$+'o! s*//o!t% o) th! "i2% .(s o" 1*$. .)(ths; Th ti/s o" th th! .(s .i o) th co!)!s o" $) 1*i.$t!$. t!i$)(. $)% $.'$#s .i o) th s$+ /.$); At th c)t! o" th t!i/o% "!$+ is "i2% $ !tic$. )*t th!o*(h 'hich /$sss& $) $cc*!$t.# c*t sc!'; A .$!( ci!c*.$! %isc t!+i)$ti)( i)to $ +i..% h$% is $tt$ch% $t th to/ o" th sc!'; Th ci!c*+"!)c o" th ci!c*.$! %isc is %ii%% i)to 766 o! 566 1*$. /$!ts; A s+$.. !tic$. sc$. is "i2% $t o) )% o" th t!i/o% st$)%& /$!$... to th $2is o" th sc!' $)% 0*st to*chi)( th !i+ o" th ci!c*.$! %isc; 16
Th .$st co*)t o" $ s/h!o+t! is *s*$..# 6;667c+; Th .$st co*)t is c$.c*.$t% *si)( th "o!+*.$& L;C;K/N 'h! / is th /itch $)% N is th )*+,! o" %iisio)s o) th ci!c*.$! sc$.;
I) this 2/!i+)t& th s/h!o+t! is *s% to c$.c*.$t th !$%i*s o" c*!$t*! o" th /.$)o co)2 .)s;
17
; PROCEDURE I" $ /oi)t so*!c is *s% o).# th) ' !1*i! $ co)2 .)s oth!'is 'hi. *si)( $) 2t)%% so*!c& co)2 .)s L7 is )ot !1*i!%;
7; B"o! st$!ti)( th 2/!i+)t& th (.$ss /.$ts Q th P.$)o co)2 sho*.% , tho!o*(h.# c.$)%; 5; Th c)t! o" .)s is '.. i..*+i)$t% ,# $%0*sti)( th i)c.i)$tio) o" (.$ss /.$t $t : %(; 8; Foc*s th #/ic o) th c!oss'i! $)% +o th +ic!osco/ i) th !tic$. /.$) ,# +$)s o" !$c Q /i)io) $!!$)(+)t ti.. th !i)(s $! 1*it %isti)ct c.$+/ th +ic!osco/ i) th !tic$. sc$.; :; Acco!%i)( to th tho!#& th c)t! o" th i)t!"!)c "!i)(s sho*.% , %$! ,*t so+ti+s th c)t! $//$!s 'hit& this is %* to th /!s)c o" %*st /$!tic.s ,t') (.$ss /.$t $)% P.$)o co)2 .)s; I) this c$s .)s sho*.% , $($i) c.$);
18
; A%0*st+)ts sho*.% , %o) ti.. s$tis"$cto!# "!i)( s#st+ o" /!"ct ci!c*.$! sh$/ 'ith $ %$! s/ot $t th c)t! is o,t$i)%; <; Fi!st& th +ic!osco/ is $%0*st% so th$t th c)t! o" th c!oss 'i!s coi)ci%s 'ith th c)t!$. %$! s/ot o" th "!i)( s#st+; Th +ic!osco/ is th) +o% s.o'.# ith! to'$!%s ."t o! !i(ht o" th c)t!; ; Whi. th +ic!osco/ is +o%& th )*+,! o" %$! !i)(s is co*)t% s$#& */ to 7:;At th 7:th %$! !i)( th +ic!osco/ is sto//% $)% its +otio) is !!s%; It is ,!o*(ht ,$c to th /ositio) o" 75th !i)(; Th !tic$. c!oss 'i! is $%0*st% s*ch th$t it 'i.. , t$)()ti$. to th 75th %$! !i)(; I) this /ositio) th !$%i)( o" th +ic!osco/ is )ot%; =; Th +ic!osco/ is th) +o% to th 76th %$! !i)( s*ch th$t th !tic$. c!oss 'i! is $($i) t$)()ti$. to th !i)(; Th !$%i)( o" th +ic!osco/ is )ot%; Th $,o /!ocss is co)ti)*% ti.. 5th %$! !i)( is !$ch%; @; A"t! t$i)( th !$%i)( "o! th 5th !i)( th +ic!osco/ is +o% i) th s$+ %i!ctio) o) to th o//osit si% o" th c)t!; Th +ic!osco/ is +o% ti.. th 5th %$! !i)( o) th o//osit si% is !$ch%; Th !$%i)( is t$) $s ,"o! "o! th 5th %$! !i)(; 76;Th +$s*!+)ts $! co)ti)*% o) th o//osit si% ti.. 75th %$! !i)( is !$ch%; 77;Th o,s!$tio)s $! )ot% i) t$,.;
19
%! OBSERATION V$.* o" o) %iisio) o" th +$i) sc$. K 6;667 c+ No o" %iisio) o) th !)i! sc$. K 6 L$st co*)t o" th t!$..i)( +ic!osco/ K 6;667 c+ %!1
S*! O.<. N!
TABLE "OR DETERMINATION O" 8D2(F= D2(:
LHS R<'( 8'( +:
D'+. D2 D 8LR: 8'( +2:
RHS .<'( 8'( +:
MSR VSR
TR3L4 MSR VSR T;R
D2(F= D2( D2(F= D2(/ 4+R 8'( +2: 8'( +2:
1!
76
5;:
8
5;:8 5
56
5;65 6;:7:
6;7555 6;67=< @:=
2!
@
5;:
5
5;:65 5
76
5;67 6;8@5
6;78<< 6;67=5: =:<
3!
=
5;5 7<
5;5<< 7;= :=
7;=@= 6;8<=
6;78:5 6;67@7: <78:
4!
5;5
8<
5;58< 7;= :
7;=@ 6;8:7
6;77<5= 6;67=87 =<=
5!
<
5;7 :=
5;7@= 7;= 8
7;== 6;878
6;6@@ 6;68:
6!
5;7
5
5;75 7;= 5
7;= 6;578
6;6<5 6;67:< <5=
!
:
5;6 5
5;6 7;= 7
7;=< 6;575
6;6::@: 6;677 <<
%!
8
5
76
5;67
7;=
:
7;=: 6;7<
6;6558 6;67@78 <787
9!
5
7;@
7;@6 7;=
7
7;=7 6;6@
6;66=7
9
9
9
20
%!2 TO DETERMINE RADIUS O" CURATURE O" CONE LENS
V$.* o" o) .i)$! sc$. %iisio) K 7++ Li)$! %ist$)c +o% K 7++ No; o" !ot$tio)s (i) K 7 Pitch K 7++ L$st co*)t K /itch )o; o" %iisio)s o) ci!c*.$! sc$. No; o" %iisio)s o) ci!c*.$! sc$. K 766 L$st co*)t K 6;67++ C!S!R! ( ( >.) 8'( ++: A
39
C!S!R ( =*( >.) 8'( ++: B
C+=* R'( - (
20
0
I(+=* R'( A-B
19
H (J= F JL!C 8'( ++:
0!19
21
@; CALCULATIONS 9! 1
T )'(< & <'+. ) N( .'(
M$) '$.)(th o" so%i*+ .i(ht K =@6 A 9!2
T )'(< & .<'> ) >.>. ) & ( *(
L)(th o" th si%s L7 K 5;@= c+ L5 K 8 c+ L8 K 5;@< c+ M$) K 5;@= c+ H K 6;67@ c+ RK 3L5
3H 54 K = c+
22
76;
RESULT
Th +$) '$.)(th o" so%i*+ .i(ht K =@6 St$)%$!% +$) '$.)(th K =@6 P!c)t$( E!!o! K 6
23
11!
CONCLUSION
Th st$)%$!% '$.)(th $)% th 2/!i+)t$. '$.)(th '! ,oth "o*)% to , K =@6 'ith )o !!o! /!c)t$( 2isti)(;
24
75;
• • • • •
• •
BIBLIOGRAPH$
htt/''';%iso)tchc)t!;o!(So%i*+L$+/s;ht+. htt/);'ii/%i$;o!('iiSo%i*+9$/o!-.$+/ ''';(oo(.;co+ ''';%*/!o;,.o(s/ot;i) htt/''';)*""i.%"o*)%$tio);o!(/!$ctic$.9/h#sics$//.ic$tio)9 )'to)s9!i)(s92/!i+)t NCERT /h#sics t2t ,oo /$!t 5 c.$ss XII Co+/!h)si .$, +$)*$. c.$ss XII
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