CHAPTER 5: SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT To protect water resources and the greater environment, all waste from buildings and industrial processes must be treated to meet certain standards of quality. Domestic sewage from dwellings and DWV systems in buildings are permitted to be discharged into the public sewers system, which provides the necessary treatment prior to tits discharge into nature. Water Treatment and Disposal Basic Purposes of sewage treatment 1. To destroy pathogenic micro organisms. Pathogens are disease-causing bacteria. 2. To remove most suspended and dissolved biodegradable organic materials. Raw or untreated sewage is mostly pure water since it comprises about 99.9% water and only about 0.1% impurities. However, sewage contains biodegradable organic material, which is very likely to contain pathogenic micro organisms. The amount of pathogens in the waste water is expected to be proportional to the concentration of fecal coliform bacterium cal E. coli (Escherichia coli). The E. coli concentration in raw sanitary sewage is about 1 billion/ liter, but it is not a pathogen. In fact, our bowels will not function properly without it, but as an indicator organism, the presence of E. coli indicates that water is contaminated with fecal wastes and pathogens maybe present. DENR standard is 10,000 MPN/ 100ml. •
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For water to be safe for drinking the E. coli count shall not be more than 1 E. coli per 100ml (about 0.4 cup) of water. For water to be considered safe for swimming the E. coli shall be more than 200 E. coli per 100ml of water.
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). The measure of the strength of the sewage in relation to the total amount of organic material it contains. Untreated domestic sanitary sewage has an average BOD of about 200mg/ liter. DENR standard is 50 mg/ liter. Total Suspended Solids (TSS). The measure of the strength of the sewage in relation to the total amount of suspended solids. Untreated domestic sanitary sewage has an average TSS of 240 mg/ liter. Another group of impurities that is of major significance in waste water is the compounds of nitrogen of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) from plant nutrients. Raw sanitary sewage contains an average of 35mg/ liter of nitrogen and 10 mg/liter of phosphorous. THE SEWAGE TREATMENT PROCESS
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The sewage treatment process may be divided into four major steps: 1. Preliminary treatment. 35% of BOD and 60% of TSS are removed. 2. Primary Treatment, which is subdivided into: Sedimentation and retention: raw sewage is retained for the preliminary separation of indigestible solids and the start of aerobic action. Aeration: introduction of air through natural convection or mechanical blowers to accelerate the decomposition of organic matters. Skimming: Removal of scum that floats on top of the partially treated sewage. Sludge Removal: disposal of heavy sludge at the bottom of treated sewage. In the primary treatment, 85% of BOD and 85% TSS are removed. 3. Secondary Treatment, Treatment, namely, the removal of colloidal and dissolved organic material. 4. Tertiary Treatment, that is, the removal of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorous and disinfection of effluent by the addition of chemicals, such as chlorine (10 mg/liter). •
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•
•
Sewage Treatment Plants The design of sewage treatment plants for large buildings, building complexes and municipalities follows precisely the same processes described above. However, modern treatment plants do require considerable mechanized equipment and controls in order to be efficient and reliable. Sanitary Engineers or Plumbing Engineers who specialized in the subject do the design of these treatment plants. Following are the definitions of some commonly used terms related to the subject of sewage treatment methods and disposal processes: 1. DigestionDigestion- That portion of the sewage treatment process in which biochemical decomposition of organic matter takes place, resulting in the formation of simple organic and mineral substances. Also known as aerobic (bacterial) digestion. 2. Influent- Untreated sewage flowing into a treatment system. 3. Effluent- Treated or partially treated sewage flowing out of a treatment system. 4. Sedimentation- Formation of layers of heavy particles in the influent 5. Aerobic (bacterial) digestion- Digestion of the waste through the natural bacteria digestive action in a tank or chamber. 6. Active Sludge- The sewage sediment, rich in destructive bacteria, which can be used to break down fresh sewage more quickly. 7. Filtration- a means of filtering out any solid matter from the effluent.
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CHAPTER 6: PLUMBING MATERIALS DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS Drainage pipe. This is the pipe that conveys waste from the building to an approved point of disposal. Drainage Fittings. This are pipe accessories in the drainage system such as a coupling, bend, wye, etc; used to join two or more pipes together or to change their directions. TYPES OF DRAINAGE PIPES 1. 2. 3. 4.
Waste pipe Soil pipe Storm pipe Vent pipe
1. Waste pipe. The pipe which carries only liquid waste, free of human excrement or fecal matter. 2. Soil pipe- the pipe which carries the waste from water closets, urinals or fixtures of similar function to the building drain. This contains human excrements. 3. Storm pipe- the pipe which convey rainwater from the roof gutter and down spout to the building storm drain. 4. Vent pipe- the pipe connected to the drainage system that conveys air to and from the system and keep the water from being siphoned from the trap.
Branch- is the drainage pipe that runs horizontally.
Stack- is the vertical drainage pipe.
The selection of piping materials for the drainage system depends on the following: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Pressure 5. Initial cost Velocity 6. Installation cost Temperature 7. Operating problem Corrosiveness of the medium conveyed within
Common drainage pipes and fittings materials used a. Asbestos Cement Pipe (ACP) b. Cast Iron Soil Pipe Pipe (CISP)
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iii. AcrylonitrileAcrylonitrile - Butadiene- Styrene (ABS) f. Iron Pipe Size (IPS)- Iron, Steel, Brass g. Lead i. Safe spans is 10.56 kg/m 2 and 1.6mm thick ii. For flushing or vent terminals- 14.63 kg/ m 2 and 1.2 mm thick iii. Lead bends and lead trap shall not be less than 3.2mm in wall thickness. ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPE This type of pipe is made of asbestos fibers combined under pressure with Portland cement and silica to form a dense and homogeneous material. It is dense cured for strength. TYPES OF ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPE 1. Pressure A.C. Pipe- is used for sewer mains, industrial effluent and process piping, working pressure ranges at 100, 150, and 200 psi. 2. Non-pressure A.C. Pipe- is used for sewer casings for electric cables and as storm drains. Properties: Diameter: 75mm (3’) to 900 mm (13’) Length: 3.00m (10’) or 4.00m (13’) For 75, 100, 150mm. 4.00m (13’) for 200mm. (8”0 Through 900 mm. (36”) Grades: 1500, 2400, 3000, 4000 and 5000 Lbs/ft. Joints: rubber gasket joint and cement joint
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Note: Asbestos cement pipe (ACP) is remarkably suited for embedment in concrete structure since both materials have the same properties. COMMON TYPES OF PIPE FITTINGS 1. Bends (elbows)- are used to complete change of direction in soil, waste and drain lines in horizontal, vertical and diagonal directions. 2. Y (wye) branches- are used for change of direction (diagonal) and branch connections of soil, waste and drain pipes. 3. T (tee) branches- are used to join 3 or 4 pipes at perpendicular directions. CAST IRON SOIL PIPE Cast iron soil pipe (CISP) is made from an alloy of iron, carbon and silicon, with the controlled amounts of manganese, sulfur and phosphorous. This is primarily used for sanitary drain, waste and storm systems. CLASSIFICATIONS OF CAST IRON SOIL PIPE 1. Class A- extra extra heavy (xh)- is often used for underground applications. 2. Class B- Service weight (SV)- is used for general building installations. TYPES OF CAST IRON SOIL PIPE
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2. Double hub- is constructed with a hub on each end so it may be cut into two pieces when a short piece of pipe is needed. 3. Hubless (no hub)- there is no hub on either ends of of the pipe, it is used in lieu of the single hub calking of the pipe is difficult.
PROPERTIES
•
Available diameter (Nom. I.D.) 2”, 3 ”, 4”, 5”, 6”, 8”, 10”, 12”, 15” Hydrostatic Test: 50 psi for service weight 100 psi for extra heavy
•
Length: 5’ and 10’
•
TYPES OF JOINTS FOR CAST IRON SOIL PIPE 1. Lead and Oakum (calk joint)
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CONCRETE PIPE Concrete pipe is cast in metal molds and compacted by tamping or spinning the molds (centrifugal casting). TYPES OF CONCRETE PIPE 1. Non-reinforced concrete pipe- is used for drainage, sewer lines and for gravityflow water supply lines if the joints are carefully made. Diameters available range from 100mm. (4”) to 900mm (36”). 2. Reinforced concrete pipe (RCP)- is made by the addition of steel wire or steel bars and is primarily used for sewage and storm drainage. Diameters available range from 300mm (12”) to 3600mm (144”)
VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE Vitrified clay pipe is extruded from a suitable grade of shale or clay and fired in kilns producing an extremely hard and dense corrosion resistant material. It is generally used for underground public sewers, house sewers, drainage (sanitary and storm) systems
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VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE FITTINGS
PLASTIC PIPES Plastic pipe is available in compositions designed for various applications including drain, waste and vent. (DWV) BASIC TYPES OF PLASTIC PIPE 1. Thermosel Plastic- has the property of being permanently rigid. Epoxy and fiber glass are example of this. 2. Thermo Plastic- is a material material having the property of softening softening when heated and hardening when cooled.
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HDPE SPIRAL PIPE Properties *Diameter- 100mm (4’) to 900mm (36”) *Color- black *Joint- Screw-type couplings *Brand- Atlanta
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TYPES OF PVC PIPES USED FOR DRAINAGE 1. uPVC Sanitary pipes (unplasticized)- (DWV) is designed for above and underground sanitary piping system. It is ideal for drain, waste and vent installation. 2. uPVC Sewer Pipe- can be used for main sewer system and other underground waste piping system which requires big diameter pipes.
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CHAPTER 7: BASIC PLUMBING TOOLS FOR DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS THE COMMON TOOLS USED IN THE DRAINAGE PIPES AND FIITINGS ARE: 1. Hacksaw 2. Closet auger 3. Plunger 4. Rule 5. Blow torch 6. Lead pot 7. Pouring ladle 8. Joint runner 9. Ball peen hammer 10. Cold chisel 11. Caulking irons 12. Soldering copper 13. Tin snip 14. Plumb bob 15. Plumb level 16. File
Rule/ Push-pull tape. tape. This is used to measure pipes to be cut and for measuring the run of the pipes.
Blow TorchTorch- this is used as a source of heat when melting lead and heating the soldering copper for calk joint.
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Calking Iron- this is used for caulking oakum and lead for bed and spigot joints. Plunger. This is used to clear the trap at floor drains, or minor obstructions through a pumping action. This is also known as Plumber’s friend or Plumber’s helper. Soldering Copper. This is used for soldering lead on flashing of vent pipes on G.I. Roofing. File. This is used to remove the burrs of cut pipes.
Tin snip. snip. This is used for cutting G.I. sheets for straps to anchor pipes.
Plumb Level. Level. This is used to establish and guide grades on horizontal drain pipe runs.
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SPRING WATER SOURCE In most conditions, springs are shallow wells with water supply just a few meters from the ground surface. If this is the source of domestic water supply, careful attention must be given to yield and purify. The flow may stop during dry season or surface water may get contaminated. Spring water can be developed so as to secure maximum protection from contamination by excavating sufficiently to locate the true spring openings and to insure a secure foundation for the encasing structure. This structure is known as a spring box which serves as a collector for spring water. Water collected from the spring box flows to a larger storage tank and then to the distribution pipes. The determination of the yield of the spring water source employs a very simple
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Determine total daily water demand Total demand= 200 persons x 60 liters/ person / day = 12,000 liters per day
Therefore, the spring with the daily flow of 13,824 liters can sufficiently meet the demand of the community of 200 people. WELLS Wells are holes or shafts sunk into the earth to obtain water from an aquifer. An aquifer is a water-bearing formation of gravel, permeable rock or sand that is capable of providing water, in usable quantities, to springs or wells.
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only by the distance one must dig to obtain an adequate supply of fresh water, even down to 450 meters. RAIN WATER SOURCE In terms of resource conservation, rainwater is an attractive alternative. Rain water is soft and is near to the purest state in the hydrological cycle. However, air pollution causes rainwater to be acidic which corrode non-ferrous pipes and cause rusting and clogging of steel pipes. In spite of these conditions, rainwater collection system remains a viable water source alternative. This system typically employ a cistern or covered reservoir tanks to store water collected from roofs or other relatively clean, impervious surfaces. The collected rain can be used for flushing water closets and urinals, as well as for landscape
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As part of the design problem, it was required that 5 water closets, 2 urinals and 2 slop sinks of a school building in Cebu city be provided with an alternative source of water supply, specifically from rainfall catchment. Your are to determine the size of the rainwater cistern based on the following givens or assumptions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Water closets shall be flush tank types Rainfall data of Cebu is available from PAGASA Roof area is 1,000 1,000 square meter. Capacity of cistern to satisfy 30 minute duration of water demand Rainfall catchment efficiency is 80%.
Solution 1. Solving for rainwater demand load
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3. Solving for the amount of available rain water per month: Available rain water = monthly rain fall x roof area x 80% Therefore:
January
109.00 x 1000 x 0.80
87, 200 liters
February
71.10 x 1000 x 0.80
56, 880
March
54.60 x 800
43,680
April
58.60 x800
46,880
May
120.90 x 800
96,720
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*Water with head of 1.00m and a base of 1m 2 will exert a pressure of 9810 N/m 2, or 9810 Pa, that is 9.81 kPa. •
Classification of Heads There are different kinds of head according to their effect on pumping operations.
1. Static Discharge Head or Gravity Head Head - results from the vertical height of a column of water. It is the weight of water exerted as a result of the force of gravity. In pumping operatons, it is the vertical distance (in meters) from the center line of the pump to the point of free discharge. 2. Pressure head - the vertical height to to which a given pressure will force water to a certain level 3. Suction Lift - the term used when the source of supply is below the center line of the pump. 4. Static Suction Lift - the vertical distance (in meters) from the liquid level to the center line of the pump. 5. Total Suction Lift - the static suction lift plus friction head in the entire suction pipe and fittings. 6. Suction head - the term used when the source of supply is above the center lne of the pump. Also known as flooded suction. 7. Static Suction Head - the vertical distance (in meters) from the center line of the pump to the level of the liquid being pumped. 8. Total Suction Head- the static suction head minus the friction head in the entire suction pipe and fittings. 9. Total discharge Head- the static delivery head plus the friction head plus the friction head in all of the delivery pipe and fittings. 10. Velocity Head - the head required to accelerate the water in the delivery pipe. It should be included in the total pump head but it so nominal that it is usually ignored. 11. Total Pump Head - the total suction lift plus the total delivery plus the velocity head.
CHAPTER 11: DOMESTIC HOT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
DOMESTIC HOT WATER SUPPLY The supply of hot water of domestic use is based on the need for personal hygiene and washing in order to remain healthy and safe. 1. Personal hygiene- through science, people became aware that dirt harbors disease, to keep away from this condition people attend to constantly maintain
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animals. Hot water also helps to open skin pores, letting the soap get down into the tissue to lift out the oil and dirt. 2. Washing- certain substances, such as fatty foods on a plate, require a temperature of 60 degrees centigrade to lift them. There are several methods of heating water , but the availability of fuel and the cost involved in operating and maintaining the system are main concerns in choosing the suitable type. The types of fuel currently available are: 1. Electricity 5. steam 2. Solid fuel- coal 6. Oil 3. Gas 7. Heat pumps 4. Solar HEAT-UP TIME In order to achieve the greatest convenience and the best running cost, knowledge of the heat-up time for water heaters is important. Capacities of water heaters vary according to requirements, storage size and heat input. This is the reason why most heaters have to be turned- on before use as they need time to heat up. To be able to calculate the heat- up time we need to understand a few facts about heating water. 1. Specific heat- is the specific amount of heat for a specific temperature rise. It takes 4.187 kJ (kilo Joules) of energy to raise 1 kilogram of water through 1 degree centigrade. 2. For the purpose of calculations, 1 liter of water has a mass of 1 kilogram. 3. Temperature Rise (TR)- is the difference between the cold water temperature and the final required temperature. This is expressed in the formula: TR= (t2-t1) 4. Often the water water heater is electrical equipment that is related in kilowatts (kW), it is necessary to convert kJ to kW. The conversion is kW= 3600 kJ. Knowing the quantity of water to be heated, the temperature rise and the specific heat of water, we can calculate the amount of heat required, and because electrical appliances have the input based on an hourly rate, these figures can be reversed to find the time it would take to heat up. SAMPLE PROBLEM Calculate the amount of electrical energy and the time required to heat 13 liters of water from 10 oC to 60oC at 100% efficiency. Solution 1. Solving for Temperature Rise: TR=60 oC - 10oC= 50oC 2. Solving for Energy Required Energy Required = liters x temperature x specific heat = 13 liters x 50 oC x 4.187 kJ/ liter oC = 13 liters x 50 oC x 4.187 kJ Liter degree centigrade = 2,721.55 kJ
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T= 2721.55 kJ 3600 kJ/ kWh x 0.76 kW Convert hours to minutes: T= 0.99 hours x 60 minutes / hour = 59.4 minutes The above time of 59.4 minutes is quite impractical for a waiting time before hot water is available. To shorten the waiting time, the input should be increased. ADDENDUM OF SAMPLE PROBLEM *If we double the input from 0.76 kW to 1.52kW, calculate the time it will take to reach the required temperature. Solution. Use the same figures but this time double the input. T= 13 liters x 50 oC x 4.187 k 3600kJ/ kWh x 1.52kW = 2721.55 kJ 5472 kJ/ h
=
0.497 hours
Convert hours to minutes T= 0.497h x 60 min/ h Time= 29.82 minutes TYPES OF HOT WATER SYSTEM AVAILABLE The above stated types of fuel can be used to heat the water in the following systems: 1. Localized water heating (single appliances) a. High Pressure b. Low Pressure 2. Centralized hot water system a. High Pressure b. Low Pressure 3. Storage water heaters a. High Pressure b. Low Pressure 4. Instantaneous water heaters a. High Pressure b. Low Pressure STORAGE WATER HEATER- OPEN OUTLET SINGLE POINT, ABOVE SINK All heaters of this type are designed to serve one fixture at a time. Although, it is possible to install the heater between two adjacent fixtures so the swivel spout can be turned to supply both. They are available from 7 to 34 liters storage and normally have a 2000 watt element fitted. This means that there is heat-up time of 12 minutes to 1 hour. STORAGE WATER HEATER- OPEN OULET SINGLE POINT, UNDER SINK
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discharging it over the sink. The cold water faucet controls the flow of hot water and the hot outlet pipe allows for expansion. Under sink water heaters are not suitable for use with dish washers, unless installed as low-pressure water heaters.
INSTANTANEOUS HEATERS Instantaneous heaters instantly heat cold water as it passes through the heater. These heaters are compact since storage is not required. They are popularly used at showers and lavatories and due to this condition; there is a shower model and lavatory model. 1. Shower model- has rated power consumption of 6000 watts (6kW) - provides a continuous supply of hot water at a maximum rate of 3 liters per minute at a showering temperature of 40 degrees centigrade. 2. Lavatory model- has a rated power consumption of 3000 watts (3kW) -provides a continuous supply of warm water for hand washing at the rate of approximately 1.4 liters per minute. 3. Multi-point model- serves several fixtures such as a range of lavatories, sink or . shower.
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OPERATION OF INSTANTANEOUS HEATER 1. When the cold water control valve is turned on, water flows and exerts pressure on a pressure switch which in turn completes the electrical circuit so that the element can now heat the water as it passes through. The pressure switch is the safeguard that the heating element is only on when water is flowing. 2. A preset thermal cut-out switch is also incorporated as a safety measure against overheating the water. 3. The heating element is thermostatically controlled using a rod thermostat or invar steel which expands very little. This is fixed inside a tube of brass which expands very little. This is fixed inside a tube of brass which expands approximately 18 times as much as the invar steel. When the brass tube, which is in contact with the water, expands, it draws out the invar rod with it and breaks the electrical contact. 4. A magnet ensures a clean snap action, as the magnet will hold the control switch until the last minute, so preventing excessive arcing and rapid deterioration of the contact points.
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CENTRALIZED HOT WATER SUPPLY
In centralized systems, water is heated and stored centrally and distributed to the hot water faucets via the hot water piping. In the average home, an electric heating element is directly immersed into the water to be heated. But, for commercial and larger projects an independent boiler or furnace is used to heat the water remotely. The hot water is stored in a range boiler or storage tank that is located as near the boiler as possible to keep heat losses at a minimum. To provide an adequate supply of hot water for the average family, a 180 liter storage cylinder is recommended and is designed to provide the central bulk of the hot water requirements. The aforementioned value should be increased if there is an abnormally high usage of hot water or be supplemented with secondary forms of heating water. 1. The hot water storage vessel holds sufficient water to meet a large draw-off at
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•
Heating element- the size of the heating element has a direct bearing on the heating up time, which is also related to the size of the storage cylinder. A general guide for adequate supply is: 135 liters 1500 watts 180 liters 2000 watts
Both the 180 liter with a 2000 watt element and the 135 liter with a 1500 watt element will reach a temperature of 60 degrees centigrade in 5 hours and 15 minutes, based on cold water entering the cylinder at 10 degrees centigrade. Caution: It is not uncommon for higher wattage elements to be installed, up to 3000 watts in a 135 liter cylinder, but when this is done in an old installation, the wiring should be checked to avoid electrical overloading that may result to fire. •
•
Thermostat- is the key to a satisfactory and economical water heater, automatically switching off the power when the preset temperature is reached and switching on again when hot water is drawn off, or the temperature drops through heat loss. Recommended thermostat settings for average family requirement are 65 to 0 degrees centigrade. Where there are smaller demands, 60 degrees centigrade is more economical temperature. Some savings can be made by lowering the temperature setting during summer. Range boiler/ hot water storage tank- the hot water tank serves the domestic hot water system in a storage capacity. There are two types of tanks used for the storage of hot water: 1. Range boiler- the small cylindrical hot water tank that varies in size from 300 mm to 600 mm in diameter and is not more than 1800 mm long. The range boiler is made of galvanized steel sheet of standard and extra heavy gauge. It can be used in either horizontal or vertical position. 2. Storage tank- the large cylindrical hot water tank with a range of diameter at 600mm to 1350 mm and not more than 4500 mm long.
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The storage tank and heating device of a hot water distribution system are so assembled as to create a circulation of water within them. The movement of the water is the result of molecular activity. The application of heat to a body of water caused it to expand and become less dense, which give it a natural tendency to rise. The inequality of weights between the hot and the cold water contained in the tank results a circulation of the liquid. The operation and efficiency of the hot water distribution system is dependent upon the following: 1. Type of heating system used a. Direct system b. Indirect system 2. Type of tank connection used a. Vertical position b. Horizontal position c. Pipes, valves and fittings 3. Types of installation used a. Upfeed and Gravity return b. Overhead feed and gravity return c. Pump circuit system DIRECT HEATING SYSTEM In this system the water that is being heated by the boiler is actually used out of the hot water faucets. Direct water heaters are classified into four categories: 1. Range boilers a. Range boiler and furnace coil b. Range boiler and heater
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pressure relief valve is placed at the top for safety. The furnace coil is located in the furnace box. Range boiler and Heater- the range boiler is usually installed horizontally on a stand. The heater maybe fired by coal, gas or oil.
Side-Arm Gas Heater- is used mostly during summer months in temperate countries to support furnace oil heaters. Gas water heater- a galvanized iron, copper, or porcelain- lined steel tank enclosed in an insulating jacket. A gas (LPG) burner provides the heat. The thermostat controls the temperature of the water in the insulated tank. Its operation is automatic and will keep water at any temperature from 45 to 75 degree centigrade, according to the setting of the thermostat. Gas water heaters provide an efficient and inexpensive way to supply hot water at all times.
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Electric Water Heater- normally has two immersion type heating elements. The upper heater usually has higher wattage than the lower. Thermostats control these elements to ensure that the operation is automatic. The heater does not need a flue or smoke stack since there are no burning products. The electric water heater may be located in a closet.
INDIRECT HEATING SYSTEM In this system the water that is heated by the boiler is never used out of the hot water faucets, but circulates through a heat exchanger. This takes the form of a coil pipe within the hot water storage tank. The heated water circulates through the system and in turn heats the water held within the storage tank, then results to the boiler to be reheated. The advantages of this system are: 1. Since the water in the boiler does not mix with the water in the storage tank, the risk of rusty water being drawn off through the faucets is eliminated. 2. It keeps the carbonate deposits to a minimum level because once the temporary
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3. Annulars cylinder- is a horizontal calorifier that works in a similar way to that described above. This best suited for areas with limited headroom.
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It is advisable to seat the tank in a vertical position on small installations and in a horizontal position on the larger installations. In both the vertical and horizontal position, the tank must be set above the heater to allow the heated water to rise and permit a more rapid circulation. Other necessary connections to the tank are: a. Cold water supply- delivered into the tank via a boiler tube that extends to within 150mm of the tank bottom. The purpose for this is to avoid the possibility of cooling the hot water which accumulates at the top of the tank. This cold water line must have a small hole within 150mm from the top of the tank. This hole serves as a vacuum breaker and prevents siphonage. The supply line into the tank must be equipped with a control valve located as close to the hot water tank as possible. b. Flow connection- is connected to an opening on the tank somewhere above its center point. This line is called the flow connection because the heated water flows from the heater in the tank. c. Return connection- is connected to a tapping on the bottom of the tank. This line is called the return connection because it returns the colder water from the bottom of the tank of the heater. d. Drain valve- is located at the lowest point of the storage tank. e. Hot water distribution pipe- is connected to a tapping on the top of the tank at the point near the flow inlet. f. Blow-off valve- is installed to the storage tank to control the temperature and
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c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
However, this practice may vary according to the length of the risers, in order to avoid one riser circulating faster and more thoroughly than the others. For example, should an installation consists of 3 risers of varying heights, the longest can be connected to the main horizontally; the shorter riser by a vertical connection; and the third riser maybe connected with a 45 degree fitting. The flow riser is passed as near the fixtures as possible. Swing joints are provided in the supports of risers to allow for expansion and prevent breakage of the pipes. The flow riser is equipped with a control valve and a drip at its base. The circulating return is connected to a tee that is installed in the riser below the highest fixture to overcome air lock. The return is usually one size smaller that the flow riser. It is connected to a return main often suspended from the basement ceiling. The return riser is also equipped with a drip and a control valve at its base. The circulating main is usually suspended from the basement ceiling and installed with a slope to a Y fitting installed in the return connection between the storage tank and the heating unit. A valve must be placed at this connection. All valves used in the system should be of the gate valve type in order to be assured of a full way water flow and to overcome trapped water lines- a fault which occurs in the use of disc or globe valves. The largest diameter of the pipe is at the bottom of the riser, the size diminishing as it passes through the upper floor s of the building.
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OVERHEAD FEED AND GRAVITY RETURN SYSTEM - The most efficient method of delivering hot water to fixtures. - It is generally used in multi-storey buildings. - It is dependent on the natural laws governing expansion and gravity - Its advantage is that it allows continuous circulation even if there is a mechanical defect in the system. - The operating principle of the overhead system is based on the fact that in a closed system of piping, water rises when heated. After it has reached the high point of the system, natural forces of gravity return it to the storage unit. FEATURES OF THE OVERHEAD FEED AND GRAVITY RETURN SYSTEM a. The storage tank should be located at the lowest point of the distribution piping. b. Overhead feed riser is connected to a tapping at the top of the storage tank close to the flow connection of the heater. This riser must be extended as direct and free from offsets as possible to the work space or the ceiling above the top floor of the building. This riser must not have connections from fixtures. c. Distribution main is connected to the top of the riser, and is suspended from the ceiling or the building framework by means of metal hangers. The main must be pitched away from the riser so that the water will flow to the last drop. The main shoulder be located so as to make the horizontal runs of the riser as short ans as equal in length as possible. d. The horizontal riser branch is connected into the main by means of inverted 45 degree fitting and is pitched to the drop or vertical riser proper. The horizontal riser branch must be equipped with a valve installed as close as may be
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