I. COURSE IDENTIFICATION A. B. C. D. E.
Course Code : Course Ti Title: tle: Course Credit: Course Classi%icatio Classi%ication n Course Prere&uisite
Social Science Science 5 Politics and Goernance !it" P"ili##ine Constitution $ units None
II. COURSE DESCRIPTION: An introduction to t"e 'asic conce#ts and tenets o% #olitical science %ocusin( on #olitics) (oernance and (oern*ent. T"e course also tac+les t"e ,-/ P"ili##ine Constitution0t"e %unda*ental la! o% t"e re#u'lic. T"e course is %ocused on #roidin( t"e inter#retations on t"e constitution s#eci%icall1. s#eci%icall1. T"e e2ecutie 'ranc") t"e 3e(islatie Branc") t"e 4udicial Branc" and Bill o% Ri("ts. T"is is a t"ree un it course in t"e P"ili##ine education s1ste* *andated '1 t"e Co**ission on i("er Education 6CED7 %or t"e tertiar1 leel. III. COURSE OB4ECTI8ES: At t"e end o% t"e se*ester) t"e student are e2#ected to *ani%est t"e %ollo!in( co*#etencies: ,. De*onstrate a t"orou(" understandin( o% t"e #roision on t"e constitution '1 deelo#in( an anal1sis #a#er on t"e %unction o% t"e 'ranc"es o% (oern*ent and ri("t o% t"e #eo#le. 9.
Anal1e t"e 'asic conce#ts) #rinci#les) doctrines a##lied in t"e e2istence o% t"e state.
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Internalie and e2ercise (eneral ri("ts and constitutional ri("ts ens"rined in t"e la!.
;.
Classi%1 co*#etentl1 t"e 'ranc"es o% (oern*ent and t"e constitutional co**issions.
5.
De*onstrate t"e s#irit o% intellectual *aturit1 '1 su'scri'in( to t"e #rinci#les o% t"e state.
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S"o! interest in t"e deelo#*ent o% t"e %unda*ental la! o% t"e land and its conce#ts.
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=ani%est t"e a##lication o% t"e ri("ts and duties o% t"e citiens
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>ee# #atriotis*) nationalis* and loe to t"e citienr1 and t"e state.
IV. COURSE COVERAGE Prelims
Topics A.8ision0 =ission Pro(ra* O'?ecties) A.8ision0 O'?ecties) Course Re&uire*ents Re&uire*ents )Sc"ool Policies) Policies) Gradin( S1ste* S1ste* B. T"e nature o% a State) Politics) Goern*ent and Goernance De%ine state) (oern*ent and (oernance) Descri'e t"rou(" "istorical ti*eline "o! state e2isted and t"e #olitical eolution C. =odels and c"aracteristics c"aracteristics o% arious %or*s %or*s o% (oern*ent T"e Re#u'lic Uto#ia Di%%erentiate Di%%erenti ate (oern*ent as to arious t1#es Create a state*ent "o! a state is 'ein( (oerned 'ased on certain conditions Descri'e t"e Re#u'lic and Uto#ia as *odels o% (oernance. Anal1sis usin( #ictures 3ecture usin( Po!er #oint #resentation Oral recitation One #a(e reaction #a#er a'out t"e (ood %eatures #resented #resented '1 eac" *odels. D. T"e ,-/ P"ili##ine Constitution o% t"e Re#u'lic o% t"e P"ili##ines Relate t"e si(ni%icance o% t"e ,$/) , /$ and ,-/ Constitution o% t"e Re#u'lic Recite t"e Prea*'le o% t"e P"ili##ine Constitution and locate t"e National Terri erritor1 tor1 o% t"e P"ili##ines P"ili##ine s in a =a#. Oral Recitation 3ocatin( t"e P"ili##ine Territor1 Territor1 in a *a# '1 (rou#in(s Reaction #a#er a'out t"e i*#ortance o% reisin( a constitution Grou# Presentation Ru'ric PRE3I=INAR@ EA=INATION Midterm The National Territor Bill o% Ri("ts Fa*il1 Fa*il1 Code Su%%ra(e Proisions and and A*end*ents A*end*ents 3ocatin( t"e national national territor1 o% o% t"e P"ili##ines in t"e =a# '1 identi%1in( identi%1in( intercontinental s"ele) s"ele) inland !ater) *arine !ater and air s#ace
Discuss 'asic ri("ts 'ein( en?o1ed '1 a t1#ical students Re#ortin( discussion 6Inte(rated *et"od7 Re%lectie Reaction The !ranches o" the Go#ernment E2ecutie 3e(islatie 4udiciar1 Discuss t"e s1ste* o% 'alance !it"in t"e 'ranc"es o% t"e (oern*ent Giin( insi("t "o! s1ste* o% c"ec+ and 'alance #reails in t"e (oern*ent One Pa(e reaction #a#er on t"e si(ni%icance o% t"e s1ste* o% c"ec+ and 'alance in t"e (oern*ent The E$ec%ti#e Branch and the di""erent departments Create a re#ort descri'in( "o! a t1#ical de#art*ent #er%or* its %unction %or t"e (eneral !el%are o% t"e #eo#le Presentation o% t"e di%%erent de#art*ents o% t"e (oern*ent and t"eir initial %unction Re#ort #resentation Ru'rics The &e'islati#e Branch T"e U##er ouse ouse o% Senate T"e 3o!er ouse ouse o% Re#resentaties Di%%erentiate t"e t!o "ouses o% t"e le(islature and identi%1 #ersonalities occu#1in( suc" #osition Create a ta'le s"o!in( t"e *e*'ers o% t"e ouse o% Senate and Re#resentaties Pro%ilin( an incu*'ent Senator or Con(ress*an MI(TERM E)AMINATION Pre*"inals The +%diciar its role and "%nction Trace t"e deelo#*ent o% t"e 4udiciar1 as an inde#endent 'ranc" o% t"e (oern*ent Conce#t *a##in( and Ti*eline #resentation Reaction #a#er on t"e i*#eac"*ent case o% C4 Renato Corona The Commissions o" Election Descri'e t"e role o% t"e Co**ission on Elections in t"e Goern*ent Interactie discussio Criti&uin( case studies 'ased on Election related actiities The Commission on A%dit and the Commission on Appointment Descri'e t"e role o% t"e Co**issions in t"e Goern*ent) Interactie discussion) Criti&uin( case studies 'ased on ) Election related actiities and a##oint*ent s o% (oern*ent o%%icials PRE*,INA& E)AMINATION ,inals &and Re"orm and the Comprehensi#e &and re"orm pro'ram o" the Philippines Deter*ine t"e #rinci#le underl1in( in t"e CARP #ro(ra* as a social res#onsi'ilit1 3ecture Grou# discussion Case anal1sis Reaction #a#er on t"e acienda 3uisita case %ocusin( on t"e decision as a social res#onsi'ilit1 Acco%nta!ilit o" P%!lic O""icers and Re#isitin' Philippine -istor and the co%rse o" National (e#elopment Criticie t"e d1na*ic %unction and role o% a Pu'lic O%%icial in Nation Buildin( ) Brainstor*in(Re#ortin() Case Anal1sis on t"e Citiens C"arter as a %or* o% Good (oernance) Presentation o% Out#ut ru'rics Pro"ile o" the Philippine President Discuss t"e #eriod !"erein #oert1 "as 'een re*ediated t"ru sound (oern*ent e%%ort) Grou# #resentation) Re#ort Presentation Ru'rics FINA3 EA=INATION 8. COURSE REUIRE=ENTS: Preli* ) =idter*) Pre0%inals and %inals
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Class Standin' 6S"ort0$) lon( H 97
5
Per%or*ance
9
Be"aior
,
Attendance Pro?ect 6Seat!or+) Assi(n*ents7 8I. Gradin( S1ste*:
9$
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PG 6 CA297JP $ FG PG,JPG9JPG$JPG; ; CA JBJPRJPJA 5 CA s"ort &uies 6$7 J 3on( uies 697 J Attendance 6,7 J Partici#ation 697 J Be"aior 6,7 J Pro?ect 6,7 5 Grade Point ,. - H , unaut"oried !it"dra!al ,.95 5 H / aut"oried !it"dra!al ,.5 9 H ; ,./5 - 0 , 9. -< H --
9.95
- 0 -5
UK
9.5
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AK
9./5 $. FA
NC NG
no credit no (rade
8I. COURSE REFERENCE: Te2t'oo+: et al 9;
Politics) Goernance L Goern*ent !it" P"ili##ine Constitution '1 Ro*an R Dannin(
Re%erence Boo+s: Costales) Rodri(o D. et al. 69,7. Politics and (oernance: "istor1) (oern*ent and constitution. =anila: Re2 Boo+ Store Dia) C"ristine 3. 697. T"e ot"er P"ili##ine "istor1 te2t'oo+: #recolonial P"ili##ines to t"e reolution) 'oo+ ,. Pasi( Cit1: Anil Pu'lis"in() Inc. Dia) C"ristine 3. 697. T"e ot"er P"ili##ine "istor1 te2t'oo+: t"e A*erican #eriod to t"e #resent) 'oo+ 9. Pasi( Cit1: Anil Pu'lis"in() Inc. Garcia) Carlito D. 697. P"ili##ine (oern*ent and constitution. =andalu1on( Cit1: Boo+s At'#. Pu'lis"in( Cor#. Oca*#o) A*'et". 697. ,, stories on t"e P"ili##ine reolution. Pasi( Cit1: Anil Pu'lis"in( Inc. A istor1 o% t"e Fili#ino Peo#le '1 Maide Essentials o% Constitution '1 Sison) Car*ela 8. 95 Adentures in Political Science '1 R. E A(#alo
Ke'sites:
"tt#:!!!.#"ili##ine0"istor1.or( "tt#:!!!.scri'd.co*doc9/-959P"ili##ine0istor1
=onda1) 4une ,;) 9, slla!%s o" political science %or *1 #olitical science class) t"e assi(n*ent is t"e entire #art I %or ne2t *eetin(
Pa*antasan n( 3un(sod n( =a1nila 6Uniersit1 o% t"e Cit1 o% =anila7 Intra*uros) =anila Colle(e o% 3i'eral Arts Politics and Goernance !it" P"ili##ine Constitution C"ristian E. Riero Second Se*ester) S@ 909, De#art*ent o% u*anities
Course Descri#tion T"e course is an introduction to t"e conce#ts) t"eories and # rinci#les o% #olitical science) t1#es o% #olitical s1ste*s) deelo#*ent o% #olitical institutions and t"e #rocesses inoled in a lar(er international !orld s1ste*. T"e course s#eci%icall1 #roides an understandin( on P"ili##ine (oern*ent and #olitics as it (ies "i("li("ts on stud1in( and e 2a*inin( t"e deelo#*ent) or(aniation and o#eration o% t"e P"ili##ine #olitical s1ste* !it" s#ecial e*#"asis on t"e P"ili##ine Constitution. 3i+e!ise) t"e course !ill also deal !it" t"e current issues con%rontin( t"e students ta+in( t"e course. Course O'?ecties ,. Proide t"e students !it" t"e t"eories and #rinci#les in t"e course o% #olitical science 9. Proide t"e students !it" t"e +no !led(e on t"e deelo#*ent) or(aniation and o#eration o% t"e P"ili##ine (oern*ent $. Stren(t"en t"e students a!areness on t"e %or*al structure %or #olitical #artici#ation and t"eir role as citiens o% t"e countr1 ;. Proides t"e students !it" t"e understandin( on t"e i*#ortance o% #u'lic o#inion and t"e e*er(ence o% t"e ciil societ1 5. Rein%orce t"e students understandin( on t"e constitution as t"e 'asis o% all #olitical institutions and #rocesses. Course Content I. Nature o% Politics and Goernance Nature o% Politics and Goernance De%inition o% Political Science Sco#e o% Political Science Political Science and Its Related Fields II. State and Its Ele*ents =eanin( o% t"e State T"eories on t"e Ori(in o% t"e State Ele*ents o% t"e State State Distin(uis"ed %ro* Nation In"erent Po!ers o% t"e State Ri("ts and O'li(ations o% t"e State III. Goern*ent and Political Ideolo(1 De%inition o% Goern*ent For*s o% Goern*ent Best For* o% Goern*ent Conce#t and De%inition o% Ideolo(1 Po#ular >inds o% Ideolo(ies I8. Constitution Nature and Conce#ts o% t"e Constitution =eanin( o% t"e Constitution Pur#oses and Functions o% t"e Constitution Classi%ication o% t"e Constitution Re&uisites o% a Good Kritten Constitution istor1 o% t"e P"ili##ine Constitution 8. Bill o% Ri("ts Political Ri("ts Ciil Ri("ts Social and Econo*ic Ri("ts Ri("ts o% t"e Accused 8I. Citiens"i# Conce#ts o% Citiens"i# >inds o% Citiens Citiens and Aliens Distin(uis"ed =odes o% Ac&uirin( Citiens"i# 3oss o% Citiens"i# Duties and Res#onsi'ilities o% Citiens 8II. Su%%ra(e and Election Nature o% Su%%ra(e Ri("t o% Su%%ra(e in t"e P"ili##ines >inds o% Election in t"e P"ili##ines uali%ication o% 8oters Dis&uali%ication o% 8oters A'sentee 8otin( 8III. Political Parties and Interest Grou#s De%inition o% Political Part1 Functions o% Political Parties De%inition o% Interest Grou# Interest Grou#s in t"e P"ili##ines I T"e P"ili##ine Goern*ent Princi#le o% Se#aration o% Po!ers Princi#le o% C"ec+s and Balance 3e(islatie Branc" o% t"e Goern*ent E2ecutie Branc" o% t"e Goern*ent 4udicial Branc" o% t"e Goern*ent 3ocal Goern*ent in t"e P"ili##ines . International Relations De%inition o% Forei(n Polic1 Re&uire*ents o% a Forei(n Polic1 International Relations De%initions o% International 3a! I*#ortance o% International 3a! United Nations Or(aniations
Re%erence An1 Boo+ on t"e Constitution o% t"e P"ili##ines Posted '1 cris at ,:$, A=
PO3ITICS) GO8ERNANCE AND TE NEK PI3IPPINE CONSTITUTION: An Introductor1 3ecture KAT IS PO3ITICS To!ards an Qunderstanda'le and Qacce#ta'le *eanin( Politics) #oliti+a in t"e lan(ua(e o% conte*#orar1 Ilo+ano) I'aloi) Ta(alo( and ot"er Fili#inos) traces its roots %ro* #olitic 6ad?.7 *odeled on Aristotles ta #oliti+a 00a%%airs o% state) %ro* #oliti&ue 6=iddle Frenc" ,;c.7 #olitical) %ro* 3atin #oliticus o% citiens or t"e state) ciil) ciic) %ro* Gree+ #oliti+os o% citiens or t"e state) %ro* #olites citien) %ro* #olis cit1. 6Online Et1*olo(1 Dictionar1) 9,97 In da10to0da1 conersations a*on( di%%erent (rou#s o% #eo#le 6i.e.) teac"ers) students) '1standers) #u'lic utilit1 e"icle driers) so*e I(orot elders) reli(ious sects) etc.7) t"e usa(e o% t"e ter* Q#oliti+a *a1 *ean *an1 t"in(s. Per"a#s 1ou "ae "eard) read) or *i("t "ae uttered) Qnaru(it ti #oliti+a or Q*aru*i an( #oliti+a 6lit. translation: #olitics is dirt17. Is it so Or are 1ou 6and *a1'e *ost o% us7 re%errin( to #olitico or #oliticians 6li+e t"e senator) (oernor) 'aran(a1 ca#tain7 !"o *i("t "ae 'een ru*ored to 'e corru#t) or inoled in 'ri'er1) or *aster*inded t"e +illin( o% a #olitical rial) or a*assed uni*a(ina'le a*ount o% *one1 %ro* ille(al actiities ence) !e *a1 as+: Is #oliti+a or #oliti+o dirt1 I% 1ou "ae "eard so*e elders in 1our co**unit1 conersin( durin( !a+es or delierin( so*e +ind o% tal+ 6'ilinadice7 durin( !eddin(s) 1ou *i("t "ae oer"eard co**ents li+e: Nalain( sis1a a1 *an#oliti+a 6lit. translation: es (ood at #olitics7 Politi"a +ari etan a esel 6lit. translation: T"at tal+ is #olitics7. Is t"e ter* Q#olitics as used in t"is conte2t t"e sa*e in *eanin( as used in t"e #recedin( #ara(ra#" a'oe ere is a si*#le stor1 narrated to *e '1 *1 'rot"er: Nunta +asal nen =ar(ie c"i ili ta1o) +a*an0iistor1a era sot en+eda"a1. >u!an nu sa"e1) QEn0a"ara+ +o*a ni*an a dai ne* *an0ne#ne# *etV Se'at nu +arait to: QSin( toE( *et *an0uc"an. E( *et *an*i+is #a1 E'a11a( a nine*ne*ne* c"a no n(anto e #i1an na esden no in+u!an da nu #il*iron nan0asel. I #i1an ton esden (a1a*) Qan(+en e( da en0a"ad te# #ara*a1 re(la nen +ad!a to. >u!anet nu *antet0tetnen(: AraV Politi"a (a1a* etan. 6lit. translation: Durin( t"e !eddin( o% =ar(ie in our "o*eto!n) a (rou# o% elders !ere tellin( stories. An old *an said: QI !ould li+e to (o "o*e 'ut t"ere is a "ea1 do!n#our. Sur#rised) "is co*#anions reacted: Qo! can t"at 'e It is not rainin(. Its not een drilin(. It too+ a !"ile %or t"e ot"er elders to understand !"at t"e old *an *eant '1 "is state*ent. K"at t"e old *an !as tr1in( to cone1 is t"at) Qt"ere is no sense o% (oin( "o*e 'ecause "is !i%e is *enstruatin(. T"ose listenin( to t"e conersation o% t"e old *en co**ented: QAraVWe2#r.X T"at Wtal+X !as all #olitics. 7 64. Sa(ando1) #ersonal co**unication) 4une ,) 9,97 So) !"ic" #olitics t"en are !e atte*#tin( to understand Is it t"e #olitics in t"e conte2t o% t"e #"rase) naru(it ti #oliti+a or t"e #olitics in t"e co**ent) AraV Politi"a (a1a* etan. For sure) #olitics is not ne! to *an1 o% us. Per"a#s) so*e o% 1ou are indi%%erent to #olitics 'ecause it is so*et"in( not interestin(. Certainl1) ot"ers *a1 ar(ue t"at #olitics is not t"eir cu# o% tea. No!) i% 1ou detest 'ein( !it" #oliticians 'ecause o% t"e #o#ular i*a(e t"at t"e1 #ro?ect 6i.e.) liars) (reed1) corru#t) "ain( no conscience7) 1ou are not alone. ere is a stor1 o% a %or*er 'aran(a1 ca#tain !"o) a%ter serin( one ter*) decided not to 'e re0elected des#ite t"e #roddin( o% "is constituents. 9 Ada *a1sa n(a +a#itan ti 'aran(a1 n(a na(+una n(a *adi nan +anu n(a n(a a(+a#itan *anen (a#u iti *an(*an(e( na n(a sao da(iti tattao i?a1 lu(ar da. >as iti *a1sa n(a alda!) idi a naa!at na iti "onorariu* na +as +a#itan) na#an (i**atan( iti 'an(us n(a sida na. Idi #ada*a n(a a(0 #rit#rito iti 'an(us) usto *et n(a adda li**a'as n(a tao a na(+una) U**) na'an(lo ti sida ni +a#itan a". Da1ta ?a1 +u#it na. Nu #a1 "aan n(a na(0un(et ?a1 +a#itan iti nan(e( na) na#anunot na n(a n(a +as?a1 (a1a* ti #a(aru# da(iti u*ili iti #olitico. Isu n(a idi nal#as ti ter* na n(a +a#itan) u ra1 nu #ili#iliten da(iti +a+ad!a na n(a tu*ara1 *anen) +unana n(a na#in#intas ti *a+i0+ontrata iti #ro?ect ta "aan n(a i'a(a da(iti tattao n(a +u#+u#iten na ti +u!arta ti u*ili. 6lit. translation: T"eres one 'aran(a1 ca#tain !"o said t"at "e no lon(er !anted to 'e reelected 'ecause o% t"in(s t"at #eo#le sa1 a(ainst "i*. For instance) one da1) a%ter receiin( "is "onorariu*) "e !ent to 'u1 *il+ %is" and coo+ed it. K"ile "e !as %r1in( t"e %is") so*eone incidentall1 #assed '1 W"is "ouseX. T"e #asser'1 co**ented: QU**) t"e >a#itans iand s*ells (ood. T"ats "is #il%era(e. Alt"ou(" t"e >a#itan !as not ir+ed '1 !"at "e "eard) "e realied t"at #eo#le "ae a 'ad notion a'out #oliticians. ence) !"en "is ter* !as oer) een i% "is %riends !ere #ersuadin( "i* to (o %or reelection) "e decided not to run %or o%%ice a(ain. e clai*ed t"at it is 'etter to !or+ as contractor o% so*e #ro?ects so #eo#le !ould not t"in+ t"at "e is stealin( t"e co**unit1s *one1 Wta2esX. 64. Sa(ando1) #ersonal co**unication) 4une ,) 9,97 Politics) indeed) elicits aried o#inions a*on( aried (rou#s. Fro* Aristotle) a Gree+ #"iloso#"er !"o !rote t"e 'oo+6s7 Politics to t"e er1 ordinar1 *an on t"e streets) Q#olitics "as eoled in its usa(e and *eanin(. At t"is #oint) I !ould li+e to #resent selected ideas 6de%initions or descri#tions7 o% #olitics) !"ic" *i("t e2#and our understandin( o% t"e ter*. 3et us start !it" Aristotle. Aristotle did not !rite a dictionar1 de%inition o% t"e ter* #olitics) 'ut "is e2#osition o% t"e #olis 6Gree+ !ord %or cit1 %ro* !"ic" !e co*e u# !it" ter*s li+e #olitics or #olic17 in "is 'oo+ Politics (ies us an idea o% "o! #olitics !or+. It is clear t"at all #artners"i#s ai* at so*e (ood) and t"at t"e #artners"i# t"at is *ost aut"oritatie o% all and e*'races all t"e ot"ers does so #articularl1) and ai*s at t"e *ost aut"oritatie (ood o% all. T"is is !"at is called t"e cit1 or t"e #olitical #artners"i#. 6Aristotle) c. $5 B.C.E.,-;) #. $57 T"e #artners"i# arisin( %ro* Wt"e union o%X seeral illa(es t"at is co*#lete is t"e cit1. It reac"es a leel o% %ull sel%0su%%icienc1) so to s#ea+ and !"ile co*in( into 'ein( %or t"e sa+e o% liin() it e2ists %or t"e sa+e o% liin( !ell. Eer1 cit1) t"ere%ore) e2ists '1 natureY and t"at *an is '1 nature a #olitical ani*al. e !"o is !it"out a cit1 t"rou(" nature rat"er t"an c"ance is eit"er a *ean sort 6'east7 or su#erior to *an 6(od7YT"at *an is *uc" *ore t"an a #olitical ani*al t"an an1 +ind o% 'ee or "erd o% ani*al is clearYand *an alone a*on( t"e ani*als "as s#eec"Y
For it is #eculiar to *an as co*#ared to t"e ot"er ani*als t"at "e alone "as a #erce#tion o% (ood and 'ad and ?ust and un?ust and ot"er t"in(s and #artners"i# in t"ese t"in(s is !"at *a+es a "ouse"old and a cit1YT"at t"e cit1 is 'ot" '1 nature and #rior to eac" indiidual) t"en) is clear. For i% t"e indiidual !"en se#arated W%ro* itX is not sel%0su%%icientY One !"o is inca#a'le o% #artici#atin( or !"o is in need o% not"in( t"rou(" 'ein( sel%su%%icient is no #art o% a cit1) and so is eit"er a 'east or a (od. 6Aristotle) c. $5 B.C.E.,-;) #. $50$/7 It is interestin( to note t"at Aristotles #olis (oes 'e1ond our co**on understandin( o% !"at a cit1 is 6e.(. Ba(uio Cit17. Per"a#s) !"en 1ou t"in+ o% a cit1) 1ou i*a(ine o% tall 'uildin(s) cro!ded *ar+ets) entertain*ent) concrete roads) cars o% *an1 sorts. But "ae 1ou t"ou("t o% a cit1 as #artners"i# 'et!een and a*on( interde#endent indiiduals Suc" #artners"i#) Aristotle cleerl1 e2#lains) is *ade #ossi'le 'ecause o% t"e nature o% *an to 'e a #olitical ani*also*eone !"o) endo!ed !it" reason and s#eec") #artici#ates !it" $ t"e a%%airs o% t"e cit1. B1 reason o% t"e necessit1 to lie !ell) t"e illa(es enter into a #artners"i#) !"ic" in turn) #ro#els t"e cit1 to 'e sel%0su%%icient in !ant and needs. Aristotle !ould %urt"er e2#and t"e understandin( o% !"at t"e #olis is '1 sa1in(: a state Wcit1X is co*#osite) li+e an1 ot"er !"ole *ade u# o% *an1 #arts t"ese are t"e citiens W#olitesX) !"o co*#ose it. A citien) Aristotle de%ined) #ossesses a s#ecial c"aracteristic) t"at is) "e s"ares in t"e ad*inistration o% ?ustice) and in o%%ices. 6c. $5 B.C.E.97 e %urt"er !rites: e !"o "as t"e #o!er to ta+e #art in t"e deli'eratie or ?udicial ad*inistration o% an1 state is said '1 us to 'e citiens o% t"at state and) s#ea+in( (enerall1) a state is a 'od1 o% citiens su%%icin( %or t"e #ur#oses o% li%e. 6Aristotle) c. $5 B.C.E.9) Boo+ III) Part I) #ar. $7 To 'e sure) Aristotle &uali%ied t"at t"e citien "e !as de%inin( is: 'est ada#ted to t"e citien o% a de*ocrac1W(oern*ent o% t"e *an1X 'ut not necessaril1 to ot"er states. For in so*e states t"e #eo#le are not ac+no!led(ed) nor "ae t"e1 an1 re(ular asse*'l1) 'ut onl1 e2traordinar1 ones and suits are distri'uted '1 sections a*on( t"e *a(istrates. 6Aristotle) c. $5 B.C.E.9) Boo+ III) Part I) #ar. 97 T"e +e1 idea in 'ein( a citien is Q#artici#ation and in t"e da1s o% t"e old At"enians) t"is !as direct #artici#ation in t"e (eneral asse*'l1) in !"ic" a citien !as accorded t"e ri("t to e2#ress "is ideas t"rou(" o#en s#eec" and in !"ic") "e too) e2ercised "is ri("t to c"oose. Initiall1) !e could t"en sa1 t"at Q#olitics is #artici#ation. T"e ne2t idea t"at I !ould li+e to #resent co*es %ro* Bernard Cric+ 6,<97. Citin( Aristotles #olitical t"ou("ts) Cric+ !rote: Politics) t"en) can 'e si*#l1 de%ined as t"e actiit1 '1 !"ic" di%%erin( interests !it"in a (ien unit o% rule are conciliated '1 (iin( t"e* a s"are in #o!er in #ro#ortion to t"eir i*#ortance to t"e !el%are and t"e surial o% t"e !"ole co**unit1Y T"e #olitical #rocess Wo% conciliationX is not tied to an1 #articular doctrine. Genuine #olitical doctrines) rat"er) are t"e atte*#t to %ind #articular and !or+a'le solutions to t"is #er#etual and s"i%t1 #ro'le* o% conciliation. 6#. ,/7 T"e +e1 !ord in t"e #recedin( #ara(ra#" is t"e Qactiit1 o% Qconciliation. O% course) %or conciliation to ta+e #lace t"ere *ust 'e so*e +ind o% diersit1) o% #luralit1) o% di%%erences re(ardin( "o! t"e !orld !or+s. T"e end o% conciliation) Cric+ i*#lies) is not to 'e o% one *ind) rat"er it is %or t"e continuit1 or surial o% t"e !"ole co**unit1. T"e actiit1 o% conciliation) !"ic" is #olitics) Cric+ %urt"er e2#ounds: is a #rocess o% discussion) and discussion de*ands) in t"e ori(inal Gree+ sense) dialectic. For discussion to 'e (enuine and %ruit%ul !"en so*et"in( is *aintained) t"e o##osite or so*e contrar1 case *ust 'e considered or 'etter *aintained '1 so*eone !"o 'eliees it. 6#. 9-7 Cric+ ar(ues t"at #olitics is a !a1 o% rulin( diided societies !it"out undue iolence. It is t"rou(" #olitics t"at %ree *en are (ien t"e %reedo* to act. Kit"out #olitics) Cric+ contends) t"ere is no %reedo*. Cric+ reiterates: ; Politics is si*#l1 !"en t"e1 Wdi%%erin( interestsX are conciliatedt"e solution to t"e #ro'le* o% order !"ic" c"ooses conciliation rat"er t"an iolence or coercion) and c"ooses it as an e%%ectie !a1 '1 !"ic" ar1in( interests can discoer t"at leel o% co*#ro*ise 'est suited to t"eir co**on interest in surial. Politics allo!s arious t1#es o% #o!er !it"in a co**unit1 to %ind so*e reasona'le leel o% *utual tolerance and su##ort. 6#. 957 T"e t"ird idea on #olitics e*anates %ro* arold D!i("t 3as!ell !"o) in ,$<) !rote a 'oo+ titled Politics: K"o Gets K"at) K"en) o!a !or+ !"ose title later sered as t"e standard la1 de%inition o% #olitics 6Enc1clo#Zdia Britannica) 9,97. 3as!ell) in "is t"e o#enin( c"a#ter o% t"e 'oo+) contends t"at #olitics is t"e stud1 o% in%luence and t"e in%luential t"e in%luential are t"ose !"o (et t"e *ost o% !"at is t"ere to (et. T"e Q!"o in t"e 'oo+s title re%ers to t"e Qelite!"o (ets t"e *ost and *ass!"o (ets t"e rest. QK"at 6is t"ere to (et7 *a1 re%er to aaila'le aluesclassi%ied as de%erence) inco*e) sa%et1. Aaila'le alues *a1 also 'e diided accordin( to Qs+ill) class) #ersonalit1) attitude. QK"en and "o! re%er to t"e situations and *et"ods inoled in t"e (ettin( and #er"a#s) *aintainin( o% aaila'le alues. Re#"rasin( 3as!ells Q#olitics %or toda1s consu*#tion) D1e 6997 de%ined #olitics as decidin( Q!"o (ets !"at) !"en) and "o!. It is an actiit1 '1 !"ic" #eo#le tr1 to (et *ore o% !"ateer t"ere is to (et*one1) #resti(e) ?o's) res#ect) se2) een #o!er itsel%. D1e %urt"er e2#ounds: T"e !"o are t"e #artici#ants in #oliticsoters) s#ecial0interest (rou#s) #olitical #arties) teleision and t"e #ress) cor#orations and la'or unions) la!1ers and lo''1ists) %oundations and t"in+ tan+s) and 'ot" elected and a##ointed (oern*ent o%%icials) includin( *e*'ers o% Con(ress) t"e #resident and ice #resident) ?ud(es) #rosecutors) and 'ureaucrats. T"e !"at o% #olitics are #u'lic #oliciest"e decisions t"at (oern*ents *a+e concernin( social !el%are) "ealt" care) education) national de%ense) la! en%orce*ent) t"e eniron*ent) ta2ation) and t"ousands o% ot"er issues t"at co*e 'e%ore (oern*ents. T"e !"en and "o! are t"e #olitical #rocessca*#ai(ns and elections) #olitical re#ortin( in t"e ne!s *edia) teleision de'ates) %und raisin() lo''1in() decision *a+in( inY e2ecutie a(encies) and decision *a+in( in t"e courts.6#. $7 To enca#sulate !"at #olitics is a ll a'out) let *e #resent te2ts li%ted %ro* e1!oods 69/7 QPolitics. T"e aut"or de%ines #olitics as: 6,7 t"e art o% (oern*ent 697 #u'lic a%%airs 6$7 co*#ro*ise and consensus and) 6;7 #o!er. As t"e art o% (oern*ent) #olitics is t"e e2ercise o% control !it"in societ1 t"rou(" t"e *a+in( and en%orce*ent o% collectie decisions. As suc") to stud1 #olitics is in essence to stud1 (oern*ent) or) *ore 'roadl1) to stud1 t"e e2ercise o% aut"orit1. US #olitical scientist Daid Easton 6,/) ,-, as cited '1 e1!ood7 contends t"at #olitics enco*#asses t"e arious #rocesses t"rou(" !"ic" (oern*ent res#onds to #ressures %ro* t"e lar(er societ1) in #articular '1 allocatin( 'ene%its) re!ards or #enalties. T"is ie! o% #olitics) e1!ood
!rites) o%%ers a "i("l1 restricted ie! o% #olitics) "ence: Politics is t"ere%ore #racticed in ca'inet roo*s) le(islatie c"a*'ers) (oern*ent de#art*ents and t"e li+e) and it is en(a(ed in '1 a li*ited and s#eci%ic (rou# o% #eo#le) nota'l1 #oliticians) ciil serants and lo''1ists. T"is *eans t"at *ost #eo#le) *ost institutions and *ost social actiities can 'e re(arded 5 as 'ein( Qoutside #olitics. Businesses) sc"ools and ot"er educational institutions) co**unit1 (rou#s) %a*ilies and so on are in t"is sense Qnon#olitical. 6#. 57 Essentiall1) t"ere%ore) t"e ie! o% #olitics as art o% (oern*ent e2cludes #eo#le !"o are out o% t"e (oern*ent o%%ices and a(encies. T"is ie! o% #olitics *i("t een 'e reduced to #art1 #oliticsrestricted to t"ose state actors !"o are consciousl1 *otiated '1 ideolo(ical 'elie%s) and !"o see+ to adance t"e* t"rou(" *e*'ers"i# o% a %or*al or(aniation suc" as a #olitical #art1. As #u'lic a%%airs) #olitics #oints to t"e diision 'et!een an essentiall1 #u'lic s#"ere o% li%e and !"at can 'e t"ou("t o% as a #riate s#"ere. T"is ie! o% #olitics coincides !it" t"e notion o% Q#olitical and Qnon0#olitical as *entioned in #olitics as art o% (oern*ent. T"e ta'le 'elo! *i("t "el# us 'etter understand t"e #u'lic0 #riate diide. Pu'lic Priate T"e State: a##aratus o% (oern*ent Ciil Societ1: autono*ous 'odies li+e 'usinesses) trade unions) clu's) %a*ilies) and so on Pu'lic real*: #olitics) co**erce) !or+) art) culture) and so on Personal real*: %a*il1 and do*estic li%e Politics as #u'lic a%%airs) anna" Arendt 6,5- as cited '1 e1!ood7 ar(ued) is t"e *ost i*#ortant %or* o% "u*an actiit1 'ecause it inoles interaction a*on(st %ree and e&ual citiens. It t"us (ies *eanin( to li%e and a%%ir*s t"e uni&ueness o% eac" indiidual. Arendts ie! "o!eer) is in contrast !it" '1 li'eral t"eorists 6t"in+ers !"o are a(ainst Q#olitical inter%erence in #riate lies7. Suc" li'eral t"eorists #re%er ciil societ1 oer t"e State on t"e reason t"at #riate li%e is a real* o% c"oice) #ersonal %reedo* and indiidual res#onsi'ilit1) "ence) t"e1 atte*#t to narro! t"e real* o% Qt"e #olitical) co**onl1 e2#ressed as t"e !is" to Q+ee# #olitics out o% #riate actiities suc" as 'usiness) s#ort and %a*il1 li%e. Politics as co*#ro*ise and consensus sees #olitics as a #articular *eans o% resolin( con%lict: t"at is) '1 co*#ro*ise) conciliation and ne(otiation) rat"er t"an t"rou(" %orce and na+ed #o!er. T"is ie! o% #olitics is adanced '1 Cric+ 6see #a(es $0;7. To reiterate) t"is ie! o% #olitics is 'ased on resolute %ait" in t"e e%%icac1 o% de'ate and discussion) as !ell as on t"e 'elie% t"at societ1 is c"aracteried '1 consensus rat"er t"an '1 irreconcila'le con%lict. Critics) "o!eer) sa1 t"at Cric+s ie! a##lies *ostl1 to !estern #luralist de*ocracies: in e%%ect) "e e&uated #olitics !it" electoral c"oice and #art1 co*#etition. O'iousl1) Cric+s ie! is not *uc" o% "el# !"en !e tr1 to understand one0#art1 states or *ilitar1 re(i*es. Politics as #o!er is 'ot" t"e 'roadest and t"e *ost radical. Rat"er t"an con%inin( #olitics to a #articular s#"ere 6t"e (oern*ent) t"e state or t"e Q#u'lic real*7 t"is ie! sees #olitics at !or+ in all social actiities and in eer1 corner o% "u*an e2istence. Adrian 3e%t!ic" 69; as cited '1 e1!ood7 sa1s t"at: Q#olitics is at t"e "eart o% all collectie social actiit1) %or*al and in%or*al) #u'lic and #riate) in all "u*an (rou#s) institutions and societies. In t"is sense) #olitics ta+es #lace at eer1 leel o% social interaction it can 'e %ound !it"in %a*ilies and a*on(st s*all (rou#s o% %riends ?ust as *uc" as a*on(st nations and on t"e (lo'al sta(e. 6#. ,7 < Politics as #o!er is e*#"asied in 3as!ells e2#osition o% #olitics 6see #a(e ;7. e1!ood) e2#oundin( 3as!ells ideas) !rites: Fro* t"is #ers#ectie) #olitics is a'out diersit1 and con%lict) 'ut t"e essential in(redient is t"e e2istence o% scarcit1: t"e si*#le %act t"at) !"ile "u*an needs and desires are in%inite) t"e resources aaila'le to satis%1 t"e* are al!a1s li*ited. Politics can t"ere%ore 'e seen as a stru((le oer scarce resources) and #o!er can 'e seen as t"e *eans t"rou(" !"ic" t"is stru((le is conducted. 6#. ,,7 It *i("t 'e said t"at #olitics as #o!er is at t"e "eart o% Fe*inist and =ar2ist #olitical t"ou("ts. A*on( %e*inist circles) e1!ood ar(ues) #olitics "as 'eco*e all too i*#ortant 'ecause traditionall1) !o*en "ae 'een Q#olitical outcasts in t"e #ast. ence) !e o%ten "ear and see %e*inists %i("t or stru((le !it" t"e *ale0 do*inated arena o% #olitics. =ar2ists) on t"e ot"er "and) conentionall1 ie!ed #olitics as t"e a##aratus o% t"e ca#italist state to o##ress "ence) t"e need to stru((le %or #o!er. 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Re%erences: Aristotle. 697. Politics. 6B. 4o!ett) Trans.7. Retrieed 4une ,,) 9,9) %ro* Classics.*it.edu !e'site: "tt#:classics.*it.eduAristotle#olitics.$.t"ree."t*l 6Ori(inal !or+ #u'lis"ed c. $5< B.C.E.7 Aristotle. 6,-;7. T"e #olitics. 6C. 3ord) Trans.7. C"ica(o: T"e Uniersit1 o% C"ica(o Press. Retrieed 4une ,,) 9,9) %ro* Boo+.(oo(le.co* !e'site: "tt#:'oo+s.(oo(le.co*.#"'oo+s id*E!3F1#ccCL"ltlLsource('s[nalin+s[s 6Ori(inal !or+ #u'lis"ed c. $5 B.C.E.7 Cric+) B. 6,<97. In de%ence o% #olitics. W#d% ersionX 3ondon) En(land: Keiden%eld and Nicolson 6Do!nloaded %ro* "tt#:arc"ie.or(detailsinde%enceo%#olitincric7 D1e) T.R. 6997. Politics in A*erica. 5 t" ed. W#d% ersion o% c"a#ter ,X U.S.A.: Prentice all) Inc. 6Do!nloaded %ro* "tt#:"ssad.#ren"all.co*c"a#ters[95d1e#d%c",.#d%7 e1!ood) A. 69/7. Politics. $rd ed. W#d% ersion o% c"a#ter ,X Ne! @or+: Pal(rae =ac*illan. 6Do!nloaded %ro*: "tt#:!!!.#al(rae.co*PDFs9$59;/;.#d%7 3as!ell) .D. 6,$<7. Politics: K"o (ets !"at) !"en) "o!. W#d% ersionX Ne! @or+: =cGra!0ill Boo+ Co*#an1) Inc. 6Do!nloaded %ro* "tt#:!!!.#olic1sciences.or(classic!or+s.c%*7 Politics. 69,97. Online Et1*olo(1 Dictionar1. Retrieed 4une ,) 9,9) %ro* Et1*online.co* !e'site: "tt#:!!!.et1*online.co*inde2.#"# ter*#oliticsLallo!ed[in[%ra*e Politics: K"o Gets K"at) K"en) o!. 69,97. In Enc1clo#Zdia Britannica. Retrieed %ro* "tt#:!!!.'ritannica.co*EBc"ec+edto#ic
