PREFACE Project Study is a new subject in the College of Engineering as it only started somewhere in the early seventies. One reason for incorporating the subject is the present demand for technical men to undertake feasibility studies which is a basic requirement of oreign lending institutions before a borrower country could be granted assistance money for financing projects proposed for construction!improvements. "he inclusion of this subject in the curriculum of engineering schools in the Philippines is another step forward in the local technology and is a welcome answer to the need of those charged not only with the design but also in the construction of engineering structures. easibi easibility lity Study# Study# which is substant substantially ially treated treated in this book is also a timely timely offerin offering g for students students in line with the present present governm government ent thrust thrust toward toward country countryside side development through infrastructures for which feasibility study is a basic requirement particularly in the construction of roads and bridges. "his book was prepared# because the author who is teaching this subject# Project Study have been handicapped by the lack of references conforming to the requirements of the course of study# which are not found in the recommended te$t and references prescribed for this subject. "he materials and data used herein came from other books and references. %uch of the contents of this book were drawn from the books and pamphlet pamphlets s written written by various various authors authors and also also from seminars seminars## in&serv in&service ice trainin training# g# e$perience and from my co&professors in the 'niversity# this book was made possible. "he primary aim of is book is to prepare students once they stepped out of the 'niversity to practice their chosen profession. "his book offers the students practically all aspects in the field of construction from the beginning up to the completion of the proposed project# from feasibility study# surveys# plans# designs# estimates# financing# specific specificatio ations# ns# adverti advertiseme sements# nts# contrac contractt documen documents# ts# job planning planning## cost estimate estimates# s# including the actual construction phase of the project. (t is accepted that this book is by no means a complete te$t# as this is an initial venture by the author. (t has still it)s shortcomings and he welcome comments and suggestions from the reading public. *owever# the author believes that with this book the students will be equipped with the necessary motivation particularly in applying for a job. "he author is indebted to his colleagues in the 'niversity of +ueva Caceres for useful data and suggestions# to Engineers ,.Cadag# -. gawa# /. 0carraga and ,ean %a$imo O. Panelo /r. *e is especially grateful to ,r. Eliseo . Palaroan /r. to these men and others too# the author# e$presses heartfelt thanks and appreciation for their kind help and assistance in the preparation of this book.
+ovember# 1234
5. . Senares
PREFACE -------CONTENTS --------------------------------------------------------------------------- III Chapter I. o o o o o o o o o
Chapter II. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
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Project Study Project Purposes Characteristics of Projects Project %anagement unctions of Project %anagement 5easons 6hy Projects ail Project %anagement v.s. unctional ,epartment Project Planning and %anagement -uidelines for a Case Study of a Project Planning and %anagement Cycle FEASIBILITY STUDY
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"he Process of Project ,evelopment Project easibility Study 7asic spects of easibility Study %arket Study "echnical spect inancial spect Economic Study +et Present 8alue 7enefit&Cost 5atio 7asic 8ehicle Operating Costs 7asic 5unning Cost 7asic i$ed Costs 7asic "ime Costs "raffic Cost Calculations (nternal 5ate of 5eturn Operational feasibility %anagement spects Social spect Environmental spect Choice of the most easible lternative "raffic spect "raffic Count
5oad (nfluence rea easibility Study Outline for a *ighway Project o Chapter III. PRELIMINARY PLANNING AND DESIGN ------------------------- 4 o
o o o o o o o o o o o o
Engineering (nvestigations Survey procedures 5econnaissance %onumenting "raversing *ori0ontal lignment 7ench mark 9evelling 9ongitudinal and Cross&Sectional levelling Plotting Profiles and Cross&Sections Parcellary Survey Soils and %aterials (nvestigations ,rainage and 7ridge Site (nvestigations
Chapter I!. FINAL SUR!EY" FINAL PLAN AND DESIGN ------------------------- 4# o o o o
inal Survey ,esign of *ori0ontal lignment ,esign of 8ertical lignment ,esign of Cross&Section
Chapter !. ESTIMATES" FINANCING" SPECIFICATIONS AND AD!ERTISEMENTS ------------------------------------------------------------- $4 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
Estimates :inds of Estimates Estimator Collection of ,ata Preliminary (nvestigations Subdivisions of Estimating Estimating 9abor Estimating %aterials Estimating Plant or Equipment Estimating Overhead Estimating Profit Other Costs inancing Specifications Clearing and -rubbing 5oadway and ,rainage E$cavation E$cavation for Structures
o o o o o o o o
7orrow ggregate Sub&base oundation ill Portland Cement Concrete Pavement Concrete 5einforcing Steel 5einforced Concrete Culvert Pipe dvertisements
Chapter !I. CONTRACT" CONTRACT DRA%INGS ---------------------------------- &' o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
Contract +otice to Contractor 7id or Proposal Contract 7ond E$tra 6ork Special Provisions 7idder Pre ;ualifications of 7idders 7idding Committee Employer Consultants 7ill of ;uantities Calendar ,ay Change Order Engineer Contractor 7id Schedule Pre&7id (nformation ward E$ecution of Contract 7idding and Contract ,ocuments Submission of "enders Opening and E$amination of "enders ward of Contract "ender 7ond Schedule Credit 9ine inancial Statement Contract Pro&ormas Contract ,rawings
Chapter !II. JOB PLANNING o
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Planning the %anagement of a /ob
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
"entative Plan Site 8isit Planning Plant < Equipment Planning 9abor Planning %aterials Planning Overhead Planning Sub&contracts "ime < 6ork Schedules PE5" Critical Path %ethod 7asic Elements of Critical Path %ethod Critical Path Scheduling ,eveloping a Critical Path Schedule ,etermining "otal loat ,etermining ree loat "ime&-rid ,iagram
Chapter !III. ANALYSIS OF CO +STRUCTION PROCEDURES ------------------ 11( o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
Clearing and -rubbing 5oadway and ,rainage E$cavation Solid&5ock E$cavation Common E$cavation E$cavation of 'nsuitable %aterials E$cavation for Structures 7orrow ggregate Sub&base oundation ill Portland Cement Concrete Pavement Concrete 7o$&Culvert 5einforcing Steel 5einforced Concrete Culvert Pipe
Chapter I). SELECTION OF E*UIPMENT o o o o o o o o
(nvestment Cost Operating cost %aintenance < 5epair Cost Equipment Selection actors "ype of Equipment Productivity of the Equipment Operation to be 'ndertaken Equipment %obility
-------------------------------------------- 1(
o o o o o
"ime Schedules 7alancing of Equipment 8ersatility and daptability Spare Parts Sources of Construction Equipment
Chapter ). CONSTRUCTION PLANT E*UIPMENT ---------------------------------- 14' o o o o o o o o
,efinition Plant Economics Equipment 5equired for a Construction /ob Plant ,esign Plant ,esign for Concrete *ighway Plant Costs pportionment of Costs Estimating Construction Plant
Chater )I. CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATING o o o o o o o o
---------------------------------- 1$#
Project Cost Estimates 7id Schedule of a Concrete Paving Project 7ill of %aterials and ,etailed Estimates for a Concrete Paving Project ,etailed Estimates 7ill of %aterials ,aily 5ates of the %anpower 5equirements ,aily 5ental 5ate of Construction Equipment 9ist of 9aboratory Equipment and pparatus
C+APTER I
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
(+"5O,'C"(O+ = "he management of development projects is becoming one of the most critical aspects of administration not only in government but also in private enterprises. "he need for trained manpower to plan and implement projects in the social# economic and technical fields has increased with the present trust of the government to develop the countryside or the rural areas particularly in the construction of infrastructure projects most especially in the road construction. ,espite previous e$periences in regards to this construction projects# yet# it seems# there are a lot more to know in line with project implementation# as some of the output of such undertakings were not of satisfactory quality as evidenced by immediate repairs conducted on these newly completed projects. 6e simply do not have or still lacks adequate institutional capacity on trained manpower to plan and implement projects effectively. 6e need to train and develop administrators or project managers in all aspects of project planning and implementation. Some important aspects or factors regarding project management will be discussed in this chapter# but before learning the management of projects# let us first know what a project is. P5O/EC" S"',> = (n recent years# too much emphasis was given to project study# the success of this undertaking will largely defend on how effectively a project feasibility study will be conducted. Project study is now closely associated with feasibility studies. 7efore going deeply into feasibility studies which is treated on the ne$t chapter of this book# let us first define what a project is. 6ebster defines the word ?Project@ as ?a specific plan or designA a schemeA an ideaA a planned undertaking@. project therefore is a unique and not a repetitive activity. -ood projects like all other good things in life have to be identified# developed and evaluated. *ow to find and prepare good sound projects is the question that confronts planners and developers of which is partly solved by the inception of project feasibility studies.
Project study is defined as a careful and critical investigation and or e$amination of a proposal# scheme# idea or of an specific plan or design for the purpose of attaining or achieving the desired goals or objectives. Some of the specific targets or objectives of project study areB 1. "o finish the project at the earliest possible time . "o complete the project at a minimum cost and D. "o run the project on a smooth and orderly manner so as to avoid unnecessary delays. P5O/EC" P'5POSES = Every undertaking has it)s own objectives. Project purposes listed below are limited to and intended for road constructions only# thusB 1. (ncrease agricultural production . (nduce or create employment D. (ncrease commercial complementarities and 4. Promote social development 1. (ncrease agricultural production = Significant land and water development increase agricultural production. 5ural roads are an essential part to provide the incentives to motivate production investment especially by reducing transportation costs. . (nduce employment = ,uring the project construction period# labor force will be utili0ed thereby creating employment particularly on the influenced area where the proposed project will be constructed. fter the completion of the project# there will again be induced employment for road maintenance. arm&to&market roads will also induced secondary employment# i.e. more drivers# and other support services will be created. D. (ncrease commercial complementarities = "he e$panded road systems are e$pected to provide increased incentives for entrepreneurs# new stores# restaurants# cottage industries# suppliers# buyers# bunkers# etc. 5equirements for public and private transportation of goods and services are e$pected to e$pand with more and better roads. 4. Promote social development = (mproved road accesses will open up new opportunities for residents especially the more isolated rural communities. %obility and interaction is e$pected to increase between barrios# and between barrios and the larger towns and cities. "he flow of new technology# government support services and commercial services will increase. C*5C"E5(S"(CS O P5O/EC"S = ,ifferent types of projects have different behaviours and characteristics. "he following are the characteristics of projects in consonance with the concept of project managementB 1. Pr,et/ are 0,0-trat,0a3" 00,ate pr,e//e/ 5,r ee3,p6e0t. "he project manager works out independently from the normal chain of command
of the organi0ation. *e e$ercises the power of functional departments or divisions in his decisions for given targets. *e thus negotiates with the functional departments directly# cutting across staff and line hierarchies common in the classical organi0ation. . Pr,et/ are ,6p3e7 e55,rt/. project produces specific results during a fi$ed schedule within an established budget# it cuts across organi0ational lines# it is a unique endeavour# not completely repetitious of any previous effort. D. A pr,et / the pr,e// ,5 reat08 /pe5 re/93t. project is the entire process needed to produce a new product# new system or other defined results. 7oth the process and the product that is the result of the process comprises the project. 4. A pr,et ha/ a 35e :3e. "he life cycle of a project has an identifiable start and end points which can be related to a time scale. project passes through a several distinct phases as it matures. "he life cycle includes all phases from point of inception to final termination and evaluation. F. Pr,et/ 0ee 693t-/p30ar: /;33/. project is a complete operation by itself where the project manager acts like general manager# pooling various skills together in a united assault to achieve specific objectives within a budget and timetable. "hese skills will vary according to the nature of the project. P5O/EC" %+-E%E+" = "o reali0e the desired goals and objectives of a project it must be well organi0ed with an effective and systematic project management. (t involves a process of attaining the goals!objectives set forth in an activity or investment at a minimal cost through the effective use of physical and financial resources. "he objectives of project management areB 1. chieving proper control of the project to ensure the completion on schedule and within budget. . 6hile achieving the desired quality of the resulting product or service. '+C"(O+S O P5O/EC" %+-E%E+" = "here are five functions of project managementB 1. Planning# . Organi0ing# D. Staffing# 4. ,irecting and F. Control. 1. P3a0008 = (nvolves selecting objectives# strategies# policies and programs and the procedures of attaining!achieving the objectives or goals# . Or8a0<08 = (nvolves the establishing of structures as well as schedules of activities Gscheduling tools# such as pert!cpm and -antt charts. D. Sta5508 = means hiring the qualified men to handle the job and also calls for maintaining these men.
4. Dret08 = "his aspect has to do with leadership# there are two kinds of a leader# one is an autocratic leader and the other is a democratic leader. n '"OC5"(C leader is one who dictates and the subordinates has no choice but to follow. democratic leader is one who believes in group process# interactions# he hears the voice of his subordinates. F. C,0tr,3 = (s the regulation!evaluation of your subordinates in regards to the desired set&up goals or standards.
%,0er/ ,5 Pr,et Ma0a8e6e0t = "he seven eternal works of man which are considered wonders of the world were attributed to an effective project management# these are the followingB
1. . D. 4. F. I. J.
"he pyramids of -i0a in Egypt *anging gardens of 7abylon in (raq Statue of Heus in -reece "emple of ,iana in "urkey "omb of :ing %ausolus in "urkey Statue of pollo at the egean Sea in 5hodes and 9ighthouse in le$iandria in Egypt
5ESO+S 6*> P5O/EC" (9 = project manager should not only be fully equipped of procedures and guidelines for effective management but he should also be aware of the possible adverse effects which contributes to project failure# such asB 1. (neffective planning!preparation . ,efective project design D. 8ague targets 4. ailure to anticipate obstacles F. 9ack of controls I. 6rong choice of a project manager J. 9ack of support from top management 3. unds do not come as promised 2. (nadequate staff support 1K.Conflict between project and functional managers 11. aulty appraisal 1.(nadequate e$ecution and supervision 1D.Sheer bad luck 14.(ne$perience project engineers P5O/EC" %+-E%E+" 8S '+C"(O+9 ,EP5"%E+" = 9et us describe the characteristics of a project unit compared to a functional unit# say the 7'5E' of %aintenance of the %inistry of Public 6orks and *ighways.
or E$ample# %(+"E++CE 7'5E'# %P6* *as a specific life cycle 1. Continuous life from year to year *as definite start and completion . +o specific calendar dates other than points fiscal year budget Can be abruptly terminated if goals D. ssurance of continued function even are not met# always terminated when in major reorgani0ation. project is completed "otal effort must be completed within 4. %a$imum work is performed within the fi$ed budget and schedule budget ceiling F. I. J. P5O/EC" '+("
1. D
4 4 F I 7