UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL ALTIPLANO FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL Y ARQUITECTURA CARRERA PROFESIONAL DE FÍSICO MATEMÁTICAS
SISTEMA INFORMÁTICO DE
“
OPTIMIZACIÓN EN SISTEMAS FOTOVOLTAICOS
”
Tesis Presentado por : Bach. Paco Wilson Marconi Quispe Para optar el Titulo Titulo de : LICENCIADO EN FÍSICO MATEMÁTICAS
1
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PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA. Dada la situación de insuficiencia energética mundial, la conservación del medio ambiente y el óptimo aprovechamiento de la energía; no solo es una necesidad, sino un deber. En la actualidad los individuos y las organizaciones, tienen la obligación de conservar la energía para las generaciones futuras, pues las sociedades
que
utilicen
con
eficiencia
la
energía,
tendrán
más
posibilidades de sobrevivir en condiciones energéticas adversas. Las organizaciones en sus diferentes niveles y modalidades, hoy asumen compromisos del desarrollo sostenible, a fin de preservar el medio ambiente y el uso racionalizado de las energías renovables y no renovables. Las personas en su mayoría no son consientes de la escasez mundial de recursos energéticos, tampoco están capacitados para afrontar la utilización racionalizada de energías no contaminantes del medio ambiente. La utilización de la energía solar , es una alternativa en las comunidades de la Región Altiplánica por la alta radiación solar que se tiene, el cual no es aprovechado óptimamente.
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de estos paneles solares; produciéndose así una deficiencia en la captación de la potencia energética, el cual se debe a los cambios de la orientación solar permanente, implícitamente exige las correcciones permanentes de la orientación y ubicación de los panel es solares. Los paneles solares, generalmente se encuentran instaladas de manera fija, aproximadamente a un ángulo horario =0° que corresponde al medio día (12:00 horas), donde la radiación solar es máxima. Por otro lado, el ángulo horario varía permanentemente con el movimiento de rotación y traslación de la tierra, (Movimiento sobre su eje y alrededor del sol); entonces el ángulo de ubicación de los paneles, también tienen una variación constante todo el año . Por consiguiente, con una instalación fija de los paneles, existe perdida en la captación de energía solar, y por consiguiente la potencia de salida, siendo necesario verificar en cada instante la orientación adecuada según la variación de ángulo horario horario diario -anual e inclinación. Por lo que se vio la necesidad de desarrollar un software que permita monitorear los cambios de la orientación solar, y esto aplicarlos en el posicionamiento de los paneles solares. Bajo este contexto, se formula la siguiente interrogante.
¿En que medida se podrá mejorar el uso de la energía solar en las
instalaciones
informático?
de
sistemas
fotovoltaicas
mediante
un
sistema
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ANTECEDENTES Se realizo estudios sobre sistema fotovoltaico con rastreador solar en la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas UPC , en el cual se diseña y construye un sistema fotovoltaico en base a censores capaz de seguir el movimiento solar para maximizar la producción de energía eléctrica a lo largo de todo el día.
El Centro Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico realizo un Prototipo
fotovoltaico
con
seguimiento
del
Sol
para
procesos
electroquímicos en el cual se obtuvo un rendimiento de 26% con el uso del seguidor solar. Se realizaron ensayos sobre las posibilidades técnicas, sociales y económicas de usar paneles fotovoltaicos para una electrificación rural en el Perú se iniciaron en 1986 con el proyecto de la cooperación alemana en Puno El estado Peruano
por medio del ministerio de energía y minas
Dirección ejecutiva de proyectos “electrificación rural a base de energía fotovoltaica en el Perú” viene realizando instalaciones de sistemas fotovoltaicos como una alternativa para suministrar energía eléctrica a pequeñas localidades rurales y aisladas consiste en la instalación de Módulos Fotovoltaicos unifamiliares financiados conjuntamente por el estado y los usuarios, asumiendo éstos su operación y mantenimiento. Para lo cual cual se realizo capacitaciones sobre posicionamiento solar, para un mejor aprovechamiento de la energía solar con paneles fotovolt aicos.
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OBJETIVOS. 1.1.1. OBJETIVO GENERAL. Desarrollar un Sistema Informático que permita Optimizar el uso de la energía solar a través de la or ientación adecuada de Paneles Fotovoltaicas
1.1.2. OBJETIVO ESPECIFICO.
Identificar la potencia de salida según la orientac ión de Paneles Solares
Desarrollar un sistema informático para mejorar la orientación de paneles solares, a fin de optimizar la potencia de salida de estos.
Evaluar el resultado de la potencia de salida actual obtenida con la aplicación del sistema informático, con relación a la potencia de salida inicial encontrada.
.
1.2. JUSTIFICACION E IMPORTANCIA.
El uso ineficiente de la energía eléctrica, la ineficiencia de los sistemas que consumen energía eléctrica, y la mala orientación de los sistemas fotovoltaicos genera perdidas económicas incrementándose en forma innecesaria en la economía de los pobladores que hacen uso de los sistemas fotovoltaicos.
Una de las recomendaciones de las instituciones que realizan estudios sobre sistemas fotovoltaicos hacia los medianos y grandes consumidores, fue la de efectuar auditorias energéticas periódicas.
Para lograr un uso eficiente de la energía eléctrica es importante
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En consecuencia es necesario implementar un programa de uso racional y eficiencia de energía eléctrica consecuencia
un
ahorro
en
el
consumo
que traerá como de
energía
y
consecuentemente un ahorro económico, para una mayor calidad de vida.
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REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA 1
ENERGÍA La energía es la capacidad que tiene un cuerpo para producir un trabajo o provocar un cambio. Sin energía no habría sol, ni plantas ni animales y también no seria posible la vida. Dentro de las fuentes de energía se tiene las energías no renovables y las energías renovables (JOSE Ma DE JUANA -2003 - 5).
2.1 FUENTES DE ENERGÍAS NO RENOVABLES. Se considera no renovable a la energía que está almacenada en cantidades inicialmente fijas, comúnmente en el subsuel o. A medida que se consume un recurso no renovable, se va agotando. Las reservas disponibles están sujetas a la factibilidad técnica y económica de su explotación, al descubrimiento de nuevos yacimientos y al ritmo de extracción y consumo y dentro de las e nergías no renovables se tiene:
Fuentes de Energía Fósil.
Energía Geotérmica.
Energía Nuclear.
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La principal fuente de energía renovable, es el Sol. Como se explicará más adelante, el Sol envía a la Tierra únicamente energía radiante, es decir, luz visible, radiación infrarroja y algo de ultravioleta. Sin embargo, en la atmósfera se convierte en una variedad de efect os, algunos de los cuales tienen importancia como recurso energético, tal es el caso de la energía eólica, la energía de la biomasa, la diferencia de temperaturas oceánicas y la energía de las olas. (JOSE Mª DE JUANA -2003 - 7).
Energía Fotovoltaic F otovoltaica a
Energía Eólica.
Energía de la Biomasa (fotosíntesis).
Diferencia de Temperatura Oceánica (OTEC).
Energía de las Olas.
Energía Hidráulica.
Energía de las Mareas.
2.3 ENERGÍA FOTOVOLTAICA. Se llama "fotovoltaica" la energía solar aprovechada por medio de
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fundamental es que, en un sistema FV el “combustible” es la energía solar el cual es una de las energías inagotables.
CARGA ELÉCTRICA. - Se dice que la carga eléctrica es una propiedad inherente de la materia; para el estudio de Paneles Fotovoltaicos se toma en cuenta tres tipos de carga (consumo): Corriente continua (CC), Corriente alterna (CA) o mixta (CC y CA). (HENRY GARCÍA BUSTAMANTE - 2005 - 15)
2.5 INSTALACIÓN DE UN SISTEMA FOTOVOLTAICO El m ás básico de los sistemas fotovoltaicos es el que se utiliza en horario diurno, donde no se requiere de un banco de baterías de reserva. Pero sin embargo, una aplicación muy popular es la instalación de un sistema fotovoltaico nocturno con cargas de corriente continua y por ello describiremos un sistema de este tipo. En la Figura Nº 1.1 se ilustra tres bloques o pa rtes funcionales que integran este tipo de sistema, así como los componentes usados comúnmente en cada uno de los partes funcionales.
Figura Nº 1.1 Diagrama de las Instalaciones Fotovoltaicas
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1.
2.
Protección
contra
5. Fusible de protección.
rayos.
6. Monitor de carga.
Paneles
7. Caja
fotovoltaicos. 3.
Control de carga.
4.
Banco de baterías.
de
entrada
con
fusibles. 8. Toma a tierra.
Parte I.- Esta parte esta formado por los paneles fotovoltaicos, el cual el número de ellos dependerá de varios factores entre ellos son:
El valor promedio de la insolación del lugar.
La carga (carga pico)
La máxima potencia nominal de salida del panel seleccionado. Los paneles deben de tener una efectiva protección contra rayos,
en esta parte I se ve solo la generaci ón de corriente continua ya que un panel fotovoltaico solo genera voltaje de este tipo.
Figura Nº 1.2 Vivienda de Taquile con instalaciones de Paneles Fotovoltaicas
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El control de carga.
El banco de baterías.
Fusible de protección. El monitor de carga puede formar parte del control de carga o
convertirse en un componente adicional. Dentro de los acumuladores se usa un tipo especial llamada batería solar estas baterías se ofrecen en versiones de 6 y 12V.
Parte III.- En la tercera parte se tiene el bloque de carga, el cual comprende los circuitos de entrada y alimentación dentro de la casa. La caja de fusibles hace posible la fragmentación del consumo, permitiendo el uso de cables de menor diámetro (y costo), los que son más fáciles de instalar. Otra ventaja es que se evita quedarse sin electricidad en toda la casa cuando se produce un desperfecto eléctrico en una zona de la misma. La conexión a tierra a la entrada de la carga es una norma de seguridad para los usuarios del sistema, así como una buena práctica de instalación para cualquier tipo de sistema.
2.6 LA CÉLULA FOTOVOLTAICA.
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Cuando la luz solar que incide sobre una zona adyacente la juntura tiene el espectro y nivel de energía requerido por el material (Si ), el bombardeo de los fotones crea pares de cargas libres los que se mueven libremente. Algunos de estos de estos pares se recombinan (neutralizan) antes de migrar a la zona de juntura, pero un elevado porcentaje de electrones de lado P y de hoyos del lado N serán impulsados a través de la juntura. La dirección del campo eléctrico E hace que estas cargas no puedan volver, alterándose el estado de equilibrio. Las cargas libres están listas para sostener una corriente cuando se conecten el lado N y P a una carga externa (HECTOR L. GASQUET-2008-06)
Figura Nº 1.4 Célula Fotovoltaica
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Amorfas El orden dado es el mismo cuando se considera el costo o la
eficiencia de conversión.
2.8 FORMA GEOMÉTRICA El método de fabricación, determina en gran parte, la forma geométrica de la célula fotovoltaica. Las primeras versiones eran redondas, pues el cristal puro tiene una sección circular. Los últimos que se fabrican son de forma cuadrada o casi-cuadrada donde las esquinas tienen vértices a 45º. Las células poli -cristalinas son cuadradas porque el molde donde se vierten el semiconductor fundido tiene esa forma, la forma cuadrada permite un mayor compactado de las mismas dentro del panel fotovoltaico, disminuyendo la superficie que se necesita para colocar un
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Fuente: toma de imagen por el ejecutor
2.9 EL PANEL FOTOVOLTAICO. Debido a su fragilidad, las células fotovoltaicas son vulnerables a la acción de los elementos naturales como las lluvias, granizo, nieve,
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Así como también las industrias de aparatos electrodomésticos usados en vehículos funcionan con 12V de manera que un usuario de sistema fotovoltaico con este voltaje podrá incorporar electrodoméstico s de corriente continua en sus domicilios.
2.11 NUMERO DE CÉLULAS. Se necesita conectar un mínimo de 24 células fotovoltaicas en serie para alcanzar un voltaje nominal de salida de 12V los paneles comerciales contiene un mayor numero de celdas fotovoltaicas (36 a mas). (HECTOR L. GASQUET-2008-06)
2.12 POTENCIA (P) La potencia en un circuito eléctrico esta denominada como la ley
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cristalinas tienen un 35% del mercado. El resto corresponde a los paneles que usan material amorfo, los que, a pesar de su bajo costo, no alcanzan a competir con los dos tipos anteriores. Dada su flexibilidad, el uso de estos paneles está restringido a instalaciones Fotovoltaicos sobre los techos de las casas, en sistemas de generación diurna por la variación de potencia de salida. (Pontificie Universidad Católica Del Perú – 2005 -25)
2.14 CONJUNTO DE PANELES FOTOVOLTAICOS Cuando el consumo se incrementa, el valor de la corriente de carga requiere cables de mayor diámetro, los mismos que son de mayor costo y difíciles de conectar, la solución es incrementar el voltaje de salida del sistema, conectando varios paneles usando una combinación serie. Si
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Figura Nº 1.6 Estructura del Conjunto de Paneles Solares
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2.16 EL TRANSPORTE DE LA ENERGÍA. La energía emitida por el sol viaja en forma de ond as electromagnéticas los cuales son las únicas ondas que no necesitan un medio material para su propagación ya que en si misma encierran un proceso de autogeneración. Su velocidad de propagación en el vació es igual para todas las longitudes de onda siendo c = 300000Km/s. con lo cual para una distancia media Tierra Sol de 150 millones de kilómetros el tiempo que tarda en llegar la luz es de unos 8,3 minutos. (Jose Ma De
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excentricidad de la eclíptica, la distancia Tierra
–
Sol varia y la irradiancía
o energía solar recibida en el exterior de la atmósfera en la unidad de tiempo y por la unidad de superficie normal a la radiación incidente, será diferente para cada día del año, su valor esta dado por la expresión:
034 co cos Gon Gc 1 0, 03
360n 365,25
Siendo “n” el día del año contado desde el 1 de enero (n=1) y en G
2
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TRASLACIÓN: Es el movimiento que hace la tierra en su camino alrededor del sol, describiendo una elipse que tiene al sol en uno de sus focos. Este movimiento, junto con la inclinación del eje terrestre, es el que provoca las estaciones y se completa una vuelta en 365,25 días o 365 días , 6 horas y 9 minutos.
PRESESIÓN: Es un movimiento de jiro del eje de rotación de la tierra alrededor de un eje perpendicular a su plano de traslación, manteniéndose siempre entre ambos un ángulo de 23,5º. El giro se completa cada 26,000
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Llamamos polos de la esfera celeste a la intercesión de la esfera celeste con los polos de la tierra.
Llamamos plano ecuatorial celeste al plano intersección del plano ecuatorial terrestre con la esfera celeste.
2.23 ESTUDIO DEL MOVIMIENTO DEL SOL. Es de conocimiento general que el sol sale por el este, al mediodía se levanta sobre el sur y se pone por el oeste, y también que los
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La altitud “h” de un punto de la superficie terrestre es la altura medida en la dirección de la vertical del lugar, a la que se encuentra el nivel medio del mar. Tanto como la superficie del suelo como las
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Meridiano: circulo máximo que pasa por los polos.
Longitud de un meridiano: 40.008 Km.
2.25 ORBITA DE LA TIERRA
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Ocurre regularmente alrededor de 21 de Junio y es llamado de verano en el hemisferio norte o de invierno en el hemisferio sur.
El día del solsticio de junio es el día mas largo del año en el hemisferio
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solsticio de
verano, en en el otro es de invierno y al revés, y lo mismo
sucede con los equinoccios. (Claudio Pastrana-2008-25)
2.27 POSICIÓN DEL SOL
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cos 0.070257 sen 0.006758 co cos 2 (0.006918 0.399912 co
0.000907 sen2 0.002697 cos 3 0.00148 sen3)
180
(2.2)
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