PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
TUITION MEDINA MEDINA ENGLISH LANGUAGE PT3 2016 MODULE 1: (3-7 JAN)
Basic Ga!!a
Pa"s #$ S%&&c' S*&c" +& A,&&!&" •
•
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PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
PARTS PARTS OF SPEECH SPEECH
N
ouns
A # is a .#/ .#/ s&/ "# a!& s#!&"'i,: s#!&"'i,: a %&s#ai!a %&s#ai!a a %ac& a "'i, # a i/&a 4# &5a!%& &5a!%& a #$ "'& $##.i, a& a& #s • • • •
Saa' J#'a Ja%a Maasia A"a"a A"a"a %&ci s"#& !sic ai i##,
Hint: T'& a& s#!&"i!&s %&c&/&/ # !a&s !a&s N# !a&s !a&s a& as# ca&/ /&"&!i&s a/ 8a"i9&s T'& a& a& .#/s i& a, an, the, this, that, these, those, each, some, any, every, no, numbers (1,2,3,etc.), several, many, a lot, few, possessive pronouns (his, her, etc). S&& /&"&!i&s $# !#& i$#!a"i#
Nouns are classified in several ways…
1. Nouns Nouns can can be be singu singular lar or plural plural..
Singular nouns a!& # #& %&s# %ac& "'i, # i/&a One apple, a pencil, the book
Plural nouns a!& ".# # !#& !#& %&s#s %&s#s %ac&s "'i,s # i/&as M#s" si,a #s (N#" (N#" ALL) a& a& !a/& %a a//i, s s 4# &5a!%& &5a!%& ( pencil is pencil is a si,a # T'& .#/ .#/ pencils is pencils is a %a #)
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.#/s Exception #1: I$ a # &/s .i"' "'& s s' c' # 5 i& "'& .#/s kiss, church, ash or box "'& "'& a& !a/& %a a//i, &s (kisses, churches, ashes, and boxes).
Exception #2:T'&& a& as# i&,a #s "'a" /# #" $##. a &s 4# &5a!%& "'& %a $#! #$ "'& .#/ child is child is children.
2. Nouns can can be Proper Proper Nouns Nouns or Common Common Nouns Nouns a) Proper nouns &$& "# "# s%&ci9c %&#%& %&#%& %ac&s "'i,s a/ i/&as A %&s#;s a!& (L&a' (L&a' Ga'a!) is a %#%& # # $# &5a!%& O"'& &5a!%&s a& a!&s #$ %ac&s (A"a"a G&#,ia) a/ a!&s #$ "'i,s ("'& Na<) Na<) T'& a& a& a.as ca%i"ai=&/> b) Common nouns a& a #"'& #s 4# &5a!%&: cat, pencil, paper, etc. T'& etc. T'& a& #" #" ca%i"ai=&/ &ss "'& a& a& "'& 9s" .#/ .#/ i "'& s&"&c&
3. Nouns can also also be collective collective.. ?#&c"i<& #s a& #s "'a" a& ,a!!a"ica c#si/&&/ si,a " ic/& !#& "'a #& %&s# %ac& "'i, # i/&a i i"s !&ai, @#/s @#/s i& i& team, roup, !ury, committee, audience, crowd, class, troop, family, team, couple, band, herd, "uartet, and society. G&&a c#&c"i<& #s a& "&a"&/ as si,a &cas& "'& is oin to make a &!%'asi=& "'& ,#% as #& i" #he committee is oin decision.
4. Nouns Nouns can also be be either either count or or non-count. non-count. N#s "'a" a& a& #-c#" ca#" & c#"&/ c#"&/ 4# &5a!%& # ca#" ca#" ,# #"si/& "# 'a<& ".# $&s' $&s' ais O& ,#&s #"si/& $# $# $&s' air 5. Nouns can can be Abstract or concrete concrete A # ca & as"ac" # c#c&"& •
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?#c&"& #s #s a& #s "'a" "'a" # ca "#c' T'& a& %&#%& %&#%& %ac&s %ac&s a/ s#!& "'i,s @#/s @#/s i& person, i& person, court, $eoria $eoria pencil, hand, paper, car, and door a& a& a &5a!%&s #$ c#c&"& #s As"ac" #s a& a& #s "'a" ca#" & & %'sica '&/ 4# &5a!%& &5a!%& "'i,s i& air, !ustice, safety, %emocracy, faith, reliion reliion &"c 3
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. Nouns can be !erun"s A ,&/ is "'& i, $#! #$ "'& <& a/ is s&/ as a # 4# &5a!%& &5a!%& Running is Running is ood for you. &unnin is &unnin is "'& #,&/ a/ is is "'& <& crying upset him. 'y crying upset
ryin is "'& s*&c" a/ upset is is "'& <& !#& "'a #& #$ "'&s& ca"&,#i&s 4# Note: A # ca 9" i"# !#& &5a!%& "'& # nela # nela is is a si,a c#c&"& c#" %#%& #
P
ronouns
A %## %## is a .#/ "'a" &%ac&s a # # T'& &i!ia"& "'& &&/ $# &%&"i"i#
#or $%ample: Emma talked to Emma's child Emma talked to Is"&a/ #$ Emma talked child # !i,'" sa Emma talked her child. Her is the pronoun. It renames the antecedent, Emma antecedent, Emma..
There There are several types of pronouns.
P&s#a P##s re&er to speci'c persons or things. P&s#a %##s ca ac" as s*&c"s #*&c"s # %#ss&ssi<&s 1. Singular: I, me, you, she, her, he, him, it
Plural: .& s # "'& "'&! I, you, she, he, it, we, they are used as subjects of sentences.
#or e%ample *he (ne) the grammar rules ver* )ell. The personal pronouns that can be used as objects are: Me, you, him, her, it, them
#or $%ample: 4
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+he teacher gave all o& them goo" gra"es. +omm* gave his poetr* boo( to her . +hen, Ara gave it to me. Them, her and me are personal pronouns used as objects. They are !T the subjects of the sentences. 2. Possessive Pronouns indicate ownership or possession.
"in#ular: my, mine, your, yours, hers, his, its
4# E5a!%&: She returne" my pencil to me because it )as mine
3. efle!ive Pronouns name a recei$er of an action who is identical to the doer of the action.
"in#ular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
Pa: #s&<&s #s&<&s "'&!s&<&s
4# &5a!%&: Ma&a c#,a"a"&/ herself # '& ,##/ ,a/&s %ere, Manuela is both the doer and the recei$er of the action. &: "o, who did Manuela con#ratulate' (: %erself.
). "ntensive Pronouns emphasi*e a noun or another pronoun.
"in#ular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
Pa: #s&<&s #s&<&s "'&!s&<&s
#or $%ample: sa) /ra" Pitt himself at the mall. H&& himself &!%'asi=&s "'& a"&c&/&" Ba// Pi""
6 0eciprocal Pronouns &5%&ss s'a&/ ac"i#s # $&&i,s +ach other
!ne another
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#or $%ample: 1an o an" +ai help each other )ith their home)or(. eon an" his girl&rien" "ance )ith one another )hen the* go clubbing.
. "ndefinite Pronouns refer to non-specific persons and thin#s.
(ll, another, any, anybody, anyone, anythin#, both, each, either, e$erybody, e$eryone, e$erythin#, few, many, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothin#, one, se$eral, some, somebody, someone, somethin#
#or $%ample: 'any believe that #6s e%ist, but nobody can prove it. +o one can be sure i& aliens reall* e%ist, but onl* few )on"er i& $lvis is still alive. The underlined indefinite pronouns do not refer to any one person. They are referrin# to people in #eneral.
7emonstrative Pronouns a& as# c#si/&&/ # !a&s T'& %#i"C "#.a/s #s "'is "'a" "'&s& "'#s&
#or $%ample: •
T'a" .#!a a""&/s Gai&s
•
T'& .#!a a""&/s Gai&s
F nterrogative Pronouns i"#/c& 8&s"i#s ho, hom, hose, hich, hat /
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#or $%ample: ho is going on vacation8 +o whom )ill the teacher give an 9A8 hat are *ou "oing8
10 0elative Pronouns i"#/c& /&%&/&" cas&s a/ &$&s "# a %&s# # "'i, a&a/ !&"i#&/ i "'& s&"&c& (i& "'& a"&c&/&") @'# .'#&<& .'#! .'#!&<& .'#s& .'ic' "'a"
#or $%ample: +he $nglish that we learn in class )ill help us pass $nglish ;;<;. that we learn in class is "'& a/*&c"i<& cas& "'a" /&sci&s -nlish A/ that is "'& &a"i<& %## : @'ic' E,is' A: T'& E,is' "'a" .& &a i cassas #%%#s&/ "# "'& E,is' .& &a a#/ # $i&/s
Note: A/*&c"i<&s cas&s !#/i$ #s # %##s a/ sa as.& #& #$ "'& $##.i, 8&s"i#s: hich one hat kind of T'& &,i .i"' a &a"i<& %## # a &a"i<& a/<& (.'& # .'&&)
#
djectives
A a/*&c"i<& !#/i9&s (/&sci&s) a # # %##
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ormally in +n#lish, the adjecti$e comes before the noun. $or e!a%ple: The smart student earned an &#&. They also come after lin0in# $erbs. $or e!a%ple: " feel ha!.
A"=ectives can be use" to ma(e comparisons. •
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4# !#s" a/*&c"i<&s #$ #& # ".# sa&s # ca a// & 4# &5a!%& ,&a"& $as"& s"#,& 4# a/*&c"i<&s #,& "'a ".# sa&s # s'#/ s& "'& .#/ more 4# &5a!%& /e was more intelligent than his sister was
A"=ectives can also be use" as superlatives. T'is is sa /#& a//i, 0est "# "'& &/ #$ a a/*&c"i<& "'a" is #& # ".# sa&s 4# &5a!%& the loudest, the coolest, the smartest •
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I$ a a/*&c"i<& is "'&& sa&s # #,& # !s" s& "'& .#/s the most. 4# &5a!%& atsu is the most likeable person in the world
WARNING- Never use both an –er en"ing an" the )or" more or an –est en"ing an" the )or" most . 4# &5a!%&, am the most happiest when my students learn. Is"&a/ i" s'#/ &: am the happiest when my students learn. T'&& a& s#!& i&,a a/*&c"i<& a/ a/<& $#!s 4# &5a!%&:
A"=ectiv e
A"verb
Comparing t)o
Comparing three or more
Ba/
a/
@#s&
.#s"
G##/
@&
B&""&
B&s"
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Li""& Mc'
Ma
L&ss
L&as"
M#&
M#s"
@'& "'& a& s&/ "#,&"'& "'& a& aa,&/ i a c&"ai #/& 7etermi ner>
pinio n
Si'e
Age
Color
rigin
?ateri al
Noun
#he, #his
4retty
5i
+ew
5lue
#all
#hin
Old
4urple
6eathe r
*ofa
*ome
4uerto &ican
ood -xpensi ve
'y
*mal ncient l
5lack
hines e
*ilk
*carf
$or (!a%ple:
sa) that tall, thin, old, blue silk scar& at the store an" bought it. eon "rives an expensive old talian car.
#
dverbs
A a/<& is a .#/ "'a" !#/i9&s a ac"i# <& a a/*&c"i<& # a#"'& a/<& T'& "&ac'& care&ull* ,a/&/ "'& '#!&.# arefully is a a/<& "'a" !#/i9&s "'& ac"i# <& to rade •
T#!! .as e%tremel* &"'sias"ic a#" /#i, 'is '#!&.# -xtremely is a a/<& "'a" !#/i9&s "'& a/*&c"i<& enthusiastic •
a # a #" #$ "'& cass##! ver* 8ic 7ery is a a/<& "'a" !#/i9&s "'& a/<& "uickly •
Warning: # &&/ a a/*&c"i<& a$"& ii, <&sN$@$0 a a/<&> 4# &5a!%&
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#ai feels bad (guilty) when he has to leave class.
H&& bad is a a/*&c"i<& "'a" !#/i9&s "'& %#%& # #ai I" is a a/*&c"i<& &cas& i" $##.s "'& ii, <& to feel
H$@$0, <&s i& look, sound, smell, feel, and taste ca $c"i# as &i"'& a ac"i# <& # a ii, <& •
#ai feels badly (to the touch ) after swimmin in a chlorinated pool. /is skin is really dry.
H&& bad is s&/ i i"s a/<&ia $#! sic& i" $##.s a ac"i# <& to feel
+*pes o& A"verbs: ;. K&a"i<& A/<&s i"#/c& 8&s"i#s a/ /&%&/&" a/<&ia cas&s T'& as.& "'& 8&s"i#s hen a/ here T'& a&: hen, here #or $%ample: hen )as *oung, li(e" to pla* outsi"e &: hen did I li0e to play outside' (: hen I was youn#.
2 A/<&s #$ 4&8&c i/ica"& as.& "'& 8&s"i# how often T'& a&: #lways) usually) often) so%eti%es) rarely) never
The students in (S*+ ,- al"a!s study very hard. They rarel! forget to do their ho%ewor.
C
on=unctions a& "'& sc#"c' "a%& #$ "'& ,a!!a"ica .#/
T'& *#i "#,&"'& .#/s a/ %'as&s T'&& a& "'&& i/s #$ c#*c"i#s: c##/ia"i, c#*c"i#s c#&a"i<& c#*c"i#s a/ s#/ia"i, c#*c"i#s
;. Coor"inating Con=unctions
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T'&& a& s&<& c##/ia"i, c#*c"i#s i E,is' # ca s& "'& !&!#ic /&
#or, An", Nor, /ut, r, 1et, So T'& ca & s&/ .i"' c#!!as "# c&a"& c#!%#/ s&"&c&s #or e%ample:
Bulia loves to "ance, but 0oco has no rh*thm. ?a* ?ee )or(s har", yet she still earns lo) gra"es.
Note: A c#!%#/ s&"&c& is a s&"&c& !a/& % #$ ".# i/&%&/&" cas&s T'a" is a c#!%#/ s&"&c& is si!% ".# c#!%&"& s&"&c&s *#i&/ a c#!!a a/ a c##/ia"i, c#*c"i# (i& a $a#s)
2 Correlative Con=unctions as# *#i i/&as " "'& .# i %ais T'& a&:
/othDan", neitherDnor, )hetherDor, eitherDor, not onl*Dbut also $or (!a%ple:
N#t #nl! a% " happy about the grades) $ut " a% also e!cited that you are learning/
3. Subor"inating Con=unctions *#i a i/&%&/&" cas& "# a s#/ia"& cas& T'a" is "'& *#i a cas& "'a" ca s"a/ a#& .i"' a cas& "'a" ca#" s"a/ a#& S#!& $&8&" s&/ s#/ia"i, c#*c"i#s a&: after, althou#h, as, as if, because, before, e$en if, e$en thou#h, if, since, so that, thou#h, unless, until, when, whene$er, where, where$er, whether, while.
$or (!a%ple:
lthouh the stu"ents )ere tire", the* still came to class.
nter=ections 11
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I"&*&c"i#s a& .#/s s&/ "# &5%&ss &!#"i#a s"a"&s T'& ca sa & $#/ i aa"i<& .i"i, i"&
Punctuation Note: T'& a& %c"a"&/ .i"' &i"'& c#!!as # &5ca!a"i# !as Mi/ i"&*&c"i#s a& $##.&/ a c#!!a " s"#,& i"&*&c"i#s a& %c"a"&/ .i"' a &5ca!a"i# !a (>) Oh, )e6re late &or the movie. enerally, the mo$ies is not an important destination. Therefore, the person ma0in# this statement will sound less ur#ent than the ne5t e5ample.
Oh 6m late &or )or(. or0, unli0e the mo$ies, is #enerally considered a $ery important destination. If one doesn6t arri$e on time, there is the possibility of bein# fired or of losin# face. %ere, the spea0er will ha$e a #reater sense of ur#ency.
0enerally
P
) you do not find interjections in acade%ic writing.
repositions
P&%#si"i#s a& .#/s "'a" i& c#*c"i#s c#&c" a # # %## "# a#"'& .#/ i a s&"&c& S#!& c#!!# %&%#si"i#s:
A#"
B&$#&
D#.
I"#
T'#,'
A#<&
B&'i/
Di,
Li&
T#
Ac#ss
B&#.
E5c&%"
O$
T#.a/
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A$"&
B&&a"'
4#
O
U/&
A!#,
B&si/&
4#!
O
U%
A#/
B&".&&
I
O<&
@i"'
A"
B
Is"&a/ #$
Sic&
@i"'#"
A %&%#si"i#a %'as& is a ,#% #$ .#/s "'a" &,is .i"' a %&%#si"i# a/ &/s .i"' a # # %## T'& ca ac" as a/*&c"i<&s # as a/<&s Ma&a "'& s"/&" &rom !erman* .#"& a &5c&&" %a%& on the computer.
@
erbs
7erbs #enerally e5press action or a state of bein#. There are se$eral classifications for $erbsaction $erbs,8lin0in# $erbs, main $erbs8au5iliary $erbs, transiti$e8intransiti$e and phrasal $erbs.
1. #ction verbs show action. %e runs. %e plays. They study.
2. in(ing @erbs i "'& s*&c" "# a a/*&c"i<& •
Saa' is a &a"i$ ,i
T'& ii, <& is is "'& a/*&c"i<& beautiful .i"' "'& s*&c" *arah 1. ain verbs can stand alone.
2. Au%iliar* verbs as# ca&/ '&%i, <&s s&<& as s%%#" "# "'& !ai <& The most common au5iliary $erbs are:
Have, has, ha" 7o, "oes, "i", /e, am, is, are, )as, )ere, being, been Shoul", coul", )ill, )oul", might, can, ma*, must, shall, ought EtoF 13
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$or e!a%ple:
+ai has run ever*"a*. &un is a ac"i# <& T'& s*&c" ca ac"a /#C i" /as is "'& '&%i, <& I" '&%s "'& !ai <& run "# & %&s&" %&$&c" "&s&
2erbs can be transitive or intransitive.
1 +ransitive @erbs &8i& a /i&c" #*&c" i #/& "# !a& s&s& $or (!a%ple:
1olan"a "a&s aspirin &or her hea"aches. H&& takes is a "asi"i<& <& sic& "'& s&"&c& 8olanda takes 'as # !&ai, .i"'#" i"s /i&c" #*&c" aspirin. . "ntransitive 2erbs do not need direct objects to %ae the% %eaningful. $or (!a%ple:
Bulio swims. T'& <& swim 'as !&ai, $# "'& &a/& .i"'#" a #*&c"
Caution: A <& ca & &i"'& "asi"i<& # i"asi"i<& /&%&/i, # i"s c#"&5" #or $%ample: •
•
The cars race. 9 %ere, ra%e is intransiti$e. It does not need an object.
?* &ather races horses. H&& races is "asi"i<& I" &8i&s "'& #*&c" horses i #/& "# !a& s&s&
2erbs can be phrasal.
P'asa <&s a& !a/& % #$ a <& a/ a %&%#si"i# T'& %&%#si"i# ,i<&s "'& <& a /i&&" !&ai, "'a i" .#/ 'a<& i"s&$ 4# &5a!%& "'& <& look 'as a /i&&" !&ai, $#! "'& %'asa <& look up (i "'& /ic"i#a) 14
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So%e %ore e!a%ples:
ca % 9/ #" 'a/ i !a& % %" # " # .i"& %
A0NN!: T'& as& $#! #$ a <& is ca&/ "'& i9i"i<& I" is "# <& 4# &5a!%& "# /# "# .i "# s"/ &"c U/& # cic!s"ac& ca a <& %&c&/&/ to & c#si/&&/ a <& n'nitives are not verbs
Q: What do articles do in a sentence? A: Articles signal that a noun is going to ollo!" Exaple:
Who invented the telephone? $he wheel? $he refrigerator? $he airplane?
A cat was chasing a mouse in my back yard.
%odiiers &ad'ecti(es ) ad(er*s+ can appear *et!een an article and a noun" Exaples:
A sunset. A spectacular sunset. An exceptionally spectacular sunset.
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$he indeinite article ,a- can onl. appear *eore nouns that *egin !ith a consonant sound : a hand, a book, a world, a computer… $he indeinite article ,an- can onl. appear *eore nouns that *egin !ith a (o!el sound: an apartment, an hour, an article…
General Rules or the /se o Articles: I" /se a0an !ith singular count nouns !hose speciic identit. is not no!n to the reader either *ecause it is *eing entioned or the irst tie or *ecause its speciic identit. is un1no!n e(en to the !riter" (!a%ples:
Julia arrived in a limousine. a ! one among many. "ot a specific one.# We$re looking for an apartment. an ! any one.#
II" 3o not use a0an !ith non4count nouns" 5nl. use a0an !ith non4count nouns i .ou add a count noun in ront o the non4count noun" Exaple:
%nh asked her mother for an advice. %nh asked her mother for a piece of advice.
""". 4se the with %ost nouns whose specific identity is known to the reader because:
1. the noun has been pre$iously mentioned: •
&esterday ' saw a group of ()* students. $he students were playing with a ball. $he ball was white and blue. $he ball rolled into a hole. $he hole was small.
2. the noun is made specific by a superlati$e:
' bought the fastest computer they had.
6" the noun descri*es a uni7ue person place or thing:
+lease give this to the manager. $he sun is bright today. ain is falling heavily in the "orth.
8" the context or situation aes the noun-s identit. clear: 1/
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+lease don$t slam the door when you leave. -ob warned me that the dog playing in his yard is very affectionate and umps on every person it meets.
I9" 3o not use the !ith plural or non4count nouns eaning all; or in general; &i"e" generic reerence nouns+" 3o not use the !ith ost singular proper nouns"
$he fountains are an expensive element of landscape design. 'n some parts of the world, the rice is preferred to all other grains.
2. 5o not use articles with other noun markers or determiners) i.e. possessie nouns 67elen8s9 and some pronouns 6his) her) its) ours) their) whose) this) that) these) those) all) any) each) either) every) few) %any) %ore) %ost) %uch) neither) several) so%e9. Eceptions"
All the< A e!< $he ost< +5amples:
$he /elen$s book is on the floor. A this book belongs to 0rung.
The Parts of Speech Exercise 1 Underline the nouns in the following sentences.
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1. The land is covered with green grass. 2. Michael has a new computer. 3. We put up a tent on the beach. 4. he comes from a poor famil!. ". #er mother teaches at a universit!. $. The florist sold me a bunch of flowers. %. There are a lot of offices in this building. &. The old man was smo'ing a pipe. (. ) bu! some plums at the mar'et ever! da!. 1*. The! put the clothes to dr! on the balcon!.
Exercise 2 Write +,- to show countable noun. Write +U- to show uncountable noun. dictionar! card
e!ebrow
/ /
/
dirt
/
cash /
hair
/
finger
/
traffic
/
sand
/
/
picture
/
time
/
toilet
chal'
/
bic!cle
/
in'
paper
/
cutter
/
'nife
/
cloc'
/
lamb
/
crab
/
stea'
/
bean
/
sandwich
wine
/
beer
/
ham
/
horse
/
coconut bear
/ /
Exercise 3 ,ircle the best words. 1. Would !ou please give me a 0 some 0 an / orange uice 2. Mi'e is drin'ing a 0 some 0 an / mil'. 3. Michael has a 0 some 0 an / stamp. 1
/
/
PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
4. avid is having a 0 some 0 an / congee. ". on-t forget to bu! a 0 some 0 an / oil for mother. $. That is a 0 some 0 an / bag of flour. %. There is a 0 some 0 an / egg in the fridge. &. Ma! puts a 0 some 0 an / am on her biscuits. (. There are a 0 some 0 an / children in the par'. 1*. There is a 0 some 0 an / des' in m! room.
3. Pronouns 5ercise 1 Underline the pronouns in the following sentences. 1. ) lost m! purse. 2. We want someone to go. 3. M! mother hits me. 4. ,an an!one help us ". That-s mine6 7ive it bac' to me. $. The cat is lovel!. )t has a long tail. %. ) 'noc'ed on the door but nobod! answered. &. ) am angr! with him. (. ) thin' she is a fool. 1*. The! finished the proect b! themselves. Exercise 2 8ill in the each blan' with either a +ubect 9ronoun- or an +:bect 9ronoun-. 1. ) don-t 'now. The teacher didn-t tell ;;;;;;;;;;. 2. The principal punished ;;;;;;;;;; because he was laenn! has a canoe. #er father gave it to ;;;;;;;;;;. &. Who are those men ) have never seen ;;;;;;;;;; before. (. )s he !our father ?es@ ;;;;;;;;;; is. 1*. ) have bought a new trac'suit. o !ou want to see ;;;;;;;;;;
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PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
Exercise 3 8ill in the blan's with correct +9ossessive Adectives-. 1. The twins sew ;;;;;;;;;; own clothes. 2. We are washing ;;;;;;;;;; cars. 3. ) threw the cloth awa! because ;;;;;;;;;; colour had faded. 4. ;;;;;;;;;; e!esight is not good. ) need to wear a pair of glasses. ". 9eter-s dog has white fur and ;;;;;;;;;; tail is long. $. id !ou brush ;;;;;;;;;; teeth this morning %. The lad! showed us ;;;;;;;;;; eweller!. &. We ought to be proud of ;;;;;;;;;; parents. (. >ohn went to see ;;;;;;;;;; doctor. 1*. The cat lic's ;;;;;;;;;; wet fur.
Exercise 5 Underline the correct word. 1. ) eno!ed himself @ m!self / ver! much at the part! last night. 2. ?ou can loo' at !ourself @ m!self / in the mirror. 3. Tomm! hurt himself @ !ourself / !esterda!. 4. We bought themselves @ ourselves / some bean curd. ". id !ou cut herself @ !ourself / a slice of watermelon
3. Adjectives Exercise 1 Underline the adectives in the following sentences. 1. ,an !ou lift that heav! bo5 2. ,ows are useful animals. 3. he is a 'ind girl. 4. ?our hands are dirt!. 9lease wash them at once. ". M! grandfather is ver! old. $. We should 'eep the classroom clean. %. 9eter is sad toda!. &. We want to eat food when we are hungr!. 2
PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
(. The trousers ) bought !esterda! were too tight. 1*. M! mother was angr! with me because ) had bro'en her vase. Exercise 2 ,ircle the best answer. 1. 8ootball is an e5citing 0 comfortable 0 clever / game. 2. We go to see a doctor when we are hungr! 0 angr! 0 ill /. 3. The! feel comfortable 0 sleep! 0 happ! /. )t is ver! late. 4. The bus does not stop because it is big 0 Buic' 0 full /. ". #e is a brave 0 famous 0 cruel / doctor. $. We lost our dog. We felt interesting 0sweet 0 sad /. %. The mouse was afraid 0 polite 0 slow / and ran awa! Buic'l!. &. )t is ver! careful 0 dangerous 0 clever / to pla! in the street. (. #e is loo'ing for food. #e is tired 0 thirst! 0 hungr! /. 1*. ) don-t want to pla! with the naught! 0 tiring 0 lonel! / girl. Exercise 3 9ut the words in the correct order. 1. dress 0 long 0 sil' 0 part! 0 a ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;. 2. big 0 card 0 colourful 0 birthda! 0 a ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;. 3. strawberr! 0 8rench 0 two 0 ca'es ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;. 4. coffee 0 old 0 )talian 0 shop 0 an ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;. ". bo5es 0 lunch 0 ten 0 large ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;. $. !oung 0 American 0 three 0 students ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;. 4. Vers
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Exercise 1 Underline the verbs in the following sentences. 1. Add a little salt to the soup. 2. A car appeared in the street. 3. Aunt Mar! arranged the flowers in a vase. 4. Two bo!s died in the car accident. ". 9eter-s mother never drin's. $. >ohn alwa!s feeds his dog a bone. %. ) got a wallet for m! father !esterda!. &. ) heard him singing in the bathroom. (. M! brother hit me on the bac'. 1*. ) saw a bo! climbing the tree.
5. Advers Exercise 1 Underline the adverbs in the following sentences. 1. The rain fell heavil! last night. 2. The fisherman sailed happil! towards the shore. 3. Where have !ou been recentl! 4. Maria will go to a new school soon. ". When he last called on me@ ) was not at home. $. >ohn ate the ca'e greedil!. %. The apple is rather sweet. &. M! father is alwa!s bus!. (. What are !ou doing tomorrow 1*. #e found the pen there.
Exercise 2 ,ircle the best answer. 1. We all sat Buiet 0 Buietl! / and waited. Co one tal'ed. Co one moved. ver!one was Buiet 0 Buietl! /.
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PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
2. +Deep calm 0 calml! /@ please@- said the inspector. +)f fire brea's out@ wal' calm 0 calml! / down the stairs and go out from the front door.3. That prett! lad! is ver! polite 0 politel! /. he alwa!s answers the Buestions polite 0 politel! /. 4. >ohn fought brave 0 bravel! / in the battle. #e is a brave 0 bravel! / soldier. ". We are a happ! 0 happil! / famil!. We live and wor' happ! 0 happil! / together.
Exercise 3 8ill in the blan's with the following adverbs. soundl!
carelessl!
again and again
across
alone
along
un'indl!
twice
neatl!
aloud
1. :ur teacher e5plains the difficult words ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;. 2. The river is too wide. We can-t swim ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;. 3. ?ou have to read ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; so that ever!one can hear !ou. 4. ) have read this stor! boo' ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;. ". Wal' ;;;;;;;;;;;;; and !ou can see the church. $. We must do our homewor' ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;. %. >ohnn! hit his dog ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;. &. M! father slept ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; in the sitting room. (. The la
!. Prepositions Exercise 1 Underline the prepositions in the following sentences. 1. )s this the wa! to Merde'a Eeach 2. 9eter will go to >apan on business ne5t month. 3. The children sat under a tree. 23
PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
4. 9lease 'eep off the grass. ". Mar! sits behind me. $. The weather is hot in summer. %. Eirds cannot fl! without wings. &. ) go to school b! bus ever! da!. (. ) am hot. 9lease turn on the airFconditioner. 1*. )v! li'es sta!ing at home on unda!s.
Exercise 2 ,ircle the best answer. 1. The! will fl! to the tate on 0 in 0 for / a few months. 2. M! grandfather has been ill for 0 from 0 since / last unda!. 3. That stamp is similar to 0 about 0 in / this one. 4. #e is not interested in 0 at 0 of / swimming. ". The students put all the boo's down 0 into 0 from / their bags. $. >ohn is good up 0 in 0 at / drawing. %. ) put with 0 on 0 to / m! coat before going out. &. Than' !ou so much in 0 to 0 for / !our help. (. We pra! to 0 at 0 for / 7od in the church. 1*. )t is dar'. 9lease turn on 0 off 0 at / the light.
". #onjunctions Exercise 1 Underline the conunctions in the following sentences. 1. ) have a ca'e and some sweets. 2. o !ou li'e coffee or tea 3. We did not pla! tennis because it was raining. 24
PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
4. The lad! is rich but the man is poor. ". all! does her homewor' although she is ver! ill. $. on-t go out until the bell rings. %. ?ou will get wet if !ou don-t ta'e !our raincoat. &. ) felt sleep!@ so ) went to bed. (. )f he studies hard@ he will pass the test. 1*. 8ish can swim but cannot fl!.
Exercise 2 8ill in the blan's with one of the following conunctions. and
but
because
since
although
before
after
until
1. ) have not seen her ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; she left #ong Dong. 2. ) shall wait ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; !our mother comes. 3. he did not go to school !esterda! ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; she was ill. 4. The! are generous ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; the! are poor. ". The bab! felt asleep ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; it had cried for a long time. $. Mar! is poor ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; happ!. %. Eett! is clever ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; 'ind. &. ) brush m! teeth ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ) go to bed.
$evision )dentif! the underlined words in the f ollowing sentences and write the part of speech in the spaces provided. 1. M! sister is stud!ing at #ong Dong Universit! now.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
2. all!-s birthda! is in 8ebruar!.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
3. The To'!o Tower is 333 metres tall.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
2)
PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
4. =il! wor's hard ever! da!.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
". ?ou must water the pot plants or the! will die.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
$. #e wal'ed farther than the rest.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
%. ) am fat but m! sister is thin.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
&. Ah6 ?ou have forgotten what ) told !ou !esterda!.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
(. The roads are mudd! after the rain.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
1*. M! sister was born on the fifth of >ul!.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
11. id !ou brush !our teeth this morning
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
12. Gice is one of the chief crops in ,hina.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
13. The weather was good !esterda!.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
14. 9eter is having his brea'fast now.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
1". )f !ou invite 9eter@ ) thin' he will come.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
1$. The naught! bo! climbed over the fence.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
1%. The ourne! is rather long.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
1&. ) have a friend who lives in Aberdeen.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
1(. The! eno!ed themselves ver! much at the part!.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
2*. ) am going to #awaii in the summer holida!.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
=/>EC$= @ 9ER>= AGREE%EN$
>asic Rule" 0he basic rule states that a singular subect takes a singular verb while a plural subect takes a plural verb. 0he trick is knowing whether the
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PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
subect is singular or plural. 0he next trick is recogni1ing a singular or plural verb.
int: 2erbs do not form their plurals by adding an s as nouns do. 'n order to determine which verb is singular and which one is plural, think of which verb you would use with he or she and which verb you would use with they . Exa#ple talks, talk Which one is the singular form? Which word would you use with he ? We say, 3/e talks.3 0herefore, talks is singular. We say, 30hey talk.3 0herefore, talk is plural. Rule 1" 0wo singular subects connected by or or nor re4uire a singular verb. Exa#ple 5y aunt or my uncle is arriving by train today. Rule 2" 0wo singular subects connected by either6or or neither6nor re4uire a singular verb as in ule 7. Exa#ples "either John nor )usan is available. "either she nor ' am going to the festival. "80(: %m is singular and agrees with the subect closest to it. Rule 6" When a singular subect is connected by or or nor to a plural subect, put the plural subect last and use a plural verb. Exa#ple 0he book or the maga1ines are on the shelf. Rule 8" When either6or or neither6nor connect a singular and plural subect, put the plural subect last and use a plural verb as in ule 9. Exa#ple "either John nor the others are available. Rule B" %s a general rule, use a plural verb with two or more subects when they are connected by and . Exa#ple % car and a bike are my means of transportation.
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PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
Rule " )ometimes the subect is separated from the verb by words such as along with , as well as , besides , not , etc. 'gnore these expressions when determining whether to use a singular or plural verb. Exa#ples 0he politician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly. (xcitement, as well as nervousness, is the cause of her shaking. Rule D" 0he pronouns each , everyone , everybody , anyone , anybody , someone , and somebody are singular. o not be misled by what follows of . Exa#ples (ach of the girls sings well. (very one of the cakes is gone. "80(: (veryone is one word when it means everybody .
Rule " With words that indicate portions; percent, fraction, part, maority, some, all, none, remainder , etc.;you must look at the obect of the preposition to determine whether to use a singular or plural verb. 'f the obect of the preposition is singular, use a singular verb. 'f the obect of the preposition is plural, use a plural verb. Exa#ples
2
PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
Rule 1" 0he words here and there are never subects because they are not nouns. 'n sentences beginning with here or there , the true subect follows the verb. Exa#ples 0here are four hurdles to ump. 0here is a high hurdle to ump. Rule 11" =se a singular verb with sums of money or periods of time. Exa#ples 0en dollars is a high price to pay. ollective nouns such as team and staff may be either singular or plural depending on their use in the sentence. Exa#ples i.
0he staff is in a meeting. )taff is acting as a unit here.#
ii.
0he staff are in disagreement about the findings. 0he staff are acting as separate individuals in this example#
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PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
$EN=E= SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE )ntroduction We use the simple present alsoH present simple, present tense/ to e5press actions in the present that ta'e place once or repeatedl!@ happen one after the other@ have general validit!@ or are determined b! a time table or schedule.
olin li0es football. %e is a forward. ( forwardtries to score #oals for his team. olin plays football e$ery Tuesday. %is trainin#starts at fi$e o6cloc0. (fter school olin #oeshome, pac0s his ba#, puts on his football shirt and t hen he #oes to football trainin#. %e has to ta0e the bus. The bus lea$es at half past four.
Usage
events that ta'e place regularl! or habituall! alwa!s@ never@ rarel!@ often/ Example: #e pla!s football ever! Tuesda!.
events that ta'e place one after the other Example: 3
PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
After school ,olin goes home@ pac's his bag@ puts on his football shirt and then he goes to football training.
something is generall! valid Example: A forward tries to score goals for his team.
future actions that are planned and predetermined e.g. b! a time table or programme/ Example: The bus leaves at half past four. #is training starts at five o-cloc'.
static verbs condition/ and verbs of thought0memor! Example: ,olin li'es football. #e is a forward.
,onstruction )n positive sentences@ we use the verb in its basic form. We onl! need to add an s in the third person singular. )n negative sentences and Buestions@ we generall! need the au5iliar! verb do or does in the third person singular/. The verb itself then remains in its basic form. positive
negative
Buestion
I8you8we8they
I spea0
I do not spea0
;o I spea0'
he8she8it
he spea0s
he does not spea0
;oes he spea0'
5ceptions in the ,onstruction of the 3rd 9erson ingular
)f the verb ends with an o or a sibilant %ch, sh&' we add es. Example: do I he does wash I she washes
)f the verb ends with a consonant + y @ we change the y to ie before we add the s. but the y does not change after a vowel/ Example:
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PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
worr! I he worries but H pla! I he pla!s/ We do not add an s to the verbs can, may, might, and must . The! remain the same
in all forms. Example: he can swim she must go T(E VE$)S )E*(AVE e The verb be is irregular in all its forms. )n negative sentences and Buestions@ we do not use it with an au5iliar! verb. positive
negative
Buestion
I
I am
I am not
(m I'
he8she8it
he is
he is not
Is he'
you8we8they
you are
you are not
(re you'
have 8or have, we have two possible constructionsH have and have got . positive
negative
Buestion
I8you8we8they
I ha$e8I ha$e #ot
I do not ha$e8I ha$e not #ot
;o I ha$e'8%a$e I #ot'
he8she8it
he has8he has #ot
he does not ha$e8he has not #ot
;oes he ha$e'8%as he #ot'
Usage of have got Have got e5presses possession0belonging in Eritish nglish. This form is uncommon in American nglish. ,ontractions speciall! in spo'en nglish@ we li'e to combine pronouns with certain verbs in order to sound more natural. These combinations are called contractions. long form
contraction
e5ample
am
>6m
I6m
are
>6re
you6re
are not
>6re not8> aren6t
we6re not8we aren6t
is
>6s
he6s
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PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
long form
contraction
e5ample
is not
>6s not8> isn6t
she6s not8she isn6t
ha$e
>6$e
they6$e
ha$e not
>6$e not8> ha$en6t
I6$e not8I ha$en6t
has
>6s
she6s
has not
>6s not8> hasn6t
he6s not8he hasn6t
do not
don6t
you don6t
does not
doesn6t
it doesn6t
To +ote )n writing@ the contraction of are can onl! be used after pronouns@ not after an! other words. Example: They’re not interested in football. but not: The girls’re not interested in football./ ignal Words
alwa!s@ normall!@ usuall!
often@ sometimes@ seldom
never
ever! da!0wee'0month0J
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PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
PRESENT CONTINUOUS The present progressive alsoH present continuous/ is the continuous form of the present tense. We use it in nglish mostl! to e5press actions that are ta'ing place at the present moment or that are onl! happening temporaril!. ?ames is tra$ellin# around (ustralia. %e is stayin# at a youth hostel i n a little (ustralian town. The town is becomin# more and more popular because of its beautiful beaches. ?ames is meetin# his friend @rad in town t oni#ht. @rad is wor0in# there as a tour #uide o$er the summer. ?ames is in the town centre now. Aoo0B ?ames is ta0in# a picture of another tourist.
,onstruction We use the au5iliar! verb be and the verb in its ing-form. positive
negative
Buestion
)
) am spea'ing
) am not spea'ing
Am ) spea'ing
he@ she@ it
he is spea'ing
he is not spea'ing
s he spea'ing
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PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
positive !ou@ we@ the!
negative
!ou are spea'ing
Buestion
!ou are not spea'ing
Are !ou spea'ing
Exceptions ,hen addin- ing
An e at the end of the word is removed butH ee, oe and ye remain unchanged/.Example:
•
come I coming
•
butH agr ee I agr eeing/
8or words that have a short stressed vowel before the final consonant@ we double the final consonant. but !, x and y are not doubled/Example:
•
sit I sitt ing
•
butH fi x Ifi x ing/
An l as the final consonant after a vowel is alwa!s doubled in Eritish nglish but not in American nglish/.Example: o
travel I travelli ng Eritish/@ travel ing American/
An ie at the end of the word is replaced b! a y . Example: o
lie I ly ing
#ontractions speciall! in spo'en nglish@ we li'e to combine pronouns with certain verbs in order to sound more natural. These combinations are called contractions. long form
contraction
e5ample
am not/
J-m not/
)-m not/ not: ) amn-t/
are
J-re
!ou-re
are not
J-re not0J aren-t
we-re not0we aren-t
is
J-s
he-s
3)
PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
long form
contraction
e5ample
is not
J-s not0J isn-t
she-s not0she isn-t
To Cote )n writing@ the contraction of are can onl! be used after pronouns@ not after an! other words. Example: o
They’re travelling around Australia.
but not: The tourists’re travelling around Australia./
SIMPLE PAST TENSE )ntroduction With the simple past alsoH past simple, past tense/ we e5press past actions that too' place once or repeatedl!@ happened one after the other@ or interrupted an action that was alread! ta'ing place. Aast month a #irl from hina joined our class. "he came in, introduced herself, and be#an to tal0 about her country. "he showed us where she was from on a map. hile she was tal0in# about her home town, the school bell suddenly ran#. If I spo0e hinese, I would lo$e to #o on a holiday to hina.
Usage
action that happened once or repeatedl! in the past Example: 3/
PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
=ast month a girl from ,hina oined our class. he was from ,hina. he showed us where she was from on a map.
actions that happened one after the other in the past Example: he came in@ introduced herself@ and began to tal' about her countr!.
a new action interrupting an action that was alread! ta'ing place Example: While she was tal'ing about her home town@ the school bell suddenl! rang.
ifFclause t!pe )) )f ) tal'ed@ J/ Example: )f ) spo'e ,hinese@ ) would li'e to go on holida! to ,hina.
,onstruction The construction of the simple past is the same for all forms. We onl! differentiate between regular and irregular verbs. )n negative sentences and Buestions@ the verb remains in the infinitive@ and onl! the au5iliar! verb do is put in the past tense K did /. positive
negative
Buestion
re#ular $erb
I played
I did not play
;id I play'
irre#ular $erb
I spo0e
I did not spea0
;id I spea0'
5ceptions in the construction with regular verbs
)f a verb ends with an e @ we simpl! add a d. Example: love I loved notH loveed/
After a short stressed vowel@ the final consonant is doubled. Example: admit I admitted
The final consonant l is alwa!s doubled after a vowel in Eritish nglish but not in American nglish/. Example: travel I travelled Eritish/@ traveled American/ 3
PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
A y at the end of the word is replaced b! an i. Example: hurr! I hurried
The verb Lbe positive
negative
Buestion
I8he8she8it
I was
I was not
as I'
you8we8they
you were
you were not
ere you'
ignal Words
!esterda!@ 2 minutes ago@ in 1((*@ the other da!@ last 8rida!
ifFclause t!pe )) )f ) tal'ed@ J/
PAST CONTINUOUS )ntroduction We use the past progressive alsoH past continuous/ to emphasise the process or progression of an action in the past. Aucy was sittin# on the beach at si5 o6cloc0 yesterday. %er friend Aaurence doesn6t li0e bein# la*y. "o while Aucy was rela5in# on the beach, he was sailin#. Aucy was watchin# the sunset when Aaurence passed by on his boat.
Usage
a progressive action that too' place in the past
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PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
Example: =uc! was sitting on the beach at si5 o-cloc' !esterda!.
actions that too' place at the same time Example: While =uc! was rela5ing on the beach@ =aurence was sailing.
a progressive action that was interrupted b! a new action Example: =uc! was watching the sunset when =aurence passed b! on his boat.
,onstruction We need the pastFtense form of be and the main verb in its ing-form. positive
negative
Buestion
I 8 he 8 she 8 it
I was spea0in#
I was not spea0in#
as I spea0in#'
you 8 we 8 they
you were spea0in#
you were not spea0in#
ere you spea0in#'
5ceptions when adding ing
An e at the end of the word is removed butH ee, oe and ye remain unchanged/. Example: come I coming butH agree I agreeing/
8or words that have a short stressed vowel before the final consonant@ we double the final consonant.butH ! @ x and y and not doubled/ Example: sit I sitting butH mi5 I mi5ing/
An l as the final consonant after a vowel is alwa!s doubled in Eritish nglish but not in American nglish/.
3
PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
Example: travel I travelling "#ritish$ traveling "American$
An ie at the end of the word is replaced with a !.
Example: lie I l!ing ignal Words while@ as long as
FUTURE TENSE )ntroduction The future with !ill in nglish e5presses a spontaneous decision@ a supposition or a future event that cannot be altered.
!h, what a mess in hereB ome on, I6ll help you sort the files.
It6s o0ay, I6ll do it tomorrow. It6ll rain tomorrow anyway.
Cou won6t finish it in just one day.
If I need help, I will tell you.
Usage
spontaneous decision Example: ,ome on@ ) will help !ou sort the files.
opinion@ hope@ uncertaint!@ or assumption regarding the future 4
PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
Example: ?ou won-t finish it in ust one da!. )t will rain tomorrow an!wa!. promise
Example: ) will do it tomorrow. ifFclause t!pe ) situation that could potentiall! arise/
Example: )f ) need help@ ) will tell !ou.
,onstruction We need the au5iliar! verb !ill and the main verb in its basic form. positive all forms are the same
I will spea0
negative I will not spea0
Buestion ill I spea0'
,ontractions speciall! in spo'en nglish@ we li'e to combine pronouns with certain verbs in order to sound more natural. These combinations are called contractions. long form
contraction
e5ample
will
>6ll
they6ll
will not
>6ll not8> won6t
I6ll not8I won6t
To Cote The negated contractions@ in which the verb and not are combined@ can alwa!s be used no matter what 'ind of word comes before them/. Example: He won-t finish it in ust one da!. %y colleague&'hil won-t finish it in ust one da!. )n writing@ all the other contractions can onl! be used after pronouns@ not after other words. Example:
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PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
He’ll not finish it in ust one da!. but not: %y colleague’ll 0'hil’ll not finish it in ust one da!./ ignal Words
) thin'
probabl!
perhaps
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE )ntroduction With the future progressive we emphasise the progression or length of time of a future action. Mrs elson is #ettin# ready for her bin#o ni#ht. "he #oes there e$ery ednesday. In an hour she will be sittin# at her table with her friends. They will be tal0in#. They will be playin#bin#o. (nd she will be seein# harles, a #ood-loo0in# pensioner she met there last wee0.
Usage
emphasises the progression of an action in the future Example: )n an hour she will be sitting at her table with her friends. The! will be tal'ing. The! will be pla!ing bingo.
action that one assumes will certainl! happen
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PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
Example: And she will be seeing ,harles@ a goodFloo'ing pensioner she met there last wee'. ,onstruction We need the basic form of the au5iliar! verbs !ill N be and the main verb in its ing-form. positive all forms are the same
negative
I will be spea0in#
I will not be spea0in#
Buestion ill I be spea0in#'
5ceptions when adding ing
An e at the end of the word is removed butH ee, oe and ye remains unchanged/. Example: come I coming butH agree I agreeing/
8or words with a short stressed vowel before the final consonant@ we double the final consonant.butH ! @x and y are not doubled./ Example: sit I sitting butH fi5 I fi5ing/
An l as the final consonant after a vowel is alwa!s doubled in Eritish nglish but not in American nglish/. Example: travel I travelling "#ritish$ traveling "American$
An ie at the end of the word is replaced b! a !
Example: lie I l!ing ,ontractions speciall! in spo'en nglish@ we li'e to combine pronouns with certain verbs in order to sound more natural. These combinations are called contractions.
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PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
long form
contraction
e5ample
will
>6ll
they6ll
will not
>6ll not8> won6t
I6ll not8I won6t
To Cote The negated contractions@ in which the verb and not are combined@ can alwa!s be used no matter what 'ind of word comes before them/. Example: Unfortunatel!@ she won-t be sitting ne5t to ,harles. (nfortunately, the !oman&%rs )elson won-t be sitting ne5t to ,harles. )n writing@ all the other contractions can onl! be used after pronouns@ not after other words. Example: Unfortunatel!@ she’ll not be sitting ne5t to ,harles. but not: Unfortunatel!@ the !oman’ll 0%rs )elson’ll not be sitting ne5t to ,harles./ ignal Words
at 4 o-cloc' tomorrow
this time ne5t wee'
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PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
Exercise 1 Suject/Ver A-ree0ent A. irectionsH Underline the correct verb in these sentences. 1.
all! run@ runs/ to the par' ever! da!.
2.
The dogs bar'@ bar's@/ at strangers.
3.
Ted and Mar! is@ are/ going to the movies.
4.
The game was@ were/ e5citing.
".
The! worr!@ worries/ too much.
$.
he stud!@ studies/ ever! night.
%.
Elac' or white is@ are/ !our choice.
&.
That was@ were/ incredible.
(.
Those is@ are/ prett! shoes.
1*.
The cat or dog is@ are/ in the !ard.
E. irectionsH 9ut a # if the sentence is correct@ an if it is not correct. 1.
;;; The! have been waiting a long time.
2.
;;; The pen or the pencil are lost.
3.
;;; omeone don-t understand. 4)
PT3 MODULE 1/JANUARY 2016
4.
;;; Those has been cheaper in the past.
".
;;; Gand! and >uan li'e sports.
$.
;;; These are reall! special.
%.
;;; ?ou rides with me.
&.
;;; All of them goes to school.
(.
;;; Ton! li'es Mar!.
1*.
;;; That movie was awesome. &ead more at http9::rammar.yourdictionary.com:parts;of;speech:verbs:"ui<;in;sub!ect; verb;areement.html=u>ir?#-h@*p%u/.AA
Exercise 2 Suject/Ver A-ree0ent A. irectionsH Underline the correct verb in these sentences. 1.
The girl or her sisters watch@ watches/ television ever! da!.
2.
Gob doesn-t@ don-t/ li'e sports.
3.
#is classmates stud!@ studies/ before a test.
4.
:ne of the coo'ies is@are/ missing.
".
A lad! with 1* cats live@ lives/ in that big house.
$.
Mumps is@ are/ ver! serious.
%.
The committee decide@ decides/ when to adourn.
&.
:ur team is@ are/ the best.
(.
ver!bod! eno!@ eno!s/ a good song.
1*.
ither is@ are/ suitable.
E. irectionsH 9ut a # if the sentence is correct@ an if it is not correct. 1.
;;; ,ats and dogs love to run.
2.
;;; #e don-t li'e chocolate.
3.
;;; #er friends or arah e5cel at volle!ball. 4/
