Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range, altitude, direction, or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as aircraft, ships, motor vehicles, weather formations, ...
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Landmine Detection using RADAR BULLET 2014-2015
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION Radar bullet is a relatively new discovery that was invented in the US. It was developed by International Research Centre or !eleco""unications-!rans"ission and R#$#R %IRC!R&. It is used or detectin' land "ines. #nd this discovery inds a very i"portant prospect as about 1() countries si'ned a treaty in avor o bannin' anti personal "ines. !his treaty was si'ned durin' the second wee* o +arch 1))) in ,ttawa Canada. #nti -personal -personal
"ines clai"s clai"s seventy seventy new victi"s every day. day. !his !his weapon weapon is
particularly cruel on children whose bodies bein' s"aller and closer to the blast. #re "ore li*ely to sustain
serious inury. inury. !he severe disabilities and psycholo'ical trau"a
that ollow the blast "ean these children will have to be loo*ed ater or "any year. # child inured at the a'e o ten will need about 25 artiicial li"bs durin' their lie ti"e. !he cost is at (000 a hu'e su" to pay in countries countries where people earn as little as /10 a "onth between 1)) and 1))0 the red cross itted over 0000 a"putees with artiicial li"bs. #nd the land"ines proble" is still 'rowin'. !hereore considerin' these actors the discovery o radar bullet is really a bi' boost to our world as we launches into the 21t century. !hee count !h countrie riess *no *nown wn to have have sever severee land" land"ine ine probl proble" e"ss are #'han 'hanis ista tan n 3osnia Ca"bodia thiopia ietna" Ira6 7uwait 8aos 'ypt ritrea Chevalier China. Unortunately India 9a*istan Srilan*a +yan"ar are in the list o less "ine aected countries besides other 100 countries.
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CHAPTER 2
LAND MINE !he purpose o a land"ine is to disable i""obili:e or *ill. It is an e;plosive device activated either by a person or vehicle or by co""and detonated by electric wire or radio si'nals. +ost land "ines are laid on ust below the surace o 'round and are activated by pressure or trip-wire. Usually "ost o the land"ines will contain "any "etallic parts which can be "ade use o in their detection. #nti-personal "ines clai"s 0 new victi"s every day. !his weapon is particularly cruel on children whose bodies bein' s"aller and closer to the blast are "ore li*ely to sustain serious inury. !he severe disabilities disabilities and psycholo'ical trau"as that ollow the blast- "eans these children will have to be loo*ed ater or "any years.
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Landmine Detection using RADAR BULLET 2014-2015 8and"ines In this discussion we deal with buried anti-tan* %#!& and anti personnel %#9& land"ines which re6uire close approach or contact to activate. #! "ines ran'e ro" about 15 to (5 c" in si:e. !hey are typically buried up to 40c" deep but they can also be deployed on the surace o a road to bloc* a colu"n o "achinery. #9 "ines ran'e ro" about 5 to 15c" in si:e. #! "ines which are desi'ned to i"pede the pro'ress o destroy vehicles and #9 "ines which are desi'ned to *ill and "ai" people # child inured at the a'e o 10 will need about 25 critical li"bs durin' there lie ti"e. !his cost in (000 $ollars a hu'e
su" to pay in countries where people earn as
little as 10 dollar a "onth. . 3etween 1)) o 1)) the red crores itted over 0000 #"putees with critical li"bs and the land "ine proble" in still 'rowin'. !here or considerin' these actors the discovery o radar bullet is really a bi' boost to our world as we launches to 21st century.
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Landmine Detection using RADAR BULLET 2014-2015
CHAPTER 3
PRINCIPLES USED TO DETECT LANDMINES 1. +etal detection 2. ;plosive detection
3.1. Metal Detection ssentially the two "ost co""on co"ponents o land"ines are "etals and e;plosives. +anuactured "ines have castin' "ade ro" a variety o "aterials includin' wood "etals 9lastic "etal or other synthetic "aterials.
+etal detectors %co""only reerred to as "ine detectors& are now capable o si'nalin' the presence o "inute piece o "etal. >owever so"e "ines are "etal ree on certain virtually non-"etal. !hese non-"etals challen'e the capacity o current "etal detectors.
4.2. Exploi!e Detection !he e;plosives are one co""on in'redient that is ound in all "ines. $etectin' e;plosives however is a co"plicated process. +ode" airports have e;plosive detecters which can detect s"all traces o e;plosives in suitcases and other containers. 8ocatin' traces or the order o e;plosives is an open ield de"ands technolo'y that can operate in $ept o C I!
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Landmine Detection using RADAR BULLET 2014-2015 an unli"ited variety o environ"ental conditions that are subected to wind water and soil chan'es and variations. ;plosive detection under ield conditions has recently beco"e the preview o "ine detection do's. # do'?s nose has proven to be a very sophisticated and reliable sensor however handlin' "aid detection do' tea"s and ensurin' consistent behaviour in varied ha:ard scenarios is a co"plicated and de"andin' tas*s.
In all the above said "ethods "ine detection in conducted in close pro;i"ity. !hat is detection is conducted ater 'oin' very near to the "ine. !his "ethod can prove to be dan'erous in "any occations. So it is not considered to be the saest "ethod. # preerred "ethod is to use detection devices that locate land "ines at a sae distance ro" the de"iner. Usin' detection devices that pinpoint land "ines e;ploded ro" a distance either overhead on at 'round level in the best possible way to deter"ine the actual location o individual land "ines. ,nes the threat is located that is "ines are pin pointed we can deactivate it saely. !his is where the i"portance o "ine detection usin' radar bullet co"es.
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Landmine Detection using RADAR BULLET 2014-2015
CHAPTER 4
RADAR "ULLET !he radar bullet is a special type o bullet. !he "ain use o radar bullet is to ind land"ines without settin' oot on the 'round. !his consists o irin' a special bullet in to the 'round ro" a helicopter which could pin point buried land "ines. !he bullet units a radar pulse as it 'rounds to a halt. !his pulse stri*es the "ine and its i"a'e 'ets available on the co"puter in the helicopter oerin' a sae and eicient way o indin' land "ines. 8and"ines In this discussion we deal with buried anti-tan* %#!& and anti-personnel %#9& land"ines which re6uire close approach or contact to activate. #! "ines ran'e ro" about 15 to (5 c" in si:e. !hey are typically buried up to 40c" deep but they can also be deployed on the surace o a road to bloc* a colu"n o "achinery. #9 "ines ran'e ro" about 5 to 15c" in si:e. #! "ines which are desi'ned to i"pede the pro'ress o destroy vehicles and #9 "ines which are desi'ned to *ill and "ai" people. Inside the bullet is a "etal cylinder surrounded by a ti'htly wounded coin o wire. #s the bullet leaves the 'un there is a battery 'eneratin' a "a'netic ield in the cylinder. 3attery
bullet casin'
+etallic cylinder
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Landmine Detection using RADAR BULLET 2014-2015
CHAPTER #
RADAR PRINCIPLE Radar is Radio detection and ran'in'. Radar is a sensor. Radar "a*es use o radio waves to detect and locate obects. !he purpose is to provide esti"ates o certain characteristics o its surroundin's "ost co""only the presence position and "otion o aircrats ships and other vehicles. Radar operates by trans"ittin' electro "a'netic ener'y into the surroundin's and detectin' ener'y relected by obect. I a narrow bea" o this ener'y is trans"itted by the directive antenna the direction ro" which relections co"e and hence the bearin' o obect "ay be esti"ated. .!he distance to the relectin' obect in esti"ated by "easurin' the period between the trans"ission o radar pulse and reception o echo. In radar bullet principle the chan'e o "ediu" by the waves "ust be ta*en into consideration.
Radars have 'enerally ro" principal parts the trans"itter antenna receiver and display. !he trans"itter will trans"it an electro "a'netic si'nal throu'h the antenna $ept o C I!
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Landmine Detection using RADAR BULLET 2014-2015 which will hit the tar'et and relects bac*. !he sa"e antenna and the ti"e dierence between the si'nal trans"ission and reception is calculated which will help up to "easure the distance o the tar'et ro" the radar.
5.1$%n&a'ental
!rans"itter
$uple;er
Receiver
$i( #.1) 3loc* dia'ra" o an ele"entary pulse radar set
3asic radar syste"= !he bloc* dia'ra" o an ele"entary pulsed radar set is shown in
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Landmine Detection using RADAR BULLET 2014-2015 ta*en by pulses to return ro" a nor"al ran'e o tar'ets. !hus when such echoes are received the antenna still points in the ri'ht direction to collect the". #s soon as the trans"itted pulse ter"inates the duple;er disconnects the trans"itter ro" the antenna. !he duple;er also reconnects the receiver to the antenna allowin' the returnin' echoes to be correctly processed. !he received pulses are a"pliied and de"odulated by the receiver. !he pulses ro" the returnin' echoes %and noise o course& are then ed to the device on which they are to be displayed as will be described. !he cycle is co"plete and the set is once a'ain ready or the trans"ission o the ne;t pulse and the succeedin' ones while the antenna scans alon' its predeter"ined path !he radar set is able to show the position o the tar'et because inor"ation about the a:i"uth %hori:ontal direction& and the elevation %vertical direction& o the antenna is available. In addition the distance to the tar'et "ay trans"itter output tubes and the irst sta'e o the receiver is oten a diode "i;er. !he antenna 'enerally uses a parabolic relector o so"e or" as will be "entioned in Sec. $evelop"ent o radar ro" its inception radar has used a syste" o sendin' short powerul pulses o radio ener'y and then analy:in' the returned echoes to deter"ine the position distance and possibly velocity o the tar'et. >owever the "ethods o doin' so have evolved and beco"e ar "ore reined and sophisticated as ti"e has 'one by. !he pri"ary incentive as in so "any other thin's was the i""inence o war. Radar was "ade possible by a technolo'y which at the ti"e war bro*e out was ust be'innin' to show pro"ise. !his technolo'y itsel too* 'reat strides orward to "eet the new challen'es i"posed by war. !he irst radars wor*ed at "uch lower re6uencies than present syste"s %as lo6 as 0+>: or the ori'inal 3ritish coastal air-warnin' radar because o a lac* o suiciently powerul trans"ittin' tubes at hi'her re6uencies. !his was chan'ed in 1)40 with the appearance o the cavity "a'netron and the sta'e was then set or the develop"ent o "odern radar. #s can be appreciated one o the pri"e re6uire"ents o a radar syste" is that it should have a air de'ree o accuracy in its indication o tar'et direction. !his is possible only i the antennas used are narrow bea" ones i.e. have di"ensions o several wavelen'ths. !hat re6uire"ent cannot be ulilled satisactorily unless the wavelen'ths the"selves are airly short correspondin' to the upper U>< or "icrowave re6uencies.
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#.2 CALCULATIONS
R O"*ECT RADAR
!
Ati"e bBw si'nal trans"ission and reception.
2R
A !otal distance traveled.
c
A elocity o electro"a'netic si'nals A (10@ "Bsec.
elocity A distance B ti"e i.e.D C
A 2R B ! ,r
R
AC! B2
So in the screen an obstacle will be shown at a distance R ro" the radar.
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Landmine Detection using RADAR BULLET 2014-2015
CHAPTER +
HARD,ARE DESCRIPTION !he i"pulse radar bullet syste" developed in the International Research Centre or !eleco""unications-trans"ission and Radar %IRC!R&. I"pulse radar bullet syste" co"prises I"pulse 'enerator !rans"itter Receiver 9ulse e;tender #B$ converter 9rocessor and isual display.
IMPULSE -ENERATOR !he pulse 'enerator delivered by S#!IS Co. produces 0.@ ns "onocycle pulses. !he uni6ue eature o this 'enerator is its s"all trailin' oscillations which are below 2.4E o "a;i"u" a"plitude durin' the irst 2 ns and below 0.5E aterwards. !he advanta'e o a "onocycle in co"parison with a "ono pulse is that the re6uency spectru" o the irst one decreases to :ero at low re6uencies which cannot be eiciently trans"itted via the antenna syste" while the $ept o C I!
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Landmine Detection using RADAR BULLET 2014-2015 re6uency spectru" o the second one has a 'lobal "a;i"u" there. #s a result the "a'nitude o the ield radiated by an antenna syste" ed by a "onocycle is considerably lar'er than the "a'nitude o the ield radiated by the antenna syste" ed by a "onopoles with the sa"e "a'nitude.
: till 2F>: on (d3 level. #t re6uencies below 1F>: attenuation losses in the 'round are s"all and considerable penetration depth can be achieved. >owever land"ines detection re6uires down-ran'e resolution o the order o several centi"eters which can be achieved usin' re6uencies above 1F>:. It was ound e;peri"entally that the 0.@ns "onocycle satisies penetration and resolution re6uire"ents. !his output si'nal ro" 0.@ns 'enerator is shown in i'ure. !he spectru" o this pulse has a "a;i"u" at re6uencies where the attenuation losses in the 'round start to increase. So the spectral content o the "onocycle below this "a;i"u" penetrates deep into the 'round and the spectral content above this "a;i"u" provides suicient down-ran'e resolution.
ANTENNA SSTEM !he antenna syste" is one o the "ost critical parts o radar bullet syste" because its peror"ance depends stron'ly on the antenna syste". !he antenna syste" should satisy a nu"ber o de"ands. !he antenna syste" contains trans"itter and receiver. !he trans"it antenna should= $ept o C I!
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Landmine Detection using RADAR BULLET 2014-2015 •
Radiate short ultra-wide band %UG3& pulse with s"all rin'in'.
•
Radiate electro "a'netic ener'y within a narrow cone in order to ilter out undesirable bac* scatterin' ro" surroundin' obects.
•
9roduce an opti"al ootprint on the 'round surace and below it.
•
!he waveor" o the radiated ield on the surace and in the 'round should be the sa"e.
•
!he waveor" o the radiated ield in the 'round should not depend on type o the 'round.
!he receiver antenna should= •
#llow ti"e windowin' to isolate the direct air wave ro" the 'round relection.
•
9rovide suicient sensitivity in order to receive very wea* ields.
•
Receive the ield in a local pointD eective aperture should not be lar'er than 1c"2.
•
3e elevated at least 10c" above the 'round surace. #dditionally a possibility to "easure si"ultaneously bac*scattered ield
in two ortho'onal polari:ations is desirable.
PULSE E/TENDER 9ulse e;tender will a"pliy the 'round relection si'nal up to the "a;i"u" level ac6uired by #B$ converter.
A0D CONERTER !he trans"itter sends out a series o electro"a'netic pulses then listens with the receiver connected to hi'h speed sa"pler which in turn eeds #B$ Converter. # dielectric ano"aly in the soil "ay cause the si'nal to be relected bac* to a separate receiver antenna. !his inor"ation is converted ro" nanoseconds to "illiseconds so that it "ay be di'iti:ed by a conventional #B$ converter or processin' and display. !he center re6uency and band width o the trans"itted pulse can be varied by chan'in' the antenna and are chosen with respect to the re6uired $ept o C I!
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Landmine Detection using RADAR BULLET 2014-2015 depth o penetration soil type and si:e o the obect to be detected. In this e;peri"ent we used antennas with a center re6uency 1.4F>: and @0E band width. !he precision o sa"plin' converter is suiciently hi'h to do accurate "easure"ents o scattered transient ield. !his #B$ converter 12 bit accuracy. !his provides d3 linear dyna"ic ran'es. #B$ converter converts the si'nal into di'ital si'nal which passes to the processor.
PROCESSOR #B$ converter converts the si'nal into di'ital si'nal which passes to the processor. 9rocessor ilters the si'nal. !his si'nal shows presence or absence o surro'ate "ine in the soil. 9rocessor allows passin' the presence o "ine detectin' si'nal. 9rocessor selects the "ine detectin' si'nal and passes to the visual display.
ISUAL DISPLA isual display helps to see the ran'e o tar'ets. It displays the e;act position o land"ine. !he advent o the "a'netron also "ade possible the ne;t steps in the evolution o radar na"ely airborne radar or the detection o surace vessels and then airborne aircrat interception radar. In each o these particularly the or"er ti'ht bea"s are necessary to prevent the receiver ro" be'in swa"ped by 'round relections which would happen i insuicient discri"ination between adacent tar'ets e;isted. +icrowave radar or antiaircrat ire control was 6uic*ly developed o which the "ost successul 'round - based version was the U.S. #r"ys SCR-5@. It was capable o "easurin' the position o ene"y aircrat to within 0.1H and the distance or ran'e to within 25". Such radars were eventually capable o trac*in' tar'ets by loc*in' onto the" with the aid o servo"echanis"s controllin' the orientation o the antennas. #ntisurace vessel %#S& radars beca"e very co""on and 6uite accurate toward the end o the war. So aid airborne radar or navi'ation bo"bin' or bo"ber protection electronic navi'ation syste"s were also developed. Radar counter"easures were instituted consistin' "ainly o a""in' %trans"ission o conusin' si'nals at ene"y radar& or the so"ewhat "ore eective droppin' o alu"inu" oil in strips o about a hal wavelen'th to cover approachin' aircrat by producin' alse echoes. !his cha%#"erican& or window%3ritish& proved very eective but its use in the war was considerably delayed. ach side thou'ht that the other did not *now about it and so it was *ept secretD however it eventually ca"e to be used on a very lar'e scale.
,ne
o the indications o the enor"ous 'rowth in the i"portance o radar in Gorld Gar 11 is $ept o C I!
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Landmine Detection using RADAR BULLET 2014-2015 the increase in the sta o the U.S #r"y?s Radiation 8aboratory. It started with about 40 people in 1)41 and nu"ber "ultiplied tenold by 1)45. !he advent o the "a'netron also "ade possible the ne;t steps in the evolution o radar na"ely airborne radar or the detection o surace vessels and then airborne aircrat interception radar. In each o these particularly the or"er ti'ht bea"s are necessary to prevent the receiver ro" be'in swa"ped by 'round relections which would happen i insuicient discri"ination between adacent tar'ets e;isted. +icrowave radar or antiaircrat ire control was 6uic*ly developed o which the "ost successul 'round - based version was the U.S. #r"ys SCR-5@. It was capable o "easurin' the position o ene"y aircrat to within 0.1H and the distance or ran'e to within 25". Such radars were eventually capable o trac*in' tar'ets by loc*in' onto the" with the aid o servo"echanis"s controllin' the orientation o the antennas. #ntisurace vessel %#S& radars beca"e very co""on and 6uite accurate toward the end o the war. So aid airborne radar or navi'ation bo"bin' or bo"ber protection electronic navi'ation syste"s were also developed. Radar counter"easures were instituted consistin' "ainly o a""in' %trans"ission o conusin' si'nals at ene"y radar& or the so"ewhat "ore eective droppin' o alu"inu" oil in strips o about a hal wavelen'th to cover approachin' aircrat by producin' alse echoes. !his cha%#"erican& or window%3ritish& proved very eective but its use in the war was considerably delayed. ach side thou'ht that the other did not *now about it and so it was *ept secretD however it eventually ca"e to be used on a very lar'e scale.
,ne
o the indications o the enor"ous 'rowth in the i"portance o radar in Gorld Gar 11 is the increase in the sta o the U.S. #r"ys Radiation 8aboratory. It started with about 40 people in 1)41 and nu"ber "ultiplied tenold by 1)45. !he radar receiver is an ordinary radio receiver havin' the lowest possible noise i'ure >i'h sensitivity and a bandwidth appropriate or handlin' the pulses involved. !he receiver video output is usually displayed on a cathode-ray tube indicator in such a "anner as to show the ti"e dierence between the out'oin' pulses and the returnin' echoes. !o achieve this result the sweep volta'e o the cathode-ray-tube display is synchroni:ed with the trans"itted pulses.
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CHAPTER
E/PERIMENTAL SETUP
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CHAPTER
MA-NETIC $LU/ COMPRESSION Inside the bullet is a "etal cylinder surrounded by a ti'htly wounded coin o wire. #s the bullet leaves the 'un there is a battery 'eneratin' a "a'netic ield in the cylinder. Ghen the bullet s"ashes into the 'round the sudden deceleration orces the cylinder out ro" inside the coil. !he sudden "ove"ent o the "etal cylinder throu'h the "a'netic ield induces a lar'e pulse o current in the coil. !he coil thus acts li*e an antenna convertin' the pulse into a short burst o hi'h re6uency radiation.
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CHAPTER
$IELD TESTS #ter the laboratory tests tests where conducted at the #ri:ona desert. Usin' the sa"e e;peri"ent set up the radar bullet as able to detect (5 c" anti tan* "ines and al +ara ) anti personal "ines which are a particular proble" in northern Ira6 where the "ines have been laid by Sadda" >ussein?s orces in their conrontation with the 7urds
.1. ADANTA-ES
!he li'ht wei'ht syste" can be itted to any helicopter ieD 'un co"puter controls etc.
;tre"ely s"all bullets can be used or detection # (0 "" bullet 'ives out a 4 *G radar pulse. #l"ost 10 ti"es "ove power than a standard 'round penetratin' radar ro" 20c" down.
#lso since the bullet is beneath the surace o the 'round it trans"its "ore radio wave into the 'round. ere the radiation has to chan'e the "ediu" twice.
.2. DISADANTA-ES
It cannot detect plastic land "ines but researches are wor*in' hard to overco"e this.
Since the e6uip"ent is to be "ounted on a helicopter the cost o operation is hi'her. 3ut considerin' its uture prospects and the static?s released by red LCross cost can never be considered as a disadvanta'e.
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.3. APPLICATIONS
It can be used or detectin' land "ines.
It can be used or detectin' buried pipelines .
!his can be applied in uture space travels when we 'o to a dierent planet. In that case we can shoot this bullet in to the 'round and detect "ineral and other deposits.
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$UTURE PROSPECTS #s the UM has already i"ple"ented a worldwide ban on anti-personal "ines. !he invention o radar bullet helps to speed up the destruction o "ines. !en thousands o anti - personal "ines
lied buried in the hilly
re'ions o
Ca"bodia B north - 7orea B #'hanistan etc. #nd accordin' to UM it would "ore than 100 years to detect and destroy these i wor*ed
ta*e
out "anually. +ine
clearance or de"inin' is nor"ally bro*en into three sta'es. $etection Re"oval and $isposal. Current detection "ethods ran'e
ro"
hi'h tech electronic N'round
penetratin' radar inrared "a'netic resonance i"a'in'O to biolo'ical detection sche"es %do' snuers and insect or bacteria & to si"ple brute orces detection "ethods %Rails Rollers and plows& and use o hand-held "echanical plodders .+ost o these "ethods are very slow andBor e;pensive and suer ro" a hi'h alse alar" rate. So with helicopter and radar bullet the "ines can be cleared easily. +ass 'raveyards which result ro" internal civil wars as in Co"bodia 7osoro and in sa"e #rican nations can be detected usin' radar bullets. !his can be applied is uture space travels when we 'o to a dierent planet in that case we can shoot this bullet in to the 'round and detect "ineral deposits and other deposits.
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CONCLUSION +ines are "aor cause o concern in "any countries. $etection and re"oval o "ines is very i"portant as it is ha:ardous to both "an and ani"als ali*e. !he conventional "ethods that are bein' used ri'ht now or "ine detection involves wor*in' in close pro;i"ity or the "ines. So overall "ine detection usin' radar bullets is a cuttin' ed'e technolo'y that is sae and eective. Gith all its advanta'es it "ay be hoped that "ine detection usin' radar bullets will be "ore used in detection o "ine there by "a*in' the world saer place to live in.
