RIESGO ELECTRICO
El presente forma forma parte de la normativa de seguridad y salud en el trabajo, enmarcada por la la Ley de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales. Por tanto, las obligaciones específicas establecidas para la protección de los trabajadores frente al riesgo eléctrico deben entenderse e interpretarse a la luz de los preceptos de carácter general contenidos en la citada Ley. Se aplica a las instalaciones eléctricas de los lugares de trabajo y a las técnicas y procedimientos para trabajar en ellas, o en sus proximidades. Tiene por objeto la protección de los trabajadores frente al riesgo eléctrico, aplicándose a todos los lugares donde exista éste, ya sea el derivado de las propias instalaciones eléctricas o de los trabajos que se realicen en ellas o sus proximidades. Podemos definir el riesgo eléctrico, como: «La posibilidad de que una persona sufra s ufra un determinado daño originado por el uso de la energía eléctrica».
Los riesgos eléctricos son fundamentalmente de cuatro tipos:
Choque eléctrico por paso de la corriente por el cuerpo.
Quemaduras por choque eléctrico, o por arco eléctrico.
Caídas o golpes como consecuencia de choque o arco eléctrico.
Incendios o explosiones originados por la electricidad.
Para que se produzca un choque eléctrico, el cuerpo humano se tiene que ver sometido a una tensión al tocar dos puntos de la instalación que estén a distinto potencial. En esas circunstancias se origina una corriente eléctrica que atraviesa el cuerpo humano y, que a partir de ciertos valores que veremos en el siguiente apartado, puede producir daños. El riesgo de incendio o explosión de origen eléctrico viene determinado por la posibilidad de que se origine accidentalmente una intensidad de corriente excesiva, bien en algún punto de la instalación eléctrica o bien en alguno de los receptores, con el consiguiente deterioro de los materiales y la l a posibilidad de que se produzcan daños personales. Para que ese riesgo sea mínimo se deben realizar las instalaciones respetando la legislación vigente y utilizando productos homologados por organismos oficiales, pero también se le debe dar un uso adecuado, según su capacidad, y siempre en consonancia con las características de la instalación. Los usuarios de la instalación eléctrica y los técnicos que la realizan o reparan deben respetar unas normas de seguridad básicas que garantizarán una mayor seguridad en su trabajo. Efectos fisiológicos de la electricidad sobre el cuerpo humano.
El paso de la electricidad a través del cuerpo humano producen una serie de efectos fisiológicos en su mayor parte negativos (no estamos hablando de situaciones controladas como en los hospitales por ejemplo).
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Según el tiempo de exposición y la dirección de paso de la corriente eléctrica para una misma intensidad pueden producirse lesiones graves, tales como: asfixia, fibrilación ventricular, quemaduras, lesiones secundarias a consecuencia del choque eléctrico, tales como caídas de altura, golpes, etc., cuya aparición tiene lugar dependiendo de los valores Tiempo e Intensidad de contacto INTENSIDAD (mA) c.c.
c.a. (50Hz)
EFECTOS SOBRE EL ORGANISMO
HOMBRE MUJER HOMBRE MUJER 1
0.6
0.4
0.3
Ninguna sensación
5.2
3.5
1.1
0.7
Umbral de percepción
76
51
16
10.5
Umbral de intensidad límite
90
60
23
15
Choque doloroso y grave (contracción muscular y dificultad respiratoria)
200
170
50
35
Principio de fibrilación ventricular
1300
1300
1000
1000
Fibrilación ventricular posible en choques cortos: Corta duración (hasta 0.03 segundos)
500
500
100
100
Fibrilación ventricular posible en choques cortos: Duración 3 segundos
En los trabajos en BT, representa el principal factor de riesgo eléctrico, ya que a partir de valores de 0,5 mA se puede notar el paso de la corriente y a partir de 10 mA se pueden producir lesiones de cierta gravedad. A medida que aumentan los valores de la intensidad, los efectos son, sucesivamente, los siguientes: dificultad respiratoria, fibrilación ventricular, parada c ardíaca, parada respiratoria, daños en el sistema nervioso, quemaduras graves, pérdida de conocimiento y m uerte. Efectos de la corriente eléctrica sobre el cuerpo, de acuerdo a la intensidad que lo atraviesa
Intensidad de corriente
Efectos sobre el cuerpo
en miliamperios (mA)
Hasta 1
Imperceptible para el hombre
2a3
Sensación de hormigueo en la zona expuesta
3 a 10
Contracción involuntaria. El sujeto generalmente consigue liberarse del contacto, de todas maneras la corriente no es mortal.
10 a 50
La corriente no es mortal si se aplica durante intervalos decrecientes a medida que aumenta su intensidad, de lo contrario los músculos de la respiración se ven afectados por calambres que pueden provocar la muerte por asfixia.
50 a 500
Corriente decididamente peligrosa en función creciente con la duración del contacto que da lugar a la fibrilación ventricular (funcionamiento irregular del corazon con contracciones muy fuertes e ineficaces), lo que constituye un
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4.1.2. Tiempo de contacto
El riesgo eléctrico aumenta con el tiempo de contacto. Esto se debe tener en cuenta a la hora de poner protecciones de corte automático de la alimentación en la instalación, que deben actuar con bastante rapidez. 4.1.3. Trayectoria de la corriente a través del cuerpo
La corriente eléctrica sigue la trayectoria que le ofrece menos resistencia. Las más peligrosas son las que afectan a la cabeza, al corazón o a los pulmones.
4.1.4. Impedancia del cuerpo humano
La norma CEI 479 establece unos valores de resistencia del cuerpo humano en función del estado de la piel, que para una tensión de 250 V son los siguientes:
• 1500 para piel seca. • 1000 para piel húmeda. • 650 para piel mojada.
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4.1.5. Tipo de corriente y frecuencia
Los efectos de la corriente continua o la corriente alterna sobre el cuerpo humano son distintos, debido a la frecuencia habitual de la corriente alterna (50 ó 60 Hz) que hace que aumente el riesgo de fibrilación ventricular. La frecuencia de la corriente alterna se puede superponer al ritmo cardíaco y producir una alteración en el mismo. La corriente continua y la corriente alterna de frecuencia superior a 10 000 Hz no producen fibrilación ventricular y por eso son menos peligrosas, pero sí producen el resto de los efectos. En corriente continua los umbrales son del orden de cuatro veces mayores que en corriente alterna. 4.2. Factores relacionados con el riesgo de incendio de origen eléctrico 4.2.1. Intensidad de corriente
Es el principal factor de riesgo eléctrico, ya que si toma valores superiores a los nominales el material eléctrico se puede deteriorar e incluso quemar y originar incendios. 4.2.2. Tensión de alimentación
Como en el caso anterior, si la tensión toma valores superiores a los nominales el material eléctrico se puede quemar y originar incendios. 4.2.3. Aislamiento del material eléctrico
Un buen aislamiento garantiza la seguridad de las instalaciones. Las instalaciones interiores o receptoras deben presentar una resistencia de aislamiento mínima, tal y como lo recoge el Reglamento Electrotécnico para Baja Tensión. Riesgos en los trabajos eléctricos con baja tensión
La posibilidad de riesgo de que se produzca un contacto eléctrico con una intensidad potencialmente peligrosa o un incendio cuyo origen sea eléctrico será mínima si todos los trabajos electrónicos se realizaran de forma ordenada y siempre respetando todas las medidas de seguridad, ya sean informativas como de protección. Los más frecuentes riesgos que no están relacionados con la electricidad en aquellos trabajos propios de tal sector se citan a continuación:
Aquellos golpes o cortes producidos por objetos o herramientas.
La carga mental.
Las proyecciones de fragmentos o partículas.
Los sobresfuerzos.
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La caída de los objetos.
Una iluminación inadecuada suele ser la causa de caídas muy graves o tropiezos.
La exposición a los contaminantes químicos.
Las caídas de las personas.
Las cargas de trabajo físico.
1.1. Trabajos en tensión
La Realización de trabajos de mantenimiento y reparación de averías sin cortar la alimentación eléctrica evitando así trastornos a los usuarios. Los trabajos de este tipo en lugares donde la comunicación sea difícil deberán realizarse estando presentes, al menos, dos operarios con formación
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Colocarse sobre objetos aislantes (alfombras, banqueta, etc.)
Utilizar casco, guantes aislantes para baja tensión y herramientas aisladas.
Utilizar gafas de protección cuando exista riesgo de accidente ocular.
Utilizar ropas secas sin partes conductoras y de tal forma que cubran brazos y piernas.
Aislar, siempre que sea posible, los conductores co nductores o partes conductoras desnudas que estén en tensión y próximos al lugar de trabajo, mediante fundas, telas aislantes, capuchones, etc. Los trabajadores no llevaran objetos conductores, tales como pulseras, relojes o cierres de cremallera metálicos. La zona de trabajo deberá señalizarse o delimitarse adecuadamente, siempre que exista la posibilidad de que otros trabajadores o personas ajenas entren en dicha zona.
1.2. Trabajos sin tensión
Para los trabajos son tensión se seguirán las 5 reglas de oro, para suprimir la tensión:
Desconectar.
Prevenir cualquier posible realimentación.
Verificar la ausencia de tensión.
Poner a tierra y en cortocircuito
Proteger frente a elementos próximos en tensión
El proceso de reposición de le tensión:
Retirada de las protecciones adicionales y de la señalización que indica los límites de la zona de trabajo.
Retirada de la puesta a tierra y en cortocircuito.
El desbloqueo y/o retirada de la señalización de dispositivos de corte.
El cierre de los circuitos para reponer la tensión.
Los trabajos en tensión deberán ser realizados por trabajadores cualificados, siguiendo un procedimiento previamente estudiado y, cuando su complejidad o novedad lo requiera, ensayado sin tensión, que se ajuste a los requisitos indicados a continuación. Los trabajos en lugares donde la
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1.1. Método de trabajo a potencial, empleado principalmente en instalaciones y líneas de transporte de alta tensión.
Este método requiere que el trabajador manipule directamente los conductores o elementos en tensión, para lo cual es necesario que se ponga al mismo potencial del elemento de la instalación donde trabaja. En estas condiciones, debe estar asegurado su aislamiento respecto a tierra y a las otras fases de la instalación mediante elementos aislantes adecuados a las diferencias de potencial existentes. 1.1.1. Método de trabajo a distancia:
Utilizado principalmente en instalaciones de alta tensión en la gama media de tensiones. En este método, el trabajador permanece al potencial de tierra, bien sea en el suelo, en los apoyos de una línea aérea o en cualquier otra estructura o plataforma. El trabajo se realiza mediante herramientas acopladas al extremo de pértigas aislantes. Las pértigas suelen estar formadas por tubos de fibra de vidrio con co n resinas epoxi, y las herramientas que se acoplan a sus extremos deben estar diseñadas específicamente para realizar este tipo de trabajos.
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RIESGO EN MT Y AT
No es perceptible por los sentidos del humano. No tiene olor, solo es detectada cuando en un corto circuito se descompone el aire apareciendo Ozono. No es detectado por la vista. No se detecta al gusto ni al oído. Al tacto puede ser mortal si no se está debidamente aislado. El cuerpo humano actúa como circuito entre dos puntos de diferente potencial. No es la tensión la que provoca los efectos fisiológicos sino la corriente que atraviesa el cuerpo humano. Los efectos que pueden producir pro ducir los accidentes de origen eléctrico dependen: • Intensidad de la cor riente. • Resistencia eléctrica del cuerpo humano. • Tensión de la corriente. • Frecuencia y forma del accidente. • Tiempo de contacto. • Trayectoria de la corriente en el cuerpo.
Todo accidente eléctrico tiene origen en un defecto de aislamiento y la persona se transforma en una vía de descarga a tierra. 1.1. Seguridad de las personas.
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que están en buen estado y no presenta huellas de roturas, desgarros ni agujeros. a gujeros. Todo guante que presente algún defecto debe ser descartado. Deben ser protegidos del contacto c on objetos cortantes o punzantes con guantes de protección mecánica. Conservarlos en estuches adecuados.
• Cinturón de seguridad.
El material de los cinturones c inturones será sintético. No deben ser de cuero. c uero. Debe llevar todos los accesorios necesarios para la ejecución del trabajo tales como cuerda de seguridad y soga auxiliar para izado de herramientas. Estos accesorio deben ser verificados antes de su uso, al igual que el cinturón, revisando particularmente el reborde de los agujeros previstos para la hebilla pasacinta de acción rápida. Verificar el estado del cinturón: ci nturón: ensambles sólidos, costuras, remaches, deformaciones de las hebillas, mosquetones y anillos. Los cinturones deben ser mantenidos en perfecto estado de limpieza y guardados en lugares aptos para su uso posterior. • Banquetas aislantes y al fombra aislante.
Es necesario situarse en el centro de la alfombra y evitar todo contacto con las masas metálicas. • Verificadores de ausencia de tensión.
Se debe verificar ante de su empleo que el material está en buen estado. Se debe verificar antes y después de su uso que la cabeza detectora funcione correctamente. Para la utilización de estos aparatos es obligatorio el uso de los guantes dieléctricos de la tensión correspondiente. • Escaleras.
Se prohíbe utilizar escaleras metálicas para trabajos en instalaciones eléctricas o en su proximidad inmediata, si tiene elementos metálicos accesibles.
• Dispositivos de puesta a tierra y en cortocircuito.
La puesta a tierra y en cortocircuito de los conductores, aparatos o partes de instalaciones sobre las que se debe efectuar un trabajo, debe hacerse mediante un dispositivo especial diseñado a tal fin. Las operaciones se deben realizar en el siguiente orden:
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Fijar las pinzas de conexión de los conductores de tierra y cortocircuitos sobre cada uno de los conductores de la instalación utilizando guantes de protección dieléctrica y mecánica. Para quitar los dispositivos de puesta a tierra y en cortocircuito operar rigurosamente en el orden inverso, primero el dispositivo de los conductores y por último el de tierra. Señalizar el lugar donde se coloque la tierra, para individualizarla perfectamente.
1.2. Seguridad de las instalaciones.
Al realizar una instalación i nstalación eléctrica deben tenerse en cuenta los dos peligros principales enunciados: descarga eléctrica e incendio o explosión. Afortunadamente en los últimos años han aparecido nuevos materiales y dispositivos que han perfeccionado los sistemas de seguridad. Los equipos e instalaciones eléctricas deben construirse e instalarse evitando los contactos con fuentes de tensión y previendo la producción de incendio. Al seleccionar los materiales que se emplearán hay que tener en cuenta las tensiones a que estarán sometidos. El control de estas operaciones, así como la puesta en funcionamiento de estos equipos, debe estar a cargo de personal con experiencia y conocimientos. Especialmente cuando se trate de instalaciones i nstalaciones de alta tensión eléctrica es necesario impedir que accidentalmente alguna persona o material tome contacto con los mismos. Esto puede lograrse ya sea cercando el lugar peligroso o i nstalando en lugares elevados o en locales separados a los cuales sólo tengan acceso ciertas personas. Debe ponerse atención a este peligro cuando se realicen trabajos de reparación, pintura, etc. en las vecindades y se quiten provisoriamente las medidas de seguridad. Al instalar los equipos eléctricos debe dejarse lugar suficiente alrededor de los mismos como para permitir no sólo el trabajo adecuado sino también el acceso a todas las partes del equipo para su reparación, regulación o limpieza. Los lugares donde existan equipos de alta a lta tensión no deben usarse como pasaje habitual del personal. Los conductores se señalarán adecuadamente, de manera que sea fácil seguir su recorrido. Deben fijarse a las paredes firmemente y cuando vayan dentro de canales, caños, etc., tendrán, a intervalos regulares, lugares de acceso a los mismos. Los conductores estarán aislados mediante caucho, amianto, cambray, etc. en el caso de
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accidentes conviene que estén blindados, encerrados los elementos conectados a fuentes de alta tensión eléctrica para evitar el acceso de personas no autorizadas. El piso alrededor de los mismos debe estar aislado y aquellos elementos conectados a fuentes de alta tensión deben tener pantallas aislantes que permitan su reparación o regulación sin tocarlos. Los circuitos de cada uno de los elementos del tablero deben ser fácilmente individualizables y de fácil acceso. Es conveniente poner a tierra las manivelas. Para realizar reparaciones debe cortarse el pasaje de electricidad. Los motores eléctricos deben aislarse y protegerse, evitando que los trabajadores puedan entrar en contacto con ellos por descuido. Cuando funcionen en lugares con exceso de humedad, vapores corrosivos, etc., deben protegerse con resguardos adecuados. Si bien es preferible no utilizar lámparas eléctricas portátiles, cuando no sea posible reemplazarlas por sistemas eléctricos fijos se las proveerá de portalámparas aislados con cables y enchufes en perfectas condiciones y los mismos deberán ser revisados periódicamente. Los aparatos para soldadura y corte mediante arco eléctrico deben aislarse adecuadamente, colocando los armazones de los mismos conectados a tierra. Las ranuras para ventilación no deben dejar un espacio tal que permita la introducción de objetos que puedan hacer contacto con los elementos a tensión. 1. Antes de utilizar un aparato o enchufe, asegúrate de su perfecto estado. No utilices cables dañados, clavijas de enchufe rotas ni aparatos cuya carcasa presente desperfectos. Evita en lo posible la utilización de bases múltiples, en especial las que no disponen de toma de tierra. No sobrecargues la línea. Evita que se dañen los conductores co nductores eléctricos, protegiéndoles especialmente contra: -Las quemaduras, por proximidad a una fuente de calor. -Los contactos con productos corrosivos. -Los cortes producidos por útiles afilados, máquinas en funcionamiento, ángulos vivos, etc. 2. Para utilizar un aparato o instalación eléctrica, maniobra únicamente los órganos de mando
previstos por el constructor o instalador. No alteres ni modifiques los dispositivos de seguridad ni los órganos de mando. Para desconectar una clavija del enchufe, tira de ella, nunca del cable de alimentación.
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• Si se tarda demasiado o resulta imposible cortar la corriente, trata de desenganchar a la persona electrizada por medio de un elemento el emento aislante (tabla, listón, silla de madera…). • En todos los casos llama inmediatamente a un médico o a la SAM U.
5. En caso de avería, apagón o cualquier otra anomalía que exceda de tu competencia, llama a un
técnico electricista. No utilices (e impide que otros lo hagan) el aparato averiado hasta después de su reparación. Esta regla se aplica a las siguientes situaciones: • Típica sensación de hormigueo al tocar un aparato eléctrico. • Aparición de chispas procedentes de un aparato o de los cables de conexión. • Aparición de humos que emanan de un aparato o de los cables.
6. No trates de reparar los equipos eléctricos. No debes realizar ni siquiera las operaciones más
simples si no tienes los conocimientos co nocimientos suficientes sobre riesgos eléctricos. En todo caso, corta la corriente antes de efectuar cualquier intervención. 7. Antes de utilizar aparatos o máquinas eléctricas, infórmate sobre las precauciones que hay que
adoptar para su empleo y respétalas escrupulosamente. 8. No abras nunca las protecciones o cubiertas de las instalaciones
o equipos eléctricos y respeta la señalización de advertencia o protección. 9. Para trabajar cerca de una instalación o línea eléctrica aérea o
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• Corriente continua: igual o inferior a 1500 voltios.
1.3.2. Instalaciones de media tensión.
Media tensión eléctrica es el término que se usa para referirse a instalaciones eléctricas de alta tensión de 3ª categoría, con tensiones entre 1 y 36 kV (kilovoltios). En ocasiones, se extiende el uso del término a pequeñas instalaciones de 30 kV para distribución.Dichas instalaciones son frecuentes en líneas de distribución que finalizan en Centros de Transformación en dónde, normalmente, se reduce la tensión hasta los 400 voltios.En realidad no existe una definición clara en ningún reglamento de hasta dónde llega la media tensión; la denominación de media tensión es usada por las compañías eléctricas para referirse a sus tensiones de distribución.Las tensiones de distribución dependen de la zona geográfica así como de la empresa suministradora. Las tensiones de distribución más comunes son 13,2 kV, 15 kV, 20 kV y 30 kV. Por ejemplo en el norte y noroeste de España las líneas STR son de 13,2 kV y las ST de 30 kV , mientras que la misma compañía suministra en el centro y Levante a 20 y 30 kV respectivamente. También se está tendiendo a un criterio de homogeneización de las tensiones, por esto las nuevas instalaciones se están dimensionando para su correcto funcionamiento tanto a la tensión que actualmente tiene instalada como a una futura tensión estándar, como por ejemplo 13,2/20 kV, que quiere decir que la instalación actualmente funcionará a 13,2 kV, pero que está dimensionada para en un futuro operar a 20 kV. 1.3.3. Instalación de alta tensión.
Se considera instalación de Alta tensión eléctrica aquella que genere, transporte, transforme, distribuya o utilice energía eléctrica con tensiones superiores a los siguientes límites. • Corriente alterna: Superior a 1000 voltios. • Corriente continua: Superior a 1500 voltios.
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supuesto que los tejidos orgánicos pudiesen ser perjudicados por los campos electromagnéticos provocados. Clasificación de líneas de Alta tensión: • Líneas de 3ª categoría
o Tensión nominal: Entre 1000 y 30000 voltios. o Usos: Distribución y generación. En algunos casos puntuales, también son tensiones de utilización, como en el caso de ferrocarriles eléctricos. • Líneas de 2ª categoría.
o Tensión nominal: Entre 30.000 y 66.000 voltios. o Usos: Transporte. • Líneas de 1ª categoría.
o Tensión nominal: Desde 66000 hasta 220000 voltios. o Usos: Transporte a grandes distancias. • Líneas de categoría especial.
o Tensión nominal: A partir de 220000 voltios. o Usos: Transporte a grandes distancias. Seguridad en trabajos sin tensión.
Para realizar trabajos sin tensión se deberán seguir las siguientes prescripciones esenciales que aseguren que la instalación eléctrica en la zona de trabajo, está sin tensión y así se mantendrá durante la realización del trabajo. tr abajo. Estas prescripciones de denominan coloquialmente como: 2.1. Las cinco reglas de oro.
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caso de instalaciones conectadas por cables, c ables, cuando éstos no pueden ser identificados con exactitud exac titud en la zona de trabajo, se deben adoptar otros medios para garantizar la seguridad, por ejemplo con la utilización de dispositivos corta-cables o pica-cables adecuado. 4. Poner a tierra y en cortocircuito. En la zona de trabajo, de todas las instalaciones de alta tensión y en algunas de baja tensión (cuando existe peligro de que la instalación se ponga en tensión), todas aquellas partes de la instalación en las que se deba realizar un trabajo deben ponerse a tierra y en cortocircuito. Los equipos o dispositivos de puesta a tierra y en cortocircuito deben conectarse en primer lugar a la toma de tierra y a continuación a los elementos a poner a tierra. 5. Protegerse frente a elementos próximos en tensión y establecer una señalización de seguridad para delimitar la zona de trabajo. Si hay elementos de una instalación eléctrica próximos a la zona de trabajo que no puedan dejarse sin tensión será necesaria la adopción de especiales medidas de protección adicionales que se aplicarán antes de iniciar el trabajo (trabajos en proximidad). Igualmente, se debe establecer una señalización para delimitar la zona de trabajo.
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2.2. Terminos importantes. 2.2.1. Descargo o consignación.
Solicitud de autorización, necesaria para trabajar en una instalación. 2.2.2. Puesta a tierra.
. En todos los lugares de trabajo de alta tensión y en algunos de baja tensión, todas las partes en que se vaya a trabajar deberán ser puestas a tierra. 2.2.3. Puesta a tierra y cortocircuito.
Las partes de la instalación donde se vaya a trabajar deben ponerse a tierra y en cortocircuito: • a) En las instalaciones de alta tensión.
• b) En las instalaciones de baja tensión que, por inducción, o por otras razones, puedan ponerse
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seccionadores que aseguren la imposibilidad de su cierre c ierre intempestivo.
2.2.5. Bloqueo o enclavamiento de un aparato.
Se trata pues de asegurar que no puedan producirse cierres intempestivos en los seccionadores, interruptores-seccionadores, i nterruptores-seccionadores, etc., bien sea por un fallo técnico, error humano o causas imprevistas.
• TIPOS DE ENCLAVAMIENTO:
Este bloqueo o enclavamiento puede ser de varios vario s tipos: mecánico, eléctrico, neumático o físico. El bloqueo mecánico, consiste en inmovilizar el mando del aparato mediante candados, cerraduras, cadenas, bulones, pasadores, etc.
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zz 2.2.8. Estado de las instalaciones.
Las instalaciones deben encontrarse en un estado óptimo antes de proceder a desarrollar cualquier c ualquier trabajo. 2.2.9. Maniobras de explotación.
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asegura una distancia de seccionamiento que satisface unas condiciones específicas.
2.3.2. ¿Qué son los seccionadores? Pon varios ejemplos de seccionadores comerciales, con su marca, modelo, lugar dónde comprarlos en Murcia y precio. • DEFINICION:
Con el fin de evitar riesgos innecesarios, los equipos eléctricos deben ser manipulados sin carga o en vacio, tanto si es para su mantenimiento o su reparación. Para poder cumplir con este requisito disponemos de un concepto, el seccionamiento. seccio namiento. El seccionamiento consiste en aislar eléctricamente una instalación o circuito eléctrico de la red de alimentación eléctrica, dejando dicha instalación o circuito sin carga o en vacio. El seccionamiento se puede realizar con los siguientes dispositivos eléctricos: o El seccionador o Interruptor seccionador. o Disyuntor o contactor disyuntor, cuando c uando el fabricante especifique esta utilidad. • EJEMPLOS:
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- Seccionadores de columnas giratorias: giratori as: su funcionamiento es parecido al de los seccionadores de cuchillas giratorias, la diferencia entre ambos radica en si la pieza aislante realiza el movimiento de manera solidaria a la cuchilla o no. En los seccionadores de columnas giratorias, la columna aislante que soporta la cuchilla realiza el mismo movimiento que ésta. Están pensados para funcionar en intemperie a tensiones superiores a 30 kV.
- Seccionadores de pantógrafo: estos seccionadores realizan una doble función, la primera la propia de maniobra y corte y la segunda la de interconectar dos líneas que se encuentran a diferente altura. En este tipo de seccionadores se debe prestar especial atención a la puesta a tierra de sus extremos. ¿Por qué no se usan us an seccionadores unipolares en alta tensión?: por el
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electricidad consta básicamente en que, una vez superado el valor establecido de corriente permitido, el dispositivo se derrite, abriendo el circuito, lo que permite el corte de la electricidad. De no existir este mecanismo, o debido a su mal funcionamiento, el sistema se recalentaría a tal grado que podría causar, incluso, un incendio. Por lo general, los fusibles están instalados entre la fuente de alimentación eléctrica y el circuito que se quiere electrificar, y consta de un hilo que, a medida que la corriente eléctrica pasa, se calienta. Por lo tanto, cuando uno de estos dispositivos se quema, entonces significa que alguna parte del aparato ha consumido más electricidad de la necesaria, siendo necesaria una revisión completa de éste y una reposición del fusible quemado por uno de las mismas características.
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2.5.1. Tercera regla de oro.
Comprobación de la ausencia de tensión del circuito en el que debamos trabajar, normalmente esta regla se utiliza para poder comprobar si existe tensión de servicio en la instalación y comprobar que todas las fuentes de tensión han sido abiertas, pero habrá que tener en cuenta otras posibles tensiones que podemos encontrar en el circuito debidas a la inducción en cables, efectos de inducción magnética como por ejemplo entre dos líneas aéreas que discurran paralelas, descargas atmosféricas, etc., estas tensiones se anularán mediante la 4ª regla de oro.
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2.5.2. Detectores de ausencia de tensión. • Detectores de media y alta tension.
Usos: Son elementos destinados a verificar la presencia o ausencia de tensión en líneas aéreas, subestaciones, centros de transformación, etc., tanto en baja como en media y alta tensión. Los podemos clasificar en función de su principio de funcionamiento y de la necesidad de existencia de contacto eléctrico en: • Detectores por contacto capacitivos (unipolares)
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Dispositivo de auto verificación incorporado. Alimentación mediante pila alcalina de 9V, tipo 6LR61.
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• Sierra cortacables.
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Cuando esta directamente puesta a tierra mediante elementos conductores, continuos sin soldadura ni que ningún aparato pueda dificultar la continuidad como por ejemplo un fusible, seccionador, etc.
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Accionamiento:
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tipo T. (un) carrete bobinador de 115 [mm.] de Ø con morseto para conexión a jabalina.
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