CHAPTER I JOSE RIZAL AND HIS TIMES (19TH CENTURY)
Objectives At t!e e"# $% t!is t$&ic' t!e st#e"ts *e e+&ecte# t$ 1, U"#e*st"# U"#e*st"# s$ci- c$"te+t c$"te+t $% Ri.Ri.-� s ti/e b$t! i" t!e 0-$b0-$b- "# -$c-$c- -eve-s' , 2"$3 t!e s$ci$4&$-itic- %ct$*s t!t c$"t*ibte# t$ t!e 0*$3t! $% "ti$"c$"sci$ c$"sci$s"e s"ess ss #*i"0 #*i"0 Ri.Ri.-� s ti/e' ti/e' 5, I#e"ti%6 t!e s$*ces $% #isc$"te"t $% t!e 7i-i&i"$s 0i"st t!e S&"i*#s "# %*i*s #*i"0 t!e 19t! ce"t*6' 8, A&&*ecite t!e i"%-e"ce $% t!e s$ci- c$"te+t t$ t!e -i%e "# 3*iti"0s $% D*, J$se Ri., A"s3e* t!e 0i#e :esti$"s c$**ect-6 "# &&-6 t!e ;e6 c$"ce&ts i" t!e e+e*cises $% t!e c!&te*, 2e6 C$"ce&ts I"#st*i- Rev$-ti$" 7*e"c! Rev$-ti$" A/e*ic" Rev$-ti$" Se. C"I"%-+ $% Libe*- I#es T3i-i0!t $% S&"is! R-e i" 19t! Ce"t*6 T*ibte E"c$/ie"# P$-$ 7*i-$c*c6 Rci- Disc*i/i"ti$" C$"te"t It is #i%%ic-t t$ s6 3!e" 7i-i&i"$s be0" t$ t!i"; $% t!e/se-ves s 7i-i&i"$s "# "$t si/&-6 s T0-$0s' I-$;"$s $*
LO?AL CONTE@T THE THREE >REAT RE
t!e i"ve"ti$" $% ste/ e"0i"e "# *es-te# t$ t!e se $% /c!i"e*6 i" t!e /"%ct*i"0 sect$* i" t!e cities $% E*$&e, It !s c!"0e# t!e ec$"$/6 $% E*$&e %*$/ %e#-is/� " ec$"$/ic s6ste/ 3!ic! *e-ie# $" -"# "# 0*ic-t*e44t$ c&it-is/ 3!ic! *e-ie# $" /c!i"e*6 "# 30e -b$*, T!e /e*c!"ts $% E*$&e 3!$ bec/e *ic! t!*$0! t*#e bec/e t!e e*-6 c&it-ists $% t!is e/e*0i"0 ec$"$/6, 7*/e*s %*$/ **- *es /i0*te# t$ t!e cities "# bec/e i"#st*i- 3$*;e*s 3!i-e t!ei* 3ives *e/i"e# s !$se;ee&e*s t !$/e i" 3!t 2*- M*+� s c!*cte*i.e# s t!e %i*st i"st"ce $% t!e #$/esticti$" $% 3$/e", T!e I"#st*i- Rev$-ti$" t!t st*te# i" E*$&e !# *e&e*cssi$"s t$ t!e P!i-i&&i"e ec$"$/6, A *#ic- t*"s%$*/ti$" $% t!e ec$"$/6 t$$; &-ce bet3ee" t!e /i##-e $% t!e ei0!tee"t! ce"t*6 "# t!e /i##-e $% t!e "i"etee"t! s$/et!i"0 t!t /i0!t -/$st be c--e# " 0*ic-t*- *ev$-ti$"' 3it! c$"c$/it"t #eve-$&/e"t $% 0*ic-t*- i"#st*ies "# #$/estic s 3e-- s %$*ei0" t*#e (De - C$st 19= 19), T!e ec$"$/ic $&&$*t"ities c*ete# b6 t!e I"#st*i- Rev$-ti$" !# e"c$*0e# S&i" i" 1B58 t$ $&e" t!e P!i-i&&i"e ec$"$/6 t$ 3$*-# c$//e*ce, As *es-t' "e3 cities "# &$*ts 3e*e bi-t, 7$*ei0" %i*/s i"c*ese# *&i#-6, 7$*ei0"e*s 3e*e --$3e# t$ e"00e i" /"%ct*i"0 "# 0*ic-t*e, Me*c!"t b";s "# %i""ci- i"stitti$"s 3e*e -s$ estb-is!e#, T!e ?*itis! "# A/e*ic"s i/&*$ve# 0*ic-t*- /c!i"e*6 %$* s0* /i--i"0 "# *ice !--i"0 "# i"t*$#ce# "e3 /et!$#s $% %*/i"0, T!e &*ese"ce $% t!ese %$*ei0" t*#e*s sti/-te# 0*ic-t*- &*$#cti$"' &*tic-*-6 s0*' *ice' !e/&' "#� $"ce t!e 0$ve*"/e"t /$"$&$-6 3s *e/$ve# i" 1BB� t$bcc$, I"#ee#' t!e b$-iti$" $% *est*icti$"s $" %$*ei0" t*#e !s &*$#ce# b-"ce# "# #6"/ic ec$"$/6 $% t!e P!i-i&&i"es #*i"0 t!e 19t! ce"t*6 (M0i0# M!i 1 8= Sc!/c!e* 199 1), 7*t!e*/$*e' t!e %st te/&$ $% ec$"$/ic &*$0*ess i" t!e P!i-i&&i"es #*i"0 t!e 19t! ce"t*6 %ci-itte# b6 I"#st*i- Rev$-ti$" *es-te# t$ t!e *ise t$ "e3 b*ee# $% *ic! "# i"%-e"ti- 7i-i&i"$ /i##-e c-ss, N$"4e+iste"t i" &*evi$s ce"t*ies' t!is c-ss' c$/&$se# $% S&"is! "# C!i"ese /esti.$s *$se t$ &$siti$" $% &$3e* i" t!e 7i-i&i"$ c$//"it6 "# eve"t--6 bec/e -e#e*s i" %i""ce "# e#cti$" (A0$"ci--$ 199 19415), T!is c-ss i"c-#e# t!e i-st*#$s 3!$ be-$"0e# t$ t!e -"#e# 0e"t*6 "# 3!$ 3e*e !i0!-6 *es&ecte# i" t!ei* *es&ective &eb-$s $* t$3"s' t!$0! *e0*#e# s %i-ibste*$s $* *ebe-s b6 t!e %*i*s, T!e *e-tive &*$s&e*it6 $% t!e &e*i$# !s e"b-e# t!e/ t$ se"# t!ei* s$"s t$ S&i" "# E*$&e %$* !i0!e* st#ies, M$st $% t!e/ -te* bec/e /e/be*s $% %*ee/s$"*6 "# ctive i" t!e P*$&0"# M$ve/e"t, S$/e $% t!e/ se"se# t!e %i-*e $% *e%$*/is/ "# t*"e# t$ *#ic-is/' "# -$$;e# & t$ Ri.- s t!ei* -e#e* (PES 199559) Lst-6' s%e*' %ste* "# /$*e c$/%$*tb-e /e"s $% t*"s&$*tti$" sc! s *i-36s "# ste/s!i&s 3e*e c$"st*cte#, T!e c$"st*cti$" $% stee- b*i#0es "# t!e $&e"i"0 $% Se. C"- $&e"e# s!$*te* *$tes t$ c$//e*ce, 7ste* /e"s $% c$//"icti$"s e"b-e &e$&-e t$ !ve bette* c$"tcts %$* bsi"ess "# t*#e, T!is *es-te# t$ c-$se* c$//"icti$" bet3ee" t!e P!i-i&&i"es "# S&i" "# t$ t!e *est $% t!e 3$*-# i" t!e 19t! ce"t*6 (R$/e*$ 19B 1=), T!e 7*e"c! Rev$-ti$" I% t!e I"#st*i- Rev$-ti$" c!"0e# t!e ec$"$/ic -"#sc&e $% E*$&e "# $% t!e P!i-i&&i"es' "$t!e* 0*et Rev$-ti$" c!"0e# t!ei* &$-itic- t$"e $% t!e &e*i$#� t!e 7*e"c! Rev$-ti$", T!e 7*e"c! *ev$-ti$" (1B94199) st*te# &$-itic*ev$-ti$" i" E*$&e "# i" s$/e &*ts $% t!e 3$*-#, T!is *ev$-ti$" is &e*i$# $% &$-itic- "# s$ci- &!ev- "# *#ic- c!"0e i" t!e !ist$*6 $% 7*"ce #*i"0 3!ic! t!e 7*e"c! 0$ve*"/e"t- st*ct*e 3s t*"s%$*/e# %*$/ bs$-te /$"*c!6 3it! %e#- &*ivi-e0es %$* t!e *ic! "# c-e*06 t$ /$*e #e/$c*tic 0$ve*"/e"t %$*/ bse# $" t!e &*i"ci&-es $% citi.e"s!i& "# i"-ie"b-e *i0!ts, Fit! t!e $ve*t!*$3 $% /$"*c!i- *-e' #e/$c*tic &*i"ci&-es $% Libe*t6' E:-it6 "# 7*te*"it644t!e btt-e c*6 $% t!e 7*e"c! Rev$-ti$"44st*te# t$ s&*e# i" E*$&e "# *$"# t!e 3$*-#,
N$t -- #e/$c*tic &*i"ci&-es 3e*e s&*e# s *es-t $% t!e 7*e"c! Rev$-ti$", T!e "*c!6 $* &$-itic- #ist*b"ce cse# b6 t!e *ev$-ti$" !# *ec!e# "$t $"-6 i" "ei0!b$*i"0 c$"t*ies $% 7*"ce' it !s -s$ *ec!e# S&i" i" t!e 19t! ce"t*6, S&i" e+&e*ie"ce# t*b-e"t ce"t*6 $% &$-itic- #ist*b"ces #*i"0 t!is e* 3!ic! i"c-#e# "/e*$s c!"0es i" &*-i/e"ts "# c$"stitti$"s' t!e Pe"i"s-* F*' t!e -$ss $% S&"is! A/e*ic' "# t!e st*00-e bet3ee" -ibe*-s "# c$"se*vtives (De - C$st 19= 19), M$*e$ve*' *#ic- s!i%ts i" 0$ve*"/e"t st*ct*e 3e*e i"t*$#ce# b6 -ibe*-s i" t!e /$t!e*-"#, 7*$/ 1B58 t$ 1B=' %$* i"st"ce' b*ie% s&" $% $"-6 B 6e*s' S&i" !# %$* c$"stitti$"s' B &*-i/e"ts' "# 9 /i"iste*s 3it! &$*t%$-i$ (Zi#e 1999 5), A-- t!ese &$-itic- c!"0es i" S&i" !# t!ei* *e&e*cssi$"s i" t!e P!i-i&&i"es' c*c;i"0 t!e %b*ic $% t!e $-# c$-$"i- s6ste/ "# i"t*$#ci"0 t!*$0! c*c;s &e*i-$s &$ssibi-ities $% *e%$*/' $% e:-it6 "# eve" e/"ci&ti$"� (De - C$st 19= 19), ?ecse $% t!is &$-itic- t*/$i- i" t!e /$t!e*-"#' t!e 0-$b- &$3e* $% t!e � Si0-$ #e O*$ $% S&i" i" t!e si+tee"t! ce"t*6 s t!e /ist*ess $% t!e 3$*-# 3it! e+te"sive te**it$*ies !# 3"e# b*$# i" t!e "i"etee"t! ce"t*6, He* c$-$"ies !# 0i"e# /$/e"t/ %$* i"#e&e"#e"ce $3i"0 t$ t!e c*c;s i" &$-itic- -e#e*s!i& i" t!e /$t!e*-"#, I" %ct' Cb' c$-$"6 $% S&i"' 3s 30i"0 *ev$-ti$" 0i"st S&i" 3!e" Ri.- v$-"tee*e# t$ #isc$"ti"e !is e+i-e i" D&it" t$ 3$*; s v$-"tee* #$ct$* t!e*e i" $*#e* %$* !i/ t$ $bse*ve t!e *ev$-ti$", T!e #ivi#e# &$3e* $% S&i" 3s t*i00e*e# b6 sccessive c!"0e $% *e0i/es #e t$ t!e #e/$c*tic s&i*ti$" c*ete# b6 t!e 7*e"c! Rev$-ti$", T!is s&i*ti$" !# i"s&i*e# c$-$"ies "#e* S&i" "# P$*t0- t$ *ev$-t i" $*#e* t$ 0i" i"#e&e"#e"ce %*$/ t!ei* c$-$"i- /ste*s i" t!e 19t! ce"t*6, T!e A/e*ic" Rev$-ti$" 7i"--6' t!e A/e*ic" Rev$-ti$"' t!$0! "$t #i*ect-6 %%ecti"0 t!e -$c- ec$"$/6 "# &$-itics $% t!e P!i-i&&i"es i" t!e "i"etee"t! ce"t*6' !# i/&$*t"t *e&e*cssi$"s t$ #e/$c*tic s&i*ti$"s $% t!e 7i-i&i"$ *e%$*/ist -e# b6 Ri.#*i"0 t!is &e*i$#, T!e A/e*ic" Rev$-ti$" *e%e*s t$ t!e &$-itic- &!ev- #*i"0 t!e -st !-% $% t!e 1Bt! ce"t*6 i" 3!ic! t!e 15 c$-$"ies $% N$*t! A/e*ic $ve*t!*e3 t!e *-e $% t!e ?*itis! E/&i*e "# *ejecte# t!e ?*itis! /$"*c!6 t$ /;e t!e U"ite# Sttes $% A/e*ic" s$ve*ei0" "ti$", I" t!is &e*i$# t!e c$-$"ies %i*st *ejecte# t!e t!$*it6 ?*itis! P*-i/e"t t$ 0$ve*" 3it!$t *e&*ese"tti$"' "# %$*/e# se-%40$ve*"i"0 i"#e&e"#e"t sttes, T!e A/e*ic" *ev$-ti$" !# 0ive" t!e 3$*-# i" t!e 19t! ce"t*6 t!e i#e t!t c$-$"i.e# &e$&-e c" 0i" t!ei* i"#e&e"#e"ce %*$/ t!ei* c$-$"i.e*s, T!e A/e*ic"s 3e*e b-e t$ $ve*t!*$3 t!ei* ?*itis! c$-$"i- /ste*s t$ 0i" i"#e&e"#e"ce "# t!e stts $% $"e %*ee "ti$"4 stte, T!is si0"i%ic"t eve"t !# *eve*be*te# i" E*$&e "# *$"# t!e 3$*-# "# i"s&i*e# $t!e*s t$ %$--$3, I"#i*ect-6' t!e A/e*ic" Rev$-ti$" !# i" 36 i"s&i*e# 7i-i&i"$ *e%$*/ists -i;e Ri.- t$ s&i*e %$* %*ee#$/ "# i"#e&e"#e"ce, F!e" t!e P!i-i&&i"es 3s $&e"e# b6 S&i" t$ 3$*-# t*#e i" t!e 19t! ce"t*6' -ibe*- i#es %*$/ A/e*ic b$*"e b6 s!i&s "# /e" %*$/ %$*ei0" &$*ts be0" t$ *ec! t!e c$"t*6 "# i"%-e"ce# t!e i-st*#$s, T!ese i#es' c$"ti"e# i" b$$;s "# "e3s&&e*s' 3e*e i#e$-$0ies $% t!e A/e*ic" "# 7*e"c! Rev$-ti$"s "# t!e t!$0!ts $% M$"tes:ie' R$sse' <$-ti*e' L$c;e' Je%%e*s$"' "# $t!e* &$-itic- &!i-$s$&!e*s (Zi#e 1999 18) THE RISE O7 SOCIAL SCIENCES Asi#e %*$/ t!e t!*ee 0*et *ev$-ti$"s i" E*$&e' t!e bi*t! $% s$ci- scie"ces sc! s s$ci$-$06' !ist$*6 "# "t!*$&$-$06' -s$ !# si0"i%ic"t i"%-e"ce t$ t!e i"te--ect- t*#iti$" $% t!e 19t! ce"t*6, T!e *e-i"ce $" !/" *es$" "# scie"ce *t!e* $" #$0/s $% t!e Ct!$-ic C!*c! !s its *$$ts i" t!e i"te--ect/$ve/e"t c--e# T!e E"-i0!te"/e"t, T!e A0e $% E"-i0!te"/e"t $* si/&-6 T!e E"-i0!te"/e"t is te*/ se# t$ #esc*ibe ti/e i" Feste*" &!i-$s$&!6 "# c-t*-
-i%e ce"te*e# &$" t!e ei0!tee"t! ce"t*6' i" 3!ic! *es$" 3s #v$cte# s t!e &*i/*6 s$*ce "# -e0iti/c6 %$* t!$*it6, E"-i0!te"/e"t &!i-$s$&!e*s sc! Mic!e- #e M$"ti0"e' be-ieve# t!t !/" *es$" c$-# be se# t$ c$/bt i0"$*"ce' s&e*stiti$"' "# t6*""6 "# t$ bi-# bette* 3$*-#, T!ei* &*i"ci&- t*0ets 3e*e *e-i0i$" (e/b$#ie# i" 7*"ce i" t!e Ct!$-ic C!*c!) "# t!e #$/i"ti$" $% s$ciet6 b6 !e*e#it*6 *ist$c*c6, T!e *e-i"ce $" !/" *es$" *t!e* $" %it! "# *e-i0i$" !s &ve# t!e 36 t$ t!e bi*t! $% s$ci- scie"ces i" t!e 19t! ce"t*6 t$ st#6 scie"ti%ic--6 t!e c!"0es "# c$"#iti$"s $% E*$&e #*i"0 t!is &e*i$#, T!e /ssive c!"0es i" s$ciet6 b*$0!t b$t b6 t!e t!*ee 0*et *ev$-ti$"s !s *es-te# t$ #isstis%cti$" THE CHURCH IN THE 19TH CENTURY I" ##iti$" t$ t!e t!*ee 0*et *ev$-ti$"s' t!e 3e;e"i"0 $% t!e 0*i& $% t!e Ct!$-ic C!*c! $% t!e 0*$3i"0 sec-*-i.e# s$ciet6 $% E*$&e "# S&i" !s i/&-icti$"s t$ t!e P!i-i&&i"es, C$"ve*se-6' t!e Ct!$-ic C!*c! i" E*$&e 3s /$st &$3e*%- i"stitti$" i" E*$&e, T!e "i$" $% C!*c! Stte !s i#e"ti%ie# t!e C!*c! 3it! t!e /$"*c!6 "# *ist$c*c6 si"ce t!e Mi##-es A0es, Si"ce it &!e-# t!e stts :$ "# %v$*e# t!e /$"*c!6' t!e C!*c! i" t!e "i"etee"t! ce"t*6 !# bee" c$"si#e*e# " #ve*s*6 t$ t!e "e3 Re&b-ic" sttes "# t!e *ece"t-6 "i%ie# c$"t*ies, T!e 7*e"c! s3 t!e C!*c! s t!*et t$ t!e "e3-6 %$*/e# *e&b-ic" stte "# ?is/*c; $% >e*/"6 -s$ s3 it s t!*et t$ t!e "i%ie# >e*/" E/&i*e, I" S&i"' t!e -ibe*-s c$"si#e*e# t!e C!*c! s " e"e/6 $% *e%$*/s, T!s t!e6 s$0!t t$ c*ti- t$ i"%-e"ce $% t!e C!*c! i" &$-itic- -i%e "# e#cti$", T!is /$ve/e"t 0i"st t!e Ct!$-ic C!*c! c--e# "ti4c-e*ic-is/ !# 0i"e# st*e"0t! i" t!e "i"etee"t! ce"t*6 "$t $"-6 %$* &$-itic- *es$"s bt -s$ $% t!e /te*i-istic &*e%e*e"ces $% t!e &e$&-e 0e"e*te# b6 t!e ec$"$/ic &*$s&e*it6 $% t!e &e*i$# (R$/e*$ et - 19B 141B), T!e #ec-i"i"0 i"%-e"ce $% t!e Ct!$-ic C!*c! i" E*$&e "# S&i" !s -itt-e e%%ect' !$3eve*' t$ t!e c$"t*$- "# &$3e* $% t!e -$c- C!*c! i" t!e P!i-i&&i"es, Des&ite t!e "ti4c-e*ic-is/ i" S&i"' t!e &$3e* $% t!e %*i*s i" t!e P!i-i&&i"es i" t!e 19t! ce"t*6 #i# "$t #ec-i"e i"ste#' it bec/e c$"s$-i#te# %te* t!e 3e;e"i"0 $% civi- t!$*it6 $3i"0 t$ c$"st"t c!"0e i" &$-itic- -e#e*s!i&, T!is /e"s t!t 7i-i&i"$s t*"e# /$*e "# /$*e t$ t!e %*i*s %$* /$*- "# &$-itic0i#"ce s S&"is! civi- $%%ici-s i" t!e c$-$"6 bec/e /$*e c$**&t "# i//$*-, T!e "i$" $% t!e C!*c! "# Stte "# t!e s$4c--e# � *-e $% t!e %*i*s� $* �%*i-$c*c6� c$"ti"e# #*i"0 t!is &e*i$#, I" t!e -st #ec#es $% t!e 19t! ce"t*6' t!e S&"is! %*i*s 3e*e s$ i"%-e"ti- "# &$3e*%- t!t t!e6 &*ctic--6 *-e# t!e 3!$-e *c!i&e-0$, T!e S&"is! civi- t!$*ities s 3e-- s &t*i$tic 7i-i&i"$s %e*e# t!e/, I" eve*6 C!*isti" t$3" i" t!e c$"t*6' %$* i"st"ce' t!e %*i* is t!e *e- *-e*' "$t t!e e-ecte# 0$be*"#$*ci--$, He 3s t!e s&e*vis$* $% -$c- e-ecti$"s' t!e i"s&ect$* $% t!e sc!$$-s' t!e *bite* $% /$*-s' "# t!e ce"s$* $% b$$;s "# st0e s!$3s, He c$-# $*#e* t!e **est $% $* e+i-e t$ #ist"t -"# "6 %i-ibste*$ (t*it$*) $* "ti4%*i* 7i-i&i"$ 3!$ #is$be6e# !i/ $* *e%se# t$ ;iss !is !"#s (Zi#e 1999 9), O"e $% t!e i/s $% D*, Ri.- "# t!e &*$&0"#ists i" $*#e* t$ &*e&*e t!e 7i-i&i"$ &e$&-e %$* *ev$-ti$" "# i"#e&e"#e"ce 3s t$ #isc*e#it t!e %*i*s, E+&$si"0 t!e bses "# i//$*-ities $% t!e %*i*s is $"e 36 t$ #$3"&-6 t!ei* &$3e* "# i"%-e"ce /$"0 t!e &e$&-e "# t!s c" s!i%t t!e --e0i"ce $% t!e I"#i$s %*$/ t!e %*i*s t$ t!e 7i-i&i"$ *e%$*/ists "# -e#e*s, T!e st*e"0t!e"i"0 &$3e* $% t!e %*i*s i" t!e 19t! ce"t*6 !s e"c$*0e# t!e "ti$"-ists t$ #$b-e t!ei* e%%$*ts t$ 3i" t!e &e$&-e t$ t!ei* si#e, OTHER 7ACTORS 7ACILITATIN> THE >ROFTH O7 NATIONALISM T!e O&e"i"0 $% t!e Se. C"Asi#e %*$/ t!ese t!*ee 0*et *ev$-ti$"s "# t!e #ec-i"i"0 i"%-e"ce $% t!e C!*c! #*i"0 t!is &e*i$#' t!e*e 3e*e -s$ $t!e* %ct$*s t!t %ci-itte# t!e 0*$3t! $% "ti$"-istic s&i*ti$"s $% D*, J$se Ri.- "# $t!e* 7i-i&i"$ i-st*#$s, 7$*e/$st
/$"0 t!e/ is t!e $&e"i"0 $% t!e Se. C"- t$ i"te*"ti$"- s!i&&i"0 $" N$ve/be* 1' 1B=9, T!is c"- is 15 /i-es -$"0 "# c$""ects t!e Me#ite**"e" 3it! t!e >-% $% Se. "# !e"ce 3it! t!e Re# Se "# t!e I"#i" Oce", Its si0"i%ic"ce c$-# "$t be "#e*esti/te#, Fit! t!e $&e"i"0 $% t!is c"-' t!e #ist"ce $% t*ve- bet3ee" E*$&e "# t!e P!i-i&&i"es 3s si0"i%ic"t-6 s!$*te"e# "# b*$0!t t!e c$"t*6 c-$se* t$ S&i", I" &*evi$s 6e*s' ste/e* %*$/ ?*ce-$" !# t$ si- *$"# t!e C&e $% >$$# H$&e' "# *ec!e# M"i- %te* !.*#$s v$60e $% /$*e t!" t!*ee /$"t!s, Fit! t!is c"-' t!e t*i& 3s *e#ce# t$ $"-6 5 #6s (Zi#e 1999 1), T!e $&e"i"0 $% t!e Se. C"- %ci-itte# t!e i/&$*tti$" $% b$$;s' /0.i"es "# "e3s&&e*s 3it! -ibe*- i#es %*$/ E*$&e "# A/e*ic 3!ic! eve"t--6 i"%-e"ce# t!e /i"#s $% J$se Ri.- "# $t!e* 7i-i&i"$ *e%$*/ists, P$-itic- t!$0!ts $% -ibe*- t!i";e*s -i;e Je" Jc:es R$sse (S$ci- C$"t*ct)' J$!" L$c;e (Gt3$ T*etises $% >$ve*"/e"t)' T!$/s Pi"e ($//$" Se"se) "# $t!e*s e"te*e# t!e c$"t*6 (M0i0# M!i 1 =), M$*e$ve*' t!e s!$*te"e# *$te e"c$*0e# /$*e "# /$*e S&"i*#s "# E*$&e"s 3it! -ibe*- i#es t$ c$/e t$ t!e P!i-i&&i"es "# i"te*ct 3it! 7i-i&i"$ *e%$*/ists, T!e $&e"i"0 $% t!is c"- i" 1B=9 %*t!e* sti/-te# t!e -$c- ec$"$/6 3!ic! 0ive *ise� s -*e#6 /e"ti$"e# b$ve44t$ t!e c*eti$" $% t!e /i##-e c-ss $% /esti.$s "# i-st*#$s i" t!e 19t! ce"t*6, T!e s!$*te"e# *$te !s -s$ e"c$*0e# t!e i-st*#$s -e# b6 Ri.- t$ &*se !i0!e* st#ies b*$# "# -e*" -ibe*- "# scie"ti%ic i#es i" t!e "ive*sities $% E*$&e, T!ei* s$ci- i"te*cti$" 3it! -ibe*-s i" %$*ei0" -"#s !s i"%-e"ce# t!ei* t!i";i"0 $" &$-itics "# "ti$"!$$#, T!e De/$c*ctic R-e $% >$v, >e", De- T$**e T!e %i*st4!"# e+&e*ie"ce $% 3!t it is t$ be -ibe*- c/e %*$/ t!e *$-e /$#e-i"0 $% t!e %i*st -ibe*- 0$ve*"$* 0e"e*- i" t!e P!i-i&&i"es� >$ve*"$* >e"e*- C*-$s M, C*-$s De- T$**e, F!6 >$ve"$* De- T$**e 3s b-e t$ *-e i" t!e P!i-i&&i"es !s -$"0 st$*6, T!e &$-itic- i"stbi-it6 i" S&i" !# cse# %*e:e"t c!"0es $% S&"is! $%%ici-s i" t!e P!i-i&&i"es 3!ic! cse# %*t!e* c$"%si$" "# i"c*ese# s$ci- s 3e-- s &$-itic- #isc$"te"t i" t!e c$"t*6, ?t 3!e" t!e -ibe*-s #e&$se# ee" Isbe- II i" 1B=B /ti"6' &*$visi$"- 0$ve*"/e"t 3s set & "# t!e "e3 0$ve*"/e"t e+te"#e# t$ t!e c$-$"ies t!e *e%$*/s t!e6 #$&te# i" S&i", T!ese *e%$*/s i"c-#e t!e 0*"t $% "ive*s- s%%*0e "# *ec$0"iti$" $% %*ee#$/ "# c$"scie"ce' t!e &*ess' ss$citi$" "# &b-ic sse/b-6, >e"e*- C*-$s M, De - T$**e 3s &&$i"te# b6 t!e &*$visi$"- 0$ve*"/e"t i" S&i" s >$ve*"$* >e"e*$% t!e P!i-i&&i"es (R$/e*$ et - 19B 1), T!e *-e $% t!e %i*st -ibe*- 0$ve*"$* 0e"e*- i" t!e &e*s$" $% >e"e*- #e - T$**e bec/e si0"i%ic"t i" t!e bi*t! $% "ti$"- c$"sci$s"ess i" t!e 19t! ce"t*6, De - T$**e� s -ibe*- "# &*$4&e$&-e 0$ve*""ce !# 0ive" Ri.- "# t!e 7i-i&i"$s #*i"0 t!is &e*i$# %$*etste $% #e/$c*tic *-e "# 36 $% -i%e, De - T$**e &t i"t$ &*ctice !is -ibe*- "# #e/$c*tic 36s b6 v$i#i"0 -+*6 "# -ivi"0 si/&-e -i%e, D*i"0 !is t3$46e* te*/' >$ve*"$* De - T$**e !# /"6 si0"i%ic"t c!ieve/e"ts, He e"c$*0e# %*ee#$/ "# b$-is!e# ce"s$*s!i& (M0i0# M!i 1 =5), He *ec$0"i.e# t!e %*ee#$/ $% s&eec! "# $% t!e &*ess' 3!ic! 3e*e 0*"tee# b6 t!e S&"is! C$"stitti$", ?ecse $% !is t$-e*"t &$-ic6' 7t!e* J$se ?*0$s "# $t!e* 7i-i&i"$ &*iests 3e*e e"c$*0e# t$ &*se t!ei* #*e/ $% *e&-ci"0 t!e %*i*s 3it! t!e 7i-i&i"$ c-e*06 s &*is! &*iests i" t!e c$"t*6 (Zi#e 1999 1), >$ve*"$* De - T$**e� s 0*etest c!ieve/e"t 3s t!e &ece%- s$-ti$" t$ t!e -"# &*$b-e/ i" Cvite, T!is &*$vi"ce !s bee" t!e ce"te* $% 0**i" "*est i" t!e c$"t*6 si"ce t!e 1Bt! ce"t*6 becse t!e 7i-i&i"$ te""ts 3!$ -$st t!ei* -"# !# bee" $&&*esse# b6 S&"is! -"#-$*#s, A0**i" &*isi"0s -e# b6 t!e -$c- !e*$' E#*#$ C/e*i"$' e*&te# seve*- ti/es i" Cvite, T!is 0**i" &*$b-e/ 3s $"-6 s$-ve# 3it!$t b-$$#s!e# 3!e" >$ve*"$* De - T$**e !i/se-% 3e"t t$ Cvite "# !# c$"%e*e"ce 3it! t!e *ebe- -e#e*, He &*#$"e# t!e -tte* "# !is %$--$3e*s'
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(A0$"ci--$ 199 B1), T!ese c$-$"i- s6ste/s -s$ bec/e t!e /j$* s$*ces $% #isc$"te"t $% /"6 i"#i$s #*i"0 t!e S&"is! &e*i$#, ?ecse $% t!e $&&*essive "t*e $% t!ese s6ste/s' /"6 *ev$-ts "# &*isi"0s e*&te# i" v*i$s &*ts $% t!e c$"t*6 3!ic! c$"t*ibte t$# t!e 3e;e"i"0 $% t!e S&"is! *-e i" t!e 19t! ce"t*6, T!e T*ibte $* T*ibt$ As si0" $% vss-0e t$ S&i"' t!e 7i-i&i"$ &i# t*ibte t$ t!e c$-$"i0$ve*"/e"t i" t!e is-"# (Zi#e 1999 1), I" J-6 =' 15' 2i"0 C!*-es < #ec*ee# t!t I"#i"s 3!$ !# bee" &ci%ie# s!$-# c$"t*ibte � /$#e*te /$"t� i" *ec$0"iti$" $% t!ei* vss-0e (Cs!"e* 199 11), I" t!e$*6 t!e t*ibte $* t+ 3s c$--ecte# %*$/ t!e "tives i" $*#e* t$ #e%*6 t!e c$sts $% c$-$"i.ti$" "# t$ *ec$0"i.e t!ei* vss-0e t$ t!e ;i"0 $% S&i" (Ibi#), 7*$/ t!e &$i"t $% vie3 $% t!e Ct!$-ic C!*c!' t*ibte c$-# be e+t*cte# %*$/ t!e "tives $"-6 i% it 3s se# &*i/*i-6 %$* t!e 3$*; $% C!*isti"i.ti$" -i;e t!e bi-#i"0 $% c!*c!es i" t!e c$-$"6' s&&$*t %$* /issi$"*ies' "# s$ $", ?t %*$/ t!e &$i"t $% vie3 $% t!e "tives' t!e &6/e"t $% t!e t*ibte 3s' !$3eve*' see" s s6/b$- $% cce&t"ce $% t!ei* vss-0e t$ S&i", Mi0e- L$&e. #e Le0.&i 3s %i*st t$ $*#e* t!e &6/e"t $% t*ibte' b$t! i" t!e
t!e -3 *e:i*e# "# &&*$&*iti"0 t!e #i%%e*e"ce� (C$"st"ti"$ 19 1),
T!e E"c$/ie"# A"$t!e* c$-$"i- s6ste/ t!t is i"ti/te-6 c$""ecte# 3it! t!e t*ibte is t!e e"c$/ie"# s6ste/, T!e 3$*# � e"c$/ie"#� c$/es %*$/ t!e S&"is! � e"c$/e"#*� 3!ic! /e"s � t$ e"t*st,� T!e ec$/ie"# is 0*"t $% i"!bit"ts -ivi"0 i" &*tic-* c$":e*e# te**it$*6 3!ic! S&i" 0ve t$ S&"is! c$-$"i.e* s *e3*# %$* !is se*vices (Zi#e 19B =), It is 0ive" b6 t!e ;i"0 $% S&i" s 0est*e $% 0*tit#e t$ t!$se 3!$ ssiste# !i/ i" c$-$"i.i"0 t!e I"#ies, I" t!e st*ict se"se' it is "$t -"# 0*"t bt 0*"t t$ e+e*cise c$"t*$- $ve* s&eci%ic &-ce i"c-#i"0 its i"!bit"ts, T!is i"c-#es t!e *i0!t %$* t!e e"c$/e"#e*$ ($3"e* $% e"c$/ie"#) t$ i/&$se t*ibte $* t+es cc$*#i"0 t$ t!e -i/it "# ;i"# set b6 !i0!e* t!$*ities (A0$"ci--$ 199 B8), I" e+c!"0e %$* t!is *i0!t' t!e e"c$/e"#e*$ is #t64b$"# b6 -3 t$ (1) #e%e"# !is e"c$/ie"# %*$/ e+te*"- i"c*si$"s' () t$ ;ee& &ece "# $*#e*' "# (5) t$ ssist t!e /issi$"*ies i" ev"0e-i.i"0 t!e "tives 3it!i" !is te**it$*6 (Ibi#), T!e e"c$/ie"#s #*i"0 t!e S&"is! &e*i$# 3e*e $% t3$ ;i"#s� t!e *$6- "# &*ivte, T!e *$6- e"c$/ie"#s 3!ic! c$"siste# $% bi0 cities' se&$*ts' "# i"!bit"ts $% *e0i$"s *ic! i" "t*- *es$*ces 3e*e $3"e# b6 t!e ;i"0, T!e &*ivte e"c$/ie"#s 3e*e $3"e# b6 &*ivte i"#ivi#-s $* c!*itb-e i"stitti$"s sc! s t!e C$--e0e $% S"t P$te"ci" "# t!e H$s&it- $% S" J" #e Di$s (Zi#e 19B=), ?6 191' t$t- $% e"c$/ie"#s 3it! t$t- &$&-ti$" $% $ve* =' 3e*e c*ete# b6 t!e S&"is! ;i"0 i" t!e P!i-i&&i"es (51 *$6- "# 5= &*ivte), T!e e"c$/ie"# s6ste/ -ste# -itt-e -$"0e* "# %i"--6 e"#e# i" t!e %i*st #ec#e $% t!e 19t! ce"t*6 (Zi#e 19B ), Li;e t!e t*ibte' t!e e"c$/ie"# s6ste/ is $"e $% t!e /j$* s$*ces $% #isc$"te"t $% t!e "tives 0i"st t!e S&"is! *-e, T!is s6ste/ !s e/&$3e*e# t!e S&"is! e"c$/ie"#e*$ t$ c$--ect t*ibte $* t+es cc$*#i"0 t$ !is 3!i/ $* #esi*e, ?ecse t!e*e 3s "$ s6ste/tic t+ti$" s6ste/ i" t!e c$-$"6' t!e e"c$/ie"#e*$ !s t!e $&ti$" t$ c$--ect t!e t*ibte i" 0$-#' cs!' $* ;i"#, F!e" 0$-# 3s b"#"t "# /$"e6 3s sc*ce' !e #e/"#e# cs! $* *e-es 3!e" *e-es 3e*e &-e"ti%- "# t!e*e 3s sc*cit6 $% 0$-#' t!e6 s;e# %$* 0$-#' eve" 3!e" t!e &$$* 7i-i&i"$s 3e*e c$e*ce# t$ b6 t!e/, D*i"0 b/&e* !*vests' !e #e/"#e# &*$#cts -i;e *ice' t$bcc$ $* eve" -- $% t!e 7i-i&i"$ &$ssessi$"s' "# t!e6 3e*e %$*ce# � t$ t*ve0*et #ist"ces� t$ t*6 t$ b6 t!e/ t !i0! *tes, T!e e"c$/ie"#e*$ !s i"#ee# bec$/e bsive becse $% !is #isc*eti$"*6 &$3e* t$ c$--ect t+es 3it!i" !is j*is#icti$", 7i-i&i"$s 3!$ *esiste# !is &$3e* 3e*e &b-ic-6 %-$00e#' t$*t*e# $* ji-e#, T!ese "jst c$--ecti$"s $% t+es 3it!i" t!e e"c$/ie"# s6ste/ bec/e $"e $% t!e cses $% i"te*/itte"t &*isi"0s i" t!e P!i-i&&i"es #*i"0 t!e S&"is! &e*i$# (A0$"ci--$ 199 B84B), T!e P$-$ $* 7$*ce# Lb$* I" ##iti$" t$ t!e t*ibte' t!e P$-$ $* %$*ce# -b$* is "$t!e* S&"is! t!t !# c*ete# #isc$"te"t /$"0 t!e i"#i$s #*i"0 t!e S&"is! ti/es, T!e 3$*# � &$-$� is ct--6 c$**&ti$" $% t!e T0-$0 &-$"0' $*i0i"--6 /e"i"0 � /eeti"0 $% &e*s$"s "# t!i"0s� $* � c$//"it6 -b$*� , D*%te# -b$*e*s 3e*e eit!e* 7i-i&i"$ $* C!i"ese /-e /esti.$s 3!$ 3e*e $b-i0te# t$ 0ive &e*s$"- se*vice t$ c$//"it6 &*$jects' -i;e c$"st*cti$" "# *e&i* $% i"%*st*ct*e' c!*c! c$"st*cti$"' $* ctti"0 -$0s i" %$*ests' %$* %$*t6 #6s, A-- b-e4b$#6 /-es' %*$/ 1= t$ = 6e*s $% $-#' e+ce&t c!ie%ti"s "# t!ei* e-#e* s$"s' 3e*e *e:i*e# t$ *e"#e* -b$* %$* t!ese v*i$s &*$jects i" t!e c$-$"6, T!is 3s i"stitte# i" 1B "# *e#ce# t$ 1 #6s &e* 6e* i" 1BB8 (C$"st"ti"$ 19 1),
T!e*e 3e*e -3s t!t *e0-te &$-$, 7$* i"st"ce' t!e &$-ist (t!e &e*s$" 3!$ *e"#e*s %$*ce# -b$*) 3i-- be &i# #i-6 30e $% � *e- &-s *ice, M$*e$ve*' t!e &$-ist 3s "$t s&&$se# t$ be b*$0!t %*$/ #ist"t &-ce "$* *e:i*e# t$ 3$*; #*i"0 &-"ti"0 "# !*vesti"0 ses$"s (Ibi# ), Des&ite *est*icti$"s' &$-$ *es-te# t$ t!e #isst*$s c$"se:e"ces, It *es-te# t$ t!e *i"i"0 $% c$//"ities t!e /e" -e%t be!i"#, T!e &*$/ise# 30e 3s "$t 0ive" e+ct-6 s &*$/ise# t!t -e# t$ st*vti$" $* eve" #et! t$ s$/e &$-ists "# t!ei* %/i-ies, M$*e$ve*' t!e &$-$ !# %%ecte# t!e vi--0e ec$"$/6 "e0tive-6, T!e -b$* #*%ts c$i"ci#e# 3it! t!e &-"ti"0 "# !*vesti"0 ses$"s %$*ce# se&*ti$" %*$/ t!e %/i-6 "# *e-$cti$" t$ #i%%e*e"t &-ces' s$/eti/es $tsi#e t!e P!i-i&&i"es "# *e#cti$" $% /-e &$&-ti$" s t!e6 3e*e c$/&e--e# t ti/es' t$ esc&e t$ t!e /$"ti"s i"ste# $% 3$*;i"0 i" t!e -b$* &$$- (A0$"ci--$ 199 B5), UNION O7 CHURCH AND STATE D*i"0 t!e S&"is! &e*i$#' t!e*e 3s "i$" $% C!*c! "# Stte, T!e Ct!$-ic *e-i0i$" bec/e t!e Stte *e-i0i$", ?$t! civi- "# ecc-esistic- t!$*ities se*ve# >$# "# ;i"0, T!s' t!e %"cti$"s $% t!e 0$ve*"/e"t $%%ici-s $%te"ti/es $ve*-&&e# 3it! t!$se $% t!e c-e*06 i" t!e C!*c!, U"#e* t!e **"0e/e"ts bet3ee" t!e P$&e "# t!e S&"is! 2i"0 c--e# t!e Pt*$"t$ Re- #e -s I"#is' civi- "# C!*c! t!$*ities /st c$$*#i"te t$ C!*isti"i.e t!e "tives i" t!e c$-$"6, Si"ce ev"0e-i.ti$" $% t!e "tives is t!e $"-6 *es$"' cc$*#i"0 t$ t!e C!*c!' t!t 0ve S&i" t!e *i0!t t$ c$-$"i.e t!e P!i-i&&i"es "# t$ e+t*ct t*ibte' civit!$*ities s!$-# s&&$*t t!e /te*i- "ee#s $% t!e /issi$"*ies i" bi-#i"0 C!*c!es "# ctec!i.i"0 t!e i"!bit"ts, T!s' t!e 0$ve*"/e"t &*$vi#e# s-*ies t$ t!e S&"is! /issi$"*ies "# t!e c-e*06' /;i"0 t!e/ tec!"ic--6 0$ve*"/e"t $%%ici-s, T!e "i$" $% C!*c! "# Stte -s$ i/&-ies t!e "$"4&6/e"t $% -- %$*/s $% t*ibte $* t+es b6 t!e Ct!$-ic C!*c! "# /e/be*s $% its c-e*06, T!e C!*c! #i# "$t &6 "6 &e*s$"- $* i"c$/e t+ t$ t!e 0$ve*"/e"t, I"ste#' t!e 0$ve*"/e"t c$"t*ibte# !0e /$"t $% t!e t+es $* #ties c$--ecte# %*$/ t!e c$-$"6 3e"t t$ t!e C!*c! %$* its ev"0e-i.ti$" 3$*;, O3i"0 t$ t!is "i$"' t!e c-e*06 "# %*i*s e"j$6e# &$-itic- i"%-e"ce i" t!e c$"t*6, I" t!e t$3"' %$* i"st"ce' t!e &*is! &*iest !$-#s i//e"se &$3e* c$/&*e# t$ t!e 0$be*"#$*ci--$ $* t$3" /6$*, He *e&*ese"te# t!e S&"is! 2i"0 i" !is *e $% *es&$"sibi-it6, He s&e*vise# -$c- e-ecti$"s' e#cti$"' c!*ities' /$*-s "# t+ti$", U"ti- 1=' /e/be*s $% t!e C!*c! !ie**c!6 -i;e bis!$&s "# *c!bis!$&s cte# s 0$ve*"$*s 0e"e*-s i" cse $% vc"c6 i" t!e 0be*"t$*i- $%%ice, A/$"0 t!e/ 3e*e A*c!bis!$& 7*"cisc$ 7*"cisc$ #e - Cest (11941)' ?is!$& J" #e A**ec!e#e** (184)' ?si!$& Li"$ #e Es&e-et (194=1) "# A*c!bis!$& M"e- A"t$"i$ R$j$ (1=14=) (Zi#e 1999 111), Fit! t$#6� s #$ct*i"e $% Se&*ti$" $% C!*c! "# Stte i"t*$#ce# b6 t!e A/e*ic"s' it is "t!i";b-e %$* bis!$&s "# &*iests t$ !$-# &b-ic $%%ice $* e+e*cise 0$ve*"/e"t &$3e* $3i"0 t$ t!e b" i/&$se# b6 t!e P$&e t$ t!e c-e*06, Fit! vst &$3e*s b$t! s&i*it- "# &$-itic- i" t!ei* !"#s' S&"is! %*i*s "# t!e c-e*06 !e-# bs$-te &$3e*s i" t!e c$-$"6 #*i"0 t!e S&"is! &e*i$#, T!is !# tt*cte# t!e tte"ti$" $% t!e *e%$*/ists "# i-st*#$s -e# b6 J$se Ri.- t!t *es-te# t$ "ti$"-ist #esi*e %$* *e%$*/s i" t!e c$"t*6 "# eve"t--6 i"#e&e"#e"ce %*$/ S&i", Abses "# I//$*-ities $% t!e 7*i*s A-t!$0! "$t -- %*i*s *e b#' bsive "# i//$*- %*i*s bec/e s$*ce cse $% &e$&-e� s #ise"c!"t/e"t 3it! t!e S&"is! *-e, T!e 7i-i&i"$ *e%$*/ists -e# b6 D*, Ri.- !te# t!e bsive %*i*s "# 3"te# t!e/ t$ be e+&e--e# %*$/ t!e c$"t*6 s tteste# b6 t!ei* � A"ti47*i*s M"i%est$ $% 1BBB� T!e b# %*i*s 3e*e &$*t*6e# b6 Ri.- i" !is t3$ "$ve-s N$-i Me T"0e*e "# E-
7i-ibste*is/$ "# b6 >*ci"$ L$&e. Je" s 7*6 ?$t$# (Zi#e 199911), T!ese b# %*i*s 3e*e **$0"t' bsive "# i//$*-, T!e6 i/&*e0"te# "tive 3$/e" "# si*e i--e0iti/te c!i-#*e", T!e *e%$*/ist M*ce-$ H, De- Pi-* &*$#ie# t!e Te" C$//"#/e"ts t$ *i#ic-e t!e %*i*s 1, T!$ s!-t 3$*s!i& "# -$ve t!e %*i*s b$ve --, , T!$ s!-t "$t c!et t!e/ $% t!ei* sti&e"#s, 5, T!$ s!-t s"cti%6 t!e %*i*' S"#6s $* !$-i#6s, 8, T!$ s!-t &3" t!6se-% t$ &6 %$* t!e b*i- $% t!6 %t!e* "# /$t!e*, , T!$ s!$-#st "$t #ie i% t!$ !st "$t t!e /$"e6 t$ &6 %$* t!i"e i"te*/e"t, =, T!$ s!-t "$t c$vet !is 3i%e, , T!$ s!-t "$t ste- 3it! !i/, B, T!$ s!-t "$t ccse !i/ eve" i% t!$ be c--e# -i*, 9, T!$ "$t *e%se !i/ 6$* 3i%e, 1, T!$ s!-t "$t #e"6 !i/ 6$* &*$&e*t6 (De- Pi-* i" A0$"ci--$ 19915=415), Rci- Disc*i/i"ti$" A"$t!e* *e $% "i/$sities bet3ee" 7i-i&i"$s "# S&"i*#s t!t -e# t$ #isc$"te"t $% t!e S&"is! *-e is *ci- #isc*i/i"ti$", Rci- #isc*i/i"ti$" is %$*/ $% s$ci- e+c-si$" 3!e*e &e$&-e *e &*eve"te# %*$/ !vi"0 ccess t$ &b-ic 0$$#s b6 vi*te $% t!ei* &!6sic- t*its, It is " bsive be!vi$* $% $"e *ce 0i"st "$t!e*, I" c$-$"i.ti$"' t!e 3!ite c$-$"i.e*s 3!$ *e Ccsi"s $%te" #$3" $" t!ei* c$-$"i.e# &e$&-e $* "tives s i"%e*i$* b6 vi*te $% t!ei* s;i"' !ei0!t' "$se' $* &!6sic- t*its, I" t!e P!i-i&&i"es' t!e S&"is! t!$*ities *e0*#e# t!e b*$3" 7i-i&i"$ s " i"%e*i$* &e$&-e "# #e*isive-6 c--e# t!e/ � I"#i$s� $* I"#i"s, T!is *ci- &*ej#ice 0i"st "tive 7i-i&i"$s e+iste# i" t!e 0$ve*"/e"t $%%ices' i" t!e */e# %$*ces' i" t!e "ive*sities "# c$--e0es' i" c$*ts $% jstice' "# i" !i0! s$ciet6 (Zi#e 1999 11), A-t!$0! t!e -3s &&-ie# i" t!e c$-$"6 *ec$0"i.e# "$ #i%%e*e"ce bet3ee" v*i$s *ces' #$c/e"t*6 evi#e"ce $" *cis/ i" t!e P!i-i&&i"es is b"#"t, A #esc*i&ti$" $% P*#$ #e Tve* i--st*tes t!is *ci- #isc*i/i"ti$" i" s$ci- eti:ette T!e t$3"s&e$&-e 3e*e $b-i0e# t$ *e/$ve t!ei* !ts 3!e" S&"i*# &sse#' "# t!is 3s es&eci--6 t!e cse i% !e $cc&ie# s$/e $%%ici- &$siti$" i% t!e S&"i*# !&&e"e# t$ be &*iest i" ##iti$" t$ t!e *e/$v- $% t!e !t t!e "tive 3s $b-i0e# t$ ;iss !is !t, N$ I"#i" i,e,'7i-i&i"$K 3s --$3e# t$ sit t t!e s/e tb-e 3it! S&"i*#' eve" t!$0! t!e S&"i*# 3s 0est i" t!e I"#i"� s !$se, T!e S&"i*#s ##*esse# t!e 7i-i&i"$s i,e,' S&"i*#s b$*" i" t!e P!i-i&&i"esK b6 t!e &*$"$" � t!$� ' "# -t!$0! /"6 $% t!e S&"i*#s /**ie# &*e b-$$# "tive 3$/e"' t!e 3ives 3e*e -36s -$$;e# #$3" $" i" s$ciet6 s be-$"0i"0 t$ " i"%e*i$* c-ss (#e Tve* i" A0$"ci--$ 199 11), T!e %*i*s "# s$/e S&"is! 3*ite*s t!e 7i-i&i"$ *ce i" t!ei* 3*iti"0s, T!e6 /-i0"e# t!e i"#i$s "# #e0*#e# t!e/ s � "eit!e* /e*c!"t "$* " i"#st*i-' "eit!e* %*/e* "$* &!i-$s$&!e*� , T!e 7*"cisc" 7*, Mi0e- Lci$ 6 ?st/"te $&i"e# i" !is Si T"#"0 ?si$ Mc"t (M"i-' 1BB) t!t t!e 7i-i&i"$ c$-# "eve* -e*" t!e S&"is! -"00e $* be civi-i.e# � T!e S&"i*#s 3i-- -36s be S&"i*#' "# t!e i"#i$ 3i-- -36s be " i"#i$� T!e /$";e6 3i-- -36s be /$";e6 !$3eve* 6$ #*ess !i/ 3it! s!i*t "# t*$se*s' "# 3i-- -36s be /$";e6 "# "$t !/"� (Ibi#), T$ &*$ve t!t i"#i$s 3e*e "$t i"%e*i$* &e$&-e' s$/e t-e"te# "# i"te--i0e"t 7i-i&i"$s e+ce--e# i" t!ei* c!$se" %ie-#s, J" L" e+ce--e# i" &i"ti"0, 7*, J$se ?*0$s i" T!e$-$06 "# C"$" L3, J$se Ri.-' b6 s*&ssi"0 t!e S&"is! 3*ite*s i" -ite**6 c$"tests "# 3i""i"0 %/e s &!6sici"' /"4$%4-ette*s' sc!$-*' "# scie"tist' &*$ve# t!t b*$3" /" c$-# be s 0*et $* eve" 0*ete* t!" 3!ite /" (Zi#e 199911), T!e #ec-i"e $% t!e S&"is! *-e i" t!e 19t! ce"t*6 "# t!e &$&-*it6 $% Ri.- "# !is *e%$*/ 0e"# 3e*e &*$#cts $% " i"te*&-6 $% v*i$s ec$"$/ic' s$ci-' &$-itic- "# c-t*- %$*ces b$t! i" t!e 0-$b- "# -$c- sc-e, T!e t!*ee 0*et
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