This Technical Report has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 4-15 of Division 4 “Lighting and Signalling for Transport” and has been approved by the Board of Administration of the Commissio...Full description
Descripción: This Technical Report has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 4-15 of Division 4 “Lighting and Signalling for Transport” and has been approved by the Board of Administration of the Commissio...
FIFA Football Stadium Lighting Design Criteria, Lighting and power supply, Lighting design specifications and technology, Environmental impact
Politecnico Di Milano Lighting & Interior Designer
lightingFull description
photometric
Full description
Road Lighting
Visibility of objects • An object has to be seen against its background: the road surface
2
Road Lighting principle: Negative contrast
Object is seen against its background - co
luminance
ntra s
t
illuminance
3
Revealing power Visibility: ability of motorist to detect objects
Revealing power is used in road lighting as a reference to evaluate visibility of objects
4
Visibility of objects •
An object has to be seen against its background: the road surface • The visibility of the object depends on: – Object luminance (cd/m2)
5
Visibility of objects •
An object has to be seen against its background: the road surface • The visibility of the object depends on: – Object luminance (cd/m2) – Road luminance (cd/m2)
6
Road luminance
luminance
illuminance
7
Design parameters Luminance ( L ) is the brightness of the road surface as seen by the driver / observer Lav Expressed in: “cd / m2”
8
Design parameters
Road Luminance (Lav)
9
Road luminance: Observer position
s
60m
w
10
Road luminance: Impact of luminance level
0.50 0.75
11
Road luminance: Key influencing factors
• Lay out • Photometry • Light source
Reflection coefficient as per Asphalt CIE R3 : Q0 = 0.07 12
LUMINANCE : Field of calculation 2 luminaires in a same row are enclosed
distance max.100m distance 60 meter height of observer 1.50m
Observer in the center of each lane 13
LUMINANCE: Position of calculation points Spacing of the points in a driving lane :
In the longitudinal direction : D = S / N
In the transverse direction : d = WL / 3
D : spacing between points in the longitudinal direction, in metres
d : spacing between points in the tranverse direction, in metres
S : spacing between luminaires in the same row, in metres
WL : width of the lane, in metres
N : number of calculation points in the longitudinal direction with the following values:
The outermost calculation points are spaced d/2 from the edges of the lane.
for S ≤ 30 m, N = 10; for S > 30 m, the smallest integer giving D ≤ 3 m The first transverse row of calculation points is spaced at a distance D/2 beyond the first luminaire (remote from the observer). 14
LUMINANCE: Position of observer
• Observer is located at the centre of each lane • Observer´s eye is 1,5 m above the road level
Operative value of average luminance is the lowest calculated
15
Visibility of objects •
An object has to be seen against its background: the road surface • The visibility of the object depends on: – Object luminance (cd/m2) – Road luminance (cd/m2) – Luminance uniformity
16
Design parameters
Uniformity: Uo , U1 Shows how the light is distributed on the road 17
Overall uniformity: Definition
Overall uniformity is the ratio of the minimum to the average road luminance A good overall uniformity ensures that all spots on the road are sufficiently visible
18
LUMINANCE: Overall uniformity It is calculated for each observer, the lowest value is considered : Uo = Lmin/Lave Lmin is the lowest luminance occuring at any grid point in the field of calculation
. Lmin Lave 19
100%
Revealing power: Impact of overall uniformity
50
75
U0=0.4
U0 =0.2 25
Uo= 0.2
0
RP
Uo= 0.4
0.1
0.2
0.5
1
2
5
10 cd/m2
Laverage 20
Overall uniformity: Key influencing factors
• Mounting height ( h ) • Spread
21
Longitudinal uniformity: Definition •
Longitudinal uniformity is the lowest ratio of the minimum to the maximum road luminance in the middle of each lane
•
A good longitudinal uniformity ensures comfortable driving conditions without the socalled ‘Zebra’ effect
Longitudinal Uniformity U1 = L-minimum L-maximum
22
LUMINANCE: Uniformity lengthwise Ul Calculated for each observer ; the lowest value is considered
Lmin
Lmax
The number of points in the longitudinal direction (N) and the spacing between them shall be the same as those used for the calculation of average luminance. 23
Longitudinal uniformity: Key influencing factors
• Spacing ( S ) • Throw
24
Visibility of objects •
An object has to be seen against its background: the road surface • The visibility of the object depends on: – Object luminance (cd/m2) – Road luminance (cd/m2) – Luminance uniformity – Glare control
25
Design parameters: Glare
Sensation caused by Brightness of lanterns within the visual field which is brighter than the adaptation level of eye. 26
• Threshold Increment (TI) represents both types of glare TI = the % increase in the luminance level required to make an object equally visible as in the absence of glare
27
100%
Revealing power: Impact of TI
75
UO=0.4 TI =7%
25
50
UO= 0.4 TI =30%
0
RP
0.1
0.2
0.5
1
2
5
10 cd/m2
Laverage 28
Threshold Increment Threshold increment
Assessment
% > 20 10 < 10 Operative value of TI shall be the highest value among observers.
Bad Moderate Good Key influencing factors: • Lay out • Photometry 29
Surround ratio: SR SR is the average horizontal illuminance on the two longitudinal strips each adjacent to the two edges of the carriageway and lying off the carriageway Divided by the average horizontal illuminance on the two longitudinal strips each adjacent to the edges of the carriageway but lying on the carriageway
SR = Ekirb / Eroad ≥ 50% Sufficient lighting in the surrounding of the road creates a proper adaptation of the eye 31
Surround ratio: SR The width of all four strips shall be the same, and equal to 5 m, or half the width of the carriageway.
Location of strips with width of strip equals 5 m : 6
: luminaires
SR(1) = E1/E2
SR(2) = E4/E3
SR = (E1+E4) / (E2+E3)
CIE 115 EN 13201
For dual carriageways, both carriageways together are treated as a single carriageway unless they are separated by more than 10 m. 32
Surround ratio: SR The width of all four strips shall be the same, and equal to 5 m, or half the width of the carriageway.
Location of strips with width of strip less than 5 m because width of carriageway is less than 10 m
: luminaires
SR = (E1+E4) / (E2+E3)
EN 13201 33
Surround ratio: SR In case of obstruction, the width of the unobstructed strip lying off the carriageway is applied on the 4 parts.
Location of strips with width of strip less than 5 m because of obstruction : obstruction
: luminaires
SR = (E1+E4) / (E2+E3)
EN 13201 34
Summary of lighting design parameters and related influencing factors Level
Uniformity
Glare
Visual performance
Lav
Uo
TI
Visual comfort
Lav
Ul
TI
↓ • Lay out ( h, S ) • Photometry • Light source
↓
• Lay out h → U0 S → U1 • Photometry
↓ • Lay out (h) • Photometry
35
Norms and recommendations as per CIE 115-1995
Lighting norms
Lighting Performance
Total costs
Luminance Uniformity Glare
Installation cost Maintenance cost Energy
37
Road types
Motorways Provide main transport link between the towns • • • •
Motorized traffic only Separated carriage ways No pedestrian crossing High speed traffic (80 km/hr to 150 km/hr)
• Number of lanes vary from 2 * 2 to 6
39
Major roads Provide main transport link within city • Motorized traffic only • Sometimes, separated carriage way provided for slow traffic or pedestrians • Pedestrian crossings at road junctions • Traffic speed 50 km/hr to 80 km/hr • Number of lanes vary from 2 * 2 to 6
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Minor and residential roads
Provide transport link up to major road • • • •
Mixed traffic and pedestrians Low speed traffic Number of lanes 2 Many crossings, parking zones etc
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CIE 115 – Lighting Classes Description of road High speed roads with separate carriage ways Eg: motorways High speed roads, dual carriage way roads
Lighting class Traffic density and road complexity - high - medium - low Traffic control, separation and mix - poor - good
M1 M2 M3 M1 M2 42
CIE 115 – Lighting Classes Description of road Important urban traffic roads Less important roads Eg: residential and minor roads
Lighting class Traffic control, separation and mix - poor - good Traffic control, separation and mix - poor - good
