Robert Beekes & Lucien Van Beek - Etymological Dictionary of Greek

Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series Edited by

Alexander Lubotsky

VOLUME 10/1

Etymological Dictionary of Greek

By

Robert Beekes

With the assistance of

Lucien van Beek

VOLUME ONE

BRILL

LEIDEN

•

BOSTON

2010

This publication has been made possible by the financial support of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Beekes, R. S. P. (Robert Stephen Paul) Etymological dictionary of Greek / by Robert Beekes ; with the assistance of Lucien van Beek. p. cm. - (Leiden Indo-European etymological dictionary series; v. 1011-2) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-17418-4 (hardback: alk. paper) 1. Greek language- Etymology Dictionaries. 1. Beek, Lucien van. n. Title. PA422.B44 201O 482.03-dc22 2009036652

ISSN: 1574-3586 ISBN Set: 978 90 04 17418 4 ISBN Volume One: 978 90 04 17420 7 Copyright 2009 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, mc Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

VOLUME ONE

Preface

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Pre-Greek loanwords in Greek

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vii xv

Abbreviations and symbols............................................................................................... xlv The Greek etymological dictionary A-A

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1

VOLUME TWO

The Greek etymological dictionary M-O' Bibliography Indices

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......................................... . ......... ......... .......

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...................................................................................... ... . ... . ...................

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.................... .............................................................................................. ............

887

1687 1747

PREFACE

Whoever takes up the task of writing a new etymological dictionary of Greek, has to depart from the existing dictionaries. The present dictionary, too, owes a great deal to previous work in the field, especially to the excellent dictionaries of Hjalmar Frisk and Pierre Chantraine. Apart from compiling the first comprehensive etymological dictionary of Greek in the English language and incorporating the most recent scholarly literature on Greek etymology, there were a number of other reasons why a new dictionary seemed to be a desideratum. In the preface to his dictionary, Frisk expressed doubts on three points: 1. the laryngeal theory; 2. Mycenaean; and 3. the Pelasgian theory on the Greek substrate language. Ironically, it is precisely on these three points that substantial progress has been made in the last decades, so that we can now be much more confident in these areas. 1. Frisk felt uneasy about the laryngeals. In the preface (p. vi) he wrote: "Fur die griechische Etymologie fallt sowieso die Laryngaltheorie (... ) nicht schwer ins Gewicht". I have been acquainted with the problems of the laryngeal theory since the start of my academic career (see my dissertation, Beekes 1969), and I vividly remember how the chaotic spectrum of theories and hypotheses discouraged many people in the beginning. Since the 1980'S, the situation has changed dramatically. When Bammesberger's Die Laryngaltheorie appeared (Bammesberger (ed.) 1988), there had already been general consensus on the main rules of development of the laryngeals in Greek and in other Indo-European languages. It is absolutely clear now that the development of the laryngeals is essential for understanding Greek etymology. Chantraine's Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue grecque (DELG) often does not give reconstructions with laryngeals either; as a consequence, many of the etymologies still defended in his dictionary are clearly untenable within the framework of the laryngeal theory. It must be admitted, however, that many of these deficiencies have been remedied in the Supplement (DELG Supp.), which often contains very helpful contributions. 2. The study of Mycenaean has by now become an integral part of Greek studies. The Mycenaean material was already accepted by Chantraine and incorporated into DELG. I have tried to include all Mycenaean data with a reasonably certain interpretation, provided that these data have a bearing on the etymological interpretation of classical Greek. Personal names are generally excluded from the discussion, as their interpretation is often too uncertain to base any conclusions on. The task of incorporating Mycenaean data was not too difficult, since we have the excellent Diccionario Micenico (1985-1993) by Aura Jorro at our disposal. Although

viii

PREFACE

the Mycenaean material is limited, it is of great importance and should always be taken ito account. The exact attestations of the Mycenaean words are usually not cited, as they can easily be traced in Aura Jorro's dictionary. 3. It is now clear that the Pelasgian theory, which started from the assumption that there was an Indo-European substrate in Greek, has been a completely unfruitful and wrong approach. Although Frisk doubted this theory, he nevertheless conSistently referred to Pelasgian throughout the dictionary. This is a pity, because the theory has yielded no positive results. Chantraine often used the vague terms 'acheen' or 'mediterraneen', without clearly identifying Greek substrate words in this way. In the present dictionary, no reference to the Pelasgian theory is made anymore. Instead, I have extensively used Furnee's 1972 book, who meticulously studied the substrate material and concluded that we are dealing with loanwords from a single non-Indo-European language. Unfortunately, this work has been neglected or rejected by most scholars without due argumentation. In order to explain the principles of Furnee's work and to present his conclusions, as well as my own findings from recent years, I have written a special introduction to Pre-Greek (as I call the substrate language), see pp. xiii-xlii. Throughout the dictionary, much attention is paid to the Pre-Greek material, and one of my main goals was to generate a collection of substrate words which would be as complete as possible. I intend to publish a separate work, containing all certain or probable Pre-Greek etyma, in the coming years.

The dictionaries of Frisk and Chantraine are different in their orientation. Whereas Chantraine is more oriented towards the philological study of Greek (as follows from the subtitle Histoire des mots), Frisk focuses on the Indo-European side of Greek etymology. In fact, it may be fair to say that Frisk to some extent tried to produce not an etymological dictionary of Greek only, but of Greek and Indo European at the same time. The main focus of the present dictionary is also etymology, rather than philology. I started working on the project in 2002. At first, the idea was to produce an updated English translation of Frisk in the framework of the Indo-European Etymological Dictionary project. While largely maintaining the philological part of the entries, I modernized old reconstructions, added new ones from the literature, and rejected older etymologies in the light of the substrate theory. Furthermore, many new entries have been incorporated, most of them glosses by Hesychius, which were gleaned from DELG, from Furnee's book and from the new 2005 edition of Hesychius (part Ill, II-L:). Gradually, I have come to the conclusion that a much more rigorous approach was necessary: there is simply too much irrelevant and dated literature in Frisk's dictionary, and many of his pre-Iaryngealist reconstructions are now useless. Also, research interest in Indo-European studies has shifted considerably over the course of decades. It was therefore decided to completely reorganize the etymological treatment of the entries.

PREFACE

ix

The rigorous editing of the etymological sections of the dictionary was done by Lucien van Beek. He integrated my own views with traditional etymologies and recent insights. In those cases where a word can now be proven to be of Pre-Greek origin, part of the old reasoning has sometimes been retained in order to illustrate the flaws in the traditional approach, according to which practically every word is bound to have an Indo-European etymology. Structure of the entry

After the lemma, grammatical information is given between square brackets, for instance, 8UpOflaL [v.] 'to lament, bewail', or £YKUTU [n.pl.] 'intestines'. If it is unknown (for instance, in a gloss), this may be indicated with a query. The grammatical information is followed by the meaning of the word. For most of the glosses, an English translation has been provided. Although this is a major break with tradition in Classical Studies, I consider it to be convenient for specialists in other Indo-European languages than Greek. Of course, in many cases a gloss can be ambiguous, but I hope to have been suffiCiently prudent in the translations. At the end of the first paragraph, I give the origin of the word (in abbreviated form) between two arrowheads. The abbreviations must be understood as follows: There is a good Indo-European (IE) etymology. The IE root is reconstructed, and in most cases also the formation represented by the Greek etymon. If there are no cognates, but the Greek word looks Indo European, a reconstruction has sometimes been proposed, too.

=

The philological information is subdivided into sections in order to make the presentation more transparent:

't

x

PREFACE

Inflectional forms and phonological variants. Dialectal forms. Mycenaean is mostly given in the (approximate) phonological transcription. .COMP Compounds (only the most common or etymologically relevant compounds are given). DER Derivatives. ETYM Etymological discussion . •

VAR

.DIAL

• •

The Proto-Indo-European reconstructions

The reconstructions in this book follow some conventions which deviate from common usage. Let me mention the most important ones: a) PIE had no phoneme *a. Whenever *a appears in a reconstruction, the stage of language should always be understood as post-PIE. b) In lE reconstructions, vocalization of resonants and laryngeals is as a rule not indicated, since the consonantal and vocalic allophones were not phonologized in the proto-language. Thus, for the PIE pre-form of �a(vw , I write *gWm-ie!o-. Whenever vocalization is indicated, i.e. *gw1jl-ie!o-, this is understood to be a post PIE development. c) I follow Kortlandt's theory of Balto-Slavic accentuation, and adopted his reconstruction of (pre-)glottalized consonants for PIE (see, for instance, on £KaTOV and Tt£VT�KOVTa). d) It should be noted that the term 'prothetic vowel' is used in this dictionary to indicate the vowel (mostly a-) that may or may not be present in Pre-Greek substrate words. In inherited words, a facultative prothetic vowel is not reconstructed any more since it contradicts the laryngeal theory. Bibliographical references

Within the limited amount of time available for this project, it proved impossible to modernize all references and to check all reference works. It was necessary, therefore, to make certain strategic choices. It was decided to concentrate on the etymologically relevant publications and to adjust the philological treatment of the material only sporadically. The second editions of reference works, such as Lejeune's Phonetique historique (1972) and Risch's Wortbildung (1974) have been systematically consulted. I have generally maintained references to Chantraine Formation, as this book contains a very concise and precise overview of the different suffIxed nominal formations in Greek. In contrast to Frisk's dictionary, references to works on specific morphological topics have been left out. For instance, for a derivation in -mJvT], Frisk often refers to Wyss's 1954 book. Other such works, to which the reader can refer, are: Redard 1949

PREFACE

xi

(-LTT]<;), B06hardt 1942 (-£u<;), Fraenkel 1910 (agent nouns), Benveniste 1948 (agent and action nouns), and, more recently, Leukart 1994 (suffIx -nl<;, -a<;). Furthermore, references to the dictionaries of individual languages have largely been omitted. Most references to Walde-Hoffmann (Latin), Vasmer (Russian), Fraenkel (Lithuanian), etc. are superfluous in a Greek etymological dictionary. It is understood that the reader who wants to know more about the cognates in a given branch will find his way to the relevant dictionaries. References to Mayrhofer's KEWA have been retained in some instances, because it often contains more details than the EWAia. The LIV2 has proven to be a very important work of reference for all verbal roots, even if I very often disagree with details of their analysis. References to Stromberg's Pjlanzennamen and Fischnamen have been maintained, as well as to Thompson's Glossary of Greek fishes. Unfortunately, it has not been possible to adjust all references concerning Greek religion to recent works such as Burkert 1985. Regarding the epigraphic material, no systematic check has been made of the SEG. Acknowledgements

A new etymological dictionary of a language like Greek cannot be written in a few years by just one person, without the help of others. Many people helped me on various stages of the project. First of all, I am greatly indebted to Lucien van Beek for editing, correcting and proofreading the whole volume containing about 7500 entries over the course of more than two years. Several others assisted him in this work, sacrificing many weeks of their spare time: Alwin Kloekhorst, Guus Kroonen, Michael Peyrot, Tijmen Pronk, and especially Michiel de Vaan. Needless to say, it is I who remain responsible for all views expressed in this dictionary, and for any mistakes in it. I am very grateful to Alexander Lubotsky, who proofread a large part of the dictionary, and spent a lot of time and effort in formatting the manuscript. Dr. Velizar Sadovsky (Vienna) has been so kind to write many macros for generating indices and bibliography and to proofread some parts of the manuscript. I am indebted to Dr. Thomas Olander (Copenhagen) for solving various font problems. I would like to thank the students of our department - Kristen de Joseph, Marijn van Putten, Simon Mulder and Alain Corbeau - for technical assistance. Kristen de Joseph further copy-edited the manuscript. Marijn van Putten and Simon Mulder helped compiling ilie bibliography.

PRE-GREEK LOANWORDS IN GREEK Contents:

A. Introduction B. Phonology

1. The phonemic system of Pre.-Greek 2a. Characteristic sounds or sound groups: 1. au; 2. �; 3. �O ; 4. yo; 5. yv; 6. ov; 7. KT; 8. KX; 9 flY; 10. DU; 11. mp; 12. pO; 13. pKV; 14. pv (po, Vo); 15. a; 16. a�; 17. ay ; 18. OK, aT; 19. aT A; 20. Te; 21.
1. Reduplication 2. SuffIxes 2.1. Introduction; 2.2. Survey of the suffIxes; 2.3. The material: -a�-(0-), -ay-, -ayy-o-, -ao-, -ae-o-, -m-IE(L)-, -m(F)- o-, -m�-o-, -me-, -mv-, -mp-Coo), -aK-, -a A(A)- o-, -afl�-o-, -aflv-o-, -afl-o-, -av-o-, -av-, -avo-, -avop(-o)-, -aveh-, -avv(-o)-, -a�-, -aTI-O-, oap, -ap-, -aa-a/o-, -aaa-o-, -aT-, -aup-a/o-, -ax-, -a'l'-, -yo-, -yp-, -eo-, -e�-a, -eLP-O-, -eA-a/o-, -eAA-a/o-, -efl-O-, -eflv-(o-), -evv-a, -ep-a/o-, -eT-O-, -wp-, -WT-, -T]�-a/ o-, -T]e-(o-), -T]K/X-, -T]A- o-, -T]v, -T]v-, -T]P, -T]P-, -T] a(a)-a/ o-, -T]T-(O-), -T]H-, -T]'I'- o-, -e- o-, -ep - a/ o-, -L�-, -Lyy/K/X-, -Lo-, -Lova, -Le-, -Le-, -LK-, -LK-, -LA-, -LA-, -LAA-a/o-, -Lflv-a/o-, -Lv-a/o-, -Lv-(o-), -LVO-, -LVe-(O-), -L�-, -LTI-O-, -La-a/o-, -LaK-O-, -LT-a/o-, -LX-, -KV-, -fl-O-, -V-, -�-, -OTI-, -op-, -oaa-a, -O TT-a, - ouA-O-, - oup -, -oua(a) -a, -TIV-, -TIT-, _po, -py-, -po-, -pv-, -aK-, -0-0, -00-, -aT-, -aTpov, -T-O-, -T T-, u� , -uyy-, -uo-, -uova, u e , -UL-a, UK , -UK-, -uA-, -ufl-, -ufl�-' -uflv-, -uv-, -UVO-, -uveh-, -UVV-, -u�-, -UTI-, -up-, -up-, -ua-, -UT-, -uX-, -
-

-

-

3. Word end 3.1. in vowel (a. -a; b. -L, -L�; C. -u, -U�; d. -W�; 3.3. in -�, -'I' (a. -�; b. -'1'); 3.4. in -v; 3.5. in -a�.

-

e. -w,

-

-W�); 3.2. in -p (a. oap;

b. -LP;

c.

-op ;

d. -wp) ;

D. The unity of Pre-Greek

E. Pre-Greek is non-Indo-European

A. Introduction The substrate language of Greek will be called 'Pre-Greek' in this dictionary; this is a translation of the German ten;n 'das Vorgriechische'. No written texts exist in this language, but it is known from a considerable number of loanwords in Greek.

xiv

PRE-GREEK LOANWORDSIN GREEK

The study of Pre-Greek has had an unfortunate history. In the past century, it was called 'Pelasgian' and considered a dialect of Indo-European. This idea fascinated scholars, and research concentrated on this proposal. But the whole idea was clearly wrong, and by now, it is generally agreed that the substrate was non-Indo-European. Therefore, the term 'Pelasgian' can no longer be used. Frisk already had strong doubts about the Pelasgian theory, but nevertheless, he often mentioned the proposals of its adherents. Since all work following this line has turned out to be useless, I decided to make no mention of the theory anymore in the dictionary. When Frisk completed his dictionary in 1972, Furnee's book 'Die wichtigsten konsonantischen Erscheinungen des Vorgriechischen', which was his dissertation written under the supervision of F.B.J. Kuiper, had just appeared. It was an elaboration of Kuiper's 1956 study on Greek substrate words, which opened a new chapter in the research of the field. Furnee rejected the Pelasgian theory, too (see especially op. cit. pp. 40-55). Furnee's book met with fierce criticism and was largely neglected. In my view, this was a major mistake in Greek scholarship. True, some of his identifications are improbable, and his repeated claim that certain forms were expressive leads nowhere. What remains, however, is that he studied a great number of relevant forms and drew obvious conclusions from them. Pre-Greek words often show a type of variation which is not found in inherited words. It is self-evident that this variation must be studied, and this is what Furnee did. It has turned out (as Kuiper had already shown) that this variation shows certain recurrent patterns and can be used to recognize Pre-Greek elements. . Furnee's book is not easy to use: every form is discussed at three or four places, each time in a different context, so that it may be difficult to find out what his point really is. On the other hand, his treatment is very careful, and there hardly any obvious mistakes. I found a number of cases which he had not recognized (e.g. mwX6c;), but this does not change the fact that his book was the best collection at the time. Furnee worked on it for twenty years, and even now it is the only hand-book on the subject. The short overview which follows below is based on Furnee's material and on my own research of more than thirty years.' Furnee went astray in two respects. First, he considered almost all variation to be of an expressive character, which is certainly wrong: it is evident that the variation found is due to the adaptation of words (or phonemes) of a foreign language to Greek. We shall see below that many variants can be understood in this way. Secondly, Furnee was sometimes overzealous in his search for inner-Greek correspondences. Many of Furnee's discoveries are brilliant (see s.v. 80PUKVLOV for an example), but sometimes he went too far: not every alternation necessarily points to Pre-Greek origin. The author can hardly be blamed for his enthusiasm. He was exploring new ground, and it can only be expected that he sometimes overplayed his hand.

Since Kuiper was my supervisor as well, I was acquainted with the book from the very beginning (see my review in Lingua 36, 1975). 1

PRE-GREEK LOANWORDSIN GREEK

xv

Several scholars were baffled by Furnee's proposals and hence rejected the whole book altogether. His method, however, was correct and I have only filtered out the improbable suggestions. In many cases, of course, we cannot be absolutely certain, but this cannot be an objection. Except for a very small number of cases, Furnee's material does consist of Pre-Greek words. His index contains 4400 words, and taking into account that many of these words concern derivatives and variants, as well as a few Indo-European words, I estimate that Furnee's book discusses some 1000 Pre-Greek etyma.2 In general, I have given only a few personal names and toponyms, and no material of this kind from outside Greece and Asia Minor. The comparison with Basque or Caucasian languages has not been considered in this dictionary, as this is not my competence; it is likely that there are such connections, but this must be left to other scholars. My suggested reconstructions are not essential. One may ignore them and just consider the variation itself. These variants are often explained as incidental phenomena (assimilation, influence of other words, etc.), and such explanations may be sometimes correct, but if we know that some variants frequently occur, we will have to consider Pre-Greek origin. Existing etymological dictionaries often seem to avoid the conclusion that a word is a substrate element. It is remarkable that Chantraine was quite aware of the problem in his Formation, but in his dictionary he often withdrew his earlier evaluation (which in my view was correct). It looks as if substrate elements were not welcome there. The relationship with Anatolian languages is a separate problem. A Greek word is often called a loan from an Anatolian language, while it may just as well be borrowed from the Pre-Greek substrate. It is generally accepted, on the basis of toponyms, that there was a language which was once spoken both in Greece and in western Asia Minor.3 In most cases, however, it is impossible to distinguish between substrate words and loans from Asia Minor (the latter are from a later date). A word may have been adopted through commerce, as often happens between two neighboring countries, or starting from the time when Greeks settled in Asia Minor, probably as early as the 15th century. From a methodological point of view, I think it is better to consider such words as Pre-Greek, and to define them as loanwords from an Anatolian language only when there is reason to do so. Still, it is clear that we may often make mistakes here. A case in point is TOAUTtTj 'clew, ball of wool ready for spinning'. The word is clearly related to Luwian and Hitt. taluppali- 'lump, clod'. The Greek word is typical of Pre-Greek words: the structure CaC-up- (with a appearing as 0 before u) and the absence of an Indo-European etymology (Melchert Orpheus 8 (1998): 47-51 is not convincing) imply that the word is Pre-Greek or Pre Anatolian. On the other hand, 'clew' is not a word that is easily brought from overseas; it is an everyday word that the speakers of Greek and Anatolian must have , Note that Furnee often adduces' new material that is not mentioned in the current etymological dictionaries, mostly glosses froin Hesychius. 3 A point for further study is to establish how far to the east such related names can be found. It is my impression that these names can be found as far south as Cilicia.

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PRE-GREEK LOANWORDS IN GREEK

picked up not far from home. I completely agree with Furnee's interpretation (3533) that the word was brought to Greece by settlers from Anatolia who spoke the language, which, from another perspective, we call Pre-Greek. In other words, TOAUTIT] is a loan from an Anatolian language, but this (probably non-Indo European) language was also spoken in large parts of Greece before the Greeks (speaking an Indo-European language) arrived there. It is essential to realize that substrate words are a frequent phenomenon. One may regret this (for instance, from the Indo-Europeanist point of View), but this is irrelevant; the existence of Pre-Greek words is simply a fact that has to be accepted. To me, it is fascinating that in this way we can learn something about the oldest language of Europe (including Anatolia), of which we otherwise have no evidence. The 'Pelasgian' theory has done much harm, and it is time to forget it. The latest attempt was Heubeck's 'Minoisch-Mykenisch' (discussed by Furnee 55-66), where the material was reduced to some ten words; the theory has by now been tacitly abandoned. B. Phonology 1.

The phonemic system of Pre-Greek

Voiceless, voiced and aspirated stops may interchange in Pre-Greek words, without any apparent conditioning factors. This fact shows that voice and aspiration were not distinctive features in Pre-Greek.4 On the other hand, the Linear B signs (graphemes) for rjo, rja and tja show that palatalization probably was distinctive. This is confirmed by the sign pte (e.g. in ra-pte-re Jhrapteresl with the agent suffix -ter-), which must go back to an earlier pe. In the Pre-Greek material, such a phoneme may underlie examples like 8CtTITU. One may wonder whether Kpoaa6cp80v points to p > pt, which was realized with aspiration. Further, the signs two, twe, dwo, dwe, nwa, swa, swi, point to labialization as a distinctive feature, i.e. tWo, tWe, dWo, dWe, nWa, sWa, sWi. Note that palatal and labial forms of graphemes are found both with resonants and stops, which is a phenomenon alien to Indo-European languages. The existence of labiovelars is confirmed by qa-si-re-u �aO"lAEUC;, etc. (see further Beekes Glotta 73 (1995/6): 1 2f.) We may thus posit the follOWing systems: =

.

P

t k s r

4 Of course, it could be due to the fact that a different distinction was present in Pre-Greek (like fortis / lenis, found in most Anatolian languages), but no obvious distribution pointing in this direction can be discerned in the material. 5 Note that I distinguish between palatals of Pre-Greek origin, which are indicated by a superscript y (e.g. k>,), and palatovelars ofIndo-European origin.


xvii

m n Of course, it is possible that one or more of the posited phonemes did not occur in Pre-Greek (e.g., mY is a rare sound in the languages of the world). We can now use this insight in explaining the surfacing Greek forms. Thus, McpvT] 1 l5auxv(u)- can now be explained from a Pre-Greek form *dakwn-.6 In the former form, the labiovelar yields a labial stop cp. In the latter, it is rendered by -uX-, with anticipation of the labial feature, while the labiovelar turns up as a velar, possib ly by dissimilation from uklV• Again, note that aspiration is not phonemiC in Pre Greek. It is very important to note that we cannot predict how a Pre-Greek form will surface in Greek: sometimes a stop turns up as an aspirate, sometimes as a voiced stop (e.g. aiTIuc; 1 ucpap, see B 5.1. below). As a consequence, it may happen that there is a large number of variants, but it may also be that there are no variants at all. As a second example, we may also understand aux�v 1 Lesb. uflCPT]v from a pre form *ankwen. The latter form is directly understandable, with cp from the labiovelar. The first form went through *anwken or *awnken, giving aux�v with loss of the nasal (a development known from Armenian). Perhaps, a scenario *akwen > aux�v is also possible, with a prenasalized form *ankwen (> uflCPT]v) beside *aklVen.7 Such interpretations may be wrong in individual cases, but this is no reason not to try. On the other hand, variation that is strange from an exclusively Indo-European point of view becomes understandable in this way, starting as we do from a limited set of assumptions. The existence of palatalized phonemes in Pre-Greek may explain a number of other developments. Thus, I assume that a geminate AA may continue Pre-Greek *1>'. We know that lE *ly gave AA in Greek, but if a variant with single A coexists, we are warned. For example, the name A.XLAAEUC; has a variant A.XLAEUC; with one A. And although the latter only occurs in Homer, this fact points to Pre-Greek origin. The variant was preserved because it was metrically convenient, it was not created for metrical purposes. Of course, the fact that there was more variation at an earlier date is what we expect. As far as the other palatalized resonants are concerned, anY may have given atv, arY may have given alp (or also ELp with coloring of the vowel, see section C2 below on the suffIxes), etc. We have -aLp-, -aLV- but no *-aLA- in Pre Greek words. This is confirmed by the fact that geminate AA is very frequent (Fur. 387), whereas geminate pp, vv and flfl are much less frequent, or even rare. In a similar fashion, *asY may have yielded either -aLa- or -ua-, cf. KCt�aLaOC;, which has a v.l. KCt�aaoc;. In rendering such a foreign word, the palatalization may have been represented at one time, and may have been neglected at another. This 6 Although I assume that voice was not distinctive in Pre-Greek, I do write d- in this case, because only 8- surfaces in Greek. We must avoid losing information present in the Greek forms. Thus, my notation of

Pre-Greek forms is heuristic to a certain degree, and not always consistent with the phonemic system I tentatively reconstruct here. 7 On prenasalization, see B5.2. below. As an alternative, an Indo-European etymology starting with the root *h,emt- 'to tie, betroth', can be offered; see the dictionary (althoughI prefer the analysis given here).

xviii


phenomenon was the main cause of variation in Pre-Greek forms. The interpretation is further confirmed by the parallel development of labialized consonants. Thus, I suppose that arW resulted in -a(u)p- (see the section on the suffIxes). In this way, we may understand KaAaupo'\l beside KOAOpO�OV from a pre form kalarw-op-. Another form which shows the remarkable interchange a/au is apaoxuOe<; I aupoaxu<;. Here one might assume a pre-form *arwask-at-. Note that the labial element would at the same time explain the 0 as a variant of a in both cases. A similar mechanism must be at the basis of the etymon aAo�, aiJAa�, dlAa�, EUAaKCt, which is hopeless from an Indo-European point of view. I assume that all forms go back on Pre-Greek *alw-ak-. It gives aUAaK- through anticipation, aAoK- through coloring. In this way, the first two forms, which are best attested, are directly clear. Further, au/wlw interchange frequently, which explains dlAa� and EUAuKa; OAOK- is not problematic either, as both la/'s were colored to [0] by the labialized resonant. Only the Homeric accusative dlha is hopeless: it is the only form that has no vowel between A and K, and therefore may be due to some accident of the tradition. This is a problem that has not been solved yet. I do not know whether a diphthong is allowed in suffrxes of the structure VC, cf. the forms in -aLFo<;. Structurally, one could think of _ayw_, or even -awY-, but such sounds are rather rare in the languages of the world. An instance of -aL- due to a palatalized consonant is e�alcpvT)<; I e�arclvT)<; I acpvw (a brilliant combination by Fur. 158, etc.), which must contain -ap- (the palatalization was ignored in the last form). Comparable to the development in e�arclvT)<; is KVW'\I I KIVWrc£TOV, from kln- with I representing palatalization, cf. Beekes 2008. Likewise, I assume that mvuTo<; beside rcVUTO<; points to *pnut-. Perhaps, we must interpret atwrcuw as *sYop- because of Euawrcla. An interesting case is Alfllv9E<;· £AflIV9E<;, for which I assume *JYm- beside *alYm- with prothetic a (see B3 below on the prothetic vowel). A palatalized consonant could color a to e. A good example is Kl>TCapo<;, KUrcaLP0<;, but also KurcEpO<;, Kl>TC£LpO<;, where we have all possible variants due to the palatalized consonant. Compare further Ku�apvol next to KU�£LpOL. Likewise, we have (aKEhl<; next to (EKEhl<; 'KOAOKUVTaL', where the interchange occurs after ( from earlier palatalized fY. 8Lcpgepa beside 8L'\Iupa may have had -pfY-; £A(A)0'\l next to aA(A)u�T)<; goes back to *aJYap-, with the common variation a / 0 before a labial. A clear example is AaatTo<; with, next to it, AEatTO<; and AUaTaL, AUaTaUpo<;. It may be interpreted as representing PG *lasYt-. Kuiper Lingua 21 (1968) : 269-277 pointed out that the substrate language had labiovelars. He especially pointed to 9aAuKp0<; next to e9uAV'\Ia, 9UArcW. I added a few remarks in Beekes Glotta 73 (1995/6) : 12f. From Mycenaean, we have a-to-ro-qo (av9pwrco<;) and qe-to (rcI90<;), Mo-qo-so (Mo'\lo<;), qi-si-pe-e (the dual of �lcpo<;). Further there is A-i-ti-jo-qo (gen. Ai910rco<;), ocp9aAflo<; with the variants OKTaAAO<; and omIA(A)o<;, which cannot be explained from Indo-European. Instead of �lcpo<;, we would perhaps expect **'\I1cpo<;. So the developments are largely as those of Greek, but not completely. Pre-Greek probably had a Iyl and a Iw/. Initial ya- presumably often lost its y-, but it may sometimes be represented by ia- as in '(afl�o<;, 'Iaawv. The ending -ula


xix

may have been -uy-a (a Pre-Greek y may have had a different development from y in inherited words). In the same way, -ala may derive from PG *-ay-a with a variant -Ela, cf. I1T)vEAOrcEla. Perhaps, the y disappeared in some cases, giving yala beside ya (see below on the suffrx -aL- I -E(I)-). Initial w- was often lost (ava�), but wa- may also have been rendered by oa-, as in 'Oa�o<; beside Cret. Fa�o<;. The same holds for 'OlAEu<;, which has been considered to be identical with the root of 'IAo<;) . We find ua- (which became ua-) in UUKIV90<;, Cret. FUKlv90<;. Fur. 377 assumes a prothetic u- in the latter word, but this seems improbable to me. Another example may be ua/£Ao<;. The differences are probably due to the date at which the word was borrowed and depend on whether the Greek dialect concerned still had a F at that time. Another treatment can be found in the word for 'truffle', for which we find OUITOV, OlOVOV (also -w-), U8vov (also -w-), or hov. These are probably all renderings of *wit-. (Fur. 184 again assumes a prothetic vowel, PT- I OpT-, which does not seem to be the right solution. He further assumes a variation *wit- I wut-, which also seems improbable to me, though the variation I I u is attested.) Rather, u- is a form of OL-, with the -0- changed under influence of the -1- (cf. Lejeune 1972: 174, and note that Greek did not allow -UI- before consonants; of course, 01 became U in Boeotian in the 3rd c. BC; variation 01 I U is found in more Pre-Greek words). This case nicely shows that variation in Pre-Greek words is due to different rendering of the sounds of a foreign language, and therefore has to be taken seriously. �puKaAov· porcaAov (H.) probably attests a development *wrak- > �paK (as Fur. 147 remarks on KaAaup0'\l: "Die landlaufige Etymologie percw ... ist wohl ohne weiteres aufzugeben."). aopoa· rcaALOupou dOo<; 'sorb-apple' (H.) continues *sorw- (cf. Lat. sorbus, Fr. sorbier, Fur. 230). It seems that there was no initial aspiration in Pre-Greek. Furnee has a few words with a-, e- (one or two with 1-; none with 6-, �-, w-). Several of these are doubtful; best is alflaCYlu (alflol). One might conclude th,at the language had no h. This would agree with the fact that aspiration is not a distinctive feature in the stops. However, this conclusion is remarkable for �pw<;, "EAAT)vE<; and "HcpaLaTo<;, which we expect to be Pre-Greek words (but note that Myc. a-pa-i-ti-jo does not have a2-). Of course, aspiration may have been added secondarily in Greek in individual cases, cf. the variation in acp9a I acp9a and eAEowvT) I eAEOwvT), which is a variant of OEAEOWVT). However, Prof. Ruijgh pointed out to me that Mycenaean had toponyms (a2-ra-tu wa) and personal names (a2-ku-mi-jo) with initial h-; it also occurs in inlaut (pi-a2-1a, ko-ri-a2-da-na); C£ further e-ma-a2 (/Hermahasl 'Hermes'). Originally, I thought that Pre-Greek only had three vowels: a, i, u. The Greek words concerned often have E and 0, but this would not be surprising, as the three vowels have a wide phonetiC range, and the phoneme lal may have sounded like [e] or [0] in many environments. The main reason for me to assume this simple three vowel system was the fact that the system of suffrxes has a, i, u, but not e, o. We have -ay-, -Iy-, -uy-; prenasalized -ayy-, -Iyy-, -uyy-; likewise -a9-, -19-, -u9-; and prenasalized -av9-, -lv9-, -uv9-, but no forms with -Ey(y)-, -oy(y)-, etc. The only (but as a variant of oAuv90<;), and cases I noticed are 'P�aKov90<; and oAov90<; . flT)AOAOV9T) with a variant flT)A( oA)uv9T) .

xx


Recently, I have become more inclined to assume a system with the usual five vowels, because there seems to be a distinction between ilie two variations U I £ and U I 0, on the one hand, and a stable, not interchanging u, on the other. This would point to a system with a, e and o. On the other hand, it is diffIcult to explain why the suffixes do not show the same variation that we find in the root vowels. It is essential that the palatalized and labialized consonants colored an adjacent U to £ and 0, respectively. On the effects of palatalized consonants see Beekes 2008: 4655. Fur. 340 has a rule U > 0 before 0, w, U (e.g. KUAUPOC:; I KOAUPOC:;); this can now be understood as the o-like realization of lal before high rounded vowels in the following syllable (see 15 .3 - 2) . So, e and 0 originally were variants of the phoneme la/. It is difficult to establish whether they had already become full phonemes in Pre-Greek. A good illustration of the case is the name of Apollo. In Hittite, Appaliunas renders Apollon- (see Beekes JANER 3, 2003) . We know that Greek originally had A1t£AA-, with -£- arising from -a- before the palatalized P. The -0- developed only later in Greek, but I assume that the Hittite form still shows the -a-. The Pre-Greek form was ApaPun-. I have long doubted (and still doubt) whether there was phonemic vowel length in Pre-Greek. Greek substrate words quite often only have a form with a long vowel. Vacillation is sometimes found, as in 8plVUKTj beside 8pivu� (see B 6.2), and note 6Pplf.LOC:; beside Pplf.LOc:;, Pplf.LTj. Quite a different argument is the following: axupov and 1tlLUPOV both mean 'chaff; it is therefore probable iliat they contain the same suffix -up-; but in the first word the u is short, while it is long in the second. Note that Tj often represents a (ya8uAAlC:; I yTj8-), and as our knowledge of the relevant dialects is rather limited, we often simply do not know whether Tj represents an older a or e. If we had not had Dor. oloapoc:;, we would not have known that it contains an old a. Also, A�f.Lvoc:; represents Aaf.Lvoc:;. There are well-known Pre-Greek words with Tj < *e, like 01t�AatOV. I assume two diphthongs, ai and au. If there were no e and 0, we do not expect other diphthongs. A diphthong w is rare (Fur. 353 Anm. 5; I found some 12 instances in the whole of Furnee's material); it interchanges with UU. Fur. 339 Anm. 2) calls £l "(in mehreren Fallen) nur eine Nebenform von at". Also, Ol is rather rare, and we may find ou more often, but mostly interchanging with other vowels (see the remark on the suffIx -oup-). See further section B6.1 on vowel variation. Regarding the accentuation, I noted vacillation in: appuf.LlC:; I -f.Llc:;; UiyWAlOC:; I -lOC:;; axupoc:; I -oc:;; axwp I axwp; KOpUOOC:; I Kopu06c:;; KOPUOUAOC:; I KOPUOUAAOC:;; f.LEOlf.LVOC:; I f.L£Olf.LVOc:;; OlKUOC:; I 0lKUOC:;; UplOXOC:; I UplOOOc:;. Note also the almost identical forms such as AUKU\jIOC:; I AUKO\jlOC:;. This does not imply that the language had no clear stress: the Greeks who adopted a word could simply have been uncertain about it. The phenomenon may, however, be important heuristically: such variation is very rare in inherited words. 2a. Characteristic sounds and sound groups

In Pre-Greek words, we find some sounds or clusters that are rare in PIE words. In brackets, I give the variants.


xxi

1. au: Of course, uu does occur in PIE words, but only when it derives from *h2eu (mostly in initial position) or eh2u. Examples: PAUUO£C:;, PPUUKUC:;, ypUUKUAUC:;, KUVUUaLpOV, KUOUUpU, LPUU�uvu; Auppuuv06c:;. 2. �: As is well known, *b was rare in PIE. In Pre-Greek words, it seems to occur relatively often. Examples: apAupOl, apupPTjAOC:;, appuATj, aLuppuKLOC:;, PUPPlAOC:;, 80pupoc:;, KlPUAOC:;. It is frequently found word-initially. Of course, p may also go back to a Pre-Greek labiovelar (i.e. labialized velar): e.g. PU01A£UC:;, Myc. qa-si-re-u. 3. p�: The cluster is possible in PIE words, but it is rare (see on p sub 2. above). Examples: apo£AAov, apoTjpu, apoTjC:;, ,(poTjC:;, UULO-KUPOUAOC:;, KlPOTjAOC:;, KUPUPOU; KOf.LpolAl1nu. 4. y& Cf. Fur. 3185. There is nothing against PIE *gd, but it is infrequent. Of course, the group is reminiscent of po. Examples: ayouc:;, af.LuyOCtATj, YOOU1tEW (cf. KLU1tEW), '(yoTj, KPlYOUVOV, AUyOTj. 5. yv: Example: iyvuc:; (iKVUc:;). On Xv,
xxii


16. O'�: The group is hardly known from inherited words (o�£vvul-u is problematic). Examples: ao�oAo<;, 810�Tj, 'Ao�no<;. -o�- may continue Pre-Greek _sgW_: Myc. ti-qa-jo may stand for IthisgWaiosl elo�a10<;. 17. ay: Again, this group is hardly known from lE words. It may sometimes continue -tYg-, as in Cq.lU0y£ACt, AOy£AaTa<; (see 5.5). Examples: CtAlOY£W, uOylvTj, cpuoyuvov, Ctoyuv8Tj<;, 1tloyl<;. 18. O'K, aT: These groups are well known from lE, but mostly in word initial position. See section B5.5. Examples: �£OK£pOl, �U0TU�, KUOT£POl, AUOTUy£l. 19. O'TA: Though the cluster contains nothing that could not be lE, it occurs more often in substrate words. Examples: aOTAlyy£<;, 0TA£yyl<;. 20. Te: The group can hardly be of PIE origin. In Pre-Greek, it is a variant of TT and 00 (see 5.5). Sometimes, it is clearly the geminate of 8: AT81<; beside A8�vTj. Further examples: iTS£AU, KOT8u�0<;, IIn8uAoL 21. cpe: The cluster is possible in inherited words. Example: vUOKucp80v. 22. X!l, XV: Rather rare in lE; Fur. 110 assumes that the nasal caused the aspiration. Examples: 8uuXfl0<;, 8uuxvu-, OUUXflOV. 23. Frisk gives some seventy lemmas with '/1-. Many words are clearly Pre-Greek, and there are no convincing Indo-European etymologies. That many of these words are of substrate origin is also clear from the fact that there are variants with 0-. Apparently, Pre-Greek did not have any difficulty with ps-, as Greek has so many words with '/1-. Originally, I thought that all words with 'i'- were Pre-Greek, but this thesis cannot be maintained. Among the non-substrate words, 'iJUAAU originally did not have *ps-, and 'i'- for cp8- is secondary (see Lejeune 1972: 39); the verb 'i'�w may well be non-lE. 24. w: Of course, W is perfectly lE, but it also occurs in Pre-Greek words. Examples: CtflUKpWTl<;, av8pw1To<;, Ctvwvl<;, Ct1TOCPWAlO<;, Ctppw8£w, CtOKUAW1TU<;, FMKwv8u<;, Ct0flWA£lv, �UAAWT�, KMowPl<;, AWPUflVOv. 25. Geminates (see also B5.8 on single I geminated consonants): Indo-European had no geminates. Of course, geminates arose in Greek, but they are not very frequent. I doubt whether Pre-Greek had geminates, but several occur in Pre-Greek words (Brixhe 1976: 95 states that there were no geminates in this language). As Pre-Greek had palatalized phonemes, I wonder whether [Y was (often) represented by AA in Greek. In a similar vein, perhaps nY might be represented as vv, and rY as pp, but this needs further investigation. For 00 and TT see B5.5. Unclear are 88, KK, 1T1T, and flfl (a palatalized mY is a rare sound). Some further examples:

StopS8: 88: a88at, Ci88t� KK: CtKKUAO<;, �£A£KKO<;, AUKKO<;(?) 1T1T: aypl1T1To<;, AOU1T1tl<; TT: �ITTuKo<;, AUTTU, KUTTO<;, flUTTU�O<;, fl£TT£<;, fl1TTo<;; IIlTTuKo<;. Liquids: AA: CtAAU�Tj<;, CtAA01TlTj<;, CtfllAAUKUV, �UAAWT�, �8£AAU, �lAAlV, 1TUT£AAU flfl: KA£flflu<; vv: Ctyuvvu, �A£VVO<;, Ylvvo<;, AUXUVVU; L'lIKTuvvu 8

We also have to recall the instances OfKX, mp, Ta (see above).


xxiii

pp: CtppU�UKU, �IPPTj, �lPPO�, KUppOV Sibilant 00: u'(8ouo(o)u, acpPloou, yloou. 2b. How to recognize words as PrecGreek?

This appears to be relatively easy. A first indication is that a given word has no lE etymology. Often, there is variation which is impossible to explain in Indo-European terms. Therefore, the discussion of these variants is essential. Then, there are numerous suffixes that are typical for Pre-Greek (see the list below). The meaning may also provide an indication. The words concerned are often names of plants or animals, or part of viticulture. Frequently, the words are sexual terms. If we have some of the above features, it is quite clear that we are dealing with a Pre-Greek word. The origin of the word is then indicated �PG� in the dictionary. In many cases, we do not have enough data and can only suspect that the word might be Pre-Greek (the origin is then indicated as �PG?�). 3. Prothetic vowel

Pre-Greek had a prothetic vowel, e.g. CtOKUAUCP0<; beside KUAUCP0<;' In most cases, the vowel is Ct-. The numbers (Fur. 368ff.) are as follows: U ± 90, 0 10, £ 5, l 3, U 0, Tj 6, at 2. Note that, generally speaking, U may interchange with 0, £, and at. Indeed, we have cases where prothetic 0 interchanges with u, and the same holds for £ (e.g. £iKA- I UiKA-, £'i'lU I Ct'i'lU). Although not all other cases can be explained away, it seems that the phenomenon originally only concerned u. Examples: CtyuauAA1<; I YTj8uAA1<;; CtKlpl<; I K1PPl<;; CtKOPVOl I KOPV0'i'; CtXpu8ufluAU I Xpuflu801Aat; CtVUplTTj<; I VTjplTTj<;; CtOKUAU�O<; I (O)KUAU�WTTj<;; Ctxuvw'i' I KUVW'i'. 4. s-mobile

A large number of words shows an initial 0- before a consonant, which is absent in practically identical variants. It occurs before a stop or m (so not before r, 1, n); the stop is mostly voiceless, sometimes aspirated; see Fur. 390f. Examples: Y£A£VO<; I 0X£AlVO<;, (O)KlOUcpTj, KlK£pO<; I OKlyKO<;, (0)Kop8uATj, �UTUAO<; I 01T-, 1T£A£80<; I 01T-, CPUTTUYTj<; I 01T-, 8plyKO<; (TplyX0<;) I 0TPlYXO<;, T01T£lOV I OTU1T1T£lOV, (0)fl�plV80<;, (O)flUpatvu. A prothetic vowel may appear before an s-mobile (Fur. 3908): CtOKUAU�O<; I OKUAU�WTTj<; I KUAU�U<;, Ctocpupuyo<; I ocpupuyo<; I cpupuy�, CtOKUAUCP0<; I KUAUCPO<;. 5. Consonant variation 5.1 Voiceless I voiced I aspirated stop

Furnee's conclusion was that 'Pre-Greek' was a non-Indo-European language, with no recognizable cognates. This implies that the phonemic system may have been different from that of Indo-European. Thus, he found that the stops show variation between voiced, voiceless and aspirated, so that there presumably was no phonemic distinction between voice and aspiration in the language. As there is no reason to assume that this is a recent phenomenon, it strongly suggests that the language was non-Indo-European. For example, mwxo<; belongs to a root ptiik- I p tok- also seen in mw�, -KO<;. Since such a variation is hardly understandable in Indo-European

xxiv


terms, the word must be Pre-Greek. Furnee's discussion of this variation runs from p. 115 till p. 200. Even if we allow for some mistakes, it is clear that there is abundant evidence for this phenomenon. 5.2 Prenasalization

Before a stop, a nasal may be present or not in Pre-Greek words. E.g. Kaxpue; / Kuyxpue;, KOpU
A consonant is replaced by a homorganic nasal: Kl8u
m / l} There are three interchanges: labial stop / fl labial stop / F and fl / F' Labial stop / ,.. (Fur. 203-227). Examples: appVAll / lipfluAU n.pl.; papplTOe; / papfllTOe;; KUfllV8le; / KUplV8le;; AUKapUe; / AUKaflue;; flUaTU� / PUaTU�; aKoAUfloe; / aKoAUpOe;;
Labial stop / F (Fur. 228-242). Examples: T€811nu, 8anoe; / 8uuflu; KOpUAOe; / KuuuA6e;; Kuaaupae; / Kuauupu; Kpaflpoe; / KpUUpOe;.

,.. / F (Fur. 242-247). A difficulty here is that Greek did not preserve a F in most cases, so that we often just find zero, and the F can only be reconstructed. This gives rise to a certain degree of uncertainty. Perhaps, we have to reckon with the possibility of a development 1j > b. Examples: Puauflvl-aTlle; / Puauv-lue;; KplflvOV / KPlVOV; flE8tflvoe; / F£8lflvoe;; alyuflvoe; / alyuvoe; (also alyuvvOe;). The evidence comprises 8 or 9 words in - flvoe;. It is found six times word-initially: e.g. fl�AOV / �AOV; flov8uA£UW / 6v8uA£UW; note flEpO\jl / Mpo\jl (e'lpo\jl), where the latter forms could continue *a-F£po\jl / *e-F£po\jl with a prothetic vowel. Note further Kuufloe; / KUflllXu, which perhaps continues *KuF-ufl-, *Kufl-llK-. 5.5 Stops interchanging with a(G), with stop +

a/T or with G + stop This kind of variation is quite complicated. I distinguished no less than 10 (or even 15) different types9• They may be represented as follows (C = consonant): l. C / Ct 2. C / Cs 3. C / sC 4. Ct ! Cs 5. Ct ! sC 6. Cs / sC 7. Cs / ss 8. sC / ss

a. labials n / nT n / \jI (n / an) m / \jI (\jI / an)

U aa

b. velars K / KT K / aK KT / � KT / aK (� / aK) aK / aa

9 Since the word 'i'LTn'tKLov / 7lLCnaKLOv 'pistachio' is probably an oriental loanword, there are no good examples for an interchange aa / aT.


xxv

K / aa dentals T / aa 9. t / ss 10. t / st T / aT The analysis of these variants is not easy, and I mainly present the data here. A question that needs to be explained is why exactly s or t are involved in the given variation. The most complicated instance is 5b, where we find KT/aK. In fact, the most complicated phenomenon contains most information, and can be solved best. In this case, one expects a cluster with k, i.e. a consonant before or after the k. One of the two expected clusters must have undergone metathesis. As Greek did undergo a metathesis TK > KT (and no metathesis of aK or �), we may assume that precisely this phenomenon was operative here. Thus, for an earlier stage we may reconstruct an interchange aK/n. This interchange can be easily explained by assuming a consonant, probably unknown to Greek, which resulted either in a or in T. In my interpretation, this must have been a palatalized dental, i.e. /F/. For instance, afluaYEAu / afluy8aAll was probably *amutYgala, represented first as *amusgala or *amudgala, the latter yielding *amugdala. A less clear example is Asklepios, who was called A(l)aKAumoe; or A(l)yAumOe;. It could be that the name was *AtJklap-, giving *A(i)sklap- or *A(i)dglap-. In the latter form, metathesis did not operate because **Agdlap- was not tolerated in Greek; the dental was then simply lost. Needless to say, it often happens that only one variant is found. The strange feature or phoneme may also be dismissed altogether, as in 8lK£lv next to 8laKOe; and 8[KTUOV. One might suppose that all variants in this group are due to a palatalized dental, but this is not evident, as consonant clusters are rather rare, and as there are no suffixes beginning with a consonant (except n, r, etc.). We may be unable to determine what exactly happened in each case. Type 4 is treated by Fur. 2633• Since Pre-Greek did not distinguish voice and aspiration in stops, these often vary; so if we speak of kt or KT, this also includes realization as X8, such as in flopox80e; below. If we consider the variation with labials, as in pt/ps, it is clear that we are dealing with a labial followed by a dental. The dental could also appear as s, so it is clear that the phoneme concerned was a palatalized dental, which I note /F/. This means that we are dealing with a group ptY• In the same way, with a velar we have ktY• The example 8t
xxvi


There may have been series with three forms, with kt I ks, pt I ps and also k or p. I can only mention 'ApaXEloC; I Apu�'lC; next to 'Apayoc;, and perhaps, next to 8l aK or, with loss of the k, *tY > aa. Example (Fur. 300): uplaxoc; I u p laao c;. 9a. T I 00. This is the well-known element that yielded aa I H. Furnee does not discuss it under this heading, because he gives only one phoneme ('letter') and its variants; for instance, he discusses aK I KT under K I KT. The situation is also different here, as we are able to discern a distribution among the Greek dialects, and attribute the different renderings of these loanwords to dialectal developments. Still, the fact remains that a foreign element was rendered in different ways, as with all other

W

I have some difficulty with Furnee's section XI (Fur. 323-329). My conclusion is that a variation C / although some instances remain difficult to explain otherwise.

Ca cannot be proven,


. xxvii

phenomena discussed here. Fur. 253 has the heading T, 8, El I a(a), (. I think this should be reformulated as T (8, El), H (TEl) I a (�), aa, i.e. T with its usual variants 8, El; or the geminated H (with its expected variant TEl, which is the Greek form of geminated ElEl), interchanging with a or aa. If the � was [sdl , it does not fit in well. As to its interpretation, it could represent single *tY, which was rendered H or aa, or single a, T (the variant � would then fit in, but one would also expect a variant a-r). Examples (Fur. 2S3ff.): KlHOC; I Klaaoc;, KPOTlOV I Kpoaao aa. Examples (Fur. 301ff.): �aAAwT� I �aAAaual lov; flUTPUAAOC; I flUa-rPUAAOC;; flUTlC; I fluaTa�; TIaT1A'l I TIaaT1A'l. As we saw, it is very difficult to determine what exactly happened in each case; on the other hand, it is clear that almos.t all variation can be understood if we start from just a few assumptions. 5.6 Velar I labial I dental stops: labiovelars

There is limited evidence for variation between velar and labial, between velar and dental, and between labial and dental, and between all the three classes (Fur. 388ff.). W e find:

K I TI, � Kh, 8 TIh �/8 y/� y/8 X /

y/ �/8

It is remarkable that the variants mostly agree in voice I aspiration. Since examples of this phenomenon are not particularly numerous, this may be an indication that the words concerned are not of Pre-Greek origin, but due to borrowing from a different substrate, for instance. Examples:

K I TI: KAUVlOV I TIAav lC; y I �: �puKaAov I POn:aAOV; yHTIW I �AeTIW; XUAlC; I
xxviii


Y / 0: YUAaTllov / aoaATollov n / T: panalV£l / paTalV£l p / 0: aUIlPaAov / aUvOaAov cp / 8: yvucpal / yvu80e; y / P / 0: yEcpupa / pEcpupa / O€cpupa. It is tempting to assume labiovelars to explain these cases, but some cases may have a different origin (thus, ppuKaAov / ponaAov could be due to dissimilation in the first variant). On the existence of labiovelars in Pre-Greek, see above on the phonemic system. 5.7. Dentals / liquids

There are some instances of variation between dentals (including n) and liquids (1, r). This variation is incidental. Examples (Fur. 387f.):

0 / A: apAapOe; / poapol (Fur. 33027), McpVT] / AUCPVT], 'Oouaa£ue; / 'OAuaa£Ue;. Cf. Myc. gen. da-pu2-ri-to-jo /daphurinthoio/ / AapuplV80e;, KaAuIllv8a / Myc. ka-da-mi ta. The interchange 0 / A and the fact that Linear B has signs for da, de, di, etc. (which Lejeune explained by assuming a specific, unusual sound d) might point to a dental fricative le. 8 / A: 8uma / AaHa v / A: VLTpOV / ALTpOV

a.

h. 0 / p: alpoa / �IIlPPaL v / p: PA�XVOV / PA�XPOV c.

A / p: a�T]ple; / a�T]Ale;, Kplpavoe; / KAlpavoe;, Kpwlla� / KAwlla�.

5.8. Simple / geminate Except for a few isolated cases, we find this interchange in v / vv, but more notably in A / AA. On T / H and a / aa see above sub 5.5. Cf. Fur. 386£. Examples:

v / vv: aVT]80v (also T) / avvT]80v (also T); TT]Il£vle; / T�p£vva. In this context, note the suffIx -uvV-. A / AA: paA(A)�v; 8UALe; / 8uAAle;; anEA£80e; / anEAAT]�l dat.pl.; llaKEAT] / lluK£AAa (this probably derives from PG *-al.Ya-). Note yda(a)ov, auplaa / auplaaa, and the case of A8�vT] / AT81e; / ATTlKOe;. 5.9. (J- / zero We discussed a / zero before consonant under s-mobile above, section B4. An -s- from Pre-Greek is normally maintained. The only instances that I know of, where it may have disappeared, are (cf. Fur. 241): auplXOe;, aUplaaoe; / UplXOe; (also -laKoe;, -laxoe;, -laaoe;); aupuAAae; / UpUAAT]e;; aay�vT] / Cypr. ayuvcl; amuT] / inua. Perhaps 'EAAue; beside L:£AAol belongs here, too. Another instance could be amov, which is cognate with Lat. pirum which points to -pis-.

K-, T- / zero There are instances where a velar or a dental may be absent in initial position (Fur. 391, and 13159). Dentals may also be absent in inlaut. Examples:

5.10.


xxix

K / zero: KuvoapOe; / av8pa�, KaAlvO€ollaL / aAivow, KOYXVaL / 0YXVaL, Kav8�AloV / av8�AloV. y / zero: ylvvoe; / ivvoe;, but this form may be a late development. As an explanation, one could think of a uvular q. T / zero: Tuyxoupoe; / ayxoupoe;, T�yavov / �yavov, Tlcpuov / '(cpuov (with l in LSJ); o / zero: OeA£OWVT] / £A£OWVT] (also t-). Loss of a dental in inlaut: vETwnov / vlwnov, i80uAie; / '(ouAle;, aaloapoe; / aalapoe;. V-, A- / zero v- and A- can also be absent (Fur. 391f): vucp8a / acp8a (also a-). AaL\/IT]pOe; / ai\/lT]poe;, Aalln�vT] / an�vT], AaTIl£v£la / aTIl�v, Perhaps, it concerns palatalized nY, lY, which are pronounced very 'light'.

5.11.

5.12. Metathesis, shift of aspiration

There are instances of metathesis. It mostly concerns p, sometimes A. The consonant jumps to the other side of the vowel or the consonant: KlpaOe; / KplaaOe;, Kpl�Oe;; TEPlllv80e; / TpElll80e;. Cf. T£PIlIAaL / Tp£IlIAaL; apm� / anpl�; KEopona / KEpoona; vu8pa� / vup8T]�. In most cases, it cannot be determined what the original configur ation was. In a case like i::ppwe; / £upwe;, where p may stand for (or continue) F, I would think that the F was anticipated. It may concern an original rW. The cases of an / \/I and aK / � are discussed in 5.5 above. Shift of aspiration is found in some cases: 8plyKoe; / Tplyxoe;, a8payEvT] / avopuxvT]. In the case of cpuwT] / nu8vT] the metathesis seems to have occurred in the later history of Greek (Beekes 2003). 5.13 Secondary phonetic developments 1. We may assume secondary phonetic developments, either in Greek or perhaps already in the original language. One might consider:

po- > PA-: poapol / apAapOl. For this case, cf. 5.7b 0 / A. po > pp: PO€AAlOV / PpEAALOV (Fur. 308) yo- > 0-: yoounoe; / oounoe; ov- > yv-: ovocpoe; / yvocpoe; KIl- > 11-: KIlEA£8pov / IlEAa8pOV \/1- > an-: \/I£VOUA- / anovOUAT]? See 5.5.6 above. \/1- > a-: \/IEcpae; / adcpa; \/IIHaKoe; / aIHaKoe;; cf. '¥ancpw, L:ancpw. 2. a > 0 before u in the following syllable. The a was probably pronounced a little higher before the u, and was realized as [a], which resulted in o. Examples: a�ouYYla > 6�UyylOV, KaAupT] > KOAUPOe;, *aKapap- (KupaPOe;) > aKopopuAOe;, OOPUKVlOV for * o (a)puKv-. 5.14 Other variation

There are a few instances of isolated and puzzling variation. I mention just one, the word for 'night', where we have \/IEcpae;, KVEcpae;, ovocpoe;, �ocpoe;. I think that in some of these cases, the solution may be found in a cluster. Carian, for example, allows an initial cluster kbd-. Such clusters would have been simplified in Greek. In an inherited word, we have the parallel of Lat. pecten, Gr. KT£Ie;, which is supposed to

xxx


continue *pkt-. If we assume a cluster *kdn- in our example, it may have been reduced to kn- or, with loss of the first consonant, to dn-. Thus, the process is the same as the reduction yo- > 0-, see 5.13 above. Such variant simplifications are typical for loanwords. In this way, we could connect two of the words; but I see no way to connect the other two. 6. Vowe! variation 6.1 Single vowels (timbre)

The vowels show many variants. I will discuss them in the following order: first a, then e and 0; and within each of these groups first the short vowel, then the diphthongs, then the long vowel (and the long diphthongs, but these hardly occur). Note that a variation x I y is not repeated under y. the vowel a. a I e has 80 occurrences in Furnee's material (347). Examples: ayxouaa I eyxouaa, apuao<; I epuao<;, yaALv80L I YEALv8OL, (aKeh[<; I (eKeh[<;, Ka[aTa I KmE-ra<;, KaflTCo<; I KEflTCOp, KaXpu<; I KEYXP0<;, aavou� I aevOouK'l. lb. a I o. This interchange also occurs frequently. Fur. 339 mentions that he found 80 instances. Examples: u�ouyy[a I 6�UYYLOV, uppw8Ew I 6ppWOEW, ypa�LOv I yo�p[m, �TC[aAo<; I �TC[oAo<;, Ka�a� I Ko�aKTpa, KaAu�'l I KOAu�o<;, AUKa'/f0<; I AUK0'/f0<;. lC. a I m (Fur. 336ff.). Examples: uKpmcpv�<; I uKpaTCv�<;, uaUCP'lAo<; I aiaucpLo<;, AaYfla-ra I Aa[Yfla-ra. The L here is due to the following palatalized consonant. Id. a I au (Fur. 30237). Examples: KavauaTpov I KaVa
1.

la.

e. e I a: see under a. 2b. e l L (Fur. 355ff.). Examples: �A[Tu� I �HTue<;, E�[aKo<; I i�[aKo<;, OETCa<; I Myc. dipa, eVTu�ov I '(VTU�O<;, KeAAov I K[AAL�, KLAA[�a<; I KeAA[�a<;, KUTWO<; I KUTLao<;, Hacpo<; I A[aTCo<; (cp). The e was not phonologically distinguished from i, and they were phonetically close. 2C. elL I u (Fur. 35455). Example: Kexpafl0<; I K[XPafl0<; (KLYKpafla<;) I KuXpafl0<;. 2. the vowel

2a.


xxxi

e I W (Fur. 115). Example: apy£To<; I apKw80<;. eL I m: see m. 2f. H I 'l (Fur. 339 Anm. 2). Examples: KeL8LOV (xe[nov) I K�8LOV, XHpaflo<; I X'lpaflo<;. 2g. w I e: see e I w. 2h. w I au: see au. 2i. e I 'l (Fur. 35842). Examples: evu
2e.

the vowel o. 0 I a: see a. 3b. 0 I L (Fur. 19137). Examples: aKov o<; I aKLvo<;, i�p[KaAOL I 6�p[KaAa, 'OvoyALv I oVLyALv. 3C. 0 I u (Fur. 358ff.). Examples: oAov80<; I oAuv80<;, aKoAo�pEw I aKoAu�po<;, aKuT'l I -KoHa, KUOWVLOV I KOOWVW, KupaEa<; I Kopa[<;, TCpuTavL<; I TCpoTavL<;, TOTCelOV I aTUTCTCelov. 0 and u were phonetically very close, and not distinguished phonologic-ally (cf. on elL). 3d. 0 I ou (Fur. 359). Examples: �pOKO<; I �pOUKO<;, KOAoTEd I KOAouTw (also -Au-, -Aw-). 3e. 0 I W (Fur. 279). Examples: yvoTEpa I yvwTEpa, KOAAWpO�OV I KOAAOpO�OV, cpaa[wAo<; I cpaa[oAo<; (also -ouAo<;), wpuyye<; I opu�, -yo<;; waxo[ I oax'l' 3f. OL I u (Fur. 127). Example: xpaflaoolAm I uxpaOafluAa (uKpafluAa). 3g. OL I o u (Fur. 358). Examples: KOAouT[a I KOAOLT[a (KoAOTEa), '/f0UOLOV I '/fo[8'l<;? 3h. ou I U (Fur. 12029). Examples: KTUTCO<; I yOOUTCEW, Kpouvm I ypuvo<;. 3i. ou I W (Fur. 133). Examples: flwKaoflm I flouK�(eL; AOuTC'l<; I AW�'l� (Fur. 148). 3j. W I 'l. Example: 8pwva� I uv8p�v'l. 3k. W I U (Fur. 30235). Examples: (WyLO<; I (UYYLO<;, uaawTCo<; I iaaUTCo<;, Aw�euw I Au�a(£LV. 31. 0 I e. Example: yopyupa I yepyupa 3.

3a.

4.

L I u. There is some variation between L and u, but I do not know how to interpret it. Examples (Fur. 364ff.): aiauflvaw I aiaLflvaw; uv8p[aKo<; I av8puaKov; �[0'lv I �uoo[; �PLKO<; I �pUKO<;; (uyaaTpov I a[YLaTpov; KLVWTC£TOV I KuvouTCe<;; KU�eaL<; I K[�LaL<;; flapalTCTCo<; I flapuTCTCo<;.

5.

u I e. Example: yupya8o<; I yepya80<;.

The behavior of the diphthongs may be summarized as follows: and (vice versa) eL I m mIH aul w, w w l au OL I u, ou ou I u, OL, w All this variation is understandable in terms of adaptation of a three-vowel system.

xxxii


/ short: One may doubt whether Pre-Greek had a distinction of long and short vowels (see Bl). We do find 'l and w, however, but not very often, and the latter has several variants. On the other hand, the variations W / 0 and 'l / £ are not very frequent (although in this case also the difference in timbre may have been important, depending on the Greek dialect). Variation between long en short L and u is frequent, especially in suffIxes: y�8uov / yu8La, KU�£
6.3. Single vowel / diphthong: There are several instances where a diphthong varies with a Single vowel. They can be found above (6.1). Most frequent is a / UL, but this is due to the effect of a following palatalized consonant. We further find a / au, £ / £u, and ou / u and OL / u. In two cases we find diphthong alternating with a long vowel: UL / a, £L / 'l. Examples were given above. 6.4. Rising diphthongs?

Relatively frequent in Pre-Greek words are sequences of a more closed vowel followed by a more open one, sequences that are not found in lE. They would be rising diphthongs if they formed one syllable, but in fact we may have to do with two syllables. Examples are: -w-: O'£aywv (
Sometimes, words show a vowel that is absent in nearly identical forms. It mostly concerns vowels between a stop and a resonant. It is often not clear whether the presence or the absence of a vowel is secondary. See Fur. 378-385. Examples: �puYXLa / �apuyXLa; OOPUKVLOV for *OpUKV- in O'Tpuxv-; O'Ktp�oAO<; / O'Ktpa

xxxiii

C. Morphology 1. Reduplication

Some forms seem to have reduplication, though we often cannot demonstrate this. Most frequent is partial reduplication, where only the first consonant and a vowel are repeated. The vowel is mostly £ or L. Examples: �t�pa�; �t(Il)�po<;; yuyyallov; yaYYA[ov; yayypa[va; y[yapTov; y[yYAull0<;; K[KU�O<;; O'tO'u
It appears that most suffIxes have the same structure. They contain a consonant; if this is a stop, it can be prenasalized, i.e. -�- or -Il�- ' -8- or -v8-, etc. The stop has its usual variants, like � / 1t /
xxxiv


Another type of suffix has a followed by a dental: KCtvaa80v (-aTpov), AataTPOV or another stop Ev8puaKov, Q1JPoaxCt<;, Kavvap[aKa; these forms may have been partly adapted to Greek suffixes (-TpOV). See below on the suffix -aT-. A form such as -WT- is deviating; we do not often find a diphthong before the consonant. Does it stand for *-aut- from -atw? Cf. -aiy- in EAatOV, where we may suspect ayW or awY (but it may be part of the root). See further section B1. Not seldom do we find a long and a short vowel with a suffix (= consonant), e.g. L8 - l8, UK - UK. In the case of up, one might again think of urY > uir, although rY is a rare phoneme (like mY). 2.2 Survey of the suffIxes

In principle, we find one of the three vowels of the language followed by a (prenasalized) consonant: a, i, u + (mlp, (olT, (olK. The groups actually found are, in Greek letters (forms in brackets are rare or less frequent): aNC

1.

2. aJlp

uNC

uJlp

�

3·

4. (avT)

5· avo

6. av8

(UVT)

uvo

(uv8)

�

�

7·

8. ayy

9.

�

uyy

So, we do not find: 1. VNn and 3. VN
The examples are mostly taken from Furnee, to whom I refer for details. Words can also be checked in the present dictionary. Variants are given in brackets. I added geographical names (TN) from Fick 1905, and some more material, with references. 1. -ap-(0-) (Fur. 107): uypCtKapo<;, UA(A)CtPfj<;, UaKCtAapo<;, uTT£Aelap0<;, KCtvvapo<;, KOAAap0<;, Jl£a(a) apov, AaTpapo<;, JlCtTTapo<;. TN KaTTCtpLO<; (Rhodes, Fick 47), KCtaTapo<; (Caria). 2. -ay-: apnay- (cf. Chantraine 1933: 397ff.), ACtTa�, Ol'j pa�. 3. -ayy-o-: a

xxxv

4. -ao-: upaaxCt8e<;, JleJlppCt<;, anupCto-. 5. -a8-0-: uanCtAa80<;, yupya8o<;, aTr1Jpa8OL. TN 'Y PVCt8LOV (Epidauros). 6. -at-I-e(L)- before a vowel: There are words in -ata I -e(L)a, such as ypuJl£a I ypuJlela (also ypuJlcia) I ypuJla[a (note the hesitation in the accentuation). I suggest that the suffix was -ay-Ca), which was pronounced as [-teya] or [-eya] (we saw that n often varies with at). The speakers of Greek identified the suffix with Gr. -at- or -eL-, but the -y- could also be lost. In this way the three variant forms can be explained. Further examples are KOAOLT£a I KOA(0)uT£a, Kopxup£a (KOpKoopua in H. is probably an error); KwoeLa I Kwoea (note the short a), beside KwoULa I Kwo[a (these are not entirely clear to me, but cf. AJlCt8ULa I AJlCt8na). Furthermore, *-ay-a is likely to be the same suffix as -£[(1 which makes feminine names, e.g. AJlCtA8na, IIfjveAOneLa, 'I
xxxvi


16. -av-o-: TN 'Iup8avo<; (HN Crete, Elis), ATIL8avo<; (HN Thess.), 'HpL8avo<; (HN), A v8avo<; (Fick: 18). 17. -av-: y£vnav�. 18. -av8-: aayuv8Tj<;. 19. -av8p-: y£Aav8pov. TN T�Aav8po<; (Fick 51) , TUllav8(p)0<; (Pamph.), MUlav8(p )0<; (Fick: 53), C!>oA€yav8po<;. 20. -avS/T- (Fur. 19135; 2167" -aVT- unless otherwise stated): aAl�a<;, aaKuvSTj<; (aKuvSa<;), KLAAl�a<; (but K£AAl�aT-), 6Kpl�a<;,

xxxvii

42a. -W- as in nom. -£u<;: �aaLA£u<;; several PNs like AXLA(A)£U<;, '08uaa£u<;. 43. -wp-: see -aup-. 44. -WT- (Fur. 173, 1817) : �aaKWTal, KpaTWTal. 45. -Tj�-a/o-: KUpTj�O<;. TN Kuv8Tj�a, T€v8Tj�a, ToppTj�o<; (all in Lydia). 46. -TjS-(0-): TN IlmupTjSo<;, LWUPTjSO<; (Fick 67) , KLKUVTjSO<; (Pagas.), IlupvTj<;, -TjS- (Att.). Cf. -as-. 47. -TjK-, -TjX- (Fur. 199, 2457°) : �� PTj�, Mv8Tj�, AW�Tj�, n�ATj�, TpUOlVLK£<;. 66. -LA-, -IA-: aiYlAw'/I, KovlATj, fl€aTILAOV, llaplATj, lluaT1ATj, (a)naTlATj (-IA-) naaTlATj, aTpo�IAO<;. TN LKav8lATj (Cos). 67. -LAA-a/o-: upyLAAO<;, uIlLAAa, upLAAa, UaLAAa, pO�LAAO<;. 68. -Lllv-a/o- (Fur. 2467') : 1l€8LIlVO<; (also -l-), ll€pLllva, al8pLllvov. 69. -Lv-a/o-: UKLVO<;, anoALvov, (�a)�uKLvOV, yoaaUTILvov, Konvo<;, 6�lva. TN MupLva (Lemnos), LIKLvo<; (Cyclades).

xxxviii


70. -lV-(0-): KUlllvov, TtU'rlvTj, PTj-rIVTj, aEAlvov, CPO�lVO':;, CPOpIVTj. TN LaAaIlLv-. 71. -lVO- (cf. -lv8e and -lO-, -l-r-): KU�lVOl':;, uAlvoov. TN Kpaualvowv (R), TIUplVOO':; (Caria). 72. -lv8-(0-) (c£ -lVO-): alYlv80.:;, cwTtlv8LOV, Aa�uplv80.:;, Allllv8£.:;. TN K�PlV80.:; (Euboea), KOplV80.:; (Fick 74). 72a. -l�-: KO-rl�l':;, KUVI�£l':;, aOpvl�a. 72b. -lTt-O-: TN EU plTto.:; . 73 · -la-alo -: upmaa (-£(a), Ku-rlao .:;. TN Auplaa, K£Oplao.:;, KTjcplao.:; (-lao.:; = -laao.:;, Fick 25, 61). 73a. -laK-O-: aA8laKov, l�laKo,:;, llaplaKo,:;, uplaKo,:; (and variants). 74· -l-r-alo- (cf. -lO-, -l8-, Fur. 163): �Up�l-rO':;, �oA(�)l-rOV, Tt0pcpl-rOV. TN Lu�pl-ra (Crete). 75· -lX- (cf. -lK-): Up

xxxix

92. -aa: There are several words in -aa: 8E'I'a, ol'l'a, KO'l'a (K0'l'la), KU'l'a (Kull'l'a), perhaps AU'l'a. 93· -aK-: uplaKo,:; (-X-, -aa-). 94. -a- (Fur. 25427, in several cases this does not seem to be a suffix, but rather the end of a root; cf. on -aa-, -la-, -ua-): uAao.:;, KU�atao.:; (also -aa-), Iluao.:;, mao.:;, cpupao .:;. TN TIplavao.:; (Crete). 95. -aa-: KUTtaa
"

xl


126. -cp8-: Kpoooocp80v, A6.Kacp80v, lloAocp80c;, va( 0)Kacp80v, oappucp8civ. 127. -cp- (on -acpco- see Chantraine Form. 263): Ctpy£AOcpOl (also -IA-), Ilampocpoc; (also -rroc;), O£PlCPOC;, o£oucpOC;. 128. -WK-: TN K08wKLOm (Att., Fick 70). 129. -WA-: CtrrocpWAloC; (?), cpaOKwAoc;. TN KLllwAoc; (Cyclades). 130. -WIl-: �apwll0C;. 131. -wv- (Fur. 30339): CtAKUWV, �'LWV, oavowv,
Word end provides an interesting situatipn, as some original finals of the Pre-Greek language may have been preserved. Of course, Greek endings must be removed, notably -oc;, -ov. Thus, -IOV, -uov may often continue original -I, -u: cf. Myc. dunijo next to duni. The words in -v80c; have replaced almost all of those in -v8- (as in TLpuv8-). 3.1. words ending in a vowel

A short -a can only come from *-ya < * -ih2 in inherited Greek words. In all ot;her cases, we may be dealing with a Pre-Greek ending -a that was originally short. It is often difficult to see whether -a is short or long; the material requires further study. Examples: a�apKva, uyavva, Cty£poa, Maha (?), a'LKouoa, a�oTjpa, aKapa, aKop-va, uKooTIAa, CtKTapa, aAapa, Ctllouxpa, apoa, CtoTayava, acp8a, �pouKa, yooa, YOAa, 86.�a, 86.poa, oaA6.yxa, 8ama, Ilooa, pOIlI�a, oaTTa, oopvI�a, ooua, K£oporra (also X-), etc. Note forms in -ua, like apua, and in -evva. Note, further, oaAallavopa, oKoAOrrevO pa. For words ending in -oa, see the list of suffIxes. a. -a.

h. -L. lE words (neuters) in -I are very rare in Greek. Examples of Pre-Greek words in -I: (aKn, KOPI, olvam, Tayupl (Tayuplov), uKapL We may assume that many words ending in -tOY, -uov originally ended in -I, -u. Final - IC; is frequent, too. c. -U. Ct�apu, KOVOU, IlWAU. For -uov, see the foregoing. Final -UC; is also found several times: ayouc;, aprruc;, CtTpacpa�uc;, �l8uv, �A£TUC;, -1l£VOUC;, IllllapKuc;, IlWUC;, rrTjAalluc;, parruc;.

d. -EUC;. Though the ending may also be inherited from lE, in many words it is clearly of Pre-Greek origin, e.g. �a

xli

derives from stems in * -oi-; I assume that Pre-Greek words secondarily joined this inflection. Words in -wc; are masculine: Ctxapvw(c;), � PWC;; MLVWC;, TaAwc;. 3.2. words ending in

-I'

aoap(ov)?, CtKxavTap, �aKap, EALllap, Kuoap, V£KTap, VWKap, m:ALap. h. -01'. Examples: CtOlYOP, CtKKop, KaKKop, K£lllloP (also -Ilrr-), rrLoop, c. -up. Examples: \jIl8up, (Dor.) llapTup. d. -wp. Examples: axwp, ixwp, K£AWP, \jIo8wp. a. -a l' .

\jI -� (stem in -K-) is found quite often:

3.3. words with a nom. in -� or a.

-

.

-a�: a�a�, CtKapva�, all�a�, Ctvopacpa�, av8pa�, �uoTa�' llaA�a�, 0auoa�. ava� has a stem in -KT-. -a�: cp£va�, pa�, ocp�� -Tj�: 86.vOTj�, ��PTj� -I�: MOI�, CtV8£PI�, Ctrrpl�, KOAI�, apm� -o�: �£�pO�, �lPPO� -ou�: �pou� -u�: �AlTU�, yopTU�; IIvu�, �TU�. Note acc. �aneKa; ace. �plyKa. h. -\jI: A6.Tpa\jl, AalAa\jl, aAI\jI, KOpl\jl, aiYlrro\jl, KOnO\jl, Il£po\jl, YU\jl, llovw\jI. Monosyllabic: XP£Il\jl. 4. words in -v:

�an�v, Kap�av; ny�v. KlVOUV, Ilooouv, pw8uvec;.

Ct�ac;, a�Aac;, a8pac;(?), Ctllcplac;, CtOKaAwrrac;, CtOKWvoac;, CtTTayac;, �a86.c; (�aTac;), �aoKac;, �uac;, KaAa�ac;, Kaoac;; A8allac;, AoyeAaTac;. With a stem in -aVT-: CtAl�ac; (-VT-), AUKa�ac; (-VT-) etc.; see the suffix section. With stem in ao-: Ctxpac;, �ouvlac;, rrpTJllvac;; see the suffIx section.

5. words ending in -ac; (a-stems):

D. The unity of Pre-Greek The material itself shows that we are largely dealing with one language, or a group of closely related dialects or languages. Of course, we cannot demonstrate in each and every case that the words that are non-Greek belong to this same language. The bulk of the known non-Greek words, however, seem to fit the general picture of the Pre Greek substrate. For example, KOT8u�0c; / Kooull�oC; does not only show the element 00 / T8, well-known from geographical names, but also the suffIx -u�- with prenasalization. The pair KPOO
xlii


a different Pre-Greek suffix. In a(f.l)�puTTOl / �pUTTO<'; (�puO'O'o<,;) we have a combination of a prothetic vowel and prenasalization. Other languages may well have existed in the area. Thus, it is not certain that Hieroglyphic Minoan reproduces the same language as Linear A. Further, Eteocretan has not yet been connected with other elements and seems isolated. Another matter is that (non-Indo-European) loanwords from old Europe may have entered Greece, cf. Beekes 2000: 21-31. Moreover, these may have already been adopted in Pre-Greek, as is suggested by £pE�lV80<.;, which has a Pre-Greek suffix, but a root which is attested (with some variation) in other European languages. Sometimes, elements from other IE languages may also have been adopted at a very early date, such as 1tEAEKU<';. However, I think that it is methodologically more sound to start from the assumption that non-Greek words are Pre-Greek. Only when there is reason to assume that they have a different origin, should we consider this option. E. Pre-Greek is non-Indo-European Our knowledge of Indo-European has expanded so much, especially in the last thirty years (notably because of the laryngeal theory) that in some cases we can say almost with certainty that an Indo-European reconstruction is impossible. A good example is the word yva80<.;. In order to explain the -a- of this word, we need to introduce a h2. However, a preform *gnh2dh- would have given Gr. *yva8-. One might think that assuming *h2e would remedy the problem, but *gnh2edh- would yield *yuvu8-. The conclusion is that no Indo-European proto-form can be reconstructed, and that the word cannot be of Indo-European origin. Another example is the word KpT]f.lv6<.; 'overhanging bank', for which a connection with KpEfluflUl 'to hang (up)' used to be evident. However, we now know that most long vowels go back to a short vowel plus a laryngeal, and that long vowels cannot be postulated at random. In this particular case, there are simply no conceivable formations that would contain a long root vowel. This morphological objection is strengthened by the fact that there is no trace of the expected root-final -u- < *-h2- (as in KpEfluflUl < *kremh2-). Positively, one can say that landscape terms are frequently borrowed from a substrate language. The inevitable conclusion is that the word is Pre-Greek.

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

A. LANGUAGES Aegin. Aeol. Aetol. Alb. Arc. Arc.-Cypr. Arg. Arm. Att. Av. AV Bait. Bel. Boeot. Bret. BSI. Bulg. CLuw. Co. Corcyr. Cret. CS Cypr. Cyren. Cz. Dan. Delph. Dor. El. ep. Epid. Etr. Fal. Gaul. gloss.

Aeginetan Aeolic Aetolian Albanian Arcadian Arcado-Cyprian Argive Classical Armenian Attic Avestan Atharvavedic Baltic Belorussian Boeotian Breton Balto-Slavic Bulgarian Cuneiform Luwian Cornish Corcyrean Cretan Church Slavic Cyprian Cyrenaean Czech Danish Delphian Doric Elean epic Epidaurian Etruscan Faliscan Gaulish in glosses

Gm. Go. Gr. H. Heracl. Hitt. HLuw. lA IE lIr. Ion. Ir. It. Khot. Lac. Lat. Latv. Lesb. Lith. LG Locr. Luw. Lyc. Lyd. MBret. MCo. MDu. ME Meg. Mess. MHG Mlr. MLG MoDu. MoE

Germanic Gothic Greek Hesychius Heraclean Hittite Hieroglyphic Luwian Ionic-Attic Indo-European Indo-Iranian Ionic Irish Italic Khotanese Laconian Latin Latvian Lesbian Lithuanian Low German Locrian Luwian Lycian Lydian Middle Breton Middle Cornish Middle Dutch Middle English Megarian Messenian Middle High German Middle Irish Middle Low German Modern Dutch Modern English

xliv MoFr. MoHG MoIr. MoNw. MoP MoSw. MP MW Myc. NPhr. NWGr. Osc. OAlb. OAv. OBret. OCo. OCS OCz. OE OFr. OHG ale. OIr. OLat. OLFr. OLG OLith. OP OPhr. OPo. OPr. ORu. OS ass. OSw. OW Pael. Pal.

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS Modern French Modern High German Modern Irish Modern Norwegian Modern Persian Modern Swedish Middle Persian Middle Welsh Mycenaean New Phrygian North-West Greek Oscan Old Albanian Old Avestan Old Breton Old Cornish Old Church Slavonic Old Czech Old English Old Frisian Old High German Old Icelandic Old Irish Old Latin Old Low Franconian Old Low German Old Lithuanian Old Persian Old Phrygian Old Polish Old Prussian Old Russian Old Saxon Ossetic Old Swedish Old Welsh Paelignian Palaic

PAlb. Pamph. PAnat. PCl. PGm. Phoc. Phryg. PIA PIAr. PIE PIr. PIt. Pol. PSI. PTo. QIE Rhod. Ru. RuCS RV SCr. Sicil. Skt. SIn. Sogd. Sw. Swi. Thess. ToA ToAB ToB U Ukr. Ven. VLat. W WGm. YAv.

Proto-Albanian Pamphylian Proto-Anatolian Proto-Celtic Proto-Germanic Phocian Phrygian Proto-Ionic-Attic Proto-Indo-Aryan Proto-Indo-European Proto-Iranian Proto-Italic Polish Proto-Slavic Proto-Tocharian Quasi-Indo-European Rhodian Russian Russian Church Slavic Rigvedic Serbo-Croatian Sicilian Sanskrit Slovene Sogdian Swedish Swiss German Thessalian Tocharian A Tocharian A and B Tocharian B Umbrian Ukranian Venetic Vulgar Latin Welsh West-Germanic Young Avestan


xlv

B. RECONSTRUCTION, GRAMMAR AND TEXT abl. ace. ace. to act. AD adj. adv. aor. athem. BC C.

cf. colI. compar. conj. dat. desid. dial. DN duo e.g. EN encl. et al. f. fthe. fut. gen. H HN id. ind. indecl. inj. ins. inscr. interr. intr. ipf. ipv. irr.

ablative accusative according to active anno domini adjective adverb aorist athematic before Christ century compare collective comparative 1. conjecture 2. conjunction dative desiderative dialectal theonym dual for example ethnonym enclitic and others feminine forthcoming future genitive any PIE laryngeal hydronym idem indicative indeclinable injunctive instrumental inscription(s) interrogative intransitive imperfect imperative irregular

lit. litt. loco m. med. n. neg. nom. num. obl. opt. p. p.e. pcl. perf. pers. pI. PN postpos. ppp. pres. pref. prep. pret. prev. pron. pass. pte. reI. subj. sg. superl. S.V. them. TN trans. V. var. vel sim. viz. voe.

literally literature locative masculine middle neuter negative nominative numeral oblique optative page personal communication particle perfect personal plural personal name postposition passive past particple present prefix preposition preterite preverb pronoun passive participle relative subjunctive singular superlative sub voce thematic toponym transitive verb variant or Similarly namely, to wit vocative

xlvi


C. AUTHORS AND WORKS Only the most common authors and works are mentioned here. Please refer to LSJ for a complete list. A.

=

Aeschylus

AB = Anecdota Graeca, v. I A.D. = Apollonius Dyscolus A.R. = Apollonius Rhodius Aesch. Alex. = Aeschylus Alexandrinus Agath. = Agathias Ale. = Aleaeus Alem. = Aleman Amm. Marc. = Ammianus Marcellinus And. = Andocides Ant. Diog. = Antonius Diogenes Ant. Lib. = Antoninus Liberalis Antip. = Antipater Antiph. = Antiphanes Ap. Ty. = Apollonius Tyanensis Apollon. = Apollonius App. = Appianus Ar. = Aristophanes Ar. Did. = Arius Didymus Arc. = Arcadius Arch. = Archias Arist. = Aristoteles AscI. = Aselepiodotus or Aselepius Aselep. = Aselepiades Asp. = Aspasius Ath. = Athenaeus Aus. = Ausonius B. = Bacchylides Bacch. = Bacchius Call. = Callimachus Call. Corn. = Callias Comicus Call. Hist. = Callias Historicus Callin. = Callinus Cerc. = Cercidas Cercop. = Cercopes Corn. = Comedy, Comic D. = Demosthenes D. C. = Dio Cassius D. Chr. = Dio Chrysostomus D. H. = Dionysius Halicarnassensis

L. = Diogenes Laertius D. P. = Dionysius Periegeta D. S. = Diodorus Siculus D. T. = Dionysius Thrax Dam. = Damascius Din. = Dinarchus Diog. = Diogenes Dioph. = Diophantus Dsc. = Dioscorides Medicus E. = Euripides D.

EM = Etymologicum Magnum Ep. = in the Epic dialect Epic. = Epicus Epig. = Epigenes Epin. = Epinicus

Et. Gen. = Etymologicum Genuinum Et. Gud. = Etymologicum Gudianum Eub. = Eubulus Euc. = Euelides Eup. = Eupolis Euph. = Euphorio Eust. = Eustathius Eustr. = Eustratius Foed. = Foedus Gal. = Galenus Gramm. = Grammarians h. Ap., ete. = Hymnus ad Apollinem, ete.

h. Hom.

=

hymni Homerici

H. = Hesychius Halie. = Halicarnassus Hdn. = Herodianus Hdt. = Herodotus Herael. = Heraelas Herod. = Herodas Herod. Med. = Herodotus Medicus Hes. = Hesiodus HId. = Heliodorus, Scriptor Eroticus Horn. = Homer Hp. = Hippocrates Hsch. = Hesychius


Hymn.

=

Hymnus, Hymni

Il. = Iliad Is. = Isaeus J. = Josephus Leon. = Leonidas (two epigrammatists) Leonid. = Leonidas Medicus Lyc. = Lycophron Lyr. = Lyricus, Lyric poetry Lys. = Lysias Lysim. = Lysimachus Mel. = Meleager Meliss. = Melissus Men. = Menander Moer. = Moeris Mosch. = Moschus NT = Novum Testamentum Nic. = Nicander or Nicias Nic. Dam. = Nicolaus Damascenus Od. = Odyssey Orac. = Oraculum Oratt. = Oratores Attici Orchom. = Orchomenus Pall. = Palladius or Palladas Parm. = Parmenides Ph. = Philo Phan. = Phanias Phil. = Philippus Epigrammaticus Philet. = Philetas Philipp. Corn. = Philippus Comicus Philol. = Philolaus Philonid. = Philonides Phld. = Philodemus Philosophus Phlp. = Philoponus Phoen. = Phoenix Pi. = Pindarus

PI. = Plato Plb. = Polybius Plin. = Pliny Poet. = Poeta, poetica post-Horn. = post-Homeric Prise. = Priscus Historicus Quint. = Quintilianus Rhet. = Rhetorical, Rhetoric Ruf. = Rufus S. = Sophoeles S. E. = Sextus Empiricus Sext. = Sextus Philosophus Srn. = Symmachus St. Byz. = Stephanus Byzantius Str. = Strabo

xlvii

Tab. Herael. = Tabulae Heraeleenses

Th. = Thucydides Them. = Themistius Themist. = Themistoeles Theo Srn. = Theon Smyrnaeus Theoc. = Theocritus Theod. = Theodorus Thgn. = Theognis Thphr. = Theophrastus Ti. Locr. = Timaeus Locrus Tim. = Timotheus Lyricus Tim. Corn. = Timotheus Comicus Tim. Gaz. = Timotheus Gazaeus Tim. Lex. = Timaeus Grammaticus Trag. = Tragic, Tragedy Tryph. = Tryphiodorus X. = Xenophon Xenoph. = Xenophanes Zen. = Zenobius Zon. = Zonas

xlviii


D. SYMBOLS > < » «

IXI [Xl

becomes by regular phonological development reflects by regular phonological development is replaced by way of analogy replaces by way of analogy the origin of the word (see preface above) see also the entry see s.v. meaning uncertain or appurtenance uncertain a reconstructed item of a proto-stage spelled with the symbol X the phoneme X phonetically pronounced as X

A copulative prefix (a a8pOlGTLKOV).
a- 1

•

privative prefix (a aL£pTjTLKOV). *anV-. In Greek, the loss of initial consonants (*lj-, *s-) disturbed the original distribution: thus alGOe; « *a-pGOe;) next to the reshaped aVlGOe;. Sometimes this led to analogical forms, like a-o(oe; next to original av-o(oe;. In the Myc. PN a-u-po-no IAhupnosl, the a- stands before h-, like in classical aun:voe;. In aoplGLOe; (to opoe; < *worwo-), we see that the initial F- was originally retained before *0 as well. If the second member began with laryngeal + cons., this yielded Greek VTj-, va-, vw like in V�yp£LOe;, vw06e; < *n-h�r-, *n-h3d-. These adjectives were later reshaped, e.g. into avwvuf.Loe; (see Beekes 1969: 98-113) In avCt£OOe;, aVCt-£AltLOe; and avCtn:VeDaLOe;, which seem to show avu- 'un-', the last two are analogical, and the first may stand for av-££8v-. On pleonastic a(v)-, cf. � a�£h£poe;. a(v)- was originally limited to verbal adjectives and bahuvrihis, both in Greek and in other lE languages; see Frisk 1941: 4ff., 44ff., Frisk 1948: 8ff., Wackernagel 19201924(2): 284ff., Wackernagel 1920-1924(1): 282f., and Moorhouse 1959. In other languages, we have e.g. Skt. a(n)-, Lat. in-, Go. un-, all from PIE *1}-. The sentence negative was *ne, in Lat. ne-scio, ne-fas, etc., but this use is not attested for Greek (not in � v£n:oOee;).

a- 2 •

a- 3

2

.ETYM In Pre-Greek substrate words, a "prothetic vowel" occurs, e.g. aaTaxu<.; next to muxu<.;. In other words, the prothetic vowel may be present in the reflex of a substrate word or not. Without a doubt, a phonetic process was at the origin of these variations. It is rather frequent, see Fur.: 368-378. The vowel was almost always a- (only very few exceptions can be recorded, see Pre-Greek). a- 4 in Anatolian place names, e.g. ATImao<.; / I1mao<.;, 'A9ufl�pa / eUfl�pa. � LW� .ETYM The origin of the phenomenon is unknown, and could be different from that of the Pre-Greek prothetic vowel. It is probably due to adaptation from a non-lE language. a 5 interjection (ll.). � ONOM�

.DER a�W [v.] 'to sigh, groan'. .ETYM Onomatopoeic; see Schwyzer: 716.

aaaTOe; Mg. unknown. In vuv flOl ofloaaov a. LTUY0<.; uowp (3 271) 'inviolable'?, a£9Ao<,; a. (

liac5a . £vo£la. AUKWV£<.; 'want, lack (Lacon.)' (H.). � ?� .DER aao£1v· aTIop£1a9m, amT£iv 'to be in distress, abstain from food' (H.), see on � ao'lv, We also find aao£iv· 6XA£1v, AUTI£ia9m, aOtK£iv 'to disturb, be vexed, be wronged' (s.v. � avMvw, � �8U<.;). ETYM The forms and meanings are uncertain; see DELG for an uncertain suggestion by Frisk. Latte assumes aoo = a�a, contrary to the alphabetical order. •

aa�w [v.] 'to breathe with the mouth wide open' (Arist.). � ONOM� .DER aaaflo<.; (Arist.). ETYM Probably onomatopoeic. Another suggestion by Solmsen 1901: 284 relates it to � a'lfll. Cf. perhaps � a�w 2, from � a. •

aavOa [f.] £100<'; evwTlou TIapa AAKflUVl W<'; AplaTo
•

liaTITOe; [adj.] In X£ip£<.; aaTtTOl (Hom., Hes.), later of K�TO<'; (Opp.), perhaps 'invincible'. � ?� .ETYM Aristophanes read *CtETtTou<.;, which is also unclear. Meier-Briigger's explanation of � aTtTo£TI�<'; does not convince me. Cf. � a£TtTo<.; and � eu a'lTo<,;. aaoX£TOe; => £Xw.

a�aplaTUV

3

aaw [v.] 'to damage', med. 'act in blindness' (ll.). � IE? *h2euh2-� .VAR Beside pres. aUTm (T 91 = 129) < *aF&'£Tm only aor. aaaa (contracted aaa) < *aFaaa, med. -ufl'lv, pass. aaa9'lv. With -aK-: aaaK£l'
.

a�aK�e; [adj.] � ?� .VAR Only Aeol. a�uK'lv afla�a. a�aAfj aXP£1ov, AUKWV£<.; 'useless, foolish (Lacon.)'. o l o£ vw9pov 'bastard' (H.). � ?� .ETYM Fur.: 167, 348 compares a�£AAov· TaTI£lVOV 'vile, low' (H., Cyr.) and a�aAl<';' flox9'1pa eAala 'worthless olive tree' (H.), but not � a
li�aAle; => a�aA�. a�avT«O'lv · avu�amv 'mounting' (H.). � GR?� .ETYM For earlier *a(fl)0uvTaamv [dat.pl.] ? See Schwyzer: 50 . li�a�, -KOe; [m.] 'board for calculating or drawing' (Cratin., Arist.). � PG?(v)� .ETYM Etymology unknown. The assumption of a loan from Hebr. 'iibiiq 'sand, dust' (Lewy 1895: 173) is semantically weak (rejected by E. Masson 1967: 97). On the meaning, cf. Bruneau REGr. 80 (1967): 325-330; see also Kratzsch WZHalle 23 (1973): 126, who defends the connection with Hebrew. Borrowed as Lat. abacus. Kuiper compared afluKlov, a�a�. AUKWV£<.; (H.), but Fur.: 221 doubts this. Yet, if the comparison is correct, the word is Pre-Greek (variation �/fl). a�apuJTav . yuvmKl�ofltV'lV, Ka9mpofltv'1v KaTafl'lVlOl<';. KUTIplOl 'being made to play a womanly role, being cleansed or purified during the menses (Cypr.)' (H.). � ?� .ETYM Related to � aa�aplXl<';, with Cyprian loss of s-?

4

a�apKva

li�apKva [f.] . Aq..lO<; 'hunger' (H.). � PG?� , . . . , ETYM Fur.: 122 connects it to flapyo<; ,mad, gluttonous , whIch IS not convmcmg. The formation with -va after -K- suggests Pre-Greek origin. •

a�ap-ra[ => u MaK£Oovl<;t (or MaK£Oovla<;?) 'oregano (Maced.) (H.). � LW� .ETYM Related to uflupaKov 'origanum', acc. to Fur.: 210. Cf. also �apu· TLV£<; fl£v
•

li�S£Uov [adj.] . Tan£lVOV 'low, abased' (H.). � PG(v) � . . , .VAR Hesychius also has a�£AAov with the same mg.; Latte reJects It as a corruptlon of the other form, which is unnecessary. ETYM See Fur.: 167. If the variation �O / � is real, it is a Pre-Greek word, which is likely anyway for a form with �o. •

li�SlJpa [f.] . Kat a�8La � EluAauua (EM 3, 8). � PG?� .ETYM Fur.: 309 connects it with the TN 'A�oT]pa. , a�SlJ<; [m., f.] . flUUTl� nap' 'InnwVaKTL 'whip (Hippon.) (H.). �PG(v) � ETYM Probably a foreign word in Hipponax; see O. Masson 1962: 170 (fr. 130). Fur.: 388 convincingly compares U�PlUT�V' fluuTlya (H.). The word is Pre-Greek because of the cluster �o (see ibid.: 318), with -�p- perhaps representing earlier -�O-. •

li�£u; . EX£l<; 'vipers; you have' (H.). � ?� . , ' . . ETYM Perhaps Illyrian, with � from IE *gwh, as m vl�a· Xlova. It IS unlIkely, ho\Vever, that EXl<; should be reconstructed as *h,egwh-i-. Maybe the gloss is just Lat. habes (see Pisani Paideia 10 (1955): 279). •

li�£Uov => u�aAT], a�OeAAov. a�£AL£po<; [adj.] 'simple, stupid' (Ar.). � ?� .ETYM Wackernagel GGN (1902): 745ff. connected it with �£h£po<;, assuming that an original mg. 'morally good' developed into 'too good, simple', with an unclear prefix. This is unlikely; see Osthoff MU 6 (1910): 177 and Hatzidakis Glotta 11 (1921): 175f for different analyses. a�£p�lJAOV [adj.] . noAU, EnaxEl£<;, fl£ya, �apu, UXUlUTOV, flUTmov 'much, heavy or burdensome, great, empty, rash' (H.). � PG(v) � .VAR U�U�T]AOV (H.) is glossed in the same way; also -T]TO<; (EM).

5 .ETYM The variation points to a Pre-Greek word. Fur.: 374 compares MoGr. �Up�T]AO 'abundance' .

a��p [m.!f. ] ? . o'LKT]fla aToa<; EXOV, Taflelov. AUKWV£<; 'house provided with store houses, treasury (Lacon.)' (H.). � ?� .ETYM Unknown. Not identical with � u�p 'air' (as in Frisk, who compares MoSw. vind 1. 'wind' 2. 'bottom') . a�[UlOv => ufllAAaKav. a�lv [ace.m.!f.] . EAUTT]V, ol 8£ n£uKT]v 'silver fir; pine' (H.). � LW?� .ETYM Comparing Lat. abies, Mayer KZ 66 (1939): 96f. assumed that PIE *ab- 'tree' occurs in several Illyrian and Iranian names, such as 'A�m, 'A�pOl, A�lK� = 'YAata (St. Byz.). If this is the case, is the root from a non-IE language in Europe? a�moplov [n.] 'latrine' (IGR I, 599, Istropolis, Scythia Minor). � LW Lat.� .ETYM From an unknown Lat. *abitorium 'latrine', in turn from abire (DELG Supp.): a case in which a Latin word is known only from Greek. a�AaMw<; [adv.] . �o£w<; 'sweet' (H.). � ?� .ETYM A connection with *�Aa8U<; 'powerless' leaves the initial vowel unexplained (see on � �AaOei<;); the semantic development is also problematic. Connection with � uflaAouvw 'to make weak' would point to *h2mld- (with -aA- analogically after the full grade *Ufl£AO-), but in this case one would expect *ufl�Aao- for our word; there is yet no etymology. a�AaPOl [m.] . �uAa 'wood' (H.). � PG(v) � .ETYM Fur.: 370 compares �oapol' opu£<;, o£vopa 'trees' (H.); the word is Pre-Greek (with prothetic vowel and �o alternating with �A). It is less probable that � �upu£<; also belongs here . a�AlJxp6<; => �AT]XP0<;. a�Aon£<; [adj.] . u�Aa�£<;. Kp�T£<; 'sound, undamaged (Cret.), (H.). => �Aumw. , a�oA£i<; [m.!f.] . n£pl�OAat uno LlK£AWV 'garments (Sicilian) (H.) . .ETYM Probably related to � U�OAAT]<;. a�oA£w [v.] 'meet' (A. R., Call.), = UVTL�OA£W. � GR?� .VAR u�oA�um· unavT�um 'to encounter' (H.). .DER U�OAT]TU<; 'meeting' (H.). .ETYM Cf. ��OAOV �flap' KaEl' 0 unaVTWUlV ei<; TauTov, � £uKmpov, l£pov (H.), which may have its length for metrical reasons, or alternatively have arisen by decomposition; cf. � en��oAo<;. The U- could be copulative (see � a- 1). a�6UlJ<; [m.] 'kind of coat' (imperial period). � LW� VAR Also u�oAAa (Peripl. M. Rubr.). .ETYM LW from Lat. abolla (Varro). Cf. � U�OAel<;. •

a�pa!l[<; a fish, a kind of mullet (Opp.). � LW? Eg.�

6 VAR Also a�paf.LLC;, a�pa�LC; (PLond. ined., IIIP). ETYM The fish was salted in Egypt (Ath. 7, 312b) . Fur.: 220 thinks that the form with � is due to a recent assimilation. It is either Pre-Greek, or a loan from Egyptian.

•

•

a�plo"nlv => a�8TjC;. a�p6c; [adj.] 'graceful, delicate, pretty' (Hes.); mostly of young girls and women. "!l ?� .VAR Fern. a�pa 'favorite slave' (not a Semitic loan, E. Masson 1967: 98) . .DER o.�p6TTjC; 'splendor, luxury', o.�pomJvTj 'id.'; denominative o.�PUVOflaL [v.] 'to live a delicate life', act. 'to treat soft-heartedly'. ETYM No etymology. Not related to ��Tj 'youthful power', which has Tj- < *e « *eh,). On the feminine substantive, see Francis Glotta 53 (1975) : 43-66. •

a�pOnl�(() [v.] 'to miss'. "!l GR� .VAR Only in a�pOTu�ofl£v [aor.subj.] (K 65) . .DER a�p6m�lC; (H., Eust.). .ETYM Perhaps formed on the basis of �fl�POTOV, the aorist of � o.flapTuvw. Could it be an artificial archaism of the Doloneia (DELG)? On -�p- instead of -fl�P- ' see Schwyzer: 277. Is it metrically conditioned? a�p6TovOV [n.] 'wormwood' (Thphr.). "!l ?� .VAR Also 0.-. .ETYM Unknown; probably a loanword, perhaps from the Greek substrate. Connected with o.�p6c; by folk etymology. From Akk. (a)murdennu 'flower with thorns', ace. to Bailey TPS 1955: 82. a�pvvu [n.pl.] 'mulberries' (Parth. apud Ath.). "!l ?� .VAR Also a-. ETYM Unknown. •

a�pvTO[ [m.] . £XLVWV SaAaaaLwv d80c; 'kind of sea urchin' (H.). "!l PG(v)� .VAR Also afl�puTTOl' d80c; £XLVWV SaAaaaLwv'id. ' , �pUTTOC; (Ar.), �puaaoc; (Arist.). .ETYM The formal variation (prothetic vowel and prenasalization) is typical of Pre Greek substrate words. a�vc')6v [adj.] . �aSu 'deep' (H.). "!l PG?(v)� .ETYM von Blumenthal IF 49 (1931) : 175 considers it to have an Illyrian ongm ("bottomless", related to �uS6C;). If the connection with �uS6C; is correct, it is not necessarily Illyrian, but could also be a substrate word with prothetic a-. See � �uS6C;. a�up�'lAOC; => a�Ep�TjAOC;. a�vpTaK'l [f.] a sauce of leek, cress and pomegranate seeds (Pherecr.). "!l PG?(v)� .ETYM Defined as uTC6Tplflfla �ap�aplK6v 'a foreign dish' (Suid.). Theopompus wrote: ��£l 8£ M�8wv yaiav, EvSa TCOl£iTm a�upTuKTj 'he will arrive in Media, where the a. is made' (Suid. 17 Kock), so perhaps it is an Iranian loan. But the structure a �UpT-UK-Tj is reminiscent of Pre-Greek words; for the suffIx, cf. �aTlUKTj, KauVuKTj, maTuKTj. See also Fur.: 15864•

7 a�vO'O'oc; => �uS6C; . ayu- intensifying prefix, e.g. aya-KA£�C; 'of great renown'. "!l IE *meg-h2- 'great'� .DER Verbs: ayaflaL [v.] 'to admire, envy', ayaoflaL (Hes.), ayaLoflaL (Od.), ayu�w 'to have too much' (A. Supp. 1061) . Nominal derivatives: ayTj 'admiration, envy' (11.), ayuaflam (S. Fr. 885) , aya(a)aLC; (H., EM). See also � ayav. .ETYM The same stem as flEya-, continuing a PIE zero grade *ytlgh2-. It has a counterpart in Av. as-, e.g. as-aojah- 'with great strength' (from a zero grade *mgs-); see Schindler 1987: 345. See � ayuHoflaL, � ayav, � ayavaKTEW, � ayau6c;, � flEyac;. ayu8[c; 1, -[c')oc; [f.] 'ball of thread, clew' (Pherecyd.). "!l ?� .ETYM No etymology. Under ayaS6c;, Frisk connects Skt. gadhya- 'was festzuhalten ist'. Cf. � ayaSLC; 2. ayu8[c; 2, -[c')oc; = aTjaaflLC; H.; aTjaaflLC; = aTjaafl� 'a mixture of sesame seeds, roasted and pounded with honey', an Athenian delicacy given to guests at a wedding. Note the expression ayaSwv ayaSL8£c; 'quantities of goods'. "!l PG?(v)� .ETYM Belardi Ric. ling. 4 (1958) : 196 compared yUSla. aAAaVTla 'sausages (vel sim.)' (H.); see � aHac;. If this is correct, the word is Pre-Greek, because of the prothetic vowel. Fur.: 370 also compares � y�Suov. ayu86c; [adj.] 'good, fit, noble' (11.). "!l IE?, LW?� .VAR aKaS6v ayaS6v 'good' (H.); XUaLOC;' XpTjaT6C; 'good, useful' (H.). Dor. xU'(OC; 'noble, good' (long a) . DIAL Cypr. a�aSoc; must probably be read ayaSoc;, see Egetmeyer Kadmos 32 (1993) : 145-155 · .ETYM The older comparison with Gm. forms like Go. gaps, MoHG gut, MLG gaden 'to fit' etc., and Slavic words like OCS godbn'b 'pleasant', goditi 'be pleasant' and Ru. g6dnyj 'useful' should be forgotten, as these require a root *i'edh- (LIV2 s.v.), from which Skt. gadh- 'to take, seize' derives. ayaS6c; is considered to be from a European substrate by Beekes KZ 109 (1996) . An Indo-European attempt by Pinault MSS 38 (1979) : 165-170, who derives the word from *mgh2-dhh,-o- 'made great', or 'whose deeds are great' (Ruijgh 1991b) . I find this semantic development difficult. Moreover, as Pinault admits, a suffIx -dho- is rare (see Chantraine 1933: 366) . Finally, there are forms like aKaS6v and XUaLOC;; if these variants are reliable, the word could be Pre Greek. •

ayulOC; [adj.] epithet of a sacrificial calf in the Labyadai inscr. (Schwyzer: 323) . "!l ?� .ETYM Unknown. Connected with � aya-, based on comparison with ayaiov· btl
aY UAoxoV

8

.DER ayaAfla 'glory, delight, honor; statue'. In later language, ayuUoflaL is replaced by ayaUluo flaL, -lUW after the verbs in - lUW; thence ayaUlacn<;, -lafla. ayuUlo<;' AOloo po <; 'slandering' (H.), ayaUlu�o flaL AOlOOpciG9aL, TapavTlvOl 'to slander , (Tarent.) (H.); Fur.: 370 compares yapplwfle9a, but there is no support for this. The plant name ayaUI<; (h. Cer., Nic.) probably does not belong to ayuUOflaL. .ETYM Looks like a denominative of *ayaA6<; , but such a form is unknown. '

ayuAoxoV [n.] 'eagle-wood, Aquilaria malacensis' (Dse.). � LW� ETYM One suspects an Oriental loanword; cf. Schrader-Nehring 1917: 39f. On Pahlavi 'wlwg < *agaluk, see Henning BSOAS 11 (1943-1946): 728. •

aya�aL - aya- . Aya�E�vwv [m.] the Greek commander before Troy (11.). � GR� ·VAR Att. vases AyaflEGflwv, also AyaflEflflwv, -flEV(V)WV (Nachmanson Glotta 4 (1913): 246) . ETYM Since Prellwitz BB 17 (1891): 171f., a pre-form *Aya-flEo-flwv has been assumed, with the root of flEOOflaL. The development -ofl- > -vfl- > -flv- is known in various Greek dialects (other examples in Lejeune 1972: 771, where also on the development to -Gfl-). Kretschmer Glotta 3 (1910-1912): 330£ connected the second part with flEVO<; and flEV£lV (which von Kamptz 1982: 181 and 209 finds improbable), explaining -Gfl- as a kind of popular assimilation. •

ayav [adv.] 'much, too much' (PL). � IE *mg�eh2-m� .DIAL Aeolic or Doric in origin, which explains the long a. .ETYM The old accusative of the adjective � flEya<;. The form is important, as it points to the type nom. *CeC-C, acc. *CC-eC-m, which I assume is the original hysterodynamic inflection in Indo-European (see Beekes 1985: 103f.). Cf. also � aya-. ayavaKTEw [v.] 'be indignant or irritated' (Hp.). � GR?� .ETYM Expressive formation in -aK'rEW like uAaKTEw (to UAUW), so from original *ayavuw? Cf. ayuvTjflaL' aGXuUw, ayavaKTw (H.). Pinault RPh. 65 (1991 [1993]): 196-198 derives it from *aya vaKTo<; 'pressed too much', from � VUGGw. Uncertain. -

ayuvva - axuvTj. ayavo<; [adj.] 'mild, gentle' (11.). � ?� .ETYM No etymology. The connection with ayaflaL or yuvo<; [n.] 'splendor' (Bechtel 1914) is semantically unconvincing. aya1tuw [v.] 'to receive with friendship; to like, love' (11.). � IE? � .VAR Also aya1tu�w (11.). Retrograde ayu1tTj '(Christian) love' (late, especially LXX and NT). ETYM Pinault RPh. 65 (1991 [1993]): 199-216 assumes it derives from *aya-1t
ayyepuKo floV

9

ayaplKov [n.] name of several mushrooms (Dsc.). � GR� .ETYM Perhaps from the TN Ayapla (Sarmatia)? See Andre 1956 s.v. agarieum and Stromberg 1940: 122. ayaO'uAA[<; [f.] plant that produces aflflwvlaKov, Fecula marmarica (Dsc.). � PG(v) � .ETYM Fur.: 254 connects it with � yTj9uUI<; (Dor. ya-), which is Pre-Greek. Comparing the latter with ayaGuUI<;, we note the prothetic vowel and the interchange 9/0'. See Andre 1956 s.v. agasyllis. ayauo<; [adj.] 'admirable, noble' (11.). � ?� .ETYM Ace. to Schwyzer IF 30 (1912): 430ff., Aeolic = aya-F0<;; perhaps related to � ayaflaL. An expressive gemination of the F has been proposed (e.g. Ruijgh Lingua 25 (1970)). But since a suffIx -yo- is doubtful in Greek (cf. Chantraine 1933: l24: "le suffixe etait mort en grec"), the word may rather be Pre-Greek. ayaupo<; [adj.] not quite certain, perhaps 'proud' (Hes., Hdt.; rare). � ?� .ETYM Was � yaupo<; reshaped after ayauo<;? A pre-Greek origin should also be considered. ayyapo<; [m.] 'Persian mounted courier' (X.). � LW� .VAR Rarely as an adjective, e.g. ayyapov 1tUP 'signal fire' (A. Ag. 282). .DER ayyap� Lo <; = ayyapo <; (Hdt.), substantivized ayyap� Lov 'institution of the ayyapOl' (Hdt. 8, 98, with a description of it). Denominative ayyapeuw [v.] 'press into service' (Ev. Matt., pap., inscr.); thence ayyap£uT�<; 'impressed laborer' (pap. VIP) and ayyapda 'service' (pap., inscr.), plur. ayyapciaL 'cursus publicus' (inscr. IIIP); ayyaplKo<; (pap.). Hell. and late by-forms are eyyapeuw, -EW, -la, by folk etymology after the preverb ev-. .ETYM The exact source is unknown. Not from Akk. agru 'hired man'; see Eilers Ilf 5 (1962): 225; Happ Glotta 40 (1962): 201. On the realia see Rostowzew Klio 6 (1906): 249ff. and R. Schmitt Glotta 49 (1971): 97-100 (who defends an Iranian origin). Mancini Glotta 73 (1995): 2lO-222 reconstructs a form OP *angara- > *ayyapTj- as the basis of ayyap�LOv (Hdt. 8, 98), which must be the oldest Greek form. Extensively on this word Brust 2005: 17ff. '

'

ayyEXo<; [m.] 'messenger' (11.). � LW� .DIAL Perhaps Mye. a-ke-ro. DER Denominative aYYEUw [v.] 'to convey a message'. Did ayyeAITj<; [m.] 'messenger' (Horn.) arise from a false interpretation of the genitive (T�<;) ayyeAITj<;? See Leumann 1950: 168ff. Thence � ayyeAITj 'female messenger' (Hes. Th. 781). From ayyeAla: ayyeAlwTTj<;, -WTl<; '(female) messenger' (h. Mere. 296); from ayyeAo<;: ayyeAlKo<; 'of a messenger' (late); from aYYEUw: ayyeAfla 'announcement' (E., Th.), ayyeATlKo<; 'premonitory' (late), ayyEAT£lpa 'female messenger' (Orph. H. 78, 3; not certain). .ETYM The connection with Skt. angiras-, name of mythical beings, has now been abandoned. Perhaps an Oriental loan, like � ayyapo <;. •

ayyEpuKo�OV

-

ayeppuKa�o<;.

10

ayyo1t'lvla

liyy01tTJVla [n.pl.] . Ta nvv fleAlaawv K'lpla 'honeycombs' (H.).
ital. 54 (1969): 98.

liyyoupo� 'cake'. =youpOC;. aydpw [v.] 'to gather' (ll.).
ayLOC;

11

oVAR ayyepuKoflov, O"La
12 only in Et. Cud. S.V. uYL
aYKuAo<; [adj.] 'curved, bent' (11.).
ayvuf.u

13

One generally connects it with � ayKupa 'anchor' (Ale.), but I suggest that this is a substrate word. aYKUATJ VAR ayKwv, ayKo<;, etc. => aYKuAo<;. •

aYKupa [f.] 'anchor' (Ale.). .DER Dervatives are scarce: ayKupwT6<; 'anchor-shaped' (Ph. Bel.), aYKupLOv (Ph. Bel.), aYKupl�W [v.] 'to make sbd. stumble' (old com.). .ETYM The suffix -upa is typically Pre-Greek, as in yecpupa, y6pyupa; it therefore does not continue an inherited formation * -ur-ja-. Borrowed as Lat. ancora. aYAa6e; [adj.] 'splendid, beautiful, famous' (11.); formulary epithet, e.g. of ui6<;.
*aYAle; => *aiyAl<;. uYAle;, -t8oe; [f.] 'clove of garlic' (Ar.).
uyvoe; [f., m.] tree name: 'withy', 'Vitex agnus castus' (h. Merc.), = AUyO<;. The name probably also denotes a fish and a bird, see DELG S.v.
uyvur.u [v.] 'to break' (11.).
14

ayvu<;

.COMP Mostly in KunlYVUf.ll, with a from -u-Fuy- (Bjorck 1950: 42, 147). DER ay� 'fragment' (A., E.), long a- certainly in A. R. 1, 554; 4, 941; further twy� < *FL-Fwy-� 'shelter', if originally 'breaking of the wind' (� 533), also in composition e1tlwyul, -� 'place of shelter' (E 404), perhaps dissimilated from *bn-FLFwyul (but see Bechtel I914). Further aYf.Lo<; 'fracture, cleft' (Hp., E.), aYf.Lu 'fragment' (late); a�o<; = aYf.Lo<; (Crete), but hardly from the O'-aor.; appurtenance of the TN 'Oa�o<; (Hdt. 4, 154) as Fa�o<; is uncertain. Cf. also YUKTO<; ( F-} KACtO'f.lU 'fragment' (H.). On FUYuvo- (Thespiae), see CBG 6, and Taillardat RPh. ser. 3: 40 (1966): 76. Also ayuvo<; [adj.] 'broken' (S.fr. 231). ETYM From *Fayvuf.ll (the F is clearly visible in Homer) < *uh,g-n(eu)-, belonging to ToB wak- 'to go apart', caus. 'to split' and perhaps also to Hitt. l;!aV / l;!akk- 'to bite' (cf. Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.). A palatovelar is best reconstructed based on Skt. vajra 'thunderbolt' and its Indo-Iranian cognates. Greek -Fwy- is from *uoh,g-. Perhaps Lat. vagina is also related; cf. MoHG Scheide 'id.' related to scheiden 'to separate'. •

=

•

ayvu<; [f.] 'weaving stones' (Piu.). � PG (s) � .VAR -UeE<; [plo] . ETYM See Chantraine 1933: 366. Probably a substrate word; suffrxes of the type -ueare typical of Pre-Greek. •

ayopa [f.] 'gathering, assembly, market, trade, traffrc' (Hom.). .DER ayopT]T�<; 'speaker' (epic), which perhaps rather derives from ayopaof.lUl (Fraenkel 1910: 25f.). Denominative verbs: 1. ayopaof.lUl 'to speak (in public, in the , assembly) (epic Ion., poet.), only in isolated forms; ayopT]Tu<; 'eloquence' (epic), ayopuTpO<; 'speaker' (inscr. Delphi, cf. Bechtel l921, 2: 151); 2. ayopEuw 'id.' (Hom.), as a simplex rare in Attic (Wackernagel I916: 220ff., Fournier 1946: 41ff.), whence ayopEUT�<; 'speaker', -T�PlOV 'podium', -m<; 'speech' (all rare and late); 3. ayopa(w 'to be on the market, do shoppings' (lA); ilience ayopum<; 'purchase' (Plo), Boeot. ayopaam<; (Holt 1941: 49f.), ayopaalu 'id.', ayopaaf.lo<; 'id.' (LXX), -aaf.lu, usually plur. ayopaO'f.luTu 'purchased wares' (D.); agent noun ayopaaT�<; 'purchaser' (X.), fem. ayopamplu (pap.), ayopaaTlKo<; 'pertaining to trade' (Plo). .ETYM Verbal noun related to � ayElpw. ayo<; [n.] 'pollution, guilt; expiation' (Hdt., A., Th.); the word denotes the notion of 'sacredness' in ayw· TEf.lEVT] 'consecrated piece of land' (H.), for which Bechtel l921, 1: 115 suggests Lesbian origin, and also in S. Ant. 775, A. Ch. 155, etc. � IE? *(H)ieh,g 'sacred'� .COMP ev-uy�<; 'under a curse or pollution' (Hdt., S.), whence evuyl(w [v.] 'to sacrifice to the dead', evuYlO'flO<;, -lO'f.lU. Rare and late evaYlo<; [adj.] (after ayLO<;), evuylKo<;. The opposite EU-Uy�<; 'immaculate' (Parm., S.) is found as EuhuYT]<; (lG l2(9), 56 [Styra val); the simplex ay�<; (of the sun, Emp. 47) is clearly secondary. .ETYM Formerly connected with Skt. agas- [n.] 'fault, sin', but the long vowel of Sanskrit cannot be accounted for. DELG s.v. explains it as a psilotic form of *ayo<; belonging with � ayLO<; (cf. Chantraine and Masson 1954: 85-107), which certainly fits the attested meaning 'sacredness' well. As Chantraine remarks, all forms can easily be derived from the root *hag- 'sacred', except for ayo<;, the psilosis of which has not

aypElcpvu

15

received a convincing explanation. At any rate, it did not serve to distinguish the word from aylo<; (per DELG) . aYO ayEppaKu�o<;. aypei
aYPT]vov

16

o DER aYP[cpT] [f.] 'harrow' (Hdn., H.) . ETYM One compares yplcpaoElat· YPUCP£lV. AUKWV£<;. ot O£ �U£lV KaL afluoo£lv 'to write (Lacon.), others: to plane and scratch' (H.). The a- would remain unexplained. But note that the attestations are very late. Pre-Greek origin with a prothetic vowel is possible. The form in -va also suggests Pre-Greek, cf. Fur. 13265• •

uYPTJv6v [n.] . OlKTUO£lO£<; 0 1t£PlT[El£VTat ot �aKx£uovT£<; L'HOVU041. EpaTooEltvT]<; O£ mho KaA£l [yp�vuv] � y�vov 'garment like a net which those possessed by Dionysus put on. Eratosthenes calls it a y.' (H.). -
aYPTJOKETat 1tlKpalv£Tat 'is made bitter, tastes bitter' (H.). -
liypl1t1toe;; [m.] Laconian name for the wild olive (Zen.). - aypo<;. liypwoTle;;, -u50e;;, -EWe;; [f.] 'dog's-tooth grass' (Od.). -
ayxoup0<; 1

17

oETYM Formerly supposed to be the fem. of aypwoTT]<; 'countryman', from � aypo<; (Bechtel 1914 S.v., Stromberg 1940: 117). However, Meier-Briigger KZ 103 (1990): 33f. convincingly explained the word as *h2egro-h,d-ti- 'Feld-Futter', comparing � V�OTl<; for the formation. liyVla [f.] 'street, road' (Il.). -
(jp .. uYX6vTJ [f.] flavOpayopa 'mandrake' (Ps.-Dsc.). -
liyxovpoe;; 1 [m.] 'gold' (AP, PIu.), presumably the name of the son of Midas (PIu. 2, 30M.). -
18

ayxoupo<; 2

word is Pre-Greek, I propose a sequence -arw- giving either -ap- or -oup-; see � ayxoupo<; 2 and, most notably, � apaaxuoe<;. ayxoupo<; 2 [m.] 'dawn' (Call.).
ayxouaa [f.] a plant, 'Anchusa tinctoria' (Thphr., Dsc.).
ayw [v.] 'to drive, lead, bring, carry; to draw, ete.' (ll.).
19 wyavov 'spoke' seems unrelated (in spite of Frisk 1938: 17f.). Unclear is the formation of aYlveflevaL, aYLvew 'to lead, carry' (ll.), and the relation with Dor. Aetol. ayvew 'id.'. Cf. further on � ayeATj, � a�Lo<;, � a�wv, � oyflo<;; also � aypo<;. Not here � ayULa. oETYM Old thematic present, also found in Skt. ajati, Av. azaiti, Arm. acem, Lat. ago, 0Ir. -aig, ON aka and ToAB ak-, all 'to drive, lead' vel sim. Originally the verb was present (see LIV2 s.v. *h2eg-) . � oYfl0<; 'furrow, ete.' derives from *h2og-mo-, neatly corresponding to Skt. ajma- 'trajectory', and proves that the regular reflex of *h2o in Greek was 0, not a (as was contended by Ruijgh). a�aY!16<; [m.] . KVTjaflo<; 'itch' (H.). oa�vaL. a�aA6<; [m.] . aa�oAo<; 'soot' (H.). a�w l. aMl�, -lX0<; [f.] a measure offour choinikes (Ar. fr. 709).
20

a8£aATwhmE

.ETYM Unknown. The suffix is also found in XOtVl� (which has -lK-). Geminated 80 is rare in lA, and names for measures are often borrowed. Cf. Kao8txo<.; s.v. � Kaoo<.;, which is combined by Fur.: 13059, who assumes a substrate word with the alternation K/zero. Cf. also Szemerenyi 1969b: 248. Meahwhate [3sg.opt.aor.] unknown (inscr. Elis [approx. 350"]).
Macedonian

lu5'1Kon<.; [perf.ptc.nom.pl.] in Kaflanf' ao'1KOTE<'; �8£ Kat U7tV4J (K 98), mg. uncertain.
21 .ETYM Connected with � ao'1v or � �8U<.;, and aaoE1v (cf. � aaoa). For discussion, see DELG. a611!1ovew [v.] 'to be restless, scared' (Hp., PI., X.).
a6l\v, -evo<.; [f.] 'gland' (Hp.). Gr. alE/oRC). This implies that the Greek word cannot be cognate with the Germanic one (the latter can be cognate with the Latin word, of course, as *h,engW-, see Schrijver 1991: 58). Greek ao�v thus remains isolated. Fur.: 172"8 suggests a substrate origin (words in -'1v). For a recent challenge of the validity of Rix's Law, see Nikolaev 2005, and on the present word, p. 5054• •

MllV [adv.] 'to one's fill' (11.).
MiavTov [n.] name of a plant, 'Adiantum' (Thphr.). /io'1v, a.opo<.;. Ml<.; [?] . W<'; f\n(wv, a8pOQ l, � e<1xapa 'in masses, hearth' (H.).
22 oETYM In the meaning aepOOl, probably a mistake for aAL<;; in the sense eoxapa, Macedonian (= Lat. aedes), acc. to von Blumenthal IF 49 (1931): 179. MIlWAt] [f.] . a1topla, oALywpla, ayvOla, �auXla 'difficulty, contempt or negligence, ignorance, rest or quiet' (H.); cf. Hdn. Gr.1, 324, etc. - yv? Or just a form invented to explain ApLaov'l ? See Bechtel 1921(2): 777. a()oX£crX'l1:; [m.] 'idle talker' (Ar.). - aTpacpa�u<;. a()ouO'lucrucrOat [v.aor.] 'to accept the membership of, cpuA�<; KaL oqllou KaL cppaTpla<; (IG 2\ 553: 15, LSJ Supp.). - oTuAOl 'the poles in the plough'. LLKEAoL OE aopua AtyOUaL Ta Il�Aa 'apples (Sicilian)" 1tapa oE AHLKOl<; aKpoopua 'fruits grown on

aelPW 1

23

, upper branches of trees (Att.) (H.). Also aopua· ol oTuAOl apoTpou, OL' tiJv ° la-ro�oEu<; o.PIlO�£laL 'by which the plough beam is fixed' (H.). - a'(pw. •

24

uelpw 2

.COMP uepal-ltooe<; 'lifting their feet' (11.); fleT�Opo<; '(sth.) in the air', Att. fleTEWpO<;, Aeol. lteOCtopo<; (these are not from � u�p). DER apat<; [f.] 'raising' (Arist.); � UpT�p . ETYM Not from a.�p 'air' (which has long *a-). No cognates are known, but the form requires the reconstruction *h2uer-. See also � UelpW 2; an important question is whether these are originally the same verb. See � UpT�p, � alwpa; cf. also � apfla 2, � �epEeOVTat. •

•

U£lpW 2 [v.] 'to bind together, join' (11.); mostly with auv-. Cf. �uvalPeTat· auva1tTeTat 'is attached' (H.). <{ IE? *h2uer-? 'bind'� VAR Note awpTo 'was hanging'; ltap'lEpe'l 'was made to hang beside' IT 34l. .DIAL Perhaps Myc. o-pa-wo-ta lop-awortal 'pieces of armor'? .COMP Nominal stem -aop- 'band, link' in *TeTp(a)-aopo<;, TeTpaopo<;, contracted TETPWpO<; 'which yokes four together' (Od.), whence TeTpaopla 'four-horse chariot' (Pi.); from auvaelpw also auvaopo<;, auv�opo<; 'coupled together, spouse', Att. auvwpl<;, -100<; [f.] 'two-horse team', to which belongs auvwplKeUeTat 'drives with a team of horses' (Ar. Nub. 15), but *auVWPlKO<; is unattested; from auvwPl<; also aUVWplaaT�<; 'driver of a auvwpl<;' (Luc.), which presupposes a verb *auvwpla�£lv. Contrasted with auv�opo<; is ltap�opo<;, ltapaopo<; (11.) ,(horse) joined beside', also 'outstretched' and 'reckless' (see Leumann 1950: 222ff.); a verb ltapaelpw seems to have existed beside auvaelpw, but it is attested only in a special use ltap'lEpe'l ot Kap'l (IT 341) 'the head hung on one side', cf. Leumann loco cit. Isolated Ult�Opo<; 'far away'. elt�opo<; 'suspended over', KaT�OpO<; 'hanging down', and KaTwpl<; 'band hanging down' rather belong with fleT�Opo<;, fleTEWpO<;, see � UelpW l. DER Action noun UOpT� *'attaching', 'sth. attached, bag for tying' (Men.), medic. term referring to the bronchi and the hose-like aorta (Hp., Arist.). Agent or instrument noun UOpT�P, -�po<; [m.] *'attacher', 'sword-belt' (Od.), with unclear 0vocalism; also Ct6PT'l<; (pap., H.) and uopTeu<; (H.). Denominative or deverbative ptc. UOpT'leel<; 'hanged' (AP). aopTpa [n.pl.] 'pulmonary lobe' (Hp.), after nouns in -TPOV (Chantraine 1933: 331f.). See further � aop, -opo<; [n.] 'sword' (probably unrelated); related is � upTaw 'to hang'. .ETYM Solmsen 1901: 289ff. separated it from � uelpw 1 'to raise', but DELG tends to consider the second as a specialization of the first (see extensive discussion in DELG). The present entry is mostly connected with a root *uerH- 'to bind, hang on, strick' in Balto-Slavic, e.g. Lith. virve 'string', OCS obora < *ob-vora 'string, twine', LitlI. verti 'to pierce, string', etc., but the exact demarcation from the root *Huer- 'to open' is unclear; perhaps it was originally one root. For Greek, the closest connection is with Alb. vjerr 'to hang, suspend'. See � UpT�p, � upTaw, � aop. •

•

UEK�AlO" [adj.] 'unbearable' (only L 77, epya). <{ GR� .ETYM The form was based on the root *uek- 'to wish' in � eKwv, � EK'lAO<;; see Philipp in LfgrE s.v. CtEAlOl [m.pl.] . ot uOeA
awa

25

.VAR a'LAlOl· auyyafl�pOl 'the husbands of two sisters' (H.); elAlove<; in Pollux 3, 32 (ot O£ uoeA UTflo<;. at�w => av�w, au�avw. aE1tTO" [adj.] of uncertain mg., cf. ae1tTov· laxupov, uOlK'lTov (aelKTOV) 'strong, uninhabited' (H.). <{ ?� .VAR Sometimes we find � aa1tTo<; or aeA1tTo<; (A. Supp. 908, Ag. 141, etc.). .ETYM Unknown. See Wackernagel Stud. ital. fil. class. 5 (1897): 27ff. CtEPO'l' [m.] Boeotian name for the bird flEpO'l' (sch. Ar. Av. 1354). <{ PG? (S, V)� .VAR Also AEpOlte<;· eevo<;, TpOl��va KaTOlKouvTe<;. Kal ev MaKeoovlq yEVO<; Tl. Kal opvea Tlva 'people inhabiting Troezen; lineage in Macedonia; kind of bird' (H.); the gloss uepolto<;· KOXAla<; 'snail' (H.) is corrupted acc. to DELG following Latte. Variants dpo,\! = flEpO'\!, also Boeotian (Arist.); PN'HEpolto<;. .ETYM See Beekes Glotta 73 (1995-1996): 12-34; it is clearly a substrate element. Chantraine thinks that the a- is long because of Ant. Lib. 18, 3 �EpOltO<;. Fur.: 243, 246, 352 assumes the interchange fll F and prothesis u-I e-I �-: flEpOlt- I UFEPOlt- I dpolt- < *eFepolt- I �FEpOlt- (but this remains uncertain; perhaps d-, �- are secondary lengthenings). Pre-Greek origin of the bird name and the proper name is probable (cf. the suffix -Olt-). See � flEpO'\!, � lt'lVEAO,\!. aEOU [v.aor.] 'to spend (the night)' (Od.), always with vUKTa(<;). <{ IE *h2ues- 'live, dwell, spend the night'� VAR Secondary pres. aEaKW (Hdn., H.). •

26

aWl
.ETYM Related to Skt. vasati 'to dwell, live, spend the night', Hitt. buis-zi 'to live', ToB was- [verb] 'to stay, to wait', Go. wisan 'to be', Arm. gom 'I am' (but rejected by Kortlandt AAL 19 (1998): 19f.) etc. There is also an old present iuvw < *h2i-h2eus-. Not related to aaTu, eaTlu. cu::al auw. a£aKw => awu. , U�£TOV . amaTov. LlKeAol 'not trustworthy (Sicilian) (H.). � ?� .DER a�£Tow in a�£TWeeWVTl (Delphi, SGD! 2034, 17), but the mg. 'if they are persuaded' poses difficulties, as it is the opposite of the gloss; see DELG. ETYM Unexplained. •

a�TJxq" [adj.] 'anuuaTo<;, auvex�<;, incessant', of noise, pain (ll.). � GR� DER In H. also a�uxe<; and a�exe<;· aOLUAel1tTOV 'incessant'; a�'lxe<;· aOLexe<; 'unceasing' (Suid.) . ETYM Probably for *a�uex�<;, which can be read in all places in Homer, from * a�olu ex�<; (cf. auvex�<; 'continuous') (Schulze 1892: 471, Bechtel 1914 s.v.). But the contraction * ue > 'l is irregular in Ionic. DELG therefore suggests the influence of �X� and compounds like oua'lX�<; but also remarks that * ue > 'l may be found in ' Thessalian, Lesbian and Arcado-Cyprian. For the meaning, Bechtel assumes 'der ohne Einhalt etwas tut', but it simply means 'without interrruption'; olexw means 'to stand apart, be separate'. •

•

u�ov [adj.] . fleAuv, U'l''lAOV 'black or dark, high' (H.). � ?� .ETYM von Blumenthal 1930: 33 corrects fleAuv to fleyuv. However, his explanation from *ag-jon (to ayuv and fleyu<;) is quite uncertain. a�0f.laL => CiYLO<;. u�w 1 [v.] 'to dry' (ll.). � IE *h2ed- 'dry'� .VAR Mostly intr. a�OflaL 'to parch'. COMP aoouuov· �'lpov. AUKwve<; 'dry (Lacon.)' (H.) would be a compound of a�u (see below) and uDo<; 'dry' (Fraenkel Gnomon 21 (1949): 39, Fraenkel Glotta 32 (1953): 22); improbable; Latte corrects the gloss to *aoouvov. Cf. a�uUTo<;· nUAaLOT'l<; KUt KOVl<; 'antiquity, dust' (H.), which remains unclear. .DER HelL a�u 'dryness, heat', in aUKo<; . . . nenuAuwevov a�n (X 184) often interpreted as 'shield defiled with mold', which seems unnecessary, cf. Ci�u· Cia�oAo<; KOVl<; 'soot, dust or ashes', nUAaLOT'l<;· Konpo<; £v aYYEl4J unoflElvuau 'filth having remained behind in a receptacle' (H.). Adjective a�uAeo<; 'barren, arid' (n.), cf. iaxuAeo<;, UUaTUAeo<;. Verbs a�uvoflaL (h. Ven.), a�ulvw (Nic.) 'to parch', both deverbative. .ETYM Acc. to Frisk, the nearest cognates are found in Slavic: OPoL ozd 'dried malt', Cz., SIn. ozditi 'to dry malt' < *h2esd-. Germanic has a group of words with velars in place of dentals: Go. azgo, OHG asca 'ashes'. However, it is more probable that Gr. a�w is comparable to Hitt. bat-i 'to dry up' < *h2od-ei, and should be reconstructed as *h2ed-ie/o- (cf. Kloekhorst 2008). What is perhaps originally an extension of the •

27 same root, if *h2eh,s- < pre-PIE *h2eds-, is found in Lat. area 'to be dry', ara 'altar' (OLat. asa), Hitt. bassa- 'hearth' < *h2eh,s-h2. Skt. asa- [m.] 'ashes, dust' probably continues *h2eh,s-o-. Cf. � uDo<;, � auaTuAeo<;. a�w 2 [v.] 'to cry, groan'. => 0. 5. aTJ!5wv, -ovo" [f.] 'nightingale' (Od.). � PG?(S)� .VAR Also allow, -ou<; [f.] (S.). Also [m.] , but rare. .ETYM From * aF'lowv; cf. a�'loovu· a'loovu (H.). Connection with � aElow and � uuo� (which is almost universally accepted) is difficult, since a lengthened grade *h2ued- is improbable. The word could therefore well be Pre-Greek; for the suffix, cf. bird and animals names like � xeAiowv 'swallow', � TeVep'lOwv 'wasp' . UTJf.lL [v.] 'to blow' (ll.). � IE *h2ueh,- 'blow'� VAR Forms in Schwyzer: 680 . .DER a�T'l [f.], a�T'l<; [m.] 'wind'; rare are the verbal nouns a'lflu, a'lat<;. A zero grade ae- « *h2uh,- in aeTflov· TO nveuflu (H.), whence � aTfl0<;. Cf. furilier � aeAAu; Cio<;· nveuflu � a'lflu (cod. '(uflu) 'breath, wind' (H.) is an innovation. Unrelated is � a�p, which has long a-. .ETYM An old verbal root *h2ueh,- is also reflected in Skt. vati, Go. waian, OHG waen and OCS ISg. ve-jr, all 'to blow'. The word for 'wind' is (a thematization of) the participle of this root: *h2ueh,-nt-o- > Skt. vata- [m.] , Av. viita-, both of which must often be read with three syllables, representing Proto-Indo-Iranian *vaHata-. The same word is found in Lat. ventus, Go. winds, ToA want, ToB yente; Hitt. buyant- is from unthematicized *h2uh,-ent-. A form with suffix *-t- has been assumed in in � a�aupo<; 'airy, quick (as wind?)' (poet.), for which cf. Skt. vatula- 'windy', but this gives formal problems (*tu > au is not regular). See � CieAAu, � uupu, � a�aupo<;, � aTfl°<;· •

lU1P [f.] 'mist, haze, clouds' (n.), later 'air, atmosphere'. � IE *h2eus-er-�

.VAR Gen. �epo<;. The nom. Q�P (also Att.; thence gen. Qepo<;) arose by dissimilation; is it an Atticism in Homer? Later Ion. ��p . .DIAL AeoL uU'lP, Dor. a��p (= uu�p) (H.). .DER Derivatives: �epoel<;, �epoelo�<; 'dim, cloudy', also � uupu. .ETYM a�p is not cognate with a'lfll. Meillet BSL 26 (1925): 7ff. assumed an original meaning 'suspension' and derived the word from aelpw 'raise'. However, this leaves the length of the initial vowel unexplained. Kiparsky Lang. 43 (1967): 619, 626 derives the word from *auser, arguing that related � uupu < *h2eus-r-h2 still means 'morning mist' in e 469. See � �eplo<;, � � pl.

aqo"uAo" [adj.] in the hapax a�auAu epyu (E 876) 'criminal acts'. � ?, PG? (V) � .VAR ui�auAOV· avoflov, KUKonOlOV 'lawless, doing ill' (H.). .ETYM It has been proposed that the word is a modification of U'LauAO<; 'unseemly, evil' (U'LauAu pe�£lv, E 403, etc.) after a'lfll or a�aupo<;. Different explanations are found in Bechtel 1914 and Brugmann Sachs. Ber. 53 (1901): 94. Fraenkel Glotta 34 (1955): 307ff proposed * u(F)laauAu, connecting it with lao<; (highly doubtful). Fur.:

a�oupoc; 253 points to the variant ui- in the gloss, which may imply a substrate origin (comparing aTjToc;, which may have a variant u'iTjTOC;). a�
•

ae&pTj [f.] 'gruel, porridge' (Ar.). � ?� .vAR Also a8�pTj, -a [f.] (Hell.); influence of � a8�p? DER a8upw8TjC; (Ruf. Med.) and a8�pwila 'kind of ulcer' (Gal.) . ETYM Unexplained; an Egyptian word according to Pliny (N. H. 22, 121). The final -Tj in Attic, which is confirmed by Moeris, would lead us to suppose a pre-form *a8UpF
•

a8£A�- - a8eAym. a8t:\.ynv [v.] aileAY£IV 'to milk' (H., EM), (E�)u8eAy£Tat (Hp.), explained as 1tUple-rat, 81£KAU£Tat 'lets go, releases' by Galen. Also a8eAYTjTat· 8TjAa(£Tat � 8A(�TjTat 'is suckled, compressed' (H.), cf. a8eAYTjTat· BUKX£1oC;
•

a8puyevTj

29

a8£:\.8- - a8eAym. a8£p(�w [v.] 'to disparage, neglect' (ll.). Originally always with negation. � ?� .DER a8eplmoc;· a a(8Tjp0C; aT£lp�c; amv 8£p((n, etc. 'indestructible iron when it is heated' (H.) seem unrelated in view of their meaning. An older proposal derives it from *a8£poc;, connecting it with Skt. adhara- '(be)low' (see Bechtel 1914). Another proposal (DELG) derives it from � a8�p, as flocci facio. Neither is convincing. A8qVT) [f.] th� goddess (n.), a common Greek goddess dating from Minoan times, protecting the palace, and depicted with a snake. � PG� .DIAL Myc. a-ta-na-po-ti-ni-ja [dat.sg.] ? (see Aura Jorro 1985-1993: 112). Dor. (etc.) A8avu. DER The town A8�vat (Dor. A8Civat) contains the same onomastic element; for the suffIx cf. MUK�VUI. Thence A8Tjvaloc; 'Athenian' (n.), whence fem. A8Tjvu(u, -Tj, which is also used as the name of the goddess (88 times im Hom.). This form gave *A8Tjvau (Aeol. ' A8uvuu with short vu), which was contracted to Att. A8TjvCi. .ETYM Like the goddess itself, the name is pre-Greek. Note the suffix * -an-. See � ATTIKOC;. •

a8qp, -tpo" [m.] 'awn', plur. 'chaff, barb of a weapon, spine or prickle of a fish', also 'edge of a weapon' (Hes.). � PG(v)� .VAR With a nasal av8epl�, -IKOC;, etc.; with suffix -£wv: av8£p£wv, -WVOC; (see below) . .COMP a8TjpTjAOlYOC; 'winnowing-fan', from 'consumer of chaff (Od. A 128 = 8 275), but the two Tj's are surprising. DER a8£p(vTj f., -1voC; m. 'kind of smelt, Atherina hepsetus' (Arist.), cf. Chantraine 1933: 204, Thompson 1947 S.v. Also a8£pTjic;, -(80c; [f.] 'prickly' (Nic.), o.8£pw8TjC; (Thphr.). Variants with nasal: av8epl�, -IKOC; [m.] = a8�p, also 'ear' (ll.), av8eplKoc; [m.] 'stalk of an asphodel, asphodel plant' (Hp.), av8£pIKW8TjC; (Thphr.). With the suffIx of . place -£wv: av8£p£wv, -WVOC; [m.] 'chin' (ll.). .ETYM No etymology. IE ablaut *h2endh- : *h2ndh- is impossible, as both forms would give Gr. av8- acc. to Rix's Law. The nasalized forms could be due to folk etymology, but rather point to Pre-Greek prenasalization. Fur.: 296 further adduces o.V8£p(OKOC; = av8£pIK- with the interchange oKI K; perhaps also � av8puoKOV I E- 'chervil'. Not related to Lat. ador, both because of the meaning, and because this is kindred with Iran. adu, Go. atisk; see Szemerenyi 1969a: 958f. The word has nothing to do with names of the wasp or forest bee (� o.v8p�vTj, � av8pTj8wv), nor with � av8pw1toc;. •

a8paytvT) [f.] a plant, 'Clematis vitalba' (Thphr.). � PG(v)� .ETYM Frisk compares � a8puc; 'chariot', which he thinks would fit a climbing plant well, but I don't see what a car has to do with a plant. See Stromberg 1940: 108. Fur.: 288 compares av8paxvTj and concludes to a substrate origin (prenasalization), which is probable anyhow.

30

Ci8pa<;

, «6pa" [m., f.] . upfla. 'POOlOl 'chariot (Rhodian) (H.). -(» Gr. *Fa8-. As the formation of the Sanskrit word is unclear, and the root is hardly attested outside Germanic, the connection must be false. Banateanu REIE 3 (1943): 149 calls the word Anatolian. Connection with Kuvva8pov is improbable. a6pEw [v.] 'to gaze at, observe' (11.). -
a6poo" [adj.] 'in crowds, gathered together' (11.). -
•

a'l exclamation of surprise, pain, or sorrow. -
•

ai 'if. - EL ata 1 [f.] 'earth' (11.). -
aiylaA6<;

31

The relation with yaTa and flaTa is uncertain; cf. Giintert 1914: l26f., Brandenstein 1954b: 80. Van Windekens assumed *as-ya from *h2s- 'dry' (but this root perhaps did not exist; see � «(w). Woodhouse KZ 107 (1994): 99f.) assumes *sausja, but cf. � 0.130<;. ata 2 [f.] 'mother, grandmother'? (11., poet.). -
-
ai�oi exclamation of disgust (Ar.). -
aiyavEIl [f.] 'hunting spear, javelin' (11.). -
aiYla;\o" [adj.] 'sea-shore, beach'; also TN, e.g. the coast of Achaea (11.). -
32

a'(YlSo<;

large waves aiya<;'. This in turn is comparable with Skt. ej- 'to storm', but see � aiyavE'l ' It is highly improbable that aly£<; in the sense of KUf1aLa is a metaphorical use of a'(� 'goat' (as per Heubeck IF 68 (1963): 13-21). The word is Pre-Greek acc. to Chantraine 1933: 248, which cannot be excluded, though Chantraine now calls it 'all too easy' in DELG s.v. a'(Yl8o<; [m.] 'titmouse (Parus)' (Ar.).
aiYlAlljl [adj.] 'sheer, steep' (ll.), also as a TN.
•

aiYlAw,/" -WTto<; [m.] 'kind of oak' (Thphr.), also 'oat-grass' (Thphr.); 'ulcer in the eye, lacrymal fistula', for which see � aYXIAW'/'. On the mg. see Stromberg 1940: 87.
6, 13): aegilops jert pannos arentes . . . non in eortiee modo, verum et e ramis dependentes. Within Greek, it is doubtful whether one can connect it with � aiyavE'l and � a'(Y£lp0<;. Stromberg 1940: 137 derives aiylAw,/, in the second meaning from a'(YlAo<; 'havergrass' (Theoc.), which is certainly correct.

aiYl<; [f.] 'goatskin' (E. Cye., Hdt. 4, 189), a mantle protecting Zeus and Athena (ll.); later also 'storm wind' (A.); further 'heart-wood of the Corsican pine or the silver fir in Arcadia' (Thphr). Also 'speck in the eye' (Hp.), on which see � ayAI'l.
33 (1939) : 28, connected it with a'(YA'l and aiy£<;' Ta KUf1aTa 'waves' (H.); one might think of Skt. ejati 'to move, set in motion'. *aiYAl<;, -lSO<; 'speck in the eye' (Gall.). Ala· oaKTuAlola 'small rings' (H.), and other words attested in lexicons. He explained it as a loan from Hebr. 'agIl '(ear-)ring', which remains hypothetical. As Frisk remarks, metonymic use of � a'(yA'l 1 'gleam, splendor' is well possible. aiyvmo<; [m.] 'vulture' (ll.).
a"tSTJAO<; [adj.] mg. not quite clear: 'hated; annihilating, destructive; . invisible, unseen' (ll.). See the discussion in DELG.
34 Ru. nevidal' for the semantics and assumes the development 'invisible' > 'strange, dangerous' . 1\:tS'1C;, -ao [m.] Hades (11.). -
a'lSo!1at [v.] 'to hold back, be ashamed; to honor, respect' (11.). - Skt. icchati 'search for', OCS iskati 'to search', etc. •

=

•

(ifSUAOC; [adj.] 8paaUC; 'bold, rash' (H., EM). -
•

ainoc;

35

a'lSwaaa [f.] (cod. aiowaaa} T�C; aUA�C; Ta mXla 'the walls of the court or hall' (H.). - Av. iiiiu- 'life, time of life', gen. *h2i-eu-s > OAv. yaos, thematicized *h2ei-u-o- > Lat. aevum, which in Greek may be found in Aeol. alt(v) , <'h(v) < *aiw-i(n). As Weiss MSS 55 (1994): 151f. suggested, the zero grade *h2iu- is perhaps found as the first member of Cypr. u-wa i-se 'forever' < *h2iu(y)-h2ei-s- (but see � u) and of � uyl�C;. Both the s-stem and the n stem extensions seem to be found in Sanskrit: ayu-n-i [loc.], and ayu-$- [n.] . •

aiEAovpoC; [m., f.] probably '(wild) cat' (Hdt., Ar.); domestic cats were not found in the Greek world. -
aiiv [adv.] 'always' (epic poet.). - aiwv. aiEC; - aieL ai£-roc; [m.] 'eagle' (11.), also metaph. 'tympanum, pediment'. -
ai�T)6c; [adj.] unknown; 'strong'? (ll.). � ?� .VAR Also ai��·lOe;; ai��ELe; (Theopomp. Col.), ui�aEv· Einpa UT]TOe;. ai9uAT) [f.] 'soot' (Hp.). .VAR a'l8aAoe; [m.] (Hp., E.), also as an adj. = ai8aAOELe; (Nic. Th. 659). DER ai8aAOELe; (n., poet.) 'smoky, dark brown', also of the sheet of lightning (E. Ph. 183 [lyr.]), perhaps 'fiery, burning'; ai8aAEOe; 'id.' (A. R., Nic.); ai8uAlwV, -lWVOe; (Theoc. 7, 138), epithet of the TETnyEe;, probably a color term with verse-final metrical lengthening); ai8aAwOT]e; 'id.' (Arist., Gal.). Unclear ai8aAloae;· Ta £v nil OlT4> YLvoflEva, � TOUe; £v T4J MaTL a-ruAaYflOUe; TOU £Aalou 'what is in the food, or drops of olive oil in ilie water' (H.). Denominative verb ai8aAOw 'to make sooty', med. -OOflaL 'to soot up' (E., Lyc.); ai8aAWOELe; 'clouds of sooty smoke' (Max. Tyr. 41, 4), perhaps directly from a'l8aAOe;. .ETYM See .. a'l8w. •

ai81lP, -tpoc; [f., m.] 'clear sky, heaven' (ll.). � IE *h2eidh- 'kindle, ignite'� .COMP On ai8�p and a'l8pT] as a second member (e.g. in lJ1tal8pLOe;, u1taL8poe;) see Sommer 1948: 151f. DER a'l8pT], -a. 'id.' (ll.); ai8plT], -la 'clear sky, nice weather'; a,(8pLOe;, -ov [adj.] 'of the sky, bright' (lA); the ntr. a'(8pLov, diminutive ai8plOLoV was used in imperial times as a folk-etymological adaptation of Lat. atrium. aI8poe; 'fresh, cold air' (� 318 a'l8p4> KaL KafluT4> OEoflT]flEVOV). Cf. ai8pci· XELflU�EL 'to expose to or pass the winter' (H.), ai8pLvoV· 1tPW·lVOV 'early' (H.); improbable Bouquiaus-Simon Ant. class. 31 (1962): 25ff. With full-grade of the suffix ai8EpLOe; 'in the air, heavenly' (trag.), beside which rare and late ai8EpWOT]e;, ai8EpLWOT]e;, ai8EplTT]e;, ai8EpOoflaL. i8apoe; 'cheerful, bright' (Ale.) may contain an old ablauting form of the root. The verb i8alVELV (A. D., H.) could point to an rln-stem. .ETYM Generally derived from .. «'(8w; perhaps the formation was influenced by a�p. •

Ai8iom:c; [m.pl.] ethnonym, 'Ethiopians'(?). � PG(S)� .DIAL Myc. PN a-i-ti-jo-qo IAithiokWsl (or 1-0-/); for the u-stem in Me-to-qe-u, Wo no-qe-we (/WoinokWewei/) cf. Ai8Lo1t�Ee; (Hom.). ETYM Since antiquity explained as '(people) with burnt faces'. In Beekes Glotta 73 (1995-1996): 12-34, I objected that ai8- always means 'burning' in the sense of 'brilliant, emitting light' (cf. a18o'\l) , and never 'burnt'. Also, the -L- is unexplained, and -01t- is a typical substrate suffix (as opposed to 'face' = -W1t-). Therefore, the word must be compared with ethnonyms like �pU01tEe;, �OA01tEe; and is of Pre-Greek origin. •

a'lOouaa [f.] 'portico' (ll.); also a plant, cf. .. a'(8w. � PG(v)�

37

.VAR a'l8ouooa (Hdn. Gr. 2, 919). .ETYM Generally explained as a ptc. of .. a'(8w meaning 'glowing, place where the sun burns' or 'place where fire can be kindled', which is hardly convincing. A better explanation is that of Fur.: 19754, who deems it a substrate word, as a technical term of building, because of the form with -00-. The form .. aiowooa confirms this; it can hardly be a mistake for a'l8ouoa (which would imply three mistakes), and it has -00-. Of course, a folk-etymological connection with .. a'l8w is likely. a'lOw [v.] 'to kindle', intr. med. 'burn (with light)' (ll.). � IE *h2eidh- 'kindle'� vAR Only present. .COMP Cf. .. Ai8lom:e;. On KaK-L8�e; see on KEYKEL s.v. .. KUyKavOe; . .DER a18oe; [m.] 'burning heat' (E.) = Skt. edha- [m.] 'firewood', OHG eit [m.] , OE ad 'blaze, pyre'; ai8oe; 'sparkling, glowing', also 'dark-colored'; also a'l8wv, -wvoe; (ll.) and aI80'\l (on the mgs. see Beekes Glotta 73 (1995-1996): 15-17). a18oe; [n.] 'fire' (A. R.); ai8�ELe; 'sooty' (Nic.), also ai8�e; 'burning' (Cratin. 88), if this does not stand for ai8�e; from ai8�ELe;; u'l8Lvoe; (H., EM). Perhaps related is ai8oALKEe; 'pustule, pimple' (Hp., Gal.), cf. 1Wfl
aiKu�£l [v.] KaAci 'calls' (H.). � ?� .ETYM Pisani IF 58 (1942): 243 compared it to Osc. aikdafed, which he interpreted as 'proclamavit'; this is highly dubious. The connection with Latv. aicinat 'to call' is doubted by Pok.: 15. Is it a mistake for .. aiKuAAw? .

aiKuAAw [v.] 'to flatter, fondle' (trag.), especially said of animals. � ?� . VAR Only present. •

.DER alKaAO<;' K6Aa� 'flatterer' (H.); alKCtAll' aTtCtTll 'deceit' (Zonar.). .ETYM Looks like a denominative of the forms given in the glosses (unless these are based on the verb). Etymology unknown. CilKq<; [adj.] 'improper, unseemly'.
•

aIKAol ' aL yWVlaL TOU �£AOU<; 'the angles of the missile' (H.). => alXflq. aIKAov [n.] 'evening meal at Sparta' (Epich.). aLYAla = auvaLKAla; AUKaLxAla<;· 6 AUK6�pWTO<; 'eaten by wolves' (-�pOTO<; codd.). .DER avalKA£La· Ci8£LTtVa 'suppedess' (H.). Also a[Kvov, O£lTtVOV 'meal' (H., Suid.); £TtCt'(KAa (Pl.). .ETYM Fur.: 139 points to clKAOV' O£lTtVOV and £LKA£l' O£LTtV£l (H.), and compares , iKv£lav· Tpo
a'(AlOl => a£ALOL. alfla [n.] 'blood' (ll.).
alvo<;

39

.ETYM alfla replaces the old lE word for blood £ap < *h,esh2-r. It has no established etymology. The connection with OHG seim 'virgin honey', W hufen from the uncertain PIE root *sei- 'to drip' (Pok. 889) is accepted by Weiss HSPh. 98 (1998): 3161, but cannot explain the Greek vocalism. Ace. to Sommer 1905: 29ff., it is related to Skt. i$- 'refreshment'. See Szemerenyi Gnomon 43 (1971): 651; cf. also � alOVCtW, � ixwp . aiflamCt [f.] 'wall around a terrain', of stone (thus Hdt. 2, 138) or thorns (Od.).
aLflwSiw [v.] 'to be set on edge', of the teeth, as caused by sour stuff (Hp.).
40

aivoc;

aivi�0!lm [V.] 'to praise' (Hom.); usually aiviaao!lm (-n-) (lA) 'to speak in riddles', from 'to speak words full of content, i.e. difficult to understand'; thence with a'(vlY!la 'dark saying, riddle' (Pi.); thence aivlwaTwollC;, aivlwanaT�C;, aivlwaTiac;, aivlwanKoc;; also aivlW0C; 'id.' (Att.); a'(v l�lC; 'id.' (Plot.). aivlKT�p 'who speaks in riddles' (S.), aivlKT�C; (Timo), aivlKTllPiwC; (A.). .ETYM Etymology unknown. Compared by Pok. 11 with Germanic words for 'oath' (Go. aips, OHG eid), which is mostly rejected. aivoc; [adj.] 'terrible' (ll.). � ?�

.VAR On enmv� see Leumann 1950: 258f. .COMP Common as the first member of poetic compounds, but no derivatives. .ETYM No etymology. Connected with Skt. enas 'crime' by Pok. 10. On the expression aivo0Ev aivwc;, see Leumann l.c. See also LfgrE. a'{vu!1at [v.] 'to take, seize' (ll.). � IE *h2ei- 'give'�

VAR Only present. DIAL Myc. PN a3-nu-me-no IAinumenosl . COMP Often with e�-, also in the verbal noun E�-mLOC; 'selected' (ll.). .ETYM The verbal noun *ahoc; is at the base of � aiL£w. The same root is found in ToB ai-, ToA e- 'to give (act.), take (med.)" and it was previously thought to be reflected in Hitt. pai) 'to give', which was analyzed as *pe-ai-. Recently, however, Kloekhorst 2008 has given a convincing alternative: an i-present to the root *h1p- 'to seize'. Thus, the present root is eliminated as an example for PIE *a. In nominal form the root is found in Oscan aeteis [gen.sg.] 'part (of a possession)'. YAv. aetahmiiiius does not contain a noun aeta- 'punishment', but rather the pronoun aeta- 'that'; cf. Fischer and Ritter MSS 52 (1991) : 9-13. See � araa, � aiTia, � 8[mTa. •

•

•

a'{vw [v.] 'winnow' (Pherecr., Hp.), but see the glosses. � ?�

VAR Aor. �vm; pres. also QV£W (Ar. Fr. 694 (uncertain), Ath.), acpuv£w (Ar. Eq. 394 v.l.), acpllva· EKo,\!a 'struck', acp�vm' TO TaC; emla!l£vac; Kpl0ac; XEpal Tpl'\!m 'rubbing by hand of the winnowed barley-corns' (H.); further aLVWV miaawv 'winnowing', �vac;' KO,\!ac; 'having struck' and yo.vm ( Fuvm)- nEplmiam 'strip off the husk or skin' (cod. -nTuam); see Solmsen 1901: 280 . DER Bechtel KZ 46 (1914) : 374 compares the name of a phratry Faviom (Argos). .ETYM Comparable with Lat. vannus 'winnowing-basket', OHG winton 'to fan', Go. dis-winpjan 'AlK!lUV, to winnow'. The Germanic words seem to derive from the word for 'wind' (cf. Lat. ventilare 'to fan'), but aLVW has no trace of the -t-. Derivation of the Greek word from *h2ueh1- seems to be excluded by yo.vm, which has no vowel before the F. QV£W has been explained from *a-Fav-£w (Solmsen 1901: 272) , which beside yo.vm would imply a non-IE word. Note that the exact meaning of tlIe word is unclear. •

:::

•

a'(�, aiyoc; [f.] 'goat', rarely msc. (ll.). Also a water bird (Janzen 1937: 17, a meteor

(Arist.) and a star (Aratos). � IE? *h2eig- 'goat'� .DIAL Myc. a3-ki-pa-ta laigi-pa(s)tasl (?) 'goatherd'; a3-ki-po-de, interpretation uncertain.

aimjc;

41

.COMP ainoAoc; 'goatherd' < * aiy -noAoc;, see � n£Aw and � �OUKOAOC; (cf. Meier Briigger 1992a: 92) ; thence ainoA£w [v.] 'to herd goats' (A., Lys., Theoc.), only present; ainoAla [n.pl.] 'herds of goats' (ll.), also -lOV [sg.]; ainoAlKoc; (Theoc.). Further aiyi-�oToC; 'browsed by goats' (Od.); unclear the gloss ainoAoc;· Ko.nllAoC; napa KunpiOlC; 'peddlar (Cypr.)' (H.), see Leumann 1950: 271ff.; to be rejected is Latte's correction ai- ::: aE t. .DER See � aiyic; 'goatskin'. Diminutive of a'(�: aiyiolov (Pherecr., Antiph.). On alYEC;' Ta KU!laLa 'waves'. �wpldC; (H.), see on � aiylaA6c;. Connection with toponyms like Aiyai, AiyruoC;, A'lYlva, etc., is at best folk-etymological. .ETYM The compounds in -l- are unexplained (Heubeck IF 69 (1964) : 13-21 is unclear); the type ainoAoc; is old in any case. a'(� is cognate with Arm. aye 'goat' (i stem), which is reconstructed as *h2eig-ih2 (Clackson 1994: 88-90 after Meillet). The zero grade is often supposed in Av. lzaena- 'of leather', but we do not know if the word referred to the skin of a goat. If the connection is correct, the word could be IE. However, Skt. aja- 'goat' looks similar, but is formally deviant. This could suggest that Avestan, Greek and Armenian borrowed the word from a common source, perhaps Anatolian. On the distribution, see Mallory & Adams 1997 s.v. Connection with *h2eig- as 'jumper' (Thieme 1953: 571) is rejected by Mayrhofer EWAia 1: 264, since Skt. ejati did not have a palatovelar, nor does it mean 'to jump'. Cf. � a'(YlAoc;, � aiyiAw'\!, � oi�a. aioAoC; [adj.] 'agile, glittering, variegated' (ll.). � ?�

.DIAL Myc. a3-wo-ro IAiwolosl name of a cow. .COMP As a second member, e.g. Kopu0aioAoc; 'with glittering (colorful) helmet'. .DER Denominaitve aioUw [v.] 'to move quickly to and fro' (u 27), (med.) 'to change color' (Hes. Se. 399) , 'to make colorful' (Nic. Th. 155) ; aioA£w ::: nOlKiAAw (PI. Cra. 409a) , aioAllC1lC; 'rapid movement' (sch. Pi. P. 4, 412) ; aioAi�w 'to trick with words' (S . fr. 912) , aioAla!la 'varied tones' (S. Iehn . 319) ; aioACto!lm 'to be restless' (Hp. Mu!. 2, 174b, uncertain). aioAiac; [m.] fish name (cf. Stromberg 1943: 23, Thompson 1947 s.v.), aiOAElOC; (EM), aioAioac;· nOlKiAoUC;, LaXdC; 'variegated, quick' (H.). PN A'(OAOC;, EN AioAElC;. ETYM Etymology unknown. Benveniste BSL 38 (1937) : 107 connected aiwv, Skt. dyu 'vital force' (formally improbable); Risch Mus. Helv. 29 (1972) : 97 argued that the original meaning was a color. On � ai£AoupOC;, see s.v. For the type *Cai-CoR-, cf. � aiwpa, � aiovo.w. •

aiovaw [v.] 'to moisten, bathe (a wound)' (Hp.). � ?�

.DER Verbal nouns aiovllC1lC; and aiovll!la. .ETYM Etymology unknown. ainoAoc;

=>

a'(�.

aimJC; [adj.] 'steep, sheer' (ll., mostly epic and poet.) � PG(v)�

VAR A different stem in aino. (aim't p£E0pa El 369) and ain�v (noAlv . . . ain�v y 130, etc.), maybe a metrical device. •

42

alpa 1

.DER ai1t�El<; (Horn.), is an enlargement of aimJ<;, see Schwyzer: 527. Further alrro<; [n.] 'steepness, precipice' (E.), whence aim:tVo<; < *airrw-vo<; 'steep'. .ETYM � ahjla probably belongs here, too. Furthermore, Fur.: 158 connects it with e�al
•

alpa 2 [f.] 'rye-grass, darnel, Lolium temulentum' (Thphr.).
•

aipEw [v.] 'to take, grasp, seize', med. 'to take for oneself, choose' (ll.).
aip6mvov [n.] 'sieve' (Ar. fr. 480). UelpW 1.

a:La6wv

43

aIO"a [f.] 'share, destiny, decree' (ll., epic and lyr.).
a'iO"aKoc; [?] 6 T�<; oa
aiCJ(lAWV [m.] kind of falcon (Arist.); see Thompson 1895.
==

-is.

ul0"8wv [ptc.] 'to breathe out, exhale' (ll.).
ataaw

44

, i(foow [v.] 'to move quickly, dart, rush (upon) (ll.). � ?� .VAR Pres. �aaw (Pi.), �HW (Att.), fut. <'it�w. The 0.- is always long in Horn., except in iJ1taT�£l (<1> 126), see Chantraine 1942: 110, and in a[�n (A. R. 3, 1302); elsewhere it is mostly short. .COMP As a second member in nOAu-(il�, KOpUe-C(l�; also in � TPlX(ilK£<; ? DER o."(K� 'rush' (0 709); root noun (il� in o.V£flwV alKa<; (A. R. 4, 820), or o.lKa<;? Both a and l are long. ETYM Unexplained. Comparison with Skt. vevijyate 'to raise, flee, move quickly' is formally impossible (no trace of a F in Homer, and the long L remains unexplained). Danielsson IF 14 (1903): 386£f. reconstructs *aiF-LK- and compares � aioAo<;. •

•

a'iouAoc.; [adj.] 'unseemly, evil' (Horn.), in a'iauAa p£�£lV, eio£vm, flue�aaaem (opposed to a'iatfla). � PG?� .COMP aiauAo-£py0<; (Max. Astrol.) after a'iauAa P£�£lV (Horn.). .ETYM The overall appearance is Pre-Greek: initial ai-, intervocalic -a-, suffIx -UA-. Cf. � o.�aUAO<;. aiou�vaw [v.] 'to be ruler' (Horn.). � PG (v) � .VAR aiauflv�nlP (0 347) has a variant aiau(l)�T'l P now preferred by West Clatta 77 ' (1999): 119f. Also PNs A'iauflvo<;, Aiau�T'l<; (Horn.). .DIAL Meg. aiatflvaw . DER aiauflv'lT�p (0 347 v.l.), aiauflv�T'l<; (aiatflvaTa<;) title of a high magistrate in several towns (inscr., Arist.), in Homer e 258 a referee of games; fern. aiauflv�n<; (Suid.); aiauflv'lT£la 'office of aiauflv�T'l<;' (Arist.), Verbal noun aiauflv'lTlJ<; (Miletus). Further aiauflvlov �OUA£UT� p LOV in Megara (Paus.), from the verb or from *a'(auflvo<; . ETYM Previously derived from � a[aa, a'(atfl0<;, *a'iatflvo<; by Solmsen 1909: 36£f. and Fraenkel 1910: 172f. However, Chantraine 1933: 216 and von Blumenthal 1930: 33 assume a Pre-Greek origin, which must be correct: it explains the interchanges fll F (cf. Fur.: 244) and ul l. The word and its derivations are reminiscent of � Ku�£pvaw. Further details are in the LfgrB. Deroy Ant. class. 26 (1958): 404-410 compares Lat. aerumna 'task, distress'. •

=

•

aiouqHoc.; => o.aUCP'lAO<;. atoxoc.; [n.] 'shame, ugliness', plur. 'disgraceful deeds' (ll.). � ?� .VAR Comp. aiaxlwv, superl. a'(aXlaTo<;. .DER aiaxpo<; 'dishonoring, ugly', denominative aiaxuvw 'to dishonor', med. 'to be ashamed' (ll.), back-formation aiaxuv'l 'shame' (lA). PN AiaxuAo<;, perhaps an enlargement of an old u-stem. Further derivatives: 1. from aiaxpo<;: aiaxpOT'l<; 'ugliness' (PI. Carg. 525a, Bp. Bph. 5, 4), aiaxpoaUv'l (Tz.). 2. from aiaxuvw: aiaxuvT�p 'violator' (A. Ch. 998), aiaxuvT'lAO<; 'timid, shy', also 'disgraceful' (PI., Arist.), aiaXUVT'lAla (PIu.); it has -T- from the opposite o.v-alaXUVTO<; (Ale., Att.), whence o.vmaxuvTla, -T£W, -T'lfla; secondary aiaxuvTo<; (Ps. Phoc.). Rare aiaxuvT'lpo<; and aiaxuvnKo<;.

45

.ETYM The older comparison with Go. aiwiski [n.] 'aiaxuv'l' is generally abandoned in view of obvious formal difficulties. De Lamberterie 1990: 835-840 plaUSibly compares � a'iooflm, positing * aid-sk- for Greek next to * aid-stin Go. aistan. lifTuc.; [m.] 'eromenos' (Ar.), also a fish (pap. Tebt. 701, 44). � ?� .VAR Fern. run<; (Hdn. Gr., Alem. 34 Page). Also o.£LTav' TOV ETalpov 'companion' . l\plaTocpav'l<; O£ TOV epwfl£vov 'eromenos' (Ar. fr 738; also Theocr. 12, 14, where it is called Thessalian) . .DIAL A Doric or Thessalian word. .ETYM Uncertain. From � a[w 'to hear' ace. to Diels Herm. 31 (1896): 372 and Bechtel 1921, 1: 201; see also Arena Riv. fil. class. 96 (1968): 257f. .

ahEw [v.] 'to ask, request, beg' (ll.). � GR� .COMP Often prefixed with o.n-, e�-, nap-, ete. .DER 1. ah'lat<; 'demand, request' (lA), aiT�atfl0<;; 2. ah'lfla 'demand, claim' (PI., Arist.), aiT'lflaTlKo<; and aiT'lflaTwO'l<;; 3. aiT'lT�<; 'requestor' (pap., D. C.); aiT'lTlKO<; (Arist., D. L.), 4. aiTl�w = aiT£w (epic since Od.) . ETYM A denominative of*aho<;; see � a'ivuflm, � a[aa and � ahlo<;. •

ahlOc.; [adj.] 'guilty, responsible' (ll.). � GR� .DER Thence (or directly from *alTO<;): aiTla [f.] 'responsibility, guilt, cause; accusation', also 'disease'; thence denominative ainaoflm 'to accuse, charge with', secondary aina�oflm (X., D. C.). To ainaoflm: aiTlaat<; (Antipho, Arist.) and aiTlafla (A., Th.) 'accusation, charge'; alnaTo<; (Arist., Plot.) 'having a cause' (TO ainaTov 'effect' as opposed to TO ahlov 'cause') is rather directly from aiTla because of the meaning; from TO ainaTov, the grammarians created � ainaTlK� nTWat<; 'accusative case', so properly 'case of what is effectuated' (WackernageI 192o-1924(1): 19). From aiTla (or TO ahlov): ainwo'l<; 'causal', philosophical term (Hell. and late), likewise aiTlwfla (pap., Act. Ap.) = aiTlafla, and with the same vocalism aiTlwat<; (Eust.) aiTlaat<;. .ETYM ahlo<;, aiTla and aiT£w were derived from *alTO<; 'share' (see � a'ivuflm, � aiT£w), which is semantically understandable. The suffIx - lO<; may have been added to aiT- after the change of *ti > at. =

a'{cpv'1c.; [adv.] 'suddenly' (E. lA 1581, Hp. Int. 39). � PG (V) � .DER More common as well as more archaic is e�alcpv'l<; (Horn., Pi., trag., etc.). The adjective aicpvl8to<; (A., Th., Arist.), on the other hand, is more common and more archaic than e�mcpvlOlo<; (PI., GaL). Adverbial forms aicpv'l0l<;, -Mv (Hdn.). .ETYM Related to � ahva, s.v., and also to � acpvw, � acpap, � e�an lv'l<; ete. '

aix�q [f.] 'point of a spear, spear' (ll.). On its use in Homer, see Triimpy 1950: 52ff. �IE *h2eik-(s)m- 'spear'� .DIAL Myc. a3-ka-sa-ma laiksmans/. .COMP aiXfl-aAwTo<; 'prisoner of war' (Pi.), whence fern. aiXflaAwTl<;, adj. aiXflaAwnKo<;, abstract aiXflaAwala. Thence denominative verbs aiXflaAwTl�w and

uhvu uiXflUAWT£UW (Hell. and late); from uiXfluAWTL�W: uiXfluAwnaT�e; and uiXfluAwnafloe;. .DER uiXfl�£le; 'armed with a spear' (A., Opp.); uiXfl'lT�e; 'spearman, warrior' (11.), uiXfl'lT& (E 197), fem. u'lXfl'lTle; (EM); with secondary suffIx uiXfl'lT�p (Opp., Q. S., Nonn.); uiXfl'lT�pLOe; 'armed with a spear, war-like' (Lye. 454 verse-fInal). Denominative uiXflCt�W [v.] 'to throw the spear, to arm with a spear' (11.) . ETYM The Mycenaean form proves PGr. *aiksma. The word is connected with a.LKAOl· ui yWVLUL TOU �eAOUe; 'points of the arrow' (H.) and with Lith. iesmas, OPr. aysmis 'spit' which may derive from *h2eik-(s)m-. The original meaning must have been 'point'. Within Greek, we further fInd Cypr. iKfluflevoe; 'wounded' (Ruijgh 1957: 136), iKTeu· UKovnov 'javelin' (H.), and perhaps � 'lKLUp 'near'. Uncertain is the appurtenance of'(y8te; [f.] (Sol.), 'lYO'l (Hp.) 'mortar', but cf. Fur.: 32l. •

aI'Va [adv.] 'quickly, suddenly' (11., poet.)
uiw - uiel. aiwv, -WVOC; [m., f.] '(life)time, long period of time, eternity' (11.).
•

UKUKUALe;, - LOOe;

47

Stadtmuller Saeculum 2 (1951): 315ff. A neuter u-stem is found in Skt. ayu-, Av. aiiu '(life)time', OAv. gen. yaos, dat. yauuoi < *h2oi-u, *h2i-eu-s, *h2i-eu-ei. Latin has thematicized aevus < *h2ei-u-o-; Gothic has an i-stem aiwins [acc.pl.] . An old derivation is Lat. iuvenis, Skt. yuvan- 'young man' from *h2iu-Hen- with the Hoffmann suffIx ('having vital strength'). Derived from this are Lith. jaunas, OCS jun'b 'young' and Go. jund 'youth' < *h2iu-Hn-ti-.

uiwpa [f.] 'swing, hammock, noose, halter' (Pl.). uiwpu was a derivation. This type is not accepted anymore. Taillardat RPh. 57 (1983): 21-25 assumes *h2uor-eje- > *uFwpew (formation as in 1tWAeW, etc. to the root of ueLpw 'to hang'); reduplication would then have resulted in *uFuFwP-, which would have given *UFULWP- > uiwp- (like *UFULPW > u'lpw). The reduplication with uF-uF- seems uncertain to me, just like the development to *uFuj and its continuation as (UF)-UL- before a vowel. AKacSTJ!10C; [m.] name of a hero.
ETYM Frisk assumes an Oriental origin, possibly Egyptian, but why? Fur.: 371, 277 (see also 138) compares KUKUALC; and KCtYKUVOV, variants which prove a Pre-Greek origin. Cf. also � CtKUKlU. •

CtKCtKTJT« [adj.] epithet of Hermes (11., Hes.) and Prometheus (Hes.) , of unknown mg. aKUVeU. UKUAUppdTTJC; [adj.] only in E� CtKUAUppdTUO �uevpp60v 'OKwvol0 (H 422, l' 434).
UKUAqq>TJ [f.] 'stinging nettle, sea anemone' (Eup.). Tj. .ETYM Unknown; cf. Thompson 1947 s.v. There is no reason to suppose the influence of O.KUVeU, etc. (Frisk). Semitic etymology in Lewy 1895: 50. Suffixal _bh_ is quite common in names of trees and plants. The variation v/ Tj could point to a Pre-Greek word, although there are no clear parallels to it. •

aKuvOu [f.] 'thorn, thistle', name of different thorny plants (Stromberg 1940: 17), also 'backbone, spine' of fish, snake, or man (Od.).
•

CtKap6C;

49

CtKUVe£WV and -ewv 'thorny break, spinetum' CtKuVeTjA� mg. unknown. Denominative verb CtKuve60f!aL 'to be thorny' (Thphr.). .ETYM The basic meaning is 'thorn', whence 'backbone, spine'. Usually, aKuvoc; 'pine-thistle' is considered basic, but a connection with aveOC; (as *akan-anti'o-; see Frisk) is improbable. AnalYSis as a compound *aK-UVeU 'sharp flower' (Kretschmer 1896: 403 A. 1) is a type of etymology of the past. Belardi Rend. Aee. Line. 10 (1955): 309-331 assumes an lndo-Mediterranean substrate word, connecting Skt. kaflt(h)a-, but such combinations with Sanskrit are mostly incorrect, and tlIe lndo Mediterranean hypotlIesis is quite doubtfuL Most probable is a Pre-Greek substrate element, though in this case there is no positive indication except for the ending in short -u (see Pre-Greek); in this respect, there is no reason to assume a secondary Greek formation (as per DELG). Niedermann Glotta 19 (1931): 8ff. connected it with CtKUAUVelC; = CtKUVelC; (Ar.), by metathesis of *CtKuveuAlC;.

aKuvoc; [m.] a thistle, 'Atractylis gummifera', 'dorniger Fruchtkopf (Thphr.).
UKUpqC;, -tc; [adj.] 'small, tiny' (Ar.). CtXUpVWc;. aKupov => ayxpuv. UKUP0C; [m.]? . <1Tjf!ulva TOV EYKEUA�V 'brain, head' (EM 45, 13).
50

aKaOKa

.ETYM Cf. eYKapo<; and 'lYKpO<;, with the same mg., which point to EV and Kap'l 'head'. It would be the only relatively certain instance of *h,nC- yielding u-, but Nussbaum 1986: 72f. remains sceptical, as one would expect *UKpO<; instead of UKapo<; if the form is old. uKaoKa => UK� 2. UKaO"-rO<; [m.] . � ocpEvoaflvo<; 'maple' (H.).
uKa-ro<; [f., m.] 'light vessel' (Thgn.), 'boat-shaped cup' (com.). axoflal. CtKaXIl£vo<; [perf.ptc.] 'sharpened' (Il.).
CtK£U£l => UKOUW. CtK£WV YAR Also -Eouoa, -EOVT£. => UK� 2. •

CtK� 1 [f.] . UKfl� GLO�pOU 'point of an iron tool' (Suid., H.), cod. aiXfl� .
51

.ETYM Probably from a root noun; see Schwyzer: 465. Derived from a root UK 'sharp', seen in several other etyma. Not related to � aKmva, � aKavo<;. See � aKwv, � UKfl� � UKOV'l, � aKpo<;, � aKWV. ' CtK� 2 [f.] 'silence, quiet' (Il.).
52

T1VUYflU (Lyr. Adesp. 30 B) and CtKlVUYflo<;· nvuYflo<;, Klv'l01<; 'stirring, movement' (H.) arose under influence of CtKlVCtK'l<; (Mansion 1904: 64). CtKlPl� [?] . AUXVO<; 'lamp' (H.). � PG?� .VAR Cf. Klppl<; (Lacon.) for AUXVO<; (EM 515, 17), also Klpl<; (H.). ETYM Unknown, but it may well be Pre-Greek in view of the variations. •

aKlvo� [m.] 'wild basil, Calamintha graveolens' (Dse. 3, 43). � PG(V)� VAR Also aKovo<; (ibid.). ETYM The vowel interchange, though rare, may point to a substrate word. See Fur.: 191. •

•

UKlpO� => CtKlOVO<;. UKKW, -ou� [f.] 'bogey' (PIu. 2, 1040b), ace. to others (Zen. 1, 53) 'vain woman'. � PG, ONOM� .DER Also as a PN (PIu.); CtKK1(oflaL [v.] 'to adorn oneself (Pl.). .ETYM A 'Lallwort' or nursery word; cf. Lat. Aeea (Larentia) and Skt. akka (gramm.). Cf. also CtKKW· yuv� btt flwPl<;t Otu�uAAoflev'l ' �
•

•

aKf.l'lvo� [adj.] 'fasting (from food)' (ll., only in T). � IE *kemh2- 'get tired'� .ETYM A scholion on T 163 derives it from Aeol. aKflu, which Hesychius explains as v'laT£lu, £VO£lU 'fasting, need'. Bechtel 1914 compares KOflwau· yeflouau 'filling' (H.), which would point to privative u- and a zero grade -Kfl'l- 'to fill'; this is highly uncertain. Fur.: 369 compares Old Georg. si-qmili 'hunger', etc., which is very uncertain too. Blanc 1999: 317-338 proposes a derivation from *kemh2- (KCtflvw) in the sense 'to care (for)', which yields 'not properly cared for, neglected' (see also DELG Supp.). This seems attractive (cf. nOADKfl'lTO<;). aKf.lwv, -ovo� [m.] 'anvil' (ll.) , also 'meteoric stone' (Hes. Th. 722), = oupUVO� � alo'lpov 'heaven, iron' (H.), uA£Tpl�uvo�, KunpLOl 'pestle (Cypr.)' (H.). � IE *h2ek mon- 'stone, heaven'� .COMP UKflo-0£TOV [n.] (Hom.) 'base of an anvil', with the root of � TI0'lfll. .DER Diminutive UKfloVlOV (Aisop.). ETYM Old word for 'stone', found in several languages: Skt. asman- [m.] 'stone, heaven', cf. the glosses meaning of aKflwv as 'heaven'; Av. asman- 'stone, heaven', OP asman- 'heaven'; Lith. akmuo, -ens 'stone' (with regular depalatalization before m; asmens 'sharp side, edge' with as- from other positions). The relation of these words to OCS kamy, -ene 'stone' and the Germanic group ON hamarr 'hammer' =

•

CtKOVLTOV

53

(originally made of stone) is much discussed. One supposes the root ak- 'sharp' in � UK�, etc. On these questions see the litt. in Mayrhofer EWAia 1: 137, e.g. Maher JIES 1 (1973): 441ff. and Mallory & Adams 1997: 547.

aKv'laTl� [f.] 'backbone' (A. R. 4, 1403: en' aKv'lanv); name of a plant (Nic. Th. 52) . � GR� .ETYM It is supposed that KUT' aKv'lanv stands for older KUTa Kv�aTlv 'rasp' (K 161), (Wackernagel Glotta 2 (1910): 1, Fraenkel Glotta 4 (1913): 42, Leumann 1950: 49); on Kv�aTl� see � -Kvulw . aKOlT'l�' -ov [m.] 'bedfellow, husband' (ll.). � IE *kei- 'lie, be situated'� .COMP nupCtKOlTl<; (ll.). .ETYM Secondarily built on aKOlTl<; [f.], on which see Chantraine REGr. 59-60 (19461947): 225f.: the idea that the woman is the one sharing the bed of the man is more natural than the other way around; also, the feminine is more frequent. With copulative U- and KOlT'l or KOLTO� 'bed' (Chantraine 1933: 26ff. and 113f.). The psilosis may be analogical after aAoxo� or dialectal (Lesbian, Ionic). See � K£iflat. aKoAo� [m.] 'bit, morsel' (p 222.). � PG?� .VAR Boeot. acc. to Stratt. 47, 7. .ETYM Possibly of foreign origin; cf. Phrygian �£KO� UKKaAO<; (Haas 1966: 84). A connection with Skt. asnati 'to eat' does not explain the formation. A suggestion by Fur.: 371 is to connect it to KOAOV, a type of food preserved in pots (pap. lIP); Ath. 6, 262a and Eust. explain it as � TpO
54

aKopvu

.ETYM Derived by the ancients from aKOvrrt 'without dust', i.e. without struggle ! fight (aKOVLTOC; Q. S.), therefore 'invincible', because of its deadly effect. Semantically, this is hardly possible. Cf. Jiithner Glotta 29 (1942): 73ff., Stromberg 1940: 150 A. 1. Fur.: 121 connects it with KOV�, KWVOC;. A substrate word is in any case probable. aKopvu [f.] 'fish thistle, Cnicus Acarna' (Thphr.). � PG(v)� .VAR (a)opvoc;, see below. ETYM On the final short -u, see Chantraine 1933: 100ff. Stromberg 1944: 17 compares , KOpVOC;· KeVTpOflupa[vTj, LlKeAO[ 'butcher's broom (plant name) (H.) and aKopvoc;· KOpVOC;, flupa[VTj TO
liKOpOV [n.] 'yellow flag, Iris Pseudacorus' (Dsc., Gal.). � ?� .ETYM The ancients derived the word from KOPTj 'pupil of the eye'; it would be used to care for the pupil. See Stromberg 1940: 98. Fur.: 359 compares KUpU, which would be the Libyan form (Ps.-Dsc. 2, 169). liKOC; [n.] 'cure, medicine' (11.). � ?� .DIAL Myc. a2-ke-te-re Ihakesteresl, ja-ke-te-re Ijakesteresl. .COMP a
55 connection with OIr. hicc 'healing' has been suggested, but its relation to MW iach 'healthy' is uncertain (Schrijver 1995: 103).

CtKOOTiJ [f.] 'barley' (Nic. Al. 106). � ?� .VAR aY0aTu[, -£W (AB 213 [gramm.l). .DER Denominative verb in the ptc. aKOaT�aUC; (Z 506, 0 263) 'well-fed', of Lnnoc;. Unclear is aKoanAu· EAaXlam 'slightest, not at all' (H.). KOaTU[ = aKo aT� (H.) may have lost its vowel, see Kuiper 1956: 221. .ETYM Hesychius calls the word Cyprian; the scholion on Z 506, Thessalian, as a word for food in general (cf. Bechtel l921, 1: 204). It is compared with Lat. acus -eris [n.] 'chaff, Go. ahs and OHG ahir [n.] 'ear (of corn)' (see Frisk), but the analysis, in which a suffIx -T� with substantivizing function is added to *akos- (comparing Lat. onus-tus, venus-tus and perhaps locus-ta), is rather weak; an e-grade *akes- would be expected. Szemerenyi Gnomon 43 (1961): 652 proposes *ako(n)sta < *akont-ta 'barbed', from the word for 'javelin', " aKwv. However, the forms with -y- and KoaTu[, if these are old, rather point to foreign origin. See .. axvTj. CtKOUW [v.] 'to hear', also 'to obey, be called' (11.). � IE *h2keus- 'hear'� .VAR Perf. aK�Kou. aKeUa· TTjpeI, KunplOl 'watches (over), observes (Cypr.)' (H.). .COMP VTjKOUaT£W < */}-h2k-. Often prefixed: unUKOUW 'to be obedient', un�Kooc;, EnuKouw, En�Kooc;, KUTUKOUW, KUT�KOOC;, etc. .DER aKou� (11.), aKo� 'hearing, tiding; ear' (with shortening in hiatus) < *akQa < akQha < *akowha < *akowsa. Diminutive aKotOloV (gloss.), denominative verb aKoU�n· aKouac; (H.), cf. the discussion on CtKOuu�oflm below, whence aKouaT�peC;· , apx� nc; nupa MeTUnovT[OlC; 'kind of magistrature (Metap.) (H.). 2. aKouOlC; 'hearing', plur. 'sounds' (Arist.), aKouOlfl0C; 'fit for hearing' (S.). 3. aKouaflu 'sound, rumor, (oral) teachings' (S. OC 518 [lyr.] , X., Arist.). Diminutive aKouafluTLOv (Ps. Luc. Philopatr.), CtKouaflunKoc; (Iamb.). 4. aKOUaT�C; 'listener, pupil' (Men., D. H., Phld.), aKouaT�pLOv 'lecture hall, audience' (Gal., Them., Porph.). 5. aKouaToc; 'audible' (h. Mere., lA), aKouaT[�w 'to make hear' (LXX); aKouaTlKoc; 'ptng. to hearing' (Arist., Epic.). Deverbative aKouu�oflm [v.] 'to hear, listen' (Horn., Hp.), rarely act. -u�w; formally, this could also derive from aKou�. Desiderative aKouae[W (S., H.). .ETYM Related to Go. hausjan 'to hear' as *h2kous-ie!o-. aKouw is from *aKoua-yw ; cf. aKouaToc;, �Kouaflm. The primary verb may be found in the gloss aKeUel. The word has often been explained as a compound from CtK- 'sharp' and oDc;, but this is not certain. In support of such a compound, WT-UKouaT£W 'to eavesdrop' may be compared within Greek. See .. KO£W. CtKpaiJc;, -ic; => aKpoc;. CtKPUl CtXpuouflUAU.

aKpuTl<0!1Ul => KEpCtVVUf.ll. aKpaXOAO<; [adj.] 'raging passionately' (Ar.). � IE *kerh2- 'mix'� oDER Abstract uKpuxoAla, Ion. uKPTjXOAITj (Hp.); denominative UKPUXOA£W [v.] (Pl.). oETYM Literally "with unmixed bile", from *uKpaT-xoAo<;, with *uKpa<; = UKPUTO<;, cf. UKPTjTO-XOAO<; (Hp.) and ElJKpa<; = EUKPUTO<; 'well-mixed'. Later, it was changed to UKPOXOAO<; (Arist.). Brugmann IF 17 (1904-1905): 174ff. assumes the same first member occurs in UKP�TCEOO<;' � uyae� (scil. y�) (H.). See � KEpCtVVUf.l.L. aKp£!1wv, -ovo<; [m.] 'bough, branch' (Simon.); on the mg. see Stromberg 1937: 141f., 54£. � PG(V)� oVAR Accentuation after Hdn. Gr. 1, 33; the mss. mostly have -£f.lwv. oETYM The old etymology with UKpO<; is improbable, as the formation is unclear (see Chantraine 1933: 172f.). It is most improbable that KpEf.lWV (Eratosth.) is due to � KpEf.lCtVVUf.lL. Like the etymology, it is a desperate attempt to reduce the word to known elements. Fur.: 115 adduces UypEf.lWV· KCtf.la�, Aaf.lTCCt<;, Mpu 'pole, torch, shaft' (H.), which shows that it is a substrate word. aKpi��<;, -t<; [adj.] 'exact, precise' (Hp.). � GR?� oCOMP uKPl�o-Aoyla (Arist.). oDER uKpl�Ela 'precision' (lA); denominatives: 1. UKPl�OW [v.] 'to investigate accurately, etc.' (Att.) , also intr. 'to be exact' (Arist.). Thence uKpl�wm<; 'exact observance' (J.) and uKpl�wf.la 'precise account, exact knowledge' (Phld., Epicur.). 2. UKPl�Et)W [v.] 'to use accurately, give precise instructions' (S. E., Did., pap.). · 3· UKPl�Ct�W [v.] 'to investigate accurately, etc.', also pass. 'to be proud' (LXX, Aq., Thd.), whence uKpl�aaf.l0<;' -aaf.la 'precise investigation', also 'law, legislation', -aaT�<; 'investigator', also 'legislator'. oETYM The explanation by Schwyzer Glotta 12 (1923): 12ff., that the word is from UKpO<; and E'l�w with early itacism, is hardly acceptable. Tichy MSS 36 (1977): 151-172 explains the word from UKpl<; 'mountain top', in the dative-Iocative in -I, and ��vat 'to go'. aKpl<;, -ISo<; [f.] 'grasshopper' (n.). � PG(v)� oETYM Hardly related to KPI�w 'creak' (Stromberg 1944: 15ft), which leaves the U unexplained. Winter 1950: 15 connects it to K£pKa· uKpl<; (H.); Fur.: 127 accepts this, comparing y£Ayl<; next to UyAl<; for the variation. Of course, a substrate word for a grasshopper is not unexpected. However, Furnee's further comparison with uXTjpov, uKploa (H.) « *UXEPOOV [Bechtel 1921, 2: 671]) is less convincing. UKPl
aKpoao!1at [v.] 'to hearken, obey' (X.), 6 UKpOWf.lEVO<; may secondarily mean 'reader' (Philostr.). � GR�

uKTalvw

57

oDER uKpoam<; 'hearing, obeying', also 'lecture (hall)' (lA). uKpoaf.la 'what is heard', e.g. 'rumor, lecture, song' (X., Arist., Plb.), plur. also personified as 'lecturer, singer' (Plb.); thence uKpoaf.laTlK6<; 'fit (only) for hearing' (PIu.); uKpoaT�<; 'listener, pupil', also 'reader' (Att., HelL), whence UKpOaTlKo<;; uKpoaT�pLOv 'lecture hall, audience' (Act. Ap., Ph., PIu.); UKpOCt�0f.lat (Epich.). oETYM Commonly derived from a univerbation of � UKpO<; and � 013<; that denoted the top of the ear, whence 'to prick the ears, be keen to hear' (Frisk GHA 56 : 3 (1950): 21); however, cf. Szemerenyi SMEA 3 (1967): 69ff. The derivation is straightforward semantically, but some formal difficulties remain.

aKpo�u J16aeTj. aKpo<;, -u, -ov [adj.] 'at the farthest point, topmost, outermost' (n.). � IE *h2ek- 'sharp, point'� oVAR Old substantivized forms uKpa [f.], UKpOV [n.] 'highest or farthest point, headland, cape', Hom. KaT' UKpTj<; (J10AlO<;) 'from the highest point down', hence 'completely, utterly', also KaT' UKpTjeEV (which became KaTa Kp�eEV by association with KCtpa); see Leumann 1950: 56£f. oCOMP UKPOTCOAl<; (Od.), the Iliad still has UKpTj J10Al<;, see Risch IF 59 (1949): 20; uKpa�<; epithet of the wind (� 421, � 253, Hes. Op. 594) is often interpreted as 'blowing vehemently', but probably originally 'blowing onl from the heights'; also adverbial uKpad J1AEiV (Arr.). oDER UKpl<;, -lO<; [f.] 'hill-top, mountain peak' (Od.), always plur., see on � OKPl<;; sing. only Epigr. Gr. 1035, 8. uKpalo<; 'dwelling on heights', epithet of several gods, also = UKpO<; (Opp.). uKpla· � AeTjvu £V 'ApyEl (H.), also name of other goddesses, uKplat· Ta UKpa TWV 6p£wv 'mountain-tops' (H.). Substantives: UKpOTTj<; 'highest point, completion, perfection' (Hp., Arist., Phld.). UKPWV, -wvo<; [m.] 'extremity' (Hippiatr. 7), diminutive UKpWVCtplOV (ibid.), abstract uKpwvla (A. Eu. 188), probably 'mutilation' (cf. the discussion on UKpwTTjplaaf.lo<; below). UKPWT�pLOV 'projecting part, e.g. promontory, sternpost of a ship, etc.', plur. also 'extremities of the body' (lA), probably directly from UKPO<;, cf. oWf.lo<;: OWf.lWT�plOV. From UKPWT�pLOV: UKpWTTjpla�w 'to remove the stern, mutilate, amputate' (lA), cf. UKpwTEp�aat· KO'/lat � uxpElwaat 'to beat, render useless' (H.), also 'to jut out like a promontory' (Plb., Str.). Verbal nouns UKpWTTjplaaf.lo<; (Dsc.), uKpwTTjplam<; (gloss.). Denominative verbs to UKpO<;: uKPI�w 'to go on tiptoe' (E.), 'Ta UKpa £aeIElV' (sch.
58

oVAR Aor. oxrmvwCJm (Anacr.), see Immisch PhW 48 (1928): 908. Unclear are CtKral�wv· CtKr\l�WV, npOeUflOlJfl£vo<;, � 6Pfl�<; nAfjpwv, � fl£T£WPl�WV 'willing, full of impulse, or lifting (the spirit)' (H.), CtKTalv£lV' fl£T£WPl�£lV 'to lift (the spirit)' (H.); unoaKTalvovTo, £TP£floV 'were trembling' (H.), as a v.l. for un£plKTalvovTo (\V 3), of noo£<;. Also CtnaKTalvwv' 6 KlVilCJem fl� OUVCtfl£VO<; 'unable to move' (H.). o ETYM The only suggestion is that it derives from a.yw through *CtKTCtW or *a.KTW (cf. Schwyzer: 705f., Schwyzer 1937: 70), but this is doubted by DELG. Cf. Bechtel l914. uKTEa [f.] 'elder-tree, Sambucus nigra' (Emp.). � ?� oVAR Contracted CtKT�; also CtKTfO<; [m.] . o DER a.KTlVO<; (Thphr.). oETYM On the suffix -fa, which forms tree names, see Chantraine 1933: 92 ([Tfa, 1lT£A£a). Witczak Linguistiea Baltiea 1 (1992): 20l-2U) connects it with Arm. hae'i 'ash', which he disassociates from � 6�ua. Borrowed from Greek are Lat. aete (Plin.) and OHG atuh, at(t)ah. UKT1l 1 [f.] 'promontory, rocky coast, rough shore, edge' (ll.). � PG?, IE?� oDER CtKTalo<;, -a, -ov 'located at or belonging to the coast' (Th., Hp., CalL); the fern. CtKTala is also the name of a plant (Plin.); see Stromberg 1940: 115 (also on a.KTlOV and CtKTlVfj). a.KTlO<; epithet of Pan (Theoc.) and Apollo (A. R.), a.KTlOV = CtKTll (Ael.). CtKTlTfj<; [m.] 'who lives on the coast' (A. P.), CtKTLTfj<; AleO<; 'stone from Piraeus or Argolis' (IG, S.). CtKTCt�W [v.] 'to banquet' (which would derive from *'to banquet on the shore', PIu. 2, 668b) is rather from � CtKT� 2. oETYM Derivation from CtK- 'sharp' is possible ace. to Frisk and DELG, but if Fur.: 127 is right in comparing DXefj, -0<; 'shore, bank' (which seems quite convincing), it could be a substrate word (variations a/ 0, KT/ Xe). Cf. � UKT� 2. UKTll 2 [f.] 'corn' (ll.), often �fjfl�T£p0<; or CtA
59 derived from anj- 'to smear', but Kuiper thinks it means 'ray, light'. This has been connected with *nolekWt- 'night', the zero grade of which is also found in Go. uhtwo [f.] < PGm. *U1JXtwon- < *1'JkWt-u-n-) 'dawn' (Lith. anksti 'early' requires an initial laryngeal, which excludes derivation from 'night', as Gr. vu� shows that there was no laryngeal.) Relation of CtKTl<; to the word for 'night' is excluded, however, as it shows no trace of a labiovelar. Thus it remains without an etymology.

a.KUAO<; [m., f.] the edible acorn of the Quereus Ilex (K 242). � PG(S)� oETYM Connection with Skt. asnati 'eat' or with � a.KOAO<; is improbable. It is rather a substrate word (Fur.: 25532) because of CtKuAalov, since -UA- is a frequent Pre-Greek suffix. CtKWKll [f.] 'point of a lance or sword, etc.' (ll., Theoc., Opp.). � IE *h2ek- 'sharp, point'� oETYM Reduplicated formation of unknown structure: *h,(e)k-h2ok- or (hardly feasible) *hJ-o-hJ-, from the root *h2ek- 'sharp' (see � CtK�). aKwv, -OVTO<; [m.] 'javelin, dart' (ll.). � IE? *h2ek- 'sharp, point'� oDER Diminutive CtKOVTlOV (h. Mere. 460, Hdt., Plo), CtKovTla<; [m.] 'kind of snake', also 'meteor', because of its speed (Nic.), CtKOVTlAO<; [m.] = CtKOvTla<; 'id.' (H.). Verb CtKOVTl�W [v.] 'to throw a javelin' (ll.), verbal nouns 1. CtKOVTlCJTU<; 'game of the dart' , (ll.); 2. CtKOVTlCJl<; 'throwing the javelin' (X.); 3. CtKOVTlCJfl0<; 'id., shooting (of stars) (X., Str., Arr.); 4. CtKovTlCJfla 'distance of a dart's throw' (X.), 'javelin' (Str., PIu.); 5. CtKOVTlCJla = CtKOVTlCJl<; (SIG 1060, lO62), cf. Chantraine 1933: 86. Agent nouns: CtKOVTlCJT�<; [m.] (ll.), cf. Schwyzer: 500a; more recent CtKOVTlCJT�P 'id.' (E.); also used as an adjective in Opp. and Nonn.; CtKOVTlCJT�P also as 'spring, fountain', see Zingerle Glotta 19 (1931): 72f. Further CtKOVTlCJT�PlOV 'ballista' (Agath.); CtKOVTlCJTlKO<; 'ptng. to throwing the dart' (PI., X.). oETYM a.KWV is considered to be a derivative -n- of the root in � CtK�, etc. But there is no proof for this, as � a.Kmva need not be a derivation of the stem of a.KWV, so perhaps the -vT-suffix is original. From other languages, we can compare Skt. asani 'point of an arrow', Lat. agna 'ear (of corn)' (which could be a substrate word, cf. De Vaan 2008 s.v.), Gm., e.g. Go. ahana 'chaff, and ON Qgn, plo agnar 'id.'. uAa�a flfAav tP yPCt
uAa�aoTo<; [m.] 'vase without handles for storing perfumes', often made of alabaster (Hdt.). � LW� oVAR Later CtAa�CtCJTpo<; [m.], -TPOV [n.]. oDER Diminutive CtAa�CtCJTlOv (Eub.); further CtAa�CtCJTplOV [n.] and CtAa�aCJTplVfj (scil. AleOToflla) 'alabaster quarry' (pap.); CtAa�aCJTplTfj<; (AleO<;) [m.] 'alabaster', CtAa�aCJT1Tl<; nfTpa (Callix.); CtAa�CtCJTplvO<; (pap.); CtAa�aCJTpwv [m.] 'alabaster quarry', CtAa�aCJTpWVlT'1<; 'worker in an alabaster quarry' (pap.).

60

.ETYM Sethe Berl.Ak.Sb. 1933: 888f. explained the form as Egyptian: *'a-la-baste 'vase of the goddess Ebiste' ( Bubastis); this is doubtful. Fur.: 32926 uses the -p- as evidence for a substrate word, but it could be analogical. The sequence -st- could be Pre-Greek. ==

aAU�'1" => aAAa�Tj<;. aAu�wv, -6vo" [m., f.] 'charlatan, quack, braggart, boaster' (Arist.). -
==

aAUl6ept" [adj.] XALUPOV, �AL08eP £<; 'warm, warmed in the sun' (H.). -
aAUAa interjection (Pi.), also personified AAUAa. -
•

•

aAUAuy�, -uyyo" [f.] 'gulping, choking' (Nic. Al. 18). -
aAuaTo<;

61

Further CtA�f.LWV 'roving' (Od.), CtATjf.LOaUVTj (Man.). Action nouns: CtATjTU<; 'roving' (Call., Man.), aATjf.Lu· ooo mo p[u 'journey' (H.). CtAaAUy�o � nAavTj 'wandering' (H.) has a strange formation; acc. to Leumann 1950: 211 also CtAUATjTtp (IT 78), but cf. on � CtAUAa. .ETYM CtAaof.LUL is an old intensive verb in -aof.LUL, which can be compared with Latv. aluM 'id.' and PIt. *alain Lat. ambulo 'to walk', U amb-oltu 'must go around'. LIV2 reconstructs a root *h2elh2- for PIE. See � CtA£0f.LUL, � aALO<;, � CtAUW, � �AaaKw.

aAu6" [adj.] 'blind' (11., trag. [lyr.] , A. R.). -
•

aAupu TO TOV 06puLo<; d<; TOV UUAOV T�<; £ltLOOpUT[OO<; £f.LnL1tTOV. � Kapuu IToVTLKa. Ctcp'
•

UAUOLO" [adj.] uncertain mg. (also of related words), see DELG. Perhaps 'insufferable', as an epithet of n£v80<; and axo<;? Perhaps 'accursed' as a vocative (aAU
UAY°C;

62

.ETYM Uncertain. One connects � AaveCtVW, assuming an original meaning 'one who cannot forget or .be forgotten'. Frisk correctly considers it formally impeccable, but hypothetical with regard to the meaning. DELG accepts it. Muller's explanation (Muller in Teeuwen 1929: 649ff., Muller Mnem. 57 (1929): 116ff.), that it is from � ACtW 'to see' with u- from *1]-, zero grade of £V ("invisus, invisor, qui invidendo nocet"), is artificial and formally problematic (*h,n- giving £v-). uAym; [n.] 'pain, grief (11.).
uAoalvw [v.] 'to make grow, strengthen' (A.).
=

aAta 1 [f.] 'warmth', specifically of the sun (Horn.).
Mlr. allas 'sweat', Hitt. allanija-zj 'to sweat, perspire', as well as Lat. adolea 'to burn , (as an offering) . aAta 2 => UAtOf.lUl. uAtyw [v.] 'to care for, mind, heed' (11.), mostly with negation.
uA£lO"ov [n.] 'drinking cup with two handles' (11.), also 'hip socket' (Marsyas apud Ath. 479C).
UAd Lat. adeps), with -u perhaps from *-1'}t, Szemerenyi SMEA 2 (1967): 2364• Thence UA£l
•

•

•

full-grade slot as in *h2eug-: *h2ueg-s-. A connection with Lat. ulclscor 'to avenge' presupposes *h21- > *01- (LIV2 s.v. *h2elk-), and is not likely from the semantic side. UA£Ollul [v.] 'to avoid, shun, flee' (ll.). � IE? *h21eu- 'escape, ward off (?)� .YAR Also UA£U£TaL (Hom.); aor. �A£UaTO (Hom.); act. UA£UW (trag. [lyr.]). .COMP Vf]A£�<; (Hom.) 'inescapable' < */}-h21eu-. .DER Verbal noun UA£U 'avoiding, escape, shelter'; - UA£WP� 'escape, shelter' (ll.), dissimilated from *uA£F-WAf] (Chantraine 1933: 243). Denominative verb UA££LVW = UA£oflaL, from a noun *uA£F-£V-, perhaps an rln-stem (cf. aAwp· UA£WPLUV � 1tOAUWPLUV 'u. or consideration' H.), for which one expects *h21eu-J:, gen. *h21u-en-s. UA£U(£lV· KPU1tT£lV � 1tpO�UAA£lV, KUL dpY£lV, U
66 'Wahrhaftigkeit' (S. E.) and CtAT]9wT�<; 'who always speaks the truth' (Max. Tyr.); adj. CtAT]9wTlK6<; 'truthful, who loves the truth' (Arist.). Enlarged CtAT]9lV6<; (lA) and CtAT]9lK6<; (Ps.-Callisth.). oETYM CtAT]9�<; is a compound with privative Ct-; the second member is either from *A�90<; (Dor. Aii90<;) or A�9T] (Horn.), or from the verb A�9w, Aa9- 'to be hidden, be unknown'. Cf. Luther 1935. &A�C; [adj.] 'thronged, crowded' (Hdt.). - a9po[(ovTm ot I lKeAo [ 'place where Sicilians convene' (H.). Cf. the month name AAlaLo<; (Dreros), to aAta. .ETYM Aeol. � CtOAA�<; has the same meaning as aA�<;. If the formations are identical, both may go back to *a-FaAv�<; or *Ct-F0Av�<;, with copulative a-, Ct- < *Sfll- and *wa/oln- < QIE *-uJ-n-. We may suppose a noun *p:A-VO<; 'crowd, throng', suffIxed like i:9vo<;, afl�vo<; (Chantraine 1933: 420) , which would belong to � e'iAW. The expected full grade may be found in the hapax CteAA�<; (r 13) . Finally, CtAavew<;· , oAoaxepw<;, TapaVTLvol 'completely (Tarant.) (H.) and aFAavew<; (meaning uncertain, Elis) might also be the same word. Cf. � UAl<;, � CtoAA�<;. •

uA8aivw, -0!1«L [v.] 'to cure', med. 'to become whole and sound' (Hp.). -
.ETYM AA9a[vw has often been connected to the root of � avaATo<; (Schwyzer: 703 �), *h2el-, seen in Lat. ala 'to rear', Go. alands 'growing up', etc. (see LIV2 s.v. and also on � CtAOa[vw). However, DELG remarks that the word was originally used for the growth of scar tissue, translating aA9no Xelp with "le bras se guerit". The meaning 'to heal' is not evidently connected with CtA- 'grow, feed'; the glosses systematically give the meaning 'to heal' ete. gepa1tE[a may mean 'medical or surgical treatment'; 9EPflaa[a is less clear (is it a false reading?), and aU�El also deviates semantically (is it for � CtAoa[vw?). The name AA9T]1t/cpo<; is clearly Pre-Greek (cf. the river A'laT]1to<;), and perhaps the mythical name AA9a[a as well (the suffIx -ma, -£la is also known in Pre-Greek words); at any rate, we cannot be sure that the names belong to the verb. An alternative etymology connects it with Skt. rdhnoti 'to succeed, accomplish, thrive' (Rix MSS 27 (1970) : 88 and Mayrhofer EWAia 1: 118 [taken up in LIV2 as *h2eldh-J). uAi�ac;, -aVTOC; [m.] 'corpse, dead person' (PI. Resp. 387C, H.), also of the Styx (S. Fr. 790) and metaph. of wine-vinegar (Hippon.). -
aAI�a [f.] � AEUKT] TO 8£vopov (TWV -wv ms.), MaKE06vE<; 'Populus alba, abele , (Maced.) (H.). -
68 165ff.); we may also compare the Thessalian place name 'OAl(WV. Hatzidakis Glotta 23 (1935): 268ff. assumes a loan in Macedonian from a northern language, supposing that the suffIx is the same as in (>l(Cl,
UAlKUKKCl�O<; [?] plant name, 'Physalis Alkekengi' (Dse., BGU 1 120, 37). � GR� VAR Also -KUKCl�O<;, -KUKCl�OV? Cf. UAlKUKKCl�Cl' 6 mu AWTOU KClpTtO<;. KClL TtOCl<; £100<; 'fruit of various plants; kind of grass' (H.). .ETYM Plant of which the fruit resembles a KUKKCl�O<;; CtAl- would mean 'salt', thus 'salt-cellar'? See Amigues Journal des Savants 1984: 151-154. •

UAlKUPK'l<; .
==

==

UAlVStW [v.] 'to roll', med. 'to roll in the dust; roam' (Ar.). � PG?� VAR Also uA1vow; aor. �Ai
UAlV£lV [v.] (cod. -v£lv} uA£l
pour down' (H.) is now confIrmed by an inscr. from Selinous, see RPh. 69 (1995) 128, 1. 16. � IE *h2lei(H)- 'smear'� .DER Verbal noun UAlV UAl-. One would like to reconstruct *h2li-n-H-, but Lat. litus has short i (cf. the discussion in De Vaan 2008, as well as LIV2 s.v. *h2lejH-, with more forms). Probably the same root as in � uAd
aAl<; [adv.] 'in crowds, enough' (ll.). � IE *uel- 'turn, wind'� .VAR The form YUAl' lKClvov 'suffIcient' (H.) shows initial F-. .ETYM Connected with � £'LAW 'to press', � aA�<;, � UOAA�<;. It could be an old nominative, but the form YUAl rather suggests that the -s is an adverbial marker like in UVl<;, XWP1<; (cf. Skt. bahih). UAl
70

CiAlOfla

.DER UAwm<; 'capture' (Pi.), uAwmfl0<; 'seizable, ete.'; uAwfla = uvaAwfla 'expenses' (Boeot. inscr.), cf. uvaAloKw. The gloss uAwvaK'l' uvaAwfla. XahlOel<; (H.) is probably corrupt. ETYM The initial aspiration may have been taken from a[pELv, EAelV. The aor. ECtAWV is from *�-F<1AWV. UAloKOflat has the suffix -lOK-. A root *uelh3- explains all the forms: the zero grade *ulh3- gives *FAW- before a consonant (e.g. 112pl. aor.) and *FaA- before a vowel (e.g. 3Pl. aor.); contamination then gives *FaAw-. Perhaps it is better to assume a passive aorist with -'l-: *ulh3-eh,- > *FaAw- like *gWih3-eh,- > �lW (defended by Normier KZ 92 (1978): 132ff.; cf. Haroarson 1993a: 208); an objection could be that this form must be terribly old. Cognates are Lat. vella 'to pluck, tear out', Hitt. yalb-zi 'to strike', ToA wiillii�tiir [3sg.pres.] 'to die' (see LIV2 s.v. *yelh3-), and perhaps also Go. wilwan 'to rob, plunder', Arm. golanam 'to steal'. Cf. .. uvaAloKw and .. e'lAwTE<;. •

aAIO!lU [n.] 'water-plantain, Alisma Plantago' (Dsc. 3, 152). � ?� .ETYM The word does not contain " UA<;. See Stromberg 1940: 115. UAl
aAl
UAAC((iOW, -aTtW

71

Cihap [n.] 'defense' (epic, lyr.). Agent noun: UhTqp, -�po<; 'warden, protector' (Hom., Pi.), UhTqplO<; 'curing' (Nonn.) and UhTqplOV [n.] 'medicine' (Nie.) . Also from uh-: uha8w [v.] 'to assist' (A., S. [ace. to gramm.]), cf. ufluva8w; further uha(w [v.] 'to show strength' (EM), �ha(ovTo· � flUVOVTO 'they warded off (H.); thence uhaoflaTa (S.). PNs: Ahflav, -flEWV (-flalwv, cf. Bjorck I950: m), -flqv'l, etc. .ETYM From the same root as " UAE�W, with *h,(e)lk- beside *h,lek-s-. aAK'l 2 [f.] 'elk' (Paus.). � IE? *h,el- 'red, brown'� .ETYM Like Lat. alees, alee (Caesar), Cih'l is a loan from Germanic: ON elgr < PGm. * a13i-, besides which a form PGm. *dlX- with initial stress is supposed, from which alees and Cih'l could be traced. West Germanic forms like OHG elahho, OE eolh presuppose the stem PGm. *elxa(n)-, which arose secondarily. Slavic forms like Ru. los' 'elk' presuppose PIE *olici-, and are compared with ON elgr. The root is connected with a great number of words for animals, e.g. .. eAa
aUa [adv.] 'but, however' (ll.). � IE *h2el-io- 'other'� .DIAL Cypr. alAa. .ETYM The ace.pl. of CiAAO<;, used as an adverb. Cf. MoHG ubrigens, Lat. eeterum, ete. aUa�T)<; [f.] 'Nile fish, Labeo Niloticus' (Str.). � PG?� VAR Also uAa�'l<;. .ETYM From Eg. repi or lepi (Thompson 1947 s.v.). Fur.: 145 etc. connects .. eAAo'l' (with *a realized as e before */l) and UAA01tl'l<;, and concludes that it is a substrate word. The uAAa�'l<; must not be an Egyptian fish. •

aUa<;, -aVTo<; [m.] 'sausage, black pudding' (Hippon.). � ?� .ETYM Unknown. Kretschmer Glotta 1 (1909): 323 compared CiAA'lV' Auxavov. 'haAol, KaL E1tL mu upTuv8EVTO<; 1tEplKOflflaTo<;, E� ov UAAaVT01tWA'l<; (H.), and assumes *uAAa-fEvT-. This would contain an Oscan word; cf. Lat. iilium 'garlic'. But Szemerenyi Gnomon 43 (1971): 653 notes that origin in southern Italy is implausible for a word from Hipponax. aUaoow, -aTTW [v.] 'to change, alter' (Hom.). � GR� VAR Aor. UAAU�at. •

72

UAA�AOUe;, -WV, -Ole;

.DER uAAay� (cf. uAAay�Vm) '(ex)change' (Att.); aAAaYfla 'exchange, price' (Hp., LXX), uAAaYflOe; 'id.' (Man.). aAAa�le; 'exchange, trade' (Arist.), uAAa�lfla (pap., gloss.), scil. Lflana, 'changes of raiment'. uAAaKTlKOe; 'pertaining to exchange' (PI., Arist.), uAAayofjv 'alternating' (Hdn.). Note uAAa�· EVfjAAaYflEVWe; 'exchanged' (H.), ETT - , nap-, ufl
UU�AOUe;, -WV, -Ole; [adj.) 'each other' (Il.). � IE *h2el-io- 'other'� ETYM From repeated aAAOe;, i.e. *aAAo-aAAo-, in which the color of the second initial vowel was restored. Cf. Lat. alius alium, Skt. anyo'nyam. On the single second -A- see Schwyzer: 260. •

aUI�, -lKOe; [f.) 'men's upper garment' (Euph.), = XAaflue; 'a short mantle', also = Eflnopnfjfla 'garment secured by a brooch' (H.). � ?� .ETYM For the glosses (EM, Suid.), see DELG. Origin unknown. The word is supposed to be Thessalian. Lat. alicula also belongs here. uUooanoe; [adj.) 'from another land, foreign' (Il.). � ?� ETYM Derived from aAAOe;; for the formation, see TfjAeoanOe;, navTooanOe;, nooanoe;, �fleoanoe;. It has been explained as uAAoo-anOe;, preserving the old neuter pronominal marker *-d (Lat. aliud); the latter part would be the same as Lat. -inquus < PIE *-nkwo- in longinquus, ete. Meillet BSL 28 (1927-1928): 42ff. expresses doubt: -oanoe; is an unknown suffix. Moreover, suffixes are not added to case forms like the neutral -d. •

aU0!lal [v.) 'to jump, leap' (Il.). � IE *sel- 'jump'� YAR Horn. has an aor. uho, of unknown quantity, which could be an unaugmented Aeolic form (Schwyzer: 751'). .COMP npoaA�e; (Horn.) 'sloping, rushing forward' .DER aAfla 'jump' (Horn.), (lAme; 'jumping' (Hp., Arist.); ah�p (Crates Corn.), in sports, 'weights kept in the hands while jumping'. .ETYM From *hal-je!o-. A yod-present is probably also found in Lat. salio, which could perhaps derive from *sj-je/o- (LIV\ who reconstruct a root *sel-). A root *sal is impossible, as PIE had no phoneme a, but De Vaan suggests a root *sh21- in order to account for the Italo-Celtic reflexes like Olr. saltraid 'to trample' < *sal-tro-. Also related to Skt. asarat [3sg.aor.) 'to run, rush' (Narten MSS 26 (1969): 77ff.), ToB salate [med.pret.) 'jumped'; further forms in LIV2 S.v. 1. *sel-. See � naAAoflal. •

aUoC; [adj.) 'other' (Il.). � IE *h2el-io- 'other'� .DIAL Cypr. alAoe;. COMP uAAonpoaaAAOe; 'unreliable, fickle' from aAAo npoe; aAAov AEyWV, Bechtel 1914; UAA0
=

aAo�, -KOe;

73

.DER Abstract UAAOTfje; [f.) (comm. Arist.); UAAOlOe; 'of another kind, different' (Horn., lA), an adjectival formation in -OlOe; after TOlOe;, nOlOe;, oloe;; thence UAAOlOTfje; 'being different' (Hp., Pl.) and UAAOlWOfje; 'of strange appearance' (Aret., Vett. Val.). Denominative verb UAAOlOW 'to change' (lA), uAAo(wme; 'change, difference' (Pl., Arist.), UAAo(wfla 'id.' (Damox.) and UAAOlWTlKOe; (Arist., Gal.). On � uAAaaaw, see s.v. Several adverbs: aAA08ev, uAAaxn, ete. On � uAAooanOe; and � UAA�AOUe;, see s.v. From an adverb with -TP- (cf. Skt. anya-tra 'elsewhere') comes UAAOTplOe; 'alien, strange, belonging to someone else' (Il.). Thence UAAOTplOTfje; (Pl., Arist.), UAAOLplOW [v.) (lA), whence UAAoTp(wme; (Th., Hell.) . .ETYM aAAOe; < *h2el-io- 'other', like in Lat. alius, Go. aijis, 0Ir. aile, ToB alyek, ToA alak (depalatalized) < *h2el-io-k-, Arm. ayl. Beside *h2el-io-, a similar adjective is reconstructed for I1r. *Hania- > Skt. anya- 'other', etc., but this form is most probably due to contamination of *h2elio- with the comparative *h2entero-. aA.!la [n.) '(sacred) grove' (Lye. 319). � ?� .ETYM The word has the same meaning as � aAaOe;. Is it from the root UA- 'to feed' in � uAoa(vw, etc.? UAoaw 'to thresh'. => UAW� . UA.ofj [f.) 'bitter aloe, Aloe vera' (Dse.). � LW Or.� .ETYM As for � uyaAoxov, an Oriental loanword is suspected (Lewy 1895: 36). aAo�, -KOC; [f.) 'furrow' (trag., corn.). � PG� .YAR Also aDAa� (Hes.), wha [ace.sg.J, -ae; [acc.pl.) (Horn.), Dor. wAa� (EM 625, 37), also in ofl-wAaKee; (A. R. 2, 396). Further eUAaKu 'plough', with Lacon. eUAa�elV [inf.fut.) (Orae. apud Th. 5, 16); aUAaxa· � UVVle; 'plowshare' (H.) and *oAoKee; (cod. oAoKeUe;} aUAaKee; 'furrows' (H.) . DER UAOK(�W [v.) 'to draw furrows, plough' (Ar., Lyc.); aUAaK(�w 'id.' (pap.), verbal noun aUAaKlafloe; (pap.). Rare and late aUAaKO£le; (Max.), aUAaKwOfje; (Eust.), diminutive aUAaKLOv (schol.) . ETYM The exact relation between this cluster of forms has always been unclear. Solmsen 1901: 258ff. explained wha as from *aFoAKa (KaTa wha N 707 for original *KaT' aFoAKa), but it is strange that there are no further traces of this form. The zero grade of *uFoh- would then give *uFAaK-, seen in aDAa�. In laryngealistic terms, a root *h2uelk- has been supposed in Lith. velku, OCS vlekQ, Av. varak- 'to draw'. This is tempting, but cannot be correct. If the Balto-Slavic words are isolated (there is further only Av. varac-), the verb may be non-lE. Moreover, for Balto-Slavic and Iranian we would rather reconstruct *uelkw- with a labiovelar, which is impossible for Greek. Furthermore, there is no trace of the verbal root in Greek, which has EAKW 'to draw' < *selk-. Pisani IF 53 (1935): 29 derived aDAa� from auA6e; and separated it from aAo�, etc., which is improbable. The variants are strongly reminiscent of substrate words, as Beekes 1969: 40 maintained (withdrawn ibid. 275-7). Variation of prothetic el al 01 aul eu, and also that of K and X (auAaxa), are what one often finds in substrate •

•

74 words, so Pre-Greek origin is most probable. The Homeric form is the only one without a vowel between A and K, and therefore it is suspect. If we assume labialized phonemes like /lwI for Pre-Greek, a reconstruction *alwak- can explain all the different variants: aUAa� (by anticipation of the labial feature), which gives (bAa� by contraction; aAo� (coloring of the second vowel by the labialized liquid), OAOK (influence on both vowels; I see no reason not to take the gloss seriously). Cf. .. upaoxu8t:e;, etc. The interchange of initial al E (which gave EUAaK-) is difficult to understand phonetically, but it may be related to plain al E. CtAomJ6VIl [adj.] epithet of Thetis (Y 207), of the Nereids (A. R. 4, 1599), name of a sea goddess (0 404). Mg. unknown. <"!!l IE? *seh2-1- 'salt', *ud-n- 'water', PG?� .DIAL Myc. a2-rQ[ }1;l-do-pi has been interpreted as Ihalos hudo(t)phi/. .ETYM Connected with .. iiAe; and .. uowp as "wave of the sea". The glosses UOVat· £yyOVOl, aUvTpOCPOl 'born inside, raised together with (?)' and uovTje;' Elowe;, £flTt£lpOe; 'knowing, experienced' (H.) may have been extracted from CtAoOUOVTj. The relevance of the Myc. words is unclear; cf. DELG. Since the meaning is not very clear, and the structure aCVC-udn- is typically Pre-Greek, we may doubt the traditional interpretation. Chantraine's KaAuowv, -uova (which is typically Pre-Greek) is an example; cf. KaAuKaOVOe;. Schwyzer: 475, 5 wonders if the nom. was -uova, in which case Pre-Greek origin would be even more probable. UAOX0C; => AEXETaL. aAn:Vl
UAC;, CtAOC; [m.] 'salt' (ll.), very often plur. <"!!l IE *seh2-1- 'salt'� .VAR As fern. (only sg.) a poetical word for the sea (after 9uAaooa, or as a collective?). Since Arist. also iiAae;, -aTOe; [n.] from the acc.pl., see Leumann 1950: 160f. .DIAL Myc. o-pi-a2-ra lopi-halal 'coastal regions' cf. .. £cpaAOe;; a-pi-a2-ro IAmphihalosl, a2-ri-e perhaps Ihalien/, see Perpillou 1973: 61" 161. .COMP UAI-TtAOOe;, -TtOpcpupoe; (for UA- after the i-stems, not locatival with Schwyzer: 476 : 5, 1. On UAl-flup�£le; see fluPOflat. On uAoupyoe; 'who exploits a salt mine' see DELG Supp.

UAUKTOTtEOTj

75

.DER 1. iiAflTj 'seawater, brine' (Od.), whence uAflala 'id.' (Ar., Nic.), CtAflUe; (EAala) 'pickled olive' (corn.), uAflupoe; 'salty, bitter' (Od.), which would stand for *UAUpOe; (Schwyzer: 482: 6); thence uAflupwoTje;, uAflupOTTje; and verbs UAfluPI�w, UAflupow, further uAfluple; [f.] 'brackish soil, salty liquid', cf. TtATjflUple; and UAlflup�£le; (see .. flU po flat); from iiAflTj also uAfl�£le; (A.) and UAflEUW 'to pickle' (Dsc.), whence iiAflwOle;, UAflWT�e;. 2. iiALOe;, (-a), -OV 'of the sea' (epic poet.), UAlUe; [f.] 'fishing boat' (Arist., D. S.). 3 . uAla [f.] 'salt tub' (corn., Hell.). 4. iiAlVOe; 'consisting of salt' (Hdt., Str.). 5. iiAlfloe; 'of the sea' (Trag. Adesp., LXX), iiAlfloV plant name, cf. Stromberg 1940: 97, 114. 6. uAITTje; 'salty, of the sea'. 7. uAI�w 'to salt' (Arist.), UAlOfloe; (Sor.), but not aAlofla 'Alisma plantago' (Dsc.), see Stromberg 1940: 115, which is unexplained. 8. After iiAlOe;, iiAlVOe; and UAl- as a first member for UA-: UAlEUe; 'fisherman' (Od.), UAlEUW [v.] 'to fish' (LXX, NT, PIu.), -EUOflat (also corn.), UAlEUTlKOe; 'belonging to fish(ermen)' (PI., X., Hell.); from UAlEUW: UAlWT�e; 'fisherman' (Cerc.), from CtAlEUe; or UAlEUW: uAl£la 'fishery' (Arist., Str.), from UAlEUW: uAIEufla 'id.' (Str.). 9. UAl-MTje; 'sailor' (S. [lyr.l). 10. uAlapOe; 'salty' (Eust.). 11. CtAUKOe; 'salty' (Hp., Arist.), UAUKOTTje; (Arist.), uAuKle; [f.] 'salt mine' (Str.), CtAUKWOTje; (Hp.; also in Thphr. HP 9, 11, 2 instead of codd. UAlKWOTje;), uAuK£la 'pickling' (Ptol.). 12. From the neuter TO iiAae;, late formations like UAaTlOV (diminutive), UAaTlVOe;, UAaTl�W and UAaTlKOV 'salarium' (gloss.) are derived. ETYM Old word found in most lE languages: Lat. sal, OIr. salann, Arm. ai, Latv. sals, OCS solb 'salt', as well as OCS slan'b 'salted' < *soln'b), ToB salyiye, ToA sale. An enlargement in -d is found in Germanic (Go. salt), Arm. alt, and Balto-Slavic, e.g . Lith. said-us 'sweet', OCS slad'b-h 'id.'. Lith. s6lymas is an important form, since it points to *seh21-, while other languages require *sh2-el. This points to an original paradigm of nom. *seh2-(o)l, acc. sh2-el-m, gen. *sh2-I-os. On possible Sanskrit cognates, see Thieme ZDMG 111 (1961): 94ff. .. UAOaUOVTj. •

aA
=>

9aAuKpOe;.

CtAUKTOTtt61l [f.] 'bond' (Hes., A. R., etc.). <"!!l ?�

aAUOl� ETYM Designation of a shackle. For the formation, we may compare Lo--r07tEOTJ (Od.); see Risch IF 59 (1949): 26. Schulze KZ 28 (1887): 280 connects the first element with Skt. ruj- 'to break', which Risch doubts. The latter assumes the contamination of liAUTO� and UPPTJKTO� (7tEOU� . . . CtpP�KTOU� CtAUTOU� N 36f.) under the influence of CtAUOXW (see on � CtAUW). All of this remains highly uncertain. •

«AV(Jl(; [f.] 'chain', also as a woman's ornament (Hdt.).
«AV(J(JOV [n.] name of a plant (Dsc.).
aAVW [v.] 'to be distraught, be beside oneself, from pain, anguish, etc. (11.).
•

«A
77

CtA
.ETYM From Hebr. 'aleph (see Schwyzer: 140 y and Schwyzer KZ 58 (1931): 177-183) . For the final vowel, cf. ��Ta, from Hebr. beth. See Einarson Class. Phil.62 (1967): 1-24 and 262f. aA
•

=

aA
aA
.DER CtA
•

•

aAw1tIl�' -EKO<; [f.] 'fox' (Archil.). � IE *h,lop- 'fox'� .VAR On the gender see DELG. A shortened form is CtAW1tCt (Ale.), CtAW1tO<; (Hdn.); on its origin see Sommer 1948: 5. Denominative CtAW1teUel' CtVlXVeU£l 'tracks' (H.).

79 .DER Diminutive CtAW1t£KlOV (Ar.); CtAW1tEK£'l, -� 'fox-skin' (Hdt.); CtAW1teKla a disease of the skin (Arist.); also CtAW1teKlaO'l<; (Gal.) in the same meaning; CtAW1teKla<; [m.] 'branded with a fox' (Luc.); CtAW1teKl<; f. = KUVaAW1t'l� (X.), also 'head-gear of fox-skin' (X.) and 'kind of vine' (Plin.), see details in Stromberg 1940: 139; CtAW1teKlOeU<; [m.] 'young fox' (Ar.); CtAW1t£K£lO<; [adj.] (Gal.), CtAW1teKWO'l<; (H., EM). Denominative CtAW1teKl(W [v.] 'to behave like a fox', i.e. 'to be cunning'. .ETYM CtAW1t'l� may correspond to Arm. alues, gen. -esu 'fox'. Cf. further Lith. lape and Latv. lapsa. Schrijver lIES 26 (1998): 421-434 connects it with the Celtic words like W llywarn, etc., which he derives from *lop-erno-, and reconstructs *h2Iop-. The Greek long 0 is explained from an old nom. *h21Op-s. (Skt. lopasa- 'jackal' and MP ropas 'fox' have an original diphthong in the root and cannot be connected; Lat. volpes 'fox', Lith. vilpisys 'wild cat' should also be kept apart; Schrijver starts from a root *ulp-). The inflection CtAW1t'l� -eKO<; is unique in Greek. There is no support for the ' paradigm -ok-s, -ek-os assumed by Rix 1976: 143. In the Armenian form, the e presents difficulties and is probably secondary, the word rather showing old short e; see Clackson 1994: 95. De Vaan III 43 (2000): 279-293, disassociates the suffix from the Indo-Ir. one (as above the words were disassociated) and doubts that Skt. -asa- etc. are of IE origin. He follows Chantraine 1933: 376 in assuming that the Greek (and Armenian) suffIx -ek- was taken from a non-IE language; Greek would have lengthened the vowel in the nominative. But this does not explain the Greek ablaut: one would expect that the long vowel had been introduced everywhere. Rather, the suffIxes are IE, and the long vowel of Sanskrit and the short one of Armenian confirm the Greek ablaut as archaic. See also Blazek Linguistica Baltica 7 (1998): 25-31. «!la [prep., adv.] 'at the same time (with), together (with)' (ll.). � IE *sem- 'one'� .DIAL Dor. u�a, originally instrumental, see Schwyzer: 550. Ct�ei [loc.] (Delphi). U�CtKl<;' u1ta�, Kp�n;<; 'once (Cret.)' (H.); Tarent. U�CtTl<; 'together' (H.). .COMP u�a�'lAl<; plant growing at the same time as the apple tree, 'medlar', = £m�'lAl<;. .DER a�UOl<; (Aeol.) 'together' . .ETYM Probably the zero grade of the root *sem-, *som- in � el<;, � 6�6<;: perhaps from *S1l1h2- (see � 6�o<;). For the �dverbial ending -a, see Schwyzer: 622 : 8; on KCtpTa, Ruijgh 1980: 189ff. See � Ct�Cto�m 2, � u�a�a. u!laSpua => �CtOpua. u!la9o<; [f.] 'sand' (ll.). � EUR� .DER Ct�aeiTl<; [f.] 'living in the sand' (Epich.), of KOYX0<;; also TN (J.); Ct�aew0'l <; 'sandy' (Str.); TNs 'H�ael'l (ll.), A�aeou<; (Cyprus) < *-OFeVT-, cf. ��aeOel<; 'sandy' (Od.). Denominative verb Ct�aeuvw 'to turn into dust, etc.' (epic poet.). .ETYM It is mostly assumed that 'VCt�aeo<; was created from a�aeo<; on the model of 'VCt��o<;, and that a��o<; was secondarily created to 'VCt��o<;. Beekes 2000: 26 finds these assumptions far from convincing, as they depend on the etymology of 'VCt��o<;. a�aeo<; has been connected with MHG sampt, and a pre-form PIE *samJdho- was

80 reconstructed. But DELG already warned that the connection does not guarantee lE origin. Kuiper NOWELE 25 (1995): 67 favors European substrate origin because of the a-vocalism and the varying consonantism. On possible Albanian connections, see <:;:abej 1969: 174£ See � alllloe;, � '\Iullu80e;, � '\Iulllloe;. UIlUlI.l(lK€TO!;, (-'1), -ov [adj.] Homeric epithet of unknown mg. (ll.) . .;! ?� .ETYM Unknown. Connections with IlUKpOe;, llatllUW, lluXOllat should probably all be rejected; see discussion in Tichy 1983: 314f£ One might conceive of a Pre-Greek word, *a-mai-mak-eto- (with prothetic vowel and reduplication). UIlUKPWTL!;

=>

1l0KpWV.

ulluXMvw [v.] 'to destroy, weaken' (ll.). .;! ?� .ETYM One assumes that the verb is a denominative from an otherwise unknown pre-form *ulluXoue;. The first question is whether the word has the same root as � PAu8eIe;. The U- must then have been added after the privative formations (which always express some lack), but this is not very probable; influence of ulluMe; is not very likely either. Connection with IlEA80llat 'to smelt' is not compelling because of the meaning. However, it has a variant ullEA8av, which shows the same problem as in UIlUAOUVW / pAUOUe;, and in this case we are certain of cognate forms with S-, viz. OHG smelzan. Does this point to an old interchange of *h2 m -/ sm-? The question has not yet been solved. lluA8uKOe;, IlUAUKOe;, ulluAoe; and uIlPAue; differ too much to be useful. PAEVVU and IlUA'1 do not belong here. ulluUu [f.] 'sheaf (Soph.). ';! PG?� COMP ulluAA08£T�p 'binder of sheaves' (ll.). DER ulluAA£uW 'to bind sheaves' (EM) and ulluAAe"iov (ulluAALOv) (Call. Com., H., Eust.). .ETYM Considered to be a derivation in -lU from an older I-stem, eventually from the verb � ulluollm 'to gather'. However, if ullUOllat is used primarily for drawing liquids, it can hardly be connected with alluAAu. One might also think of � ulluw 1 'to reap corn'. Words in -AAU may well be Pre-Greek. See � all'1. •

•

UIlUAOYlU [f.] see below (v.l. for 0110- Alciphr. 4, 18, 10) . .;! ?� .VAR = up8'1pmalloe; 'foolery', garrulitas (gloss.); ulluMyoe;· 'bragging'. This is rightly called "sehr hypothetisch" by Frisk. Groselj Ziva Ant. 7 (1957): 40 assumed *uIlUAO-Aoy[u. •

UllaAO!; [adj.] 'weak, soft' (epic poet.), said of young animals and men (ll.). ';! PG?� DER Perhaps here ulluA[A] Ot· u
81 with � unuAOe;, with the Pre-Greek interchange labial / 11. This is possible, but remains uncertain. UIlUIlU�U!;, -UO!; [f.] 'vine trained on two poles' (Epich., Sapph.). ';! PG(v)� .VAR Also gen. -u80e; (Sapph.). Acc. to H. = alln£Aoe; � yEvoe; aTu ullUvLTm. allu�u [f.] 'framework, chassis of a four-wheeled wagon; wagon' (ll.). ';! PG(v)� .COMP allu�lToe; 'practicable for a wagon' (oMe;, Pi.), mostly substantivized [f.] 'carriage-road' (ll.), from IEvm 'to go' and a sufftx -TO- . .ETYM Usually derived from allu and u�- (in � a�wv) with a suffix -lU, e.g. Adrados Emerita 17: 146f. However, the interpretation as 'one-axler' (Meringer KZ 40 (1907): 217ff.) does not fit the allu�u; one would rather expect 'two-axler' (cf. � 8[
Adams KZ 97 (1984): 230-232 (,containing axles'). Finally, Forssman 1966: 8-11 argues that the aspiration is late, which suggests that the word does not contain ulla. Fur.: 221 compares u�aKA�' a.lla�a (Cyr.), i.e. the interchange ullaK-/ u�aK-, from which we must conclude that the etymon is Pre-Greek. Note that Banateanu REIE 3 (1943): 136f. already assumed an Anatolian origin. u,.uio!lCtl [v.] 'to draw (milk), gather' (Od.). � ?� YAR The act. ullaw occurs late only. .COMP In compounds with £rr-, Ka-r-, etc. .DER aWl 'shovel' (Ar.) , 'hod' (inscr.), 'water-bucket, pail' (PIu.; Lat. hama, Cato), 'spade' (Gp.); probably derived from the verb, not the other way around; from here Ctll[e; f. 'chamber-pot' (Hp.). ETYM Mostly connected with aw], but even this seems not quite certain (Schulze 1892: 3653 and Solmsen 1909: 195 separate them). As the basic meaning of the verb and of allfJ are unclear, the etymology is uncertain. It has further been connected with � ullv[oV and � av-rAOe;; a relationship with � allaAAa has also been suggested; all are uncertain. Cf. Bechtel 1914 and Solmsen 1909: 180ff. Originally, the meaning was no doubt quite specific, so the verb should not be connected with � ulla. Connection with Skt. amatra- [n.] 'vase' is also quite uncertain (the treatment of Mayrhofer EWAia is unsatisfactory; words for vases mostly have no etymology). One has connected it with Lith. semti, 1Sg. semiit 'to scoop, ladle', samtis 'ladle' < *semH-, to which perhaps belongs Lat. sentfna 'bilge-water' (see � av-rAOe;). See � ullaw. •

•

u!lapa [f.] 'trench, channel' (ll.). � ?� YAR Ctll-? (Frisk); Ion. ullapfJ. Cf. ullapwlla· Ctepo[alla-ra �op�opou 'collection of filth' (H.) and � £v -roie; K�rrOle; u8popofJ rrapu -ro ulla Ka[ taWe; Kat 0llaAwe; pEiv, � ' oLov CtllapofJ -rle; ouaa 'irrigation in gardens ( . . . ) (H.). .ETYM The second gloss from Hesychius is a typical example of folk etymology. Formerly connected with OL-, £�-allav in the meaning 'to dig out', and with allfJ 'shovel' (Schulze 1892: 365f., Solmsen 1909: 194ff.), which is improbable. Others considered a relationship with Hitt. amijar(a)- 'canal': see Puhvel HED S.v. But note that the words only have initial am- in common. The word could belong to the Greek-Anatolian substrate. A third option is a connection with Alb. ami! 'river-bed, source' and river names like Amantia, Amana, Amara, etc.; see Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforseh. 4 (1953): 52f. and Kuiper NOWELE 25 (1995): 73-5. This comparison is formally better than tlIat with Hittite. See � ullapta. •

,

U!lUPUKOV [n.] 'Origanum Majorana, marjoram' (Pherecr.). � PG?� .YAR Also -ap-, -oe; [m.] . .ETYM The long a in Ionic-Attic points to recent origin; cf. u�apu· 6ptyavov <-ro £v> MaK£80v[q. (H.). If this is accepted, the variation �/Il points to a Pre-Greek substrate word, which is probable anyhow. Connection with Skt. maruva(ka)- 'id.' must be wrong. See Fur.: 21Of., who further compares �apoe;/v 'a kind of spice'. From Greek comes Lat. amaraeum, -us, MLat. maioraeus, maiorana, whence the modern forms.

u!lapdv [v.] . UKoAoueEiv, rre[ewem, Ctllap-rav£lv 'to follow, believe, miss the mark' (H.). � GR, IE *sm- 'one' and *h2er- 'join'� .ETYM The last explanation of the gloss can hardly be reconciled with the first, so they should be separated. One may compare AllapLOe;, epithet of Zeus and Athena in Achaia (Aymard 1938: 455-470); the word might mean 'who brings together' (cf. 'OllayupLOe;). Further comparison with � Ctllap-r�, � ollap-r£w and � ollfJpoe;. U!laplu [?] . 0llou, rrapaywywe; 'together, by a slight change' (H.). � ?� .ETYM Not understandable. One would think that the meaning belongs to another gloss, as ullapta can hardly be an adverb. U!lUPTUVW [v.] 'to miss the mark, fail' (ll.). � IE *h2mert- 'miss, fail'� .YAR Aor. Ctllap-rEiv . .DIAL Aeol. �1l�POLOV (Hom.). .COMP vfJll£p-r�e;, vUIl- (Hom.) 'infallible, unmistakable', Dor. vUIl£p-r£la (S.). Younger uvallap-rfJ-roe; 'without fault'. .DER Ctllap-rta 'fault' (Att.); Ctllapnov (A.), Ctllap-rae; (Ion. and late), Ctllap-rfJlla (Att., Hell.) , Ctllap-rwA� (Thgn.), Ctllap-rwAta (Hp., com.); secondary Ctllap-rwA6e; 'sinner' (Arist., Hell.), whence Ctllap-rwA6e; 'erroneous, erring' (Arist.). .ETYM vfJll£p-r�e; presupposes *1'}-h2mert-, and seems old because of the full grade root (cf. uvallap-rfJ-roe;). Probably, the -ap- in Ctllap-ravw replaces -pa- after the full grade (note that Aeolic has ull[�] po-r-). The aspiration must be analogical. The word has no known cognates, but the reconstructed root looks perfectly lE. Cf. Ruijgh Lingua 25 (1970): 308f. U!lUPTtl [adv.] 'at the same time, together' (ll.). � IE *sm-h2er-t-, GR� .YAR -� in Aristarchus; elsewhere -�, -ft, but probably wrongly. .DER Ctllap-r�8fJv (sch. 162, H.), which is also a probable reading of N 584 0llap-r�8fJv (WackernageI 1916: 70). .ETYM Old instrumental (in *-eh, > -�, which also explains the accent) of a verbal adjective *ullap-roe; 'joined together, meeting' (ulla and upaptaKw). Also from here probably comes Ctllap-r£w 'to meet, get together', which is mostly written � o llap-r£w (ll.). See also � 0llfJpoe;. U!lUPU
=

UflaTa [n.pl.] ? disputed; hapax in SIC 421 A 5 and 26 (lIP). CtflCtoflm. dfl�T) => afl�wv, afl�l�, -iKOC; [m.] 'spouted vessel' (Ath. ll, 480d), also 'alembic' (Zos. Alch.).
ufl�AaKio"Kw => Ctfl1tAaK[oxw and Ctfl�AlaKw.

85 Ufl�Aio"KW [v.] 'to cause to miscarry' (S.). �poT6e;.

, dfl�WV' -WVOC; [m.] 'rim or edge of a cup (especially one that curves inwards) (A.).
uflt6uO"TOC;, -ov [adj.] 'not drunken, not intoxicating' (PIu., Dse.); substantivized 'remedy against drunkenness' (PIu.), also as the name of a plant, see Stromberg 1940: 91; 'amethyst' (LXX).
86

cq..l£IVWV

.DER UflOL�� 'change, exchange, requital, recompense, answer, etc.', UflOL�uioc; 'abwechselnd' (Pi., Emp., Hdt.), uflol�a8LOC; 'id.' (Opp.); UflOL�lfluiov 'payment, reward' (IGRam., Lydia). UflOl�£UC; name of Poseidon in Lye. 617. Adverbs: UflOL�'l81C;, (bt)UflOL�u81c; (Horn.), cf. Schwyzer 631. Late denominative uflOL�a(w [v.] 'to swap' (Men. Prot.). Ufl£l'\llC; (Plb., LXX) '(ex)change, etc.', UflWtTlKOC;. UflOl�OC; 'one who exchanges' (ll.), also adjective 'in requital' (S.), frequent as a second member. .ETYM No exact correspondence. It has been compared to Lat. migrare 'to wander' as if from *migros 'changing (place)'. The -�- probably goes back to *gW, as *b is rare in PIE. Therefore, the root was *h2meigW-, which may be an extension of *h2mei- 'to change' (as in Skt. mayate and Lat. cam-munis), but an enlargement _gW_ is rare. Ctfl£lVWV [adj.] 'better, stronger, more advantageous' (ll.).
Ctfl£lPW [v.] 'to bereave' (Pi.).
UflEAYW [v.] 'milk' (ll.).
frfl£vcu [v.] 'to satiate, take one's fill'. =- a
.DER uflOPY'l 'watery part which runs out when olives are pressed' (Hp.), borrowed as Lat. amurca, amurga; also ufloPY'lC;, ufloPYoC;, UflOPYlC;. Agent noun ufloPyol' 1tOA£WC; oA£0pOL 'destructions of a city' (Cratin.). ufloPY£uC; 'squeezer of olive oil' (Poll.), ufloPWu
CtflEP�W [v.] 'to deprive of (ll.).
uflEaw WflO1tACtTaL 'shoulder blades' (H.).
Ctfl£uaua6cu [v.] 'to surpass, go beyond' (Pi., Euph.), also 'to trade, exchange' in Cret., cf. Bechtel 1921, 2: 778.
"fl'1

=-

uflaoflaL.

, Ctfl�Kwa [adj.] . 8£lVa. TUPUVTIVOL 'fearful (Tarantian) (H.).
88 DER Diminutive uflllTlaKoc; 'kind of cake' (corn.). .ETYM Unknown. It has been compared to ... aflLEla. The latter word has a reduplicated variant uflaflLEluoec;, typical of substrate words, but it need not be cognate with uflllC;. •

uflLa [f.] 'kind of tunny which swims up rivers', perhaps 'bonito' (Sotad. Corn.).
afll6a [f.] . eOwfla TIOlOV, Kat upTufla wC; AvaKpewv 'kind of meat, condiment' (H.); for Anacr. see 467 Page.
ufllUa [f.] 'contest' (Pi.).
ufllx6aAOEO'Oa [adj.] 'rich in almonds', epithet of Lemnos (0 753).
UflOlva *aflfll� . auYKoflLaToC; UpTOC;, TapavTlvOl 'bread of unbolted meal (Tarantian)' (H.) .
UflVLOV [n.] 'patera, vase to receive the blood of a sacrifice' (y 444); see Brommer Herm. 77 (1942): 357 and 364.
uflo- 'some, someone, somebody', indefinite pronominal stem in ouoafloc;, ete.
aflOlva [?] unknown (only IG 5(2), . 4: 22).
90

Uf-lOlOC;

, aflOLOC; [adj.] . KaKOC;. �lKEAOL 'bad (Sicilian) (H.). � PG (v) � .VAR f-loloC;· OKUSPW1tOC; 'sullen, sad' (H.), see on � Of-lOlOC; OKUSPW1tOC; (Hdn. Gr. I, lO9), of-loloC; (Theognost.), of-lUOC; (H.). .ETYM Given the plausible connection with � 0f-lOlOC; (see above and s.v.), the initial displays a number of variations, which are typical for Pre-Greek (Fur.: 368). Not related to � f-lOLTOC; (s.v.; pace von Blumenthal 1930: 15f.). =

uflOAY0C; [m.] 'darkness'. Only (EV) VUKTOC; Uf-lOAYq, (A 173, 0 324, X 28 and 317, 0 841). � ?� .VAR Of-lOAyq,· �oCP4J 'in darkness' (H.), where the ms. has Of-lOAOYW. As an adjective (which is probably a secondary, learned development) in E. fr. 104: Uf-lOAYOV VUKTa· EupmLOT]C; AAKf-l�Vn �OCPEpaV KaL OKOTElV�V 'dark'. ot Of f-l£pOC; T�C; VUKTOC; KaS' 0 Uf-l£Ayoumv 'part of the night during which they milk' (H.). DER o.f-loAyaloc; in f-lu�a o.f-loAyaLT] 'barley-cake made with milk' (Hes. Op. 590), see below; o.f-loAyalov f-laoTov uvaoxof-lEvOC; 'who held up a breast full of milk' (AP 7, 657, Leon.). o.f-l0AyU�El· f-lEOT]f-l�PL�El 'passes the noon' (H.). .ETYM The meaning had already been lost in antiquity. If a verbal noun of o.f-l£AYW, o.f-lOAYOC;, it means 'the milking' (and the oxytonesis has to be secondary). The expression f-lu�a o.f-loAyaLT] in Hesiod is interpreted by Proclus and in EM s.v. f-lu�a as o.Kf-laLa 'at its height, in full bloom': TO yap o.f-lOAYOV E1tL TOU o.Kf-laLou TLSnat. Thus also Eustathius on 0 324: AXatOL Of KaLa LOVC; yAwoooypucpouC; o.f-lOAYOV T�V o.Kf-l�V cpam. However, this meaning may have been derived from the text (see Leumann 1950: 274). Nilsson 1920: 35f. took it as the time of milking at the beginning of the night. DELG judges this interpretation to be more probable than that of 'fullness'. Older literature is mentioned in DELG and Frisk; see also BoIling AmJPh. 78 (1958): 165-172; Szemerenyi Gnomon 43 (1971): 654. Parvulescu Glotta 63 (1985): 152-158 argues that vuKroc; o.f-lOAYq, indicates the evening twilight, and adduces parallels from other languages for an original meaning 'night milking'. Still, if Of-lOAOYW points to *Of-lOAYOC;, the alternation 0.-/0- could point to a substrate word. •

uflopa [f.] 'sweet cake' (Philet.). � ?� VAR o.f-lopa· oEf-lLOaAlC; ECPS� aUv f-l£AlLl 'fine wheat flour boiled with honey' (H.). .DER o.f-lOpLTT]C; UpTOC; (LXX), also written o.f-l0p�LTT]C; (Ath.) and o.f-lopyLTac;· 1tAaKOUVTac; 'flat cakes' (H.), both = o.f-loPFL-rT]C;, with a suffIx -ITT]C;. ETYM From original *o.f-loPFa. Etymology unknown; perhaps Pre-Greek *(a)marW-a? •

•

uflOP�oC; [m., f.] 'follower, shepherd' (CalL). � ?� DER Adjective o.f-l0p�aloc;, said of XapacSpat 'gravel' (Nic. Th. 28, 489), mg. unclear; scholiasts render it with 1tOlf-lEvlKaL 'of herdsmen' or OKOTElVWOElC; 'dark' (which may be mere guesses); cf. EM 85, 20: o.f-l0P��C; KaL o.f-lop�£C;· OT]f-laLVEl TO f-lEOOVUKTlOV 1tapa T�V opCPVT]V . . . aT]f-laLVEl KaL TOV o.KOAOUSOV 'the time of midnight; companion'. Denominative verbs o.f-l0P�£w (Antim.) and o.f-l0p�EUW (Nic.) 'to accompany'. o.f-l0p�LTT]C; belongs to � o.f-lopa. .ETYM Unknown. Improbable analysis by Pisani RlLomb. 77 (1943-44): 541. •

uflOPY'l =o.f-l£PYw.

91 UflOPYlC; [f.] kind of dress (Cratin.fr. 96). � PG� .VAR Aaf-lm�pEC; o.f-lopyOUC; (Emp. fr. 84), perhaps lanterns clothed in muslin (cf. Lat. lintea lanterna, PL Baeeh. 446). .DER Unclear o.f-lOPYLC;, -LOOC; [f.] 'stalks of mallow, Malva silvestris' (Ar.); perhaps named after the island Amorgos (Taillardat RPh. 33 (1959): 66; cf. also Taillardat REGr. 64 (1951): llff.). Adjective o.f-lOPYlVOC; epithet of XlTWV and other garments (com., Aeschin.), cf. o.f-lopYEla· Xpwf-laLOC; ilooc;, o.1tO v�oou Af-lOPYOUVTOC; 'kind of color, after the island of Amorgos' (Suid.). .ETYM The name of the island may have been used to designate clothes, cf. MoE jersey, jeans, etc. Cf. Taillardat 1962: section 262. aflOTOV [adv.] 'incessantly, without pause' (ll.), especially in the phrase Uf-lOLOV f-lEf-lawc;. � IE *meh3- 'get tired'� .VAR Thence the adj. Uf-lOLOC; (Theoc.) . .ETYM Uncertain, as the exact meaning is unknown. Seiler KZ 75 (1957): 17-20 assumes zero grade of EV + zero grade of f-lEV-, like in Ef-lf-lEf-lawc;; yet a zero grade of EV is uncertain. Forssman 1986: 329-339 explains it as *1}-m1}-tom mem1}Yos as 'Unerstrebtes/-bares erstrebend', with Greek and Sanskrit parallels. This is tempting, but for the oldest formula with Eris (twice at verse end), the proposed meaning does not fit. There, it clearly means 'incessantly, indefatigable', which rather suggests a connection with *meh3-, as seen in � f-lWAOC;, OHG muojan 'to tire', muodi 'tired', Go. af-mauips 'id.' < *mo-etos), Ru. majat', ISg. maju 'to wear out' (LIV2 s.v. *meh3-). afl1tEAOC; [f.] 'grape-vine, Vitis vinifera' (ll.). � PG?� .DER Diminutives: o.f-l1t£AlOV (Ar., Hp.), o.f-l1tEALC; (Ar.), also a bird name = o.f-l1tEALWV, see below. Adjectives: o.f-l1tEAOElC; 'rich in vines' (ll.); o.f-l1t£AlVOC; 'of the vine' (Hdt., Arist., Plb.), o.f-l1tEAlKOC; 'id.' (HelL), o.f-l1t£AlOC; 'id.' (Ph., Ach. Tat.), o.f-l1tEAWOT]C; 'rich in vines' (PolL, H.). o.f-l1tEALTlC; (y�, X£pOOC;) 'viniculture' (pap.), o.f-l1tEAlLlKOC; (pap.). o.f-l1tEAWV [m.] 'vineyard' (Aeschin. 2, 156 [v.l.] , Hell.); o.f-l1tEAEWV (Theoc., AP), diminutive o.f-l1tEAWVLOLOV (pap�); o.f-l1tEAEla 'id.' (inscr. Cherson.), after cpuTELa. o.f-l1tEALWV [m.] name of an unknown bird (Dionys. Av.), see Thompson 1895 s.v. .ETYM Cannot be explained in lE terms, and generally considered to be a substrate word (although there are no further indications for thiS). Ufl1tAaKlaKw [v.] 'to miss, fail; to be bereft of; to transgress' (ArchiL). � PG (v) � .VAR Also o.f-l�AaKLoKw; late and rare present to the aor. �f-l1tAaKOV (also �f-l�-) pass. ' perf. �f-l1tAaKT]f-lat. Note o.1tAaKWV (E. Ale. 242, lA 124) and o.va1tAaKT]ToC; (S. OT 472) . .DIAL Does not occur in Attic. DER o.f-l1tAaKLa 'fault' (Hp.) with o.f-l1tAaKlWTlC; f. tEpa VOOOC; (Poet. de herb.). Further o.f-l1tAaKlOV (Pi. P. 11, 26) and o.f-l1tAaKT]f-la (poet., late prose). .ETYM Compared with � Uf-l�ALOKW, which DELG rejects for both formal and semantic reasons. are typical for substrate words (see Fur.: 281f.). Blanc 1994: 79-85 connects it with � 1tAU�0f-lal. As Van Beek suggests to me (p.c.), this is quite attractive, provided that 1tAa�0f-lat (which has no convincing etymology) is a substrate word. The group would then display a prothetic vowel (which is otherwise •

=

92

cqurpov

rare in verbal forms!), prenasalization, and interchange �I TI (if we include clf.l�AlaKw), and we could reconstruct a Pre-Greek verbal root *(a)mpla"k-. UflTIp6v [n.] 'rope for drawing loads' (inscr. V-Iva). � ?� VAR Accentuation after Et. Gen., H. .DER Cq.mpEUW [v.] 'to draw along, drag' (E. apud Phot., Call.); £�-aIlTIpEuw (Ar. Lys. 289), whence a retrograde derivative £�aIlTIpov 'team of oxen' (gloss.); auv-aIlTIPEUW (Arist.). UIlTIp£UT�e; ovoe; (S. apud Phot.). ETYM Technical term of unknown origin. •

•

UflTIU�, -UKOC; [f., m.] 'women's diadem; horse's bit; rim of a wheel' (ll.). � PG� .DIAL Myc. a-pu-ke lampukeil in a context of horses' harnesses, a-na-pu-ke lan ampukesl of �vlm, a-pu-ko-wo-ko lampuk(0)-worgos/ . COMP xpUa-uIlTIu� 'with a golden bit' (ll.). .DER aIlTIuKT�pEe; (A.), all1ruKT�pLa and a!l1cuKwllaTa (S.) are poetic enlargements. Denominative allTIuKu�W [v.] 'to tie up with a headband' (AP, EM). ETYM Formerly considered to be a root noun TIU� prefixed with allava-, belonging to TIUKa 'solidly', TIUKVOe;, etc., and cognate with Av. pusii 'diadem' < lE *pukeh2- (Liden 1932: 148ff.); this is seconded by Benveniste BSL 34 (1933): 41, who adduced further forms and borrowings from Iranian. However, Szemerenyi Gnomon 43 (1971): 655 points out that ava- would not fit the meaning, as *allcpL-TIuK- would be expected. As this form could hardly give aIlTIuK-, the etymology is doubtful. The notion 'thick, solid' does not seem to fit the objects in question. Szemerenyi also doubts the connection with Iranian. A word for such objects is easily borrowed. If we analyze the word as *amp-uk-, it contains a typical substrate suffix (Beekes 2003: 12-15). •

•

=

UflTIWTLC; [f.] 'ebb' (Hp.). � GR� .DER aIlTIWTI�W 'to ebb' (Ph., Eust.). .ETYM Variant of avuTIWTLe; (Pi.), a fern. agent noun of avaTIlvw; UIlTIWTLe; (8uAaaaa) resorbens unda (Hor.). See Schulze KZ 56 (1929): 287, Schulze KZ 57 (1930): 275, as well as Fraenkel 191O: 116; but see also the critical notes in DELG. =

ufluyMATJ [f.] 'almond' (Hp.). � PG(v) � .VAR alluyoaAov [n.] , alluyoaAoe; [f.] (Luc.). Also alluaYEAa, -uAa (Cyrene). DER alluyoaAle; [f.] alluyoaAll (Philox., PIu.), diminutive alluyoaALOv (Hp.). Adjectives: ulluyoaALvoe; 'made of almond' (X., Thphr.), alluyoaALOe; 'almond shaped' (pap.), alluyoaAo£Le; 'id.' (Nic.), alluyoaAwolle; 'id.' (Thphr.). alluyoaAEa, -� 'almond tree' (Eup., Hp., Arist., Thphr.), alluyoaALTlle; 'spurge' (Dsc., Plin.). .ETYM A typical substrate word (note -yo-, which interchanges with -ay-), which is confirmed by the identification with � aIlLx8aA6waa; on the variation see Pre-Greek. Fur.: 140 further compares � lluKllpOe; and Hitt. mitgaimi- 'sweet bread', Luw. mitgaimi- 'sweet(ened)'. Borrowed into Lat. as amygdala; also amiddula, amyndala, amandula, whence OHG mandala. •

=

uflulSp6c; [adj.] 'dim, faint, obscure' (Archil.). � ?� VAR allu86.vm· Kpu'\Im 'hide, cover' (H.). •

1

1

93

allue;, -uooe;

.DER alluop�£Le; 'id.' (Nic.); alluopoTlle; 'darkness, weakness, etc.' (Ph., Gal., Plot.). Denominative alluopoollm 'become dark', -OW 'to make dark' (Ph., comm. Arist.); thence alluOpWaLe; (comm. Arist.). .ETYM Unknown. allaupoe; is close in meaning and form, but the two cannot be combined in Indo-European terms. Influence of cpmopoe; has been proposed, but such contaminations are often rather gratuitous. In principle, alluo- may continue a root *h2mud-. The Slavic root *m'bd- 'weakness etc.' cannot continue *mud- in view of Winter's Law (so it is from *mudh-) •

ufluKaptC;

=>

lluKll.

UflUAOC; [m.] 'cake of fine meal' (Ar.). � GR?� .VAR UlluAOV [n.] 'starch' (Dsc.). .DER Diminutive alluALOv 1 [n.] 'cake' (PIu.), whence alluAiiTov 'id.' (sch. Ar. Pax 1195); allUALOV 2 'starch' (Hp., Arist.), whence alluALowTov 'kind of (starched) chiton' (Hermipp.). For the formation cf. CtAUaLOWTOe;, X£LpLOWTOe; (Chantraine 1933: 305) . .ETYM Starch is made from unground grain, which suggests that ulluAoe; derives from lluAll (cf. ulluAov, aTEppOV, UKAaaTOV 'firm, unbroken' EM) with privative a-. However, given the form, we expect a basic meaning 'having no mill', not 'unground', which casts some doubts on the etymology. Lat. LW amulum > MoFr.

amidon.

UflUflWV [adj.] 'noble, excellent' (ll.), never of gods. � IE *h2meu-� VAR ullulloe;. aya8oe;, allwllllToe;, UIlEIlTITOe; Kat allullwv 'good, blameless' (H.). .ETYM Traditionally connected with llullap' aIaxoe;, cpo�oe;, '\Ioyoe; 'shame, fear, blame' (H.) and llullapl�£L' yEAOLu�EL 'jests', which is taken to be Aeolic for Ilwllap, � Ilwlloe; 'blame'. allullwv would then originally mean 'without blame', and relate to llullap as aTIElpwv to TIELpap. However, Heubeck Glotta 65 (1987): 37-44 proposed a derivation from allu- < *h2mu- in allEuaaa8m 'to surpass', i.e. 'who surpasses others' (with metrically lengthened u in the sequence of three shorts). This seems to be an improvement. The root (Pok. 743) would mean 'to bend the motion, (re)move', found in Lat. moveo and in alluvw 'to ward off, but this is not entirely convincing. •

uIluVW [v.] 'to ward off, defend, help' (ll.). � ?� .VAR Pret. �lluva80v (impf. or aor.? See Schwyzer: 703) . .DER alluvTwp 'warden, defender' (ll.), also as a PN; alluvT�pEe; 'brow tines of a stag's antlers' (Arist.); alluvT�pLoe; 'fit for warding off (Pl., Hell.), alluvT�pLov (PI., Hell.); alluvTLKOe; 'id.' (Pl., Arist.). alluvTpov (A. apud Phot.), not glossed. alluVTlle; 'defender' (Phot., Hdn.), also PN, cf. KllP-alluvTlle; (Lyc.); alluvlae; 'id.' (Ar. Eq. 570). ulluva 'defense, revenge', etc. (Theopomp. Corn.); retrograde formation, see Schwyzer: 475, Chantraine 1933: 101. XELIl-ulluva XAaLva TIaxcia (A. fr. and S.fr.). .ETYM If the nasal is originally a present marker, as in KAlvw, TIAUVW, we have a root allu-, which may be found in � allEuaaa8m 'to excel, transcend', but the semantics are not quite clear. So a thematicized nasal present * allu-vF w? =

-

'

ufluC;, -ulSoC; [f.] 'freshwater turtle', XEAWVll ALllvala (Archig. apud Gal.). � PG(v) � .VAR Also £Ilue; (Arist. HA 588a 8, H.) .

94 .ETYM Considered to be a contamination of Eflu,; 'id.' and CtfllU 'tunny' by Stromberg 1943: 81, but this is improbable. The form with E- rather shows a substrate origin; see Fur.: 347. Perhaps found in � n�Auflu,;? CtflUOOW [v.] 'to scratch, tear, lacerate' (11.). � PG (V) � .VAR CtflUOXWeUL. TO �E£lV Ta.; oapKU'; ToT.; OVU�lV 'the laceration of the flesh with claws' (H.).; CtflUX� 'rent, wound' . DER 1. CtflUX� 'rent, wound' (Hp.), CtflUXlUTo.; mg. uncertain (PI. Ax. 366a) and CtflUxw8'l'; 'cracked' (Hp., Thphr.), CtfluX'lMv 'superficially, lightly' (EM); 2. CtflUXflo,; 'id.' (Theoe.), CtfluYflo,; (conj. in A. Ch. 24); 3. ufluYflu 'rending' (S., E.); 4· UflU�l'; 'scratching' (Orph., Ach. Tat.). Adverb CtflU� (Efl £- before ul l [34633] seems doubtful to me). The form CtflUOX- shows a typical Pre-Greek variation (insertion of -0- before stop). •

•

UflUOTi =>fluw. ufluoXp0<; [adj.] 'immaculate, pure' (Parth.). � PG (v) � VAR Also CtflUXpo,; (S. apud Phot., Suid.) and CtflUXvo,;, Ctfluyvo,;, CtflUOKUpO'; (Suid.); uflouxu, KUeUp£Uouou. AaKwvE'; 'clean or pure (Lacon.)' (H.). CtflUOX�VUL' KueiipUL, UYV10UL 'to cleanse' (H.) . ETYM The variations KI yl X and crI zero suggest a Pre-Greek origin (Fur.: 299); perhaps also oKI �, if Furnee is right in connecting CtflU�uvo,;· CtVOOlO'; 'impure' (H.), with privative u- (cf. Fur.: 393). Also related is flUOKO';' flluoflu, K�80.; 'defilement, care' (H.). Not related to Ctnofluoow (see � fluoooflUL and flu�u), See � fluoo,;. •

•

UfluW =>�fluw, UflUUX�V. Ufl
•

95 instrumental *h2nt-bhi. Further forms: Alb. mbi 'at', W ambi-, OIr. imb-, OHG umbi 'around', Skt. abhi, OAv. aibz 'towards'. Grassmann's dissimilation law gave Ctfln- in Ctfln-EXw etc. The word is important in historical phonology, because it shows iliat a zero grade *h2n- (cf. the OHG and IIr. forms) gives CtV- in Greek (so-called Lex Rix). uflyu'l';. CtflCtfl
•

UflAa
ufl
Afl
A!1
•

Ct!1
a!1w!10v [n.] an Indian spice-plant, 'Amomum subulatum' (Hp.) . .;! LW India� DER Ctflwf.de; [f.] 'false Amomum' (Dse.), from Armenia; CtflWflLL'le; Al�aVOe; (Dsc.) . ETYM An Oriental loanword; cf. � KLvvuflwflov. See Andre 1956 s.v. amomum and E. Masson 1967: 503. , Ct!1wauc; [v.] · KpEfluam;, Tapav-rlvOL 'hung up (Tarantian) (H.). ';! GR?� .ETYM Immisch Leipz. Stud. 8 (1885): 276 thinks this is an allegro-form of CtvEflwaa<;. Latte suggests aflflwaae; from *uflflow, which would be a denominative from aflfla 'something tied'. Possible, but hypothetical. •

•

u!1woY£TIWC; 'in some way'. .ETYM From aflwe; yE TIWe;. See � uflo-. a!1w-rov

=

Kua-ruv£Lov. =>flo-ru.

av [pcl.] modal particle (lA, Arc.) . .;! ?�

97 .ETYM The identifIcation with the questioning particle Lat. an, Go. an (see Lee AmJPh. 88 (1967): 45ff.) becomes superfluous because of the ingenious connection with KE(V), which derives from *ken. We have to assume that *OV Kav < *Hoju kt;J was analyzed as OVK ay; see Forbes Glotta 37 (1958): 179-182. CtVU [prep.] 'up along' (11.) . .;! IE *h2en- 'up, on high'� .VAR With elision and apocope (iv, CtV; adverbial (iva. DIAL Mye. a-na-ke-e /an-agehen/ [inf.]; perhaps /ano-/, in a-no-qa-si-a /ano-gWasia/ 'expedition (?)', etc. Lesb., Thess., Arc. and Cypr. have ov, giving vv- in Are. and Cypr., cf. Ruijgh Lingua 25 (1970): 309. .DER Adverb (ivw, whence (iVW8EV, CtVW-rEpW, Ctvw-ru-rw; on -w see Schwyzer: 550. .ETYM On the use of Ctvu, see DELG. It is an old adverb, also found in Iranian and Germanic: Av. ana, OP anii 'upwards, along'; Go. ana, OHG an(a), OE on 'on, at' . Perhaps also in Lat. an-hcliire, an-testiirf , Arm. am-barnam 'to raise', ete. It is doubtful that Skt. anu 'along' derives from *h,enu. •

avuyuAAlC;, -l�OC; =>uyanle;. avuYKIl [f.] 'force, necessity' (11.) . .;! ?� .VAR CtvaYKa1'l (11.) cf. Schwyzer: 469 .DER CtVaYKalOe; 'constrained, forced', also 'related by kinship' (since 11.), whence CtVaYKaLO-r'le; [f.] 'kinship' (Att., Hell.), also 'necessity' (S. E.); CtvaYKaLW0'le; 'indispensable' (CtVaYKaLWOEa-rEpa sch.). Denominative verb: CtVaYKu
avuyupoC; [m.] 'stinking bean-trefoil, Anagyris foetida' (Ar.) .;! ?� .VAR -Le; [m.] , also ovoyupoe; (Nic.), where folk etymology after ovoe; (Stromberg 1940: 155) is improbable, as Ctva- is very common in Greek. .DER Thence the Attic deme Avayupoue; (Ar., Pl.) . ETYM Unknown. The form with ovo- might point to a substrate word, as a/ 0 is frequent in such words. Amigues RPh. 73 (1999): 147-154 starts . from MLat. faba in versa 'inverted bean' and connects it with yupoe; (CEG 6). •

aVUlVO!1Ul =>alvoe;.

avmaq.tow aVUUJLI-UJW =>uIau. aVUKapSlOV =>Kapouflov. aVUKW<; [adv.] 'attentively, heedfully' (Hdt.).
avuKwXIl =>avoKwx�· aVUAEl [v.] . aX0AO.�EL, TUPUVTIVOL 'is at leisure (Tarantian)' (H.).
•

•

avuATO<; [adj.] 'insatiable' (Od.).
Civuupo<; that the forms without Lingua 25 (1970): 309ff.

+

99

are younger, but see e.g. Ruijgh 1957: 112 and Ruijgh

avu�uplS£<; [f.] 'long, wide trousers', worn by the Persians and other eastern peoples (Hdt.). vT]p1TT]<;. avupplxaof.Lul [v.] 'to climb with hands and feet' (Ar.).
avuoTlSWVO<; [adj.] . avuTETUfl£vo<; 'lifted up' (H.). aUpw. avunl =>aaw. avuupo<; [m.] 'torrent' (Mosch.); also a river name in Thessaly (Hes. Se. 477) and Acarnania.
100

Ctvoavw

4 (1953): 49 and 115). Having thus been etymologized, the second element was further compared with Skt. var(i) and the Gm. group of ON aurr [m.] 'whet, water' (Pok. 80f.), but since that root contains no initial laryngeal, it could never yield Gr. au-. No doubt, the word is non-Greek, and probably non-lE (if the connection with Krahe's river names is correct). The assumption of a privative CtV- is highly improbable; such assumptions are due to the desire to interpret everything as Greek and as Indo European as possible, even when all facts point in a different direction. The further comparison with HNs without -r- in Fur.: 230 is doubtful. avMvw [v.] 'to please' (ll.); used in a political context as 'it pleased the people (to decide)" hence 'to decide'. � IE *sueh,d-� VAR Aor. Mciv (Aeol. EllaOov in Horn.), perf. eo.Oa. Present also Att. � �ooflat. DIAL Dor. aoavw should perhaps be assumed on the basis of CtoaVOVTa' CtPEO"KOVTa 'pleasing' (H.); Baunack Phil. 70 (1911): 353; cf. ATj8avw. .COMP au8aoTjC; (see s.v.) . DER Moc; 'decision, resolution' (Halic., Thasos), aOTjfla· ",�
•

•

livST)pa [n.pl.] 'raised bank of a river or ditch; dike, border of the sea, seed-bed' (Hyp.). � PG?� .VAR Rarely sing. avoTjpov. .DER CtVOTjp£UT�C; 'workman employed on dikes' (pap.). .ETYM Neumann 1961: 91 points to the fact that many words connected with irrigation look non-Indo-European: beside avoTjpa, he mentions apow 'to irrigate' and yopyupa 'underground drain'. Fur.: 20410 thinks that -Tjpov is a non-lE suffix. Ibid. 347, he compares the Thracian place name "EvoTjpov, but there is little support for this. livSLvoc; [m.]? . nEpLnaToc; (cod. nEpl navToc;) 'walking about' (H.); acc. to Hemsterhuis, from the following line belongs in this gloss too. � ?� .DER CtVOLVLW (cod. CtVaOLvLw)- nEpmaniJ 'to walk up and down' (H.) is Doric. ETYM Uncertain. On Illyrian and Messapian hypotheses, see Frisk s.v. Alternatively, is it from OlVEW (s.v. � OLVTj)? See Forssman 1966: 61f. •

avSpunoSov [n.] 'prisoner of war sold as a slave, slave' (ll.); on the spread of the word see Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1930): 76. � GR� .DER Diminutive CtvOpanooLOv (Hyp., Diph., pap.). Adjective CtVopanOowoTjC; 'slave like' (Plo, Arist.), whence CtvopanoowoLa 'servile attitude' (Arist., PIu.). Denominative

aVEf.lOC;

101

verb CtvOpanooL(w, -Oflat [v.] 'to enslave, sell as slaves' (lA); thence CtvOpanOOlaLC; 'enslavement' (Xen.), -lafloc; 'id.' (Att.). CtVOpanOOLaT�C; 'slave trader' (Att.); CtvOpanoolanKoc; 'ptng. to slave trade' (Plo, Eup.); CtVOpanOOLaT�plOC; 'id.' (Tz.). .ETYM The plural Ctvopanooa 'of whom only the feet are human' is Original; this form was modelled after TETpanooa 'quadruped' and is originally a consonant stem (cf. [dat.pl.] CtvopanoowaL [H 475]). From Ctvopanooa, the thematic sing. CtVopanooov was derived. See Wackernagel KZ 30 (1890): 298 and Leumann 1950: 157f. On the -a-, see Bader RPh. 43 (1969): 31. avSpuxvT) [f.] plant name 'Portulaca oleracea', also 'Sedum stellatum' (Thphr.). � PG (v) � .VAR With dissimilation CtVOpaXATj (Thphr.); also avopaxvoc; [f.] (Paus.) . .ETYM Fur.: 288 compares Ct8payEvTj, which is formally quite acceptable, i.e. *(a)"trak(V)nll-, with metathesis of aspiration (197\ 393), variation nl I (388), the common phenomenon of prenasalization, and anaptyxis of E. Substrate origin is probable anyhow. avSpE'iCtV�p. AVSpOfluXT) [f.] the wife of Hektor (ll.). � GR� .ETYM Called iliis way because her husband is a famous warrior. Likewise, Hektor's son has the name AaTUaVa� (,ruler, protector of the city'), after his father's deeds. See Kretschmer Glotta 12 (1923): 103. , CtVSpOflT)TOV . auanaaTov tYX£lPLOLOV TpaYlKov 'stage-dagger (in tragedy) (H.). � ?� .ETYM A Tarentine gloss; see Latte. DELG derives the word from Ctva and opoflOC;, which seems doubtful; the structure remains unclear. CtVSpOTqC; [m.] 'manhood, strength' (IT 857, ete.). � IE *h2ner- 'man'� .ETYM CtVOpOT�Ta only fits the hexameter if it is read *anrtata, with old vocalic *-r. Arguments in favor of the antiquity of this epithet are found in Ruijgh 1995: 85-91. Arguments against this interpretation were developed by Berg following Tichy Glotta 59 (1981): 55 · livEfloc; [m.] 'wind' (ll.). � IE *h2enh1-mo- 'wind'� .DIAL Mye. (KN) a-ne-mo (i-je-re-ja) lanemon (hiereia)/. .COMP vTjvEflLTj 'calm' < *fJ-h2n-, see on � v�vEflOC;. .DER �vEflo£lC; 'windy' (epic poet.), metrically lengthened; CtVEflwALOC; 'idle, useless' (ll.), after Ctno
102

aV£flWVf]

(who calms the wind; Paus.). aVEflLa 'flatulence' (Hp.); on .- av£flwvf] s.v. Denominative verbs: aV£fl60flUl 'to beecome) inflated' (Hp., Pl.); aV£flL(oflUl 'to be driven with the wind' (Bp. Jak.) . ETYM Gr. aV£fl0<; agrees with Lat. animus < *anamo-; Skt. anila- [m.] 'wind, air' has -10-. Further, Arm. holm 'wind' arose by dissimilation of n--m and has o-vocalism. This may point to an original m-stem nom. *h20nh,-m, obl. *h2nh,-em-. The verbal root *h2enh,- is present in Skt. aniti 'breathes', OIr. anaid, -ana 'to wait, remain' and in Go. us-anan 'to exhale'; a different present formation is in PTo. *anask- < QIE *h2enh,-ske!0-. See .- aaSfla, .- avTUl. •

aV£f1wv'l [f.] the plant 'anemone' (Cratin.).
•

av£v£T£i [v.] . apv£lTUl 'denies' (H.). *saneu. In this case, aveu must be a psilotic form. Within Greek, .- aT£p may be cognate, but it would exclude a root-final laryngeal. I have no solution for this problem. •

•

av£'i'u>" [m.] 'cousin' (n.).
103 .COMP aveaaTaai'l' Safl�o<; 'amazement' (H.). .ETYM Eust. ad \If 93 takes the form as an adverb (perhaps Aristarchus as well, see Buttmann 1825(2): 2); the notation with -l was supposed to be due to the interpretation as an adjective with plural subjects. Acc. to traditional interpretation (see Chantraine 1942: 249), it is an old instrumental in -Wo However, Peters 1993b: 85ff. asserts that it is an occidental Ionic form continuing *an-iiwo- 'without voice' (with quantitative metathesis), for which he compares the gloss a�a· �o�. The form av£'!' is the original nom. pI., while av£w arose by reanalysis as an adverb. uV'leov [n.] 'dill, Anethum Graveolens' (Aeol., Att.).
104

av8q.lov

Denominative verbs: av8pooflaL [v.] 'to become a man' (Hdt., Hp., E.), -ow 'to turn , into a man (trans.) (Lye.); av8plJVoflaL [v.] 'to become a man' (Ps. Callisth.); av8pL�OflaL [v.] 'to become a man, represent a man' (Att.), -L�W 'to turn into a man (trans.)' (X.). ETYM av�p is identical with Arm. ayr, gen. iifn 'man', Skt. na, obl. nar-, NPhr. uvup, Italic ner- in Osc. nerum 'virorum', Lat. Nero (Sabellic), W ner 'chief, and Alb. njeri 'human being, person'. The gloss � vwp£l does not belong here. •

uv8£!lov =>av80<;. av8£p£wv .VAR av8Epl�. => a8�p. av8(a<;, -ov [m.] a fish, 'Labrus anthias' (Anan.). � ?� .ETYM Connected with av80<; 'flower' by Stromberg 1943: 26 because of its color; Thompson 1947 s.v. differs on this. uv8o<; [n.] 'flower' (ll.). � IE? *h2endh- 'sprout'� .DER 1. Substantives. Diminutives av8uAAloV (M. Ant., Dsc.), also a plant, like av8uAAL<; (Dsc.) and av8uAAov (Ps.-Dsc.); av8�ALOv v.l. for av8uAAloV (Dsc. 3, 156; 4, 121), also = Kuv8�AlOV (Charax); av8aALOv a plant, cf. Chantraine 1933: 74; av8aplov, £pu8Tjflu 'redness, blush' (H.). Further aV8�ATj 'a crown of flowers' (Thphr.), or from av8€w? Thence aV8TjACi<; [m.] 'flower trader' vel sim.; av8£wv [m.] 'flowerbed' (Amasia), av8wv (gloss.). av8Tj8wv [f.] 'bee' (cf. av8pTj8Wv and Chantraine 1933: 361), also a plant. av80alJVTj 'Blute' (AP). On � av8Lu<; see there. Av8wT�PlU [n.pl.] 'spring festival' (lA), see Chantraine 1933: 63, Schwyzer: 470), month name Av8wTTjplWV. Independent formation av8£flov [n.] 'flower, rosette' (Sappho); acc. to Frisk, it cannot be a recent back-formation (as per Leumann 1950: 249ff.), as there are many derivatives; for the formation cf. apY£flov and Chantraine 1933: 132, Ruijgh 1957: 102f. Thence av8£flw8Tj<; 'rich in flowers' (poet. since Sappho), av8£flwTO<; 'id.' (Attica), av8£flL<; plant name, also 'little flower' (Nic.), av8£flLcnov plant name (Alex. Trall.), av8EflloV 'blossom' (X., Thphr.); Hom. PNs Av8£flLWV and Av8£flL8Tj<; (ace. to Leumann l.c.), TN Av8£flou<; (Macedonia). Derived poetic verbs av8£flL�OflaL and £7tav8£flL�W (A., S. [lyr.l). 2. Adjectives: av8lvo<; 'made of flowers, variegated' (l 84, Hp., Arist.); av8Tjpo<; 'rich in flowers', metaph. 'fresh, lush' (S., E., Ar., etc.) is rather from av8€w (Chantraine 1933: 232). Other adjectives are isolated and late (see Frisk). 3. Verb av8€w 'to bloom, blossom' (Od., lA), often metaph.; thence av8Tjcn<; 'blossom' (Thphr., PIu.), £�-UV8EW, £�av8Tjcn<; (Hp., Th.) and £�av8Tjflu (Hp., Arist.). Backformation av8Tj 'flowering' (Pl., Nic., Ael.); verbal adj. av8fJTlKO<; = av8lKo<; (Thphr.). av8L�w 'to cover with flowers, decorate', with several preverbs (Hdt., S., E., Arist.) . ETYM av80<; has been equated with Skt. andhas- [n.] 'sprout of the soma plant', but see the objections by Burrow Archiv. Linguist. 6 (1954): 61 and Chantraine. Uncertain is the appurtenance of Alb. ende 'flour'; see Meyer 1891: 5. The word is perhaps also related to Arm. and 'field'. The comparison with EFris. an duI 'marsh grass' and its •

, '

, -" ;,

av8pTj8Wv, -ovo<;

105

Germanic cognates does not inspire confidence. A connection with � av�v08£v (Schwebeablaut *h2endh- : h2nodh-) is improbable. av8pa�, -«KO!; [m.] 'charcoal' (Ar.), metaph. 'carbuncle' (Arist.). � PG(v)� VAR Mostly plur. av8puK£<;. .DER Many derivatives: diminutive av8paKlov (Thphr.), av8puKla 'heap of coals' (I 213); av8puKLU<; "coal-man" (Luc.); av8puKLTTj<; [m.] name of a gem (Plin.), -11"l<; [f.] 'kind of coal' (Plin.); av8puKwV [m.] 'heap of coals' (Hdn.), av8paKwflu 'id.' (Dsc.); av8puKaplo<;, carbonarius (gloss.). Adjectives: av8puKw8Tj<; 'like charcoal' (Hp., Arist.), av8puKTjpO<; 'of charcoal' (Alex., Delos), av8paKlvo<; 'of carbuncle' (LXX, pap.). Denominative verbs: 1. av8pUKOOflaL 'to be burnt to coals' (A., E., Thphr.), 'to develop an ulcer' (Aet.); thence av8paKwcn<; 'carbonization' (Dsc.), also 'ulcer' (Paul. Aeg., Gal.). 2. av8pUK£UW 'to burn charcoal, carbonize' (Ar., Thphr.); deverbal av8puK£U<; 'charcoal burner' (App., Aesop., Them.; qJlAuv8pUK£U<; already in Ar.); av8puK£uT�<; 'id.' (And., Ael.), aV8pUKeLU 'carbonization' (Thphr.). 3. av8puKL�W 'to roast on charcoal' (Ar., pap.); back-formation av8puKL8£<; 'small fish for roasting' (Philyll.); cf. £1tUV8PUKL8£<; 'id.' (Ar.) to £1tUV8pUKL�W. .ETYM One compares Arm. ant'el 'charcoal', and further Georg. *nt' in v-a-nt'-ab 'to kindle' (Vogt NTS 9 (1962/63): 333), but the formations are different. Fur.: 197, 393 compares av8paXATj 'warming-pan, brazier' (Eust.) (cf. av8paKlov 'brazier'), and furter (391) Kav8upo<;· av8pu� (H.), with the interchange K/ zero. Also note the suffix -UK- (see Pre-Greek). Therefore, a substrate origin is clear; a comparison with Hitt. iiant- 'warm' is useless, as it does not explain the formation of the Greek word. •

av8p'18wv, -ovo<; [f.] 'hornet' (D. S.). � PG(V)� .DER av8p�vTj [f.] 'bee, wasp' (Ar., Arist.); thence av8p�vLOV [n.] 'wasps' nest' (Ar.), av8pTjvlW8Tj<; 'built like a wasps' nest' (PIu.). av8Tj8Wv [f.] 'bee' (Damocr. apud Gal.). Further � T£v8pTj8wv [f.] (Arist., Dsc.), � 1t£fl
UV9PU
106

formation from the language of sailors, modelled after animal names in -'1owv (see Chantraine 1933: 360f.). A difficult problem is the relation to Germanic and Balto-Slavic words for 'drone': OS dren, driino, MoHG Drohne, Lith. triinas; on this, see Kuiper 1956: 222. liv6pu £ before II u, which is doubtful. He rejects 9pu
•

liv6pW1tOC; [m.] 'man' (ll.). � PG(s» .DIAL Myc. a-to-ro-qo lanthrokwos/. .DER Diminutives, usually depreciatory: av9pw1tlov (E., com.), aV9pW1tl
UVla [f.] 'grief, distress' (Od.). � ?> .VAR Att. either l or L; Hom. always -1'1. uVla [n.pl.] 'id.' (A. Pers. [lyr.l) is taken to be a back-formation after e.g. n y, and should be rejected. Kuiper AION 1 (1959): 157ff. assumes a pre-from *an-is-yii < *1'}-is-io-, from the root of Skt. i?- 'to desire', comparing Skt. an-i?ta- 'unwished for'. •

-

-

UVTa

107

As remarked by Nikolaev 2006, derivation from *h2eis- 'to search' is semantically not very convincing. He proposes instead to connect the root *h1eis(h2)- 'to refresh, etc.', reconstructing *1'}-(hl)is(h2)-ijo- (sic!). The suffrx -ijo- is assumed to explain the length of L, but a collective *n-His-ih2 > PGr. *anihja would do better both formally and semantically (the transition to a feminine is trivial). The reflex of the vocalized nasal in Aeolic is debated: see the discussion by Nikolaev (ibid.: fn. 21), who adduces a suggestion by Bechtel that the PNs ITau .VAR aVlYpov, aKu9apTOv,
* _gW_.

livv'1
•

UVVlC; [f.] fl'1Tp6C; � 1taTp6c; fl�T'1P 'mother of one's mother or father' (H.; also IG 7, 3380 [Boeotial). � IE *h2en- 'grandmother'> .VAR avw in ace. avwv (IG 9(2), 877 [Larisal). .ETYM Perhaps an elementary formation, like Hitt. anna- 'mother'. However, Hitt. banna- and Lyc. xnna- 'grandmother' have an initial laryngeal, like Arm. han 'grandmother', Lat. anna 'foster-mother' and OHG ana 'grandmother, ancestor' . .

UVOKaLOV ' lJ1t£pcpOV 'upper part of a house'. ypU avwyaLov. UVOKWX� [f.] 'cessation', especially 'cessation of arms, truce' (Th.). � GR> VAR Also avaKwx�. .DER Denominative avoKwx£UW [v.] 'to hold back, hinder' (Hdt., S., etc.), also avaK-; avaKwXEw (Hp.). .ETYM Reduplicated derivative of aVEXw, like OLOKWX� from OIEXW; cf. � aKwK'1. The form with ava- was introduced after the formation had become opaque. The formation is clearly recent, as there is no trace of the initial aspiration (root *hekh-). See � EXW. •

UV01tala [adv.] ? hapax of uncertain mg. (a 320); also the mountain (in the Oeta) and the pass through which the Persians circumvented the pass of Thermopylae (Hdt. 7, 216). � GR?> .VAR avo1ta.la Hdn. 2, 133; avo1taLOC; epithet of fire (Emp. 51), perhaps 'up by the hole in the roof(?). .ETYM Already unclear in antiquity (see DELG). Bechtel 1914, thinks that it is a hypostasis of avu Tft 01tft 'on high through the hole of the roof; Chantraine thinks it must be an adverb (ntr.plur.) because of the short -a. livTa [adv.] 'over against, face to face' (ll.). � IE *h2ent- 'face'>

108 .VAR Also aVTTjv. DER CtVT(l£le; 'hostile' (PL). Denominative verb CtVTCtW 'to come towards, meet with' (ll.); Ctn-uvT(lw 'to meet' (lA), CtmlvTTjme; 'encounter' (S., Arist.) and CtnavTTjflu 'id.' (E., LXX). .ETYM The root noun *CtVT- gave rise to a derivative aVToflm 'to meet, implore' (ll.). aVTa is the accusative of this noun; the locative is � CtVTI, and the old instrumental *h2nt-bhi is continued in � Ctfl
liVTUL [f.pl.] . aV£floL 'winds' (H.). <,!( IE? *h2ueh,- 'blow'� VAR CtVTae;· nvoae; 'breezes, breaths' (H.). .ETYM To be corrected to Ct�Tm, Ct�TUe;? Derivation from *h2enh,- 'breathe' (see � av£floe;) is impossible, as this would give *CtVETm < *h2enh,-t- or *clTm < *h21}h,-t-). See discussion on Ct�TTje; S.V. � aTjflL. •

UVTUKUioe; [m.] a kind of sturgeon (Hdt.). <,!(LW� .VAR Also adjectival (Antiph.) . ETYM Unknown. Probably an adapted foreign word; cf. Hdt. 4, 53: K�T£a T£ fl£yaAu CtvaKuv9u, Ta CtVTaKUIOUe; KuAtoum (the fish is found in the Borysthenes = Dniepr). •

livTap [n.] . CtETOe; uno TuppTjvwv 'eagle (Etruscan)'. Eu
>

�ALOe;),

CtVTT)piC;;, -iSoc;; [f.] 'prop, support' (E.). <'!( GR� .VAR CtVT�pLOe;' aT�flWV, KUL KUVWV 6 npoaKdfl£voe; Tfj 9upq 'warp; bar placed on a door' (H.). .ETYM Backformation from CtvT£pdow 'to lean against', with lengthening of the initial root vowel, and reshaping of -p£lO- after the suffix -LO- (as in eYKple;); cf. eyKAle; to eyKAlvw, eflnie; to eflnlvw. For the formation in -LOe;, cf. nUyle; : naYLOe;, �wflie; : �WflLOe;. liVTT)o"TLC;; [?] 'confronting', only in KaT' aVTTjaTLV 9£flEVTj n£pLKUAAEU OI
aVTofloe;

109

UVTi [prep.] 'opposite, over against; instead of (ll.). <,!( IE *h2ent- 'front, face'� .DIAL Myc. a-ti-pa-mo /Antiphamos/, etc. .COMP £VUVTL, CtnEVUVTL, KUTEVUVTL (Dor., Hell.); CtVavTTje; 'uphill, steep' (Hdt.); see also � CtVTLaV£lpu. .DER CtVTloe; 'opposite, opposed to' (ll.; Att. prose has evuvTioe;), thence CtvTLao£e; [f.pl.] 'tonsils' (medic.). Denominative CtVTLooflm [v.] 'to oppose' (Hdt.). CtvTLaw 'to come towards, participate, etc.' (epic Ion. poet.) was derived from the ntr.plur. CtVTiu [adv.] 'opposite'; post-Homeric is CtVTLa(w. .ETYM Identical with Skt. anti 'facing', Lat. ante 'before', and Hitt. banti 'opposite, separate'. It is the old locative of a root noun preserved in Hitt. bant- 'front, forehead'. Another case form of the same noun is � aVTu. CtVTLUV£lPU [f.] epithet of the Amazons (ll.); further only in Pi. al. 12, 16, aTame; CtVTLaV£LpU '(faction) in which man is set against man'. <,!( GR� .ETYM Cf. KuoL-av£Lpu and �WTL-aV£lpu. The words is a compound from CtVTI and CtV�p, with the original meaning 'a match for men' (cf. CtVTI9£Oe; 'godlike'), but often taken as 'hostile to men'. CtVTLKPU [adv.] 'right opposite' (ll.). <'!( PG?� VAR Att. aVTLKpUe;, KUTUVTLKPU (with stress after teu?). .DIAL Att. KUT-, Ctn-UVTpoKU (lG 2\ 1672: 25 and 1668: 88) perhaps from *CtVTa-KPU (see Beekes and Cuypers below). .ETYM Assuming a compound with CtVTL- does not help much (the connection with CtVTLKpOUW 'to come into collision' by Kretschmer Glotta 4 (1913): 356 is improbable, as are other attempts). Beekes and Cuypers Mnem. 56 (2003) argue that the -u is short, but metrically lengthened in Homer. The Attic form may have developed from CtVTa-KPU with anticipation of the p and assimilation U > o. •

liVTAOC;; [m.] 'bilge-water' (Od.). <'!( ?� .DIAL Myc. a-ta-ra, a vase, has been interpreted as /antla/, but this may be doubted. DER CtVTAIU 'bilge-water, hold of a ship' (S., Ar.), 'container' (pap.), CtVTAlOV 'id.' (Ar.). Denominative verb CtVTAEW 'to bale out bilge-water, pump' (Hdt.); late verbal nouns aVTATjme;, CtVTATjafloe;; aVTATjflu 'bucket'. .ETYM Connection with Lat. 5entina 'bilge-water' (Solmsen 1909: 189; Chantraine 1933: 375), for which preforms *avTAOe; (psilosis) < *afl-9Ao- are assumed, is impossible in Indo-European terms, as *51'[1- would give a-, not uV-. If reliable, the Myc. form would exclude an original *5-. Quite convincing is the proposal by Benveniste BSL 50 (1954): 39 to compare Hitt. biin-i 'to draw water', although it requires an unusual suffIx -TAOe; (cf. DELG). This is accepted by both Puhvel HED and Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. The comparsion with Lat. sentina remains tempting, but in this case the word cannot be Indo-European, which seems quite well possible for a technical term. •

liVTOflUL =>avTu. liVTOfl0C;; [m.] 'country road' (Tab. Herael. 1, l2), probably not 'palisade'. <'!( ?�

110

aVTpov

.YAR UVToflou<;· aKoAonu<;. �lKEAO( 'anything pointed (Sicilian)' (H.). .ETYM Explained as *uvaToflo<; to UVUT£flvW 'to cut open', but the semantics are not very convincing. Hardly related to Lat. antemna 'yard' (as per von Blumenthal l930: 16). aVTpov [n.] 'cave' (Od.). � PG?� DER UVTPW0'l<; 'with many caves' (X., Arist.), uVTpmo<; 'living in caves' (E.), uVTplaOE<; [f.pl.] 'cave nymphs' (AP, Phryn.), cf. Kp'lvlaoE<;, OpWTlCtOE<;; uVTp'lT<; [f.] 'living in caves' (Antip. Sid.). .ETYM Derivation of CiVTpOV and Arm. ayr 'grotto' from a pre-form *anter (De Lamberterie BSL 73 (1978): 243f.) is impossible, as was shown by Clackson 1994: 98. Connection with CiVEflo<; (Schwyzer: 532) is formally impossible since the root is dissyllabic *h2enh,-. Giannakis Glotta 76 (2000): 192-198 incorrectly explains the form as from *anti-trh2-om, with the root *terh2- 'to cross'. The disappearance of*-ti and the loss of the laryngeal are both improbable. Lat. antrum is a loan from Greek. It is best to return to Chantraine 1933: 331 and assume a substrate word. •

aVTU�, -yo� [f.] 'edge, rim of anything round; rail of a chariot' (ll.), cf. Delebecque 1951: 177f. � ?� .ETYM Previously explained as uva plus a root noun -TU� as belonging to n:uxw, TETUKElV. However, since these have -x- or -K-, the etymology is highly questionable. The word resembles � aflnu� (gen. -KO<;), which has no etymology either; see also on � KUTQiTu�, which is unclear as well. avu,"u [v.] 'to effect, accomplish' (ll.). � IE *senH- 'win, accomplish'� .YAR Thematic UVUW, uvuw; * av Fw > avw; enlarged with dental UVUTW, Att. UVUTW (see Schwyzer: 704: 1), aor. �vuau (secondary, see below), �vwu (Strunk, below). Glosses KUaaVEL<;· UVUEL<;, AaKwvE<; (H.) < *Ku0uVEl<;; uuv£<;· ou TEAw0'laoflEvov 'not about to be fulfilled' (H.). .DIAL Mye. a-nu-to /Anutos/; a2-nu-me-no /hanumenos/. .DER avuau:; 'success, accomplishment' (epic poet., late prose), whence uvumflo� 'successful' (X., Pl.); Civuaflu 'id.' (sch.). uv-�vu(a)TO<; 'unfeasible, without end' (Od.); from this uvua-ro<; (uv-) 'feasible' (E., X.), uvu(a)nKo<; 'effective' (X., Arist.). UVUT�<; = Lat. exactor (Just.) . ETYM avufll is related to Skt. sanoti 'to win, obtain' < *s1;,l-n-eu-. Ace. to Strunk 1967: 116, the aorist �vwu < *senh,-s- is old and corresponds to Skt. asani�am. If this is correct, Hitt. sa(n)b-2i 'to search, try, mean' < *senh2- cannot be related. Cf. also the group of OHG sinnan 'to strive for'. See � uu0£vT'l<;. •

avwya [v.] 'to command, order' (ll.), perf. with present mg. � IE *h,eg- 'say', or *h2eg-� YAR Plpf. �vwyEa; secondary pres. uvwyw, aor. -�u (Schwyzer: 767). .DIAL An Achaean word, see Ruijgh 1957: 128ff. ETYM Originally, a compound Civ-wyu 'to proclaim loudly' < * -h,e-h,og-, ablauting with � 'he said' < *h,e-h,eg-t. Related to Lat. aio < *iig-jo-H (probably from *h,g-, but the development remains difficult; see Schrijver 1991: 485; adagio 'proverb' is probably unrelated; see De Vaan 2008 s.v. aio). Also related to Arm. arac •

•

III

'proverbium', pres. asem 'say' (s < *g); Arm. a- < *h,- before consonant would be regular. Hackstein 1995: 332-4 assumes initial *h2- because of ToB ak�iif!1, but his connection with Gr. � Ci�w is improbable; this is followed by LIV2 s.v. *h2eg- 'sagen'. Cf. � �flL uvwymov [n.] 'anything raised from the ground' (X.), 'prison'. � GR� YAR Also uvayatov and � UVOKatOV . .ETYM Clearly a compound ofy� with avw. See � y�. •

a�lVf\ [f.] 'axe' (ll.), NaToflo<; n£AEKu<; 'two-edged axe' (H.). � LW� .ETYM Compared with Lat. ascia 'axe' and Germanic words for 'axe', Go. aqizi, etc., but this does not lead to an lE reconstruction. Ruijgh BiOrbis 54 (1997): 540" notes that -inis a typical substrate suffIx, and that the sign for a in Linear B is a double axe. Szemerenyi Gnomon 43 (1971): 656 remarks that Akk. ha��inu and Amm. ba��ina are so close that they must be the same word. I propose that the Semitic and Greek words are loans from an Anatolian language. a�Lo� [adj.] 'worth' (ll.). � IE? *h2eg- 'carry'� .DER Abstract u�(u 'value, wages' (lA). Denominative U�lOW, -OOflat [v.] 'to deem worthy, esteem; require' (S., lA); thence u�(WflU 'estimation, requirement, decree, etc.' (Att., Hell.), diminutive u�lwflanov (Arr.), adjective u�lwfluTlKO<; 'high in rank' (Hell.); u�(wm<; 'valuation, assessment, opinion' (Hdt., Th., E.). .ETYM Generally assumed to be derived from Ciyw in the sense of 'to weigh' (cf. Lat. agina), perhaps first from *a�l<; 'weight'. Some doubts remain, as no such derivative in -tiis known from Ciyw, and the semantics are not really strong. a�ouyyia -O�uyyLOV. a�wv, -ovo� [m.] 'axle, axis' (ll.). � IE *h2eks-� .DIAL Myc. a-ko-so-ne /aksones/. .ETYM Old noun, also found in Skt. ak�a- [m.] , Lat. axis, Lith. asis, OCS OSb; OHG ahsa [f.], all 'axle, axis'. Derivatives in -1- are found in ON Qxull [m.], W echel [f.], Lat. ala 'arm-pit, wing' < *aks-la (cf. axilla). The word has been connected with ayw (Benveniste 1935: 7, 24, 121), but this is uncertain. It is improbable that Ci�wv is contained in � aflu�u. ao
112 Modern scholars have taken it as 'sprout', but DELG notes that 6�0e; does not have this meaning. Although DELG accepts the connection with 6�0e; < *o-sd-o- (prefIx 0and zero grade of sed- 'sit down'), but it is not very convincing semantically. Brugmann IF 19 (1906): 379 argues against Schulze 1892: 498, who explained ao�oe; from *0.-aoo-10-e; (to 006e;), but Frisk and DELG do not reject this. Fur.: 341 cites the form a�oe;, and concludes from the interchange 0./ 0 that the word is Pre-Greek. He assumes (374, following Frisk) that ao�oe; has a secondary copulative 0.- under influence of � o.oaa£w 'to accompany', but this must remain uncertain, as it could also be a real Pre-Greek prothetic voweL

aOAA�C;, £C; [adj.] 'all together, in throngs' (11.). -
aop, -opOC; [n.] 'sword' (11.). - o.elpw 2. 0

aO
l

l

113

oDER o.oaa'lT�p [m.] 'helper, protector' (11.); cf. 6aa'lT�pa. �0'l8ov 'assistant' and £oa0T]T�p· £nIKoupoe;, Tlflw poe;, o.VTL mu o.oaa'lT�p 'ally, avenger (instead of 0..)' (H.), but the forms are unexplained. oETYM o.oaa£w is an iterative deverbative or denominative from *aoaaoe; < *sm-sokw io- (an old formation, cf. Lat. socius) from the root of � Enofla.L, Lat. sequor. On account of the aspiration in Skt. sakhi- 'ally, associate', one often fInds the reconstruction *sokwh2-i-. Pinault therefore adduced this word as an example for his rule that a laryngeal was lost between consonant and yod in PIE (Pinault 1982: 265272), but the so-called Lex Pinault is still under debate. See on � Enofla.L, � 6nCtwv, and Myc. e-qe-ta. cmaXoc; [adj.] 'tender, weak' (11.). -CtKIOV 'victim; sucking-pig' (H.) (but the text is doubtful). Denominative verb cmaAuvw 'to soften' (X., Hp. usw.), cmaAuafloe; (Hp.), anaAuvT�e; (Zonar.). oETYM Unknown. The formation may be compared with oflaMe;, o.TaMe;, see Chantraine 1933: 245. Fur.: 224 compares aflaMe;, assuming variation n/ fl; this is possible, but uncertain. ana� [adv.] 'once' (Od.). -
anac; [adj.] 'all, whole' (11.). -
114

l\rrClTOUpIU

Connection with rrov1'Oe;, rrCt1'Oe; and Go. finJ:lan as per Pedersen 1926: 65 is improbable. Fur.: 234f. connected o.1'T] < *uFU-1'T], with the substrate variation rr/ F, which is possible but not compelling either. His comparison with urruqJf:iv is attractive (for which the variant urrocp£iv shows substrate origin, see � urrucplcrKw), as this has the same meaning. If �m:p-orr-Euw is cognate, note the suffIx -orr-, which is also a substrate element (Beekes Glotta 73 (1995-1996): 18-25).

l\rrU1'OUplU [n.pl.] the festival 'Apatouria'. � GR, IE *sm-ph2tor-uo-'fy oDER As a name of Aphrodite l\rrU1'OUplU, l\rrU1'OUpICte;, also the back-formation l\rraLoupT] (Troezen, Pantikapaion, Phanagoria); further l\rrCt1'oupOV '1'0 1'�e; l\cppOOl-rT]e; lEpov' (Str. 11, 2, 10). Month name l\rrU1'OUpIWV, -EWV, also l\rru1'opIWV (Amorgos). oETYM Old celebration of the Ionians, on the occasion of which new members were accepted to the phratries. It derives from an intermediary adjective *urrCt1'OUpOe; (e.g. Kretschmer Glotta 4 (1913): 336) < *urru1'oPFOe;, which consists of copulative u- and the o-grade of rraL�p, so *sm-ph2tor-u- 'of the same father'. The -F- is compared with Skt. pitrvya- 'father's brother', Lat. patruus 'id.', etc. (see on � 1lT]1'pUlCt). Differently Szemerenyi Gnomon 43 (1971): 656. Cl1tUCPlVLOV [n.] . ACtKWVEe; KCtpOOrrov AI8lVT]V ( . . . ) 'stone kneading-trough (Lacon.)' (H.). � ?'fy oETYM Unknown. DELG compares UCPIVICt�El, of which the explanation is lost. arrucpl
urrEpCtW

115

'fable', and also with Arm. ara-spel 'legend, proverb', in which case the s- would pose difficulties as Armenian also vocalizes the initial laryngeal. LIV2 assumes a nasal present *(s)pelnH- with secondary full grade and copulative U-, and compares ToA palliintar, ToB palliitar 'to praise'. In view of the many additional hypotheses required, this seems rather far-fetched.

al1£lpimoc; [adv.] 'endless, immense' (ll.). � GR'fy oVAR urrEpElmOe;; also urrdpl1'oe; (Od.). oETYM For *urrEp£mOe;, a derivation in -10- from *u-rrEp-ELOe;, a privative verbal adjective to � rrdpw, with metrical lengthening (Chantraine 1942: 101). cmdpl1'oe; (K 195, Hes. Th. 109, etc.), with unclear -1-, has the same meaning. As Vine 1998: 26ff. remarks, the e-grade root is remarkable in a formation in * -eto-. arriAAm [f.pL] '(people's) assembly' (IG 5(1), 1144: 21, 1146: 41 [Gytheion Pl)o � ?'fy oVAR = crT]KOl, £KKAT]crlat, UPXatPWlat 'precincts, assemblies, elections of magistrates' (H.). oDIAL Doric. oDER l\rrEAAuLoe;, -atWV Doric month name (Delphi, Epidauros; Tenos); La urrEAAaiu 'sacrifice at the apellai' (Delphi); urrEAAUKCte;· lEpwv KOlVWVOUe; (H.). Denominative urrEAACt�W, Laconian for £KKAT]mCt�W (PIu., H.). oETYM Formally, a connection with lE *h2pel- would be the most easy solution, but there are no obvious cognates for such a root. In Greek, we find a gloss Urr£AAElv· UrrOKAdElv, and this may well provide us with the original meaning of urr£AAat, enclosed space, meeting place'. Note that crT]KOl in the gloss cited above means 'pen, fold', and compare crCtKWcrE· Urr£KAElcrEV. I have argued that the name of Apollo (see on � l\rr6AAwv) has nothing to do with the urr£AAat (Beekes JANER 3 (2003): 1-21). al1£AAOV [n.] . u'lyElpOe; 'black poplar' (H.). � ?'fy oETYM The word has been connected with Lat. populus. Although lE ongm is improbable, a reconstructibn *h2pel- > urrEA- is possible in principle, with po-h2pel-o > *popelo- > Lat. populus. Does HG Vielbaum also belong here (Kluge and Seebold 1989 s.v. Pappef)? o.l1£AO<; [n.] 'wound' (Call. fr. 343). � ?'fy oETYM Unknown. A derivation from rr£AUe; 'skin' with privative u-, or from the root of Lat. pello 'to push', is improbable. Van Windekens Orbis 15 (1966): 256 compared ToB pile, ToA pal 'wound', on which see Adams 1999; highly uncertain. al1£paw [v.] 'to pour out' (A.). � GR?'fy oDER urr£pume; (Thphr.). Beside it £�-EpCtW 'pour out, vomit' (Hp.), £�£puIlU 'spittle, vomit' (NT), £�£pume; 'dye extract' (PHolm. 15, 39). Also 01-, KU1'-, KU1'E�-, IlEL-, cruv EpCtW (Hell.). oETYM Acc. to Debrunner IF 48 (1930): 282, the word is a denominative of epu 'earth' (cf. � epu�E), cf. the scholion to Ar. Vesp. 993: £�EpCtcrW· de; 1'�V y�v IlELU�UAW· epu yap � y�. In this case, £�Epav originally meant 'to pour out on the earth', which is possible. On MoGr. �EPVW, £�£pucru, see Gregoire Byzantion 13 (1938): 399f.

116

Ctm:p£[O'lO� =>Cl1t£LpE
an'lvq�, -E� [adj.] 'unfriendly, harsh' (ll.). � IE ? *h2en-os- 'face'� DER anqvnu [f.] 'harshness' (Thphr., A. R.). ETYM Formation like npo.vq<; (npT]vq<;) and npo
•

Ctrc'lupwv =>anoupu<;. CtmvuanEnvuflat. amov [n.] 'pear' (Pl.). � ?� .VAR amo<; [f.] 'pear tree' (Thphr.), but these are not always distinguished, cf. WackernageI 192o-1924(2): 17. ETYM Related to Lat. pirum, pirus. Generally considered to be a Mediterranian LW. See Hubschmid 1963: 121. Berger MSS 9 (1956): 15ff compares Burushaski phe�o, which is improbable. Steinbauer 1989: 68 argues that the word could be from lE *h2pis-o-, which seems even less likely. •

amo� [adj.] 'distant, far away' (ll.). � GR� .ETYM From ano; for the formation, cf. aVTlo<;. The word appears in the formula (TT]A08EV) £� anlT]<; yu1T]<;. In S. OC 1685 it has a long a-, probably under influence of Anlu 'Peloponnese'; see � Am<;. See � ano. CtrcA£To� [adj.] 'boundless, immense' (Emp., S., lA prose), said of the sky, height, time, gold. � ?� .ETYM Privative a- plus an unknown second member; not related to � nAE8pov, as per DELG.

anoKUvov

117

CtrcA6o� [adj.] 'single, simple' (A.). � ?� .VAR Contracted cmAou<;; hapax cmAO<; (An. Ox. 2, 231). .COMP omAOo<;, omAou<; 'twofold, double, twice' (since 11.), also omAO<; (Opp.). .DER cmAoT<; [f.] (11.), of XAUtVU. Diminutive cl1tAoTOLOV (pap.); Cl1tAo"LKO<; 'simple, plain' (Hell.). cmAOTT]<; [f.] 'simplicity, plainness' (X., Arist.). Denominative verbs: 1. cmAOw [v.] 'to develop, unfold', whence UnAW OCS po, » PGm. fana that would also have given ano. See � amo<;. •

Ctrcot5U5pUOlOpU
Ctrcoe£
CtrcOKUVOV [n.] plant name 'Cynanchum erectum' or 'Marsdenia erecta' (Dsc.). � GR�

CurOAUVTlOV

118

oVAR = Ilu(a llelllYllEVfj cpapllUK41 npo<; Ctvalpeenv KUVWV 'cake mixed with a drug against the killing of dogs' (H.). oETYM Substantivized from an adjective *CtnoKuvo<; 'hostile to dogs', acc. to Stromberg 1944: 26. CtnOAuV'tlOV [n.] probably a herb, in anupTa CtnoAavTlou (PMag. Land. 1, 121, 209 [IIIP]). � PG (V) � oVAR naAAaVTlOV (Hippiatr. 66). oETYM The proposal of Stromberg 1944: 27 to connect AEVTlOV 'linen cloth' is improbable. Fur.: 344 compares naAAuvTloV, a kind of grass, which suggests that the words are Pre-Greek. anOAaUW [v.] 'to enjoy' (Ar.) , "von Haus aus kein feines Wort" (Wackernagel I916: 229). � IE? *leh2u- 'seize, capture'� oDER Verbal nouns CtnOAauen<; (Att.) , CtnoAaualla (late) 'enjoyment', adjective CtnoAaUaTlKo<; 'producing enjoyment' (Arist., Plb.). oETYM Mostly connected with Aela 'booty', Dor. Aala « *AaF-la) 'booty', for which an lE root *leh2u- could be assumed. This root is also assumed in Lat. lucrum 'gain', which could be from *lukla- < *lh2u-tl6- (Schrijver 1991: 240), and in Go. laun [n.] 'reward' < *leh2u-na-. However, the appurtenance of OCS lav7J 'catch, chase', laviti 'to catch, chase' would require *lh2eu-, which is an improbable formation. Unrelated is Skt. latra-, lata- 'booty' (lex.), which is from MInd. laptra-, see Wackernagel l896: 91. The appurtenance of � Aapo<; 'delicious' is uncertain. It is best to assume that anteconsonantal *leh2u-C- (e.g. in the s-aorist) yielded *AauC-, which was generalized to the other tense forms. See � Aela. , Ct1tOAEiv[a] [?] CtnoaTpEcpelV. AUKWVe<; 'turn away (Lacon.) (H.). � ?� oETYM From CtnO-nOAelV (Thurneysen Glatta 12 (1922): 145). Cf. � CtnUAlWVat. .

AnoAAwv, -WVO<; [m.] theonym (ll.). � PG (v) � oVAR Voc. 'AnoAAov. oDIAL AnEAAwv (Dor.), AnelAWV (Cypr.), 'AnAouv (Thess.). Perhaps in Myc. ]pe-rja[ /A]peljo[n-/, see Ruijgh 1967a: 56. oETYM Schmidt KZ 32 (1893): 327ff. assumed that the vocative 'AnoAAov was assimilated from 'AneAAOV with unaccented e, and that the other cases (with accented e) introduced the a analogically. However, such vowel assimilations cannot be assumed so easily in Greek (cf. Van Beek filic.b). The e-vocalism is found in the PNs AneAAlwv, AneAA�<;, etc. Moreover, Cypr. AnelAWV points to a pre-form *AnEA1WV for Dor. AnEAAwv; Thess. 'AnAouv perhaps derives from Pre-Greek *Apel>'on with syncope and -ouv from *-on (Ruijgh apud Beekes JANER 3 (2003), see below). In spite of repeated attempts, there is no lE etymology. As Apollo was assumed to come from Asia Minor, one looked there for a connection. But Lyd. PAdans Artimuk (see on �'ApTelll<;) had initial q-. Burkert's idea that the name was derived from CtnEAAat is impossible (see detailed argumentation in Beekes JANER 3 (2003)). The name is probably Pre-Greek, and Hitt. DINGIRIAppaliunas, mentioned in a treaty

anply8a

119

between Alaksandus of Wilusa and the Hittite king, may well be the Pre-Greek proto-form Apal>'un. The Hittite rendering shows that the oldest Pre-Greek form had *a. This became e before the palatal *l>'. The e was then assimilated (in Pre Greek) to a by ilie following -on.

CtnOll£Al [n.] kind of mead, made from the water used to wash honeycombs (Dsc.). � GR� oETYM Derived from ilEAL; the prefix has a pejorative meaning (Stromberg 1944: 29f.). anOllUO'O'w =>Iluaaollat. anOUpu<; [aor.ptc.] 'taking away, depriving' (ll.). � IE? *ureh2- 'draw, tear' (?) � oVAR Ind. root aorist 2Sg. Ctnfjupa<;, 3sg. -a, ISg. -wv (after the type hllla : £Tlllwv); fut. Ctnoup�aouen or -plaaouen (X 489); see Strunk Glatta 37 (1958): 118-127. Ptc. med. CtnOup&lleVO<; (Hes. Se. 173), which is analogical since a zero grade -urh2- would have yielded -Fpa-. oETYM For *Ctno- Fpa<; (see Lejeune 1972: 181 and 228), as if from a root *ureh2-, which is not known from other languages. The 3sg. Ctn-fjupa is supposed to stand for *Ctn-fj Fpa with long augment. The barytonesis is Aeolic (Wackernagel Gatt. Naehr. 1914: 119). See further on � CtnOepae, which is unrelated. Ct1tocppu<;, -uc5o<; [adj.] 'unlucky, wicked' (Pl.). � GR� oVAR Mostly fem. (of �IlEpa), but also msc. (Eup. 309). oETYM From cppu(w, cppa8�, cppu8llwv, with -cppu<; after the nouns in -0.<; (Chantraine 1933: 351, Schwyzer: 507). anocppuO''1 [f.] term for 80UAfj (Seleuc. apud Ath. 6, 267e). � ?� oVAR -CppUTfj in Eust. 1090, 57. oETYM Unknown. Ct1t0CPWALO<; [adj.] 'worthless (?) ' (Od.). � GR?� oETYM Glossed as CtVeIlWAlO<;, IlUTatO<; 'futile, idle'. Not related to OcpeAO<; 'use'. Probably connected to Ctnocpeiv· cmaT�aat 'to deceive' (H.), in which case the word originally meant 'deceiving'. For the formation cf. CtllapTwAO<;, see Chantraine 1933: 43· Derivation from *Ctno-cpaFo-ALO<; (as per Neitzel Glatta 57 (1979): 1-20), like in nauo-cpopOl· AloAel<; LEpetat 'priestesses' (H.), is doubtful. See � CtnacplaKw. Ct1t0X£lpO�IOTO<; [adj.] 'living from his hands' < 'who obtains his livelihood by his hands' (Hdt.). � GR� oVAR Also CtnoXelpO�lO<; (Poll.), not -�lwTO<;; see Wackernagel Glatta 14 (1925): 55. oETYM Compounded of �IOTo<; and Ctno Xetpwv. amta [m.] 'father' (Call.). � ONOM� oDER unna<; title of a priest (Magnesia, Lydia); Christian priest; also = TpOcpeU<; 'foster father' (H.). oETYM Acc. to EM 167, 32, the word is Macedonian, but this is doubtful. An elementary word, cf. nunna, ana, ancpa, and ToB appa-kke 'father'. anplyc5a [adv.] 'fast, tight; continously' (A. Pers. [lyr.]). � ?�

120

.VAR cmpl� 'id.' (S., Pl.). DIAL EM 132, 53 also yEvoe; n aKav9'1e; (K{mplOL); see apm�. DER arrply06rrA'1KToe; (also -TO-) 'struck unceasingly' (A.). .ETYM For adverbs in -(y)oa, -�, see Schwyzer: 620, 626. Frisk analyzed it as containing intensive a- and � rrplw 'to saw', assuming an original mg. 'as tight as the teeth of a saw'; this is rather dubious, both formally (rrply- is attested only late, cf. DELG) and semantically. •

•

urrpo�[(;, -[60c; [f.] name of a shrub, 'Dictamnus albus' (Pythag. apud Plin. HN 24, 158). � ?� .ETYM Unexplained. Urc"t£pEWC; [adv.] 'promptly, as quick as lightning' (Hes., Parm.). � GR� .DER amepuaaollaL [v.] 'to flap the wings' (Archil.), cf. mepuaaOllaL to mEpu�; amepuollaL (Arat.) after u
urcTOerc�c; [adj.] said of Hera (8 209), exact mg. unknown. � IE? *sengwh- 'sing'� .ETYM Analyzed by Wackernagel BB 4 (1878): 283f. as *a-emo-£Tf�e; 'who speaks words that should not be spoken' (*1J-uekWto-uekW-es-), which is not really convincing. Meier-Briigger MSS 50 (1989): 91-96 suggests that it contains *1J-sngwhto- 'what cannot be sung', from the root *sengWh_ in E sing; *1J-sngwh-to- would also occur in � aamoe;. Neither hypothesis is really evident. U1tTW [v.] 'to join, attach, grasp; kindle' (ll.). � IE *h2ep- 'join, fit'� VAR Mostly med. .DER u
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121 dry' < *senkw-. This is now abandoned, as its root is reconstructed as *sek- 'to dry up', with a pure velar (see LIV2 s.v.) .

UrcUAIWVaL [v.] uncertain (IG 5(2) p. xxxvi D 1, 20 [Tegea IV"]). � GR?� .ETYM Thurneysen Glotta 12 (1922): 145 supposed haplology from *arru-rrOAlWVaL 'to give back'; cf. � arroAelv[a] . A better hypothesis is that of Buck 1955: §162, 10, who understands it as 'to regulate, cancel' and connects it with arro-A£low 'to erase' (see � A£1oe;), with iotacism and the ending -WVaL of the infinitive. urc
•

upn [f.] 'prayer, curse' (ll.). � IE? *h2eru- 'prostrate'� .DIAL Ion. ap�, Arc. KaTapFoe; 'cursed'; the interpretation of Myc. ka-ta-wo is doubtful. .COMP rroAuaa p'1TOe; (Od.) 'much prayed for'. .DER apmoe; 'belonging to a.' (trag.); apcnoe; (-'1-) 'prayed for, accursed' (ll., poet.). Denominative apaollaL [v.] 'id.' (ll.), which often occurs with preverbs, e.g. trr-, KaT apaollaL (lA). Thence ap'1T�p [m.] 'who prays, priest' (ll.), fern. ap�mpa (Call., A. R.), ap'1T�plOV 'place for praying, etc.' (PIu.). .ETYM Arcadian shows a pre-form *apFa, which neatly explains the difference in quantity of a- in Ionic and Attic. The final -a in Attic apa poses problems, however, since we expect -'1 after *r Perhaps it is from (-)apaollaL or from the frequent plural apal (cf. Schwyzer: 1882) . Meillet BSL 26 (1925): 19f. compared apu£l 'cry'. Not connected to Arm. uranam 'to deny' < *or- (see Clackson 1994: 102f.). The connection with Hitt. aruyae-zi 'to prostrate, bow', is revived by Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. who proposed that the Hittite verb derives from thematic *h2oruo-. If related, Greek would presuppose a noun *h2(e)ru

eh2-.

apa�oc; [m.] 'rattle, ring', of armor or teeth (ll.). � PG (v) � .DER Denominative verb apa�Ew 'to rattle, ring' (ll.). .ETYM The same suffIx is found in 90pu�0e;, Kova�Oe;, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 260). For the stem cf. � apaocie;, � apa(w. Perhaps the word is onomatopoeic, see Giintert

122 1914: 145f. Fur.: 142 compares apo1t�aat· 1taT�aat 'to tread' (H.), which points to substrate origin (with interchange a/ 0). As Furnee remarks, a word can be both onomatopoeic and a substrate word.

apay6TJv vAR lipaYfla, apaYfloe;. => apaaaw. •

apa60<; [m.] 'disturbance, palpitation' (Hp.). <1: 0NOM� .DER apalk�a>£l· eOpu��a£l, Tapa�£l 'make noise, agitate' and apaOllTat· KEKOVllTat (?) , auYK€xuTat 'has caused to hasten, is confounded' (H.); also apa�oualv· £pEel�oumv 'provoke' (H.). .ETYM Cf. K€AaoOe;, oflaooe;, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 359). Perhaps onomatopoeic (but is it primarily used of sounds?). Cf. � lipa�oe;. apa�w [v.] 'to snarl, growl', of dogs (D. H.). <1: PG� VAR Also appa�w; p
'

apat6<; [adj.] 'thin, slender, with open spaces' (ll.). <1: ?� .VAR ap- (Hdn. Gr., also in mss.). DER apatOTlle; 'looseness' (Hp., Arist.), opposed to 1tUKVOTlle;; apatWolle; 'porous' (Gal.). apatow [v.] 'to rarify' (Hp., Arist.), whence apalwfla, apalwme;. .ETYM The word probably had F- (Sommer 1905: 114), but there is no further explanation. Fur.: 339 etc. compares ap�oe;· OlWTOe;, apatOe;, £AacppOe; (H.) if this gloss stands for (or derives from) *apa�oe;, but this is highly uncertain. •

apaKL<; [f.] 'bowl, pan' (Ath. 11, 502b: AioA£1e; T�V CPlUAllV lipaKlv KaAoumv). <1: PG (v) � .VAR lipaKle; (cod. apall)- CPlaAllv KaL apuKTllv 'bowl or pan' (H.); £� apea)KlOWV (cod. lipKlawv)- £K cplaAwv 'of bowls' (H.). .DER apaKT�pa· aflEAKT�pa 'milking-pail' (H.), derived from apaKTllv. .ETYM The form with -KT- proves substrate origin (see Fur.: index). Given this, it is unnecessary to assume -a- in apKlowv. Fur.: 308, 319 further compares liPOKAOV = CPlaAll (Nic. fr. 129) with KT > KA, for which he gives parallels. The interchange a/ 0 is well-known in substrate words. apaKO<; [m.] wild chickling, 'Lathyrus annuus' (Ar.). Cf. apaKOl· Oa1tplOV Tt, TO O£ mho KaL Meupov 'a pulse, the same as A.' (H.). <1: PG� .VAR Also [n.] ; also a consonant stem lipa� [m.] (pap.). Variant lipaxoe; (Gal.). .DIAL Myc. PN a-ra-ko? DER Diminutive apaKle;, apaKlaKOe; (Gal.). Further apuXlova (Thphr.); apaxvoue;. clooe; Oa1tplOU 'kind of pulse' (H.); apuxvll a plant, 'Heracleum sphondylium' (Ps. Dsc. 3, 76). oETYM The interchange K/ X and the suffIx -lova- clearly prove substrate origin (Fur.: 127f.). Unrelated is Lat. arinea 'kind of spelt'. •

apa�a [?] mythical plant growing near the Araxes (Ps. PIu., Fluv. 23,2). <1: ?� .ETYM Unknown.

123

apapLaKW [v.] 'to fit together, construct, equip, etc.' (ll.+). <1: IE *h er- 'fit'� VAR Them. aor. apapElv, s-aor. lipaat, perf. lipapa (intr.); pass. aor. �pellv; liPf.lEVOe; 'fitting, equipped' is an isolated med. root ptc. (ll.), with substantivized ntr.plur. � lipflEva. .DIAL Myc. a-ra-ro-wo-a /ararwoha/ [n.pl.] ; a-ra-ru-ja /araruia(i)/; ka-ka-re-a /khalk areha/ 'equipped with bronze'. .DER Many etyma derive from the same root, e.g. � apfla, apfloe;, � apflovla, � apflo�w, � apTUe;, � lipepov. From the perfect lipapa derives apapoTWe; 'well-fitted' (A., E., Pl.). Further ape floe; 'tie, friendship' (h. Mere. 524), lipefllOe; 'allied' (epic Ion.) and apefl€w [v.] 'to unite' (ll., A. R.). apfl� 'junction' (Hp.), lipfla f. 'union, intercourse' (Delph., PIu., H.). lipmov· OlKatOV 'just' (H.) probably arose from av upaLOe; by decomposition. See also � aplefloe;, � apElwv, � ap€aKw, � ap£T�, � lipTt, � oap . .ETYM The present is based on the aor. apap£1v; there is also an old perfect lipapa. The nearest cognate is the Arm. arari 'I made', pres. arnem, which also has a reduplicated aorist. The root is found in other languages too, e.g. Av. ariim 'fitting' and Skt. rta- 'order' (see LIV2 s.v.). Hitt. iira- 'proper', Hitt. arii- 'friend' and Lyc. ara- 'rite', Lyc. erawazije 'monument' are connected by Kloekhorst 2008 under the assumption of an o-grade *h20r-o (etc.), with neutralization of the laryngeals before *0 . 2

•

apaaaw [v.] 'to beat, strike', of rattling, clashing (ll.). <1: ?� .VAR Aor. apa�at. .DER apaYfloe; 'clashing, rattling' (A.). .ETYM Unknown. Is the word onomatopoeic? Cf. � lipa�oe;. On possible connection with � puaaw, p�aaw 'to beat' see there. apaaxa6e<; [m.lf.pl.] Ta. 1tEpumva. KA�flaTa 'last year's vinetwigs' (H.). <1: PG (v) � .VAR Cf. ap€axat· KA�flaTa, �OTpUEe; 'vinetwigs, bunches of grapes' (H.) and opwxue;· TO aUV Tole; �oTpumv acpatpEe£V KA�fla 'twig with bunches of grapes taken off (H.). Clearly related aupoaxae; = TO KaTa. �OTpUV KA�fla (Eratosth. 37), also name of a wine (Parth.). DELG s.v. oaXll gives opwXaoa, 'dit de branches d'ormaux', from Harp. (as in Nic. AI. 109 [not in LSJl), and further to oAoaXOe; 'pedicle of the pomegranate' (Nic. rh. 870) . ETYM oAoaXOe; may have A for p. I am convinced that the four forms of the word (apa-, apE-, OpE-, aupo-) are not old compounds (certainly not if we connect oAoaXOe;). It is rather a vocalic variation in an evident substrate word (Fur.: 302, 342, 348). In Pre-Greek, I reconstruct arw-ask-at-, which explains interchange a-/au-/o and -pa-/-po-. .

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apaxu�va =>lipaKOe;. apaxvTJ [f.] 'spider's web, spider' (Hp.). <1: LW Medit.� .VAR apaxvlle; [m.] 'spider' (Hes.), lipaxvoe; [m.] (A.). .DER apaxvLOv 'spider's web' (Od., corn., Arist.), also diminutive (Arist.), apaxvlWOlle; 'like a spider's web' (Hp., Atist., Dsc.) denominative apaxvlooflat [v.] 'to

124 be covered with spider's webs' (Arist., Nonn.). Adjectives o.paxvwollC; (Arist., Ael.), o.paxv�£lC; (Nic.) and o.paxvaloc; (AP), denominative o.paxvaollat 'to weave a web' (Eust.). o.paxvllKEC;· o.paxvat (H.) is reshaped after cr
apaxoc; =>apaKoc;. upPUA'l [f.] . T�yavov ocrTpaKLvov. TapavTlvOL 'earthenware frying-pan (Tarent.) (H.).
,

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apP'lAOC; [m.] 'semicircular knife', used by cobblers (Nic. Th. 423). Also metaph. of a geometrical figure (Papp.), see Mugler 1958-1959 S.v. (H.). .ETYM A substrate word, see Fur.: 1155 on the suffix. , upPivv'l [f.] . Kpeac;. LLKEAO( 'flesh, meat (Sicilian) (H.).
upPUA'l [f.] 'shoe that covers the whole foot up to the ankle' (Hp.).
upyuAtoc; =>aAyoc;. ApyE"l
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apyEAAu [f.]? . o'(Klllla MaKEoovLKov, 01tEP ElEPlla[vovTEC; AouovTat 'Macedonian dwelling-place, where [men] bathe while warming up' (Suid.). o.pyOC;. •

upyqC;, -qTOC; [adj.] 'brilliant white, gleaming' (11.).
126

apylAAa

apYlUa =apyEAAa. apYlUo� [f.] 'white clay' (Arist.). upOe; (Hes.), also substantivized ApyEOLT]e; (Arist.) the wind itself, with regular shift of accent; in Nie. rh. 592 it is an enlargement of o.py�e;; 2. o.pyEvvOe; < *o.pyw-voe; 'shining white' (ll.), an Aeolic form. o.py�Ele; (Dor. o.pyCtEle;, contracted o.pyae; -avLOe;) 'shining white' (A. [lyr.] , Pi., Orph.) is just an enlargement of the t-stem � o.py�e;. .ETYM Wackernagel already pointed to the similarity of Gr. o.pyoe;, o.PYl- with Skt. rjra-, in compounds rji-, which suggests that *h2rg-r6- > *o.pypoe; dissimilated to o.pyoe;. The root *h2(e)rg- is found in several formations in various languages: Lat. argentum 'silver' (further cognates see � apyupoe;), Skt. arjuna- 'white, light', ToA arki, ToB arkwi 'white', Hitt. barki- 'white, bright'. The meanings 'white' and 'quick, nimble' are both found in Skt. as well, and must have developed via 'brilliant, sparkling'. See � apyEj..lov. •

&py6� 2 [adj.] 'idle, lazy' (Hdt.).
apyupo� [m.] 'silver' (ll.). o.pyupoue; 'of silver' (ll.+), o.pyupElOe; 'id.' (Att.), o.pyupwoT]e; 'rich in silver' (X.). o.pyUplOV 'silver coin, money' (lA), o.pyuplKoe; 'concerning money' •

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o.pOW

127

(Hell.); diminutive o.PyupLOtov (corn , Isoe.). o.pyupLe; 'silver vessel' (Pi., Pherecr.), o.pyupLLT]e;, fern. -hle; 'containing silver', also as a plant name (Stromberg 1940: 26), also 'concerning money' (X., Plb.), o.pyUploe; [m.] plant name (H.), = o.pyupwe; (Alcm.), o.pyupwLaL [pl.] name of a government authority in Sillyon (Fraenkel 191O1912(1): 170. Denominative verbs: 1. o.Pyupooj..laL [v.] 'to be covered with silver', -OW 'to cover with silver' (Pi., Dialex.), verbal noun o.pyupwj..la 'silver plate' (Lys., Antiph.), diminutive o.pyupwj..lCtl'lOV (Arr.) , adjective o.pyupwj..laLlKOe; (Ephesus). 2. o.pyupL�Oj..laL [v.] 'to squeeze money from' (Din., J.), o.pyuplOj..lOe; (Str., Ph.). 3. o.PYUPEUW [v.] 'to dig for silver' (D. S., Str.); independent of this is o.pyUpEUl'lK� [f.] (scil. LEXVT]) 'art of the silversmith' (Eustr.) . ETYM apyupoe; derives from a u-stem also seen in � apyu
apyu
ap6a [f.] 'dirt' (Pherecr. 53). * -rzda > -poa, but the short -a may also point to substrate origin. •

ap6l�, -lO� [f.] 'point of an arrow' (Hdt., A. Pr. 880 [lyr.l). 346) . DER o.poj..loe; 'watering place' (ll.), enlarged o.poT]8j..loe; (Lyc., Nie.); o.poaAla· LOUe; nu8j..lEvae; LWV KEpaj..lLowv, oue; £VlOl yopyupae; KaAOUaLV 'the bottoms of tiles, which some call y.' (H.). Purely formal enlargement in o.pOEUW (A. Pr. 852, Arist.), whence o.poda 'irrigation' (Str., PIu.), apOEUaLe; 'id.' (Plb.), o.poEUaLj..lOe; (H.); o.pOEUL�e; [m.] 'irrigator' (Man.). •

l28

.ETYM The connection with eppaoaTaL < *FEFpUOaTaL is most probably wrong, because the 0 in eppUOaTaI (which belongs to � pa[vw) is secondary (thus already Frisk). Fur.: 241 compares 1tapOaKOe; 'humid' (highly doubtful) and iip0W' AElflwVEe; 'humid meadows' (H.) (254). The latter proposal is attractive, as -00e; is a pre-Greek suffIx. Furnee also follows the proposal by Kretschmer Glotta 3 (1910-1912): 294f. that a- is due to a pre-form *aFupow (comparing vEOapo�e;), the prothetic vowel of which he explains as a substrate element. Neumann 1961: 91 noted that several technical terms for irrigation are pre-Greek (� yopyupa, � iivollpa). apElll [f.] 'threat(s) , (ll.). � ?� .COMP See � e1t�pEla. .DER Denominative apEluw [v.] 'to threaten' (Hippon.). ETYM Formerly connected with Skt. irasya 'malevolence', irasydti 'to be angry, be envious', under the assumption of *h2rh,-es- (see Peters Sprache 32 (1986): 371f.). However, the meaning is different, cf. � ap�. Relationship with e1t�pEla depends on the question if this contains PGr. *e. A further comparison is with iipoe; . , . Ka[ pAUpOe; aKOU
apdwv [adj.] 'better, stronger, nobler' (ll.). � ?� .DIAL Myc. a-rjo-a2 larjoha/. ETYM A primary comparative, beside which stands a superlative � iipI0TOe;. Acc. to Giintert IF 27 (1910): 67, apdwv (like AwTwv) was not a primary comparative, but rather formed from an old positive. Seiler 1950: 116ff. fInds this positive in iipEIOe;, seen in TEixoe; iipEloV (ll.), and connects it with iipoe;· 0'PEAOe; 'benefIt' (H.). The Mye. comparative is formed differently and suggests derivation from the root *h2er-, if it does not stand for *h2erh,-ios- (with the Lex Pinault, loss of laryngeal before yod). •

ap£0Kw [v.] 'to please, satisfy' (ll.). � IE? *h2erh,- 'please, satisfy' (?)� VAR Aor. ap£0aL. .DER iipWle; 'grace' (Priene 11"). apwTOe; 'pleasing' (Hdt.), apwT� p [m.] "reconciliator", name of a sacrifIcial cake for appeasing a deity (inscr., Ael. Dion.), whence apwT�ptoe; 'expiatory' (D. H.), apwTllP[a (8u0[a) and apwT�ptoV (inscr.); ApE
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apeTq [f.] 'excellence' (ll.). � IE? *h2erh,-� .COMP aivapETll [voe.] 'terribly brave' (ll.). DER Denominative apnuw [v.] 'to prosper, thrive' (Od.) . ETYM Not directly related to � apE0Kw for semantic reasons. Connection with � apE[wv is semantically attractive, but formally not clear. Vine 1998: 61f. suggests an •

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'Aplle;, 'ApEWe;

129

analysis *h2(e)r-eteh2- to the root of � apap[0Kw, which would be formally excellent and for which he adduces semantic arguments. Nikolaev 2005 wants to reconstruct *h2nr-eteh2- from the word for 'man, hero', and tries to reformulate Rix's Law.

apq [f.] 'bane, ruin' (ll.). � ? � .ETYM Probably related to the ptc. aPllflEVOe; 'pEpAaflflEVOe;, damaged' (ll.), but the long a- poses diffIculties. Further connected with iipoe;· ( . . . ) pAc'tpoe; aKOU a. .COMP 1tOAU-PPllv < *1tOAU-FPllv < *urh,-n-. DER iipVEIOe; 'of a sheep or lamb' (Hdt.), like a'(YEIOe;, pOElOe; (Chantraine 1933: 50f.); apvEa [f.] 'sheepskin' (Hdn.), also 'sheep-breeding' (POxy. 2, 297, 8) like aiYEa ete. (Chantraine 91); apvaK[e; 'sheepskin' (Ar.), haplological fem. from *apvo-vaKOe;? Uncertain is the appurtenance of � apvEIOe; and � apvwT� p. Also apvEiov 'butcher's shop' (Didym.); diminutive apv[ov 'little lamb', also 'sheepskin' (Lys.). Popular iiplxa (acc) iipPEV 1tpOpaTOv 'male cattle' (H.), PUplXOI (= F-)- iipVEe; 'sheep' (H.) (Chantraine 1933: 403), but the absence of the nasal is unexplained. It is confIrmed by the PN FapIXOe; (Tarente). .ETYM ap�v < Fap�v < *urh,-en matches Arm. garn, -in 'lamb'. Skt. urm;a- [m.] 'id.' is a thematization of *urh,-en-, cf. MP varak 'ram'. The original inflection was nom. *urh,-en, ace. *urh,-en-m, gen. *urh,-n-os > *Fapllv, *FapEva, *FPllvoe;. This means that the oblique stem Fap-v- is due to a reshaping. Unrelated is � dpoe; 'wool', which derives from *FEPFoe;. Cf. Meier-Briigger KZ 103 (1990): 26-29. •

•

'Apqe;, 'Apewc; [m.] the god of war; also god of vengeance and oaths (Arcadia, Athens, etc., see Kretschmer Glotta 11 (1921): 195ff.); metonym. for 'war' (Triimpy 1950: 152f.) . � PG� ·VAR On the inflexion see Schwyzer: 576.

130

.DIAL Myc. dat. a-re, adj. a-re-(i-)jo; PN a-re-(i-)me-ne. Boeot. Lesb. 'ApWC;. DER Fern. 'Ap£la in Arc. -rav A0avav -rav 'Ap£lav; adj . 'Ap£lOC;, Ion. AP�'(OC;, Lesb. AP£1J"(OC; (Zeuc; 'ApeLOC; Epirus, 'Ap£lOC; 1tayoc; Athens, whence Apeo1tay[-r'lC;)' PN AP'l-rCtO'lC; (Bechtel I917a: 11). .ETYM The ancient grammarians and lexicographers (e.g. EM 140) connected ap� 'Schaden, Unheil, Verderben', cf. apoc;· �ACt�OC; aK01)mOV (H.). The connection is •

improbable: lE origin of such a name is not to be expected. On the flection Schulze 1892: 454ff., Bechtel (above) and Kretschmer Glotta 15 (1927): 197.

ap6!lOC; =>apap[GKw. ap6pov [n.] 'joint, articulation' (Hdt., Hp., S., E.), also 'article' as a grammatical term (Arist.). <"!!l IE *h2er-dhro- 'fitting'� DER ap0pi-rlC; (VOGOC;) 'gout' (Hp.), ap0pmKoc; (Hp., Gal.); ap0plKoC; 'of the joint or article' (Gal., gramm.); ap0pwo'lC; 'provided with joints' (X., Arist., Gal.), ap0pwo[a (Gal.). Denominative verb ap0pooflaL 'to be articulated', -ow 'to articulate' (Hp., Hermipp., X.), ap0pwmc; 'articulation' (Phld., Str.). .ETYM From *h2er-dhro-, derived from *h2er- 'to fit' with the instrument suffix. See � apap[GKw. •

apl- 'good, very' (11.), as a first member in compounds. <"!!l IE *h2er-� .COMP In ap[-yvw-rOC;, -Oe[KeLOC;, -1tp£1t�C;, etc. ETYM Willi KZ 112 (1999): 86-100 convincingly disassociates apl- from epl- and maintains the widely accepted connection with aplGLOC;. He concludes that the forms with epl- are mainly bahuvrlhis (possessive compounds), while those with apl- are verbal governing compounds. Willi accepts Heubeck's connection of epl- as *ser-i, related to Hitt. ser 'above, up', with psilosis (95ff.), see � epl-. This is better than the analysis by Fur.: 348, who thinks the element is Pre-Greek because of the variation e I a-. •

ap(a [f.] Doric for
AplU6vT) [f.] daughter of Minos, abducted by Theseus (11.). <"!!l PG� .VAR Aplayv'l on a vase; APl�O'l acc. to Zenodotos at L 592, Call. cf. 67.13 The form is confirmed by Apl�Oav· -r�v AplaOv'lv. Kp�-rec; (H.). , .ETYM The gloss aovov· ayvov. Kp�-rec; 'pure (Cret.) (H.) is artificial, as yv > Ov is not a Cretan development (Brown 1985: 25). This means that the word probably does not contain ayvoc;. An lE etymology is improbable for a Cretan goddess, and the group -Ov- is found in other Pre-Greek words. apl6dK£LOC; [adj.] 'most famous' (11.). <"!!l IE *deik- 'show'� ETYM A compound from � apl- and a second member which was formerly connected with � 0'l0EXa-raL, under the assumption of metrical lengthening for *apl O£KeLOC; (Schulze 1892: 242). Nowadays, the form is read oeloExa-raL and is •

aplG-rov

131

considered to be related to � OelKVUfll, which means that apl-OelKeLOC; also derives from this root (which seemed obvious anyhow) .

ap(�T)AoC; [adj.] 'clear, easily recognizable' (11.), equivalent of ap[0'lAoC;. <"!!l IE *h2eri

dieh2-1o-� .ETYM Explained as *-djeh2-1o- to � O£a-ro by Schulze 1892: 244 (in pre-Iaryngealist terms: * -Ol'lAOC;). Others want to read + as -00-, cf. Shipp 1967: 50ff.; Chantraine 1942: 169·

apl6!loc; [m.] 'number; payment' (Od.). <"!!l IE *h2rei- 'count'� .VAR Through metathesis afll0poc; (Schwyzer: 268) . DER Denominative verb apl0flEw 'count' (11.), whence ap[0fl'lfla (A., Secund.), ap[0fl'lmc; (Ion., Hell.) 'count, payment', with apl0fl'lLlKOC; 'of counting', 'arithmetical' (Pl., etc.); agent noun apl0fl'l-r�C; ( [Pl.] Just. 373b) . Perhaps in the PNs 'E1t�pl-roC;, Arc. ITeoupnoc; and the Arc. appellative 'E1tapl-rOl 'the chosen ones', see Wackernagel 1916: 250 and Wackernagel Phi!. 86 (1931): 133ff. .ETYM A derivation in -0flo- from the root of � V�Pl-roC; 'countless'. Outside Greek, there are comparable words in Germanic: ON rim [n.] 'account', OHG rIm [m.] 'row, number', and in Celtic: OIr. rim 'number'. Probably, Lat. rltus 'religious observance, rite' is related too « *h2rei-ti-). •

aplAAa [f.] unknown (only IG Rom. 4, 1349). <"!!l ?� .ETYM Unknown. ap[c; 1, -(60c; [f.] 'bow-drill' (Hp.). <"!!l ?� .ETYM Technical term of unknown origin. For the formation, cf. aK[C;, OOK[C;, Gav[c; (Chantraine 1933: 337). Groselj Ziva Ant. 7 (1957): 41 connects eplwA'l. ap(c;

2, -(60C; [f.] plant name, 'Arisarum vulgare', also 'opaKov-r[a fllKpa' (Ps.-Dsc.). <"!!l ?� .ETYM Diminutive of apov? Cf. also � ap[Gapov.

ap(oapov [n.] a plant, 'Arisarum vulgare' (Dsc.). <"!!l ?� .ETYM See � ap ov and � aGapov (Stromberg 1940: 157f.) . aploupoC; [adj.] 'left' (11.). <"!!l GR� .DER the plant name aplG-repewv (PHn.) = 1teplG-repewv 'dovecoat' was perhaps reshaped after the latter form; see Stromberg 1940: 153,251f. Or is it unrelated to 'left'? .ETYM Formed with the contrast-marking suffIx --repo-; connection with aplG--roc; is mostly assumed. A problem is that omens coming from the left side were considered unfavorable in Greece. It is thought that the left side was considered favorable in earlier times, judging by parallels like Lat. sinister (but see the doubts in De Vaan 2008 s.v.), OHG winister, Av. vairiia.stara- 'left, more favorable' (or are these old euphemisms?) . aplO-rOV [n.] 'breakfast' (11.), taken in the afternoon in classical times (see Athen. 11b ff.). <"!!l IE *h2eier- 'day, morning', *h,ed- 'eat'�

aplOTOe;

132

.DER Denominative aplOTUW [V.] 'to have breakfast' (lA), aploTT]T�e; 'who eats twice a day' (Hp.). aplaTT]TlKOe; 'who loves breakfast' (Eup.), aploTT]T�pLOV 'refectory' (BCH 15, 184). 2. aplaTL(w 'to give breakfast' (Ar.), -L(oflaL 'to have breakfast' (Hp.) . ETYM An old compound meaning "eaten in the morning", a contraction of a locative apl « *a'(£p-l) and the zero grade of eo- 'eat' (see � eo8Lw) + To-suffIx: *h,eieri-h,d-to-; see Bechtel 1914. Note, however, that � �Pl 'early' is now derived from *h,eus-er-i. •

apUJTOe; [adj.] 'the best, first, noblest' (11.). � ?� DER aploTLvoT]v [adv.] 'according to birth or merit' (Att.), whence substantivized aplaTLVoa.e; [m.] (Sparta). aploT£Ue; (mostly plur. aplaT�£e;) 'they who excel, chiefs' (11.); aploT£uW [v.] 'to be the best, excel' (11.), aploT£La [f.] 'deed of valor' (Gorg., S.). aploT£Ue; could be a back formation from aploT£uW, if the latter was derived directly from aplOTOe;. Also aplaTda, Ion. aploT�'ia [n.pl.] 'meed of valor' (Hdt., S.), but aplaTdoe; 'belonging to the aploTOl' (D. H., PIu.) directly from aplaTOe;. Further numerous PNs, like ApLoTwv, AploTLwv, ete. ETYM A primary superlative to the comparative � apdwv. It is sometimes considered to contain the prefix apl-, but this seems improbable to me. Perhaps it is related to � apapLoKw, as 'the fittest'. •

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aplXu => ap�v. aplxaollUl =>avapplxuOflaL. apKaVTJ [f.] TO pUflfla 4i TOV oT�flova eYKaTanA£Koum ola(ofl£VaL 'iliread with which the warp is intertwined, when they are setting it up in the loom' (H.). � PG?� .ETYM The connection with � apKUe; is doubtful. The suffIx is also seen in opmuvT], KanuvT], 8T]yuvT], etc.; see Chantraine 1933: 198f. Probably a loanword, perhaps Pre Greek. .

apK£u8oe; [f.] 'juniper, Juniperus macrocarpa' (Hp.). � PG?, EUR?� VAR apY£TOe;' � apKw80e;. Kp�T£e; (H.) . DER apKw8Le;, -Looe; [f.] 'juniper-berry' (Hp.), apKw8l0LTT]e; (OlVOe;) 'wine from or perfumed with juniper-berries' (Dsc. 5, 46 ed. Sprengel). ETYM Within Greek, the gloss apynoe; is certainly cognate, cf. Brown 1985: 25. In view of this, apKw80e; is clearly a substrate word. On the suffIx see Fur.: 115\ on the material cf. Beekes 2000: 27. The word has always been connected with the Slavic group of Ru. rak£ta 'willow, Salix fragilis' < * arkiltii; these can be combined if we assume a loan from the European substrate. The comparison with. apKUe; 'net' is improbable. •

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•

apKEw [v.] 'to ward off, defend; suffIce' (11.). � IE *h,erk- 'hold, contain'� .COMP Often -apKT]e;: e.g. aUTupKT]e; 'self-sufficient'; yUlupKT]e; 'strengthening the limbs' (Pi.), ete. Perhaps � no8CtpKT]e;. .DER Verbal noun apKWle; 'help' (S., inscr. Thera); also apKOe; [n.] 'defense' (Ale.), which is rather deverbative to apK£w because of its limited distribution. Further

Cipfla 1

133

apKlOe; (11., epic) 'to be relied on, sure, certain, sufficient' (the development of the mg. is difficult). Perhaps here apKLOv 'burdock, Arctium Lappa' (Dsc.) . ETYM Related to Lat. arcea 'to hold off, contain, etc.' and Hitt. bark-zi 'to hold, have', and perhaps also to the noun Arm. argel 'hindrance'. •

apKTJAOe; [m.] 'young panther, kind of panther' (Callix.). � PG?� , .VAR Perhaps apKT]Aa· . . . Kp�T£e; T�V UaTplXa = 'hedgehog, porcupine (Cret.) (H.), if it is itacistic for apKUACt 'bear' . ETYM Unknown. On the suffIx (as a substrate element) see Fur.: 1155• It is not clear whether the gloss belongs here. •

apKTOe; [f., m.?] 'bear' (11.); also name of a constellation: 'Ursa Major' (Scherer 1953: 131ff.), 'the north'; also a crustacean, 'Arctos Ursus' nhTl� (Arist.), see Thompson 1947: 17. � IE *h,rtko- 'bear'� VAR Younger form apKOe; [m., f.] (LXX); the form appears at an early date in names, see Dobias-Lalou 2000: 6. Late ap� (OGI 201, 15). .COMP ApKTOUpOe; (Hes.), with -opoe; 'surveyor'; see �
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apKUe;, -uoe; [f.] 'net' (A.). � PG?� VAR Mostly plur. .DER apKuov 'id.' (EM), after oLKTuov; also apKuAov, oLKTuov 'net' (H.) . .ETYM Unknown. Ace. to Liden IF 18 (1905-1906): 507f., in the sense of 'twined, woven', related to apKw80e; and apKuvT] and the Slavic words for 'willow'. This is improbable, as one expects a derivative suffIx. A technical term which may well be a substrate word; for the u-stem, cf. flLflapKue;, punue; I pu
uPIlU 1 [n.] 'wagon, car', especially 'war chariot' (11.); on the use in Homer see Delebecque 1951: 17of. � IE *h2er- 'join'� .VAR Often plur. .DIAL Myc. a-mo larm(h)ol, dat. a-mo-te-i, plur. a-mo-ta, but it means 'wheel'. Further a-mo-te-jo-na-de larmoteiona-del 'to the wheel-maker's shop'. On traces of the mg. 'wheel' in Homer, see PanagI 199:i: 137-44.

134

apflu 2

.COMP apflaTO-rrTjYo<; (ll.) 'wheel-maker', etc. apfluflu�u contains aflu�u (Ar.), unless it is an adapted Persian word. On � �TjTuPflwv, see s.v. DER apfluT£lo<; 'of the chariot' (E., X.), apflUTO£[(:; 'id.' (Critias), apflUTl-rTj<; 'using chariots' (Philostr., pap.), diminutive apfluTLOv (gloss.). Denominative aPflun:uw [v.] 'to drive a wagon' (E. Or. 994). .ETYM Derived from the root ap- 'to fit' in � apup[aKw. It is assumed that the rough breathing (also in � apflo(w, � apflov[u, etc.) is due to an original suffIx -sm-. This presupposes that thematic � apflo<; is the older form, since only a thematic suffIx -smo- is known. However, note that the Mycenaean form has no initial aspiration. Outside Greek, several forms have a suffIx -m-, e.g. Lat. arma [pI.] 'weapons', Arm. y-armar 'fitting'. Unrelated is the word for 'arm' in Lat. arma [m.] 'arm', Go. arms 'id.', because of Skt./rma- 'id.' < *h2rH-mo- with root-final laryngeal. •

apflu 2 [n.] 'food' (Hp. acc. to Hellad. apud Phot. [po 533 B]; also v.L for o.Pfl£vU Hes. Th. 639). � ?� .ETYM Connection with u'(pOflat 'to take for oneself, or with � apup[aKw has been suggested (cf. � apfl£vu in the meaning 'food'). Furthermore, it is mentioned in the gloss vwyuA£ufluTU � vwyuA[afluTu, n':t Kunl A£1tTOV £O£afluTu. OL O£ Ta fl� ei<; xop-raa[uv, aAAa Tpuq:>£pa apfluTu (H.). apfluAu [?] a plant, 'rue' = rr�yuvov aypLOv (Dsc.). � LW Sem.?� VAR Syrian for rr�yuvov KTjrrulov (Ps.-Dsc. 3, 45). Also apflupu (pap.). ETYM Cf. Arab. harmal 'rue'. Is apfluAu from Semitic, or the other way round? •

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apfluAlu [f.] 'ration, food' (Hes.). � ?� , .VAR Also uPfloAlu, -ea (pap.) and apflwAu, apTuflu-ra. ApKu8e<; 'condiments (Arc.) (H.). Other glosses may contain mistakes: apfloyuAu, Ta apTufluTU. TUPUVTlvOl , 'condiments (Tarantine) (alphabetically wrong) and apflwfluAu (read -flUTU?). Cf. further �PfluAwauTo· auv£Au�£v 'collected' (H.). ETYM On the suffIx, see Chantraine 1933: 82. The variation -uA-, -01..- , -wA- suggests a loanword; connection with � aPfl£vu 'food' or � apflu 2 'id.' is hardly feasible. •

apfl£vu [n.pL] 'sail, tackle; instruments; food' (Hes., epic Ion.). � IE *h2er- 'fit'� VAR Rarely sing. DER apfl£v[(W 'to sail' (gloss.), MoGr. also 'to deliver, lead' (see Browning Class. Rev. N.S. 19 (1969): 68.). .ETYM Literally 'what has been fitted out', 'equipment', a substantivization of apfl£vo<; from � apup[aKw. •

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apflo�w [v.] 'to join, fit together, connect' (ll.). � IE *h2er- 'fit'� VAR Aor. apfloaat. DIAL Att. -onw; Dor. aor. aOflo�at. .DER apfloaT�<; (Dor. -T�p) [m.] title of an official, especially of the Spartan governor in dependent cities (inscr., Th.), apfloaTwp (A.) 'commander', action nouns o.pfloaflu 'joined work' (E. Hel. 411), o.PflOat<; 'tuning of an instrument' (Phryn., Theol. Ar.), apfloanKo<; (Theol. Ar.). With -y-: apfloy� 'fitting together' (Eup.), cf. Dor. o.Pflo�u, o.pfloKTat. •

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135

.ETYM Denominative verb from apfloTCt<; acc. to Ruijgh 1967a: 48'7, which itself derives from � aPfl0<; 'joint' (S.) . apfloviu [f.] 'means of joining; frame; covenant, agreement, etc.' (ll.). � IE *h2er- 'fit'� .ETYM Derived from an adjective only known as a PN: 'Apflwv, for which cf. Apflov[oTj<; (ll.). Also found in � �TjTuPflwv, Like � o.PflU 1, this adjective derives from ap- 'to fit' with a suffIx -men-. See � apup[aKw. apflo� [m.] 'joint' (S., E., inscr.). � IE *h2(e)r-smo- 'joint'� .DER Hence the old locative apflol [adv.] 'just, lately' (A.). aPflo8to<; 'fitting, etc.' (Thgn.) seems to be a back-formation to � apflo(w. .ETYM See � apflo(w. apfluAu =>ap�uATj. apflwAu =>apfluAlu. apvuKi<; =>ap�v. apvElo<; [m.] 'ram' (ll.). � IE? *h2ers-n-i- 'ram'� .VAR Cf. apv£lo<;· 6 TPl£T�<; KPlO<; 'three-year-old ram' (H.). Also in Pausanias 159 Erbse, who cites Istros apvu, UTU aflvov, £hu apV£lOV, £hu Al1toyvwflovu. For apvTjo<;, see below. .DIAL Att. apv£w<; [m.] . .DER apvTju8e<;, -uowv [fem.pL] (AeoL, Del.3 644, 15). oETYM As the glosses indicate, the word was a designation for a ram of a certain age (Benveniste BSL 45 (1949): 103). Att. apv£w<; shows that the original form was *apvTjo<;, which is confirmed by AeoL apvTjuo£<;. The form with £l in Homer may have arisen by reinterpretation of spelled E. We thus have to reconstruct *ar(s)nejos or *ar(s)neyos. The old connection with (F)ap�v was rightfully rejected by Meillet IF 5 (1895): 328f., both because of the meaning and because the word had no digamma. *apvTjo<; therefore appears to belong to � apaTjv 'male animal' (see there on the absence of an initial digamma). The same formation, but from a different root, is found in Skt. VT?1:l1-, Av. varsni-, also meaning 'ram'. An alternative, but less convincing etymology derives the word from the verb apveuw (s.v. � apveuT�p); see Bechtel l914. apv£oflaL [v.] 'to deny, refuse, decline' (ll.). � IE *h2res- 'refuse, deny'� VAR Aor. apv�auaeat. .DER apvTjat<; 'denial' (trag., PI., D.), apv�atfl0<; (S.), perhaps after aflq:>la�TjT�atfl0<;; apvTjTlKO<; 'negative' (Chrysipp., Numen.). Probably deverbal: arr-upvo<; and E� upvo<; (lA). .ETYM Mayrhofer KZ 71 (1953): 75ff. connected the word with Av. rah- 'to be disloyal, unfaithful' (3PL intens. riiratiiei1:lti', caus. r?l1Jhaii;m), assuming a nasal present *h2r-n es- for Greek. This etymology fits both form and meaning very� well, cf. also Beekes MSS 38 (1979): 10-11. Unrelated is Arm. uranam 'to deny', see Clackson 1994: 102f. •

apVEUTllP, -111'0<; [m.] 'jumper, acrobat', also a bird (ll., Hdt., Arat.). � GR�

136

.YAR Acc. to sch. AT on M 385, the apv£ur�p is 6 KU�lU-r�p, 1tUpa -rou� apvu�. OD-rOl yap KU�lU-rW(JLV WU1t£p -rov aepu Kup(noVL£� 'tumbler; ram (for they tumble while butting with the horns)', but this may be a folk-etymological interpretation after apv£l6� 'ram'. Also apvw-r�� [m.] epithet of a fish (Numen. apud Ath.); cf. Stromberg 1943: 50 . DER apvw-r�plU [n.pl.] 'diving tricks' (Arat.), apvEuw [v.] 'to dive' (Lyc.). .ETYM The connection with � apv£l6� 'ram' is uncertain. See Fur.: 235 on apvu1tov· -rov apvu (H.) (Latte reads apvaplov); he prefers a separate root for 'jump'. •

apvu!1Ul [v.] 'to win, gain, acquire' (ll.). � IE *h2er- 'take, acquire'� YAR Aor. apEUem. ·COMP Starting from the expression f.llUeOV apvuuem, the verb fllUeUPVEW 'to work, serve for hire' (Hp.) was formed. .DER apo� [n.] 'benefit' (A. Supp. 885 [uncertain reading], H., Eust.). ETYM An old nasal present apvu!1m < *h2r-nu-, seen in Arm. arnum 'to take', aor. ah, and in Av. aranuuail:tti 'they grant'. Hitt. arnuJi 'to transport, deport' is related to � 0PVU!1l. •

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apoKAov =>apuKlv. «pov [n.] a plant, 'Arum italicum' etc., cuckoo-pint (Thphr.); see LSJ. � LW? Eg.� .ETYM Hemmerdinger Glotta 46 (1968): 244 and Hemmerdinger Glotta 48 (1970): 54 derived it from Eg. r 'reed, cane'; cf. Plin. Hist. Nat. 19, 5, 30, 95: est inter genera et quod in Aegypto aron vocant. Perhaps, it is also contained in � ap(� and � ap(uupov. Comparison with Lat. (h)arundo 'cane' is less probable. «po� [n.] = 0'P£AO� 'advantage' (H.). � ?� YAR ap o�· 0'P£AO� KUt <1tE-rpU�> KOlAa�, ev ul� Mwp aepO(�£LaL 0fl�PlOV, KUt �Aa�o� aKOU(JLOV 'advantage; hollows of rocks in which rain water is collected; also involuntary damage' (H.). .ETYM In the first sense, usually compared with � apvuflul. For the second, Defner 1923: 47 compares Laconian apE· MKKO� 'cistern'. For the third, see on � ap�. •

ap6w [v.] 'to plow, plant' (ll.). � IE *h2erhJ- 'plow'� YAR Aor. ap6uaL. .DIAL Myc. a-ro-u-ra /aroura/ . DER apo-r�p [m.] 'plowman' (ll.), secondarily ap6-rTj� [m.] (lA, poet.); apOLo� [m.] 'plowing, (plowed) land, etc.' (ll.); thence apo-r�(JLo� wPTj (Arat. 1053), after adjectives of time in -�(JLO�; apOLlK6� 'fit for plowing' (Gal.), perhaps directly from ap6w; 2. apo(JL� 'plowing, etc.' (Arist., Arat., Ael.), 'farmland' (Horn.), whence ap6(JLflo� 'arable' (Thphr., Str.); sometimes with secondary length apw(JL� (pap.) and apw(JLflo� (S. Ant. 569), metrically conditioned (Arbenz 1933: 48); 3. apwflu 'farmland' (S., corn.); 4. apoufl6� 'plowing' (pap.); 5. Doric *apa-ru� (on -u- see below) is perhaps contained in the month name Apa-ruo�. apo-rpov 'plow' (ll.); thence denominative verbs: 1. apo-rp£uw [v.] 'to plow' (Pherecyd., Lyc., Nic., Babr.), apOLp£u� 'plowman' (Theoc., Bion, Arat.), apOLpw-r�p 'id.' (AP), ap6-rpwflu 'plowing' (Poet. apud Stob.); 2. apOLplaw ap6w (Call., •

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137 Thphr.), apo-rp(u(JL� (LXX) and apo-rp(uflu 'plowed land' (sch. Ar.); 3. apo-rpl6w = -law (LXX); 4. apo-rpla�w 'to plow' (pap.), apo-rplU(Jl�� (EM) and apOLplaafl6� (sch. Opp.). apoupu 'arable land' (ll.), already Myc. a-ro-u-ra. Thence apoupulo� 'rural' (lA), apoup(-rTj� 'id.' (Babr.), diminutives apouploV (AP) and apoup(olOV (pap.); from Egyptian papyri: apoupTj06v [n.] 'surface measured by apoupaL' (substantivized adverb), apouplufl6� 'measuring in apoupm'. .ETYM An old yod-present derived from the dissyllabic root *h2erh3-. The reflex of -hJ- is seen in the aorist, and perhaps also in the present if this directly continues *h2erhJ-ie/o- (this is one of the very few counterexamples against Pinault's Law in Greek). The -u- in the Doric forms (apu-rpov, Apa-ruo�, fut. apauuvn (Tab. Herael.); Ther. Rhod. evapa-rov) is probably due to influence of the verb apaw, which must be analogical (though it is hard to indicate a precise model). Cognate yod-presents are Lat. arare, Mlr. airim, Go. arjan, Lith. arti, ISg. ariu, OCS orati, ISg. orjp . The formation of apOLpov is matched by Arm. arawr, Lat. aratrum (with secondary length), Mlr. arathar, and ON arar; all from an instrument noun *h2erhJ-tro- 'plow'; the same formation is continued by Lith. arti, OCS ralo < PBSl. *arH-tlo- or -dhlo-. It is possible that Hitt. harra) 'to grind, crush' is cognate, in which case 'to plow' was originally called 'to break the soil'. apoupu is a derivation in - lU from a verbal noun *apo-Fup 'plowing'; on the details see Peters 1980a: 143ff. This old rln- stem *h2erhJ-u[, gen. *h2rhJ-uen-s is continued in Mlr. arbor < *ary[, gen. OIr. arbe < *aryens 'corn', Skt. urvara- 'arable land'; a similar formation is found in Lat. arvum < *h2erhJ-uo-.

ap1ta�w [v.] 'to snatch away' (ll.). � PG? (S), IE? *serp- 'prune'� .YAR Aor. ap1ta�aL (ll.), ap1taum (Horn.). .DER From ap1tuy-: ap1tu� [f.] 'plundering' (Hes.), [m.] 'robber' (Ar.); ap1tuy� 'robbery' (Sol.), ap1taYTj 'hook, rake' (E.); ap1tuyo� [m.] 'hook' (A., S.); ap1tuy£u� 'robber' (Them.) was probably taken from ap1tuy�; *ap1tuywv is found in the Latin borrowing harpago 'grappling-hook' (Plaut.). Deverbal from ap1ta�w: ap1tUK-r�p [m.] 'robber' (ll.), ap1tUK-r�� (Call.); action nouns ap1tuYfl6� 'robbery, booty' (PIu., Vett. Val.), ap1tuYflu 'id.' (Lyc., LXX), ap1tUK-ru� [f.] 'robbery' (Call.); ap1tayLOv 'vessel like the KA£\j!tlOPU' (Alex. Aphr.) . Adjectives: ap1taylflo� 'robbed, stolen' (Call., AP), lengthened ap1tuylflulo� 'id.' (Orph.); ap1tUKnK6� 'rapacious' (Luc.), ap1tUK-r�PlO� 'id.' (Lyc.). Adverb ap1tayoTjv 'snatching' (A. R., Opp., Aret.). Forms deriving from the aorist ap1tauaL are less frequent: ap1tuuflu (Pl., Men.), ap1taafl6� (PIu.), ap1tu(JL� (Phryn.), ap1tU(JllK6� (Arist., Phld.), ap1taao� name of a predatory bird (Ant. Lib.). .ETYM ap1ta�w seems to be a denominative verb from a stem ap1tuy-. This may be related within Greek to ap1t- (from which ap1ta�w may have been derived directly), as found in ap1tTj 'sickle', also a bird of prey. Less probable is connection with � ap1tu� and � ap1tUlU; as DELG remarks, this may be based on folk etymology. The word for 'sickle' is derived from a root *serp-. If ap1ta�w is derived from this, too, it would originally m�an 'to snatch'. However, the etymology is far from certain,

as a suffIx -ay- cannot be explained in lE terms, and forms which contain it seem to be substrate words (Chantraine 1933: 397). Nor can ap1t- be easily explained as an lE form, since the zero grade *srp- would be expected to yield pa1t-.

ap1tuAto<; [adj.] 'devouring, greedy, consuming'; thence 'with pleasure, attractive, alluring' (Od.). <{ GR� .DER Denominative ap1taA[�w [v.] 'to be eager to receive; to exact greedily' (A.), ap1taA[�Oflat· aafl£vwc; O£xoflat 'to receive gladly' (H.). .ETYM Dissimilated from aA1taA£OC;, which belongs to � aA1tVlaTOC;. The original form is recorded by Hesychius: aA1taAaiov (leg. -tOY} ayam]TOV 'amiable'. The secondary connection with ap1ta�w explains the spiritus asper and the development of the meaning. apm:Sq<; [adj.] 'flat' (Nie. rh. 420). « PG?(V)� VAR Sometimes with rough breathing ap-. Cf. epm:Mwaa (-ooaaa ms.)- e1t[1t£OOC; 'level, flat' (H.). DER ap1t£M£lC; (Antim. Col.). Denominative verb ap1t£o[aat· 0flaA[aat, eoa
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apm:Mvl) [f.] 'cord, yarn', used to ensnare game, ete. (Hdt.). <{ ?� .vAR Also -£owv [f.] (AP) . DER ap1t£Oov[�£lV' AW1tOOUT£lV. Kat Olo. amxpTou 9'lpav 'to steal clothes; hunt by rope' (H.). .ETYM Unknown; cf. the names of instruments in -owv, -Mv'l (Schwyzer: 529f., 490, Chantraine 1933: 361f., 207). Connection with � apmx�w is improbable for a word for 'cord'. Groselj Ziva Ant. 7 (1957): 225f. connects the word with Lith. verpti 'to spin', but then the -ap- must be analogical after -£p-. •

ap1t£�u [f.] 'hedge' (Nic.), cf. ap1t£�ac;· TOUC; aiflaO'lWO£lC; T01tOUC;. oi O£ T£[X'l Kat 1t£pl�OAOUC;. oi O£ TO. KAlflaKWO'l xwp[a 'places that are hedged in; walls and enclosures; terraced places' (H.). <( PG(v)� VAR Also ap1t£�OC; [f.] 'id.' (Mylasa). Cf. further apmaat· aiflaO'laL � Ta

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ap1tl) [f.] 'sickle' (ll.), also a bird of prey (after its claws, see Bechtel 1914 and Thompson 1895). <( IE?, ? *ser(p)- 'sickle'�

appa�wv 1, -WVOC;

139

.VAR ap1t'lC;' £1ooc; opv£ou 'kind of bird' (H.) and ap1t£Tov, aKofllaTOV � iKTivoc;. , Kp�T£C; 'untended; a kite (Cretan) (H.). .DER Ace. to Leumann 1950: 294, the bird comes from the interpretation of Homer; not convincing. .ETYM ap1t'l agrees with OCS sr'bp'b, Latv. sirpe 'sickle'. Furthermore, one compares Lat. sarpio and sarpo, sarpere 'trim, prune (vine)', but the vocalism is difficult to accout for (see Schrijver 1991: 493: from sarrio). If we suppose an lE origin, "ap1t'l a un vocalisme ambigu", say E-M, by which they must mean that it is diffIcult to explain. I agree with E-M and am inclined to assume a non-lE word (for the concept of European substrate words, see Beekes 2000). The appurtenance of OIr. serr is also doubtful; see Vendryes. For a hypothesis of an Oriental origin, see Grimme Glotta 14 (1925): 17. It is improbable to take ap1t'l as the basis of ap1ta�, ap1tuy'l, ap1tu�w, as Szemerenyi 1964: 205, 213 does .

apm� [f.] ? . £I00C; aKuv9'lC; 'kind of thorny plant' (H.). <{ PG� .VAR Also a1tpl�; and a1tplyoa· £I00C; aKav9'l C; 'id.' (Cypr. EM 132, 53) . .ETYM Unknown. The variation with -yoa and the form itself suggest substrate origin. ap1tl<;, -iSo<; [f.] 'kind of shoe' (Call.), = KP'l1t[C; 'man's high boot' (EM 148, 36). <{ ?� .VAR ap1t[o£c;, flaAaKat Kp'l1ti8£c; � iJ1to O� flaTU 'soft boots or sandals' (H.). pa1t[C; = KP'l1t[C; (H., EM) . ETYM The word is Laconian, acc. to Hesychius. A formal variant is � pa1t[C;, so the word must be Pre-Greek. •

J\.p1tULU [f. ] usually plur. 'the Harpies', demons (ll.). « PG(v)� .VAR Old dual l\p£1tu[a. (Aigina); the same form (but with -uiat) is also found in EM 138, 21. .ETYM The expression Ap1tUlat aV'lp£\jIavTo (� 371 = a 241) was once suggestive of etymological connection with � ep£1tToflat 'to feed on', but this is impossible in view of the e-. Moreover, apart from oloa, perfect forms without reduplication do not exist. The suffIx -Ula is typical for substrate words, cf. ayma, a'(9ula, ete., and the variation £1 zero is also a substrate characteristic. It must be concluded that the name is a substrate element, like e.g. EiA£l9ma. See Szemerenyi 1964: 203-213 and Beekes 1998: 24f. The aspiration may have been taken from ap1tu�w by folk etymology. ap1tu<; [f.] 'love' (Parth.). <( ?� .VAR ap1tuv· epwTU. AioA£lC; 'love (Aeol.)' (H.) . .ETYM Unknown. Fur.: 327f. connects the word with Ap1tUla. appa�l) [f.] . 9upa. olov y£p
ov 'door, such as of wickerwork' (H.). <{ ?� .ETYM Unknown. Not related to Hebr. 'arab 'twist', as per Lewy 1895: 130, though Hesychius's gloss may indicate that the door was twisted or twined. appu�wv 1, -wvo<; [m.] 'caution money' (Antiph.). <{ LW� VAR Also Ctpa�wv .DER appa�wv[�£Tat· appa�wvl O[OOTat 'is presented with caution money' (H.). •

appa�wv 2

140

oETYM A Semitic loan acc. to Lewy 1895: 120, followed by Schwyzer: 153, 316, who compare Hebr. 'erabon 'id.'. But the Semitic character of the word is not certain; perhaps the word is a loan from elsewhere (Cohen GLECS 8 (1957): 13). Egyptian has 'rb. Cf. E. Masson 1967: 30ff. Cf. Lat. arrabo, arra. appa�wv 2 [m.]? · ayKlmpov 'fish-hook' (H.). � ?� o ETYM Unknown. An attempt at an explanation in Lewy 1895: 130. appaTO<; [adj.] OKA'l PO<;, afl£TCtmpo
app'lvq<; [adj.] 'growling', only in �CtKOTOV T£ Kat apP'lve<; (Theoc. 25, 83), sdl. 8'l plov, said of a dog; acc. to H. ayplov, ouox£pe<; 'wild, intractable'. � ?� oDER apP'lv£1v· AOlOop£1v. Kat YUVaLKt· npo<; avopa ola
apP'lavapplxCtoflal. applX0<; [f., m.] 'basket' (Ar.). � PG?(s)� oVAR aplo'Ko<;· KO -pp- is normal in Attic (Forbes Glotta 36 (1958): 265); the same suffix occurs in the synonym OUplX0<; (Schwyzer: 498, Chantraine 1933: 402). Fur.: 348 hesitantly compares apuoo<;/ epuoo<; 'basket'. Probably a substrate word; it does not belong to a£pm- (a£lpw), as DELG suggested. appwc5tw =>6ppwoew. apo£a [n.pl.] . A£lflwv£<; 'meadows' (H.). � ?� oVAR Delph. apma (F. Delph. 3, 4, 42, 13)? oETYM Unknown. Schwyzer suggested a relation with apOw 'to irrigate', with a suffIx -00<; like in aAoo<; etc. (Schwyzer: 513, cf. Forbes Glotta 36 (1958): 254). The suffIx

141 -00<;, however, may be a substrate element (Fur.: 25427). Gusmani 1969: 512 compares Hitt. arsi- 'plantation'.

apo£vlKOV [n.] 'arsenic' (Arist.). � LW Orient.� VAR Also app£vlKOV, fern. app£vlKq (Gal.). oETYM Word of oriental origin, ultimately from MP *zarnik 'gold-colored' (cf. MoP zarnix, zarniq 'id.' and see � XA6'l � XAWpO<;), probably via a Semitic intermediary ' (Syr. zarnika) and reshaped after apo£vlKO<;, app£vlKO<; 'male'. See Schrader-Nehring 1917 s.v. •

ap0'lv, -£VO<; [adj.] 'male' (11.). � IE *uers-n- 'male'� o DIAL Att. apP'lv; Ion., Lesb., Cret. ep0'lv, Lacon. apo'l<;. oDER appevT£po<; 'male' (Arc.) and epo£vaIT£p0<; (El.) are probably secondary after 8'lAlmpo<;. apo£vlKO<; (Att. -pp-) 'male' (Hell.), epo£vlKO<; (pap.), apoevlo<; (Teuthis); apoevLOv [n.] 'male child' (pap.). Adverb app£vwOw<; 'male' (LXX); abstracts: app£voT'l<; [f.] 'masculinity, masculine gender' (Stoic.), apoevwfla 'masculine seed' (sch. Opp.). Denominative verb app£vooflaL 'to become man, behave like a man' (Luc., Ph.). oETYM ap0'lv and ep0'lv reflect IE *u (e) rsen 'male animal', the zero grade ap0'lv corresponding to Skt. (v)r�a-bha- 'bull', Arm. arn 'ram', and full grade ep0'lv to OP arsan- 'man, male', Lat. verres 'ram', Lith. versis 'bull calf. The Gr. forms show no trace of a digamma, cf. especially Gortyn £po£v-. Pronk fthc.b has argued that initial *u- was lost in Greek, Armenian and in part of the Indo-Iranian cognates in the compound *gWeh3u-ursen 'bull', attested in ToA kayur�, ToB kaur�e 'bull' and ON kursi 'bull calf (a brilliant find by Kroonen, p.c.). For the former, textbook view see the discussion in Peters 1993a. Cf. � apv£lo<;, � apv£uTqp. apoLOv =>avCtpmo<;. ap(J(tJfllc5£<; · imoo'lfla yuvaLK£1ov 'women's sandal' (H.). � ?� oETYM Unknown. apTa�'l [f.] a Persian and Egyptian measure (Hdt.). � LW Iran.� oVAR Also apTe�'l. oDER In papyri: apTCt�lo<; 'measuring an a.', apTa�laio<; 'id.', apTa�l£lo<; (or -l£1o<;) 'id.'; cf. KOTUAI£lo<; (and - l£1o<;) from KOTUA'l (Mayser 1906-1938, I: 3: 95); abstract apTa�l£la (also -�£la, -�la) 'tax for one a.'. oETYM The word is of Iranian (Old PerSian) origin, acc. to R. Schmitt Glotta 49 (1971): 100-102. apTaflo<; [m.] 'butcher, cook' (S.). � ?� oDIAL Perhaps Myc. a-to-mo. oETYM Eustathios 577, 45 explains it as 6 £1<; apTla Teflvwv, in which case it would be haplological for *apTI-Taflo<; or *apTo-Taflo<; 'artful cutting'. DELG objects that we should expect -Toflo<;; to my mind, the whole etymology is m�st improbable. Fur.: 345 thinks it is a substrate word; although. there is no further evidence, this is a priori the most likely solution.

142

apniw

apnlw [V.] 'to bind to, hang upon, attach to' (Hdt.). -1 GR� DER Verbal nouns: apnlllo. designation of several objects, such as 'ear-pendant' (Hdt.) , 'weight' (Arist.), etc.; apT'lOle; 'hanging' (Papp.), aVCtpT'lOle; 'id.' (Thphr.), apT'lO'floe; 'id.' (AB). Further apTCtV'l 'rope, noose' (A.), after 1tAEKTCtV'l, etc. .ETYM apTCtW is reconstructed as *aFEpTCtW, from adpw 'to bind, hang', but the derivation is unusual (Schwyzer: 705f.). Cf. � apT�p and � apT'lplo.. •

apTEf1�" [adj.] 'fresh, healthy' (n.). -1 ?� .DER apTEflEw [v.] 'to be healthy' (Nonn.), apTEfllo. 'health' (Max., AP, Prod.). .ETYM Unknown. The word has been explained as a haplology, either from *apTl oEfl�e; (to O£flo.e;), or as a compound from ap- apl- (but see on � ap1tEO�e;) and *TEfloe; (to � T'lflEA£W), Pick & Bechtel 1894: 439. Both are unconvincing. :=:

'l\pTEf1l", -u50" [f.] name of the goddess (n.). -1 PG� VAR Gen. also -LTOe; . DIAL Myc. a-te-mHo /Artemitos/ [gen.]; a-ti-mi-te /Artimitei/ [dat.] . Dor. 'ApTaflle;, -LTOe;; Boeot. 'ApTo.flle;, -lOOe;; Delphi 'ApTEflle;, -lTOe; (SIC 671, etc.). .DER ApTEfllOlOe;, ApTo.fllTloe; [m.], also the month name ApTEfllOlWV (Th.); ApTEfllOlOV [n.] 'temple of A.' (Hdt.). ApTo.flLTlo. [n.pl.] 'festival of A.' (Delphi). apTEfllo�'IOV [n.], apTEfllO'lo. [f.] plant name, see Stromberg 1940: 100. ApTEfllOlo.mo.l [m.pl.] worhsippers of A. (Athens), as if from *apTEfllOlCt�W; cf. A1toAAwvlo.O'Tal (Chantraine 1933: 316) . ETYM The forms show an interchange eii, which may point to Pre-Greek origin. We further find e/a (see Fur.: 185), which is rather an old phenomenon than a recent assimilation. The variation t/d is due to a recent replacement of the suffix: Myc. has -t-, and the forms in -OlOV- presuppose a -t- too. The name is found in Lydian inscriptions (Artimus, Artimu-), and Lycian has ertemi, but this does not prove that the name comes from Lydia or Asia Minor. Improbable is Illyrian origin (Ruiperez Emerita 15 (1947): 1ff. and Ruiperez Zephyrus 2 (1951): 89ff., who assumed Illyr. *artos 'bear'). Against the interpretation as 'bear-godess' and connection with apKTOe; see Kretschmer Clotta 27 (1939): 34, who connects apTo.floe; 'butcher', which seems very improbable. The Indo-European interpretation by Peters 1989: 214ff. involves many difficulties and should be rejected. •

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apTtf1wv, -ovo" [m.] 'foresail' (Act. Ap. 27, 40); mg. uncertain in Lyd. Mens. 2, 12. -1 ?� .ETYM A technical word, for which a precise explanation of meaning and history is lacking. Connection with � apTEOflaL or � apTCtW with a suffIx -flwV (Chantraine 1933: 172, Schwyzer: 522) does not explain the meaning. Borrowed as Lat. artemo(n) name of a sail (since Lucil.); it also means 'principal pulley' (Vitr. 10, 2, 9). Cf. Vart 1887: 101-106 and Rouge 1966: 58f. apTtof1«l [v.] 'to prepare, make ready' (Hdt.). -1 GR� .COMP Prefixed av-, 1to.p-o.pTEOflaL (Hdt., Arr.). .DER apT'lOle; (Hdt.) , with a v.l. apTlOle;, from apTl�w; apTl�w 'to prepare, equip' (Theoc.), Ko.To.pTl�w (Hdt.), cf. the pair o.iTEw : o.iTl�w. The s-stem in £7to.pT�e; 'ready' (Od.) does not presuppose an s-stem noun.

i

_ 1

i

_ 1_

143

.ETYM Derived from the root ap- in � apo.plO'Kw, via an intermediary noun in directly from � apTl .

-'1'-;

not

apT�p [m.] 1. that by which anything is carried (LXX Ne. 4, 17 [n]); 2. kind of shoe (Pherecr. 38, H.). -1 GR� .ETYM 1. derives from *aF£P-T�p, from � adpw 1 'to raise'; 2. could be analyzed as 'what is bound to', from � aElpw 2 'to bind', or from apTCtW with haplology for *apT'l-T�p. apTl1piu [f.] 'artery', 'windpipe' (Hp., PI., Arist.); see Stromberg 1944: 60. -1 GR� .DER apT'lplo.Koe; (medic.) and apT'lplWO'le; (GaL); apT'lplo.Ole; 'bronchitis' (Isid. Etym. 4, 7, 14), as if from a verb of disease *apT'lplCtW, cf. \IIwplo.Ole;, epu8plo.Ole;. .ETYM Like the semantically comparable aopT� (see � adpw 2), it probably derives from aElpw 'to bind, hang up'. On the formation, see Chantraine 1933: 81 and Scheller 1951: 59 . apn [adv.] 'just, just now, recently' (A.); in Homer only in compounds and derivatives). -1 lE *h2er- 'fit'� .COMP Frequent as a first member, first meaning 'right, fitting': apTl-E1t�e; 'who knows well how to use the word', apTl-
apTiuAu [n.pl.] 'decoration of the ear' (Poll. 5, 97). -1 ?� .DIAL Doric. .ETYM Unexplained. Connection with apnoe;, with a suffIx -o.Ao- (Schwyzer: 483f., Chantraine 1933: 245f.), has been suggested. apTo" [m.] 'bread' (Od.). -1 ?� .DIAL On Myc. a-to-po-qo /arto-pokwos/ 'baker', see � 1tEO'O'W. .COMP Frequent as a first member, note apTO-K01tOe; 'baker' (Hdt.) with metathesis (cf. Lith. kepu beside OCS pek9); further apT01tOlOe; 'id.' (X.), etc. .DER Diminutive apT10'KOe; [m.] (Hp., Dsc., Gal.) and apT10'KlOV (Damocr.). .ETYM Unknown; connection with ap- 'fit' is improbable. Pisani Ric. ling. 1 (1950): 141 derives it from Iranian *arta- 'flour' as a borrowing, which is impossible for a word already attested in Mycenaean. Hubschmid 1953b: 104 adduces Basque arto 'id.', OSpan. artal 'especie de empanada', etc. and considers it to be a substrate word (or is it a loan from Greek?).

apllJW

144

aPTlJW [V.] 'to arrange, prepare', also of food 'to season' (ll.). � IE *h2 (e) r-tu- 'order'� .COMP Frequently prefixed, e.g. £�-, KaT-apll)W (ll.). DER 1. apTufla 'condiment' (Hp., S.), with late derivations apTuf.L
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apuu [n.pl.] Ta'HpaKA£wTlKa Kupua 'Heraclean filberts' (H.). � LW� VAR Cf. auapu· Ta IIovnKa Kupua 'nuts from the Pontic area' (H.). .ETYM apuov is considered a variant of KUpUOV; see Stromberg 1940: 155f.; thus also Fur.: 391. The variation K!zero points to substrate origin. One would conceive of a Pre-Greek form *qar-, of which the first phoneme (a uvular) was rendered as k- or zero in Greek. Alb. arre [f.] 'nut, nut-tree', OCS orex'b 'nut', Lith. riesas, rldutas 'nut', Latv. rieksts 'nut', and OPr. buccareisis 'beech-nut' (first element bucus 'beech') are too different to be compared to the Greek forms: the BSI. forms have *alor- beside *r-, followed by .

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-ei-.

apupuAAO<; [m.] 'bag or purse which can be tied together' (Stesich.), 'globular oil flask' (Ar.). � PG?(s)� .DIAL ap�uAioa· A�KU80v. AUKWV£e; 'oil flask (Lacon.)' (H.). Also apU�UaaaAOV' KOTUATj �
145

n£TaaOe;, etc.; apuT�O"LflOe; and apUO"LflOe; 'potable' (sch.); apUanKOe; 'fit for scooping' (Ael.) . oETYM Unknown. Frisk Branos 50 (1952): 1-8 takes it as *Fapuw (comparing [F] apuaaufl£voe; Hes. Op. 550), and connects it with Arm. gerem 'to take prisoner', £upiaKw 'to find', assuming a root *uer-; but the Greek -a- creates difficulties for iliis etymology. It could be from a u-present *urh,-u-, but there is no further support. For other doubtful attempts see DELG. apuw 2 [v.] 'to speak, cry', only in glosses: aPU£l' aVTt MY£l, �09. 'shouts, instead of speaks'; apuouam· Myouam, K£A£uouam 'who are speaking, urging'; apuaaa8m· £TIlKaMaaa8m 'to summon' (H.). � ?� .DIAL It is Syracusan acc. to BM 134, 12. .ETYM Unknown. Not related to � apv£Oflm 'to refuse, deny', as per Meillet BSL 26 (1925): 19f. Latte corrects it to anU£l �nU£l. ==

apXJ1 [f.] 1. 'begin, origin' (ll.); 2. 'reign' (Pi.). � GR� .DER From 1: apXalOe; 'original, ancient, old' (Pi.), apxmOTTje; [f.] 'antiquity' (PI., D. H.); late denominatives apXaT�w [v.] 'to be old-fashioned', of style (D. H., PIu.), apXa'Lafloe; 'old-fashionedness, etc.' (Men., D. H.); apxmw8de; (xpovoe;) 'aged' (pap. VIP). Also apxa'LKOe; 'old-fashioned' (Ar., Antiph.). From 2: apXlKOe; 'ptng. to power, etc.' (A., Th., PI.) , later also taken to 1. (Phld.); diminutive (scornful) apXiOtov (Ar., D.), aPX�'LOV, apX£tOV 'government building', apX£lWTTje; (Dig.) and aPX£lWTlKOe; (Lyd.); Dorianized apX£Tae; [m.] 'ruler' (E.), which could derive from apxw directly; apxlne; (Thasos), apXivTj (Syros), both incorrectly written with -£l-, and apXTjTe; (Amyklai) are names of priestesses . ETYM apX� is a verbal noun of � apxw. •

apx0<; 1 =>apxw. apx6<; 2 [m.] 'rectum, anus' (Hp.). � ?� .ETYM Unknown. Frisk asks if it could be a joking formation for � apxoe; 1. apxw [v.] 'to be the first', thence 1. 'to begin' (ll.); 2. 'to rule' (ll.). � IE? *h2r-ske!o- 'start, rule'� .VAR Aor. ap�m . DIAL Uncertain is the interpretation of Myc. a-kein PNs: /arkhe-/ or /age-/? Uncertain too is Myc. o-ka, see Aura Jorro 1985-1993 . .COMP aPX£KaKOe; 'who initiated the evil' (ll.); aPXLT£KTWV (Hdt.) after T£pTIlK£paUVOe; (?); apXl- is never found in poetry. DER apxoe; [m.] 'leader' (ll., poet.); apX£uw [v.] 'to be the first, command' (epic since ll.), which is also used as an official term (Paphos, Cos) could be denominative to apxoe; or be an enlargement of apxw after �aO"LA£UW, aPlaT£UW. The usual term is apxwv, -OVTOe; [m.] 'commander', name of the highest official in Athens, fem. apxovTie; (Cat. Cod. Astr.) , short form apxie; (Tenos). Late derivations: aPXOVTlKOe; 'ptng. to the a.' (AP, pap.), aPXOVT£uw [v.] 'to be a.' (Olbia), apxovnuw [v.] 'to wish to command' (sch., Lyd.). apwaTa [n.pl.] 'first fruits' (� 446), anupWaTa (Ar.), anapXai; also apXflaTa (H:) with restored -X-. On � apX� see s.v. ' •

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.ETYM Klingenschmitt 1974: 274' suggested to derive apxw from a present *h2r-ske/o '(der Reihenfolge und dem Range nach) der erste sein'. The reconstruction was pleaded for more recently by Matzinger KZ 113 (2000): 287-28827, who also derives Arm. ark'ay 'king' from the same root. Frisk and Chantraine only mention the connection with � OPXClf.lO<; 'commander' (11.). The variation a-I 0- between these words has been taken to point to substrate origin by Fur.: 342, but this proposal does not seem compelling, since the morphological analysis of oPXafl0<; is unclear. LIV2 s.v. *reJt- follows Tichy, who reconstructed *(h2)rJt-ske/o- to a root found in MHG ragen, regen 'to rise, stir' and Liili. regeti 'to watch'. This seems possible only if we assume a root *h2rJt-, because a PIE root could not start in *r- (cf. Beekes 1995: 148), but also because of the Greek imperfect �pXE. The present apxw may have specialized its meaning from 'start to join' to 'undertake'. apwfla [n.] 'condiment, aromatic plant' (Hp.). ClTo<; 'insatiable'. .ETYM Derivatives from this old athematic root aorist are � iio'lv and � aa'l' PIE *seh2-lsh2- is found as a verbal root in Hitt. sab-i 'to clog, to stuff, and further in isolated nominal derivations: Liili. sotus 'satiated', Lat. satis 'enough', OIr. saith 'fullness', and Lith. s6tis 'satiety' (all < *s(e)h2-ti-); Go. gasopjan 'to satiate' (denominative) ete. On *Eo.(�)W 'to satiate' see Peters 1993b: 89ff. uO'aA�" [adj.] acppovTl<;, afl£plflvo<; 'careless, thoughtless', attribute of flavla (EM lSl, 49 = A·fr. 319).
UO'llfllv6o" [f.] 'bathtub' (ll.).
147

aO'upov [n.] 'hazelwort, Asarum europaeum' (Crateuas). at[a]) is rightly criticized by Chantraine s.v. a'iyA'l; part of Schwyzer's evidence is itself Pre-Greek. The variation in these epithets is typical of Pre-Greek words, as can clearly be seen in the name � AaKA'lm6<;: aC-/aiC- and asC-/aisC-. In ilie present case, we only have aiC- and asC-, but the principle remains the same (Fur.: 293, 29S; see also Pre-Greek). Furnee's (ibid.: 234, 33S) further connection with aYAa(F)6<; and ayAaupo<; deserves consideration. The resemblance of Akkadian azugallatu 'great physician' (Burkert 1992: 78) is remarkable. Thus, the word is probably a loan via (Pre-)Anatolian and Pre-Greek. A connection with � a'iyA'l cannot be proven. •

UO'£AY�<; [adj.] 'elated, wanton, unconstrained' (Lys.).
.ETYM The interchange alE is frequent in Pre-Greek words, but it is unclear if the glosses belong here: UaCtAya could perhaps be a Pre-Greek formation meaning uaEAyEla, but the formation of the second gloss and its semantic relation to our word are unexplained. I am not sure whether the conclusion of a substrate origin is admissible. Havers IF 28 (1911): 194ff., stated that the word is Boeotian for *UeEAy�<;, but this is semantically difficult. ao'l [f.] 'disgust, loathing, dissatisfaction' (Hp.).
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aoe�u [n.] 'short-drawn breath, panting', as a medical term 'asthma' (ll.).
um6u [f.] 'stork' (LXX).
UOlPUKO<; [m.] 'locust' without wings (Dsc.).
149

.DER uawoT]<; (A. Supp. 31), perhaps for *UCJLwoT]<; after the homonym that belongs to QaT]? Ancient commentators derived the reading l\alw (instead of l\al
UOKUAWVlOV [n.] of Kpolluov, 'onion from Askalon', in Palestine (Diocl.). MoHG Schalotte and MoE scallion, was borrowed from Greek. UOKUAW7tUe;; [m.] 'woodcock, Scolopax rusticola' (Arist.).
UOKCtVT'le;; [m.] 'pallet, bier' (Ar.).
150

CUJKap[�w =>oxalpw. aaKapi�, -iSo� [f.] 'worm in the intestines, larva of the gnat' (Hp.). � PG?(v)� VAR Also aKapl&:e;· £looe; Vq.llVeWV 'kind of worm' (H.). .ETYM Generally taken to be from aaKapl�w 'to jump', e.g. in Stromberg 1944: 24; Frisk thinks this is semantically not strong. German Springwurm is a calque from Greek. In view of the prothetic vowel, it is rather a substrate word. •

aaKapo� [m.] l. a kind of shoe, cf. aaKapOl· y£voe; UJtooTjf.Hirwv � aavoaAlwv (H.); also 2. a musical instrument, cf. Poll. 4, 60: £VLOL o£ T�V ,!,LeUpav T�V alJT�v £lVaL TiP aaKap
aaKll6q� [adj.] 'unhurt, unscathed' (ll.). � ?�

aaKpa

.VAR aaKTje£ee;

=

151

-ee1e; (� 255), not aaKee£ee; as per Eustathius (see Leumann 1950:

263).

.ETYM Presupposes a noun *aK�eOe; [n.] 'damage', which has been connected with a Germano-Celtic group: e.g. Go. skapis [n.] 'damage'. However, the comparison is impossible, as e does not match Gothic p. aaKllpa [f.] . £l86e; TL TWV Kamavlwv 'kind of chestnut' (H.). � PG(v)� .ETYM Fur.: 13159 compares Arm. kask 'chestnut'; for alternation Klzero, cf. � aooL�. See � KaaTava. .l\aKAIlJtl6� [m.] hero, later god of medicine (ll.). � PG(v)� VAR Dor. -umoe;. .DIAL AiaKAamoe; (Epid., Troiz.), .l\axAamoe; (Boeot.), AiaXAamoe;, .l\aKaAamOe; (Thess.), .l\aKaAmoe; (Gort.), AiaXAapLoe; (on a bronze figure from Bologna with Corinthian letters; see Kretschmer Glotta 30 (1943): 116), .l\yAamoe; (Lac.), AiyAamoe;. .DER aaKATjmae; [f.] name of a plant (Dsc); see Stromberg 1940: 99. Patronymic .l\aKATjmaoTje; [m.] (ll.), AaKATjmaonOe; name of a metre (Heph.); AaKATjJtlna (-lo£La) [n.pl.] 'festival for A.' (Pl.); AaKATjme10v [n.] 'temple for A.' (Plb., Str.); AaKATjmaKOe; (Aristid., Dam.); AaKATjmaaml (-uJt-) [m.pl.] name of worshippers of A. (Rhodos), cf. on ApTeflLmamal s.v. 'ApTeflLe;). aaKATjmae; [f.] plant name (Dsc., GaL), cf. Stromberg 1940: 99. .ETYM Szemerenyi's etymology (Szemerenyi JHS 94 (1947): 155) from Hitt. assula 'well-being' and pai-/pi- 'to give' cannot be correct, as it does not explain the velar. The name is typical for Pre-Greek words: apart from minor variations (PI Jt, aA(a)1 Aa, KI Xl y), we find al aL (a well-known variation, see Fur.: 335-339) followed by -yAaJt- or -aKAaJt-1 -axAaJt/p-. To my mind, this goes back on a voiced velar without -a-, or a voiceless velar with -a-. The -a- was probably palatalized and we must reconstruct *(a)-sYklap-. As the group -ay- is rare in Greek, especially before another consonant, the loss of -a- can be understood. The palatal character was sometimes expressed as a preceding or following L (see on � £�al
aaK6� [m.] 'animal skin, hide', mostly 'bag made of it' (ll.). � ?� .DIAL aKKop· aaKOe;. AaKWVee; (H.). .DER Diminutives aaKlov (Hp., Crates Corn.), aaKloLOv (Ar., Posidon.). aaK1TTje; (sc. uopw'!') [m.] 'dropsy, patient with this illness' (Epicur.); aaKwfla 'leather padding', of the hole which served for the rowlock (Ar.). Denominative verb aaKWaaTO· �Xe£aeTj 'was vexed' (H.). See � aaKwALa. .ETYM Unknown. Boeot. furnishes a PN FaaKwvoae;, but there is no trace of F- in Homer. Not related to
152

aO"KUpOV

.DER Note the place name 'AO"KpU in Boeotia. .ETYM Hubschmid 1953b: 83f. compares Basque azktif 'kind of oak' and Lat. aesculus 'id.', which suggests that it is a Mediterranean. word.

aO'Kupov [n., m.] 'St. John's wort, Hypericum perforatum' (Dsc.), also Dsc.). See Andre 1956 s.v. ascyron. -
==

aALO'flu (Ps.

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CtO'KWAlU [n.pl.] festival for Dionysus (sch. Ar. Plo 1129). -\la�wv· CtAAOfl£vo<; T<9 £T£P4l n081 (H.). Schulze assumed that *aO'KwAo<; derives from *av-oKwAO<;; likewise, DELG derived the forms in aYKwA- from avu and � KWAOV 'member'. However, it seems clear that the a- is a prothetic vowel. O'KwAOpaTl�W itself is clearly derived from � O'KWAO<; 'pole'. •

aO'!l£vo<; [adj.] 'well-pleased, glad' (ll.). -
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CtO'nu£pw [v.] 'to pant, struggle, resist' (ll.). -
aon£To<;

153

.ETYM The conviction that a- in aonulpw is secondary (Frisk) has no basis; it does not derive from avu- (Kretschmer KZ 33 (1895): 566, etc.). Rather, the form without a- will be secondary (perhaps after the pair aOKupl�w : OKU£pW?). Related forms are Lith. spiriu 'to kick with the foot', Skt. sphurati 'id.', Lat. sperno 'to despise', ON sperna, among others. Lubotsky 2006 reconstructs the verb as *TsperH 'to kick with the heel' in view of the irregular correspondences in the anlaut. The words may be old compounds of *pd- 'foot' and *per(H)- 'to beat, kick' . CtO'mlAu6oc; [f., m.] name of several types of thorn-bush (Thgn.), see Dawkins JHS 56 (1936): 7. -onoAa<;. CtO'TTaoaona�oflaL. CtO'TTt:PX£C; [adv.] 'unceasingly' (ll.). -
154

.ETYM From *n-skW-eto-, literally 'unspeakable', a negative verbal adjective to Evvbtw < PGr. *en-hekw-. The omission of *kwe > n: in this word, which is probably due to the preceding 0-, has given rise to the name aoJt£Toc;-rule.

aoJtl6t\c; .ETYM A hapax in 8L' UOJtLoeoC; m:o IOLo, which some read instead of Ola. OJtLOEOC; m:oIOLo. Doubtful; further details s.v. � oJtI8Loc;. aOJtlAOC; =>OJtLAUC; l. aonic; 1, -i6oC; [f.] 'shield' (11.), a round shield, as opposed to � OUKOC;, see Triimpy 1950: 20ff. and LfgrE s.v. � IE *h2esp- 'cut'?� .DER Diminutive uoJtIOlov (Hermipp.), also as a plant (Dsc.), see Stromberg 1940: 55; UOJtLOloK'l and -loKOC; (LXX, inscr.), UOJtLOIOKlov (inscr.), UOJtL8LOKUPlOV (Lyd.); UOJtLOTqC; 'warrior with shield' (11.), secondary UOJtL
aonplC; [f.] kind of oak, 'Quercus Cerris' (Thphr.). � ?� .ETYM No etymology. It is not related to OHG aspa 'asp', as this originally had -ps-, and the Greek -r- would remain unexplained. Hubschmid 1953b: 98 compares Basque tSapaf 'oak', but this does not fit well. aoou [n.pl.] indefinite pronoun, = Tlvu. .VAR Att. anu; aoou, Att. anu = aTlvu. => Tlc;. aonpoc; [adj.] 'rough' (Ael.). � LW Lat.� .ETYM A loan from Lat. asper. For the later history of the word, see DELG. aOTuKoc; [m.] 1. 'the smooth lobster' (Philyll.), 2. 'hollow of the ear' (Poll.). � PG(v)� .VAR OOTUKO<; (Aristom.), Attic acc. to Ath. 3, l05b.

1

1

155

.ETYM Often analyzed as a k-derivation of the word for 'bone' (Gr. OOTEOV, Skt. asthi, obl. asth(a)n-); so *h3esth1-tJ-k6-. However, this etymology dates from a time when every Greek word had to be given an lE origin. The formation is unparallelled in Greek, and the assimilation U
aonlv6f)C; =>UOKUVO'lC;. aOTuq>ic;, -i6oC; [f.] 'dried grapes, raisins' (Hdt., lA, inscr. Tegea [Va]); OTaq>lC; uyplu 'stavesacre, Delphinium Staphisagria' (Hp.), see Andre 1956 s.v. pedicularia herba. � PG(V)� VAR Also oOTuq>lC; (Cratin.), lC; (Hp.). .DER l8LoC; (Hp.) and
aOTaXUC; [m.] 'ear of corn' (11.), 'bandage' (Gal.). � PG(v)� .VAR OTUXUC; (11.+), -vc; (E.); see � OC; [m.] ? . TO JtEpl T�V KleUpUV oePflu 'the skin around the thorax' (H.). � ?� .ETYM Unknown. Fur.: 373 compares � t\c; [adj.] 'firm, stiff (11.). � ?� .VAR UOTf:fl
Cl(Jn:pon� � m£ll
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ao-rT]VOC; [adj.] 'miserable' (Call.), ace. to EM 159, 11 napa -ro Il� cr-ramv 1lT]8' o'(KT]mv £X£LV. <'!I GR?� VAR Remarkable is the athematic plural in acr-r�v£C;' -raAainwpOl, 8ucr-ruXe1C; 'distressed, unfortunate' (H.). .DER Denominative amT]ve1· a8uva-r£L 'is unable' (H.). .ETYM The gloss of EM is clearly a guess. Possibly from privative a- and tile second member of � Mcr-rT]voC;. •

ao-r�p) -tpoc; [m.] 'star' (ll.). <'!l IE *h2ster- 'star'� .VAR Plur. mostly iimpa, whence secondary sg. iicr-rpov. DER Diminutives: acr-r£picrKOC; (Call., Thphr.), acr-r£picrKLOV (Apollon.); amT]pi8Lov 'star-like ornament' (pap.). Adjectives: am£PO£LC; 'starry' (ll.); am£pw-rOC; 'id.' (inscr. lIP); acr-r£PLOC; 'star-like' (Arat., Call.), ntr. acr-r£PLOV, which is also found as a plant name (Crateuas); see Stromberg 1940: 48, 50; am£PLUtOC; 'like a star' (Cleom.); acr-r£PLKOC; 'belonging to the stars' (Theol. Ar.), acr-r£pw8T]C; (sch.). Substantives: acr-r£piac; fish and bird name (Philyll., Arist.), cf. Stromberg 1943: 28, Thompson 1895: 57; am£pi-rT]C;, ofAiSoc;, name of a mythical stone (Ptol. Heph.), fern. am£PLLLC; plant name (Ps.-Apul.). From the zero grade in iicr-r pa (iicr-rpov): iimpLOv 'star-like ornament' (inscr.); acr-rp{floc; 'starred, of the stars' (AP, Phlp.); acr-rPLKOC; 'belonging to the stars' (Philostr.); ampaLOC; 'starred' (Nonn.). •

ampayaAOC;

157

Rare denominatives: acr-r£pi�w [v.] 'to arrange in constellations' (Hipparch.); acr-r£pow [v.] 'to change into stars, provide with stars' (Placit., sch.). .ETYM The reconstruction of the word for 'star' is straightforward: hysterodynamic nom. *h2ster, acc. *h2ster-m, gen. *h2str-os, seen in Hitt. 1:Jasterza IbstertS/, Arm. astl, OIr. ser < *h2ster-h2, Go. stairno « *h2ster-no-, ToB scirye, Av. star-am [acc.sg.] , Skt. tarab [nom.pl.] (the absence of the s- is unexplained), stf-bhib [instr.pl.]; Lat. stella < *ster-Ia or rather *stel-na . � acr-r£pon�, ete. do not belong here. The connection with PIE *h2eh,s- 'to burn' seems quite probable; Sumerian-Babylonian origin (IStar 'Venus'), on the other hand, is highly improbable in view of the initial laryngeal. On the internal derivation of the word, see most recently Pinault 2007: 271-279.

ao-rAlY� =>omALy�. aOTOC; =>amu. acrTpu�6a [adv.] ? mg. unknown; used with 80pKamv nai�£Lv (Hdt. 3, 64) . <'!I ?� VAR Accent unknown. .ETYM Formation like Kpu�8a, Ku�8a, lliy8a (Schwyzer: 626) , of unknown etymology. •

aOTpa�'1 [f.] 'comfortable saddle for an ass or a mule' (Lys.), see RE 4, 1792. <'!I PG (V) � .VAR On ampanT]v (Anon. in Rh. 8, 668) see below. Note Lat. astrama = cravic;, lmono8Lov (gloss. 1I 22, 15, see RE), where the -m- for -b- may point to (Pre-Greek) substrate origin. .ETYM Connection with � ampap�C; 'steadfast' (as per DELG) is improbable. Neumann Inc. ling. 1 (1974) : 103-8 connects Hitt. asatar 'seat' (from as- 'to sit'), but -ba- is rare in Hittite. Fur.: 143 mentions ampanT]v (-an�v trad.), referring to Sturtevant Class. Phi!. 6 (1911) : 208. Variation ap/an is well-known in substrate words (Fur.: 107) , so it may well be a Pre-Greek word. This analysis is rejected without good reason by Neumann (who points to other words in -pa/oc;, but these are probably loanwords too). aOTpa��c;) -tc; [adj.] 'straight, steadfast, rigid' (Pi., Hp., Pl.). <'!I GR� .DER acr-rpapaAi�£LV' 6IlaAi�£Lv, £USUV£LV 'to make even or level, direct' (H.) . ampaPLcr-r�p. opyavov -rL WC; 8iompov 'an instrument, as that for seeing through' (H.). .ETYM Commonly assumed to belong to � mpapoc; 'squinting', � cr-rp£pA6c; 'twisted, crooked', ete., with privative 0.-. aOTpaYUAOC; [m.] 'one of tile neck vertebrae; anklebone; knuckle-bones (used as dice); dice' (ll.). Also a plant, see DELG Supp. <'!I PG (v) � .VAR ampayaAT] [f.] 'id.' (Anacr.), mpayaAoc; (Vita Aesop. (G) 69, see LSJ Supp.). .DER ampayaAW-rOC; (llamL�) '(whip) made from 0..' (Crates Corn.), acr-rpayaAW-r� a plant (Philum.); see Schwyzer: 503, Chantraine 1933: 305. ampayaA£LOC; 'covering the ankles, talaris' (Aq.), ampayaALLLC; 'kind of iris' (Gal.), acr-rpayaALvoC; 'bull finch'. (Dionys.). Denominative acr-rpayaAi�w [v.] 'to play with 0..'

(corn., Pl.), whence a
•

aOTpanTJ =>aan:ponTJ. ATpt:Ue; [m.] father of Agamemnon, son of Pelops, etc. (ll.). .ETYM West Glotta 77 (1999): 262-266 remarks that the form in -cue; is extremely rare (the nom. in Homer only in B lO6, while 'ATptoe; uioe; occurs 11 times). The name was interpreted as aTpWTOe; 'undaunted'. West supposes that the name may have had ATp£(h)- followed by -lae; (there is a variant ATptae;) or by -IWV (ATp£lwv occurs as a patronymic). This possible form explains the Hittite name Attar(i)ssija-, mentioned as a man from Abbijaya- = Achaea. This name may represent *AT£p01ae; or *ATp£01ae;: a man with the same or a related name. (iOTPU; VAR aaTplXOe;. => a
(iOTU [n.] 'town' (ll.). � IE *ueh2stu- 'town'� VAR Att. -ewe;, Ion. -we; . DIAL Myc. wa-tu /wastu/, Boeot. FaaTlOe; [gen.] ; Myc. wa-tu-o-ko /wastuokhos/, Arc. Faaa-ru0x6 [gen.] . .DER aanKOe; 'of a town' (A., etc.), which could also be derived from a
•

aa
159

*uh2s-, either restricted to Greek or in PIE (see litt. in Balles 2007: 17, especially Neri KZ 118 (2005 [2006]): 20832), but this does not convince. It is not probable either that the group of aaVaaTaAU(W. UOUpTJC; [adj.] 'lewd, filthy' (Hdt. 4, 51). � GR?� .ETYM Uncertain. Perhaps copulative a- and *aUpoe;, which would be an old verbal noun to � aupw 'to drag, sweep', with the same semantic shift as in aupfla, aupcp£TOe; 'refuse, litter'. UOUq>'1 [f.] kind of Kaala 'cinnamon' (Peripl. M. Rubr. 12, Dsc. 1, 13). � LW� VAR auucp� flWV (v.l.). .ETYM Unknown loanword, see Andre 1956 s.v. asufi. •

uoUq>'1AOC; [adj.] uncertain, 'headstrong, insulting' or 'foolish' (ll.) ? � PG? (v) � .ETYM The scholion on Ven. A and Bechtel 1914 connect aocpoe;, with privative 0.-. For the vocalism, Lluucpoe; and atuucpoe;· navoupyoe; (H.) are compared. Fur.: 337 further compares the gloss aiaUcplOe;· O£lVOe;, '/I£Uo�e;, anaT£WV 'awesome, deceptive, treacherous' (H.), -oe; (Cyr.), which seems to fit well. In view of the interchange at-I a-, substrate origin is more probable than the traditional etymology. (iOq>UATOC; [f., m.] 'asphalt, bitumen' (Hdt.). � PG?� .VAR Also -ov [n.] . .DER aacpaAnOV 'treacle clover, Psoralea bituminosa' (Dsc.), named after the smell (see Stromberg 1940: 62); aacpaAThle; 'bituminous' (Str.), of �WAOe;, etc.; aacpaATwOlle; 'like a.' (Arist., Str.), whence aaq>ahwOeuOflat [v.] 'to cover with a. ' . Denominative verb aacpahow 'to smear with a. ' (LXX), whence aacpahw01e; (Suid.); aacpahl(w [v.] 'to smell like a. ' (Dsc.). .ETYM Generally taken as a negated verbal adjective of acpaAA£a8at, under the assumption that it denoted the material that protects walls from tumbling down (acpaAAw8at). For the 'causative' meaning of the verbal adjective one compares aflt8uapayoc; 1 [m.] 'throat, gullet' (X 328, PIu.). � PG (s,v) � VAR acpapa)')'oe; (acpapayoe; Latte)- �poyxoe;, TpaXllAoe;, AatflOe;, '/Ioq>oe; 'windpipe, neck, throat, noise' (H.); = cpapuy� (Apion apud Phot.). .ETYM Fur.: 227 connects cpapay�, -)')'oe; 'gorge' and compares acpapa)')'£e; (codd. -te;) sine expl. (H.). The combination of the variations and the suffix -ay-/-a)')' (prenasalization) proves substrate origin. He further compares flapayOl· oi anoKPllflvOl TOnOl 'overhanging places' (H.), which seems improbable to me. •

aoq>upuyoC; 2 [m.] 'asparagus, young shoots' (Cratin.). � PG(v) � VAR Also aamlpayoe; (corn., Thphr., Plb., etc. [not given separately by LSJl). •

Ua
160

o DER uaUOX£ALOV. aOXESwp0C; [m.] 'wild boar' in Magna Graecia (A. Fr. 191). � ?� oETYM Kretschmer KZ 36 (1900): 267f. proposed a Doric form *uv-oXE-ooPF-o<; 'who resists the lance', which would originally be an epithet. Comparable formations are flEv-£YXIl<;, flEv-alXflll<; . Possible at best. , aOXEALoV . Tpaxu, Kp�TE<; 'rough (Cretan) (H.). � ?� oETYM Latte notes: "non coharens ideo que asperum", and corrects to UOX£OLOV. DELG connects the corrected form with aXEo-ov and EXW (which may be what Latte meant). However, Latte's correction is too uncertain to be printed in the edition of Hesychius. UOXlOV [n.] 'puffball, Lycoperdon giganteum' (Thphr.). � ?� oETYM Unknown. Semitic etymology in Lewy 1895: 31. aoxu [n.] 'inspissated juice of the fruit of the bird cherry (Prunus Padus)" used by the Scythians (Hdt. 4, 23). � LW Iran.� oETYM See the note ad loco in the edition of Legrand. aaWTOC; VAR uawTlu. => awo<;. 0

aTa =>ou<; .

aTu�uphTJC; [adj.] sdl. apTo<;, a kind of bread from Rhodes (Sopat.). � GR� oETYM Cf. ATa�upla· � 'Pooo<; nUAUL (H.) and the mountain 'AnlpupLOv. The suffIx -ITIl<; is common for kinds of bread, cf. Redard 1949: 88. UTUAUVTOC; =>TuAavTov.

161

UTaAOC; [adj.] 'tender, delicate' (ll.). � PG?(v)� oDER Denominative verb UTUnW (pres. only) 'to skip in childish glee', trans. 'to , bring up (a child) (ll.); UTUAflaTa' nalyvLa 'toys' (H.). With internal reduplication (Schwyzer: 648) UTLTUnW 'to rear, tend' (ll.), aor. uT1TIlAa; UTLTUATa<; 'foster father' (Gortyn). oETYM Extensive discussion in DELG. Leumann Glotta 15 (1927): 153ff. (also Leumann 1950: 139ff.) derives UTaA6<; from the expression UTaAU uTpano<;, uTpamTo<;. 0

UTapTTJpOC; [adj.] 'mischievous, baneful' (ll.), mg. not quite certain. � ?� o DER uTapnlTUL' PAUTtTEl, novd, Aund 'hinders, labors, grieves' (H.). oETYM Unknown. Sturmer IF 47 (1929): 299 assumes a pre-form *aTapTO<; 'unfatiguing', comparing � uT£paflvo<; and � T£lpW. This is impossible because the roots concerned are dissyllabic (*terh,- 'to pierce', *terh2- 'to overcome'). uTuo6uAoC; [adj.] 'reckless, wicked' (ll., Aeol.). � ?� oDER uTaaSaA1UL (always plur. in Hom.), sing. -Ill, -la (Hes., Hdt., Pi.); UTaoSUnWV [pres.ptc.] (Od.). oETYM Unexplained. As DELG remarks, connection with aTIl is impossible as the latter has long d-. The gloss from Hesychius uno TOU Tai<; aTUL<; SUnElV is clearly a folk etymology. The proposal by Frisk Eranos 31 (1933): 21ff. to posit *a-SapOTo<; = Skt. a-dhr?ta- 'irresistable', to Supoo<;, is a desparate attempt. See also Fur.: 379. UT£LP�C; [adj.] 'indestructible, stubborn, hard' (ll.). � ?� oETYM Mostly connected with � TElpw 'to tire', Lat. tera 'to rub', in which case the proposal by Bechtel 1914 S.V. to posit *UTEPF-�<; (with the *-u- of T£pU) makes some sense. Improbable is the proposal by Wackernagel l897: 14ff., who assumed *UTEpO �<; to � T£pooflUL and an original meaning 'not dried up, fresh'.

C1TEIl�W [v.] 'to maltreat', med. 'to be bereft of (ll.), also 'to revile' (A. R.) by a false interpretation of cp 312, ace. to Leumann 1950: 33. � ?� VAR Only pres. .DER Ctlefl�LOe;· flEfl'/'lflolpOe; 'criticizing' (EM) . ETYM Unknown. Traditionally connected with Skt. dabhn6ti 'to damage' < *dhebh-, but aspiration is not lost after nasal in Greek (Schwyzer: 333). •

•

unv�c;, -EC; [adj.] 'tense, fIxed, attentive' (Hes.). � IE? *ten- 'draw, stretch'� .DER (hEVl�W [v.] 'to stare' (Hp.), uTEvlafloe; (Thphr.) and uTevlme; (Paul. Aeg.). ETYM Perhaps 'with tension', if derived from a substantive *TevOe; [n.] Lat. tenus [n.] 'cord' with copulative a- (and Ionic psilosis), from the root of '- TElvw. •

=

linp [prep.] 'without, far from' (ll.). � IE *sn-ter, *snHu, *snHi 'without'� .DER liTEp8E(v), Aeol. liTEp8a 'id.' (Pi., A. and S. [lyr.]); uncmp8Ev, also as adv. (ll.). ETYM A psilotic form (perhaps Aeolic) from *ctlep, identical with OHG suntar 'separated, but' < PIE *s1J-ter. There was also a form *snH(e)u giving Greek .- liVED and remade in Skt. sanu-tar 'separate from, far away' (cf. Av. hanara). Again differently formed are ToA sne, ToB snai 'without', Lat. sine 'id.' < *seni, Olr. sain 'particular, different'. However, these words require a laryngeal (*snH-), which is impossible for liTEp. This is problematic, but remains unsolved to date (in spite of Meier-Briigger Glotta 66 (1988): 137-141). The suggestion by Nikolaev 2007: 165 that liTEP continues *h2n-ter is unacceptable, in view of the problems this creates for .- liVED (which he derives from *h2n-eu). The fact that the word is psilotic shows that it is a poetic (epic and Ionic) word. •

UTEpallvoc; [adj.] 'hard, stubborn, merciless' (Od.). � IE? *terh2- 'overcome'� VAR Athematic uTEpaflwv 'id.' (Ar.). .DER UTEpaflvla (Hp.), uTEpaflvOTTje; (Thphr.), uTEpaflvwOTje; (Gal.). .ETYM Analyzed as a privative formation to a noun *Tepafla, from the root of '- Tdpw, '- TepTjv, which implies an original meaning 'without weakness'. This is semantically a bit strained, and worse, there is no evidence for *h2 in this root (*terh,-). It seems more natural to connect *terh2- 'to overcome', as found in Hitt. tarra_tta(n) 'to be able', Skt. tirate 'to overcome'. There is also an adjective '- TEpaflwv, but Frisk and Chantraine think that it may be secondarily derived from uTepaflvOe;. •

unpoc; =>ETEpOe;. UTEWV [ptc.] unknown, 'mad' vel sim. (ll.). � ?� .VAR UTeEl (Call.fr. 633). .ETYM Connection with liTTj (Bechtel 1914) seems impossible because there the u- is long. It has therefore been proposed to read Y 332 as CtleOVTa with synizesis, or even as u(F)aTeovTa. &TT) [f.] 'damage, guilt, blindness, dazzlement' (ll.), 'penalty, fIne' (Gortyn). � ?� COMP aV-aTae;, an-aTOe; (Gortyn). •

Ct'q..l� V, -evoe;

.DER UTTj pOe; 'blinded, bringing disaster' (Thgn., A.), uTTjpla (Pl. Com., X.); uTaoflm (uFaTaoflm; see below) 'to suffer or sustain damage' (S., E.), 'to lose a suit, be fIned' (Gortyn, Gytheion) . .ETYM As appears from auaTa (Ale.) and denominative uFaTiiTm (Gytheion), aTTj derives from *uFaTTj. Note uyaTiia8m ( uFa-} �Aamw8m 'to be damaged' (H.). The u- is long except in Archil. 73 (where it is possible to read liYTj, see Page Entretiens Hardt 10 (1964): 110), and in A. Ag. 131 (where Hermann reads liya). *uFaTTj is a verbal noun to *uFa-am (see .- uaw), which could mechanically derive from PIE *h2ueh2-. Fur.: 234 compares uFaTTj with unaTTj (interchange Fin). Cf. DELG Supp. s.v. .- uaw on the parallellism with Hitt. wastul 'fault', which is semantically very neat - but this does not prove that there is an etymological relation with liTTj . =

UTT)Il£A�C; =>TTjfl£A£W . UTL�W [v.] 'not to heed, to despise' (ll.). � GR� VAR Aor. uTla(a)m. ETYM Formation in -(l)�w to the stem of .- TlW; cf. the synonym OUK uAEyl�W. •

•

u'nruAAw =>UTaAOe;. UTLW [v.] 'to dishonor' (Thgn. 621, Orph. L. 62). � GR� .ETYM Incidental formation, antithetic to '- TlW after the pattern of Tlflaw : uTlflaw (which derives from aTlflOe;, but has been reshaped after Tlflaw). Cf. the older form ,- UTl�W. 'jhAac;, -aVTOC; [m.] 'Atlas' (Od.), name of the god who carries the pillars of heaven. � PG� .DER j\TAavTle; [f.] (Hes.), among other things the name of a mythical island, plausibly interpreted as Minoan Crete (Castleden 1998); thence ATAaVTlKOe; (E.) and ATAaVTElOe; (Critias). .ETYM Originally the name of an Arcadian mountain god; the name was transferred to the mountain chain in Western Africa, see Solmsen 1909: 24. The old interpretation is that the word is built from copulative a- and the root *telh2of TA�vm, and that it was later reshaped to an nt-stem (cf. ATAiiYEvewv Hes. Op. 383). The name of the African mountain is also compared with Berber adriir 'mountain' (Steinhauser Glotta 25 (1936): 229ff.). Brandenstein Arch. Orb is 17:1 (1949): 69ff. plausibly suggested folk-etymological reshaping of Berb. adriir. The assumption of initial *51]1- is clearly a desperate guess. It cannot to be expected that this ancient Titan carries an Indo-European name; moreover, Pre-Greek words often end in -ant-. See Beekes Glotta 73 (1995-1996): 121. u-rIl�V' -EVOC; [m.] 'servant, slave' (Call.). � PG(v)� .VAR liTflEVOe; [m.] (Archil., POxu. 8, 1087 column 2, 38, Call. fr. 538), also as an adjective = OODAlKOe; (H.) .

CtTflOC; .DER CtTfl£VlC; 'female servant' (EM); also Ct8fl£vl8eC; (EM), after oflwC;? CtTfl£vla 'slavery' (Man., AP), CtTflEVLOC; 'laborious' (Nic.); denominative CtTfl£uW (Nie.), for *CtTfl£v£uw. .ETYM The variation T/O points to a substrate word. Fur.: 179 (also 95) adduces AaTfl£v£la· oouA£la (H.); other instances of A-lzero are found ibid.: 392. CtTf10e; [m.] 'steam, vapor, odor' (A.). -
ihoe; =>uaToc;. (lTpaKLe; =>uTpaKToc;. liTpaKToe; [m., f.] 'spindle' (Hdt.), also 'arrow' (S., A. fr. 139); Laconian ace. to Th. 4, 40. -
CtTpuq>a�Ue;, -uoe; [f.] 'orach, Atriplex rosea' (Hp.). -
Ctnayac;, -a VAR Ct8pu
(lTpEKqe; [adj.] 'exact, precise' (ll.); see Luther 1935: 43ff.; Leumann 1950: 304f. -
CtTP£f1a .VAR CtTpEflac;. => TpEflw. aTp01taV1taLe; [adj.] uncertain (lG 5(1), 278 [Lacon. IP]). -
(lTpUyEToe; [adj.] uncertain (ll.), epithet of the sea and the aether. -
.

•

VAR ana == anva. => TlC;.

ana�uyae; =>Ctnayac;. anayue;, -u [m.] kind of partridge, 'francolin, Tetrao francolinus' (Ar.). See Thompson 1895 s.v. -
166

urrUKT]e;, -OU

.DER Diminutive urraYT]vuplOV (gramm.), mYT]vuplOV (Suid.). Fish name urraYlVOe; (Dorio apud Ath., ms. -£lVOe;), perhaps after the color (Stromberg 1943: 120), but see Lacroix Ant. class. 6 (1937): 295. .ETYM On the formation see Chantraine 1933: 31 and 167, Bjorck 1950: 63 and 272, Stromberg 1944: 45, also Hubschmid 1963: 119. Unexplained; it is called onomatopoeic (after the cry) by Ael. N. A. 4, 42. It could be a substrate word (note the suffIx -T]v, for which see Fur.: 172"8). On the variant without prothetic vowel, see Fur.: 374.

a-r-nlK'l<;, -OV [m.] 'kind of locust' (LXX). � LW� .YAR Also urraKUe; (LXX), arraKOe; [m.] (Aristeas, Ph.). .ETYM Probably a loanword, but from the orient, or from the substrate? See Gil Fernandez 1959: 238. Cf. � urr£Aa�Oe;. anaAI�0!1at [v.] · nAavw!1al. L lK£Ao l 'to cause to wander (Sicilian)' (H.). � ?� .ETYM Acc. to Lobeck 1843: 147 it is a denominative of uTaAOe;; this remains hypothetical. linava [n.pl.] . T�yava. Kat nAaKOUe; 6 En' aUTwv 0Kwa(ofl£voe; 'frying-pan; flat cake which is prepared on it' (H.). � LW� .DER Diminutive urravI8£e;· nAaKouVT£e;, £v8pumol 'flat cakes, sops' (H.). Further urravITT]e; 'a cake', beside TT]yavITT]e; (Hippon.) and TaYT]vITT]e; (Ath.), see Redard 1949: 87f. ETYM Unknown. Because of the form in Hippon., Kretschmer Glotta 11 (1921): 282f. supposed that the word was Anatolian, see O. Masson 1962: 119. Ernout 1946: 28 = Ernout BSL 30 (1930): 92 compares Lat. atena, adtanus, atanuuium, atanulus, cups for religious service, which he considers to be Etruscan (but the Greek words are not cups). •

anapayo<; [m.] 'crumb, morsel of bread' (Ath., Call.), TO EAUXl0TOV. ot 8£ nle; Ent TWV apTwv cpAuKmLvae;. ot 8£ TUe; KaAOu!1£vae; '\ILxae; 'blisters on cakes or loafs of wheat bread; morsels' (H.). � PG?� .ETYM Certainly a loanword, possibly Pre-Greek. anapv!1a [n.]? · nofla, 00CPl0!1a KpT]TlKOV 'drink, Cretan device' (H.). � GR� .ETYM Brown 1985: 35 thinks 00CPl0!1a should be understood in the sense 'invention, specialty'. He derives urrupufla from the place name 'Amapa (with Cretan assimilation). Like Latte, he considers a mistake for *arraplKu. antAa�o<; [m.] an edible locust (Hdt.). � PG(s)� .YAR urr£A£�Oe; (LXX), cf. urr£A£�ocp8aAfl0C; (Eub.); also Thess. PN Arr£A£�£l [oe; ] , UT(T)£A£�aLa Masson Mus. Helv. 43 (1986): 486. Also urr£Aa�T] · uKpL8ae; 'locusts' (H.). ETYM Clearly a substrate word (note -�oe;). Semitic etymology by Lewy 1895: 17'; Stromberg 1944: 16 reckoned with Egyptian origin. •

an'lYo<; [m.] 'male goat' (Magnesia Mae. [IP] ; Eust. ad l 222). � LW Anat.�

au;y�

.ETYM Acc. to Eust., arrT]yoe; was used by certain Ionians; Arnobius 5, 6 calls the word attagus 'hircus' Phrygian. So probably an Anatolian loan. l\.TTlKO<;, l\.TOI<; [adj.] 'Attic'. � PG(Y)� .YAR Also AT8lKOe; (IG 42(1), 104), A8lKOe; (IG 42(1), 102). Fern. AT8Le; 'Attic', especially the land 'Attica'. .ETYM Derived from the same source as the name of Athens, displaying 8, geminated T8, and unaspirated rr, which are typical Pre-Greek variants. See � A8�vat. lino!1at [v.] 'to set the warp in the loom, i.e. start the web' (Hermipp. 2). � IE *h2et 'stick, pierce'� .DER a0fla 'warp' (AB), cf. 8Laafla (Call., etc.) from 8lU(Oflat = arro flat (Nicophon), see below. Cf. arrw8at· 8lU(w8at 0T�flova (H.). .ETYM arro flat derives from *aT- lo flat; 8l-U(oflat must be analogal after verbs in - (wo Bechtel l914: 130f. connected � �TplOV. The connection with Alb. end, ind 'to set the warp in the loom' (for which Klingenschmitt 1982: 1138 reconstructs *h2nt-ie-) is impossible, as *h2nt- gave Greek *UVT- (in spite of Nikolaev's recent attempt, Nikolaev 2005). Van Beek (p.c.) proposes to connect Hitt. battAn) 'to pierce, prick' and reconstruct *h2et-ie/o- for arroflal. In Greek, the verb was restricted in its meaning to weaving; cf. also � £�a0Tle;, which may derive from * -h2et-ti-. The development of meaning is trivial; compare MoE stitch beside stick (into), and MoDu. insteken 'to insert' (in knitting) . aT1)�O!1at [v.] 'to be frightened, amazed, terrified' (ll.). � PIE *h2tug- 'be terrified'� YAR Aor. pass. uTux8£le;, later UTU(W , aor. UTU�at. .DER UW(T]AOe; 'terrible' (A. R.). .ETYM The comparison wirh Hitt. batuki- 'terrible' and Skt. tujyate 'to be seized by panic' (the usual mg. of Skt. tuj- is 'to push, set in motion') convinces both formally and semantically. •

aii [adv.] 'again, on the other hand, on the contrary' (ll.). � IE *h2eu 'away, again'� .DER As a prefix in � auxurr£lv. ETYM To Lat. au- in au-fugio, etc., Lith. au-, OCS u- 'away from', further to Skt. ava 'down'. It is frequently found in adverbs and particles, e.g. aiiT£ (auTup), aiiTle;, aiiTlv (aMLKa), aii8l, m38le;, aM£, and in the pronoun � auTOe;. Cf. Osc. auti = Lat. aut, and Lat. autem. •

avalvw YAR auaA£Oe;. •

=>

aiioe;.

ava'\lll [f.] = auavT�, '�T]paVTlK� V000e;, atrophy' (Hp. gloss. XIX 86, 18 K) [not in LSJ] . � GR� .ETYM Concatenation of aiioe; 'dry' (auaLvw, auavT�), and a second element, cf. xop8a'\loe; 'disease in the great guts'. Connection with umw 'to fasten' may be doubted. aVYll [f.] 'light, glow, ray of light', e.g. of the sun (ll.). � IE? *h2eug- 'shine'� .COMP On fl£Aavauy�e;, dc., see DELG.

168

.DER auy�e[(.; 'clear-sighted' (Nie.), aUYlTllC; (AteOC;) name of a precious stone (Plin.); auylnc; plant name avayanlC; � cDOlVlK� (Ps.-Dsc.), see Redard 1949: 67, 70 and Stromberg 1940: 25). Denominative verbs: 1. auya(of.LaL (-a(w) 'to see clearly, lighten, shine upon' (ll., poet., LXX), verbal nouns auyao'f.La (LXX) and auyUO'f.Loc; (Placit.); auya(Y't£lpa 'lightening' (Orph.). 2. auy£w [v.] 'to illuminate' (LXX). Note ailyoc; (H.) as an explanation of �WC;; Auyw [f.] name of a bitch (X.) is probably a term of endearment. ETYM Probably an old verbal noun, cf. Alb. ag 'dawn' < *h2eug-, see Demiraj 1997. Perhaps further to OCS jug'b 'South, south wind'. Connection with the root *h2eug 'to increase, grow strong' seems plausible, in view of the limited distribution of the words meaning 'light'. =

•

aMq [f.] '(human) voice, sound, speech' (ll.). � IE *h2ued- 'speak'� VAR *ouo�eaaa is a suggestion of Aristotle for auo�waa, meant as 't111Y£lOC;'; on this see Beekes Spraehe 18 (1972): 127f. .DER auo�£lC; 'with (human) voice' (ll.); denominative verb auMw, aor. auo�aaL 'talk, speak, speak to' (ll.). (Chantraine's opposition of a god(dess) with a human voice, language as opposed to the language of the gods is wrong. It means 'having a voice [to speak with]', which may be 'human' or 'beautiful' as the context requires; see Beekes, l.e. l28 n.3.) .ETYM Mostly derived from a root *h2ued- that is assumed for � aelow, and with lengthened grade for a(F)llo-wv. An o-grade *h2uod- is assumed for the name 'Hal (F)OOOC; and in F086v (written y086v} YOllTa 'sorcerer', FOoav (written y-} KAal£lv 'to weep' (H.), but DELG considers the glosses unreliable. Note that this would presuppose the Saussure Effect (loss of tlIe initial laryngeal before o-grade of the root), which is not certain (see Van Beek 2009). The problem with this whole account is that an alternation *h2u-ed- beside *h2u-ei-d is suspicious, and that a long vowel in *h2u-ed- is not very probable either. There has also been discussion whether *h2ud- gave uo- (Beekes) or auo- (Peters 1980a: 65ff., 72). The zero grade is seen in �uo£w, cf. teapoc; < *h2idh-. Outside Greek, a root *(h2)ued(H)- is found in Skt. vadati 'speak', ptc. udita- and in OCS vaditi. A root-final laryngeal is improbable, as we would then expect aspiration of the stop in Sanskrit. Hitt. uttar 'word, thing, story, reason, ete.' is probably unrelated, while Lith. ISg. vadinu 'to call, name' points to *_dh_ on account of Winter's Law. See � allowv, � ouo�waa. •

auepuw =>tpuw. au8MllC;, -ec; [adj.] 'conceited, presumptuous, arrogant' (Hdt.). � GR� .DER Thence aUeao£la 'conceit, presumption' (Att., Hell.), also -la; aueaOtKOC; (Ar.). Denominative aueaol(of.LaL [v.] 'to be presumptuous, etc.' (Pl., Them.), aueaolaf.La (A.); also aUeaola(Of.LaL (J.) 'id.'. .ETYM From *auTo-FaollC;, a compound of aUToc; and the root of CtOelv < *swad- with crasis. A contracted Ionic form aUTwollC; is given by A. D. Pron. 74, 9 and H. See � Ctvoavw.

au8€V't'l<;, -OV [m.] 'author, perpetrator', also 'murderer' (Hdt.). � IE *senH- 'win, accomplish'� .DER Only late, e.g. fem. aUe£VTpla = Kupla (Lydia); aueevTla 'dictatorship' (LXX, pap.); aUeevnKoc; 'authentic, correct, etc.' (pap.), etc. .ETYM The forms aUTo-£vTllC; (S.) and auv£vTllC;' auvepyoc; 'working together' (H.) point to earlier *EVTll<;, the full grade of the root of CtVUW 'to accomplish', combined with aUToc;. The root is anit from forms where the laryngeal was lost before vowel, acc. to Rikov Orpheus 4 (1994): 63-66. On the later history of the word see DELG . auel [adv.] 'right here, there, immediately' (ll.); later contaminated with ailelC; 'again' (Call.). � GR� .ETYM Probably, aDel arose from aUTOel by haplology (Meillet MSL 20 (1920): wM.). Att. ailelC; and Rhegin. aDelv seem to be conflations of ailel and ailnc;1 aDnv (see Schwyzer: 629); on -C; and -v see Schwyzer: 619f. aUiaxOL in N 41-2 o.AO�. aUAq [f.] 'open court, courtyard' (since ll.). � IE *h2eus-leh2� .VAR Another formation in ailAlC;, acc. -lV, gen. -lOO<; [f.] 'night camp (in open air)' (ll.). .COMP o.ypauAoc; 'who passes the night outside' (ll.); £l1auAoc; (Od.). .DER aUA£loc; 'of the courtyard' (Od.), after EpKeloc;; aUAaloc; (LXX) is rare and late, substantivized as aUAala [f.] 'curtain' (Hyp., Thphr.), also aUAda (Andania); aUAlov [n.] 'cottage, fold, cave' (h. Mere.); aUAloc; [adj.] 'belonging to the aUA� or aUAlov' (A. R.); aUAla· £l1auAlC; � � f.LlKpa aUA� (AB 463); aUAlKoc; 'of the court' (Plb., Phld.). Diminutive aUAlolov (Thphr.). aUAlTllC; (auA�TllC; H.) 'farm servant' (S., A. R.). aUAlaoec; (APl.), of vUf.L
-

170

aUATJpa

As remarked by Clackson 1994: 104ff. (already Peters 1980a: 39f.), all Greek forms may derive from *h2eus-I-. Clackson sees no reason to assume a separate root *h2eu just for Armenian, and assumes old Schwebeablaut *h2eus- � *h2ues-.

aUATJpa =>euATJpa. aUAL<; =>auA�. avAO<; [m.] 'hollow tube, pipe, flute' (ll.); also 'cow-bane, Cicuta virosa' (Ps.-Plu.).
auvo<; =>�auvoe;. au�w [v.] 'to increase, strengthen, magnify; grow' (ll.).
aupa A root *h2eug-, without -S-, is found in Lat. augea 'to increase (tr.)" Go. aukan, Lith. augti 'to grow'; the zero grade in Skt. ugra- [adj.] 'big, strong'. An s-stem is found in Lat. augur 'prophet', Skt. 6jas- [n.] 'strength', enlarged in Lat. augustus 'venerable'. With -S-, *h2eugs- is found in ToB auks- 'to grow (intr.)'. Zero grade *ug-s- is found in Skt. pres. ptc. uk$ant-, med. uk$ama1:la-, and Av. pres. uxsiieitl 'grows'. The conclusion to be drawn from all these forms is that *h2eug- and *h2ueg-s- are old, where the full grade slot changed in the latter because of the root structure. The same phenomenon is found in aAK� < *h2elk- beside aA£�w < *h2Iek-s-.

auo<; [adj.] 'dry' (ll.).
aupL

.ETYM Kiparsky Lang. 43 (1967): 619, 626 connects � uqp < *h2eus-er, showing that aupa still dearly means 'morning mist' in e 469. aupl [adj.] . Tax£we; 'quickly' (AB 464). -
aupol [?] . AayoL ['(aaupOL] 'hares' (H.). -oL Doubtful. aupoaxue;, -«60e; =>upaaxaoee;. aVOlOe; =>auTOe;. auaTaAEOe; .VAR aUaT'l poe;. => aDoe;. aUTup =>uTap, aD. aUTEW .VAR ui.iTq. => auw 1. aU'rlKa [adv.] 'immediately' (11.). � GR� ETYM For the ending cf. T'lvlKa, �vlKa, JtoKa, OKa, ete.; for the first element see aD, aDTLv, and especially aUTOe;. Cf. E�auT�e; 'id.' (Thgn.) from E� aUT�e; T�e; MOD (WackernageI 1916: 414). See Monteil 1963: 296. •

aihf.ltl [f.] 'breath; scent' (11.). � IE *h2seut- 'seethe'� .COMP vquTfloe; < *1:J-h2sut-mo-. .DER Also ctiiTflqv, -£voe; [m.] ('¥ 765, Y 289). ETYM Fritz KZ 106 (1993): 288-299 solved the problem by connecting OHG siodan 'sieden', reconstructing *h2seut-. Greek ui.iT- is from *h2sut-; the o-grade *h2sout- is found in Go. saujJs 'sacrifice'; Fritz also gives a discussion of the semantics. Not to li£Tfla· 'PA6� or u£TflOV' TO JtVeDfla (H.), nor to � uTfloe; 'steam, vapor'. •

aUT6cSlOv [adv.] probably 'immediately' (only S 449). � IE *dieu- 'light of day'�

173

.ETYM In antiquity, interpreted as E� aUT�e; T�e; MOD EASovTa. Schulze KZ 29 (1888): 258 supposed *auTo-oLFov, derived from the root *dieu- (Lat. dies, � Zeue;), comparing aUT-�flap 'on the same day', and Skt. sa-diva1; 'at once'. Quite possible. aUToKa�6aAOe; [adj.] 'improvised, extempore' (Arist.); also subst. plur. 'buffoons, improvisers' (Eup.). � PG (v)� .ETYM Fur.: 316 compares KauaA6e;· flwpoA6yoe; (not to Lyd. Kau'le; 'priest', as per Latte), with interchange �o/ �/ F. The group -�O- is almost certainly of substrate origin. To my mind, the word is cognate with Ko�aAOe;, ete. (see Kuiper 1956: 215), Fur.: 237. aUTOKpUTWP, -opoe; [m., f.] 'one's own master, independent', � GR� .ETYM For older *auTOKpaT'le; after the agent nouns in -TWp.

=

Lat. imperator (Th.).

aUT0f.laTOe;, (-'l), -ov [adj.] 'spontaneous, automatic, of one's own accord' (11.). � IE *mn-to- 'thought'� .ETYM Formed of aUTOe; and the zero grade of the root of � fl£flova, fl£flaflev, � fl£voe;. The second member -flaTOe; agrees with the second element of Lat. commentus and with Skt. mate;/-, Lith. mifitas 'thought', ete. Cf. Chantraine 1933: 303f., Schwyzer: 502f. aUTOe; [pron.] 'self (11.), 6 aUTOe; 'the same'; in the oblique cases also as an anaphorical pronoun of the 3rd person. � IE *h2eu 'again' + *to- 'that'� .COMP Very many compounds; cf. Sommer 1948: 83ff., 153ff. and DELG s.v. See � Kaalyv'lTOe;, � aUTo8Lov, � aUToflaTOe;. .DER aUTlT'le; (se. olvoe;) 'local wine(?)', see Redard 1949: 96; also 'all alone' (Arist., hapax); aUTOT'le; [f.] 'identity' (S. E.), TauTOT'le; [f.] 'id.' (Arist.). Denominative verbs: TauTooflUL 'to become identified' (Dam., Prod.), TU1JTl�W [v.] 'to use as a synonym' (Prod., Eust.). aihwe; [adv.] 'just like, like it was, merely, etc.' (for the accent see Schwyzer: 384); aUaLOe; 'idle, in vain' (Ibykos) reminds of aUToflaTOe;. See further � aUToSL, � aUTlKa. .ETYM Risch 1937: 312 derives it from *aD TOV. On Go. aujJs, aujJeis, MoHG ode, etc. see Mezger KZ 82 (1968): 288ff. aUXUTT£lV [v.] . uvaxwpelv KaL TO Eflfl£V£LV EyxaTTeLv 'to go back' (H.). � GR� .DIAL Doric .ETYM The forms are Cretan, with -XaTT£LV standing for xa�£Lv (Buck 1955: 71). It is supposed that au-, as a prefix, corresponds with Lat. au- (e.g. aufero), Lith. au-, Slav. U-. See � aD. aUXEW [v.] 'to boast' (Hdt.). � ?� .COMP Keve-auxqe; 'idle boasting' (11.). .DER aUX'lfla 'boasting' (Pi., S., Th.), whence aUX'lflaTlae; 'boaster' (sch., Eust.) and aUX'l flaTLKOe; (Eust.); aUX'laLe; 'id.' (Th., Aq.); back-formation auX'l 'boasting, pride' (Pi.), auxav· KauX'laLV 'boasting' (H.), wrong Giintert 1914: 153f.; auxq£Le; (Opp., AP);

174 auxoc; 'id.' (sch.). auxaAtoc; [adj.] 'boasting, proud' (Xenoph., H.), cf. 8apaaAEoc; to 8apaoc;, 8apaElv); aUXTj1:�C; [m.] 'boaster' (Poll.), aUXTlTlK6c; 'boasting' (sch.). ETYM Unrelated to � EUxo flat, which goes back on a root *h,uegwh-. Adontz 1937: 10 derived the word from � aux� v, assuming an original sense 'to keep one's neck proudly'; unconvincing formally as well as semantically. On Oettinger's connection with Hitt. buek-zi / buk- 'to conjure, treat by incantation' is followed with due hesitation by Kloekhorst 2008 s.v., as formal (*hzut- > Gr. uX-) as well as semantic objections can be made against it. Discussion in Peters 1980a: 18ff. Fur.: 391 considers non-lE origin, connecting � Kauxao flat with interchange K-!zero. Probably from a Pre-Greek uvular, see Pre-Greek. •

aUXllv, -tvoc; [m.] 'neck, throat; isthmus' (Il.). � IE? *hzem/-u- 'narrowness'� .VAR Aeol. ace. ufl
Hippiatr.) . ETYM The variants ufl
recently Pronk fthc.a). The Greek words are then derived from the lE u-stem adjective reflected in Skt. ayt1hu-, OCS QZ'bh, Go. aggwus 'narrow', which derive from the root *hzem/-, see � uyxw. One further connects Arm. awji-k' [pl.] 'neck', with a similar assimilation of the nasal to the following labiovelar, which is a controversial development (see Clackson 1994: l07ff.). Alternatively, the variants may show that the word is Pre-Greek. Variation labiallvelar, however, is rare (Fur.: 388,

aUX!16c; [m.] 'drought; squalor' (Hp.). � GR� .DER aUXflTjp6C; 'dry, dirty' (Hp.; Chantraine 1933: 232f.), whence rare abstracts aUXflTjpoTTjC;, aUXflTjpla, aUXflTjpwoTjC;; aUXflwoTjC; 'id.' (Hdt., E., Arist.). Hapax aUXfl�ElC; (h. Hom. 19, 6); aUXflaAtoC; (Choeril., Amynt.), after a�aAtoc; etc. Denominative aUXflEw [v.] 'to be dry, dirty' (Od., lA), also aUXflaw. aUXflwmc; 'dirt' (Gal. 16, 88) is probably an enlargement of aUXfl0c;. Late by-form aUXfl� [f.] (Q. S., Phryn.).

175

.ETYM A compound of � auoc; 'dry' and -Xfl- from the word for earth (see � X8wv), see Pronk fthc.a. A similar formation may be preserved in VEO-Xfl-oC; 'new', see Wackernagel KZ 33 (1895): If. ailw 1 [v.] 'to cry aloud, call' (Il.). � ?� .VAR The u is long everywhere. Ipf. aUE (dissyllabic), mostly aor. auaat, fut. auaw . .DER aiiT� '(battle) cry' (cf. Triimpy 1950: 153ff.), Corcyr. aFuTa, with aUTEw = auw (Il.), only pres. except for late �uTTjaa (Nonn., Epigr. Gr.); aUTEw can either be denominative from aUT� or deverbative from auw (Schwyzer: 705f.). Also auov� 'shouting' (Semon. 7, 20). .ETYM The word may be onomatopoeic, but nothing more can be said. Specht KZ 59 (1932): 121 mentioned a�a· TPOX0C; � �o� (H.). auw 2 [v.] 'to get a light, light a fire' (E 490). On the mg. Borthwick Class. Quart. 63 (1969): 296. � IE *hzeus- 'scoop, take'.� .DIAL Mye. pu-ra-u-to-ro /puraustro/ [du. ] , Evauov· Ev8EC;, KlmplOl 'put in(to) [ipv.] ' (H.). .COMP £vauw 'to kindle' (Hdt.), med. 'to scoop fire' (lA); Evauafla 'spark, etc.' (Hell.) and Evaumc; (Plu. Cim. 10), also of drawing water; £�auaat· £�EAElV 'to take out' (H., Pl. Corn.), whence £�auGT� p 'fire-tongs, KpEaypa' (A., inscr.); KaTaUaat. KaTaVTA�aat (cod. KaTauA�aat), KaTaOUaat 'to pour down, go down' (H.); also Ka8auaat· aiauw. auw 4 =>aiJoC;. (upaS[a [f.] 'enmity' (Eup. 34). � GR� .DER u
I

L_ _

176

.ETYM Literally, 'those in a state of u
=

u
a
•

•

uapKaowv, which would point to a prothetic vowel. A substrate word is probable anyhow. a aTrT w. •

a
U
177 even given by LSJ as the meaning of the word! Chantraine points to the geminate in
a U
178

oDER a
-orum.

a
a
179

oETYM Hoffmann BB 18 (1892): 287 compared Skt. abhri- 'hoe, pickaxe', which Wackernagel accepts, see Latte's edition of Hesychius. However, Szemerenyi Gnomon 43 (1971): 658 rightly asks whether the meanings are compatible. d
d
Ar.). oETYM Meillet BSL 31 (1931): 51f. connected Arm. p'rp'ur 'foam' (which does not belong to a1t£lpw), but the a- is problematic (*h2- would give a- in Armenian), and the *bh presupposed by Greek did not give p'. Not to Skt. abhra- [n.] 'cloud' (because of the meaning), not to � 01l�p0C;, because the rule of de-aspiration before resonant is not valid. Not here � a
180

acpull [f.] 'small fry of various fishes' (Epich., Ar.), only plur. in Att. acc. to H. S.v. acpuwv nfl�' See Thompson 1947: 19f.
•

•

•

acpuoyn'o" [m.] 'mud', carried by a stream (A 495).
acpuaow [v.] 'to draw or scoop liquids' (11.). TapavT[vol<; 'cup (Tarantine) (H.). Also acpuaTa' KOTUAll, aTaflvo<; 'cup, jar' (H.) and acpuTp[<; (cod. acpuTpl<;)- apUTalVa (cod. apnaLva) 'ladle or cup' (H.). Uncertain KaTllvopacpu�a<;· KaTEKT£lva<; (H.). .ETYM Oehler (see Schulze 1892: 311) explained the form as acp + ua- < *h2us-, the zero grade of aua- found in � auw 2 'to light a fire' and Lat. haurio < *h2(e)us-, which is quite possible. The presents acpuaaw and acpuw are probably derived from the aorist. •

AXaLflEVll" [m.] Achaimenes, ancestor of the Persian royal house (Hdt.).
axapvw<;, -w

181

KZ 54 (1927): 261f. explained -aL- from the stem haxai- = Skt. sakhay- 'friend', which is cognate with Lat. socius. axaLv£1 [v.] aa[v£l, nal�£l, KOAaK£u£l 'fawns, plays, flatters' (H.).
axaLvll [f.] 'kind of bread, made by women for the Thesmophoria' (Semus 13). Kal � £v oupav(f> apKTo<; (H.) (with afla�a taken as 'box'; and the Bear seen as a box?); ibid.: 392, he compares Aaxavva (H.). No solution can be offered. axapvw", -w [m.] a sea fish, = 6pcpw<;, perhaps 'bass' (Callias Corn. 3).
182

.ETYM The variation X/K and the ending -wec;) point to Pre-Greek origin; the group -pv- is also frequent in such words. Cf. Thompson 1947: 6£. axclT'lC;, -ov [m.] 'agate' (Thphr.). � LW> .ETYM Borrowing from an unknown source. Semitic etymology in Lewy 1895: 56. The river Achates on Sicily and the PN Achates are probably called after the stone. UXEP�OC; [f.] 'wild pear, Pyrus amygdaliformis' (Od.). � PG(v» .VAR Also [m.] (Theoc.); aytp8a (cod. -aa)· amoc;, 0YXV'l 'pear-tree, pear' (H.). ax'lpov· aKp[8a Kp�TEC; 'locust (Cretan)' (H.), with Cretan development Ep8 > 'lP; aKp[8a is changed by Latte into axpa8a, which is doubtful; cf. � aKp[c;. .ETYM Theoretically, aytp8a could be Macedonian, but there are no further indications. Comprared with Alb. dardhe 'pear' < *tord-. In this case, the a- must be a real prothetic vowel, and the word a non-IE loan word. Connection with � axpac; is evident. aXEpw·fC;, -[�OC; [f.] 'white poplar, Populus alba' (ll.). � PG?> ETYM Connection of -wTc; « *-osis) with Lith. uosis 'ash' is most improbable. Derivation from AXtpwv is a mere formal guess. The stem aXEpw- suggests a Pre Greek word (type � �pwc;; cf. on � axapvwc;). •

AXtpWV, -OVLOC; [m.] name of several rivers, also the mythical river of the Underworld (Od.). � ?> .DER AXEpoumoc; (A.), fem. -Lac; (PI., x.); younger AXEpOVT(E)LOC;, fem. -Lac; (E.). .ETYM Connected with the Balto-Slavic group of Lith. ezeras, azeras, OPr. assaran, OCS jezero 'lake', under the influence of which AXtpwv has been interpreted as 'forming lakes'. Acc. to Derksen 2008 s.v., the BSI. group may be related to the group of Lith. ezia 'boundary(-strip)', ORu. ez'b 'fish weir', and also with Arm. ezr 'bank, border' as PIE *h,e/- (the group of Lith. ezeras then goes back to *h,o/-er-o-). This reconstruction implies that the Greek name cannot be related, in view of its initial A - . The gloss aXEpouma· MaTa EAW8'l 'marshy waters' may be based on ideas of the Underworld river, and cannot be used as a testimony for the original meaning of the name. aXEuw =>axvullaL. axf]v, -fJvoc; [m.] 'poor' (Theocr.), a Doric word. � PG?(s» , VAR aEx�vEC;· TCtV'lTEC; '(day-)laborers, poor (men) (H.) must be due to folk etymology (privative a and £xw). .DIAL �X�VEC;· KEVO[, TClWXO[ 'bereft, beggar(ly)' (H.) must be from lA. , .COMP KTEaV-�X'lC;· TCtvllC; '(day-)laborer, poor (man) (H.). .DER aXllv[a 'poverty, lack' (A.), with short a- after the negation. Other formation in aX'lvdc;· KEVO[ (H.); verb �xavw· mWXEuw 'to beg' (Suid.), perhaps to be read *txavw, see below. Also aXaLOC; (IG 3, 1385) ? .ETYM Connection with txavaw 'desire' (Hom.) has been proposed (cf. Wackernagel 1897: nf.), with an alternation I / a. Indo-Iranian forms with a similar alternation •

exist: Skt. ihate 'to desire', Av. iziieiti 'to strive, long for' beside Av. azi- [m.] 'desire', etc. In laryngealistic terms, this alternation would continue *h2e-h,f- beside *h2i h,f-. But if Av. aezah- 'desire' belongs to this group rather than Av. azi-, which is far more likely, the root should be reconstructed as *Hei/- (Mayrhofer EWAia 1: 273) and Greek ax�v cannot be connected. ToA akal, ToB akalk 'desire' are supposed to be Iranian loans. Szemerenyi Gnomon 43 (1971) : 659 proposes that ax�v is from a-EX- (doubtful). Not related to '(xap (A.), which has short L-. Since an IE etymology is unknown, the word might be Pre-Greek (Chantraine 1933: 166: "vocabulaire technique et populaire"; "cette fois encore il semble s'etre produit une collision entre un suffIxe indo-europeen et une finale mediterraneenne"). IE adjectives in -'lv, -'lVOC; are hardly known (cf. Chantraine ibid.), but the suffIx is well known in Pre-Greek, cf. � aTIl�v and see Fur.: 172"8.

uxOo!lm [v.] 'to be loaded', mostly of mental oppression: 'to be vexed or grieved' (ll.). � IE *h2edh/- 'squeeze, (op)press'> vAR Aor. aXeWe�VaL. .DER aXeoc; [n.] 'load', also metaph. 'burden, trouble' (ll.). Thence aXeELVOC; 'burdensome' (E., X.), and rare forms like axellpoc; (Antiph. 94, uncertain), aXe�ELC; (Marc. Sid. 96) , aXe�llwv (Man. 4, 501) . Denominative verb aXe[(w 'to load' (Babr.), perhaps aXe�aac; (for aXe[aac;?} Y0!lwaac;, �youv TCAllpwaac; 'stuffed, filled' (H.). axel18Wv, -OVOC; [f.] 'weight, burden' (A.); cf. aAYl18Wv. .ETYM Former comparisons (aXeOC; 'load' with ayw 'to carry'; axeOllaL 'to be grieved' with axollaL, axvullaL 'to be sad' were formally not very convincing (a verbal suffix -e- is not well represented) . One also compared � 6xetw, but this is more plausibly connected witlI £XeOllaL 'to be hated'. Risch IF 69 (1964) : 78 etymologically connected axeOllaL with Hitt. batV 'to shut, close, make tight', which would mean that we have to reconstruct *h2edh/-. Both Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. and Puhvel HED s.v. accept this etymology, noting that it is corroborated by the fact that neitlIer the -t- nor the -k- is ever spelled with a geminate in Hittite. The meaning 'to shut' in Hittite must have developed from 'to squeeze'. •

AXLAAEUC; [m.] the son ofPeleus and Thetis (ll.). � PG> .VAR Also AXLAEUC; (ll.). .DIAL Myc. a-ki-re-u, dat. a-ki-re-we. .DER AXLAA�"lOC; (Hdt.), Att. AX[AAELOC; (E.); also a plant. .ETYM The variation AA - A (like aa - a in '08ua(a) EUC;) is typical of Pre-Greek words, and probably points to a palatalized phoneme /IY/. Any metrical explanation of the origin of this interchange is vicious. I do not believe that the name is hypocoristic for an older compound, or that it belongs to � axoc; 'pain'. Holland Glotta 71 (1993) : 17-27 gives a new proposal for Achilles. He connects it again with axoc;, though he admits that it does not mean 'fear' as in Germanic: although he translates it as 'gri.ef in some passages, in Greek it means 'distress'. He cites instances where Homer mentions the axoc; of Achilles, but these can easily be

aXAUC;, -VOC; understood as folk-etymological explanations of the name. Holland explains the geminate as hypocoristic, and then assumes an element -lAO- for which he cites 6pYtAOC; 'inclined to anger', but here without any meaning; it contradicts his intepretation of the A as a remnant of Aaoc; 'army', for which there is no evidence. The most serious mistake is that he does not accept the evidence of Mycenaean, where we find a-ki-re-u = l\XlAAEVC;. Holland admits (19) that the word enjoyed a certain popularity, and that "the name was not invented for the Homeric hero". It shows that the name existed in this form centuries before Homer. The name can easily be understood as Pre-Greek: note the suffIx -EUC;, and the variaton between geminate and simple consonant (Fur.: 387). Holland sweeps this explanation away as "nebulous pre-Greek" (17), but this is no argument. In doing this, he takes us back to the period before we knew Mycenaean, and his interpretation must be fundamentally rejected. Achilles is clearly a hero taken over from other stories. The meaning of the name remains unknown, but this is unimportant.

"XAUC;, -VOC; [f.] 'mist, darkness' (ll.). � IE *h2etlu- 'mist, dark weather'� VAR Later -vc; . DER "XAUWOllC; 'hazy, murky' (Hp., Arist., Hell.); aXAuo£lC; 'cloudy, dark' (Epigr. apud Hdt., Hell., late epic). Denominative verbs: "XAVW [v.] 'to become (make) dark' (Od., epic), aXAumc; 'obfuscation' (Syn. Aleh.); aXAvvoflUl 'to become dark' (Q. S.); aXAu ooflUl 'to become dark', -OW 'to get dark' (Thphr.). aXAuoulv, 8pV1tTEa8Ul 'to break small' (H.) after the verbs for diseases in -laW (Schwyzer: 732), perhaps by contamination with XAlOUV (XAlOtaV). .ETYM Seems identical with OPr. aglo [n.] 'rain' (which need not be a u-stem); Arm. alja-m-ulj-k' [pl.] 'darkness' requires metathesis of -tl-, and subsequent palatalization of t to j. The reduplication is typical of Armenian. •

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axvll [f.] 'foam, froth; chaff (ll., poet., Hp.). � PG(V)� .ETYM With a different velar, we find Lat. agna 'ear of corn' < *akna, Go. ahana 'chaff, etc., from the root *h2ek- 'sharp'. Connection with this root has been proposed for axvll too, assuming a suffIx -snh2-, but this seems ad hoc: the more obvious connection with � axupov 'chaff shows that it is a Pre-Greek word. axvuflUl [v.] 'to grieve, lament for' (ll.). � IE *h2et- 'distress, fear'� .VAR Ptc. also aXEvwv, ax£wv (ll.; see below); aor. aKax£a8Ul, aKaxdv, aKax�aUl, perf. aKaXllflUl (aKllXEfl£vll metro cond. ?); thence a new pres. aKaXt(oflUl, -t(w; axo flUl occurs only twice (Od.). Rare presents are aKaxvvw (Antim.), aKaxo flUl (Q. S.) and aXVaaOllf.ll (Ale. 81) , a re-formation in -a(w from *axvllfll, * axvaflal. DER An old noun is axoc; [n.] 'sadness, pain' (ll.); axvvc;, -VOC; [f.] 'id.' (Call.) after axvuflUl. ETYM Although a difference in meaning exists, axoc; corresponds with the s-stem in Go. agis [n.] , OE ege [m.] 'fear'. Further, Gm. has a preterito-present Go. og 'to fear', and the Go. ptc. un-agands 'fearless' is thematic, like axoflUl. Further cognates are 0Ir. -agadar 'id.', and PIlr. *Hata- > Skt. agha- [adj.] 'evil, bad, dangerous' (RV+), YAv. aya- [adj.] 'bad, evil'. •

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aXEVwv is tentatively interpreted as a participle built on an athematic present *aXEUfll (DELG) or aorist *� XEUa (Frisk). For ax£wv beside axoc;, one compares KpaT£wv to KpaTOC;. See Strunk 1967: 105ff., and cf. West ZPE 67 (1987): 17-19. "xpaMflUAa [?] · 6 KOXAtac; 'snail' (H.). � PG(S,v)� .VAR Cf. aKpaflvAa· KOXAtac;, TapaVTtVOlC; (H.); xpaflaooLAUl' XEAWVUl 'tortoises'. Kat at vw8poTaTUl TWV KUVWV 'the most hybridized of bitches'. ot Oe TOUC; KoxAiac; 'snails' (H.). Here the last explanation has clearly been added later, as the case forms do not agree. .ETYM As two forms have both 0 and fl, the syllable with 0 was probably lost in aKpaflvAa (either in reality or only graphically: in AI'1A?). Since two forms end in -fluAa, the original form will have been axpaoafluAa. Variation o ll U is well known in Pre-Greek words. The analysis will be *(a)krad-am-ul-a, with well-known Pre-Greek suffIxes. The word closely resembles the town KapoaflvAll (ll.), also on Chios; for the metathesis see Fur.: 392 (on T£Pfllv80C;1 TP£fll80c;). "xpac;, -aSoc; [f.] 'the wild pear and its fruit, Pyrus amygdaliformis' (com., Arist.).

� PG(v)� .ETYM One connects � aXEpooc;. Acc. to Frisk and Chantraine, it is possibly a loanword; to my mind, it is Pre-Greek, with a-XEpo- beside a-xpao- , with metathesis and alE (cf. Fur.: 392 (JTEpytC; I aTpEYytc;). Admittedly, the alternation can also be

understood in lE terms, but such an origin is highly improbable for a word for 'pear'. DELG points out that -aC;, -6.00C; is frequent in plant names.

"XP£ioV [acc.sg.n.] not quite certain: axpdov iowv (B 269) ; axpELov 0' tY£AQ(JaE (a 163); axpdov KA6.(£lV (Theoc. 25, 72) . � GR� .COMP axp£lo -yEAwC; [adj.] (Cratin.); axp£lwc; YEAaV (APl.). .ETYM It may be the same word as axpdoc; 'useless, idle' (see � Xp�). axpl, axplC; [adv., prep., conj.] 'to the uttermost; as far as, until, as long as' (ll.). � IE *me-/sri 'until'� .DER axpol (Corcyra; after the locatives in -01) . .ETYM This is the zero grade of � fl£XPI. On the variant with -c;, see Schwyzer: 404f., 650. axupa [n.pl.] 'chaff (corn.). � PG(s,v)� .VAR Rarely sing. -ov; collective sing. axupoc; or axupoc; [m.] 'heap of chaff. Note axo pa· nl 1t tTUpa. £VlOl Oe KpaVtOV 'chaff, skull; head' (H.) . -COMP axup08�Kll (X.) . DER axupwollC; (Arist.), axvplvoC; (PIu.), etc.; axupwv, -WVOC; [m.] 'storehouse for chaff (Delos), axvpLOC; [m.] 'heap of chaff (Heraklea). Denominative verb axu po w [v.] 'to mix with chaff, etc. (Arist., Thphr.), whence axvpwmc; (Arist.). Remarkable is axu p fllat [f.pl.] 'heap of chaff (E 502, AP 9, 384, 15), which is a form in -la from a noun in -flOC;. The form in -at is probably an old locative; see Diirbeck •

186

MSS 37 (1978) : 39-57. The same formation is found in o.XUP!llO<; (Arat. 1097) , said of li!lT]TO<;. Doubtful o.xup!l6<; (Ar. V. 1310; conj. by Dindorf for o.xup6<;). oETYM The analysis as an old rln-stem to lixvT] is impossible, as the -u- would remain unexplained. The word is clearly identical with lixopa (see � lixwp), a gloss not mentioned in the literature. It shows that the word is Pre-Greek (Fur.: 362) . This explains the relation to lixvT]: Pre-Greek has often a suffIx with -v- beside the more frequent suffIxes -VC-; moreover, -up- is well known. uxuPf.uu[ =>lixupa. axwp, -01'0<; [m.] 'scurf, dandruff (Ar.fr. 410, Hdn. Gr. 2, 937) . � PG(V)� oVAR o.xwp, -wpo<; (Alex. Tracl.). Cf o.xwpa· TOV o.xwpa. £'(PT]TaL 8E TO 1tlTupw8£<; T�<; K£cpaA�<; 'the scurf of the head' (H.) and lixopa· Ta n[Tupa. EVLOl 8E Kpav[ov 'chaff, skull; head' (H.). oDER o.xwpw8T]<; (Aet., v.l. in Hp. Liqu. 6) ; o.xwpew [v.] 'to suffer from lixwp', or -law (conj . in Paul. Aeg. 3, 3) . oETYM The connection with � lixupa 'chaff is proven by the glosses. The vocalic interchange points to Pre-Greek origin (Fur.: 211, 302, 362) . See also Skoda RPh. 60 (1986) : 215-222. a'/l [adv.] 'back(wards), again' (ll.). � IE *h2ep- 'from, away'� o DER li'/l£pov = UO"T£pOV, naAlv (Ale., H., Zonar.), after UO"T£pov. o ETYM Identical with Lat. abs 'away, back'. For the -<; cf. £� and Schwyzer: 620. The relation to lino, etc. is unclear. o.'/l[V6LOV [n.] 'wormwood, Artemisia Absinthium' (Hp.). � PG(s)� oVAR Also li'/llVSO<; [f., m.] and a'/llVS[a [f.]. oDER o.'/llvS1TT]<; oIvo<; (Dsc.); o.'/llvSiiTOV 'drink prepared with 0..' (Ad.) and o.'/llvSanov (pap.); cf. Lat. absinthiatum (vinum) . oETYM The suffIx -vS- proves Pre-Greek origin. u'/I[<;, -i()o<; =>o.mw. a'/l0pp0<; [adj.] 'going backwards' (ll.). � GR� oVAR Also -ov [adv.] . oETYM Forssman 1980: 185ff. convincingly derives the second member from the verbal root F£PP- 'to go away', see � EppW. The problem with the older analysis "with the oppo<; backwards" is that � oppo<; is an Attic word; in the epic language we find naA[v-opao<; with the expected treatment of -rs-. The form o.'/l6ppoo<; in o.'/lo pp60u 'OKEaVOIO (2: 399, u 65) is either from li'/l and p60<; with compositional -o-, or rather from li'/loppo<; reshaped after p60<; (discussion .in Forssman l.c.). aw 'to eat one's fill'. =>aaaL. *aw 'to blow'. =>liT]!l1. uwv, -ovo<; 1 [?] a fish (Epich., H.). � ?� oETYM Epich. 63 has 6.Ov£<; cpaypOl T£. No etymology.

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liWTO<; UWV, ovo<; 2 [?] Plur., a kind of garment (P. Amh. 2, 3a, lI, 21) . � LW Eg.� oVAR o.'iwv (al) (B. 17, 112, S., H. s.v. EAu!la, see LSJ Supp.). oETYM The text in B. (at6va nopcpupeav) shows that it was �wv. An Egyptian word, see Latte Phil. 87 (1932) : 271f. and Latte Glotta 34 (1955) : 192. -

awpOl 1 [adj.] uncertain, epithet of the n68£<; of Scylla (!l 89) , also in opposition to the 6nlaSlOl n68£<; (Philem. 145) . � ?� oETYM Acc. to scholia H and Q, it means liKWAOl: TaU<; yap 'lwva<; AeY£lv cpaal T�V KWA�V wPllv Kal wpa[av (sch. !l 89) . In SIG 1037 (Milete IV-lIP), wPll is a part of the sacrificial animal, but different from KWA�. Bechtel 1914 s.v. translates 'Beine, die keine Waden haben', so 'legs without calfs', but his comparison with Lat. sura seems impossible. Van Windekens proposes to understand liWpOl (H.), i.e. 'wakeful' (belonging with
(AB) .

o ETYM Considered to be a verbal noun to � lill!ll, so *'blowing'; this was also argued by Jacquinod REA 90 (1988) : 319-323, assuming *h2yoh1-to-. But semantically, there is no support for the connection with 'blow'; the etymology was merely suggested by the formal appearance. Rather the word is a technical term, as remarked by DELG; it remains without etymology.

B pa 1 [interj.] imitation of the bleating of a lamb (Hermipp. 19). � ONOM� .ETYM Onomatopoeic word. Cf. � ��. pa 2 Abbreviation of �aaLAei:,,; 'king' (A. Supp. 892, lyr.). � GR� .ETYM Cf. Schwyzer: 423 A. 2. However, there is a v.l. nu, an abbreviation of naT�p. pa�a�£lv [v.] . TO o L11P8 pwfl£v a A£Y£LV. £VLOL Oe �ouv 'to speak [in] articulately; to cry' (H.). � ONOM� VAR Also �a� l�w, -u�w (Zenod.) . DER �a�a� [m.] 'chatterer' (Archil.); �a�aKOL' uno 'HA£lwv T£TTLY£C; 'cicadas', uno IIOVTLKWV Oe �aTpaxo L 'frogs'; �a�aKa· TOV yanov 'eunuch' (H.) (see Maas RhM 74 (1925): 469f.) . ETYM Onomatopoeic forms like these are frequent: cf. � �a�al, � �a�w, � �ai3�w, � � a � pa�w , and � �a � aAov ; cf. also � � ap � ap o c; , � �a�upTac;, � �6fl�oC;, etc. •

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papal [interj .] Exclamation of surprise (E.). � ONOM� VAR Extended �a�ma� (Ar.) . ETYM Cf. Kretschmer Glotta 22 (1934): 254. Lat. babae is borrowed from Greek. Cf. � � a � a�w and � nanal, as well as � n6nOL . •

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papaKa => �a�a�£ Lv. papaKlvov, -0<; [m.] (or [n.] ?) . XUTpac; dooc; 'kind of earthen pot' (H.). � LW Celt.?, Anat.?� .VAR Cf. �aKa·iov· fl£TPOV TL 'a measure' (H.) . ETYM Latte Glotta 32 (1953): 41 compared £ fl�aKav lT1W TO fl£TU TOU mplXouc; Kat (JT£aToc; (JK£ua�6fl£vov � p w fla 'food prepared with salted [fish] meat and hard fat' (H. and Cyrill. mss.) to reconstruct an unreduplicated form * �aKLvoc; (-ov), probably also found in Lat. bacchinon (Greg. Tur., whence MoFr. bassin). The word is supposed to be Anatolian or Celtic. Fur.: 171 connects the word with
papaKTT)<; [m.] epithet of Pan (Cratin.), Dionysus (Corn.). � ONOM� .VAR £K�a�a�m' £K
190

pupaAov

oETYM Onomatopoeic word to express joy; cf. � papu(w. DELG considers the connection with Lydian to be an etymological speculation on Bacchus. The terms with papa(K)- may sometimes have included other expressions of joy etc., which were not limited to one language only. �a�aAov [n.] . Kpauyaoov. AUKWVEC; 'bawler, shouter; Laconians' (H.). -
�u�PTJ� [m./f.] in PUPP'lKEC;' Ta oUAa nov 6MvTWV, ot OE mayovac;· o t OE £V TOlC; 600umv ano T�C; TpO
babit.

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191

�ayaio<; [m.] . 0 flUTaLOC;. � ZEUC; flu('lC;. KaL pamAEuc;, KaL aTpaT'lY0c;. AUKWVEC; 'piece , of cake or barley-cake; both a king and general (Lacon.) (H.). -
192

�a[8-

VAR �aU�UKCtV£<;' TI£A£KCtv£<; (H.) . ETYM For the suffIx, cf. OpTU�, l�u�, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 397). �c{(�u� seems to be a typical Pre-Greek word (�au�uK- by assimilation?). •

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�a16- =>�o.TO<;. �a[vw [v.] 'to go' (ll.). � IE *gWem-, *gWeh2- 'go'� VAR Only present stem. Other presents: 1. �o.(JKW, mostly ipv. �o.(JKe, -T£ (ll.); 2. �l�o.(JKW (ll.), mostly causative; 3. �[�Tlf.ll (�[�Cll.l)l , -o.w (to £�T]v, see below) in �l�o.<;, �l�WV, �l�q. 'stride' (Chantraine 1942: 300); 4. causative �l�o.
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�au)<; [adj.] 'small, slight' (Parm.). � ?� VAR Cf. ��at6<; (ll.). DER �atWV, -6vo<; [m.] a small worthless fish = �AEVVO<; (Epich.), cf. Stri:imberg 1943: 32, Chantraine 1928: 10. On the meaning of flETpOV TIapa l\A£�av8p£u
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�o.KaVOV 1

193

.ETYM The word has been compared with � � �at6<;. Fur.: 378 takes tlIe �- as prothetic, allegedly indicative of Pre-Greek origin; in my view, this remains uncertain. �a't<; [f.] 'palm leaf (LXX, pap.). � LW� .VAR Acc. -LV. Also �o.'LOV [n.] 'id., measuring rod' (Ev. fo., pap.). .DER Adj. �a'Lv6<; (Srn.) 'made of palm leaf, �atV� [f.] 'branch of a palm' (LXX) . .ETYM From Eg. b'j, Copt. bai. See Hemmerdinger Glotta 46 (1968): 245f. �ahT) [f.] 'shepherds' or peasants' coat or tent made of skins' (Hdt.), also 'covered hall' (Magnesia, Mantinea; see Gossage Class. Rev.N.S. 9 (1959): 12f.). � PG?� .DER �ahwva· TOV ellT£A� av8pa 'shabby man' in opposition to �aLTo.<;· ellT£A�<; yuv� H.; for the gloss �ahlov see � �A[TOV. .ETYM Unknown (see Pisani Spraehe 1 (1949): 138). Go. paida 'XlTWV' and other Gm. words, like OHG pfeit [f.] 'shirt, coat' etc., are borrowed from �a[TT]; from Gm. in turn is Fi. paita 'shirt'. With a suffix -k-, we can probably connect Alb. petk 'coat'. If the Albanian continues *paitaka, the word may have been taken over from a European substrate (Fur.: 158 argues for Pre-Greek origin). �ahLOv [n.] . �OTo.VT] £flCP£P�<; 8lKTo.flvtp, �youv yA�XWVl 'plant resembling dittany, or rather pennyroyal' (H.). � ?� .ETYM �a(Tlov was supposed to be a mistake for �A(TlOV; see � �Ahov (not accepted by DELG). �ahuAo<; [m.] kind of (magical) stone (Sotacos of Carystos apud Plin. N. H. 37, 135) which fell from heaven (Dam. Isid. 94, 203). Acc. to Hesychius and others, the stone was given to Kronos instead of Zeus. Also name of a god (t�li BnuAtp, Dura iiiP). �a[TuAov av KaTE1tl£<; Apostol. 9.24, of a greedy person. � LW Sem.� .VAR u (LSJ Supp.). .DER �aLTUAlOV (Dam., etc.) . ETYM Zuntz Class. et Med. 8 (1966): 169ff., with special attention for the sources, thought tlIat it was a Mediterranean word, also seen in Sem. bethel, interpreted as 'House of God'. Unfortunately, Zuntz postulates a pan-Mediterranean substrate as a common source, which is hardly acceptable. Hemmerdinger Glotta 48 (1970): 99f. rather opts for Semitic origin, and likewise Ri:illig, Diet. Deities Demons (s.v. Bethel). The fact that the word appears very late in Greek, and in the context of northern Syria, makes this tlIe most probable solution: Bayt-el 'House of El'. An old Pre-Greek word is therefore improbable (cf. further West 1997: 294f.; Davidson Herm. 123 (1995): 363-9). •

�aiTu� =>�AETU£<;. �o.KaVOV 1 [n.] 'Althaea cannabina'. � ?� .VAR Cf. �o.KaVOV' TO UyplOKo.Va�OV (Lex. Parisinus gr. 2419) . .DER �aKo.VlOV (POsl.) . .ETYM For the suffIx, cf. Ao.XaVOV and see Chantraine 1933: 199. Cf. � �o.KaVOV 2 and DELG Supp. S.v.

194

�UKavov 2

�aKavov 2 [n.] 'Brassica napus oleifera' (pap. lP-lIP).
�aKfJAo� 1 [m.] 'woman-like man' (Antiph.), 'eunuch in service of Cybele' (Lue.). BUKfjAo<;· cmoKoTTo<;, 6 im' £vlwv yUAAO<;, Ot O£ avopoyuvo<;, liAAO! TTapElllEvo<;, YUVUlKWOfj<; 'a castrated man, a Gallus or hermaphrodite or a weakened man, a woman-like man' (H.)
�aKKapl�, -LC50� [f.] 'unguent from asarum' (Semon.).
�aKTpov [n.] . KUllfjAo<; 'camel' (H.)
�aAauaTlOV

195

.ETYM If the gloss is correct, rather 'Bactrian', as Bactrian camels were famous (Arist. HA 498 b 8) . �aKXo� [?] a fish, kind of KWTPEU<; 'mullet' (Hicesios apud Ath. 306 e).
�aAavciov [n.] 'warm bath, bathroom' (Ar.). �uAavo<;) would also have to give Arm. -an- (so the -inis probably analogical). Several related forms have a dental suffIx: Lat. glans, -andis (*gWlh2-nd-), CS ieludb « *iel9db < *gWelh2-end-), Alb. lend [m.], Tosk lende [f.] 'acorn'. A different formation is found in Baltic, e.g. Lith. gile 'acorn'. Not related to �aAAw, which derives from *�elh,-. �aAapl� plant name = �puov 'oyster-green', Auxvl<; 'rose campion' (Ps.-Dsc.), �oTavfj TplqmAAo<; 'three-leaved plant' (H.).
�aAaUaTlOV [n.] 'flower of the wild pomegranate' (Dse., Gal.).
�aA�LC;, -100C; COMP �aAaU
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�aA�ic;, -iSoe; [f.] 'rope indicating start and finish of the race-course, turning post' (Att.). � PG� DER �aA�l8Wo'lC; 'provided with cavities' (Hp.), cf. Wendel Herm. 69 (1934): 345. .ETYM Formation with -10- like KP'l1tLC;, KV'lf.tlC;, etc. �aA�LC; is a technical term borrowed from the Pre-Greek (already Groselj Ziva Ant. 4 (1954): 164ff.). •

�aA£ [interj.] with optative: '0 that!' (Alcm.). � GR� .VAR Also a�aA£, a�aA£ (= a. �aA£) with ind. and inf. (Call.). .ETYM Probably an aor.ipv. of �aAAw. Older litt. is mentioned by Frisk, who compares the Lithuanian permissive particle te-gill (quite uncertain). �aAI6e; [adj.] 'spotted, dappled' (E.), 'swift' (Opp.; after apyoc;). � ?� .VAR With a different accent (see Schwyzer: 380, 635): BaALoc;, name of a horse of Achilles (11.). .DER �aALa· 6cp8aAflLa 'an eye-disease' (H.)? ETYM Cf. 1tOAlOC; and other color adjectives in -l(F)oC; (Chantraine 1933: 123). Since *b- is rare in PIE, it has been considered a loanword from another lE language: e.g. Thracian/Phrygian (Solmsen KZ 34 (1897): 72ff.), Illyrian (Groselj Ziva Ant. 3 (1953): 203), Macedonian (Schwyzer: 683, hesitantly). If so, the genuinely Greek cognate would have to be � cpaAloc;. Pok.: 118 posits * bhel-. Athanassakis Glotta 78 (2000): 1-11 demonstrates with an extensive discussion that the word is of Illyrian origin; cf. Alb. balle 'horse with a white spot on its forehead'. For the Albanian word, Huld 1984: 40 reconstructs *bhol-; Demiraj 1997 assumes •

*bhh,l-.

�aAie; [f.] = aLKuc; ayploc; 'wild cucumber' (Ps.-Dsc.). � ?� .DER �aAl8tKa (Kapua 'nut-bearing tree', pap.). .ETYM See Andre Et. class. 24 (1956): 40-2, who connects it with �aAAw, because the fruit throws out its sap and kernel. �anavTlov [n.] 'purse' (corn., Thphr.). � PG?� VAR �aA6.vTlov (less frequent). .ETYM Unknown. Krahe (see Frisk) thought it was a word from the northern Balkans, related to Lat. Jollis. However, it is perhaps Pre-Greek because of the variation -A- � -AA-. Cf. � �aAALov. •

�an£Ka [?] . ",�cpov 'pebble' (H.). � PG (s) � .ETYM The connection with Lat. (Iber.) bal(0uca 'gold-sand, grain of gold' (WH s.v. balux; Belardi Doxa 3 (1950): 198) is improbable, since the gloss does not refer to gold. Apparently, the word contains a suffIx -£K-, which is very rare (compare � aAW1t'l�); therefore, we opt for Pre-Greek origin.

197

�aA(A)�V, -fjvoe; [m.] 'king' (A.), also name of a mythical stone in Phrygia (Ps.-Plu.) . � LW Anat.� .VAR Less certain �aA�v = 1taA'lv (inscr. IVa Lycia). .DER �aAA'lvalov (6poC;) = �a
�anTJT\)e; [f.] Festival in Eleusis during which stones were thrown (Ath. 9, 406d ff.; see Deubner 1932: 69). � ?� .ETYM Because of the incomprehensible formation of the stem (in spite of fut. �aAA�-aw), the word is probably a loanword adapted to �aAAw by folk etymology (Schwyzer: 291). On the other hand, DELG accepts a morphological analysis �aAA'l + -TUC;. �ani�w [v.] = �aAAw 'to throw' (Sophr.), but = KWfla(w, xop£uw 'to celebrate; to dance (Ath., etc.), known from the western colonies (Ath. 8, 362b f.). � GR� .DER �aAAlafloc; 'dance' (Alex.). �aAAl
'delay' (ll.). 8. -�Ar10Tpov (on the 0 see Schwyzer: 706) in o.f.J.(PI�AT]0Tpov 'net' (Hes.). See � �aAAT]Tu<;, � �A�TpOV. Few derived agent nouns; from a simplex only �A�T£lpa OL0TWV (Alex. Aet.); nouns in -w<; were derived from the compounds, e.g. - �OAEU<; (Hell.) in o.fl
�aAAwT� [f.] a plant, 'Ballota nigra' (Dsc.).
�avaU00<;, -OV

199

(Africa) and became known only after Alexander. On plant names in -aflov, -aflo<;, see Schwyzer: 494 and Chantraine 1933: 133.

�a��a[vw [v.] 'to chatter with the teeth, stammer' (K 375, Bion, AP).
200

pavv6:raL

.ETYM According to EM 187, 40, a haplology from *pmyvauao.:;, in turn a compound of � pauvo.:; 'furnace' and � auw 'scoop, light a fire'. Although this would fit Hesychius' explanation pavauala· nilaa T€XV'1 OLa nupo.:;. KUPlw,:; o£ � m:pl Ta.:; Kafllvou,:;. Kal nil.:; n:xvIT'1':; xaAKeu.:; � xpuaoxoo.:; pavauao.:; 'any art using fire; in common usage, the art using furnaces; also, any metal worker or goldsmith is a pavauao.:;', we have to disregard that as folk etymology (Kretschmer Glotta 21 (1933): 178). Evidently, it is rather a Pre-Greek word. For the suffIx -ao.:;, cf. KOflnaao.:; and opu�o.:; (see Pre-Greek). �avv(iTaL [f.] . at Ao�ol Kal fl� ieuTeVeL':; 6801 napa TapaVTlvOl':;· TO O£ mho Kal pavvaTpoL 'slanting and non-straight roads (Tarant.); the same as pavvaTpOl' (H.).
•

•

�apa6pov [n.] 'cleft, abyss'.
201

.ETYM A foreign word (thus already Bechtel 1921, 2: 368), and typically Pre-Greek (suffIx -aK-, variants pin). Cf. � pap'1Ke.:;. , �ap�a� · t€pa� napa Alpum 'hawk, falcon (Libyan) (H.). A PN on Thera, Masson RPh. 93 (1967): 231.
�aplJK£':; [m.]/ [f.]? = Ta oDAa TWV OOOVTWV, mayove.:;, TOAun'1 'the gums, cheeks; clew of wool', etc. (EM 188, 37ff.).
L

202

.ETYM Cf. � �a�p�Ke<; 'id.'. Is the word from Pre-Gr. *barw-ak-? or simply reduplicated, i.e. *ba-b[aJr-ak-? �apu; 1 [f.] 'Egyptian boat, a kind of raft' (A.). � LW Eg.� VAR Gen. -u')o<;, - LO<;. ETYM The word is of Egyptian origin, cf. Copt. bart 'boat' (Hemmerdinger Glotta 46 (1968): 241). From �apl<; is borrowed Lat. baris, barca « *barica) 'bark'. Fur.: 325, on the other hand, considers all these words to be loans from a Mediterranean substrate. On the 'strengthened' form �01)�apl<; (Philist. 56), see Chantraine 1928: 16. •

•

�apl<; 2 [f.] 'large (fortified) house' (LXX). Toponym, see L. Robert 1963: 14-6, l28. � LW Illyr.?� .VAR Gen. - lOO<;, -ew<;. .ETYM Probably Illyrian (Krahe 1955: 39, with a from au); cf. � �aupla . oiKla EM (Messapian) and � �UplOV. Alternatively, we may consider the possibility that the word derives from a Pre-Greek form *barw-, which would explain the interchange �ap- - �aup- - �up-. �aphll<; [m.] name of a bird (Dionys. Av. 3, 2). � ?� .ETYM Unknown; any connection with � �apl<; 2 is not compelling. �aplXOl . lipve<; 'lambs, sheep' (H.). =>ap�v. �apva!lEvo<; =>f.Lapvaf.LaL. �apo<; [m.] kind of spice (Mnesim. 4, 62). � ?� .VAR �apov [n.] . ETYM Unknown. •

�apUE<; [m.]/ [f.]? · oevopa 'trees' (H.). � ?� .ETYM Unknown. The word is hardly related to �op£a<;, as per Osthoff 1901: 48. See � li�AapOl. �apKa aiOolov napa TapavTlvOl<;. Kal nepovT] 'the genitals [Tarant.]; a pin' (H.). � ?� .ETYM Unknown. Completely uncertain is the idea of von Blumenthal 1930: lOf. that the word is Illyrian-Messapian, related to Lat. ferio, foro, and to cpapuy�, etc. Comparison of ilie suffIx (Lat. verruca) is pointless, since the -u- is a conjecture. .

�apu<; [adj.] 'heavy', of tone 'low, deep' (ll.). � IE *gWrh2-u- 'heavy'.� ·COMP �apu-yoouno<; (Pi.), etc. DER �apuTT]<;, -T]TO<; [f.] (Att.). Denominatives: 1. �apuvw 'weigh down, oppress' (ll.); 2. �apuSw 'be weighed down' (ll.); 3. �ap£w see below. Further �apo<; [n.] 'heavy weight' (as a simplex Hdt.; in compounds (XaAKo-, oivo-�ap�<;) already ll.). The ptc. �e�apT]w<; (o'(v

�aaKavo<;, -OV

203

.ETYM The word is identical in formation with Skt. guru- and Go. kaurus 'heavy', whereas Lat. gravis reflects *graus < *gWreh2us. The full grade is seen in the Skt. compar. gdrtyan. Lat. brutus 'heavy, brute', which goes back to an extended *gWrH-u to-, is originally an Oscan word. Cf. � �plapo<;, � �pISW . �ap(W)!l0<; =>�ap�lTo<;. �UO'ay[Kopo<; [adj.] · 6 Saaaov auvouata�wv (Hippon.). � ?� .ETYM Is this word corrupt? See O. Masson 1962: 173. Shall we compare a'V1Kopo<; 'quickly satiated' s.v. � iimw? �aaavo<; [f.] 'touchstone, examination, inquiry (by torture), agony' (Pi.). � LW Eg. (Lyd.)� .DER �aaavlnl<; AISo<; (H., Ptol.). Denominative �aaavI�w 'put to the test, inquire , (by torture) (lA). .ETYM From Eg. baban, a stone, which was used by the Egyptians as a touchstone of gold. It came to Greece via Lydia (Auola AISo<;, B. 22); the a for b is unclear. See Sethe Berl.Ak.Sb. 1933: 894ff.; Kretschmer Glotta 24 (1936): 90. In Plin. 36, 58, basaniten became basalten by mistake, which is the origin of basalt. See Niedermann Mus. Helv. 2 (1945): 127f. �aOlAEu<; [m.] 'king (especially the Persian king), prince' (ll.). � PG(S)� .DIAL Myc. qa-si-re-u Igwasileusl; fem. qa-si-re-i-ja; qa-si-re-wi-jo-te IgWasilewjontesl. .DER Feminine forms: �aaIA£La (Od.); �aatAI<; (S.), �aatArft<; (Man., Epigr. Gr. 989, 3), �aalAlaaa (inscr. Athens 337", corn.; formed to stems in - lK- from words like KIAlaaa,
204

�aaKapl(£lv

, �aaKap« £lv [V.] . aKapl(£lV, Kpfin:<; 'to jump (Cret.) (H.). ETYM DELG thinks it is derived from �aaKw after the verbs in -apl(w, but this hardly explains the meaning 'jump'. •

�a.(JKa =>llaKEATj. �a(JKa<; [m.] kind of duck (Ar. Av. 885, v. l. Arist. HA 593b 17), � PG(v)� .VAR Acc. -0.. Also �oaKa<;, -aoo<; (Arist. ibid., Alex. Mynd. apud Ath. 9, 395d, and AUplOl? (propter � pro
�a(JKauAlJ<; [m.!f.] an unknown utensil (POxy. 1, 109, 22, III-IVP). � LW Celt.� VAR Perhaps also � llaaKauATj<;. .ETYM Grenfell-Hunt adduce Lat. vasculum, but this would hardly yield the Greek form. WH considered it a loan from Lat. bascauda (also m-) 'metal washing-basin' (Mart.). Thus Szemerenyi Gnomon 43 (1971): 660, but his proposal that the Greek word is due to a misreading of A for fj. is improbable; it could well be a phonetic development. Fur.: 212 thinks that the word is Pre-Greek, as shown by blm and dll. He further recalls Talmud. maskel 'basin', which would confirm its Mediterranean origin. However, Martialis 14, 99 appears to prove that the word is Celtic (or perhaps a European substrate word). •

�a(JK£uTa( [m.]J [f.]? .
•

�a.(JKW =>�a(w and �alvw. �a
205 Hitt. yassuyar 'clothing', rightly rejected by Neumann 1961: 19. Fur.: 25i6 notes that �aaao<; = �aaaapa (EM), and that -ape0<;) is a frequent Pre-Greek suffIx.

�a.(J(Jo<; [n.] . OUO£TEPW<;' � �fiaaa 'a neuter word meaning glen, vale' (H.). � PG?� .ETYM Schwyzer RhM 81 (1932): 199f. (who argues against the accentuation �o.aao<;) proposes *�a9-ao<;. However, beside �fiaaa, we find Dor. �o.aaa, so that �aaao<; could be a variant of �fiaaa and �o.aaa; if so, Pre-Greek origin becomes likely. The suggestion of Kretschmer Glotta 22 (1934): 258f. that Lat. bassus 'lowly' is borrowed from this word remains quite uncertain. See � �fiaaa, � �a9u<;. , �a
�a(Juv(a<; [m.] kind of sacrificial cake, from the island Hecate near Delos (Semos 3). � PG� .DER �aaullvlaTTj<; 'baker of �. ' (inscr. Corycos, Lycia) . ETYM See von Wilamowitz 1931: 264. Fur.: 245 adduces the variant with -Ilv-, which proves Pre-Greek origin . •

�a.TaAo<; [m.] . KaTa11uywv KaL avop6yuvo<;, Klvmoo<;, £KAUTO<; 'a lewd man, hermaphrodite, catamite; lascivious' (H.); = 11PWKT6<; 'anus' (Eup. 82 apud Harp.). � PG(v)� VAR Also �aTlaAo<;; �aTo.<;, �a8ii<; and a11aTaAo<; 'wanton, lascivious'; see below. .DER �aTaAl(ollm 'to live like a �.' (Theano), -l(w (Ta 011la9la, of a horse) 'to turn to and fro' (Hippiatr.). Shortened (cf. Chantraine 1933: 31f.) �aTo.<;· 6 KaTa
�aTa.vlJ .ETYM See � 11aTavfJ.

206 �aTtw .VAR �an::u w => �atVw. �aTl&K'1 [f.] a cup (Diph.). � LW Iran.?� .ETYM The word is Persian, according to Ath. 784a. Rudgren Glotta 38 (1958): 10-4, compared MoP bad(i)yah < *batiaka-. Thence the Lat. LW batioca. Fur.: 179 compares �aTo<,;, �a80<.; 'measure for liquids' (LXX), and the suffIx -aKT] (15864), but see � �aTo<,; 2. �aT[<'; [f.] 'skate, ray' (Epich.); also a bird, 'stone chat'? (Arist.); also 'samphire, Crithmum maritimum' (Plin.). � PG(v)� .ETYM If the word is identical with � �6-n<.;, the vowel interchange points to Pre Greek origin, which is to be expected for a fish name anyhow. �aTO<'; 1. [m.] and [f.] 'bramble, Rubus ulmifolius' (Od.). Also a fish, 'skate' (Epich.), because of its spines (Stromberg 1943: 47). � LW� .VAR �aTov [n.] 'blackberry' (D. S.). .DER �aTta (�aTla?) 'thicket' (Pi.); �aTlov 'mulberry on Salamis' (Parth.); �aTt<.; 'skate' (Epich.); name of a bird (Arist. HA 592b 17: apVl<'; O'KWAT]Ko
�aTO<'; 2 [m.] a measure for liquids (LXX). � LW Sem.� VAR Also �a80<.;. ETYM Probably a loan from Semitic (Hebr. bath); see LSJ Supp. s.v. �a[8, �at8apa. Cf. � �aTlaKT]. • •

�aTpaxo<.; [m.] 'frog' (Hdt.). Also name of a fish, 'Lophius piscatorius' (Arist.), see Stromberg 1943: 92f. � PG(V)� VAR Ion. �a8paKo<,; with displacement of aspiration, a common phenomenon (cf. Lejeune 1972: 59f.); �6Tpaxo<.; (Hp.) and �p6TaX0<'; (Xenoph. 40, see Bechtel I921(3): 109); �paTaxou<.;· �aTpaxou<.; (H.); further �pOUX£TO<';' . . . �aTpaxov 8£ Kunplol (H.), perhaps after �puxaOllat; �up8aKo<,;· �aTpaxo<.; (H.); �p(JTlXOl' �aTpaxOl IllKpOt exoVTe<.; oupa<.; 'frogs having small tails' (H.) (cf. �puw?); �playx6vT]v· �aTpaxov. cDWKei<.; (H.), a mistake for *�p(a)T-ayx-?; �p6yxo<.;· �aTpaxo<.; (H.) may also be a mistake; also �AtKavo<.;, �AtKapo<.;, �Atxa(<.;) (H., EM, Suid.); �AtTaX0<'; (H.). �a�aKol' imo'HAelwv TEHlye<.; 'cicalas', uno IIOVTlKWV 8£ �aTpaxol (H.), see � �a�a�w. DER Diminutive �aTpaXlov (Paus.), also plant name 'Ranunculus' (Hp., Dsc., cf. Stromberg 1940: 119); �aTpaXtOKol' IlEpO<'; Tl T�<'; Kl8apa<.; 'a part of the lyre' (H.); on the suffIxes Chantraine 1933: 408. �aTpaXtTT]<';, -hl<.; (A(80<.;; because of the color; Plin.). ETYM Several variants are due to folk etymology or taboo, and also to simple phonetic variation. A priori, a local (i.e. Pre-Greek) form is to be expected for all of these forms; the variation a/ 0 points to this. This holds for �ap8aKo<,; as well, if this •

•

•

207 is what must be read in H. for �apaKo<,;· �apaxo<.; (Fur.: 1842; see Latte). The form may in origin have been onomatopoeic �paT-ax- (Groselj Ziva Ant. 6 (1956): 235), with which compare �peKeKe�; or even *brt-ak-, from which the forms with -u- may have originated (�up8aKo<,;, �pUTlX0<';). The hopeless forms �playx6vT], �p6yxo<.; (is this form to be read for �pOUX£TO<';?) contain a (misread) prenasalized *(�paT)ayxo<.;, which would also point to Pre-Greek origin. The forms �AlK/X- and �a�aKOl are etymologically unrelated. For the meaning 'hearth', Szemerenyi Gnomon 43 (1971): 660 refers to Alb. vater. �aTTap[�w [v.] denoting a speech-defect, perhaps 'to stammer' (Hippon.). Cf. HoIst Symb. Oslo. 4 (1926): 11. � ONOM� .VAR Cf. �aHaplolloi<.;·
= KOlllt�W (H.) . � ONOM� .DER �au�wv [m.] = aAlo�o<,; (Herod.), also �au�w· Tl8�vT] ��IlT]TpO<'; 'nurse of D.'. 0'1llatV£l 8£ Kat KOlAtaV, w<'; nap' 'EIlne80KAei (fr. 153) 'it means the womb/belly too, like in Emp.' (H.); see Headlam and Knox 1922 to Herod. 6, 19; on the formation Schwyzer: 478. �au�aAt�W 'to make sleep' (Alex. 229) see � �aUKaACtw. .ETYM A nursery word.

�au�uKa.vE<'; =>�ai�u�. �au�w [v.] 'to bark; revile, cry, etc.' (A.). � ONOM� .DIAL Dor. �ai308w. .DER Also �au�u�w (pap.) . .ETYM Onomatopoeic form from �au �au (Corn. adespota 1304). Cf. Lat. baubor 'bark', Lith. baubti 'cry', of cows, etc. �auKaAaw [v.] 'to lull to sleep, nurse' (Crates) DER �auKaAT] 'cradle' (Sor.). .ETYM Denominative from �auKaAo<,;, known only from EM 192, 20: �auKaAov· llaAaKl�6Ilevov, Tpu
•

�auKaALOv [n.] vase with a narrow neck (pap.). � LW?� .ETYM One supposes Egyptian origin. See Nencioni Riv. degli stud. or. 19 (1940): 98ff. DELG suggests �auKaAaw, which does not seem probable. On the forms (including ' MoFr. bocal) Leroy-Molinghen Byzantion 35 (1965): 214-20. Cf. KauKaAlov (s.v. � KauKo<.;) and � �iKO<';. �auK6<.; [adj.] 'affected, prudish' (Arar. 9). � PG?�

208

�auVoe;

.COMP �aUK01taVoupyoe; (Arist. EN 1127b 27). .DER �auKt8£e; [pl.] 'women's shoes' (Corn., Herod.), �auKt(oflUl, -t(w 'to play the prude, 8pumw8Ul' (Alex. Corn.); �auKl(Jfloe; 'a dance' (Poll.). PN BauKOe;. On � �auKaACtW, see s. v. ETYM Cf. YAauKOe;, (JauKOe;, and
�aiivol:; [m.] 'furnace', also = XULp01tOUe; '(stand for a) pot' (Eratosth., Max. Tyr., etc.). � PG?� .VAR Cf. �auvf]· KCtfllVOe; � XWVEUL� pLOV 'furnace' (H.). ETYM Technical term without etymology. Fur.: 236 compares aDvoe;· KCtfllVOe;. •

�aup[a =>�UplOV, �aple;. , �Mnw [v.] 'to milk (cows) (Pl.). � PG� .VAR Mostly present (rare aorists �MAae;, �O�AUlO). Also �O£Hw (sch. Theocr. 11, 34) (cf. �O£Ha 'leech'). .DER �MAcrLe; 'suction' (Gal.). Difficult �OaAOt· pa
L

L

�£l£A01t£e;

209

influenced by ilie meaning of �8£AUpOe;. Therefore, the word cannot be explained as an inner-Greek formation. An analysis as �O£A-Up- then seems more probable, both components of which are probably Pre-Greek: �O- and the suffIx -up- (see Pre

Greek).

�Stw [v.] 'to break wind, fart' (corn.). � IE *pesd- 'break wind (smoothly)'� VAR Aor. �O£GUl (AP) and �O£UGUl (Hierocl.). .DER �o-uHw 'break wind (for fear)' (Ar.) and �O£VVUflUl· £KK£vouflUl L�V KOlAtaV 'empty the intestines' Suid. (�O£VW8Ul H., correct? Debrunner IF 21 (1907): 97f.) Cf. �86AOe;, � �O£AUpOe; and � �8£AUGGOflUl. .ETYM �O£w goes back to an old PIE verb *pesd- reflected in e.g. Ru. bzdet', Lith. bezdit, bezdeti, Lat. pedo < *pezdo. Thus, �O£w itself must come from *�zO£w; see Schwyzer: 326 add. 5. Cf. also � 1t£pOOflUl. •

�t�aLOI:; [adj.] 'firm, steady' (Parm., lA). � GR� .DER �£�UlOLf]e; [f.] 'stability' (Pl.), denominative �£�UlOW 'establish' (lA). .ETYM Generally connected with ��VUl, though the formation is unclear; it is hardly from *�£�a-UG-LOe;, as per Wackernagel 1916: 113' (cf. *pO-UG-lOe; > tOUlOe;). �t�TJAOI:; [adj.] 'allowed to be trodden, profane, permitted' (trag.). � GR� .DIAL Dor. �£�aAOe;, Cyrene �Ct�aAOe;. .ETYM Like �£�aLOe;, the word is connected with the perfect �£�f]-Ka, but the formation is not quite clear. Cyren. �Ct�aAOe; is also problematic; cf. Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1930): 235. �E�pCtSa =>�afl�paOWv. �t�po� [adj.] aya8oe;, xpf]GLOe;, KaAOe; 'good, useful/good, beautiful' (H.). � PG?� .ETYM Acc. to Groselj Ziva Ant. 3 (1953): 197f., it is a foreign word, related to Lat. for(c)tis, etc. (?). For the ending, cf. �(ppo� s.v. � �tppoe;. The word is probably Pre Greek. See � �£� poe;, � �pOKOe;. .

�E�p61:; [adj.] 'stupid' (Hippon. 40 Masson). '/Iuxpoe;, L£LU 'too good, stupid'. See Masson ad loco The prenasalized form indicates Pre-Greek origin. •

�EltA01tEI:; [pl. m'/f.] (flCtn£e; Ole; avaooucrL AaK£OUlfloVlOl LOUe; VlKf]
•

210 PElKMiE<; OepflaTCt 8pEflfl(l-rwv v60"tp 8av6vTwv, Ao.KWVEC; 'skins of animals perished from disease (Lacon.)' (H.). � ?� oETYM Unknown. .

pdo�at -P(OC;. PtKO<; [m.] 'bread' (Hdt. 2,2). � IE? *bhh,g- 'bake'.� oETYM Identified as Phrygian by Herodotus, which is to be confirmed by its occurrence in Phrygian inscriptions. Hipponax (fr. l25 Masson) seems to identify it as Cyprian (which may have borrowed it from Phrygian as well); see O. Masson 1961: 167f. and Solmsen KZ 34 (1897): 70. Fur.: 297 compares peO"KEpOl' apTol U1tO AaKwvwv (H.): "eine altes vorgriechisches Restwort, das sich in drei entlegenen Gebieten (Zentral-Kleinasien, Kypros, Peloponnesos) behauptet hat." ptAa · �ALOC; 'sun'. oETYM See � dATj 1. PtAEKKO<; [m.] oO"1tpl6v Tt Efl
ptAE�va -Po.AAW. , ptULOV [adj.] ClTUXeC;, Kp�TEC; 'unfortunate (Cret.) (H.). � ?� oETYM Fur.: 389 compares YEA0"6v· (lTUXeC; (H.). .

PEUOUVT)<; [adj.] TPl6PXTjC;. Ao.KWVEC; 'buzzard (Lacon.)' (H.). � ?� oETYM As a hypothesis, Groselj Ziva Ant. 4 (1954): 166 connects
PEAOVT) [f.] 'needle' (Arist.). � ?� oDER Diminutive PEAOV(C; (Hermipp.); both also as fish names, see Stromberg 1943: 36£· e ETYM Cf. 1tEp6vTj, etc., on which see Chantraine 1933: 207. Connection with Po.AAW is not semantically evident. Fick 1874-1876(1): 404 therefore connected the word with Lith. geliu, gelti 'sting'. Is p- for 0- Aeolic? PtA'TEP0<; [adj.] 'better, the best' (ll.). � IE? *bel- 'strong'.� oVAR PEAT(WV (post-Horn.); superlative peATaToc; (A.), peATtO"Toc; (Att.). o DIAL Dor. (Theoc.) pevTlO"ToC; (AT > VT). oDER From PEAT(WV: PEATl6w (Ph.). On � apeATEpoc;, see s.v. o ETYM Mostly connected with Skt. bala- [n.] 'force', Lat. de-bilis 'without power', OCS boijii 'bigger', etc. But the formation is unclear, most notably the -T-. Seiler 1950: 91ff. assumes *PEAT6c; 'desired' > 'better' (it is hardly related to POUAoflat because of the p-, but cf. Cret. MATOV' aya86v [Phot.l). On bala-, etc., see the discussion in Mayrhofer EWAia 2: 215.

PETTOVlK�

211

Pt�Pl�, -iKO<; -p6flpoC;. pE�ppa<;, -0.60<; -paflppaowv. PtVETO<; [adj.] 'blue', in the circus (Lyd.). � LW Lat.� oDER pEVETtav6c; 'partisan of the Blues' (M. Ant. 1,5). oETYM From Lat. venetus; see E-M s.v. and Andre 1949: 181f. ptveO<; -pa8u<;. PEpptplOV [n.] 'kind of headdress' (Anacr. 21, 3; LSJ Supp.). � ?� oETYM The word has been compared with pEpp6v and p£lp6v· oaaU. Older suggestions which assumed the meaning 'shabby garment' must now be abandoned. pEpyaio<; [adj.] 'romantic, invented' (Alex. P. Oxy. 1801, Str. 2, 3, 5). � GR� oETYM Alexander (DELG; LSJ: Antiphanes) of Berga in Thrace was famous for his 'tall tales'. ptpE8pov -po.pa8pov. PEpEVlKLOV a plant (H.); 'nitre' of good quality (Gal.). � GR� oDER PEpEVlKo.plOV vhpov (Orib.); PEPEVlKl8£c; 'women's shoes' (H.). oETYM The word derives from the name of queen Berenike. PEplKOKKOV [n.] 'apricot' (Gp.). � LW? Lat.?� oVAR PEplK6KKlOV. oETYM DELG mentions that Latin has the word praecoquum 'precocious' (perhaps it was considered a precocious variant of the peach), which was transcribed in Greek as 1tpatK6KKlOV (not in LSJ); note Gr. � K6KKOC; 'grain of fruit'. However, it is unclear how this could have yielded PEp(KOKKOV. Through Arab. albarquq and Catal. a(l)bercoc, the word reached French as apricot. ptpKLO<; ' £Aa
PEpVW�Eea [v.] KATjpwO"wflE8a. Ao.KWVEC; 'we shall appoint (Lacon.)' (H.). � ?� oVAR Cf. PEp peat· KATjPWO"at H., which may be corrupt. o ETYM Kretschmer KZ 35 (1899): 605 and Fraenkel Glotta 2 (1910): 37 connect the word with flepoC;, fl£lPOflat with dissimilation from flEp-V-. von Blumenthal Glotta 18 (1930): 153f. argues for Illyrian origin (cf.
PEPpO<; -P(ppo�. Pt
212

�EUOOC;

�EU(iiO� [n.] 'rich woman's dress' (Sapph.); = ayaAlla at Hermione (EM 195, 52). -nTlA6c;· ��ATJf.1a . KWAulla,
�TJA6� .VAR �illla. => �a(vw. �� [m., f.] 'coughing' (Th.). -
•

�TJPlxaAKOV [n.] . TO Ilapaveov, AaKwvEC; H., perhaps to be corrected in Ilapaepov 'fennel' (DELG). -
•

��oaAOV 'brick' (Moses Alch.). -
�i]ooa [f.] 'wooded combe, glen' (ll.). -
213 .DIAL Dor. �aaaa .DER �Tlao� £lC; (Hes.). .ETYM On the assumption that � �aeUC; reflects a zero grade (*h2) ' �ilaaa has been connected with it as an e-grade root variant, i.e. *�iie-�a; this would imply, however, that �EVeOC;, certainly related to �aeUC;, is secondary. I would rather take �EVeOC; and �aeuc; as reflecting old en � n ablaut, so that �ilaaa cannot be connected. Alternatively, �ilaaa was thought to be cognate with Av. vl-ga8- [f.] 'ravine', Skt. gahate 'plunge' (or gaha-), 0Ir. baidim 'sink into the water' (LIV2 *gWeh2dh-). Any relation with � �ue6C; can be excluded, but Fur.: 330 refers to the gloss �pilaaat· �ilaaat (H.) and opts for Pre-Greek origin (Bpilaaa is a town and a promontory in Lesbos; see Fick 1905: 63). �i]T« =>aA�a(vw . �l�AO� =>�U�AOC;. �L�PWOKW [v.] 'to devour' (originally non-presentic; for the late present see below). -
214 .COMP wflo-�pwe;, -TOe; 'eating raw meat' (E.), ollflo- 'devouring his people', eUflo �opoe; (ll.), cf. Lat. carni-vorus, Skt. aja-gara- 'devouring goats', Av. aspo.gara 'eating horses' . DER Action nouns: �pwn)e; (ll.) and �pW
�i6'1v . dooe;, Kpouflu, �OcpOKA�e; AKpLOl<.p "we; bn'l'UAA£LV �lollV 'rE KUL �UVUUAlUV". aAAOL �Ieuv (H.) � PG(v)� VAR Also �UOOI· ol flOU
•

�l6u(l)0l [m.pl.] 'supervisor', designation of Spartan officials supervising male youths (Laconia, Messenia [IP], Paus.). � IE *ueid- 'see'� VAR Also �LOEOL; Pausanias's �LOULOL is wrong. ETYM Probably from * pOU
�l�aKiwv [gen.pl.] . flLKpWV AleWV 'small stones' (Suid.). � LW Sem.?, PG?(s)� .ETYM Lewy KZ 59 (1932): 190 compares Aram. bizqa, bfz:qa , etc. 'broken piece, small stone'. However, -UK- could also represent the Pre-Greek suffix. �lKia [f.] 'vetch', vicia sativa (Gal.) � LW Lat.� .VAR �LKIOV [n.] . .ETYM From Latin vicia.

215 �iKOC; [m.] 'vase with handles', also a measure (Hdt.; see Solmsen 1909: 65; also Hippon.fr. 142 Masson). � LW Eg.?, Sem.?� .DER Diminutive �LKIOV (pap.), �LKI8LOV (Suid.). .ETYM Egyptian origin has been considered: c£ Eg. b:�. t 'oil flask, used as a measure' (Hemmerdinger Glotta 46 (1968): 241). E. Masson 1967: 78ff. considers Semitic origin. Not related to Lat. fiscus, as per Fur.: 294, nor to � �UUKUALOV. �iAAOC; . 'r0 avopciov flOpLOV 'r0 KOLVWe; �LAAIV 'the lot of a man, commonly �LAAIV' (Hdn. I, 158). � PG� .VAR Also �LAAo�e; (ib.). .DER PN BlAAoe;, -upoe; (L. Robert 1963: 16-22). .ETYM Fur.: 325 compares a�IAALOv· avopciov (H.). The prothetic vowel may point to Pre-Greek origin, which is expected anyway. �LAAIV is Ephesian if the form is a nom.; cf. the Pre-Greek words in -v (see Pre-Greek). �i!1�AU, =>�U�AOe;. �ivtw [v.] 'coire, futuere' (Ar.), also 'r0 �[<;t flIYVU
•

�ioC; =>�LW-. �l6C; [m.] 'bow', also 'bowstring' (ll.), see Triimpy 1950: 66£. � IE *gWieh2- 'string'� .VAR Rare after Homer, replaced by 'ro�ov. .ETYM Related to Skt. jiya-, Av. jiia- 'bowstring'. Schindler 1972: 20 assumes a root noun *gWieh2-, and derives the Greek word from *gWih2-o- 'provided with a bowstring'; this, however, depends on wheilier the meaning 'bowstring' is found in Greek. Schwyzer 1950: 324 starts from an original fem. o-stem, which is rather doubtful. The word is probably further related to Lith. gija 'thread', OCS zi-ca 'string'; yet note the slightly different root *gWhiH_ 'string, sinew, etc.' in Lat. filum 'thread', etc. �ipp'1 . 1tUpuypu, ol o£ Op£1tUVOV 'pair of fire-tongs; pruning-knife� (H.). � PG?� .ETYM Fur.: 232, 251 compares Svan berez 'iron'; Akk. parzillu, Hebr. barzel, Ugar. brsl, South Arabic przn 'id.'; furthermore, OE brces, OFris. bras(penning), Basque burdin (cf. Dussaud 1953: 162). Is ilie word from Asia Minor?

T

216

P[ppo�

�lPpOI:; [m.] 'kind of cloak' (Artem.). � EUR?� , .VAR P[ppo� · oUmJ, MUKE80vE� 'dense (Maced.) (H.); PEppOV, PElpOV· oUmJ (H.); plppWe�vm· Tun£lVWe�vm 'be reduced' (H.). .ETYM Cf. Lat. birrus 'id.'; was the word originally Celtic? Cf. Mlr. berr, W byrr 'short'. See Friedmann 1937: 92. Is it a European substrate word? �l(j�TJ [f.] P[crpT]� (-v?)- openuvov Aeyoum MWU1tlOl. KUL £OpT�V Blcrpmu, �v �f.L£l� KAUO£UT�PlU 'pruning-knife [Messap.]; the festival Blcrpmu, a festival at pruning time' (H.). � ?� .ETYM Unknown. Messapian? , �l(jTU� 6 W < f.LETa> �umAEu nupa rrepcrm� 'the second after the king (Pers.) (H.). � LW Pers.� ETYM Certainly a mistake for * PlTU�, a borrowing from a Persian word for 'viceroy', known from MP as bidaxs. The Persian word is discussed by Szemerenyi Acta lranica 5 (1975): 363ff., but our gloss is not mentioned there, and the article does not bring us much further. Nyberg Eranos 44 (1946): 2372 analyzed the first part as Iran. *bifiya- 'second'. Amm. Marc. 23, 614 has it in the form vitaxa. Later Greek has PlOU�T]�, 1tlnu�T]�. •

�i(jwv, -WVO� [m.] 'European bison' (Paus.). � EUR� .ETYM Cf. OHG wisunt. The Greek form comes from Lat. bison, and this in turn from Gm. (thus DELG), of which the ultimate origin remains unknown (Kluge22 s.v. Wisent). See Pok. 1134. �iTOI:; [?] 'binding of a wheel' (Ed. Diocl.). � LW Lat.� .ETYM From Lat. uitus. �iTTaKo� =>\jI[TTUKO�. �lW- [v.] 'to live' (ll.). � IE *gWeih3- 'live' (or *gWhle)i-?)� .VAR Aor. EP[WV, plwvm; s-aor. EP[wcrU (Hdt.), med. fact. EPlWcrUO (e 468); fut. PE[0f.Lm, peof.Lm (ll.; old subjunctive, cf. MOf.Lm), also plwcrof.Lm; perf. PEP[WKU. PlOf.LWeU (h. Ap. 528 for * pElOf.LEeU? DELG); pres. PlOW (Arist.). .DER P[o� '(way of, means of) life', PlOT� [f.] 'id.' (Od.), P[OTO� [m.] 'id.' (ll.); also Cret. P[EtO� (see below). PlWTO� 'worth living' (Att.), plwmf.L0� 'to be lived' (Hdt.). With 0 from *gW Heracl. EVOEOtWKoTU, if = Ef.LPEPlWKOTU. In PN BLO-; B[TWV < BlO-. .ETYM The root ended in a laryngeal, and the zero grade *gWih3- is seen in Av. jl-ti-, OCS ii-tb, as well as in Lat. vlta, Osc. bfitam [acc.]; with a suffix -uo-, it appears in Skt. jlwi-, OCS iiv7J, Lat. V1VUS, etc. (all 'alive'), and in the thematic presents derived from this adjective: Lat.vlvo, Skt. jivati, OCS iivp, ToA saw-, ToB say- � saw- (all 'live'). The forms with short i (e.g. Go. qiwa-, MW byw) may be due to pretonic shortening, i.e. Dybo's Law (Schrijver 1991: 355, 526). Greek does not have forms with long i, which is understandable since all forms attested have a vowel after the root: *gWih3-0- > P[o�, *gWih3-eto- > P[OTO�. (For the formation, cf. � eUVUTO�; for the most recent discussion on this, see Vine 1998.) Cret. P[ETO� will have restored the suffix -ETO�. One noteworthy form is � Uyl��, which must derive from *h2iu-gWih3-es, with

l

T

l

pAUOE1�

217

analogically restored vocalism of the ending. The aorist EP[WV has been reconstructed by Francis 1970: 76ff. with the suffix -eh,-, seen in the Greek "passive" aorist (e.g. Ef.LUVT]V); thus, *gWih3-eh,- yielded PlW-. A full grade I *gWeih3- (probably old; cf. Klein 1988: 272) must be assumed for pe(l)of.Lm. The same full grade is seen in Skt. gaya-, Av. gaiia- 'life' < *gwe!oih3-0- and in ORu. gOjb 'peace'. A full grade II *gWieh3- is seen in Av. jiia-tu- 'life' (Skt. *jya-tu- in jlvatu-, which must have been reshaped after jivati); Gr. �wFo� is probably from this root form (rather than from the zero grade of the root, as per Klein (l.c.): 257ff.). Since this root form seems to be found in Gr. �w-w, �� -v as well (see � �ww), Schwebeablaut cannot be avoided (pace Anttila 1969: 137). Arm. kea-m 'I live' (see LIV2) is difficult to judge. On the basis of BSI. accentual reflexes, Kortlandt reconstructs *gWhle)i- (e.g. Kortlandt 1992: 2374); for Greek, one would have to assume laryngeal metathesis *gWh3i- > *gWih3- (in pre consonantal position) . �AU�TJ [f.] 'damage' (A.) � PG� .VAR pMpo� [n.] . .DIAL Cretan aPAone�· aPAupe� H., apAon[u = apMp£lu, KUTupMnEem = - wem (inscr.). .COMP aPAup�� . DER PAUPEpO� 'damaging' (Hes.), formed to aPAup�� like KpUTEpO� to aKpuT�� (Schwyzer 482). Verb pAumw, pAu\jIm, EPAUPT]V, originally 'to hinder, disable' (ll.), also without suffix pAupETm (T 82, 166 = v 34), probably old (Chantraine 1942: 311). PM\jIl� (Pl.). .ETYM On the basis of the Cretan forms, PAUP- is mostly considered to have resulted from pAun- by assimilation. With pAun- as the original form, it is connected with Skt. mfc- f., marka- ill. 'damage', Av. mJrJ1Jcaite 'destroys', which require a reconstruction *mr/lkw-. However, the development to -AO- (which is Arc.-Cypr., Myc.) is not found in Cretan (although one might consider an Achaean substrate on Crete). On the other hand, the interchanges U 0 and p � n are typical for Pre Greek; Fur. 144 compares apAup[u - apAon[u with apup�crm, Cret. apon�crul. A connection with Lat. mulceo 'stroke, caress', mulco is doubtful because of the velar and the meaning; see WH s.vv. Puhvel HED suggested a connection with Hitt. gullakuwan, but this means 'scheusslich' (Tischler 1983ff. s.v.). Cf. � PAU(J(PT]f.L0�. , �Aayll:; [?] . KT]A[�. AUKWVE� 'stain (Lacon.) (H.). � ?� .ETYM Unknown. von Blumenthal 1930: 23f., suggests connecting the word with , pAuk�::- PAT]T�. AUKWVE� 'stuck (Laconian) (H.). •

�

�Aac5£i� [adj.] . aouvuTol E� aoUVUTwv 'powerless'; PAUOUpOV· EKAEAuf.Levov, xuuvov 'flaccid, porous' and PAUOUpU· awpu, f.Lwpu, wf.Lu 'untimely, sluggish' and PAUOUV [?] . vwepw� 'slothful', and pAu86v· aouvuTov 'powerless' (H.). � IE? *mld-u-� .VAR These words are sometimes identified with PAUOU� Hp. Aer. 20; perhaps PAUOUpO� 'bottle' Gal. 19, 88 is related, too. .ETYM In spite of the variation, mostly only PAUOU� is cited, although the appurtenance of that form is actually doubtful. On that basis, the word is often equated with Skt. mrdu-; Lat. mollis < *moldyi- 'soft', and further connected with

218 � UflUAOUVW. EVidently, the latter connection is impossible in IE terms because of the prothetic vowel; Arm. melk 'weak, soft' shows that this group had no initial laryngeal. Rather, I would take the variation in the suffix and that in the initial (presence vs. absence of a prothetic vowel) as indications of substrate origin, although this cannot be proven independently. , �Aai [?] �AT]X� [corr. for �AT]T'l], AaKwvEC; 'bleating (Lacon.) (H.).
�Aal(JOC; [adj.] 'bent, distorted' (Hp.). �ACt�T]. �Aa(Jnivw [v.] 'to bud, sprout, grow' (A.). TJfltw [v.] 'to speak profanely, slander' (Arist.).
._1

_1-

�AETTW

219

�ACtTTa [f.] 'purple' (Ed. Diocl.).
�Aa\lTTJ [f.] 'slipper' (Com.).
�AEi =>�AETUEC;. �AEflEaivw [v.] 'to boast' (n.; U8EVE'( �AEflwlvwv, -VEL El 337, etc.).
�

�At1lW [v.] 'to see, look, perceive' (Solon).
�A£Tuy£e;

220

.DER �A£"'le; 'sight' (X.); �A£",(ae; a fish, KecpaAivoe; (Stromberg 1943: 42); �Mflfla 'glance' (Att.); rare �Abtoe; 'id.' (Ar.). Expressive deverbative: �A£1t(i�ovn:e;· �A£110VT£e; and �A£11£TU�£l' �M11£l H., perhaps for �A£11£T(�£l, cf. Xp£fl£T(�El. �A£epapov 'eyelid' (11.), mostly plur.; thence �A£epap(Oee; [f.pl.] (rarely sg.) 'eye-lashes', also 'eyelids' (Ar., X., Arist.); �AEepap(T[(SEe; Tp(XEe; 'eye-lashes' (Paul. Aeg.); �AEepaplKOe; 'of the eyelids' (Cael. Aur.); �AEepap(�w [v.] 'to blink' (sch.). ETYM YA£11W exists beside �A£11W just as YA£epapov beside �Mepapov; the variation was taken to suggest a labiovelar *gW_ with irregular development (see Schwyzer: 298f.), but rather points to substrate origin. von Blumenthal 1930: 21 points to Macedonian YA£110U �A£11W. 1t is possible that the verb and the noun �A£epapov are unrelated; in that case, the latter word may originally have been *yMepapov and may have influenced the verb. But it seems more probable that they were cognate, with �I y and 111 ep pointing to a Pre-Greek word (Fur.: 389; pace Hamp Glotta 72 (1994): 15), although �I y is rare. Pre-Greek had labiovelars which did not always develop in the same way as their inherited equivalents. •

=

�AtTuy£C; [m.lf.]? . epAuap(m, oL O£ �A£KuyEe; 'nonsense, foolery; also �.' (H.). � ONOM, PG?� .VAR Cf. *�AaTay[�ouaa [conj. for �Aa
�A£TU£C; [pl.] . aL �8£AAm 'leeches' (H.). � PG (v) � .VAR *�A(TU� (ms. �mTu�} �o£AAa H.; the correction by Latte seems evident, but is not mentioned by DELG. ETYM Analyzed as a derivation in -TU- from a stem �AE- (see Frisk s.v.), seen in KaTa�M8£l and Ka�MEl' KaTa11(V£l (both) 'gulp down' and �AE1' �A(aa£l, o.fl£AY£l, �A[�El 'collect honey, milk' (H.). Note that �A[�W is further unknown, and that the semantics are incompatible if �A(aa£l stands for �A[TTW; therefore, DELG s.v. thinks that the gloss may be corrupt. However, since a root �AE- is impossible in lE (the basic shape is *CeC-), the word must be Pre-Greek, which is confirmed by �A[TU� (Fur.: 355). For -ue; beside -u�, cf. Fur.: 218 on fl�pu�. Cf. � 8£AWp. •

�Atepapov =>�M11W. �Aiip =>O£AWp. �Aiipat [f.] aL Kv[om. aAAOl XOpTOV. OL o£ TWV oa11p(wv T�V KaACtflTjv. 'nettles; fodder, the stalk of straw of pulse' (H.). � ?� .ETYM The conjecture of Stromberg 1944: 54f. is improbable. Note that the gloss is corrupt (the case forms do not agree); perhaps one should assume a second gloss (1.\ - XOpTOV , t-'ATjP' . . . '(. .

�ATJaTp(�w =>�UAAW.

1

1

221 �AiiTPOV [n.] 'bolt, plug' (like in MoGr.); only 0 678 �U
�

�ATJXq [f.] 'bleating' (fl 266, A.). � ONOM� .DIAL Dor. �AUXCt. .DER �ATjXUOflm 'bleat' (Ar.), perhaps not denominative, but an independent intensive like �puxuoflm, fluKuoflm, etc. (see Schwyzer: 683). �ATjXTj8flOe; (Ael.; cf. flUKTj8floe;, etc.), �A�XTjfla H., �ATjXUe; (Opp., cf. flTjKUe;, Schwyzer: 508). �ATjXTjTU [pl.] 'bleating animals' (Eup., cf. tp11£TU, etc.). �ATjXWOTje; 'bleating' (Babr.). �ATjXU�W (Autocr.). .ETYM An onomatopoeic formation with many parallels, e.g. Cz. blekati, MLG bl�ken, MoHG bloken; and, without the velar, CS blejati, Latv. blet, and MHG blrejen; W1:� a d:�tal, there �re Gm. words like OE blcetan, OHG bliizen; all of which point to ongmal e. Trag. �Aaxa< must be a hyperdorism; note �ATjxuoflm in Theoc. �Aiixvov [n.] 'male fern, Aspidium Filix-mas'. � PG (v) � .VAR Also �A�XPOV (Dsc.), �A�xpa H., also �AUXVOV (Phan. Hist), �AaXPOV (H.) . .ETYM No etymology. See Rohlfs 1958: 124, Rohlfs Sprache 5 (1959): 175\ and Rohlfs Glotta 38 (1959): 103. The variation p/v does not derive from an rln-stem, but points to Pre-Greek origin; see Fur.: 388. �ATJXp6C; [adj.] 'weak' (Ale.). � ?� VAR o.�ATjxpOe; (11.; s.v.). .DER �A�xpOe; a plant, Stromberg 1940: 24. .ETYM Connected with � �ACt� as Ionic; the -X- would be expressive (thus Chantraine 1933: 225f.; not via *flAuK-a-pOe;). Not related to � flaAuXTj, as per Bechtel 1914 S.v. o.�ATjxpOe;. Blanc 1999: 317-38 suggests connection of the root *gWelh,- 'sting' (Pok. 470); the 0.- was either lost in �ATjxpOe; (which is an insufficient solution), or added later to o.�ATjxpOe;. •

�AqXWV, -wvoc; [f.] 'pennyroyal', 'Mentha pulegium' (h. Cer.). � PG� .VAR Ion. YA�XWV, Dor. YACtXwv; also �ATjXW, -oue; (Schwyzer 479); �ATjXOe; = �A�XWV (Thphr., Dsc.). .DIAL Myc. ka-ra-ko Iglakh6n/, but the reading is doubtful. .DER �ATjxwv[ac; 'prepared with �.' (Ar.); Chantraine 1933: 94f. YATjXWV[TTje; (olvoe;; Dsc.). .ETYM Unknown. The variation �- - y- could be due to dissimilation (Schwyzer: 299); cf. �-I yM11W. But since the word has no etymology, and since tlIe stem formation is strange, we are rather dealing with a Pre-Greek word. For a folk etymological connection with �ATjxuoflm, see Stromberg 1940: 155. �A(�W =>�MTU£e;.

222

�AIKavov

�A[Kavov =>�Alxa�. �AlKa� [m.]/[f.]? . mJKOU
�Ahov [n.] 'blite, Amaranthus Blitum' (Hp.).
�A(LTW [v.] 'to cut out the comb of bees' (Arist.).
�Al-ruPl 'the sound of the chord of a harp'; hence 'sound without mg.' (S. E.)
�Alx(av)wcSTJ� [adj.] 'clammy'; cf. LSJ Supp.
1

1

223 .ETYM Cf. KAu�w, 01..0 under the accent, which is doubtful; a twofold development flAw- (in £�Aw) beside floAo- is improbable. I would expect * -/h3-V- to have yielded -aAV-, which was replaced by -01..V- after the predominant o-vocalism. The metathesis is not an independent phonetic development, but part of this process of morphological reorganisation. Outside Greek, the verb may be found in Slavic, e.g. SCr. iz-mOlUi *'let appear', i.e. 'show', and SIn. moliti 'pass, hand over'. The connection with ToA mluskii- 'escape' (and ToB mlutka-? Cf. Adams s.v.) is uncertain. Connection with flEAAW is phonetically improbable (because of the laryngeal), while that with � flOAEUW 'cut off and transplant the shoots of trees' is semantically very difficult. •

�6a� [m.] a fish, 'Box boops' (Epich.).
=

aaATt'l

224

�oaw

oETYM The ancients believed that the fish was called this way because it cried; see Stromberg 1943: 63-6 and Thompson 1947 S.v. �w�. Thence the Latin loanword boca; MoGr. �ouTIa, youTIa, yWTIa. �oaw [v.] 'to cry' (ll.). � ONOM� oVAR Aor. �o�am (Ion. also �w(Jm), �E�wfl£vo<;, t�waeT]v. o DER �o� 'cry' (ll.), �OT]TU<; 'id.' (a 369), �oafla, �oT]fla 'id.' (A.), �oT] (jl<; 'id.' (Thd., Quint.); �OT]T�<; (Hp.), fem. �oaTL<; (au06.) 'loud' (A.). oETYM Probably a deverbative like TIoTaoflm, with deverbal �o� (Schwyzer: 683); alternatively, �oaw is denominative from �o�. A connection with Skt. j6guve 'to speak loudly' (intensive) and BSI., e.g. Lith. gaudiiit, gailsti 'to cry, weep' and OCS govor'b 'noise' is conceivable, but these may just as well belong to � yoaw. �oaw is rather onomatopoeic; cf. bil S.v. � �ua<;. Lat. boo, boare was borrowed from Greek. The same root is found in � �oT]e£w, � �waTp£w. �oT)6po,..tw =>�oT]eoo<;. , �oT)66o<; [m.] 'who brings help (in war) (ll.). � GR� oVAR Dor. �oaeoo<;, Att. and Hdt. �oT]eo<; (see below). oDER Hence a denominative Aetol. �oaeo£w (Lesb. �aeOT]flL), and by hyphairesis Dor. �oae£w, Att. and Hdt. �oT]e£w 'come to help on a cry, help' (cf. Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1930): 96f.). From �oaeoo<; resp. �OT]eo(0 )<;: Aetol. �oaeoTa (< *�oaeoF[a), Att. �O�eELa 'help' (rebuilt after the nouns in -wl [Schwyzer: 469]). From �oT]e£W as a back-formation �oT]eo<; (or contracted from �oT]eoo<;, see Schwyzer: 469?); �o�eT] (jl<; 'help' (Hp.). oETYM �oT]eoo<; is from an expression like (tTIl) �o�v eElv (see Schulze 1933a: 188). Based on �oT]e£W, �oT]eo<;, the synonym �oT]Opofl£w (Eur.) was created, together with �OT]OpoflLa [pI.] name of a festival (D.; month name BOT]OpoflLwv, BOT]opoflLO<;), and �OT]opofl0<; (E.; on the connection, see Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1930): 96ff.). �66po<; [m.] 'hole, trench, pit (dug in the ground)' (ll.; on the mg. see Hutchinson JHS 55 (1935): If£; also as a sports term, see Jiithner Wiener Stud. 53 (1935): 68ff.). � PG?� oDER Diminutive �oep[ov (Alciphr.), also 'small ulcer' (Hp.). Also �oeuvo<; [m.] (Cratin.; cf. aiOXpo<; : ai(Jxuvoflm, Chantraine 1933: 208). oETYM �oepo<; and �oeuvo<; have been connected with Lith. bedit 'sting, dig', Lat. fodio 'to dig', fossa 'ditch', and MW bedd 'canal'. In order to explain the discrepancy between Greek �- and Lat. f-, dissimilation of PIE *bhodh- to PGr. *bodh- was assumed, or influence of �aeu<; (but Alciphr. 3, 13 tfl�aeuva<; �OepLa may be a later association). Equally unsatisfying is the solution of Petersson 1921: l28ff., who assumed a labiovelar and connected the word with yue[a(Jwv, OLOpu(Jawv 'digging out' (H.) and further to �aeu<;, etc. (see � �ueo<;). Since the IE connection is impossible, and the formation (nominal -uv-, see Pre-Greek) is also suspect, we should better derive the word from Pre-Greek; even the meaning suggests such origin. �6A�l'TOV [n.] 'cow dung' (see Rohlfs ByzZ 37 (1937): 54f.). � PG�

�OALTOV

225

oVAR Also -0<; [m.] (Thphr.), �OA�LeO<; (PMag. Par.; after aTIupaeo<;, (JTI£AEeO<;? See Chantraine 1933: 367); also �OALTOV, -0<; (Cratin.); �OA�LTa' 6.cpooEUfla �oo<; 'cow dung' (H.) (i.e. �OA�L<;), followed by �OA�UeOV' TO aUTO. oDER �OA[TLVO<; (Ar.); �oA[Tmva cuttle fish, which smells badly (Arist.), also �oA�iTLOV (Gal.) and �OA�[<; (Epich.). oETYM As an alternative to the unsatsifactory assumption that �OALTOV arose from �oA�rrov through dissimilation, Frisk implausibly suggested that it is rather �OA�LTOV that is secondary, influenced by �OA�O<;. �OALTOV cannot be derived from �aAAw, �OAO<;, and �OA£WV 'Diingerhaufen' either, because this leaves the formation unexplained. Much better is it to explain the variation as Pre-Greek, which is further confirmed by the suffIx -LTOV (Fur.: 163; further 180, 187); in addition, the alter nations T - e and L - U are typical for Pre-Greek. The variation between � and zero, to which Fur.: devotes an entire chapter, is perhaps best explained from a labialized lateral, i.e. *baIW-it- in this case (cf. � a-6Aa� and Pre-Greek) . The discussions in Frisk and DELG are typical examples of the wrong method to explain away the characteristics of Pre-Greek. �oA�6<; [m.] 'onion; purse-tassels, Muscari comosum' (Att., Arist.). � ONOM� oDER �OA�[OV (Hp.), �oA�apLOv (Epict.), �OA�[(JKO<; (AP) 'small onion'. From �OA�O<; the plant �OA�[VT] (Thphr., see Stromberg 1937: 86). On the fishnames �OA�[OLOV, �OA�[TLOV, �OA�LT[VT] see � �OA�LTOV; also �OA�LTL<;, �OA�LT[<;. See Thompson 1947: 33. oETYM The form of the word is expressive, sound-symbolic, with a kind of reduplication. There are no direct relatives. It is reminiscent of words for round, globular objects, like Lat. bulla 'water bubble', �uAA6.· �E�u(Jfl£va 'stuffed objects' (H.), Lith. burbulas 'water bubble', etc.; cf. �Ofl�UA[<; S.v. � �ofl�o<;. Further, similar to Arm. bolk 'radish' (less adequate, however, is Skt. bdlba-ja- [m.] kind of grass, 'Eleusine indica', originally 'balba-born'); cf. Pok. lO3 and WH S.v. bulbus. Lat. bulbus is a loan. Cf. � �WAO<;. �oAtw =>�aAAw. �OAEWV 'dunghill' (Din.). � GR?� oDER �OAEO<; 'heaped' (inscr. lP, LSJ Supp.), of A[eOL 'stones' as boundary marks. oETYM Generally derived from �aAAw, but this could be deceptive. The suffIx is obscure; see Chantraine 1933: 164. �OA£O<; may or may not be cognate. �OA[�T) [El 'female slave in Crete' (Seleucus apud Ath. 267C). � ?� oETYM Unknown. �6AlV6o<; [m.] 'aurochs, the European bison', = �ovaao<; (Arist.). � PG (s) � oETYM The conclusion, on the basis of �ovaao<;, that the word derives from *�OVLVeO<; is most uncertain. The influence of �ou<; is also a mere guess. No etymology. Probably Pre-Greek; cf. Krahe Die Antike 15 (1939): 180 and Krause 1958: 62f. �6Artov =>�OA�LTOV.

226 �oll�Ola [f.] � Koi\.ufl�a<; ei\.ala TIapa KUTIpIOl<; 'olive pickled in brine (Cypr.)' (H.). � ?� ETYM Unknown. .

•

�61l�o<; [m.] 'noise with a low tone' (lA). � ONOM, PG� .DER �ofl�£w 'give a low tone, hum' (n.). �Ofl�u� interj., as ironic imitation of a swollen style (Ar. Th. 45), with intensive reduplication �ofl�ai\.o�ofl�u� (ibid. 48). Related are: �ofl�ui\.l6<; (accent. acc. to Hdn. 1, 116; lA) 'humming insect', also vase with a small neck (from the sound when emptied), also �ofl�ui\.Tjv· i\.�Kueov 'a vase' (H.) and �ofl�ui\.la· KP�VTj ev BOlwTlq. 'source in Boeotia' (H.); with different mg.: �ofl�ui\.IOa<;· TIOfl
�6 1l�u�, -UKO<; [m.] 'silk-worm' (Arist.). � PG� VAR The quantity of the U is unknown. .DER �Ofl�UKlOV 'cocoon of the �.' (Arist.); �Ofl�UKlVO<; (Lib.). ETYM �6fl�U� must be of Anatolian origin, as is also suggested by its structure: it is now known that silk was also produced in Greece itself (Kos and Asia Minor) before it was introduced from the east (Hemmerdinger Glotta 48 (1970): 65). We may compare several words for 'cotton' (see � �afl�uKloV), of which Osman. pambuk 'cotton' is the best match. The word may derive from an original *plbamb-uk- (with suffIx -uk-, probably with long u; cf. also Schrader-Nehring 1917(2): 381ff., DNP: 347ff.). •

•

�6vao{o")o<; [m.] 'aurochs' (Arist.). � EUR� .ETYM Unexplained; generally considered to be a loanword from a European language. There have been attempts to connect it with � �6i\.lveO<;, which is quite uncertain. Fur.: 213 tries to connect it with Paeonian � fl6vaTIo<;, for which there is no basis. �opa =>�l�PWO'KW. �6pacr(jo<; [m.] 'growing spadix of the date with immature fruit' (Dsc. 1, 109, 5). � LW Eg.� ETYM Egyptian word; cf. Arab. bosr 'unripe date'. See Cuny REA 20 (1918): 223f. •

�6paTov

=>

�pu9u.

�6p�opo<; [m.] 'mire, filth' (Asios). � ?�

L

L

227 .DER Bop�ophm name of an association in Thera (inscr.) and of a Manichaean gnostic sect (Epiph.). Denominatives: �op�op6w, �op�opl�w (Dsc.; = flOi\.UV£l H.). See also � �o�opu�w .ETYM Expressive reduplicated formation, probably onomatopoeic (cf. the gloss �op�oPI�£l S.V. � �o p �opu�w). A connection with Arm. kork 'dirt', which would require a reconstruction *gWorgW(or) o-, remains very doubtful. .

�op�opu�w [v.] 'to rumble' (Hippon., see LSJ Supp.). � ?� .DER �op�opuy�' TI0l6<; Tl<; �xo<;, QV Kat KOpKOpuy�v Kai\.ouOlv 'kind of sound, also called K.' (H.), �op�opuYfl6<; 'id.' (Hp.); also �Op�6pWOl<; (Archig. apud Mt.), as if from �op�op6w (see � �6p�opo<;). �op�oPI�£l' yOyyu�£l, flOi\.uV£l. KUTIpLOl 'grumbles, stains (Cypr.)' (H.), �oP�oPlOfl6<; (Cael. Aur.) �op�opuYfl6<;. .ETYM Onomatopoeic reduplicated formation. Connected with � �6p�opo<;, though partly different in meaning (developments like these are not infrequently found in onomatopoeic words). In �op�oPI�£l, the two meanings come together. No etymology. =

�op�ui\.a . TI£flfla OTpOyyui\.ov OLa fl�KWVO<; Kat oTjoUflTj<; fl£y£90u<; apTou 'round pastry made from poppy and sesame, of the size of a loaf of bread' (H.). � LW Anat.� .ETYM Szemerenyi Gnomon 43 (1971): 661 compares Hitt. NINDApu rpura_ 'Klotz' or 'Kugel, Kn6del'. Names of pastries are frequently borrowed from Asia Minor. �opta<;, -ou [m.] 'north wind, north', also PN (ll.); see Nielsen Class. et Med. 7 (1945): Iff. � IE? *gW(o) rH- 'mountain'� .DIAL Att. (contracted) �oppo.<;, -a. (see Scheller 1951: 114), Ion. �op£Tj<;, contracted �op�<;, -£w, Lesb. �oplm<; (l < £; m for a.). .DER �6p£l0<;, Ion. �Op�lO<; (Chantraine 1933: 52) 'of the north wind'; fem. also �Op£(l)U<;, �OpTjlU<; (A.). Local adverbs: �op£Tj9£v, �oppo.e£v, �opp6e£v, etc. Denominative: �op£uw 'come from the north' (Thphr.). .ETYM Uncertain. Taken as 'wind from the mountains', related to a word for 'mountain' seen in Skt. giri-, Av. gairi-, Lith. gin� 'wood', and OCS gora; cf. Illyr. bora 'mountain' in names (Krahe IF 57 (1940): 125ff.), as well as � O£lPU<;. So the 'ym:p �6p£Ol are properly 'those living beyond the mountains' (Pedersen KZ 36 (1900): 319). The formation, however, is unclear; see Pedersen 1926: 66, Schwyzer: 461. On wind names in -la<;, see Chantraine 1933: 95. Is the word an IE formation at all? �6(jKW [v.] 'to feed, tend', med. 'to feed oneself (ll.). � IE *gWeh3- 'feed, tend'� .VAR Fut. �OOK�OW (Od., but see Chantraine 1942: 446), hapax �wowe£ (A. R. 1, 685; see below); e�oOK�eTjV, �£�60KTjKa, e�6oKTjoa are all Hell. and late . DIAL Myc. su-qo-ta-o !su-gW6ta6n!, qo-u-qo-ta IgWou-gW6tai/. ·COMP In compounds -�WTTj<; and -�6TTj<; (o"u-�W-TTj<;, [TITIO-�6-TTj<;); aiyl�OTo<; 'browsed by goats'; TIOui\.u�6T£lpa. As a first member in �WTl-UV£lpa 'feeding men' (ll.); see Risch 1937: 174. .DER �OOK� 'fodder, meadow' (A.); �6oKTjfla 'id.', also 'cattle fended, herd' (trag.). �ooK6<; 'shepherd' (Aesop.; a back-formation, see Schwyzer 541); fem. �OOKU<; 'feeding itself (Nic.). �60l<; 'fodder' (T 268); �oT6v 'cattle', especially 'sheep' (ll.), •

228

�oaflup0<;

�OTUV'l 'fodder' (Chantraine 1933: 199), �OTEW 'tend' (Nic., H.); �OT�p 'shepherd' (0 215; fern. �OT£lpU (Eust.); �WTWP (ll.), cf. Benveniste 1948: 29 on the difference between -TWP and -T�p. .ETYM Old lE verb. Its nearest relation is Lith. guotas 'herd' (*gWehJ-to-); cf. �OTOV (*gWhJ-to-). � �ou<; is probably derived from this root. �6aflapol:; [m.] 'Indian millet, Ragi, Eleusine coracana' (Str.). � ?� .VAR �oaflopov (Peripl. M. Rubr.). ETYM Unknown. •

�6aTpUX01:; [m.] 'curl, lock of hair' (Archil.). � PG?� .VAR Plur. also �oaTpuxu (AP). DER �oaTpuxLOv, also 'vine-tendril' (Arist., AP) , �oaTpuXlu· aTEfl
�oTtivTJ =>�oaKw. �6TlI:; a fish (Sophr.). � ?� VAR �on<;· �oAnov H., considered corrupt by Latte; on sufficien,t grounds? .ETYM Perhaps identical with � �uT1<;. •

�6TpUI:;, -UOI:; [m.] 'bunch of grapes' (ll.). � PG?� VAR Also ace. �OTpUU (Euph.), LSJ Supp . D ER �OTpU'lP0<; 'of the genus grapes' (Thphr., cf. olv'lpo<; Chantraine 1933: 233). �oTpuh'l<; -In<; (1..180<;) kind of pearl, 'Calamine' (Dse.). Adverb �oTpu86v (ll.). ' Isolated �oTpufl0<;· TPUY'lTO<; 'vintage' (H.), as if from * �OTpUW; see Schwyzer: 492. After �oaTpux0<; arose �OTpUX0<; 'lock of hair' (Pherecr.; probably E. Or. 1267) and �oaTpuXloV 'vine-tendril' and �oaTplxh'l<; see � �OaTPUX0<;. ETYM Like afln£Ao<;, the word is probably Pre-Greek. It is hardly Semitic (Hebr. bO$er 'uvae immaturae acerbae'), as per Szemerenyi Gnomon 43 (1971): 661. Fur.: 302 considers it originally to have been identical with �OaTPUX0<; (interchange aTI T); this is very doubtful. •

•

'

•

�ou- augmentative prefix. � GR� .ETYM This meaning seems to have developed from the bahuvrihi compounds of the type 'having X like a �.' See �ou�pwan<;, �OUYUl£, ete. Cf. DELG and further Richardson BICS 8 (1961): 15-22 and Richardson Hermathena 96 (1962): 92. �oua [f.] ? · uyEA'l nuI8wv. AUKWV£<; 'a group of children (Lacon.)' (H.). � ?� .VAR Wrong accent acc. to DELG. �ouou· uyEA'l n<; 'a herd' (EM; perhaps from �ouaou, to a£u£lv? But original aa would not have disappeared; Wahrmann Glotta 17 (1929): 242 supposes an hyperarchaism). .DER �ouuyop· uY£AupX'l<;, 6 T�<; uYEA'l<; apxwv nul<;. AUKWV£<; 'slave who watches , over the herd (Lacon.) (H.); also �ouuyo<;, �oayo<; (inscr.). Further aUfl�ouUl·

L

L

229 aUVWflOTUl 'confederate'. aufl�ouu8<8>£l· lJ1t£PfluX£1. AUKWV£<; 'fight in defense of (H.) . ETYM According to von Blumenthal 1930: 9, the word is Illyrian for
�ouay£T6v [m.]/ [n.] ? . uno �OWV £LAKuaflEVOV �uAov 'piece of wood drawn by oxen' (H.). � GR� .ETYM The word is simply from �ou<; and ayw . �ouuKPat [f.] . OL
230 .ETYM Since the word is Doric, it is not related to epT]v (epav). The form *-pa-nle; (Schwyzer: 270) has no basis. The old connection with Lith. getis 'Viehtrift' seems impossible, as a labiovelar would yield 0-. Foreign origin (Kretschmer KZ 30 (1890): 579, Fraenkel 191O: 116 A. 1) is always possible, but pou- suggests a Greek word. �01)�pwLoKo<;, etc., Chantraine 1933: 408); �OUPWVLOV the plant 'Aster amellus' (Dsc., Stromberg 1940: 87). Denominative poupwVHlw 'to suffer from swollen glands' (Ar.). ETYM Unknown. Formation like fluwv, maywv. Connection with pouvoe; 'hill' is morphologically impossible. It can hardly be related to Skt. gav'in t [f.du.] 'part of the lower body'. If the (late) variant �oflPwv is reliable, the word is then be Pre-Greek. •

•

•

�ouyaYE [m.] 'braggart'? (N 824, 0 79). � ?� VAR Schol. pouKaLE. .ETYM Contains the prefix � �ou- as in � �ou�pwone;, POuKopu�a, POU1tUle;, etc.; the second member could be related to the pres. � yaLw (cf. Kuod yaLwv). The a is problematic (Zenodotus wrote pOUy�"(E; Chantraine 1942: 22). See Latacz 1966: 129f. •

�ouKana [n.pl.] a festival in Delphi (inscr.). � IE? *tken- 'slay'� .DER BouKanOe; name of a month. ETYM The analysis as 'killing of cows' (from KaLvw) is factually correct. Puhvel KZ 79 (1964-5): 7ff. (after Wackernagel-Debrunner 1930: 372) reads '(festival) of 100 cows' as in Skt. go-satam. Note that � EKaTOV derives from *dkYfl-tom > *ekaton, and that the *d also leaves a trace in the decades in *-dkomth2 > -�KOVTa. This shows that the * + did not cause lengthening. •

�ouK6AOC; [m., adj.] 'cowherd' (ll.). � IE *kwel(H)- 'turn around'� .DIAL Myc. qo-u-ko-ro /gWou-kolos/. DER POUKOALUl 'herds of cattle' (h. Mere.), �ouKoAla (-LOV) 'id.' (Hdt.); �OUKOAElOV 'office of the uPXwv pamAEUe;' (Arist. Ath. 3, 5; cf. 1tpUTaVElov); POUKOALe; [f.], also [adj.] 'pasture' (D. H.); POUKOALOKOe; kind of bandage (Gal.; cf. POUPWVLOKOe; s.v. � �oupwv); �OUKOALVT]· KLyKAoe; TO 0PVEOV 'the bird K.' (H.); see Thompson 1895 s.v.; POUKOAlKOe; 'ptng. to the shepherd', "bucolic" (Theoc.). Denominative POUKOAEW (ll.), PouKoAla�oflUl, -la�w 'sing shepherd songs' (Theoc.). From �OUKOAOe;, as a short name, BOVKOe; (Theoc.). .ETYM Old compound of pove; and 1tEAOflUl, cognate with 0Ir. buaehail/, MW bugail 'shepherd'. Cf. � ai1tOAOe; and � aflq:>L1tOAOe;. •

pOUVoe;

231

POUKOVl
�oUAiiT6c; [m.] lit. "unyoking of the oxen", 'evening' (IT 779 = l 58, in �OUAUTOV OE). � GR� .ETYM From � �ove; and � AUW with a suffix -TO- (Chantraine 1933: 303). The length in AV- is caused by a laryngeal, also seen in Lat. so-lU-tus, Skt. lu-na- 'cut off, and in ToAB liiw"- 'to send'. �ouv6c; [m.] 'hill' (Hdt.). � PG?� .VAR pouvoe;· onpae;, KU1tplOl 'bed ofleaves, matress (Cypr.)' (H.).

�OU1taAIOc<;

232

.DER �OUVl<; [f.] 'hilly' (A.; cf. 80Upl<;). Plant names �OUVl(l<; 'Brassica napus' (Agatharch.) and �OUVlOV 'Bunium ferulaceum' (Dsc.), cf. Stromberg 1940: 117. �ouvITT]<; epithet of Pan, but reinterpreted as containing �ou<;; Dor. �wvITT]<;. ETYM Acc. to Hdt. 4, 199, the word is eyrenaean, but it is actually Doric (Solmsen BPh W 1906: 756f.). It is a dialectal word that spread in Hellenistic times (DELG). Fur.: 208, 213 cites flOUVlCt<;, flouvla8LKov as variants of �OUVlCt<;, which may point to Pre-Greek origin. He further adduces Basque mu no 'hill', and additionally refers to 1tpouvou<;· �ouvou<; (H.). Fur.: 21353 thinks that �ouvo<;· 0Tl�Ct<; 'bed of straw' derives from �UVW. •

�OU1taAl6£c; .VAR �OU1tCtAlva. => �OU�CtAlOV. �ou1tp'1aTlC; [adj.] 'poisonous beetle' (Nie.); also a plant, Bunias erucago? (Thphr.).
=

=

233 and Gr. �oF0<; but not Skt. gau/:t, nor the acc. gam, �wv, which look like old forms. ' The Greek nom. could be *gWehJ-us > �ou<;; the ace. may have been *gWam < older

*gWoum .

�oua6c; [f.] 'path for cows', only dat. �ou001 (Orchomenos, Arcadia, Schwyzer: 664, 15; 18).
�OlJTUpOV [n.] 'butter' (Hp.).
�OW1tlC; [adj.] epithet of Hera: 'with the head of a cow'(?), 'with the eyes of a cow' (ll.).
234

.DER �pu�EUfla 'decision of a judge' (S.), �pa�eLa 'decision' (E.), �pa�eiov 'prize' (Men.). .ETYM Etymology unknown. Probably Pre-Greek (see Chantraine 1933: 125). In order to account for the Myc. form (where lal may phonetically be [0]), we may reconstruct *mrogW-, *mragW-, or *mrgW-. If this word is of Pre-Greek origin indeed, this could imply that the athletic contests, too, are part of the Pre-Greek heritage. �pa�vAov [n.] 'sloe, Prunus spinosa' (Theoc.). � PG?� .VAR �pu�uAo<; [f.] (Aret.). Mss. also �pa�l-, �pa�Il-; also �up�lAo<; (Gp). ETYM Unknown; a loanword. Cf. �pa�uAIl = CtvquDvll �
�payo<; [?] . £1..0 <; 'marsh-meadow' (H.). � ?� ETYM �puyo<; might somehow be related to �puxo<;, �puxea 'shallows' (Hdt.). For these words, Pick BB 29 (1905): 199f. proposed that they are of Macedonian origin, whereas C;abej 1969: 176 compared Alb. berrake 'sumpfiges Land'. According to Moutsos KZ 88 (1974): 74-76, who reads �payo<; (as in the ms.), the word means 'embanknIent, garden-plot' (however, his lE etymology remains quite uncertain). •

�payxo<; [m.] 'hoarseness, angina' (Hp.). � PG(v)� .VAR Also �upayxo<; (Hippon.), �puYXIl [f.] (Xenocr.) 'id: and �paYxLa· � IteprrpuXIlAo<; CtAYIl8wv 'pain around the neck' (H.). .DER �payxaA£o<; 'hoarse' (Hp.), �payxo<; 'id: (AP) . �payxuw, �paYXluw [v.] 'to have a sore throat' (Arist.); �paYXlU(Ol(Jee· ItVLYOl(Jee 'choke, stifle' (H.). Different mg. in �puYXla [pl.] 'gills of fishes, bronchial tubes', also �apuYXla, �apuxvla (Hdn.) . ETYM The resemblance with �poYX0<; 'windpipe' may have caused the semantic shift of �puYXla. Fur. 128, 276 connects the word with �paxw81l<;' Tpaxu<; 'rough, harsh' (H.), �paKLa<;· Tpaxei<; TOItOU<; 'rough places' (H.), and �apaKlvti(JLv· CtKUVeaL<;. (JKoAo'lfl 'thorns, palisade' (H.). Thus, we arrive at a set of variants �paK-I �pax-I �payx-, which are typical of Pre-Greek. The aorist �paxeiv 'rattle, clash' (Johansson KZ 36 (1900): 345f.) may also be connected as 'produce a raw sound'. The additional a in the first syllable of �upayxo<; (Schwyzer: 278, 831) may be due to purely phonetic epenthesis, but this type of variation, too, is frequent in Pre-Greek words as well (Fur.: 378-385). •

�pa6u<; [adj.] 'slow' (ll.).
•

�paeu 1 [n.] 'savin, Juniperus sabina'; also 'Juniperus foetidissima' (Dsc.).
235

.ETYM �pueu has been compared with a Semitic word, Aram. berat, Hebr. beros, Assyr. burasu 'cypress'; Lat. bratus (Plin.), an Anatolian cypress, must go back to the same source (Lewy 1895: 34; Schrader-Nehring 1917(1): 671). Fur.: 187 thinks it is rather a loan word from the Near East, comparing KUItUPl(J(JO<; and Hebr. gofer (this might be supported by the suffix -lV-). For the u-stem, cf. flwAu, flLau, and (Jwpu (Chantraine 1933: 119), as well as MKpU 'resin'. �paeu 2 . Itoa Tl<; ewI<; euofl£VIl 'some herb offered to the gods' (H.). � ?� .ETYM Unknown. �paKat [f.pl.] 'breeches' (pap., inscr., D. S.), worn by Gauls. poItaAov. �paKava [n.] . Ta aypla Auxava 'wild vegetables' (H.; also Pherecr., Luc.). (JToflan £AKelV, � mevu(elV 'eat; hide; render invisible; suck up with the mouth; sigh', as either influenced by fluP'\faL or related to it (with assimilation of K to initial fl-, giving It; Schwyzer: 302). All of these comparisons are uncertain (see � flupmw). Cf. further �pUK£TOV' . . . ItA�eo<; 'crowd' and �pUH£lV' ItAlleUV£lv, �apuvelv 'multiply, oppress' (H.). See Belardi Doxa 3 (1950): 200. See � �pO�aL. �paKo<; [m.]? . KUAaflo<;. Lflunov ItoAuTeA£<; 'reed; an expensive cloak' (H., also Sappho 57, Theoc. 28,11). �paKeiv. �pat1t1w [v.] 'to shake violently, agitate, boil (up), winnow' (Ar.).
�paaawv .ETYM Bezzenberger BB 27 (1902): 152f. connected the word with Latv. murdet 'boil up', Lith. murdau, murdyti "etwas im Wasser riittelnd behandeln"; this is uncertain. ppacrcrwv =>�paxu<;. ppauKavacr8at [v.] e1tL TWV KAmovTwv 1tmOlWV AtYeTm w<; fllfl'lfla cpwv�<; 'is said when children weep, onomatopoeic' (H.).
ppaxEiv [v.] . �x�am, ",ocp�am 'to sound' (H.), 'to rattle, clash' (ll.).
PpaXLwv, -ovoc;; [m.] 'upper arm', as opposed to � 1t�Xu<; (ll.).
bracchiolum. ETYM According to Pollux 2, 138 originally the comparative of � �paxu<;: on eaTL TOU 1t�xew<; �paxuTepo<; 'because it is shorter than the forearm'. However, the phonetically regular reflex of *mrt-ios- is probably seen in �paaawv (K 226): �paXlwv would have to be a later formation. Alternatively, Ruijgh Minos 9 (1968): 147f. (see also Ruijgh 1991b: 585) assumes that it has the same suffIx as KUAA01tOOlWV. The word was borrowed as Lat. bracchium, which in turn was the source of MW braich, ete. •

ppaxuc;; [adj.] 'short' (Hdt., PL).
.

ppEY!1a VAR �peYfl0<;. => �peXfl0<;. •

ppEY!1a 2 => �pexw. ppEY!1a 3 [n.] a substance found in peppercorns (DSe.2, 159).
�pev80<;

237

PpE!1W [v.] 'to roar, grumble' (ll.).
•

PPEVl)OV [m.]/[n.] ? . £Aacpov 'deer' (H.). �pevnov· � KecpaA� TOU eACtcpou 'a stag's head; the head of a deer' (Str. 6,3,6, EM). , w<; �aKKapL<; (an unguent), ot Oe liv8LVOV flupoV 'perfume of flowers' (H.), cf. �pev8Lvcp· av8Lvcp (H.). 5. �pev8Lva· {)l�apLa nva, ok epu8palVOVTaL at YUValKe<; TCt<; 1tap£La<; 'roots with which women redden their cheeks' . ot Oe liyxouaav, OUK di . . . ot Oe CPUKO<; (,orchil'?) 1tapeflcpepe<; KuoeL ACPPOOlT'l<; (H.) 6. � pev8 L<; = 8p(oa� (Nic. fr. 120), �pev8L�· 8pLOaK(V'l. KtJ1t PLOL 'lettuce (Cypr.)' (H.).
provoke' (H.) is not related (pace von Blumenthal 1930: 6, Krahe DLZ 51 (1930): 1654; see also Alessio Studi etruschi 15 (1941): 190ff.). �ptTa<;, -£0<; [n.] 'wooden image of a god' (A.). � PG?� .DER PN BpeTwv (Attica), Bechtel 1917a: 13f. .ETYM DELG suggests that the word is the Doric equivalent of � �6avov, likewise an image of a god. No etymology (see Benveniste RPh. 58 (1929)128f.). �pt
�p£X!l6<; [m.] 'front part of the head' (Il.). � IE? *mret-n- 'brain(-pan)'� VAR Also �peYfla [n.] (Stratt.; Schwyzer: 206), �pEYfl6<; (EM), �peXfla (v.l. Alciphr. 3, 5). .ETYM Not related to �pexw. The word is rather related to WGm. words for 'brain': OE brregen, MLG bragen, OFr. brein, ete. (PGm. *bragna-), from *mret- or *bhret-; cf. also OW br(e)ithel. The connection of Benveniste BSL 31 (1930): 80 with Av. marazu- 'cervical vertebra' and Molran. words for 'neck' from *mrz- remains uncertain. •

�ptxw [V.] 'to wet, drench' (Hp.). � IE? *mert- 'wet, moisten'� VAR Aor. �pe�aL, �pEX8�VUl, �pax�vUl; uva�e�poXEv (P 54). .DER �poX� 'rain, moistening, inundation' (Democr.), �poX£l6<; (AP), �poXfl6<;, �peYfla (Erot.). �poX[<; 'ink-horn' (AP), �p6XLOV 'id.' (pap.). ETYM In spite of the doubts expressed in DELG s.v., and the difference in meaning, �pexw is possibly related to Latv. mergu6t 'rain slowly', merga 'soft rain', which can be traced back to *mert- (Trautmann 1923: 182; however, Ru. morosit' 'rain slowly' cannot be connected because of its -s-). �PEXW would require *mret- with schwebeablaut (cf. the discussion s.v. � �pe
•

�pqOOElV [v.] . TO fl£la �TJX0<; uvaTCTU£LV. EVlOl TaUTa XWpt<; TOU p ypu
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239 �p( (�pl) [?] . Ent TOU flEYMOU Kat [(JXUPOU Kat xaA£1tOU T[8£lUl 'an epithet of the [words] great, strong and fierce' (H.). � PG� .DIAL The interpretation of Mye. pi-ri-ta-wo is uncertain. .COMP In e.g. �pl-�nuo<; 'crying loudly' of Ares (N 521), with �nuw (Bechtel 1914 s.v.), BplUpEW<; see below, �plTJP6v' flEYUAW<; KExapl(Jflevov 'very happy' (H.), Bp[aKX0<; 'Bacchante' (S.) with [uXw, "laKX0<;. .DER �plap6<; [adj.] 'strong' (Il.); �PlUW [v.] 'to be or make strong, mighty' (Hes.) back-formation from �plap6<;? See Schwyzer: 682f., Bechtel l.e.; also �PlEp6<;. For BplUpEW<;, a giant with hundred arms (Il.), in Hes. 'O�PlUpEW<;, the interpretation 'who causes much damage (up�)' (Bechtel 1914) is most uncertain; much more probably it is a Pre-Greek name, cf. Fur.: 168103 With -8-: �pl8w 'to be laden with, be full of (Il.), perf. �e�pL8a, aor. �Pl(JUl; �p18u<; 'heavy' (?) (Il.), �pL8o<; [n.] 'weight' (Hp.), �pl80(JuvTJ 'id.' (Il.). Here also �plv8£lv· 8uflou(J8Ul, EpE8[�£LV 'to be agitated, irritate' (H.) with prenasalization of �pl8-? (For the mg., cf. �plfluoflal.) Further � �P[flTJ, � �PlfluoflUl. See also � �p[�w and �U�Pl<;. .ETYM Since the idea of an old 'ablaut' *i / ia must be given up and such cases must be reconstructed as * -ih2- / -ih2-e, �plap6<; could in principle continue *gWrih2-eros. The suffix can hardly be anything else, because we cannot assume a derivational system * -i- / -ro- here, nor has a root *�plap any plausibility (pace Benveniste 1935: 15). The connection with � �apu<; 'heavy' is very doubtful, as this word continues *gWrh2-u-; a derivative *gWrh2-iH- would have given *�apL-. *gWr-iH-, derived from a root without laryngeal, would be possible, but the only evidence for such a root is Skt. gri-?ma- [m.] 'midsummer' (Wackernagel KZ 61 (1934): 197f.). However, the semantics are very weak, and for the explanation of the second part -?maas from samii ' [half-]year', Av. ham- 'summer' is difficult as the latter derive from *smH-. As Fur.: 168104; 174122; 246f. remarks, the word group, meaning 'big, strong, xaA£1t6<;', can be alternatively connected with �Plfl6<; 'great, difficult' (see � �P[flTJ). Since �Plfl- is very probably related to o�Plfl0<; (cf. 6�PlUPEW<;), this whole etymon must be of Pre Greek origin in view of the variants (Fur.: index). See �
�p(a n6Al<;, Tiix0<;, in Thracian (Str. 7, 6, 1); �p[av· T�V En' uypol<; (UKpOl<;?) KWflTJv 'an unfortified village in ilie country (in the periphery?)' (H.). � L W Thrac.?� .ETYM The word has been connected with ToA ri, ToB riye 'town' (which may continue < *urih,-en-) since Liden 1916: 143f. (see Adams s.v.). � pLOY 'peak, headland' has also been compared. The theory of Pisani KZ 75 (1957): 78f. (i.e., that the word is Ligurian) is improbable. Fur.: 27013 refers to rrohufl�p[a, LTJAU(fl)fl�p[a and 355 to Bpea, a town in Thrace. As DELG remarks, the word can hardly be regarded as genuinely Greek. =

�plap6<; =>�pL �p(YKa [m.] . TO fllKp6v. Kunplol 'small (Cypr.)' (H.); �p[YKO<; name of a sea-fish (ap . Aili. 322e), = [X8u<; KTJTWOTJ<; 'cetaceous fish' (H.) (Thompson 1947 s.v.); further uvw86pKa<;· �p[YKO<; (cod. �p[KX0<;) 6 [X8u<;, uno eTJ�a[wv 'sea-fish (Theb.)' (H.) (Stromberg 1943: 58); also PN (Eretria). � ?� .ETYM Unknown. For the stem formation, see � �p[�w.

240 �Pl�W [V.] 'to be sleepy, nod' (Cl 4, 223, A.). � ?� .VAR Aor. e�pl�a (Od., E. Rh. 826 [lyr.] , v.l. e�plaa), �PI�aL' unVWaaL, vuanl�aL 'sleep, take a nap'; �pla8el<;' unvwaa<; H.; PPl�W, -ou<; [f.] = EVUnvl0f.laVn<; (Semus 5). UPplKTOV' . . . uypunvov 'sleepless', appl�' EYPTjYOpw<; 'awake' (H.; cf. anpl� s.v. � unplyoa and Schwyzer: 620) . ETYM Unexplained. The connection with �Pl-, ppl8w (Curtius 1858: 475; cf. Lat. somno gravatus) is improbable. •

�ptew -ppL �PlK£AOl [m.] ol fl£v TOU<; laTonooa<;, ano TOU pupOU<; Kat TOU �UAOU' ol o£ pappupou<;· Cllouflo<; o£ Ta TpaylKu npoawneia, napu KpaTIV alpe oeupo TOU<; PPlKEAOU<;" ("raise high the beams"} ean o£ pappaplKOV TO ovofla, T18e-raL o£ [Kat] Ent npoawnwv TpaylKwv Kat e'lpTjTaL oloVe! PpOl
�p(f.1lJ [f.] . an£lA�. Kat YUVaLKela appTjTonoLLa 'threat; also womanly vice' (H., supposed to refer to A. R 4, 1677 MTjoelTj<; �p[fln nOAu
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241 origin is proven by Fur. (index) credible connection with avOleu<;; see also ibid.: 389. A variation l/ U is also known from Pre-Greek. See � PplTU. , �pl't1) [adj.] . yAUKU. Kp�Te<; 'sweet (Cret.) (H.). � PG� .COMP See also on � BplToflapn<;, epithet of Artemis on Crete (inscr., Str.), also a goddess or nymph on Crete, Dreros (Call. Dian. 190) . .ETYM Unknown. The hypothesis of Magnien Glotta 21 (1933): 178 is improbable. �poYX0<; [m.] 'windpipe, throat' (Hp.). � PG(v)� .DER ppoYXla [n.pl.] 'bronchial tubes' (Hp.), PpoYX[Tj [f.] 'system of conducts connecting heart with liver' (Hp., cf. apTTjp[a), PpoYXe1ov 'bronchial cartiledge' (S.). PpoyxwT�p 'neck in a garment' (T.; cf. TponwT�p - Tpono<;, Chantraine 1933: 327f.). Denominative PPOYXlU�£l' KaTan[vel 'gulps down' (H.). .ETYM The word is evidently connected with � ppO�aL and ppoX80<;. The nasal infix, which would be inexplicable if the word were lE, can be easily understood as Pre Greek prenasalization. For the formation of �poX80<; - PpoYX0<;, compare KOXAO<; KOYXVTj, and floX80<; - flOyEW. It is conceivable that ppoX8- is not a suffIxal derivation from this word, but just another form of the root. Further, � ppuYX0<; and � �paxe1v belong to this group, with the typical variation a/o . �pOKO<; [adj.] · flwpo<;, "EAATjve<; 'dull' (H.); PPOKWV' afla8�<;, ana[owTo<;, olov poaKTjfla 'who has not learnt; uneducated; like a piece of cattle' (H.). � ?� .ETYM DELG refers to PPOKOl' aTCEAepOl 'locusts' and considers it to be "un emploi plaisant" of 'locust'. To my mind, it is rather an accidental homonym. Fur.: 145 suggests connection with npoKov, �A[8l0V 'numb' (H.), and, much more doubtfully, with Lat. bargus 'sine ingenio'. �p0f.10<; 1 [m.] 'oats' (Thphr.). � PG(v)� VAR Also pOPflo<; (Dieuch. apud Orib.). •

242 .ETYM Probably Pre-Greek on account of the alternating vocalism; cf. further examples in Fur.: 392. �p6,..o� 2 [m.] . Torro<; d<; QV EAa�p€flw. �p6�aL [v.] 'to gulp down, swallow (again)' (fl 240, 0 222; H. �po�m as a simplex = potV7> 'dead' (with suffIx after vivus, ziv7» . The privative Skt. a-mtta-, Av. a-ma�a- 'immortal' is comparable to a fl�pOTO<;. Another vocalism is found in � flOpTO<;' av8pwrro<;, 8V'lTO<; 'man' (H.) =

L

L

243 Skt. marta-, Av. marata- 'the mortal one, man', probably representing a different ablaut grade *mor-. �p6'ro� [m.] mostly interpreted as 'clotted blood' (ll.). Except for fl€Aava �pOTOV 'dark blood' (w 189) only at verse end in tlIe formula �pOTOV aiflaTo£vTa 'red blood' (H 425). � ?� .DER �pOTO£l<; 'bloody' in Evapa �pOlO£VLa (Z 480, etc.) and �pOTO£VT' avopuypla (E 509); further the hapax �£�PoTwfl€va T£uxea (A 41 = Q. S. 1, 717; after this Stesich. 42 0PUKWV . . . Kupa �£�POlWfl€vo<;). .ETYM Perhaps Aeolic (with retracted accent) for *�paTo<;, but the connection with Skt. murta- 'clotted' (pres. murchati) is only possible if loss of the laryngeal under unknown circumstances is accepted. (The word has been compared with mpa-To<;, Aeol. aTpo-To<;, to Skt. stlr-7;la-, but the latter contains a different root; see Beekes 1969: 243.). Differently, Leumann 1950: 124ff.: he maintains that �pOTO<; is from afl�pOlo<;, wrongly taken as avalflwv; this is hardly probable. Improbably, Schulze KZ 29 (1888): 257f.: that aflKO<;' � fllKpet aKpl<;, imo KP'lTWV 'small locust (Cret.) (H.), �pUKO<; (H.), �pOKOL' aH€A£�ol, aKplo£<; 'locusts' (H.). .DIAL Ion. acc. to H. .ETYM �pUKO<; (and �pouxo<;) was compared with �pUKW 'eat greedily, grind the teeth' (EM), but the agreement may be secondary. No doubt a Pre-Greek word, a hypothesis which is confirmed by the vocalic variation. The names of small animals frequently show such variations, but this is precisely due to foreign origin, or to dialectal differences (cf. Schwyzer: 198). See also � �£pKvl<;. Lat. bruchus is borrowed from the Greek, MoFr. bruche in turn from Latin. �pOUAO� [m.] . rroa EVUOpO<; 'plant growing in water' (H.). � ?� .ETYM The text has rrov'lpo<;; see Rohlfs 1930: 388. �p6Xeo� =>�po�m. �p6xo� [m.] 'noose, slip-knot' (Od.). � PG(v)� .VAR �puYXo<;· �poxo<; (H.) . .DER �poXl<; 'id.' (AP). .ETYM The word has been connected with flOPOHOV' EK
�pU

244 �pU =>�pUV.

�puaAi�wv [V.] olapp�uuwv 'breaking' (H.). � PG?� .DER �puaAlYflov· '\fo
�pUeaK£<; [?] ot XlTWV£<; �Ofl�UKlVOI. � yEVO<; leay£vwv 'silken tunics; an ancient stock' (H.). � PG?� .ETYM Fur.: 187 compares �puTlyyoi· XlTWV£<; 'tunics' (H.), and further, �puTivT]v· �uuuivT]v (H.); he reconstructs a word *�pue!T-o<; 'linen' (or 'silk'?). Cf. � �uuuo<;. .

�pUKO<; [m.] K�PU�, ot O£ �ap�apo<;, ot O£ aTT£A£�o<; 'herald; barbarian; locust' (H.). � PG(v)� .VAR �pUKatvat· tEP£lat U110 i1WPlEWV 'priestesses (Dor.)' (H.). Also �puxo<;· K�pU� .

(H.) . ETYM On the explanation aTTEA£�o<;, see �pOUKO<;; for �ap�apo<;, see �piK£AOI. For �puxo<;, cf. BpuxaA£i6, the epiclesis of Hermes at Pharsalos (Dettori Myrtia 15 (2000): 27-33). Further unknown. •

�pUKW [v.] 'to bite, eat greedily' (Com.), next to �puxw 'grind the teeth' (Hp.), but the distinction is not always clear . � IE *gWruHf!'-� VAR Aor. �pu�at, fut. �pu�w. DIAL �pUKW Att. acc. to Moeris and Ammon. DER �puYfl0<; (Eup.); �pUKeTO<;· TalJTOV L4> �puYfl4>, KaL �puKT]efl0<; 0floiw<;. i1wPl£l<; , 'the same as �., and likewise for �. (Dor.) (H.); cf. OaKeTOV, �puXT]efl0<;. Further �puK£oavo<;· 11oAu
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•

L

L

245 �pUAlXlCJTai =>�puaAi�wv. �puv in �puv £111£lv 'call for drink', of small children (Ar. Nu. 1382). � ONOM� VAR Also �pu or �pou. .DER �pUAAW 'id.' (Ar. Equ.1l26); �pUAAWV· U11011ivwv 'drinking a little' (H.). .ETYM Probably based on an onomatopoeic form. West Glotta 47 (1970): 184f., thinks it represents �pUTOV, which would be surprising. •

�puo"cjQ<; [m.] a kind of sea urchin (Arist.). � PG(v)� .VAR afl�puTTol· cloo<; exivou eaAauuiou, AplUTOTEAT]<; Q1hou<; o£ �pUTTOU<; KaA£t 'kind of sea urchin, also called �. by Arist.' (H.) (also a�puTTOI); also �pUTTO<;· cloo<; exivou 11£Aayiou, w<; �uTava. �puTLyyoi =>�pUeaK£<;. �pUTO<; [m.] 'beer' made of barley (Archil.). � LW Thrac.� .VAR Also -ov [n.] ; also �pOUTO<;, �PlJTTlOV (H.). .DER �PULW (-la) [n.pl.] 'refuse of olives or grapes, Ta UTEfl
Connection with �PEXW is phonetically impossible, and the meaning is different as well. There seems to have been a connection with �pUXUOflUL by popular etymology. �PlJX6<; =>�pUKOC;. �puxw =>�pUKW. �puw [v.] 'to swell, teem with' (ll.). � ?� VAR Only pres. (but �puau<; Procop.). , COMP Old efl�puov [n.] 'new-born (lamb) (I 245), 'foetus' (Hp.), type efl1tEoo<;, £yKE
�pwl10<; [m.] 'stench' (LXX, GaL). � ?� .VAR Sometimes �pofl0<;. DER �pwfla 'ordure' (?; Ev. Marc. 7, 19); �PWflWOT]<;, �poflwOT]<; 'stinking' (Str.); �PWflEW (-0-) 'id.' (Al.) . ETYM No etymology. The word has been supposed to be identical with �pofl0<; 'noise' (Kretschmer GIotta 9 (1918): 222f., Kretschmer GIotta 11 (1921): 98, Hatzidakis GIotta 22 (1934): 130-3). Differently, Kalitsunakis GIotta 12 (1923): 198. Lat. bromus, bromosus, exbromo is borrowed from the Greek. The word lives on in the chemical element (Fr. brome, E. bromine, etc.). •

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�ua<; [m.] 'eagle-owl, Strix bubo' (Arist.). � ONOM� .DER Verb �u�w (�ua<; e�u�E D. c., see Schwyzer 716). Deverbal �u�a = �ua<; (Nic.). .ETYM Derived from the onomatopetic �u after the nouns in -0.<; (Schwyzer: 461, Chantraine 1933: 27f., 30). Similar instances of onomatopoeia are e.g. Arm. bu 'owl' (= Georg. bu), MoP bum 'id.', Lat. bubo, Bulg. buh (Pok. 97f.; Schrader-Nehring 1917(2): 216; Andre 1967: 45). Cf. � �UKTT]<;. �U�AO<; [m.] The Egyptian papyrus, 'Cyperus Papyrus; papyrus stalks, bark, roll, paper' (Hdt.). � PG?� .VAR �(�AO<;, �(fl�AI<;; B(fl�AIVO<; (or -IVWV)- doo<; o'(vou KaL yEVO<; afl1tEAOU £V 8pq.Kn KaL 0 1taAULo<; olvo<;. 'E1t(xapfl0<; O£ a1t' opwv BI�A(VWV. ean O£ 8pq.KT]<; 'kind of wine and vine in Thrace, also old wine. Epicharmus [uses it as] from the B. mountains. It is from Thrace.' (H.). .DER �U�AIVO<; (Od.), �(�AIVO<; (pap.) 'made of papyrus'; (both) also a kind of wine, see DELG; also �(fl�AIVO<; (LSJ Supp. and H., see above). �U�AIU (on the accent see Wackernagel and Debrunner Phil. 95 (1942): 191f.) 'plantation of papyrus' (Tab. Herael.; but see Scheller 1951: 47). �U�A(OV, �I�A(OV (see Kretschmer KZ 57 (1930):

L

247 253) 'paper, book' (lA). �1�ALOtOV with strange long I, �(fl�AI<;, -100<; 'cords of �. ', cf. �I�A(OE<;· Ta �I�A(U � axolv(a Ta £K �(�AOU 1tE1tAEY!lEva (EM 197, 30). .ETYM The papyrus rind was supposedly named after the Phoenician harbor Byblos, from where it was shipped to Greece. Since the name of this town was Gbl in Phoenician, next to Akk. GubIu, and Hebr. G b-b took place. However, E. Masson 1967: 101-7 concluded that the word is of unknown origin and that the town was named after it and Alessio Studi etruschi 18 (1941): 122f. assumed that the word was Pre-Greek. Fur.: 364 offers evidence for ul I in Pre-Greek (ilie forms with -1- appear to be old, not due to late assimilation; cf. Kretschmer KZ 57 (1930): 253). Pre-Greek origin is also strongly suggested by the prenasalized forms (which are hardly expressive). Cf. � 1tU1tUpo<;. = 'flWTO<;, 1tA�PT]<;, flEya<;' 'full, great' (Sophr. 115 apud Suid. and H.). � ONOM� .DER PN Bu�wv Masson Verbum 18 (1995-6): 319 (Euboea), so the word is old. ETYM Familiar word, from � �UVEW, � �uw, etc., either with reduplication or with -�o<;. On words in -�o<;, see Chantraine 1933: 26l.

�lJ�6<; [adj.]

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�lJe6<; [m.] 'depth (of the sea)' (A.). � PG� .COMP a�uaao<; 'bottomless' (Hdt.), substantivized fem. 'abyss, underworld' (= Hebr. tahom, LXX, NT, pap.; cf. Schwyzer RhM 81 (1932): 203); �uaaoooflEuW 'build in the deep > brood over (in the deep of one's soul), ponder deeply' (Od.), metri causa for �uaaoooflEw (Eust., Suid.) like OiKoooflEW, etc., see Chantraine 1942: 368. .DER �uelo<; 'of the depth' (late), fem. �ueITI<; (\I'uflfl0<;, AP). Denominative �ue(�w 'sink' (S.); ptc. �ueowaa (p(�a) 'going in the deep' (Nic. Th. 505). Further �uaao<; [m.] 'depth of the sea' (ll.), �uaaOeEV (S.). Also �uaaa (Opp.; after ��aaa? so probably secondary); further �uaauAOl· �OepOl 'pits', �uaaaAEuovn· T

I

L

Van Windekens KZ 100 (1987): 307 connects Hitt. akkus(f) a - 'Fangrube', which is quite improbable ("� au lieu de -K- sous l'influence de �u(moe;"). �vKavlJ [f.] 'trumpet, horn' (Plb.). � LW Lat.� .DER �uKavaw 'to blow the horn' (Plb.), �uKavll1'�e; (Plb.); �uKavl 8£1'1'aAOle; , 'blow, kindle (Thess.) (H.), and further with � �uv£w. According to Fraenkel 1910: 19" the word is connected with �u
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�UVlJ 2 [f.] . SaAa(J(Ja 'sea' (Euphor.fr. 127), TC£uKll 'pine' (H.). � ?� .ETYM The meaning 'sea' fIts well to the homophonous name of Leucothea (Ino) in Lye. 107, but its etymology is unknown.

I

I

I"

I

I

I" '

249 �UVlJ'TOC; an Egyptian garment (Hdn.). � LW? Eg.� .ETYM Unknown. �VPlOV [n.] �VPlOV' o'(Kllfla 'abode'; �UplOS£V' O'(KOS£V 'from home' (H.). Cf. £U�UplOV' 1'0 £i50lKOV £'Lpll1'm, on Ka1'a 1'�V �auplav � Ka1'a MW(JaTCloue; (Jllfla1v£l oLKlav 'comfortable to inhabit, because �. means "house" in Messapian' (EM 389,25); and �auploS£V = O'(KOS£V 'from home' (Cleon Sic. 2). � LW Messap.� .DER Perhaps �uPfloe;' maSfloe; 'stable' (H.), s.v. von Blumenthal 1930: 3. .ETYM Messapian word, also seen in Germanic: ON bur [n.] , OHG, OE bur [m.] 'cottage, room' (PGm. *bura-); c£ Pok. 149. With a different ablaut are � �aupla and � �iiple;. See Krahe IF 57 (1940): 116. The words are supposed to be r-derivatives of the root for 'live, be'; see � �uSOe;. �u(),'Ta� [m.] 'moustache' (Antiph. 44.4 apud Ath. 4, 143a). � PG� .VAR Cf. �umaya· TCwywva 'beard' (H.). .ETYM The explanation of �u(J-ra� as adapted from fluma� after �uv£w is highly improbable. Rather, it is eVidently cognate with fluma�, the words being of Pre-

250

�{,.rava

Greek origin because of the alternation � 11 (Fur.: u6, 218; cf. K/ y, see also Guntert 1914: 128) . For further variants, see � IlU(Ha�. -

�u'tava [n.pl.] . KOVOUAOL 'knuckle'. ot 8£ �pu'tava (H.).
�u't'tOC;; [m.] ? . YUVULKOe; at8oiov 'female genitals' (H.).
�w�6C;; [adj.] name of a handicap, acc. to H. = XWA6e;, Ttfjp6e; (mop6e; cod.) 'lame, disabled'; by PIu. Fr. inc. 149 used together with Kw
�WA'1Vtl [f.] aIlTtEAo<; 'grape-vine', growing in Bithynia (Gp. 5, 17, 5) .
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L

L,

�wnaV£lpa

251

�WAOC;; [f.] 'lump, clod of earth' (11.). �ouv6<;. �WPEUC; [m.] 'mullet' (Xenocr.). en; see Olsson Symb. Oslo. 4 (1926) : 62f. The word may be related to � �OUT(T)le;. �wa'tptw [v.] 'to call (to aid)' (Od.).
�w'ta�Elv =>yuTaAUL, oUTaw, and (iJT£lAtl . �W'tlaVElpa VAR �WTWP, ete. => �6aKw. •

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_ I .

r ya =-yE. yu�aeov [n.] . Tpu�:>dov 'cup, bowl'
yU�Eva [n.pl.] . o�u�acpla, �TOl Tpu�Ala 'small vessel; cup, bowl' (H.).
yayyaLVElV [v.] . TO flETa yEAWTO<.; TIpOaJtal�ElV 'playing with great laughter' (H.).
yuyyaflov [n.] 'small round net for catching oysters' (A.).
254 net; also that which is around the navel' (H.); yayyaflouhol' aaY'lveuTa( 'dragging an oyster-net' (H.). .DER yayyafl£uc;, o.Al£UC;, 6 Tfi yayyafln £pya(ofl£voC; 'fisherman, he who handles the y. ' (H.); yayyafleuT�C; 'id.' (conj. EM). .ETYM Technical term, certainly of foreign origin and probably Pre-Greek. Not related to � yevTo 'he took'. Neumann 1961: 100 connects it with Hitt. kiinV 'to hang'; this is most uncertain. yaYYilTl<; =>yayaT'lC; ' yaYYAlov [n.] 'tumour on a tendon, or the head' (Gal.); the nerve knots now called ganglia have been compared to such a tumour.
yayypaLva [f.] 'gangrene', an illness that eats away the flesh (Hp.).
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yaSaoflov [n.]? £V'lpoatOV 'rent for corn land'.
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yaSq [f.] Kl�WTOC; 'box' (H.).
yMo<; 1 [m.] name of a fish, also called OVOC; (Dorio apud Ath. 7, 315f.).
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yaSo<; 2 =>yav80c;. ya�a [f.] '(royal) treasury' (Thphr., OGI 54, 22 [lIP]).
ya(w

255

.COMP ya(o-yMoc; 1. yaOla [f.] aAAavTla 'small sausage' (H.).
yaia [f.] 'earth' (11.) . .COMP Dor. yataoxoc;, Lacon. yataFoxoc;, epic � yat�OXOC;, epithet of Poseidon, also � £vvoalyatOC; (11., s.v.). avwyatov 'upper floor of a house, granary'; also aVoKatOv· lJJ1ep41ov, ypa
yaioo<; [m.] a Gaulish javelin (Ph. Be!.).
yalw => yavuflat, Y'leew.

YUKOU YUKOU �8U, YAUKU 'sweet' (H.). � ?� DER YUKOU7tWVTje;· �OU7t6TTje; 'fond of drinking' (H.) . ETYM Unknown. .

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YUAU [n.] 'milk' (11.). � IE *glkt(-) 'milk'� .VAR Gen. yaAuK-roe;. Rare forms: dat. yaAuKL (Call. Hek. 1, 4, 4), gen. yaAuToe; (pap.), -roD yaAu (Pl. Corn.). Also YAayoe; [n.] (B 471). Other forms: yAUKWVTEe;· f1WTOL yaAuKToe; 'full of milk' (H.); KAayoe;· yaAu. Kpf]TEe; (H.), see below; with hypocoristic gemination yAUKK6v· yUAu8Tjv6v 'sucking (milk)' (H.); and YAUKTO *galak > yaAu, the intermediate stage could have yielded the t-less forms like yAayoe;. The Armenian forms, class. kat'n and dial. kaxc', have been explained by Kortlandt (following Weitenberg) as from acc. *g1kt-m, gen. *g1kt-s via an intermediate *kalt'- with al < *1 (Kortlandt REArm. 19 (1985): 22). Mlr. lacht, etc. were borrowed from Lat. lac. The derivation of Szemerenyi KZ 75 (1958): 170-184 from *mlglk- (from the root of Uf1EAYW) is impossible, as this root was *h2melg-. Not related is Hitt. galaktar 'soothing'; see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. kalank-i 'soothe'. •

yaAuyyu [?] 'galingal, Alpina officinarum' (Aet.). � LW Sem.� .ETYM From Arab. khalandjan, itself of Chinese origin. See Andre 1956 s.v. galenga. yUAUC; · yf] 'earth'. 7tupa EUKA1T4' (H.). Corr. EUKA4'? (PW 6, 1055). � ?�

257

.ETYM Etymology unknown. The word is Mediterranean, according to Belardi Doxa 3 (1950): 200 . YUAUcnOV -yaouaf1ov. YUAETJ, YUAf] [f.] 'weasel, marten' (Batr., Ar.); also a fish name (Ael.), see Stromberg 1943: 108. � ?� .COMP yUAe-aYKWv (Arist.), also YUAL-aYKwv (Hp.; after the frequent first members in -L: UpYL-, KUOL-, etc.; see below), properly "with arms like a weasel", i.e. 'with short upper arm', cf. Solmsen 1909: 225f.; yUAe6-�ooAOV [n.] "weasel stench", 'dead nettle', substantivized bahuvrlhi, = yUA�o"'Le; "weasel eye" (Dsc.); on the names see Stromberg 1940: 138f. , Lehmann IF 21 (1907): 193'. Denominative YUALaw = uKoAuaTulvw 'be licentious', "ce qui serait semantiquement satisfaisant"(?) DELG. .DER YUALOEUe; 'young weasel' (Crat.), after AUK-LOeue;, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 364; see below); YUAEWTTje; 'gecko lizard' (Ar.), 'weasel' (Luc.); on the formation see Schwyzer: 500; also 'swordfish' (Plb.), cf. s.v. � YUAE6e;. .ETYM The formation of YUAETj shows that the word originally indicated the skin; cf. UAW7tEK-ETj, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 91) and Lat. galea below. yUAtTj has been connected with Lat. gtis 'dormouse' and Skt. giri-, girikii- [f.] 'mouse'. However, the Skt. word is only attested in lexicons and probably did not really exist (Mayrhofer EWAia 1: 488). In spite of its deviant meaning, the Latin could perhaps be related if YUA- reflects *gIH-V-, Lat. gtis possibly going back to *gIHi- (Schrijver 1991: 242). yuAtTj is not related to MW bele 'weasel' (pace Schwyzer: 299; cf. De Vaan 2008 s.v. feles). The original meaning 'weasel-skin' is found in Lat. galea 'leather helmet', cf. KUVETj properly 'dog-skin'. For a possible connection of 'weasel' with � yuA6we; 'husband's sister', see there. YUA£OC; [m.] 'dogfish, shark' (Pl. Corn.), also = yUAtTj (Aret.). � ?� .DER YUAEWOTje; 'like a shark' (Arist.), YUAEWTTje; 'swordfish' (Plb.; see below), also yUAu�lue; = YUAE6e; (Gal.); connection with yUAu�lue; 'milky way' unclear; remarkable compound YUAEWVUf10e; = YUAE6e; (Phylotim. apud Gal.), cf. also KUAALWVUf10e; name of a fish, see Stromberg 1943: 108f. .ETYM Stromberg l.c. maintained that the dogfish was named after the weasel, but the formation of YUAE6e; is unclear (a back-formation from YUAEWTTje; after uaKuAu�WTTje; : uaKaAu�Oe;?). On YUAE6e;, see Thompson 1947 s.v. For YUAEWVUf10e; etc., Frisk and DELG (s.v. YUAETj) suggested contamination and tabu-formation, which remains gratuitous. yUA�VTJ [f.] 'stillness of the sea' (Od.); also 'lead sulphite' (Plin.), see Chantraine RPh. 91 (1965): 203-5. � IE *glh2-es- 'laughter'� .VAR Dor. yuACtVa. .DER yUA�VELU (yUAaV£LU) = yUA�VTj (Eur.), after au
YUAl

.ETYM Similarly to aeA�vTJ, the variants yaA�vTJ and yaAUVCt derive from *yaAaa-VCt, in turn from an s-stem that is also seen in yEAwe;, yeAaa-TOe;, etc. Because of its e grade, yeA�vTJ (termed Aeol. by To. Gramm. Camp. 3, 1) is perhaps to be ranged with the latter words. yaA�vTJ must originally have meant 'cheerfulness'; cf. yeAelv· AUflTI£lV, Qv8dv 'to shine, flourish' (H.). For the ablaut grade *glh2-es-, cf. Arm. calr 'laughter'. See � yeAaw, � yA�VTJ, � yA�VOe;. YUAl =>a.Ale;. yaAluYKwV =>yaAeTJ. yaAtac; =>yuooe;. YUAlV80l [m.pl.] . epE�lV8ol. ot oe YUAl80l 'chick-peas; elsewhere YUAl80l' (H.). � PG� VAR Also yEAlV80l· epE�lv80l (H.). ETYM Pre-Greek (note the suffIx -lv8oe; with a variant without prenasalization, as well as the interchange ale). Not related to � yEAyle;. •

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YUAlOV [n.] !. 'bedstraw, Galium verum' (Dsc. 4, 95) and 2. 'dead nettle' (Plin. 27, 81). � GR� VAR The first also (ibid.) yaAaTlOV (cf. aAaTlOV 'salt') and yaAaiplov (unclear). .ETYM In the sense 'bedstraw' ete., YUAlOV is related to YUAa because it was used as rennet (Dse. l.e., cf. Stromberg 1940: 108). In the sense 'dead nettle', we should railier compare � yaAETJ in view of other words for 'dead nettle': yaAeo�ooAoV and yaA�O\jlle;. •

yanaptac; .VAR yaAAepiae;. =>KaAAapiae;. yunapoc; [m.] 'member of a Dionysiac cultic society' (inscr. Philippopel, lIP). yUAAapOe;·
yunla [n.pl.] . £vTepa 'intestines' (H.). � ?� .ETYM As *FuAAla, the word is perhaps from *FuAvla, related to eLAUW 'wind, turn, etc.' (Liden KZ 61 (1934): 22f.). Cf. ON vii [n.], viijum [dat.pl.] 'viscera', lE *uel-ia-. On the development, cf. Lesb. Thess. aTuAAa, from *aTuAVCt. yunoC; [m.] 'a priest of Cybele, eunuch' (inscr, Epict.). � LW Phr.� .COMP yaAAoflav�e;, yaAAlafl� lKov metrical term (not in LSJ). .DER yaAAaToe; 'of a y.' (Rhian.), yaAAa(w (Schwyzer: 633, 12). ETYM In antiquity, the word was believed to be Phrygian. Probably, � yuAAapoe; is related. •

yaAOwc; [f.] 'husband's sister' (ll.). � IE *gIH-ou-s 'husband's sister'� .VAR yaA6w [gen.sg.] , yaAocp [dat.sg.] and [nom.pl.] , yaA6wv [gen.pl.] (with metrical diectasis). Also yUAle;· yaAaoe; (H.), see below. DIAL Also Att. yUAWe;, -w (ace. to Hdn. Gr.). •

YUflfla

259

.ETYM The Greek forms derive from *yaA-aF-o- (not *yaA-wF-o-; Beekes MSS 34 (1976):13ff), a thematicization of *glh2-eu-, which is probably an oblique stem of *g(e)lh2-ou-s (formation as in � TIUTpWe;, � fl�TpWe;). The PIE term denoted the unmarried sister of the husband, cf. Lat. glos 'husband's sister' (secondarily 'brother's wife'; the loss of the laryngeal in Latin is diffIcult to account for, see Schrijver 1991: 131). Further cognates are Arm. tal 'id.' (i-stem), which has initial t- for c- after taygr 'husband's brother' (see � oa�p), and Slavic words like OCS z'bibva, Ru. z6lva, zal6vka, which must reflect *-uy- instead of *-u-, probably through adaptation to -uha- after other feminines. yEAapOe;· uoeA
260 yal1
YUV()o<; [m.] . 6 TtOnU £iow<; Kat Ttavoupyo<;. T[VE<; O£ yuoo<; 'a villain who knows much; some authors have yuoo<;' (H.).
yaviTat [?] . OUTtaVOl, liawTOl 'extravagant men; spendthrifts' (H.).
yuvo<; 3 =yAavo<;. YUVUl1at [v.] 'to brighten up, be glad, rejoice' (11.).
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yapKav (PIu.). Denominative yavdv· A£uKa[v£lv 'to become bright' (H., EM). Pres. yavuaKoflat (Them.). Homeric ptc. yavowvTE<;, yavowaat, etc. 'glitter, gleam' (11.), innovations after the verbs in -avuw (see Risch 274, Chantraine 1942: 360) , late present yavowmv (Arat. 190) and yavuaaat· afl��at, �OUVat 'wash clean, rejoice' (H.). ya[wv in KUO£l ya[wv (11.) 'rejoicing in splendour' vel sim.; ya[wKov· EXatpOV 'rejoiced' (H.). .ETYM YUVUflat is an old nasal present *gh2-n-u-, cognate with ya[wv, from *yCtF-1W < *gh2u-jo. Possibly further related to �yaupo<; (*geh2u-ro-) and � Y'1gew. yam:AEiv [v.] . CtflEAElv 'to have no care for' (H.).
yapyap[�w [v.] 'to gargle' (Orib., sch.).
yupvov Pre-Greek. Not related to �pUKO<;' KUAafl0<; (pace Pisani Acme 1 (1948): 312; Belardi Doxa 3 (1950): 200f.; Kalleris 1954: 136f.; see also Forbes Glotta 36 (1958): 253f.). yapvov [?] . TO eaw T�<; 1tA�flv'1<; CJl8�PlOV, 0 TOV a�ova Tp[�£l 'iron implement in the nave of a wheel, which pounds the axle' (H.).
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yappa =>yeppov. yupplw!leOu [v.] AOl80pouflfea 'we are reproached' (H.).
yapauvu =>yeppov. yaO'o<; =>yuv80<;. yaO'T�P [f.] 'belly, paunch, womb' (ll.). st, but this remains quite uncertain. •

YUTaAaL [f.pl.] oUAa[ 'barley-corns' (H.). .ETYM Mostly corrected to YaT£lAa[ and, as *FaTflAa[, connected with � dJT£lA�. .

YUUAO<; [m.] 'milk-pail, water-bucket, beehive' (Od.).
yeywva yuuVaK'1<; [m.] a thick cloak, Persian or Babylonian? (pap., Peripl. M. Rubr., Clem. Al.).
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yUUO'O<; [adj.] 'crooked, bent outwards' (Hp.).
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ye [pcl.] 'at least, at any rate' (ll.).
yEloov

.VAR Old perfect, with preterite (plpf.) (t)yEyWVE, tyEyWVEL, tyEyWVEUV (-cov), inf. YEYWVEiJ.EV, -Elv, pte. yEyWVEOVW; (Chios Va); imp. yEyWVE (A.), yEywvElTw (X.), 3sg.pres.ind. ycywvEl (Arist.); new aor. yCYWV�OUl (A.), Fut. -�ow (E.). Unclear ycywvul· ut 0iJ.lA1Ul 'intercourse' (H.) . DER ycywvTj
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yEioov [n.] 'projecting part of the roof, cornice' (E.). <:! PG?� .VAR Often ydooov, ydooC; [n.] (LXX, Hell. inscr.). DER YElowiJ.u 'penthouse' (Poll.; cf. Chantraine 1933: 18M.); YElOW
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y£hwv, -OVOC; [m., f.] 'neighbour', also as an adj. (Od.). Also yITOVUC;· TU ouo ui801u 'the two genitals' (H.), also in MoGr. (Pontos, Koukoules ApX. 27, 61ff.). <:! IE?� .COMP As a second member in TU MnuyEi-rvlU a festival in Miletus (Va), with the month name MnuYELTVlWV (lA), beside IIE8uYEl-rvloC;, ete. (Rhodos, Cos, Chakedon). .DER Late fem. YElTUlvu (AB, cf. TEKTUlVU, etc.). With yElTOV-: YELTOVlU 'neighbourhood' (PI.) with ymovEw (A.), ymovEuw (Hp.). With ymv-: ymvluw (S.), ymvlu, yEi-rvLOC; (pap.), ymvEw (pap.), ete. .ETYM If the ablaut in the suffix is old, yElTwv cannot be a recent creation. However, it lacks a good etymology (in any case, not related to YEloov). Y£AUVSpOV [adj.] 'VuXpov 'cold' (H.; in wrong position). <:! ?� .ETYM YEAuv8pov is reminiscent of Lat. gelidus. Contrary to what Frisk argued, the unusual formation of the Greek word does not prove that the entry is corrupt; rather, its correctness is corroborated by the French dialect word jalandro from the region of Grenoble (Hubschmid Vox Romanica 3 (1938): 130). If we assume substrate origin and a pre-form *YEAU8-po- with prenasalization, all three words could be related (perhaps the ultimate source is Galatian). .

y£Auw [v.] 'to laugh' (11.). <:! IE *gelh2- 'laugh'� VAR Aor. yEAaO(O)Ul, with YEAUOOiJ.Ul, tYEAao9Tjv, ycyEAUOiJ.Ul (Att., etc.). •

yEiJ.W

.DER yEAMiJ.U 'laughing' (A., see below), yEAMTuC; 'id.' (Call.), yEAU
YEflW [v.] 'to be full (of)' (lA). <:! IE? *gem- 'take, seize'� VAR Only present. .DER yOiJ.OC; 'freight, cargo' (lA) with factitive yoiJ.ow 'load' (Babr.); poet. yEiJ.OC; [n.] 'load' (A.). Deverbative with causative value (Schwyzer: 717): YEiJ.l(w 'to fill, load' (A.); also YEiJ.OW 'id.' (pap.) . ETYM Probably related to U kumiaf [acc.pl.f.] 'gravidas' whence, as a loan, Lat. gumia [m., f.] 'glutton'. Connection with Lat. gemo is difficult (see E-M: 'be full' < sigh'?). Cf. Szemerenyi ZDMG 101 (1951): 219. The word has further been connected with � yEvTo 'took', which is semantically not evident. •

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266

yeveu

YEVEa .VAR yeve�. =-ylyvoflUl. yevElOv VAR yevelU�. =-yevu�. •

ytvva [f.] 'descent, birth' (Pi.). � IE *genh,- 'beget'� .DER yevvuoa� [m.] 'noble (of birth)' (Ar.), Att. yevv�T'l� 'member of the yevo�' (Is.); yevvlK6� 'noble' (Corn., Pl.); yevv�El� 'begetting' to yevvuw, see below. Old is yevvalo� 'of good origin' (11.) with yevvUl6T'l� (E.). Beside yevva and yevvaTo�, we find the verb yevvuw 'to beget, generate' (Pi.) with yevv'lfla (S.; yev'lfla after yevo�), etc., yevv'lO"l�, yevv'lT�� 'begetter' (S.); yevv�Twp (A.) and yevv'lT�p (App.) 'id.', yevv�mpa (Pl.), yevv�Tpla (Phryn.). From yevvuw also yevv'lTlK6� (Arist.) and yevv�el� (Emp.). .ETYM yevva and cognate forms are obviously related to root represented by yevo� and ylyvoflUl. However, problematic is the origin of the geminate vv, which is certainly not expressive (pace Meillet BSL 26 (1925): 15f., Chantraine 1933: 46). If the verb yevvuw is primary (as argued by DELG), we could perhaps explain the vv as the result of a restoration of the root yev- (for instance after yevo�) in a vu-verb (like 8uflV'lfll, 8aflvuw). On the other hand, yevvaTo� seems to be an old formation, which in turn suggests that its basis yevva is old as well (as argued by Wackernagel KZ 30 (1890): 300 and 314; for yevvaTo�, Schwyzer Glotta 5 (1914): 195f., has suggested that it actually stands for *yev�aTo�). As none of the above solutions is really convincing, we should rather consider some kind of irregular, for instance analogical development of *nja; after all, yevva ends in short -a, which seems to presuppose -ja < *-ih2• See � ylyvoflUl. ytvo<; =-ylyvoflUl. ytvTa [n.pl.] 'intestines' (CalL); Kpea, anAayxva 'meat, innards' (H.). � ?� .ETYM No etymology. According to Eust., it is a Thracian word. Szemerenyi WuS NF 1 (1938): 156£. connects it with � yaaT�p, which is theoretically possible if the latter reflects *gnt-ter. yEvnavq [f.] a plant, 'gentian' (Dsc., Hp.). � ?� .DER yevTla� pl�a (Androm. apud Gal., Dsc.), for *yevnavu�, Chantraine 1933: 353. .ETYM According to Dsc. 3, 3, the plant is named after the Illyrian king Gentis, which has been associated with the fact that the plant was prominent in the Alps; cf. Stromberg 1940: 135. On the form of the name of the Illyrian king, Gent(h)ius, see Krahe 1929: 53f. Compare also Venet. xe.n8e.i [dat.] . ytVTO [v.aor.] 'he took' (8 43). � IE ? *gem- 'seize, take, etc.'� ETYM Like AeKTo 'he laid down', yevTo is either a med. root aorist, or an s-aorist that lost its -a- (*AeK-a-To, *yefl-a-To; on the fl, see below); cf. Schwyzer: 751 Zus. 2. If they are root aorists, both verbs have analogical full grade. To yevTo < *yeflTo, we can probably further add the ipv. cm6-yefle· acpeAKe. Kunplol 'draw away (Cypr.)' , and uy-yeflo�· auAAa��. L:aAafllvlOl 'grip, hold (Salam.) (H.). From other languages, comparisons have been made with Mlr. gemel 'fetter', Latv. gumstu, gumt 'seize, etc.', as well as OCS zbm/(, z�ti '
yepa� compared with Gr. � yeflw 'be full', which could be the thematic present beside the athematic (sigmatic) aorist yevTo. Not connected to � yaflew, nor to �yuyyaflov 'net'. ytvu<;, -uo<; [f.] 'jaw', also 'edge of an axe' (11.). � IE *genu- 'chin'� vAR Sometimes u metri causa. .DER yevElov « *yeveF-lov) 'chin, beard' (11.), with yevElu� 'beard, cheek' (Od.); yeVElUT'l� -�T'l� fern. -(iTl�, -�n� 'bearded' (Theoc., cf. un'lv�T'l�)' yeVEl6A'l� 'id.' ' ' (Hdn.); yeveLa
yEpav�puov [n.] 'old tree-trunk' (Thphr.). � GR� .ETYM A Hellenistic innovation: a substantivized adjective yepuv8puo<; (Thphr., etc.), modelled after fleAav-8puov 'heartwood' (Thphr.; cf. TO fleAav 8pu6� � 14); see Stromberg 1937: 99. Cf. also yepuv8pue� (H.), from 8pu�. See � yepwv and � 8pu�. ytpavo� [f., m.] 'crane' (11.), also metaphorically of various kinds of apparatuses, and a fish name (see Stromberg 1943: l20). � IE *gerh2-en-I-eu- 'crane'� .DIAL Myc. ke-re-na-i [dat.pl.] /kerenahi/, see RPh. 73 (1999) 84 (doubtful). .DER yepavl� kind of bandage (medic.). yepavTn<; name of a stone (Plin.), yepavla<; , 'with a crane (neck) (Phryn.), yepuvLov 'geranium', also called yepavoyepwv (Stromberg 1940: 54 and 159). See also Thompson 1895 s.v. .ETYM Beside the o-stem yepavo<; (*gerh2-n-), we have an n-stem in yep'lv or yep�v (H.) < *gerh2-en. Old name of the bird 'crane', with a sufflx -n- or -U-, seen in Arm. krun-k; Celtic, e.g. Gaul. tri-garanos 'with three cranes', MW garan; Germanic, e.g. OE cran, OHG kran-uh; Lith. garnys 'heron, stork'. The u-stem appears in Lat. grits, Lith. gerve (*gerh2-u-), OCS zeravb (*gerh2-ou-) with BSI. *g- by depalatalization from the zero grade *grh2-. ytpa<; [n.] 'gift of honour' (11.); originally 'old age', see � y�pa�. � IE *gerh2- 'old'� vAR Gen. -ao<; or -w<; . DIAL Myc. ke-ra /geras/. .COMP Compound a-yepaa-To<; 'without gift of honour' (11.) . .DER yepUl6� 'old' (11., accent like in naAUl6�); yepuafllo<; 'honouring, honoured, aged' (h. Mere., cf. Schwyzer: 493); denominative yepu�w 'honour' (EM). Beside yepa<; stands yepap6<; 'honourable' (11.; hardly an old r-stem as per Benveniste 1935: 16; different Schwyzer: 516), fern. yepUlpa (11. [v.l.] , see Bechtel I914), and yepalpw 'honour, distinguish' (11.). •

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268

yepyeplf!o<;

.ETYM Cf. Skt. jartis- [f.] 'old age'. � yepwv, � y�po.<;, and � YPo.u<; are cognate. Perhaps also connected with � yepyeplf!0<;' yepytpl!.lOC;; [?] a kind of olives (CalL). See H., Suid., Ath. 56 d. They are 8pU1T£T(�<;, i.e. ripe on the tree. � LW Sem.» .ETYM Semitic origin seems possible: for a connection with Hebr. garg"rlm 'ripe olives', see Hemmerdinger Glotta 48 (1970): 41. Therefore, the word is rather not related to yepwv, ete. yep6loc;; [m.] ([f.D 'weaver' (pap. IP). � LW?» YAR Accentuation unknown. Also yep8L<;. .COMP yep8LOpo.�8LOT�<; (pap.), yep80nOlov (gloss.). .DER Feminines yep8(0. (Edict. Diod.) and yep8(Ctlvo. (pap.). yep8lo.Ko<; and yep8Lwv 'weaving-shed' (pap.). .ETYM Identical with Lat. gerdius (since Lucil.); further unknown. Was it borrowed into Latin from Greek? Hebr. girda'a 'weaver' is also from Greek, ace. to Bauer in WH S.v. As the word is very late, a loan is probable. See Frisk Supp. •

yepoioc;; .YAR yepo(TCtv, yepu<;. => yepwv. ytppov [n.] different objects of wickerwork: 'shield' (Hdt.), 'wattles, booths, body of a cart' (D.), 'stake, arrow' (Eup.), = TO o.i80iov 'genitals' (Epich.). � EUR» COMP yeppo
ytpwv, -OVTOC;; [m.] 'old man'; also as an adjective 'old' (11.). � IE *gerh2- 'be (come) old, ripen'» YAR As an administrative term ot yepovTe<; 'the elders'. .DIAL Myc. ke-ro Iger6n/? ke-ro-si-ja Igeronsia/? .DER yepouO"lo<; 'concerning the elders' (11.), yepoucr(o. 'council of the elders' (in Sparta, Carthage, ete., D.; on these forms see Collinge Glotta 49 (1971): 218-229), yepoucr(o.<; 'member of the y. ' (Sparta), yepOUO"lo.crT�<; 'id.' (Plb.; Chantraine 1933: 316ff.), yepOUO"lo.KO<;. Diminutive yepovTlov (Ar.), yepovTelo<; (Ar.), ete. Denominative yepovTeuw 'be a senator' (Sparta), with yepovT£lo. (Ephesus). yepovTlaw 'get older' (D. L.). Beside yepwv, yepovT- tlIere are a few formations with yepu-: yepu<; and yepUTo.<;· yepwv (H.), cf. npecr�u<; and npW�UTo.<;. Also PNs [epuAo<;, [£pUAAO<;, [epu<;, -u80<; hypocoristic? (BechteI 1917a: 15). Of the forms with •

-Ol-, yepo(To.v· nannov. Kp�Te<; 'grandfather' (H.) is inverted writing for yepuTCtv; yepoIo. [n.pl.] 'old stories' (Corinn.), if correct, is perhaps after the adjectives in -010<; (see Bechtel 1921, 1: 304). Unclear is yepwv(o. (H.), see Latte, despite Scheller 1951: 332• yepwx(o. (Ar. Lys. 980) is perhaps graphic for Lacon. yepw'(o. (von Fritz AmJPh. 66 (1945): 196f.; but see Wackernagel l916: 2082; also Schwyzer: 218). yepaTll<; 'old', of a horse (POxy. 6, 922; DELG refers to yepo.T(o.; not in LSJ). oETYM In its formation, yepwv is identical with Skt. jarant-, Oss. zcerond 'old (man)'. One may further compare Arm. cer, -oy 'old man' (o-stem) and MoP zar 'id.'. Cf. � yepo.<;, � y�po.<;, � YPo.u<;. yeuo!1Ctl [v.] 'to taste' (11.); yeuw, yeucrCtl 'give a taste' (Hdt.). � IE *geus- 'taste'» YAR Aor. yeucro.crSCtl, fut. yeucrof!Ctl, perf. yeywf!Ctl; secondary atlIem. form yeuf!eSo. (Theoc. 14, 51). .DER yeuf!o. 'tasting' (lA), yeuO"l<; 'id.' (Democr.), ywSf!o<; 'id.' (Nie.), yeu
yt
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Yll(Y)Y�Al� y£WPYO<; 'peasant' (lA) < Yll(-O)-FOPYo<; or -F£PYo<;, cf. ya�£pyo<;· <0> aypou l..lla9wT�<;. AUKWV£<; 'tax farmer (Lacon.)' (H.). .DER Diminutive YTIOLOV (Ar.); adj. y�·LVO<; 'earthen' (lA), Dor. yCt"Lvo<;, y£woll<; (Pl.), Y£llp0<; (Hp., cf. s.v. eyyapouvT£<;); rare YTITll<; (S. Tr. 32) 'peasant', cf. yaiTUl· y£wPyol (H.), Redard 1949: 36; denomin. y£ooflUl 'beCome earth' (D. S.) ETYM No IE etymology; the hypothesis of Meier-Brugger MSS 53 (1992): 113-6 (connecting *genh,- 'to beget') is incorrect. Probably related to � yaTa, which is a Pre Greek word as well. On possible � i1a 'Earth', see � oa and � i111fl�TllP as well as ' � noa£lo&wv; however, this is rather doubtful. For the interchange 0-1 y-, cf. ye
Y'l(y)yqAl� [?] o ayplo<; flu<; 'wild mouse' (H.).
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Y'l8tw [v.] 'to rejoice' (ll.).
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ylYYAlav

271

yfjpa<; [n.] 'old age' (ll.). H.; cf. Stromberg 1940: 159'; YllpuflwV H., glossed as (*)ypu�a. Further YllpuaKw 'to get old' (ll.), 3sg. aor. ey�pa, ptc. YllPu<; (ll.), inf. YllpuVUl or Yll pavUl (A., cf. Schwyzer 682); aor. ey�paaa (Hdt.; also as a causative like E
yfjpv<; [f.] 'voice, speech' (ll.).

YlYY(<;, -(60<; [f.] kind of turnip, French carrot (Alex. TraIL).
yLyyALa!-U)� [m.] . yapyaAlcrlloe; cntO XElPWV, yeAwe; 'tickling by the hand; laughter' (H.).
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y(yypo� [m.] name of a Phoenician flute (Men.).
273

ylVL1tT�PlOV

.ETYM The reduplicated pres. yLyvOllaL is also found in Lat. gigno [act.] 'to beget', and the aorist EyeVElO corresponds to the Skt. root aorist ajani, whereas the perf. yeyova matches Skt. jajana. Nouns include yevoe; ( Skt. janas-, Lat. genus) and yovoe; (Skt. jana-), YEveTwp, yEVEl�p ( Lat. genitor, Skt. janitar- and janittir-), yEvempa ( Skt. janitrl, Lat. genitrl-x); yevEme; (with e-grade) corresponds to Skt. jiiti- 'birth, family', Lat. niiti-o, OE (ge)cynd (all with zero grade). Gr. -yVT]LOe; is from *gnh1-to-, while -yv-oe; in compounds shows loss of the laryngeal, as in Lat. prlvi-gn-us 'born separately' 'stepchild'; furthermore, note the correspondence vEOyvOe;: Go. niuklahs 'as a child' (dissimilated from * -kna- < lE * -gnh1-o-) . =

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yLyvwaKw [v.] 'to come to know, perceive' (11.).
yLA6� [adj.] . ETEpocpeaAlloe; 'one-eyed' (H.).
T ,

ylVVO�

274

.ETYM Perhaps for *yLVLaT�plov; cf. Lat. genista. y[vvo.:; [m.] 'offspring of a mare by a mule' (Arist.). ';!PG?� .VAR Also ylVO� (Ialysos). LSJ (and Supp.) give the accentuations ylVVO�, ylVVO� and ylvo�. Also ivvo� (H.) and i\vvo�. .ETYM Unknown; see DELG. The forms without y- or with U may well be late. It can hardly be from ylyvOflaL. The word is probably Pre-Greek. Cf. � OVlVVO�. yiTov [n.] uncertain; 'comestibles'? (UPZ 89,14, 11') . .;!?� ETYM Unknown. •

yAU�p�V'l [f.] Cretan plant name (unknown poet IIIP). ';!PG� .ETYM See Neumann 1967: 229-235. Probably a local name, i.e. Pre-Greek. yMyo.:; =>yuAa. yM�w [v.] 'to sing aloud (flO..o�)' (Pi. Fr. 97) . .;!?� .VAR cf. YAayyu�£L' TtTEpUaanaL, KEKpayE 'he flaps the wings, shrieks' (H., Cyr.). .ETYM Onomatopoeic; cf. � KAU�W. But von Wilamowitz (following the sch.) reads flEAl; thus, does it mean 'suck'? YAUlVO[ =>yA�VT]. YAU�WV, -wvo.:; [adj.] 'blear-eyed' (com.). ';!PG?� .VAR Also YAaflupo� 'id.' (Hp.). From yA
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yAavo.:; [m.] 'hyena' (Arist.). ';!PG?� .VAR Cf. yuvo�· � Valva, UTtO puywv Kal Bl8uvwv H.; also yuvvo� 'hyena' (Phlp. in GA). .DER Hence the fish name YAUVl�, -LO� (-EW�), -lOO� [m.] ([f.]) 'Silurus, sheat-fish' (Com., Arist.; yAuVlO� Hdn.), thus called because of its voracity and the sound it makes, see Stromberg 1943: 70 and Thompson 1947 S.v. .ETYM Unknown. The word may be Pre-Greek. YAUp[,:;, -[�o.:; [f.] 'chisel' (S., Delos lIP) . .;!?� .ETYM For the formation, cf. the semantically related ypacpl�, yAUcpl�, KOTtl�, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 338). YAUUKO':; [adj.] in Hom. (n 34) and later poets of the sea, post-Homo always the color 'blueish-green or grey' (11.); see Potscher RhM 141/2 (1998): 97-111. .;! PG?� .DIAL Myc. ka-ra-u-ko IGlaukos/.

T yAETtW

275

.DER yAauKo� name of a fish (Com.; see Stromberg 1943: 23f. and Thompson 1947: 48); YAauKla � YAauKlov, �OTUVT] Tl� 'a plant' (H.: Plin.); also 'juice of the horned poppy' (Dsc.) and name of a duck (Ath.), both after the color; YAauKloavov name of an eye salve (Gal.). Denominal ptc. YAauKlowv 'gleaming?' (11.), but acc. to Potscher Glotta 72 (1994): 105-8) 'with the green, brilliant eyes of an owl', YAauKOoflaL 'be affected with glaucoma' (Hp.), YAauKwfla 'glaucoma' (Arist.), YAauaaw 'shine' (H.) cf. AEUKO�: AEuaaw. Several PNs: rAauKo�, rAauKT] (11.), rAauKwv, -lWV, etc. See � yAauKwm�. ETYM Hardly connected to � yaA�vT], � yEAUW. Improbably, Leumann 1950: 148ff. (with incorrect analysis of YAauKwm�; see Chantraine 1966: 193ff.). No etymology. The word is hardly lE, as *gleh2u-ko- would be an unusual formation; therefore, it is rather Pre-Greek. •

yAUUKwm.:; [adj.] 'with the bright eyes of an owl' (11.), epithet of Athena. On the mg. Potscher Phil. 141/1 (1997): 3-20 (not to yAauKo� 'blue'). ';!GR� .ETYM The owl was associated with Athena. Its eyes are remarkable for their 'eclat nocturne'. Cf. �owm� epithet of Hera. See � yAau�. YAUUVO':; [m.] a kind of chiton (Poll. 7, 48) . .;!?� .ETYM Unknown. yAUU�, -KO':; [f.] 'little owl, Athene noctua' (com., Arist.). ';!PG?� .VAR LSJ gives yAau�. Besides, there is a word YAau� 'wart cress' (Dsc.), which is also given as yA �AETtW, �AEcpapov.

yA�Vll [f.] 'eyeball' (Horn.; also in a reviling sense El 164) , also 'pupil of the eye' (Ruf. Onom., H.), metaph. 'socket of a joint' (Gal.), 'honeycomb' (AB, H.).
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YA�XWV =-�A�XWV. YAia .YAR YAlv'l, yAlov. =-yAOLO<:;. YAlvo<:; [m.] 'Cretan maple' (Thphr.).
YAiaXPo<:; [adj.] 'sticky, penurious' (lA).
yAOLO<:; [m.] 'glutinous substance, gum', also the oil and sweat scraped off by athletes (Semon.); secondarily also [adj.] (pap.).
277 .ETYM Iffrom *YAOLF0<:;' the word agrees with Ru. (dial.) glev 'slime of fishes' (Slav. *gleV'b < *gloi-uo-). If, however, it derives from *YAOL10<:;, the word may correspond to OE clreg 'loam, clay' (PGm. *klaija-). The n-suffIx in YAlv'l, also in CS glen'b 'slime' < *gloi-no- and in Ru. glina 'clay, loam' < *glei-neh2-, is explained as from a nasal present seen in OIr. glenim (*gli-neh2-mi), OHG klenan 'stick, smear'. The gloss YAIHov (H.) is best explained, like Lat. glittus 'sticky', with a geminated variant of the t-suffIx seen in Lat. glUten [n.] 'glue' « *gloi-t-en-?; it is not an old rln-stem, as per Benveniste 1935: 104) and Lith. glitus 'sticky'. YAla is compared with Ru. glej 'clay, loam' « *glbjb). There is no cognate for yAixof.LaL, analyzed as a x-present in Schwyzer 702. See Pok. 362f. Not all comparisons are convincing. Most words cited are froni BSl. or Gm., which suggests European substrate origin. , yAOUpO<:; [m.] 'gold' (AP); cf. yAOUpW· xpuaw, 'wine [containing] must' (H.), cf. yAeuKo<:;. Also YAuKepo<:; (Od.), the fern. rAuKEpa (with retracted accent) as a PN, with rAUKEpLOV. With geminate: yAUKK6v . YAUKU and yAuKKa· � YAUKUT'l<:; (H.). Plant name yAUK'l· �OTUV'l n<:; eowOLf.Lo<:; 'an edible plant' (H.) and (strange) yAUKUf.L� yAuKuppL�a (Hp. apud Gal.), cf. Stromberg 1940: 63. YAeuKo<:; [n.] 'sweet wine' (Arist.), YAeuKLvo<:; (Dsc.), YA£uKIT'l<:; (OLVO<:;) YAeuKo<:; (Arist. comm.); yA£uK�aa<:; =

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yAUcpW 'stunned by sweet wine' (H.); also YAeuK'l YAUKUT'lC; (sch.) and YAeu�lC;, see yM�lC; above. ETYM If the word is to be connected with Lat. duleis, we should reconstruct *OA-. The Mycenaean form seems to confirm this idea, but the U in the root is unexpected. On Arm. k'aler 'sweet', see under � �MC;. The full grade YAeuKoc; looks like a late innovation after the numerous neutral s-stems, but UYAWK�C; (Epich.) seems to be an old form. =

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yAUcpW [v.] 'to carve, cut out, engrave' (lA). � IE *gleubh- 'cut, carve, split'�. VAR Pres. always u; aor. YAU\j!aL, fut. yAU\j!W, aor. pass. eYAucp8'lv/ eYAucp'lv, perf. yeyAuflflaL. .COMP EPfloYAucpelov 'statuary's shop' (Pl.); Tp(YAUCPOC;, an architectonical element. .DER yAUcp� 'carving' (D. S.), YAuflfla 'engraved sign' (Eup.), YAUCP(C;, mostly -(O£C; [pl.] 'notches, especially at the end of an arrow' (ll.), chisel, etc.' (J.), cf. UK(C; for the suffIx; YAucpavoc; 'knife' (h. Mere.); yAucpelov (Luc.); yAucpeuc; 'carver, sculptor' (J.), yAUcpWT�C; 'id.' (pap. VIP); yAUTrT� P yMcpavoc; (AP), YAUTrT'lC; 'carver' (APl.), YAUTrTlKOC; (Poll.). Adjective yAUcplK� (Texv'l; Thrace) . ETYM Germanic has the ablauting verb, e.g. OHG klioban 'cleave, split', pret. kloub, opt. klubi. Lat. gluM 'bark, peel' probably represents the old full grade * -eu-. Also related is Ru. glyboko 'deep', etc.; see Vasmer 1953 s.v. Some compare � yAacpupOc;. •

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YAWPOV [?] . VOfloV 'custom, law' (H.). � GR?� .ETYM Kukules 'ApX. 'Ecp. 27 (suppl.) 76 compares MoGr. (Karpathos, Cyprus) yAWpOC; XAWpOC;; XAwpovofll 'grass'. Differently, Latte. =

YAwaau [f.] 'tongue, language' (ll.), 'rare, dialectal word' (Arist.). � IE *glot-s, gen. *glt-6s 'point'� .VAR Att. YAwHa; Ion. also yAO.crcra (see below). COMP yAwcrcr-apyoc; 'garrulous' (PL), from YAwcrcr-aAYoc; 'id.'; from here mOflapyoc;, see Stromberg 1944: 31; different (to uPYOC; 'quick') Willis AmJPh. 63 (1942): 87ff. .DER YAWcr(J(XPlOV (Dsc., pap.), YAWcrcr(OlOV (Zen.); YAwcrcr'lfla 'point of an arrow' (A.) retains the original mg.; see Chantraine 1933: 186), also 'rare word' (Quint.), YAwcrcr'lflaTlKoc; (D. H.); YAWcrcrW0'lC; 'talkative' (LXX), yAWcrcrOC; 'id.' (Hdn.); YAWcrcr(C; 'inflammation of the tongue' (Hippiatr.). YAWH(C; 'end of a pipe, glottis' (Hero), also a bird (Arist., see Thompson 1895 s.v.); YAWHlKOC; (Arist.); denominative YAWH((W 'kiss with the tongue', YAWHlcrfl0C; (AP) . ETYM Originally "provided with a point", a derivation in -la from � yAwxec;. Ion. YAucrcra points to a paradigm *YAWX- ' *YAax- which can be explained as nom. *glot s, gen. *glt-6s. (see Beekes 1969: 246). •

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yAWXf<; [f.pl.] 'beard of corn' (Hes. Se. 398). � IE *glot-s, *glt-6s 'point'� DER See � yAwcrcra. Also YAwXk acc. YAWXlV, gen. -lvoC; (Hdn. 2, 431, 437) [f.] 'end of the yoke-strap, barb of an arrow, etc.' (ll.). Thence YAWXlVWTOC; (Paul. Aeg.). ETYM YAwXk continues * -ih2-s, with different development before a consonant than word-finally (in yAwcrcra). There are no certain cognates. The connection with CS •

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yVOTepa

glog7> 'thorn' (Bezzenberger Posn. 2 (1950): 145.

&

279

Fick BB 6 (1881): 237) is doubted by Machek Ling.

yvu8f.lo<; [m.] 'jaw' (Hom.). � PG� .VAR yvu8oC; [m.] (Hp.). Note yvaflcpa( (H. acc. to LST, but not in Latte). .DER PN of a parasite fvu8wv, with fva8wv£l0c;, fva8wv(0'lC;, fva8wvupLOV (PIu.). Denominative yva80w 'hit the jaw' (Phryn. Com.). .ETYM yva8floc; is formed from yvu8oc;, after AaLflOC;, �peXfl0C;, 6cp8aAfloc;. The word has always been compared with Lith. iandas 'id.', Latv. zu6ds 'chin, sharp side' . However, the Lith. acute accentuation either points to a laryngeal, or it may have been caused by a following d (Winter's Law). In neither case can we connect the Greek word: a preform *gnh2dh- would have given **yva8oc;, and *gnh2edh- gives **yava8oc;; therefore, the LitllUanian, with its entirely different structure, cannot be cognate. Actually, -va- cannot be derived from any other PIE form eitlIer, and the word must therefore be non-IE, i.e. Pre-Greek (this also excludes further connection with yevuc;, as tlIe latter is of course IE). Macedonian KuvaOOl' mayovec;, YVU80l (H.) has often been compared as well; it may well be related, but only as a Pre-Greek word (perhaps it stands for *KvaOOl with epentlIesis, see Fur.: 378). Kuvaool has also been connected with KVWOWV, KvwoaAov. YVUf.ln:'toU<; [adj.] . xaAlvouc; 'bits or bridles' (H.). � PG� VAR Also YAafl\j!o(, xaAlvol mOflaToc; 'bits or bridles for the mouth' (H.). .ETYM The word is typically Pre-Greek: first, it displays the variation TrT/\j! (see Fur.: 263) as well as V/A (see Fur.: 388), and second, the structure yvaC- cannot be IE (see also under � yvu8fl0C;). •

yvuf.l1tTW [v.] 'to bend' (ll.). � PG� .VAR Aor. yvufl\j!aL, verbal adj. yvaflTrTOc;. .DER yvaflTrT� p 'jaw' (Androm. apud GaL), cf. yvaflcpa( s.v. � yaflcp'lAa(; YVUfl\j!lC; 'bending' (EM). Without second nasal (dissimilated?) YVUTrT£l' KUflTrT£l and yvaTrTOC; yvaflTrToc; (H.). .ETYM The etymology of YVUflTrTW is unknown. Although it is commonly assumed that it was influenced by KUflTrTW (cf. KVUflTrTW; e.g. Frisk s.v.), YVUflTrTW does not have the K- of KUflTrTW, nor can the -v- have been taken from there. An Indo European etymology seems excluded because yvafl1t- cannot have a PIE preform (see under � yvu8fl0C;). However, an alternation yv-/ K- (as in YVUflTrTW : KUflTrTw) is not typical for Pre-Greek either. If the insertion of the V could be explained, we could perhaps assume voicing of KV- to yv-. Cf. also Guilleux RPh. 70 (1996) S.V. yvUflTrTW. =

yvun:'tW .VAR yvucpaAAov, yvacpeUc;. => KVUTrTW. yv�aLO<; =>y(yvOflaL . fVlCPWV =>Kv(cpwv . yVocpo<; =>OVOcpo<;. YVOTEPU [f.] the fish �aAAw.T�, Ballota nigra (Ps.-Dsc. 3, 103). �PG(V)�

T� I

!

yvu80e;

280

VAR Also yvwTEpU. .ETYM Fur.: 370 compares ayvwTlOlOV, a variant with a prothetic vowel. Thus the word is Pre-Greek. •

yvu6oe; [n.] 'pit, hollow' (Lyc.). � PG?� VAR Also msc. (H., also yvu86e;) . ETYM Formation like pa80e;, pu86e;. Note YVU
•

yvu� [adv.] 'with bent knee' (ll.; Erbse Glotta 32 (1953): 240ff.). � IE *genu- ·'knee'� ETYM From � y6vu with zero grade and analogical -� after TIU�, Aa�, ete. (Schwyzer: 620). Although the zero grade of y6vu does not recur in � yVUTI-, contrary to common belief, it is in fact found in TIp6xvu 'kneeling; utterly' (ll.), where, admittedly, the aspiration is not well explained (cf. Av. fra-snu- 'with the knees forward'; Mayrhofer BWAia 1: 585). The zero grade *gnu probably occurred in the lE paradigm of 'knee', e.g. Hitt. ganut [instr.sg.] and Av. znubiio [dat.-abl.pl.] . •

YVU1t- [v.] 'to be depressed' (Men.). � PG� .VAR Also YVUTI(E)T-. YV1J1tWVEe;' aTUYVOl, KUT'l
YVWplf10C; .VAR YVWPl�W. =>ylyVWOKW. yvwToC; =>ylyVWOKW. yoaw [v.] 'to groan, weep' (ll.). � IE? *tWlou(H)- 'call, cry'� .VAR Fut. yO�00f.LUl (late -�ow), aor. yO�OUl (Amorgos), isolated preterite y60v [3Pl.] Z 500 (see Chantraine 1942: 3921) . DER y6'le;, -'lTOe; [m.] 'sorcerer' (lA), Y0'lTlK6e; (Arist.), YO'lTEUW 'bewitch' (Pl.), with Y0'lTda, yO�TEUf.La (Pl.), yO�TEume; (Plot.), YO'lTEUTlK6e; (PolL), Y0'lTEuTpla (Eust.); fem. yO�Tle; (AP). y60e; [m.] 'lament' (ll.). YOEp6e; 'wailing' (A.), analogical yO'lp6e; (Lyc.), YOWo'le; 'id.' (Pl.), also YOEov6e; (A.), after oAo
I

T� y60a .ETYM Like poaw, f.LuKaof.LUl, etc., yoaw is probably a deverbative intensive; y60e; is deverbal. We may compare OHG gi-kewen 'call', OE cfegan 'id.' < PGm. *kaujan, the Skt. intensive j6-guv-e 'speak out loudly', as well as an r-derivation in OCS govor'b 'noise' with govoriti 'make noise' (Ru. also 'speak'), see Derksen 2008 s.v. Pace DELG, the connection between yoaw and poaw is attractive. The different initials can be explained from paradigmatic split, i.e., an original *gW_ was lost before a zero grade *gWu_ in the preform of yoaw; the semantic differentiation can easily be secondary. yoyypoC; [m.] 1. 'conger eel' (Antiph.); 2. 'tubercular disease in olive trees' (Thphr.) . � PG?� .DER YOyyplOV (sch. Opp. H. 1, 113); also yoyypw0'le; (H.: yoyypWO'le; T�e; EAalae; EK
yoyyu�w [v.] 'to murmur, grumble' (LXX). � ONOM� .DIAL Ionic ace. to Phryn. .DER yoyyuof.L6e; (Anaxandr.), y6yyume; (LXX); agent noun yOyyUaT�e; (Bp. Jud., Thd.), y6yyuooe; (Thd.; see Chantraine 1933: 435); yoyyuoTlK6e; (Erot.). In H. also yOYYPU�ElV and yOyypUOUl' we; xolpoe; ElV' auOTpE
yMu [n.pl.] . EVTEpa. MaKEoovEe; 'intestines (Maced.)' (H.). � ?�

T yoOCiv .ETYM yooa has been compared with MLG kut 'weak parts of an animal' and Skt. guda- 'intestine, vagina' (Pok. 393), but this connection is problematic because the required root structure with two unaspirated voiced stops was not allowed in Proto Indo-European. Latte reads YOAa instead, connecting XOAa�, XOAl�. His suggestion is adopted by Fur. 141, who also adds KOAOV 'id.'. yoMv [v.] . KAa(£lV. KtmplOl 'to cry (Cypr.)' (H.). <'!\?� .VAR yoMv· YO'lTa 'sorcerer' (H.). ETYM The reconstruction *Foo- has been assumed, but is not certain. Connection with � auo� is impossible. Latte reads *yoavaL. •

yoe6vo<; .VAR yOEpO�. = yoaw. yoha [?] . ol� 'sheep' (H.). <'!\?� .VAR Cf. YOTav· DV. MaKEMvE� 'wild swine (Maced.) , (H.) . ETYM Fick BB 29 (1905): 200 read the word as D� and conjectures that it is from YOt YOt, the grunting of a pig (AP 11, 327). This is a mere guess. •

YOAOlva [f.] . xAwpa. � YOAova 'pale; name of a plant' (H.). <'!\PG?� .ETYM The suggestion of Groselj Slavisticna Revija 4 (1951): 263f. to connect OCS zelen1J 'green', etc. is phonologically impossible (see � XA6'l). Although Latte assumes that this entry (and the following, YOAoll£v'l' �oTav'l) is corrupt, we should rather take the form at face value: it is obviously related to YOAova, the variation Ol 0 in the vocalism pointing to Pre-Greek origin. , YOAUPlOV [n.] . K£AUcpO�. OlKElOV TapavT(vOl� 'pod, shell (Tarantian) (H.). <'!\?� .ETYM Only worthless guesses have been made. -

yo�o<; [m.]
yo�
T yopyupa yovq .VAR yovo�. = y(yvollal. yovu [n.] 'knee' (ll.); also 'joint of plants' (Hdt.; cf. Stromberg 1937: 101). <,!\IE *genu, gonu 'knee'� VAR Gen. (*yovF-aTo� » yovmo<;, epic Ion. youvaTo�, epic also youvo� « *yovF6�), plur. yovam, youvam, epic also youva. DER yovaTw0'l� 'with joints' (Thphr.); denominative youva
•

yoo<; =yoaw. yopyo<; [adj.] 'grim, fierce, terrible' oflook, gaze (A.), later also 'vigorous, lively'. <'!\?� .VAR fopyw, acc.pl. fopyou� (Hes.) .COMP YOPyw,/" yopyW1tO� (A.). .DER yopyoT'l� 'rapidity' (Hermog.), yopy(a agilitas (gloss.), denominative YOPYOOllaL 'to be spirited', of horses (X.), yOpyEUW (pap., Srn., H.). fopyw, -ou� [f.] (ll.) name of a female monster with a petrifying look, whence fopy E('l KEcpaA� (ll.); on the formation see Schulze 1892: 254; plur. mostly fOpyOVE� (Hes.), with new singulars fopyova (acc.), etc. (E.), whence fOpyovElO� (A. Pr. 793, etc.), fopyov'l (Hdn.), fopyovwO'l� (sch.) and the plant names fOPYOVElOV and fopyovla� (Ps.-Dsc.; see Stromberg 1940: 101). Also fopyaoE� (S. Fr. 163), explained by H. as aAlaOE�; and fOpy(OE�' ai nKWV(OE� (H.). PN fopyue(wv (8 302) and fopy(a� with fOPY(ElO<; 'Gorgias-like' (X.) and yopYla
yopyupa [f.] 'underground drain', sometimes used as a prison (Hdt. 3, 145, EM, H.); cf. apMAla· TOU� 1tUelleva� TWV KEpall(owv, ou� EVlOl yopyupa� KaAoumv 'the base of roof-tiles, which some call "yopyupa�'" (H.) which LSJ translates 'water-pot, trough'. Cf. also KOpKoopua· Mpopua 'water-course', perhaps to be read as *KOpKOpW' Mpop(p)6a (Fur.: 141, which would fit the word order). <'!\PG(v)� .VAR yEpyupa (Alcm. 132); accent unknown. .DIAL Kopxupea (Corc. 11"). Cf. yepyEpo�· �poYXo� (H.) [DELG] . .DER YOPYUPlOV 'subterranean channel' (LSJ Supp. Sparta). .ETYM Perhaps related to yapyap«w, as per DELG. yopyupa, with all its variants, is definitely of Pre-Greek origin: variations K/ y/ X and El 0; ending -ea (see Chantraine

� I

i

youvoe; 1933: 91f.); suffIx -up- like in yeqmpa (see Pre-Greek). Thus also Neumann 1961: 91, on words for drainage, etc. youv6e; [m.] 'hill' (11.), acc. to EM and Orion u\j!llAoe; TonOe; 'elevated place'. � PG(v)� .DER From fowoe;, *fouvoe; perhaps the name fOUV£lJe; B 748, see BoGhardt 1942: I11f. .ETYM youv6e; is not related to the Thessalian PNs fowoe;, fOWOl, and fovvououa (the alleged *yovFoe; would probably not yield the attested forms, see Buck 1955: §54), nor to � yovu, with which it was compared since antiquity (EM; equally unconvincing is the comparison with Ru. gurnno 'threshing-floor' see Derksen 2008 s.v.). We should rather compare ywvoe; (H.) and xwvoe; (H.), which implies that the word is Pre-Greek in view of the variation. Fur.: 138 mentions additional material from Sardinia (Gonnos, Gonni), Berber, Basque, and Caucasian. =

yovpoe; [m.] a cake (Sol. 38, 3). � PG(V)� .ETYM The word can be compared with ayyoupoe;· dooe; nAaKouVTOe; 'kind of cake', with prothetic vowel and prenasalization (cf. KUVW\j!/ ayxuvw\j! [which is not from *ava-!]). Therefore, it is of Pre-Greek origin. Perhaps further connected to � yuple;, � yup[vll' youniplOv [n.] 'tomb' (inscr. Phrygia). � Lyd.� ETYM This is probably the same word as YOUVTll (inscr. Lydia IIIP). Probably somehow connected with Hitt. kuntarra- (Neumann 1961: 66f.); from Hurrit. kuntari-? •

youna:Tov [n.] a cake (Chrysipp. Tyan. apud Ath. 14, 647C). � LW Lat.� .ETYM From Lat. guttatus, -urn 'sprinkled' (Martialis), in turn from gutta 'drop'. ypual [f.pl.] marine animal (Peripl. M. Rubr. 38). � (LW) Ind.� .ETYM An Indian word; cf. Skt. graha-, graha- 'crocodile, alligator, snake, etc.'. See Goossens Le Museon 59 (1946): 621ff. ypu�av [f.] . aKacp[ov, �68pov 'small bowl or basin, hole' (H.). � LW Gm.� .VAR MoGr. (Laconia, etc.) yp6.�a TpwYAll 'hole', often in place names, see Georgacas ByzZ 41 (1941): 360f., Rohlfs 1930: 46l. ETYM Kretschmer Arch. slav. Phi!. 27 (1905): 234 states that the word is from Gm., e.g. Go. and OHG graba 'ditch'. Or is it perhaps from/via Illyrian? See also Hubschmid ZRPh. 77 (1961): 432. Cf. � yp6.�lOV. =

•

ypU�lOV [n.] 'torch, oakwood' (Stratt.; also S. Fr. 177 [cod. ypacp[Ole;]?). � EUR?� .ETYM From an (Illyrian?) word *grabu for 'beech, oak', seen in U Grabovius, epithet of Jupiter; the word is also found in MoGr. yp6.�oe; (Epirus), y6.�poe; (Arcadia). Further compared with Ru. grab 'hornbeam', etc. and OPr. wosi-grabis. See Vasmer s.v., Georgacas ByzZ 41 (1941): 361f., and Porzig 1954a: 148. These comparisons are rejected by Garbini 1969: 391ff.; cf. also Restelli 1969: 820. Fur.: 169 compares yo�p[at· cpavo[, Aaf.L1tT�p£e; 'bright, torches' (H), which cannot be ignored; he concludes that the word is a non-lE substrate word, perhaps from the Balkans. See � Kp6.��aTOe;.

�-'-..�.��""'---'--"---""-'---"----:"""---"':"--��--

yp6.cpW ypala

•

VAR ypaTe;.

=> ypaue;.

ypume; [adj.] '6 eppunowf.Levoe;, wrinkled' (EM), 'cast slough of a serpent' (H.), in S. Ichn. 177 the mg. is unclear; name of a bird (H.). � ?� .DER yp6.1tTIle; 'wrinkled' (Eust.), ypan[vlle;' olvoe; TpaXUe; 'harsh wine' (H., EM). Not here, as per Frisk, ypat60f.Lat 'become old'; see � ypaue;. .ETYM Unknown. Not related to ypaue;, y�pae;. DELG suggests that yp6.me; is a hypocoristic of yp6.1tTIle; 'wrinkled' cited by Eust., which may derive from yp6.cpw. yp6.ooe; [m.] 'smell of a goat' (Ar.). � GR?� .DER yp6.awv 'id.' (M. Ant.; cf. yv6.8wv beside yv6.80e;, Leumann Sprache 1 (1949): 207'3), ypaawv[a yp6.aoe; (Archig. Med.). .ETYM yp6.aoe; is supposed to be a word for 'he-goat' "gnawer" from � y p6.w 'to gnaw'. On -ao-, see Chantraine 1933: 433ff. =

=

ypave; [f.] 'old womaJ?' (11.); a sea-crab (Artem., H., see Stromberg 1943: 95, thus also ypala [Epich.]); said of the scum of boiled milk (Ar.). � IE *greh2-iu- 'old woman'� .VAR Gen. ypaoe; (Schwyzer 574). .DIAL Ion. YPll uC;, YPllue;. .DER Enlarged to ypaIa (Od., also adj. 'old') < *ypaF-lu; colI. ypat�[a � ypatT[a (i. e. , ypatF[a)· nav�yuple;. TapavTlvOl 'assembly, festival (Tarent.) (H.); see Scheller 1951: 32. Another enlargement in ypate;, - [ooe; (Charito), Dor. ypaule; (Call.) . From ypaue;: ypawolle; 'like old women' (Chrysipp.); from ypala: ypatOAeae;· novllpae; � oA£8p[ae; ypa[ae; 'poor and wretched old women' (H.) (cf. the adj. in -oAIle;, but see DELG; the translation oA£8p[ae; is folk-etymological). Denominative verb ypa:f�w 'to remove the ypaue; from the milk' (Ar.); from ypala: ypatoof.Lat 'to get old', of wine (AP) . ETYM From the root *gerh2- in yepwv, yepae;. Probably from *ypa-!u- < *greh2-iu-, with -!U- like in vue; 'son' (plur. UL£e;); the element -iu- has nothing to with *h2oiu (see � aiwv), pace Szemerenyi. See � yepwv, � yepae;, � y�pae;. •

yp6.
•

=

=

-I

286

ypU'l'UlO<;

and ypuflfluTciov 'writing table, etc.', ypuflflUT(£)LOtOV; ypuflfluT£LU 'secretariate' (pap., PIu.); YPuflflUTLKO<;, ypuflfluTLK£uoflUl (AP); fem. ypuflfluTLK� (TEXVT]) 'grammar, etc.'; ypuflfluTLUT�<; 'secretary, teacher' (lA), YPUflfluTL�W (rare; Herod., Messen., Boeot.); ypuflfluTLUTLK� 'elementary education' (Phld.). ypuflflo<; 'writing' (Hdn.). ypu
ypu'l'uio� [m.] Kapu�o<; 'crab' (Diph. Siph. apud Ath. 3, 106d). «PG� .ETYM Not from ypa
ypaw [v.] 'to gnaw, eat' (Call. Fr. 200). «IE? *gres- 'gnaw, eat'� VAR Only impf. £ypu£. Athem. ipv. ypau8L (Cypr.), them. (contracted) ypa·
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yp'1yopew =£yeLpw. ypfjvo� =aypT]vov. yp(VT'1� =PlVO<;. ypireo� [m.] 'fIshing basket, creel' (AP, Artem.). « PG(v) �

--------��--��T�· -

ypOU
yp(owv, -wvo� [m.] 'swine' (Hdn. Gr. 2, 249, H.). «?� .ETYM Although yp�uwv is generally considered to be onomatopoeic, cf. ypUAO<; s.v. � ypu (and � ypofl
•

•

ypu

288

ypu [n.]? usually with negation: a 'small quantity', often of sounds (Ar.); acc. to sch. Ar. PI. 17 of the grunting of a swine (clearly onomat.); 6 U7tO T<9 QYUXl PU7to<.; 'the dirt under the nail' (H.; also ypu�) and ypUTTj; a small coin (Suid.). � ONOM� VAR Indeclinable . DER ypu(w, aor. ypU�at 'grunt' (Ar.), ypuaflo<.; (Agathocl.); ypuAo<.;, expressive gemination ypUAAO<.; 'piglet' (Ath.), metaph. 'eel' (Diph. Siph.; because of its thickness and sound, see Stromberg 1943: 68f.); ypuAlwv· XOLpO<'; 'pig' (H.); as a PN fpuAo<.;, -wv, etc. (Bechtel 1917b: 581); ypUAI(W (Ar.; ypUAAI(W rejected by Phryn.); ypDAlaflo<.; (Arist.); ypUAATj· UWV cpwv� 'sound of pigs' (H.). YOYYPU(£lY, yoyypuaat (H.) were influenced by � yOyyU(£lV. .ETYM For onomatopoeic ypu(w, compare Lat. grunnio, grundio, OE grun(n)ian, OHG MoHG grunzen. A difficult comparison is that with ypWVCtOc<.;· 8�A£lat aUc<.; 'female pigs' (H.), which has been thought to represent the Laconian pronunciation with [u] ; cf. MoGr. YOUPOUVl 'swine' (is YEwva H. an error?) and see Kretschmer Glotta 13 (1924): 135. Cf. further � ypUAAO<'; 'caricature' and ypuAAlafl0<.; a dance. =

=

•

•

ypu;Uo� [m.] 'caricature' (Plin. HN 35, 114). � ?� .DER ypuAAo-ypacpEw 'draw caricatures' (Phld.). Also a dance (Phryn. PS p. 58 B.); thus also ypuAAlafl0<.;, with ypUAAO<.; = 6 oPxouflcvo<.; (ibid.). .ETYM Deemed an Egyptian (i.e. Hellenistic) word by Phrynichos; see Latte Glotta 34 (1955): 190f. It is not from the PN fpUAAO<'; (Plin.); see Latte ibid. See further Page Class. Rev. 7 (1957): 189-191 and Maas Greece and Rome 5 (1958): 71. There is no relation between ypUAAO<.; and ypuAo<,;. DELG thinks the connection between the dance and 'caricature' is evident. ypDIlEU [f.] 'bag or chest for old clothes' (Com., Phld.). � PG� VAR Codd. often ypuflala; also ypuflcLa, ypuflcla. ypUTTj [f.] 'trash, trumpery, woman's dressing-case, vanity-bag, frippery' (Sapph., pap.); 'small fry' (Gp.). .COMP ypufl£07tWATj<.; (Luc.); ypuT07tWATj<.; (Cos, pap.); ypuTo-06KTj (AP). .DER Diminutive ypUTCtplOV (Zen., pap.); ypUTcUETat· 7tapaaK£UCt(ETat 'to prepare, put on make-up' (H.). .ETYM In origin, the word probably denoted small things of little value, later also the chest, ete. The formation of ypuflEa is rare; together with the variants -ala, -cia, it suggests a non-Greek (= Pre-Greek) formation, on which see Pre-Greek on the suffix -at/c(l)-. Perhaps connected to ypu as 'something small'. The comparison with Lat. grumus 'heap of earth, hillock' is unconvincing; better, but still doubtful, is that with OE cruma 'crumb'. From ypuflEa probably comes Lat. crumlna 'bag, purse'; see Pfister IF 56 (1938): 200ff. Likewise, ypUTTj may be the source of Lat. scruta [n.pl.] 'trash, frippery'. •

ypuv6v [n.] alKu<.; liypLO<'; 'kind of wild fish' (Ps.-Dsc. 4, 150). � ?� .ETYM Andre Et. class. 24 (1956): 10 connects the word with ypua£l T��£l (Arist. Pr. 876b 15) because of its fluid contents; this is most uncertain, as the verb itself is unclear. =

=

ypi>v6� [m.] 'dry wood, torch' (Hom. Fr. 18, Lye. 86, 294). � ?�

yuaAov .VAR ypouvo<,; [m.] (v.l. and Call. Fr. anon. 84). .DER ypuvTj· AlpavwTo<.; 'frankincense' (Theognost. Can. 108). Cf. the TN fPUV£lOV, fpUVOl (Aeolis), FickBB 23 (1898): 22 and 213. .ETYM Unknown. ypi>7t6� [adj.] 'hook-nosed, curved' (Pl.). � PG (v) � .DER YPU7tOTTj<.; (X.). Denominative ypU7tOOflat 'become hooked, of nails' (Hp.), ypU7tWat<.; (medi.); further ypU7tTW, ypu7talvw and ypUfl7talv£lv· ypu7toua8at, auYKCtfl7tT£lV 'bend together' (H.). Them. aorist eypu7tov (like eKTU7tOv) 'become wrinkled', of the earth in an earthquake' (Melanth. Hist. 1); thus yiiv typuflflEvav (Gortyn); idem ypu7tavI(w (Antiph. Soph.) and ypU7tCtVLO<.; (ib.); ypU7tCtAlov· YCPOVTlov. � YPU7tCtVlOV (H.), ypU7tvov· aTuyvov 'abhorred' (see DELG). Root noun yptnV, -7to<.; [m.] the mythological 'griffin' (Aristeas apud Hdt., A.), later the real 'lammergeier' (LXX); cf. yu'!', aKw'!', yAau�; also ypU7tat· at V£OaataL TWV yU7twv. ot OE YU7tat 'the young of vultures; vultures' (H.). ypupo<.;· ypu'!' (H.) after the nouns in -po<.;? (Chantraine 1933: 261). Metaph. ypU7tc<,;· flEpO<.; TWV T�<'; VcW<'; aK£UWV KaL liYKUpat 'part of the ship's tackle and anchors' (H.). .ETYM A connection with OE crumb, OHG krump 'crooked' is not very probable (the nasal is difficult). The nasal in ypufl7talvw could be a Pre-Greek prenasalization, but could also be of inner-Greek origin. The long u is difficult to account for in lE (it requires *-uH-). Giintert 1914: 132f. thought that ypu'!' was yu'!', influenced by ypU7to<.;; this is unconvincing. Grimme Glotta 14 (1925): 17 assumed a loan from Akkadian (karubu 'griffin, cherub'; cf. Hebr. kerub and Lewy 1895: llf.) through Hittite. From the archaeological perspective, origin in Asia Minor (and the Near East: Elam) is very probable, for discussions on which see DNP s.v. Greif, and Hemmerdinger Glotta 48 (1970): 51f. (note that it is not connected with Akk. karubu), Wild Wien. Ak. Sb. 241/4 (1963): 3-28. It is not certain that ypu'!' is related to ypU7to<.;. The adjective makes the impression of a Pre-Greek word (ypUfl7t-), thus this would be true of the mythical bird as well (whatever its ultimate origin); note ypupo<.;, which may prove a Pre-Greek alternation of stops. Fur.: 175 assumes further variations on the basis of the Latin forms. Note also ypuvo<.;· ypu'!' H., which fits in his system as showing 7t/ F (236). Through Lat. gryphus, the word entered the Western Eur. languages (griffin, Grei/). ypUTI1 =ypuflEa. ypu'!' =ypD7to<.;. ypwvo� [adj.] 'hollow, cavernous' (Lyc.). � ?� .DER ypwvTj 'hole, kneading trough' (Nie., AP), ypwvou<,; (H.) in several specific mgs. .ETYM The usual reconstruction *ypwa-vo<.; vel sim. (to � ypCtw) is quite uncertain, as the verb shows no ablaut; the meaning hardly fits, either. YUUAOV [n.] 'hollow (of a cuirass), vales, dells' (Il.), also of the hand, cf. tyyuaM(w; see below. � IE? *gou- 'hand'; *gu(H)- 'bend' (?) � .DER yuaA6<.; epithet of 11.180<.; (Call. Fr. anon. 331), with different accent yuaAo<.; [m.] 'cubical stone' (EM 243, 12); yuCtAa<.; 'cup' (Megara and Macedonia, Ath. 11, 467C; see

YUYUL

290

Solmsen 1909: 216). ey-yuuA-L�w 'hand over' (ll.; see Schwyzer: 736). Independent eyyuuAov (Orion) EYKOLAOV. Also yu£ALOV· KOAnov 'lap' (H.). oETYM For the formation, one might compare ayKuAT], 6fl
YUYlJ�' -ov [m.] a waterbird (Dionys. Av. 2, 16) . -
yUV�

291

oETYM Unknown. ON kyll 'bag for victuals', OHG kiulla 'bag' < *keula- have been compared; see WH s.v. vola. Further related to YUUAOV? Fur.: 120 compares YUAUPLOV with .. KUAAUpO�. YUAAOC; [m.] mg. unclear, 'block of stone' (Milete VI-V") carried in a procession for Apollo (Nisson, Gr. Rei. 1,189) ; KU�O�, � T£Tpuywvo� AL80� 'cube or cubic stone' (H.); yuAAoL· OTOAfloL 'equipment, apparel' (H.; Latte: corrupt). - *1J01Jwno-. The initial [1)-] was reanalyzed as /y-/, since 1) was not a phoneme in Greek. =

yvv� [f.] 'wife, woman' (ll.). -
292

yll1tTj

.COMP On the forms of yuv� as a second member a- avopo- Kani- �uao- qllAOYUVO<;, a- �f.ll- KaAAl- OP
•

"

y61tT1 [f.] . KolAwf.la y�<;, eaACtf.lTj, ywvla. 'cavity in the earth, den, corner' (Call. Aet. Oxy. 2080, 73) . � EUR� VAR yuTta<;' KaAU�a<;, Kat eaAaf.la<;. ot OE yumDv v£Oa
YUTtwv£<; [pI.] dancers in Sparta (Poll. 4, 104) : ot oE YUTtwv£<; �uAlvwv KWAWV Em�alvov-r£<; wPxovv-ro, 8La
yWA£O<;

293

.ETYM Unknown. yupyaOo<; [m.] 'wisker-basket, creel' (Ar.). � PG� ·VAR Accent after Hdn. Gr. 1, 145. Also yupyaeov (BGU 1092, 29) and yEpyaeO<; (POxy. 741, 5) . .DER yupyaeLOv (PHolm. 18, 17) . .ETYM Technical word. Connected with ger- ('plait'?) in � yEppOV? The word looks Pre-Greek. yupivo<; -yupo<;. yiiPl<;, -£W<; [f.] 'the finest meal' (Dsc.). � ?� .VAR Also yUplO<; (PSI 4, 428, 44, lIra). .DER yuplvTj kind of cake (Luc.), YUpl-rTj<; (ap-ro<;) 'bread from y.' (Ath.), yupla-r�plo<; (gloss.). .ETYM Unknown. Perhaps connected with � yovpo<;. yiipo<; [adj.] 'round, curved' (-r 246: yupo<; EV wf.l0l
yU,/,o<; [f.] 'gypsum, chalk, cement' (Hdt.). � LW Sem.?� .DER YU,/,lov (pap.), yU,/,lK� 'tax on plasterers' (pap.), YU'/'lVO<; (EM), YU,/,woTj<; (Sor.); denominative YU,/,ow 'plaster with gypsum, chalk over' (Hdt.) with YU'/'WL01 aTt�AaLa. Kat at Ttpo<; eaAaaaav Ka-raoua£l<; 'caverns; descents towards the sea' (H.); plur. yWA£(l)a (Nic.). � ?� .ETYM The word has been compared with Lith. guolis, Latv. guo/a 'lair, nest' (Lith. guliit 'lie down'), and Arm. kalal 'hole, hiding-place'. However, this comparison must remain uncertain and IE origin is not very probable. We have to reckon with '

294

yWV[u

influence from
ywo<,; [m.] . flv'lfldov 'memorial' (H.). � ?� .ETYM Unknown. For a suggestion, see von Blumenthal 1930: 15 A. 1, who considers the word as Messapian (or Macedonian), deriving it from lE *f!'{JUo- beside *f!'ouo in Gr. xou<,;. ywnu<.; [acc.pl.] . KOAOlOU<.;. MUK£06v£<.; 'jackdaw (Maced;), (H.). � PG(v)� .ETYM According to Lesny KZ 42 (1909): 297f., ywnu<.; is identical to yunu<.;; according to Hoffmann 1906: 47, it is to be connected with o'Kwnu<.; (both hypotheses doubted by Kretschmer Clotta 3 (1910-1912): 307). See � O'KW"', which could be yet another variant (Fur.: 110). ywpVTO<'; [m.] ([f.]) 'quiver, which was also a bow-case' (
g- as in later Iranian. For the Greeks, the pronunciation of the initial may already have resembled g(w)-, and a substitution of -va- by 6 is trivial. Note that this etymology additionally explains the long u.

Ou- [pref.] . e.g. in oU-
oafjvat assumed a feminine of � oa�p, so properly "sister-in-law", which is not convincing either. More probably Pre-Greek (where a suffix -£lpa occurs more often). Safjvat [v.] 'to learn' (ll.).
•

Sal [interj.] always after interrogative T[, rrw<; oa[ 'what, how then?' (a 225, w 299 [both doubtful]; Com.; often false for ot). 146, 301. PNs L).ulTIrro<; (Milete), L).atKpUTT]<; (Olbia), L).a"iAtwv, L).atfltvT]<; (Athens). ETYM Isolated epic dative (also Hes. Th. 650, A. Th. 925), formerly derived from a root noun *oau<;. However, the Myc. form without -w- shows that this reconstruction is untenable, so it is rather not related to � Oa[w. New accus. OU'LV (Call. Fr. 243). See � O�·LO<;. •

SatMUw [v.] 'to work artfully, embellish' (ll.).
•

297 .ETYM The relation between OatOuAAW, oa[oaAo<;, and Oa[oaAov is debated. Leumann 1950: 131ff. started from a Mediterranean word oa[oaAov 'ornament', from which OatOUAAW and the compound rroAu-oa[oaAo<; 'rich in ornament' would be derived. Others have taken OatOUAAW, which was thought to be an intensive reduplicated formation, as the starting point (cf. Schwyzer: 647 and 725). Within Greek, � 8£ho<; and � oT]Atoflat have been compared (see s.vv); further, OUAA£l' KaKoupy£1 'do wrong' (H.) and � 86AWV; see also � 86AO<;. Not related are several words for 'build, split' in other lE languages, e.g., Lat. dolare 'hew', Skt. dar-dar(f)ti 'split', 0Ir. delb 'form' « * del-wa-), ete. Instead, we should consider Pre-Greek origin, for instance through a connection with the PN L).a[oaAo<;. Assuming that the verb is primary, OatOCtAAw may have to be interpreted morphologically as a reduplicated *dalY-dalY-. SatSu(j(j£(j9at =>oaouO'O'oflat. Saf�w [v.] 'to cleave, pierce' (Il.).
Sal!1wv, -ovoC; [m., f.] 'godlike power, fate, god' (Il.).
Salo!1at [v.] 'to divide', med. 'to feast' (ll.).
=

'divider, carver' (Od.) with OULTPOmJVUL [pl.] 'the arts of the carver' (n 253); denominative Oarrp£lJW 'to divide, carve' (ll.) with oULTpda (Hdn.); Lla[Twp as a PN (8 275), auvoa[TWp 'conviva' (A.); OULTp6v 'part, portion' (Ll 262); oa[T'l<; title of a priest (E. Fr. 472, l2), as a second member in Aayo-oa[Ta<; (A.). Isolated is OULTaAeu<; 'banqueter' (A.), cf. oaLTaAaOIlUL 'to banquet' and OaLTaAoupy[a (Lyc.). An enlargement of oa[ollUL is � oaT(w. See � oa[llwv. .ETYM oa[ollUL (with analogical -l-) agrees morphologically with Skt. dayate 'divide' < *dh2-eie-. Other forms of this Skt. root go back to *deh2- or *dh2-, e.g. da-ti 'to mow, cut off, di-ti- 'dividing', d-ya-ti 'divide' < *dh2-je-. Also connected is � 0�1l0<; (Dor. Oiill0<;)' From Gm. and Arm., the word for 'time' has been connected: OE tlma, ON timi 'hour, time', PGm. *tl-man- < *dl-mon-; OHG zlt 'time', Arm. ti 'old age, time' < *dl-t(i)-. Alb. daj 'divide, cut', aor. dava may be related, too. See LIV2 S.v. * deh2(j)- 'teilen'. Cf. � oaTEollUL and � 86.mw. M'io<; =>o�·io<;. SaLmlVIl = nTlaavT] (EM 264) 'peeled barley'. � ?� ETYM Unknown. See Fur.: 255, 337. •

Saf h in the Greek outcome of clusters *-1;lsV-. On CtIlCP' 'Ooua�'i oafcppovl oa[eTUL �TOp (a 48), see Risch 1947: 88. SaLw [v.] 'to kindle' (11.). � IE *deh2u- 'burn'� .VAR intr. perf. 8EoT]a 'burn', ptc. oeoaullEvo<; (Semon. 30 B), 86.T]TUL (Y 316,
•

299

86.KpU

'black; burning' (H.), perhaps also Emp. 90 for oaAep6<;. oaT]p6v· eepll6v, KaullaTT]p6v, Aallnp6v, npocpavE<; 'warm, very hot, glowing, shining forth' (H.). oaT]eIl6v· EllnpT]all6v 'burning' (H.), on the formation see Chantraine 1933: 137f.; Latte (with YoB) corrects it to oULell6v. � oauKo<; . 6 epamJ<;. Kat �oTavll Tl<; KpT]TlK� 'bold; also a Cretan plant' (H.) is rather PG. Not here � oat 'in battle', because Myc. has no -W-. .ETYM As shown by oeoauIlEvo<;, oa[w goes back to *oaF-lw. Att. 0«<; (Ml<; < *oULF-l<;) originates from a metathesized *oa[Fw (cf. Cor. Llloa[Fwv). The perfect oEoT]a < *OE oaF-a resembles Skt. du-dav-a (gramm.), to which the present du-no-ti 'to burn' is related (for *dunati, acc. to LIV2 s.v. *deh2Y- 'in Brand geraten'). OIr. doim 'to burn' and OHG zuscen 'id.' may have to be connected as well. Cf. Peters 198oa: 37. See � OUT] and � O�·io<;. sa�Kvw [v.] 'to bite', also 'to sting (of insects), wound' (11.). � IE *denk- 'bite'� VAR Aor. OaKeLV (11.), O��UL (Luc.); fut. 86.�OIlUL (Hp.), O��OIlUL (E.); perf. 8EOT]WUL (Ar.), 8eoaWEvo<; (Pi.), 8EoT]Xa (Babr.), oEoaKa (AP); aor. pass. OT]Xe�VUL (S.), oaK�vUL (Aret.); vb.adj . a-oT]KTo<; (Hes., Hp.) . .COMP Compounds with CtIlCPl-, Ctva-, CtVTl-, etc., also eUllooaK�<; (Od.) . DER 86.KO<; [n.] 'bite, stitch', often 'biting animal' (Pi.) oaKeT6v (Ar., cf. EpneT6v), oaw6<; 'bite, stitch' (Ruf.), 86.wa 'id.' (Nic.), 86.Kla· Ta aypla 6pVleapla 'wild birds' (H.); 86.� = 686.� (Opp.) together with oa�-aaIl6<; = 6Oaw6<; (Ti. Locr.; after llapaaIl6<;, etc., see Chantraine 1933: 141f.). From OT]K-: o�wa 'bite, stitch' (A.), oT]W6<; 'id.' (Hp.), O��l<; 'id.' (Hp.); O�KTT]<; 'biter, biting' (E.) with OT]KT� PlO<; 'id.' (E.) and OT]KTlK6<; (Arist.); o��, 01lK6<; 'worm in wood' (Tz.) after acp��. oaKvwOT]<; 'biting, stinging' (Hp.), oaKvllP6<; 'id.' (Phld., cf. 6OuvT]p6<;), oaKv[<;, 6pVEOU doo<; 'kind of bird' (H.), oaKvii<; 'biter' (Phryn.). Expressive oaKva(w (A.), oaYKavw (Hdn.). .ETYM The aorist OaKeLV agrees morphologically with the Skt. present dasati 'bites'; the perfect dada1]1sa and nouns like da1]1sa- 'bite' show that the root was denk-. Therefore, OT]K- in O��OIlUL, etc. is a secondary full grade of OaKeLV, after A�'i'0IlUL: Aa�elv. Probably we should connect ToB tsakii- 'bite' (Adams 1999 s.v.), whereas in Gm. we find nouns like OHG zangar 'biting, sharp', ON tfmg 'tongs' (perhaps Alb . dane 'tongs' is related, too). Further forms in LIV2 s.v. *denk- 'beiBen'. •

•

=

MKPU [n.] 'tear, drop' (ll., also Peripl. M. Rubr. 30 = 'resin', cf. � �paeu). � IE *drk h2krU- 'eye-bitter' > 'tear'� VAR Dat.pl. 86.KPUaL; also 86.KpUOV [n.] (ll., from the plur. 86.Kpua). .COMP napa-oaKpu plant name (Ps.-Dsc.); many bahuvrihis in -oaKpu<;. .DER Diminutive oaKpuoloV as a plant name (Ps.-Dsc.); oaKpu-6et<; 'rich in tears' , (11.); oaKpuwo'l<; 'running' (of wounds, Hp.); denominative oaKpuw 'weep (over) (11.) with 86.Kpulla 'mourned for' (Orac. apud Hdt. 7, 169), 'tear' (A.). .ETYM Old word for 'tear'. Also seen in Arm. artasu-k ' [pl.] « *draku-, see below), sing. artawsr « *draku-r); Gm., e.g. OHG zahar, Go. tagr; Celt., e.g. OBret. dacr, OIr. der < *dakr(o)-. In addition to these forms, there is also OHG trahan < PGm. *trahnu- < lE *draknu-. It has been supposed that earlier *drakru- gave these various forms by dissimilation. B�t the eastern languages have similar words without initial •

OCtKTUAOe; 1

300

consonants: Skt. asru-, Av. asru-, Lith. asara, ToA akiir, ToB akruna [pl.] (see Pinault 1997: 219-233). To explain all different forms, Kortlandt AAL 6 (1985) assumes a compounded form *drk-hJru 'eye-bitter', where the first element is from *derk- 'to see' and the second element from 'bitter'. For Hitt. is1:Ja1:Jru- [n.] 'tears', Kortlandt (l.e.) reconstructs *skw-h2kru (from *sekw- 'see'). A Hell. form *ouKpufla is often assumed to be the source of Lat. dacruma, lacrima, but see now the discussion in De Vaan 2008 s.v. dacruma. MtKTVAOe; 1 [m.] 'finger' (also as a measure, etc.), 'toe' (lA). -
MKTVAOe; 2 [m.] 'date', the fruit (Arist.). -
�aA
•

•

MAAeL =OTlAEoflm. MAOe; =oaLw. �a!1u�w =OCtflvTlfll.

, �a!1uATJe;, -OV [m.] 'tamer', said of Eros (Anacr.), 'younger bull (still to be tamed) (Arist.). -
•

MV&.KTl

301

.ETYM Connected to � oUflvTlfll, oafluam; see Chantraine 1933: 236£. Cf. WH s.v. damma 'buck, doe, etc.'. �u!1ap, -apTOe; [f.] 'wife' (ll.; on the meaning, see Gernet 1937: 393ff.). -
�U!1VTJ!1l [v.] 'to tame, subdue, conquer', especially of horses (ll.). -
302

E.avaol

E.UVUOl [m.pl.] 'Danaans', a Greek tribe (Argos), used by Homer as a general name �or the Greeks. According to an ancient tradition, they took their name from king Danaos, who came from Egypt. � PG� .ETYM Kretschmer Glotta 24 (1936): 15ff. sees in the Danaoi the people of the Scythian king Tanaus, who in the 15th c. came to Argos. Kretschmer also compared . the river namesTanais and Donau, and the Indo-Iranian ethnonym Danu-, etc. ThIS is untenable; the name is certainly Pre-Greek. A country Danaja (T/Dnjw), with a city Mukana, is mentioned in inscriptions from Egypt, from Amenophis III (13901352 BC) and earlier from Tuthmosis III (1437 BC); see DNP s.v. Danaos and Latacz 2001: 150-165. l)U(V)l)UlV£lV [v.] . cm:vl(ELV,
l)UVl)UAl&:� =o£voaAI�. MVl)UAO� [m.] . 6 £pLeKao�, 1'0 0pv£Ov 'robin, redbreast'. � PG?� .ETYM Unknown. Mvl)'l�) -'lKO� [m.] name of a big dog (Ps.-Callisth. 2, 33 cod. B). � PG?� ETYM Unknown. Cf. the other forms with -'lK- in Pre-Greek. •

Mvo� [n.] 'gift' (Euph. 42) , 'loan, debt' (Call. Epigr. 48). � IE? *dh2-no- 'gift'� .DER oaVELOV [n.] 'loan' (D.) with oav£LaKo� (Cod. Just.), denominative oav£l(w, -OflCll 'loan, give credit' (Att., Hell. also oavl(w), from which oav£LO'fla 'loan' (Th.), oav£LO'flo� 'loan, credit' (Att., Arist.) and oav£LO'1'�� 'usurer, believer' (LXX,) with OaVELO'nKo� (Thphr.). Unclear is oavu�' fl£ploa�. KapuO'1'LOL 'portion' (H.). .ETYM The suffIx is just as in Ci
oapoa

303

compare Lith. dim-stis 'court'? The form (un£oov is explained (see Frisk) as an inverted writing of oa- after the intensifying prefIx (a- 1 oa-; this is hardly convincing. Cf. � (aKopo� and perhaps � aAAooano�. M1tl�) -ll)O� [f.] 'carpet, rug' (corn.). .DER Diminutive oanlOLov. .ETYM Giintert 1914: 151 assumed a folk-etymological reshaping of 1'um<; after oun£oov 'ground', but the word is rather a variant of � 1'un'l�. l)umw [v.] 'to devour, consume' (11.). � PG?� VAR Aor. OU\jlCll. .COMP Compounds with ano - , OLa-, Ka-ra-, whence Ka-raoanuv'l and Ka-raoanavuw (Hdt., X.) . DER oanuv'l 'cost, expenditure' (Hes. Op. 723; cf. O'Kumw : O'Kanuv'l) with derivative oanuvuAAa (Corc.); oanav'lpo� 'spendthrift' (PI.) with oanav'lp(a (Arist.); denominative oanavuw 'spend, consume' (Hdt.) with oanuv'lfla (X.), oanuv'lO'L� (Aristeas) and oanav'lnKo� 'consuming' (S.); oanav'l1'�� EM; deverbal oanavo� oanav'lpo� (Th.); isolated oanavoufl£va (Andania P) as if from oanavow or -£w. oum'l� 'eater' (Lyc.) from the present stem, unless = oun-1''l�; from the aorist stem oa\jl- with a suffIx -A-: oa\jl-LA�� 'abundant' (Ion., Arist.; oa\jlLA6<; Emp. may be older ace. to Solmsen IF 31 (19l2113): 461ff.) together with oa\jllAELa (Arist.) and oa\jlLA£uoflCll (LXX). See � oapoamw. .ETYM If oamw is formed from a root oan-, tllis may be compared with Lat. daps ,(sacrifIcial) meal', and perhaps with the ToA pret. and subj. tap- 'eat', ToB tapp 'consume' (?), although the Tocharian initial t- from *d- is problematic (Adams 1999 s.v.). Further connections have been proposed with Lat. damnum 'expenditure, loss' and ON tafn 'sacrifIcial animal, meal', which could be from *dap-no-m, as well as with Arm. tawn 'feast' « *dap-ni-). Skt. dapayati 'divide' is a productive causative formation from da- 'divide', and is therefore not connected. In spite of tlle proposed cognates, which do not convince on the semantic side, we may also consider Pre Greek origin for oan(1')-1 oa\jl-, especially if it should be related with � o£Lnvov (Fur.: 325). Lat. dapino is a loan from oanavuw. •

•

=

l)apaTat [f.pl.] name of the kitchen, which is offered by a phratry at a matrimony (Delphi V-IV"). � ?� .VAR Also oapa-ro� [m.] name of a Thessalian bread (Seleue. apud Ath. 3, 114b); oapa-rov [n.] (Coropa VI-V"; not quite certain) . ETYM The comparisons with Skt. durva- and MoDu. tarwe 'wheat' and MoE tare, or that with Lith. dirva 'fIeld, floor' (see Fraenkel 1955 s.v.), are very doubtful. See Kalleris 1954: 147-151. DELG refers to oapov (H.). Cf. � OpUflL�. •

Mpl)u [f.]? ' fl£ALO'O'a 'bee' (H.). � ?� .ETYM Perhaps reduplicated: Skt. dardura- 'frog, pipe', Lith. derdeti 'rasseln, schwatzen' and Olr. dardaim 'to roar (of a deer)' have been compared. See also Belardi Doxa 3 (1950): 202 (E.upOavOL, etc.). Fur.: 391 considers the word as Pre Greek.

oapoaLV£l 6ap6aiv£L [v.] . 1l0AUv£l 'stains', o.v£Mpoav£· o.v£lloAuv£ (H.).
6ap9uvw [v.] 'to fall asleep'.
Mp[e]lp [?] 1'0 o.TIO 1'OU ll£yo.AOU OaK1'UAOU £TIt 1'OV lllKPOV 8to.OT'llla 'the distance , from the thumb up to the little [finger] ; also MplV' omeall�v , ApKo.O£C; 'span , (Arcad.) (H.).
MpKa [?] kind of KaoLa (Dsc. 1, 13).
•

6upKec; =>Opo.ooollal. MpTI'l [f.] . oapyo.v'l, KOCPlVOC; 'basket' (H.).
=

6UOKlAAOC; [m.] an unknown fish (Arist. HA 591a 14: 1'Epm:1'at 1'<1> popPoptp Kat KOTIPtp ['it enjoys filth and excrement'l).
6aT£OllaL [v.] 'to divide' (ll.).
306

oaUKoc;

.ETYM No exact parallel. The verb contains the zero grade oii- < *dh2- of the root of � 0�f.1OC;, OClf.lOC;, and � oalof.lat. For the present formation, cf. na1"tof.lat and Schwyzer: 705f. and 676. 8auKoc; [m.] name of several Umbellates (Athamanta Cretensis, Peucedanum Cervaria, Daucus Carota; Hp., Dsc., H.; see Andrews Class. Phil. 44 (1949): 185). � PG (V) � VAR Also OauKov (Thphr.), OauK£lov (Nic.), OauKlov (Gp.); also oauxoc; (below), oauXf.l0C; 'Cretensis' (Nic.), see also on � M
•

•

8auAoc; [adj.] 'thick, shaggy' (A.). � ?/pG� .VAR OauAoc; (Paus. Gr.). COMP EvOauAov· AOXwo£c;, oacrU 'overgrown with bushes, rough' (H.). .DER L'lauA1C; in Phocis? .ETYM Cf. the antonyms '/fwMc;, '/flMc; for the suffix (Chantraine 1933: 238). Direct connection with OacrUC; is impossible. If a suffIx -1"- is assumed for � oacrUC;, then oauMc; < * d1'}su-lo- could remain with Lat. densus. •

8auw [v.] 'to sleep' (Sapph. 83), EOaucr£v· eKOlf.l�eT] 'he fell asleep'; 6.oauwc;· eypT]yopwc; 'awake' (H.). � ?� .ETYM Improbably, Giintert 1914: 163. No better is the hypothesis of Bechtel 1921, 1: 118 (that the word is related to Skt. dO$a- 'evening'). See under � O£i£AOC;. M
•

Ot£AOC; Artemis in Sparta (Paus.), also L'laOLvoc; =>Oa- and Mmw . 8t [pd.] adversative and copulative: 'but, and' (ll.). � IE *de deictic pd.� .VAR Myc. -de, e.g. da-mo-de Idamos del 'but the people'. oETYM j=>robably from � o� by means of vowel reduction, following the functional bleachihg, as per Leumann Mus. Helv. 6 (1949): 85ff. Because of Myc. -de, the connection as *gWe with OCS ze 'of (as defended by e.g. Delbriick 1893-1900(2): 502ff.) is impossible. -8E [postp.] local (deictic) postposition governing the accusative of direction, originally accentuated ot (A. D. Adv. 179, 5; 181,13, Hdn. 1, 498), later enditic as opposed to ot 'but' (ll.). � IE *de deictic pd.� .DIAL Myc. ku-do-ni-ja-de IKudonijan-del; a-mo-te-jo-na-de Iharmoteiona-del 'to the wheelwright' .ETYM Identical with (ablauting) OCS do 'towards', Gm., e.g. OE to, OHG zuo 'to' (lE *do); further, Lat. in-de and en-do, indu. The deictic function of -8£ is also observed in 0-0£, etc. See also � 8£upo . 8ta1"0 [v.] 'seemed', isolated imperfect 3sg. ( 242). � IE *deih2- 'shine'� .VAR Besides o£uf.lT]v· eOoKlf.la(ov, e06�a(ov 'I approved, supposed' and Ma1"at· Oa�vat. 8t8la VAR Also 8£olcrK0f.lat, O£olTrof.lat. => O£lOw. •

8tEAOC; [m.] 'binding'(?), only K 466. � IE *deh,- 'bind'� .VAR Ot£AOC;· oWf.loC;, uf.lf.la 'band, bond' (H.). .ETYM Although M£AOC; has traditionally been identified with the adjective O�AOC; 'dear', even since the ancient grammarians, Ruijgh Lingua 25 (1970): 319 (see

r I

I

308 � o�Ao�) has convincingly argued that this is wrong. According to him, it is rather a noun in the passage of the Iliad. OE£AO� is derived from O£w 'to bind' with the suffix -£1..0 -; its meaning could have been 'tie' (cf. the gloss by H.; for another, less plausible option, see Ruijgh l.c.). 6Ei

=>

OEw 2, OEOllaL.

6£l6ll1KOllat [v.] 'to greet, welcome' (Hom.).
6t;(6w [v.] 'to fear' (ll.). OOlKW� H.?), with a new present O£OO[KW, fut. 8eOOlK�
6t;(£Ao<; [adj.] 'of the afternoon, of the evening', [m.] 'evening' (Od.).
I

r309 .ETYM The word is not related to Skt. dO$a- 'evening', etc., nor to O�Ao�. Ruijgh Lingua 25 (1970): 319 argues that 8e[£Ao� must be connected with Myc. e-u-de-we-ro leu-deiwelos/. 6£lKaVOWVTO => 0'lOExaTaL. 6£lKvulll [v.] 'to show' (ll.).
6£lA'1 VAR Also O£[AeTo. => OeL£Ao�. •

6£lAO<; [adj.] 'cowardly, miserable' (ll.). o£o�, comparable to the pair v£
310

OUVU, 6 (�, TO)

O£lfluTooflm, -ow 'to get, make frightened' (Hdt.) with O£lflo.TW *TaOUVU, with analogical 6 ouvu, has now been abandoned: the singular forms are much more common than the plural forms. Biraud 1994: 57-69 pr�poses that it consists of *de (proximate deixis) + pronominal *en- (with distant deixis) and final adverbial -u, lit. 'Mister-this-or-that-way'. OElvo<; [adj.] 'fearful, terrible', also 'awesome, strong, extraordinary', etc. (ll.). � IE * duei-no- 'fearful'� .COMP TCo.V-, TCEPl-, lJTCEp-. .DER O£lVOn]<; (Att.), especially as a rhetorical term. Denominative O£lVOW 'to exaggerate, magnify' (Th.), together with OelVW o.-OE�<;): namely, from a basis *OF£lW-VO<;, with early contraction. &:iTCvov [n.] 'meal' (ll.). � PG?� .COMP With -OUTCVOV as a second member: 1. substantives o.PlO'TO-, AOYO-, \jIWOO-; 2. BahuvrIhis in -OElTCVO<; like u-, mJv-,
oElpa<;, -aoo<; [f.] 'height, mountain ridge' (h. Ap.). The exact mg. is uncertain; see DELG. � PG?(S)� .DIAL Cret. O'lpo.<;. .COMP As a second member in u\jIl-O£lp0<;' .DER Without suffIx (or from OelP�; see below): o£lpuio<; 'hilly' (Lyc.). Also OEipo<;· A6
311 .ETYM On the assumption that OElpo.<; goes back to *OEPO'o.<;, it was connected with Skt. dr�ad- 'rock, millstone', but this etymology must be abandoned because *-ad- is not an lE suffix (Mayrhofer BWAia 1: 741f.). Alternatively, Ehrlich KZ 39 (1906): 569f. posited a pre-form *gWerjo-, relating it to � �OpEU<;, etc. (s.v.; also Forbes Glotta 36 (1958): 248). However, Miller Glotta 54 (1976): 159ff. showed that the Attic word is epic, and probably Homeric in origin, so that it can reflect OEPF-uo- (which also matches Cret. 0'1 po.<;) , which makes a connection with Att. OEP'l 'neck, ridge' possible (for the semantics, cf. the gloss oupo<;· rAo
=>

OEP'l.

OELpLUV [v.] AOlOopu0'8m. Ao.KWVE<; 'to abuse [Lacon.] '; O£lPUOl' AOloopOl 'railers'. ot U1JlOl; Oeplm· AOlooplm 'reproaches' (H.; Bechtel 1921, 2: 370 corrects into OEPlUV, OEPlUiol.; van Herwerden 1910: 192 into O'l Pl�V, etc.). � ?� .ETYM Bezzenberge'r BB 16 (1890): 248 and Zupitza 1896: 78 have implausibly suggested connections with Skt. jarate 'crackles, roars, sounds', OHG queran 'tipple', etc.; so far, the word remains without etymology. See also � AOlOOpEW. .

oEiou [f.] 'slime, filth' (pap. lP, Suid., BM), oElO'-o�o<; 'having a bad smell' (AP). � ?� .COMP Compound UO£lO<;' o.Ko.8uPTO<;. KUTCplOl 'filthy (Cypr.)' (H.) with loss of -0'-, as is regular in Cypr. o.Ku8upO'lu (Thd., H.); cf. .DER O£lO'UAEO<; (Clem. AI., Suid., H.), O£louAlu Debrunner IF 23 (1908-1909): 23f. and 38 . ETYM Unknown. Solmsen 1909: 236f. connects the word with OCS zid1Jh 'succosus, uoupo<;' and Ru. zidkij 'thin, fluid, slim'. See also Lasso de la Vega Bmerita 22 (1954): 89· =

•

OELOlU<; [acc.pI.f.] KpEWV 'of meat' (IG 2\ 1356 [Attica Iva ini!]). � ?� .VAR Also OEl
T I

I

!

312 401'). Isolated denominative � OeKu
=

O£KU�W [v.] 'to bribe (a judge)' (D. H.). � GR� .ETYM From OeKollm, in the sense 'to make accept'? See Oldfather in PW 13: 2398 and Szemerenyi 1964: 126-8. OtKO!1Ul => Oexollm. O£K-rq [f.] . XAulvu, XAUVLC; 'upper-garment' (H.). � ?� ETYM Unknown. von Blumenthal 1930: 25' implausibly assumed dissimilation of *-reKr�, which would then be related to Lat. tego, toga. •

otA£ap, -a-roe; [n.] 'decoy, bait' (lA). � IE? *gwelh,-ur� .VAR Plur. oeL\uLa, also OeAeupu (see below). .DER Denominative OeAeu A dissimalation) can be excluded because that word has a root-final h3 instead. Hardly better is the suggestion to connect Arm. klanem, aor. ekul 'to devour', Ru. glotcit' 'to swallow', Lat. gula, gluttio 'to devour'. On the basis of the Similarity in form, one might consider a connection with � �UAAW instead (p.c. M. de Vaan). �

OEA£-rpOV 1 => OEAwp. OtA£-rpOV 2 [n.] 'torch' (Timach. apud Ath. 15, 69ge, H.). � ?� .ETYM Osthoff ZONF 13 (1937): 6 connects the word with Skt. jvalati 'to burn fiercely, blaze'; this is correctly rejected by Hofmann (ibid.). O£AKavOe; [m.] an unknown fish (Euthyd. apud Ath. 3, 118b). � GR�

T

I

!

313 .ETYM From the river MAKwv? Cf. MAKoc;· ALllv'l iX8uocpopoC; nepl -r�v 8pq.K'lV 'a creek rich in fish around Thracia' (H.); cf. Stromberg 1943: 85. OtAAl6£e; [f.] . acp�Kec;, � <
OEA-rOe; [f.] 'writing tablet' (lA). � LW Sem.� .DIAL Cypr. OUATOC;. .DER OeATLov (Hdt.), OeATuPlOV (Plb.). Denominative OeAToollm 'write on a tablet' (A. Supp. 179). See � aOwATwhme. .ETYM Note that �U�AOC; 'papyrus' is also fern. (Schwyzer 1950: 344). The old idea to connect OmMAAw, Lat. doliire (and even e.g. OHG zelt 'tent' < PGm. *telda- [n.l), which takes Cypr. OUATOC; as an old zero grade variant, is obsolete; the difference in meaning is too large. Semitic origin is mostly accepted now (Lewy 1895: 171, E. Masson 1967: 61-65). The Cypriot form confirms this. Hebr. has delet 'gate', plur. 'columns of writing', as well as 'tablet' (Lachish); cf. also Ugar. and Phoen. dlt. Were OUAKLOV· mvuKlov, olov ypulllluTLOLOV both 'small tablet' (H.) formed after mVUKlOV? Latte corrects it to OUAnov, which is better. otAcpa�, -aKOe; [f.] ([m.l) 'mother swine', as opposed to xolpoC; 'young pig' (lA). � IE *gWelbhu- 'womb'� .DER Diminutive OeAcpuKloV (Att.) and OeAcpuKLC; (pap. and Ostr.); also oeAcpuKLV'l 'id.' (Epich. 124, 2; Chantraine 1933: 204), adjective oeAcpuK£loC; (Pherecr.). Denominative OeAcpuKoollm 'become a 0.' (Ar. Ach. 786). .ETYM For the suffIx, cf. KOpU�, aKuAu� (Schwyzer: 497, Chantraine 1933: 377ff.), but otherwise the exact origin is unclear. Probably from a word for 'womb' (OeAcpUC;, *OEACP0C;? See � UOeAcpoc;). Cf. � OeAcpLC;, � MAcpoL OtA
=>

MAcpOl.

O£A
MAcpoi

314

of the leaves, Stri:imberg 1940: 42); <'it:Acpiv£LOC; (Cyran.) and <'it:AcpLVic; (Luc.). Denominative <'it:ACPLVi(w 'to dive like a dolphin' (Luc.). ETYM Cf. UKTic;, YAwXiC;, ete. for the inflexion. Connected to a word for 'womb'; see � O£ACPUC; and � UO£Acp£OC;. Thus, the dolphin was named after its anatomical characteristics. •

Ll£A Ll£Acpoi (cf. *UO'TF-OC; to aO'Tu); this form was then later used for the place as well. S£A g. •

•

Sef1ac;

=>

O£llw.

S£f1£A£UC; [ace.pl.f.] 'leeches' (Epid.).
Stf1VlU [n.pl.] 'bed' (ll.).
Sef1w [v.] 'to build' (ll.).
•

O£VOP£OV

315

.COMP Old compounds v£o-olluToC;, v£o-OIlI1-TOC; (Pi.). See also � IlwOOIlI1. Agent noun OLKooolloC;, to which OLKoooll£w 'to build'; adjectival vao-, nupyo-ooll0C; 'building of temple, fortifications' . .DER O£llaC; (only nom. and acc.) 'bodily shape, outward appearance' (ll.) with analogical -ac;, 00 1l� 'id.' (A. R.), also 'TcixoC;, OLKoooll�' (H., uncertain J. Al 15, 11, 3) with OOllalOC; 'useful for building' (A. R.); see also on � ooll0C;, � owlla, � OW. Deverbative aor. oWIl�
Stv [n.] 'something' (Democr. 156).
S£vSiUw [v.] 'to turn the eyes to, glance quickly' (I 180, A. R. 3, 281, S. Fr. 1039).
O£VOpuw

316

.COMP 1. substantives like Kapuo-, Al90-, po06 , am
•

cSevcSpuw [v.] 'to dive into the water' (Epid.). -opu£Tm, opuuam, as per Latte). 0pu£Tm is often considered to go back to *vpu£Tm, which would make a connection possible with Lith. neriu, nerti 'to dive, slip into', CS v'b-nbr9, v'b-nreti '1tap£laouw9m' , etc. (which require a set-root *nerH-). See Frisk Eranos 40 (1942): 81ff. cStvvoe; [m.] 'reproach' (Hdt., probably also Archil. 65 [cod. o£lVole;l). -
cSe�allev�

=>

Mxollal.

, cSe�U)e; [adj.] '(to the) right (side) (ll.). -
i

I

i

I

MpKollm

317

(h. Hom., Att.) together with o£�(WaLe; 'greeting' Ph.), Oc�lWTlKOe; 'welcome' (Eust.), o£�(wlla 'id.' (S.; v.l. Oc�(alla); Oc�lu(ollm 'to welcome' (LXX, pap.) after aa1tu(ollm. .ETYM If it is from *Oc�lFoe; (Wackernagel I897: 11; cf; � AmOe;, � aKmOe;), the word is identical with Gaul. Dexsiva dea (see Porzig 1954a: 138). Celt. and Gm. have forms with a suffix -yo-, but without -i-, e.g. OIr. dess, Go. taihswa, OHG zeso, zesawer 'right\ lE *deks-uo-. Hr. and BSl. have a derivative in -n-, e.g. Skt. ddk$it:ta (dak$it:td-), Lith. desinas; Albanian has djath-(t)e, etc., perhaps from *deks(i)- (see Demiraj 1997 s.v.). Oc�lT£pOe; Lat. dexter. Further, see � MXOllal. =

cSto�al

=>

Mw 2.

cStoc; [n.] 'fear' (ll.; on the mg. Schadewaldt Herm. 83 (1955): 129ff.). -
.

cStpll [f.] 'neck, throat' (Att.). -
T oepw

318

.COMP Preftxes clflqn-, Ctva-, etc. .DER 8EPWa 'glance' (A.), &:PYfloC; 'id.' (H.), oeP�lC; 'sense of sight' (Orae. apud PIu., H.); with zero grade 8pCtKOC; [n.] 'eye' (Nic. Al. 481). Verbal adjective as a PN MpKeTOC; (Crete), 8ua-8EpKE-rOC; (Opp.). Cf. also � 8pCtKWV, � lJJto8pa. Lengthened verbal form 8EPKlOWV-raL (Hes. rh. 911 at verse end; artiftcial?); innovation to 8E80pKa (Schwyzer: 735): 80PKCt(WV' 1tEplPAE1tWV 'looking about' (H.). See also � 80pKCtC;. .ETYM The perfect oe80pKa 'I see' is morphologically identical with Skt. dadarsa, Av. dadarasa. The aorist MpaKov, with the old athematic form 8paKEv-r- (�i.; Forssman MSS 17 (1964): 17-19), is matched by Skt. a-drs-an [3Pl.] , etc. Since Indo-Iranian has a suppletive present, Skt. pasyati, Av. spasiieiti (related to � aKEmoflaL), 8EpKOflaL is probably a Greek innovation (on which 8EpX8�vaL, oeP�OflaL, etc. were built; see Schwyzer: 758). The verbal adj. MpKeTOC; may be compared with Skt. darsata 'visible'. Further related forms are e.g. OIr. ad-can-darc 'I have seen', Go. ga-tarhjan 'arjflElOUV, characterize', OE OS tarht, OHG zaraht 'light, clear', Alb. drite 'light' « lE *drk-teh2-)' More forms are recorded in LIV2 s.v. *derk-. Stpw [v.] 'to skin, flay' (ll.). � IE *der- 'flay'� VAR Also 8ELpW, aor. 8cipaL, fut. 8EpW, pass. 8ap�vaL, 8ap8�vaL, perf. 8E8apflal. .COMP With preftxes Ct1tO-, £K-, etc. DER oepfla '(slayed) skin, leather' (ll.) with diminutive 8EpflCt-rlOV (Pl.); adjective 8EpflCtnvoc; 'of leather' (Od.), 8EpflanKoc; 'of skin' (Arist.) with 8Epfla-rLKlov a cloth (pap.), 8Epfla-rw8T]C; 'skinlike' (Arist.), 8Epfla-rT]pOC; in 8Epfla-rT]pCt [f.] 'tax on hides' (pap.), oepflT]-rEC;' ot £� £
•

=

•

T 8EU-rEP°C;

319

Ru. dert' 'newly cleared land'; and likewise, 8pa-roc;, 8ap-roc; with Skt. drta-. A yod present (cf. 8ELpW) is found in Lith. diriu 'flay' and Skt. dfryate. Further forms are in LIV2 s.v. *der-. SW1t()-rqC;, -ou [m.] 'master (of the house), lord' (Pi.; on its absence in Homer [oea1tOlVa Od.] see Wackernagel 1916: 209 A. 1). � IE *dems-pat- 'lord of the house'� .COMP In compounds with ftrst member au-ro - , oIKo-,
=>

8EW 1.

SeuKqc; => Ct8WK�C;. SeuoflaL vAR 8Euw. => oew 2. •

Sevpo [adv.] '(to) here', also as interj. and imperative (,come here'). � IE *de-u-ra? '(to) here'� .VAR Here belongs the plur. 8EU-rE (ll.); rare sing. 8EUpE (Att. inscr.; after the imperatives in -E); also 8WpL (Ar., And.) with deictic -l; Aeol. 8EUpU (Hdn.) like uAAu- (8lC;) 'from elsewhere', 8Eupw r 240 (Hdn.) after 1tpoa(a)w 'forwards'. .DIAL Myc. de-we-ra-(a3-ka-ra-i-ja), perhaps containing /dewero-/, a part of the kingdom of Pylos. .ETYM The Greek word starts with the demonstrative adverb *8E (cf. the postposition -8E). Cf. further Lacon. 1tE8Eupa· va-rEpa 'later' (H.). Regarding the second part analyzed as -u-ra, the Greek form recalls the synonymous Lith. aure and Av. auuara (see Nyberg in Boethius 1932: 237ff.). Compare further Arm. ur '(to) where?', from *ure (cf. ure-k ' 'to some place'), and U uru 'illo'. See Ruijgh Minas 12 (1972): 441-50 for a Greek derivationas *de-u + *-(e)ra-, which is taken up by DELG Supp. Seunpoc; [adj.] 'second', in order and time, also in status (ll.). � GR� .DER 8w-rEpaloc; 'belonging to the second day' (Hdt.; from � 8w-rEpa [�flEpa], cf. Schwyzer: 596); 8w-rEpcia (sc. <':t8Aa) [n.pl.] , later also -ov and as an adjective (Hdt.; after Ctpla-rEla); 8w-rEpLac; (olvoc;) 'bad wine, made from the draff (a-rEfl
320

Oeuw 1

(Nicopho [?] , Dsc.; after the wine names in - [(1(;, Chantraine 1933: 94f.; also owrep[vup (Lacon.) (H.); OWTeplov 'afterbirth' (Aq.). Denominative OeUTepeuw 'to be second' (Plb.), oWTepul�w 'id.' (Ar. Ec. 634); OWTepow 'to repeat' (LXX) with OeUTepWOl<:; (LXX) and oWTepwflu (Eust.). Beside OeuTepOe; rarely the superlative OeuTUTOe; (T 51, Mosch.). .ETYM Although OeuTepOe; is usually analyzed as a comparative of oeuoflaL (see � O£W 2), so originally 'who stays behind, the following', Ruijgh Lingua 28 (1971): 317f. argues that it is improbable that -TepOe; should have been added to a verbal stem, and suggests that it was added to an adverbial stem *O£v instead (perhaps see.n in OeuTe). , cSeuw 1 [v.] 'to make wet' (ll.). � ?� VAR Aor. O£UOaL. .COMP oevooTt0l6e; 'steeped in color, fast', metaph. 'imperishable' (Pl.). .DER O£UaLflOe; (T6Ttoe; Sch. M 21), from *oeuaLe; (Arbenz Die Adj. auf -lfloe;), or directly from oeuoaL; uncertain O£uflUTa Kpewv (Pi. O. 1, 50); also OWT�p 'kettle' (auct. apud Poll. lO, lO5). OWOOTtOleW and OWOOTtOLlU (Alciphr., Poll.); Owoo pOUaLOe; (PMasp.VIP; cf. pOUaLOe; [from Lat. russeus 'reddish']). TtTjAoowoTew 'to make mortar' (Att.) from *TtTjAo-O£uOTTje;. .ETYM Unexplained; � OlU[VW has been compared. Could dIe word be connected with Mw 'to dive, enter' as 'to immerse' (Van Beek p.c.)? •

cSevw 2 => O£w 2. cSe
cSe,/,w => O£
321 .COMP With prefIxes: Ctvu-, aTto-, do-, etc. .DER Numerous derivatives, especially with prefIx: 1. -86KOe; as a second member in compounds (ll.; also Att.), e.g. io-86KOe; 'receiving arrows' (epic), OWpO-86KOe; 'accepting presents, corruptible' (Att.); also the simplex � 00K6e; 'beam'; 00x6e; 'container' (Thphr., H.). 2. OOKCtV' 8�KTjV 'case' (H.); also in av-OoKCt 'surety' (Cret.), £O-OOKCt 'contract' (Arc.), etc., (avu-, £K-, etc.) OoX� (Att.) with OOXUlOe; (Nic.), 00XlK6e; (pap.); avOoKeUe; 'guarantor' (H.; Dor., cf. Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1930): 91); (£K-, UTtO-, etc.) Ooxeue; 'receiver, etc.' (Hell. and late); TtUVOOKeUe; 'innkeeper' (retrograde formation); to ooxeue;: (£K-, UTtO-, etc.) OoXeiov 'container' (Hell. and late). 3. (aTto-, £K-, etc.) O£�le; 'reception' (Hdt.) with O£�lflOe; 'acceptable' (pap.). 4. (£K-, Olue, etc.) O£KTWP 'who accepts' (A.). 5. (aTtO-)OeKT�p 'collector', an offIcial (X.) with the fern. O£KTPlU (ArchiL). 6. O£KTTje; 'beggar' (0 248); aTto-, UTtO-O£KTTje; 'collector' (Att., Hell. and late); with (avu-, UTtO-, etc.) oeKTlK6e; 'fIt for accepting' (Arist.); �TtOO£�LOe; 'id.' (Hdt.), UTt0O£�LTj 'friendly reception' (I 73). 7. apl-� O£[KeTOe; S.V.; 8. � oe�uflev� 'water collector' (ptc. oe�UfleVTj with oppositive accent). See also on � 86Klfloe;, � 86XflTj; for 86KUVU, OOKCtVTj see on � OOKOe;. Deverbative verbs: OOKew, OOKCt�W, TtpOO-OOKCtw, etc., see on � OOKeuw. On OeKUVCtTaL' aOTtCt�eTaL 'welcome, salute' (H.) see � O£lO[OKOflaL. See further � OeKCt�W (from OeKCte;) and � O£KU. .ETYM There are several forms from lE *dek-, dok- which can be compared with O£KOflaL: Lat. decet 'it is fItting' with decus [n.] ( Skt. *dasas- in dasas-yati 'honor', Mlr. dech 'the best'; cf. also Oe� l6e;), dignus, doceo, etc. Therefore, O£KOflaL may originally have meant 'to consider something appropriate' . From Armenian, compare tesanem, aor. tesi 'to see' (cf. OOKeuw for the meaning), but the appurtenance of Arm. ancay 'gift' and Slavic and Germanic words like OCS desQ, desiti 'to fInd' (see � o�w), OHG gi-zehon 'to order' is uncertain. Skt. dasnoti, da?ti, dasati 'to bring a sacrifIce, honor' also belongs here, being an originally reduplicated present *de-dk- (there is no need to assume an old lengthened grade). From within Greek, we can connect the word with � oe�l6e;, from *deks- with a zero grade s-suffIx (cf. Lat. decus), widI an adverbial loc. *deksi 'right'. See also OOKeuw under � OOKew. �

cSew 1 [v.] 'to bind' (ll.). � IE *deh,- 'bind'� .VAR Aeol., etc. O[OTjfll (see below), aor. O�OaL, perf. med. O£OeflaL (ll.), with O£OeKu (Att.), aor. pass. oe8�vaL (Att.). ·COMP Often with prefIxes like avu-, KUTa-, UTtO-, avv-, etc. .DER Verbal nouns: 1. -OTjflu (as a simplex [= Skt. daman-, see below] only sch. A. R. 2, 535) notably in UTt60Tjflu 'shoe, sandal' (Od.) with UTtooTjflCtTlOV (Hp.), UTtOOTjflUTCtploe; 'shoemaker' (Hypata lIP), OLCtoTjflu 'band, diadem' (X.) with oluoTj fluT[�OflaL (Aq.); secondary zero grade in O£flu (Plb.). 2. O£ofloe;, plur. also OWflCt, oeofluTa 'band, fetter' (ll.) with several derivatives: oeofllOe; 'fettered' (trag.), OWfl[Tje;· flUOTly[ue;, oe; a�lOe; £OTl O£oflwv 'a worthless slave, who deserves imprisonment' (H.), OWfl[e; (Hp.), OWfl[OLOV (Dsc.), O£OflCtTlOV (sch.), oeoflwfluTa [pl.] 'fetters' (A.); OWflWTTje; 'prisoner' and O£0flWT� PlOV 'prison' (lA); denominative O£ofleuw 'bind, fetter' .(Hes.) with rare OWflWT�e; (sch.), OWflWTlKOe; (Pl.),

--.......... -----------------...... '-""--'---'---"'-'-"-'--'-'-'--'---�-'-=�-��

322 OEO"flEUT� PLOV (pap.), O£aflEUaL<; (pap.); oEO"flew 'id.' (Hell. and late) with oeaflTjfla (Tz.); uvaO£aflTj 'band for the hair of women' (X 469), O£aflTj 'bundle' (Att.). 3. oeaL<; 'binding, etc.' (Pl.), especially imO-OEO"l<; 'binding of shoes, sandals' (lA). 4. O£Ta[ [pl.] 'torch, fire' (A 554, Ar. V. 1361, H.); rather verbal noun 'binding, bundle' than from O£TO<; (Opp.); diminutive O£T[<; (GaL). 5. OTjTO[ [pl.] 'bundle' (Sammelb. 1, 5, IIIP). 6. -O£T�P, -OeTTj<; in uflaAAo-OeT�p£<; 'binders of sheaves' (2: 553, 554; see Chantraine 1933: 323), uflaAAo-O£TaL (Theoc., AP) as bmo-O£TTj<; (S.), KTjpO-O£-ra<; (E. [lyr.l), etc. On � oeflvla, � Kp�o£flva, see s.vv. oETYM Gr. O£TO<; (in OUi-O£TO<; A., O£TO<; Opp.) and Skt. dita- 'bound: correspond directly, just as o�fla (urro-oT]fla, etc.) and Skt. daman- 'band', although they could as well be parallel formations. Of the Greek presents, o[oTjfll (A 105) is probably an innovation on the basis of o�aw, o�aaL, etc. after 8�aw: T[8Tjfll (but, according to LIV2 s.v. *deh,-, following Rasmussen and Tucker, a relatively old innovation). The £-vowel in oew, OeaL<;, O£TO<;, etc. (like that in T[-8£-fl£v, 8eaL<;, etc.) must be the zero grade * dh,- beside ilie full grade * deh,- in o�aw, etc. Furthermore, we have Skt. pres. -dyati (a-dyati) 'bind' from *dhde-ti and perhaps Hitt. tija [impv.] (Melchert apud Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.). liiw 2 [v.] 'to miss, lack, be in need of, med. also 'to ask'. � IE *deu(s)- 'miss, want, need'� .VAR O£oflaL (lA), Oeuw, O£UOflaL (Aeol., epic ll.), impersonal o£[, O£U£l, aor. o£�aaL, 0£Tj8�vaL, epic to£uTja£v (l 483 = 540; o�a£v 2: 100 is, if correct, an innovation to O£[), fut. OEU�aoflal. .DER oeTjaL<; 'need, request' (Att.) with OeTjTlKO<; (Arist.), oeTjfla 'request' (Ar. Ach. 1059). To tmoew, -OflaL, tmo£uoflaL 'need': tmo£�<;, tmoEU�<; 'in need of (Schwyzer 513); to tvoew, tvo£L, tvO£oflaL 'need': tvo£�<; (lA) with £vO£la (Att.) < *tvO££la, tvO£Tjfla (pap.). ETYM oew, Oeuw may derive from *O£F-w, but are probably also the regular development of *o£ua-w. In the latter case, we could directly connect Skt. dO$a- 'lack' < IE *douso-, although this is doubted by LIV2 s.v. *deys- and Mayrhofer EWAia 1: 749 s.v. dO$-. Perhaps � oua- belongs here; on o£L, see Goodell Class. Quart. 8 (1914): 91ff. and Bernardette Glotta 43 (1965): 285ff. •

liq [interj.] 'even, indeed, right', emphatic pd. (ll.). � IE? *de� VAR Like O£, mostly in the second position of the sentence; also in more or less fixed connections like �-oTj, trr£l-o�, 0�-8£v, o�Ta, etc.; see Schwyzer 1950: 562f. .ETYM Perhaps a case form (instrumental?) of a demonstrative; it would be identical with Lat. de, OIr. di 'away from'. See de Vaan 2008 s.v. de. O£ arose by weakening of o�. See also � oaL •

li'lUl [f.pl.] 'barley corns' (EM 264, 13: oTjai rrpoaayop£UOVTaL urro KpTjTWV at Kpl8al). � PG?� .VAR OTjHa[· at tmlafleVaL Kpl8a[ 'winnowed barley' (H.). oETYM Schulze 1892: 2884 (p. 289) interprets the word as 8La[, i.e. � �£al, which would indeed be possible in Cretan, according to DELG. Latte mentions OaTWVaL· �£la[ H.;

- .

�

� ...

323 therefore, Pre-Greek origin remains a serious possibility as well (thus also Fur.: 337, etc.). liTjliixuml => O£lO[aKOflaL. liTj6u => o�v. d'l·iuVElpa => o�·(o<;. liqYo<; [adj.] 'inimical, terrible', of rrup 'fire', also of rroA£flo<; 'war', uv�p 'man' (ll.); by false connection with oa�vaL: 'able, experienced' (API.). � ?, PG?� .DIAL Dor. OCt"Lo<;, o<;w<;. DER OTj·[OT�<;, -T�TO<; [f.] (on the oxytonesis, cf. Schwyzer: 528) 'battle, struggle, death' (Horn.); partly as if from 'oTj·(ow (Triimpy 1950: 136ff.). Denominative OTj·(ow, onow 'slay, kill' (ll.), 'destroy' (lA); isolated oTj"LCtaaKOv (A. R. 2, 142) after epic -aaaK-. Thence oTj"Louaa epithet of KWV£lOV "the killing" (Ps.-Dsc.; c£ Stromberg 1940: 64). Instead ofoTj·(ow, Wackernagel l916: 170f. proposes to read in the epic oTjTw (o�·(ov for onouv E 452, etc.), as A. R. 3, 1374 and H. have 0n£lV· rroA£fl£Lv, CPOV£U£lV 'to make war, murder', which can be a denominative of *oTjT<; in dTjT-cpopo<;, etc. (cf. Kretschmer Glotta 10 (1920): 49f.). Among the PNs in dTj·(- note dTj"L-6.v£lpa (S., etc.), formed after � UVTl6.v£lpa, KUOl-6.v£lpa, etc., with verbal reinterpretation of the first member: 'killing the man'; cf. Sommer 1934: 41. oETYM The frequent epic expression O�lOV rrup (verse end) and rrupo<; OTj[OlO (combined wiili 8EO"moae<; rrup [M 177, etc.]) suggests a meaning 'burning', which makes a connection with Oa[w 'burn' likely. However, Ruijgh Lingua 25 (1970): 318 observes that Myc. Da-i-qo-ta (cf. dTjlCPOVTTj<;) has no -F-, so it must have had an -h-, /Dahi-/, which shows that the word is non-IE (see Chantraine 1942: 107 and Leumann 1950: 129). •

*li'lKaVQWVTO oVAR *OTjKVUfl£vo<;. => O£lO[aKOflaL. li'lAuuyW<; [adv.] . ayav cpav£pw<; 'very conspicuous' (H.), Ev. Marc. 8, 25 (v.l.). � GR� .ETYM For *TTjAauyw<;, influenced by O�AO<;. See Blass-Debrunner-Funk 1961 §1l9, 4. liTjAio!1Ul [v.] 'to hurt, damage' (ll.). � ?, PG?� .VAR Aor. oTjA�aaa8aL (OUA- Theoc. 9, 36; 15, 48); El. Ka-oaAeOlTo, Ka-oaAEfl£vOl (Ka-�aA-), perf. o£o�ATjflal. oDER o�ATjfla 'damage, destruction' (Od.; on the mg. Chantraine 1933: 183), and oTjA�flwV 'damaging, ruin' (Horn.); O�ATjaL<; 'damage' (Ion., Thphr.); OTjA�W; 'destructing' (Nic.), after nominal aiYA�£l<;, etc.; OTjATjT�PlO<; 'id.' (Teos Va, etc.), -lOV 'poison' (Hp. Ep.); OTjATjT�p only Horn. Epigr. 14, 8; OTjATjTTj PlWOTj<; (Dav. Proll.). .ETYM Schwyzer: 720 took oTjAeoflaL as an iterative-intensive deverbative. A root variant with short a is found in cpp£vo-8iiA�<; 'destroying the mind' (A. Eu. 330 lyr.), OCtAA£l· KaKoupY£L 'does evil' (H.), as well as in rrav-OCtATjTO<; 'destroyed' (Hippon. 2); and further, but wiili unknown quantity, in uOaA£<;· uyle<; 'healthy', OCtAav· AUflTjv 'maltreatment', oaAfj· KaKoupyfj, oaA�aaa8aL· AUfl�vaa8aL, u8LK�aaL 'maltreat, do injustice' (H.). Coversely, the connection with � �6.-0TjAO<; (Alc., s.v.) is doubtful. Under the assumption of an original meaning 'split', oTjAeOflaL was connected with

324 8UlOUAAW, 8EA:ro� and derived from IE '" del- (cf. Lat. doleo, dolor). However, the ablaut forms are incompatible, and long "'a can hardly be derived from PIE (a hyperdorism in Theoc. is improbable); therefore, the verb is probably non-IE, i.e. Pre-Greek. Hackstein 2002: 219f. implausibly argues that the long U is a secondary lengthened grade, created within the history of Greek. StlAO!lUl VAR Dor. for � poUAoflUl. => poUAoflUl. •

SiiAO� [adj.] 'clear' (Od.; £K8'lAO� E 2).
•

=

dlJ!ltlT'lP [f.] the Greek mother goddess (ll.). See further Schwyzer: 567f., Sommer 1948: 147·
•

•

325

"'dhfton-. However, his further connection with his Minoan-Minyan hypothesis (which would be a separate IE language) is unconvincing. S'l!lloupy6<; [m.] 'handicraftsman' (Att.). On the mg. Bader 1965. Originally a creator, in the Dorian world it designated a magistrate. See further Palmer TPS 1954: 18-53.
S'l!l6� [m.] 'fat of animals and men' (ll.).
.ETYM The word has been compared with Alb. dhjame 'fat, pork, tallow', but Demiraj 1997: 161 thinks it may be non-IE. It hardly means just 'fluidity, wetness' (as per Frisk s.v.), so the connection with the I1r. word for 'fluid', e.g. Skt. da-nu- 'drip, dew', Av. da-nu- 'river, stream', Oss. don 'water, river', is not convincing either. 61lv [adv.] 'long', also 'far' (11.). ov). For further cognates, see � 811poC;. •

•

61lvea [n.pl.] 'counsels, plans' (11.).
•

•

=

6I1PlC;, -LOe; [f.] 'battle' (11.; cf. Triimpy 1950: 141ff.).
611p6e; [adj.] 'lasting long' (11.).
81mTu

327

.VAR Dor. 8apoc;, mostly 811pov, 8apov [adv.] 'long'. On the use Bjorck 1950: l26, 208, 210. .ETYM Related to 8�v, 8(F)av, from *8Fa-poc;. The same root occurs in Hitt. tuya [adv.] 'far', tuyala- [adj.] 'far from' (Benveniste BSL 33 (1932): 142f.), OP duvaistam, Av. db6istam 'diutissime', Arm. tev-em 'to hold out' (cf. Kortlandt 2003: 102: derivation of tew), and Skt. du-ra- 'far', Lat. du-dum 'for a long time', etc. Not related to Arm. erkar 'lasting long', according to Kortlandt 2003: 92f. 611Ta => 8� . 61lw [v.] 'I shall find' (11.); the future mg. is based on the perfective aspect of the verb (Schwyzer 1950: 265).
6l(1 [adv., prep.] 'in two, apart, through' (11.), as a prep. 'through' (11.); on the mg. Schwyzer 1950: 448ff. aHoflm. 6talVW [v.] 'to make (the eyes) wet, cry' (11.).
6latTa [f.] 1. 'mode of life, prescribed way of life, dwelling' (Pi., Ion., also Att.; on the mg. 'ornaments' in LXX Del Medico ByzZ 44, 413ff.); 2. 'arbitration' (Att.).
o lCtKOVlV

328

[pl.] 'living room' (X.); olurr'1TlKOC; 'belonging to the food' (Hp.), and 'belonging to the arbitration' (Str.); uncertain OlatT[[ U OlU[T'1
=

.

l)lUKOVlOV [n.] flCt�u � �WfloC;, KUt � KP'1T£iC; mu T£AUKOUVTOC; 'barley-cake or soup or sauce; bottom of a type of flat cake' (Pherecr. fr. 156), ol O£ T£EflflaTU £�umofl£vu T�C; £IPWlWv'1C; 'sweetmeats fastened on a wreath' (H.). -
l)lUKOVlC; [f.]? £T£t u
&aKOVOC; [m.] 'servant, diaconus' (lA, etc.). -
OtUT£PU
329

oETYM The original form of the second member is -KCtTlOl, which became -KO U and analogical -0- after -KOVTa, -KOUTOC;; OlU-, Ol'1- is for Ot- (see 0[C;) after TPlU-, TPl'1-KO
l)lCtKTOP0C; [adj.] epithet of Hermes (Horn.); by later poets, who understood it as 'messenger', also used for Iris, Athena, the Eagle of Zeus, etc. (CalL); finally also as adjective (OlCtKTOPU . . . eyxw 'swords' Nonn.). Secondary OlCtKTWP (AP, H.; cf. OlCtKWV OtCtKOVOC;). -
l)lU!1£ucmxc; [acc.pl.] UAU�OVUC; 'charlatans, cheats'; OtUfl£uT�C;' \jI£UUT'1C;, UT£UT£WV 'liar, cheat' (H.). -
&U!1!1olplJM =>floipu. l)lU!1na� [adv.] 'right through, through and through' (trag., X). -
330 .ETYM OLanpUT]
•

lil�OAO<; [adj.] 'with double point', of a halbert or a cloth.
lillillfll -OEW 1. lillipaOKW [v.] 'to run away' (Ctnoopa<; Od.; but see 'AopT]
331 .DER cmo8pcwL<; 'escape' (Hdt.), 8pacrll0<; 'flight' (Hdt.). a8pa
lilliuflo<; [adj.] 'double', substantivized plur. 'twins' (ll.), 'testicles' (LXX).
�

332 only in compounds, e.g. npoMT'1<;, fern. -Tl<; 'traitor' (lA) with np080aiu 'treason' (lA); &irr'1<; (Hes. Op. 355, beside o.-&[rr '1<;; cf. 8w<; above and Fraenkel 191O: 118, Frisk 1948: 20), £m8wT'1<; epithet of Zeus in Mantinea and other gods (Paus.) with 'Em8wT£lov name of a tempel (Epidauros); LlWTW name of a Nereid (11., Hes.; see below). 80LlKo<;, often prefixed with £m-, flELU-, etc. (Arist.). Desiderative deverbative (nupu-, £v-, etc.)8wadw (Th.), iterative preterite MaKov (epic). oETYM 8i8wfll goes back to the widespread PIE root *dehJ-/dhJ-. Except for the reduplication vocalism, 8L8w-fll corresponds to Skt. dadati, Av. dadaiti; i reduplication is also seen in Italic, e.g. Osc. didest 'he will give', Vest. didet 'dat', and perhaps also in Lat. reddo, if < *re-di-do. Other correspondences are with the medial root aorists £80To, Skt. adita, Venet. zo-to < *dhJ-to; and with the participles (-)80To<;, Lat. dMus, Skt. -data-, Av. data- (but zero grade in Skt. -tta- < * -dhJ-to-; as a simplex it has new datta-). The active aorist £-8w-K-u (with -K- after £8'1KU, �KU, acc. to Schwyzer: 741) replaces the root aorist *£-8w-v (cf. £-aT'1-V), seen in Skt. a-da t, Arm. et 'he gave' < *hi-do-t. Cypr. 80FEVUl is often equated with Skt. davane [inf.] 'to give' (see Benveniste 1935: 129); however, an element *y is also found in Cypr. opt. 8uFavOl, Lat. duim 'dem', Lith. dovana 'gift', diive 'he gave', and other forms (see LIV2 s.v. *dehJu-). Horn. Att. 80uvUl is from *80-EvUl. Among the nouns, compare 8wTwp = Skt. datar-, with zero grade Lat. diitor; 80T�p : Skt. diitar-; Mat<; = Lat. diiti0; 8w<;, if < *&OT-<; = Lat. dos, -tis (if the latter is from lE *dehJ-t- and not *dehJ�ti-). As a first member, LlWat- Skt. dati-vara- 'who loves giving, liberal'. =

�l£f1at [v.] trans. 'to hunt, pursue' in 8iw8Ul (M 276, etc.), intrans. 'to run' in 8iEvTUl ('1' 475) and 8iw8Ul (M 304).
•

�l£paw [v.] 'to filter through' (PIu.).
�---- -

333 .ETYM Beside OtEpuflu, 8lEpuat<; (pap.), also 8luipuat<;. See Frisk 1931: 28ff.; also, Redard 1949: 242, who adduces Otap'1 flu = AEfl�o<; 'kind of ship' (Procop.). See � o.nEpaW and � £�Epaw. �l£p61.; in Horn. a qualification of o.v�p 'man' (� 201 o.v�p OtEpO<; �pOTO<;), and of nODI.; 'foot' (l 43); in Diog. Laert. (AP 7, 123) epithet of 8i<;. �lTJyavtl.; =>yavuflul. �lTJV£KI\I.; [adj.] 'uninterrupted, definite, exact' (11.; on the mg. Luther 1935: 64f.).
�lTJTavtl.; [adj.] . ALLOV, OtUTELUflEVOV 'simple, stretched (out)' (H.).
�

334 .DER oleupUIl�woT]<; (Ph.), -lKO<; (Arist.), -lO<; month name (Gonni), Oleupull�£w 'to sing dithyrambs' (Hell.). .ETYM .Like '(ull�o<; and ep[ull�o<;, 8[eupull�0<; is Pre-Greek (thus also Frisk and DELG). See also Kretschmer Glotta 27 (1939): 219f., contra Brandenstein IF 54 (1936): 34ff., who connects the word with Skt. arlga- 'member'. cSlI1t£"T�<; [adj.] 'fallen from heaven', then 'heavenly' (h. Ven. 4, oiwvo[ 'birds', perhaps from the root *peth2- 'fly'), 'light, clear' (Emp.); see Leumann 1950: 311. -
cSlKU(J'1tOAO<; [m.] 'judge' (ll.). -
•

cSlK£Ua [f.] a two-pronged fork (trag., Delos lIP). -
�--.-

o [KTUOV

335

OtKmwT�ploV 'place of punishment' (PI. Phdr. 249a; like o£(JllwT�Plov, etc.) and OtKmwT�<; 'judge' (PIu.). OlKUVlKO<; 'belonging to trials', often depreciative (Att.); the base form only in H.: OlKUVOU<;' TOU<; 1t£pl Ta<; O[KU<; OtUTp[�OVTU<; 'those who occupy themselves with justice' (H.). The long Cl. (Ar. Pax 534) is from V£Cl.VlKO<; ace. to Chantraine Anales de filologia clasica 6 (1952): 45ff.; see also Bji:irck 1950: 256f., 279f. OlKa'LKO<; 'rightly' (M. Ant.). Denominative OtKa(w 'to judge', med. 'to go to law' (11.; oluolKa(w Att.); from it olKaaT�<; 'judge' (lA) with OlKU
cSlKpOO<; [adj.] 'forked, cloven' (lA; cf. Ilberg Arch. f Pap. 4, 281f.). -
cSlKTallvOV [n.] plant name, 'Origanum Dictamnus' (Arist.). -
OIKTU<; I, -UO<; .DIAL Mye. de-ku-tu-wo-ko Idektuworgos/ . COMP OlKTU-POAO<; (AP, Opp.) beside OlKTUO-POAO<; (Poll.) after OtKTu-UPXew (inscr.) with elided -o-? , .DER Diminutive OtKTuOtov (Poll.); OlKTUEU<; 'fisher (with a net) (Str.) with olKTudu 'fishing' (Ael.); also OlKTu"LU, see Scheller 1951: 41. - OlKTUWOll<; 'like a net' (Hp. Bp.), OlKTUWTO<; 'forming a net' (LXX); from OtKTU00!laL? (LXX). PN LlIKTU<;. .ETYM Usually derived from an older u-stem derivative of � OlKdv 'throw' (olKTu only BM 275, 27; from the plural olKTuu, Schwyzer: 460f.). However, the verb need not be related, and the Mycenaean form has -e- as a variant of -i-, which points to Pre-Greek origin (see Bader 1965: §23; Chadwick 1964: 19-21; see under � olaKo<;; on Pre-Greek u-stems, see Heubeck 1961: 36). Not with Chantraine RBGr. 80 (1967): 1-5 or Ruijgh 1988: 450 should we explain the Mycenaean form from *deiktu-. The connection of Van Windekens KZ 100 (1987): 311f. with Hitt. ekt-, ikt- '(catching) net', which the initial 0- to be from OtKElv, is implausible. •

SiKTU<; 1, -uo<; [m.] name of an unknown Libyan animal (Hdt. 4, 192). <1. LW Libyan� ETYM Unexplained. See Gsell 1913: 128 and Gsell 1915: 97f. , SiK"tU<; 2 [m.] · 6 lKTlvo<; uno AUKWVWV 'kite (Lacon.) (H.). <1. ?� .ETYM Unknown. Fur.: 392 connects lKTlvo<;, assuming a Pre-Greek word with o!zero. However, � lKTlvo<; is rather an IE word. � OIKTU<; 1 probably refers to a different animal. •

SiAU� � UPIU, TO
•

SiAUO{o)ov [n.] name of an article of clothing (BGU 814, 25; 816, 27 [lIPl). <1. GR� .DER TETpU-Aaa(a)ov as attribute of Aevnv (PSI 8, 971, 17 [Ill-IVPl), of flax (Bd. Dioel. 28, 61). ETYM The second member is perhaps connected to AUCYlO<; 'hairy'; cf. TETPU-PlPAO<; from � PlPAlov, S.V. •

SlVUKW [v.] 'to change, correct'? <1. ?� .VAR Opt. OlVUKOl (Del.3 412, Elis). ETYM Unknown. See Bechtel 1921, 2: 863 and Schwyzer l.c. •

SLVT\ [f.] 'whirlpool, eddy' (ll.). <1. PG?� DIAL Myc. qe-qi-no-to IgWegWinotos/, qe-qi-no-me-no IgWegWinomenosl 'endowed with life'. COMP PU8UOlVll<; (ll.). .DER OlV�El<; 'whirling' (ll.), Dor. OlVUEl<;, Aeol. OtVVUEl<; (Ale.); olvo<; [m.] 'id.', also 'round vessel' (lA, ete.) with OtVWOfj<; 'eddying' (D. C.) and OlVWTO<; 'with 0., rounded, covered with circles' (Horn.; OtvOW only Eust.). Verb O"ivew, aor. Otv�aaL, etc., also OLVEUW, (OlVVfjVTE<; pte. pl. Sapph. 1, 11; cf. below) 'turn around' (both trans. and intr., ll.) with OlVfjCYl<; (Arist.), OlVfj!lU (Man.), OlVEU!lU (conj. in Ar. Th. 122 and X. Bq. 3, 11; Orph.); rare Otve!lEv (Hes. Op. 598), Otv0!levfjv •

•

I

Lllovuao<;

337

(Call.), uno-olvwvn [subj.] 'thresh' (Tab. Herael.; uncertain, to be changed to unoOtowvn?); Aeol. OlVVW (Hdn.; Lllvv0!levfj<; Ale.), Otvu(w (Artem. ap ud Ath.). Perhaps LllVWV month name (when the corn is threshed). .ETYM Perhaps an old nasal present *di-n-eu- (cf. KLvew beside KlVU!laL < *ki-n-(e)u-), of which the nasal was generalized (cf. UlVfj : KAlVW); the Aeolic form OlVV- is from -vF- · According to Garcia Ramon 1999b: 237-248, the Mycenaean forms are not related, but belong to � PlO<; instead, because they mean 'endowed with life' and because Ot is not the expected reflex of *gWi_. The Homeric form OtVWTO<; does not derive from the verb OlVOW; it simply meant 'ornamented, enlivened' and belongs to PlO<; as well, acc. to Garcia Ramon (with replacement of the reflex of the initial *gW_ to avoid association with plvew 'futuere'). The initial element Ol- has nothing to with � OlE!laL, because the connection is evident "ni pour la forme, ni pour le sens" (DELG). In view of the lack of a good etymology, we should rather consider the possibility of Pre-Greek origin. Sl�OO<; .VAR Ol�O<;. = Ol<;. Siov = odow. LllOVUO"O<; [m.] name of a god (ll.). <1. PG(v)� .VAR Dialectal Lllwvuao<; (epic, lyr.), Lllovvuao<; (Thess., Cret.), Zovvuao<; (Aeol.), LllEvuao<; (Amorgos), LlEuvuao<; (Anacr.). Hypocoristic vocative LllOVU (Phryn. Corn. 10); cf. OLOV(V)U<;' 6 YUVaLKlU<; KUL nupu8fjAU<; 'weakling, effeminate' (H., BM); OlOVVU<;' � YUVaLKElU KUL 8�AU<; Ea8�<; 'womanish clothing' (Eust.) . .DIAL Myc. di-wo-nu-so-jo [gen.?] IDiwohnusoiol, di-wo-nu-so [dat.] . DER LlLOVUCYlO<; PN, fern. LllOVUCYlU<;; Ta LlLOVUCYlU [n.pl.] 'festival for Ll.' (Att., etc.), LllOVUCYlUKO<; (Th.); diminutive LllovualaKo<;, denomination of a person with bone like outgrowths on the temples (medie.); denominative OlOVUCYlU(W [v.] 'to celebrate the Ll.' (Luc.), LllOVUCYlUmUl [m.pl.] worshippers of Ll. (Nisyros, etc.), cf. AnoAAWVlUaTQl s.v. � AnoAAwv. .ETYM The forms seem to point to *Llloa-vuao<;. Ace. to the tradition, Dionysus would have come from Thrace, and his father would be Zeus, his mother � L:E!leAfj. As the first member seemed to be the genitive of the Thracian Zeus, Kretschmer 1896: 241f. assumed in the second member a Thracian word for 'son' (found in Thracian names like Nuau; further NuaaL, NUCYlaL the nymphs who cared for him) and Nusatita (PN). This interpretation finds no support, however (see on � vuo<;) . Dunke1 1995: 1-21 assumed that the name contains *suH-nu- 'son', of which s and n were metathesized; this is improbable too . Garcia Ramon Minos 20-22 (1987): 183-200 concludes that LllEvvualU can represent an old genitive *diyes, whereas LllOVVUCYlUV continues *diyos. For the variants Lllvuao<; and Lllvvuao<;, no definitive interpretation can be given. Fur.: 250 recalls the PN LllOVUTCt<; (beside -aCt<; on a coin from Teos; see Meyer 1896: 381) and stresses that the variation Tla points to a non-IE Pre-Greek word. Since all attempts to find an IE etymology have failed, we have to accept that it is a foreign name. •

=

O(OTtOe; O(OTtOC; .ETYM From OleTtW; see � £Ttw.

OioC; [adj.] 'belonging to heaven, godlike' (ll.), also 'belonging to Zeus' (trag.); often as a month name (Thessaly, Macedonia, etc.). � IE *dieu- 'heaven'� DIAL Myc. di-wi-jo, di-u-jo /diwjos/; di-wi-ja, di-u-ja /diwja/. .ETYM Old adjective, identical with Skt. divya- /div(i)ya-/ 'heavenly', Lat. dlUS 'godlike', lE *diu-iHo-; see � Zeue;. The adjective may replace the genitive of the basic word; see Schwyzer 1950: 176ff. The feminine was Oia < *0(F-1Ct, which first appeared in the substantival function 'daughter of heaven, goddess', e.g. Oia YUVaLKWV 'goddess among women'; thence, Oia Seawv, etc.; see Schwyzer 1950: 116. The meaning 'belonging to Zeus' is preserved well in tragedy, and probably in I 538 (DELG). •

OlO
OtOOTtUPOV [n.] 'fruit of the nettle-tree', name of the cherry-like fruit of the Celtis australis (Thphr.). � GR� .VAR Also OtoaTtupOe; [m.] = AlSOaTtepflov 'gromwell' (Dsc.). .ETYM Univerbation of AlOe; TtUpOe; with transition to the neuter gender, as in bahuvrlhi compounds like �ouyAwaaov. Semantic parallels are recorded by Stromberg 1940: l28. OITtAU�, -KOC; [adj.] 'in two layers, double' (ll.); as a fern. substantive 'a mantle' (Horn., A. Pers. 277 [lyr.] , Lyd.). � IE *dui-plk- 'two-fold'� DER Cf. Tp(TtAa� 'threefold' (ll.). .ETYM Identical with U tuplak [n.] 'duplex' 'furca', Lat. du-, tri-plex 'two-, three fold'. The word is a bahuvrlhi compound, the second member of which was considered unclear by Frisk, who compared TtAa� 'flatness', TtAllY� 'hit' (cf. a-TtAlly(e; 'single mantle' [Herod.] , Ol-TtAlly(e; 'double mantle' [Poll.]). However, the word is more probably connected with TtAeKW 'to twine'; see De Vaan 2008 s.v. duplex. Cf. � O(TtAOe; and � OlTtAamOe;. •

=

O(aKOe;

339

OlTCACtO"loc; [adj.] 'twofold, double' (Thgn.). � IE *dui-pl-to- 'two-fold'� VAR Also OlTtAaa(wv (Arist.); Ion. OlTtA�mOe;. .DER OlTtAama(w [v.] 'to double, reduplicate' (Att., etc.), whence OlTtAaO"laafloe; and OlTtAaa(ame;, OlTtAamaaTlKOe;. .ETYM From a verbal adjective *O(-TtAaTOe;, extended after the adjectives in -lO- (like afl�pomoe; from lifl�pOTOe;, OlcpamOe; from o(cpaTOe;, etc.; Schwyzer: 466, Chantraine 1933: 41). The basis is a verb meaning 'to fold' (lE *pel-; cf. � aTtAOOe;, etc.). Additionally, Go. ain-falps 'one-fold > simple' and other Gm. formations also contain a word for 'fold', e.g. ON faldr < PGm. *falpa- < lE *p61-to-. Ion. OlTtA�mOe; is an innovation after 1tapaTtA�mOe;, etc.; Hell. OlTtAaa(wv, after the comparatives in -(wv (Schwyzer: 598, 536); and OlTtACtOtoe; (AP, pap.), after OlxSUOlOe;, etc. (Schwyzer: 467). Cf. � O(TtAa�. •

OlTCAOOC; VAR OlTtAOUe;. =>aTtAOOe;. •

OtPKUIU [f.] KlpKa(d, 'Vincetoxicum nigrum' (Dsc.). � PG?� .VAR O(pKaLOV [n.] (Ps.-Dsc.) = � OauKOe; and mpuxvov tmVWTlKOV, 'Withania somnifera'. .DER O(pKOe; [m.] 'seed of pine' (Paus. Gr.). .ETYM According to Dsc. 4, 75, the plant was named after the sorceress Circe, ETt£lO� OOKei � p( a cp(ATpWV elVaL TtOlllTlK� 'because the root seems to produce philtres'. We do not know which of the two forms is original. OtPKaL- may derive from the source A(PKll. See Stromberg 1940: 93 and 152. Fur.: 255 points to Pre-Greek names in -aLO-. =

01C; [adv.] 'twice' (Od.). � IE *dui-s- 'twice'� .VAR As a first member Ol- 'two-' (ll.). .COMP As a first member OlXO-. DER Denominative o( w 'hesitate' (n 713, Orac. apud Hdt. 1, 65). Further Ot�oe; (Ion.), OlaoOe;, Att. OlTTOe; 'twofold, double' with Olaaaxou, -TT-, etc. (see below); O(Xa [adv.] ( [prep.]) 'apart, separated' (ll.) with OlXft, Otxou, etc.; Otxae; [f.] 'half, middle' (Arat.; after flovae;, etc.) and the denominative OlXa(W 'distribute' (Pl.) with OlXaO"floe;, OIxame; (Hell.) , OlXaO"T�pee; 606vTee; 'the cutting teeth' (Poll.); also OlXaw (Arat.), OtXa(w (Arat.). OtXSa 'apart, in two' (Horn.) with OlxSaOtoe; 'twofold, double' (Horn.), OlxSae; [f.] (as an [adj.]) 'double' (Musae.). Isolated olaKa(eTaL· OtacpepeTaL 'quarrels [or: carries over, vel sim.] ' (H.); for *Ot�a(eTaL, or dissimilated from OlaTa(eTaL? .ETYM In its formation, o(e; is identical with Skt. dvil:z, Lat. bis (OLat. duis), MoHG zwir 'twice'; as a first member, *di- = Skt. dvi-, Lat. bi- (cf. on � ouo), Go. twi-, Lith. dvi-. Examples include O(-TtOUe;, Skt. dvi-pad-, and Lat. bi-pes. The velar derivation is unclear; beside Gr. O(Xa, we have Skt. dvi-dha 'twofold', the dh of which might be found in Ot-x-Sa. Ot�oe; and Otaaoe; also presuppose velar derivatives: *OtXS-10-, OlX10-? See Schwyzer: 598. After O(Xa, OlXSa were formed Tp(Xa, TPlXSa, etc. (Schwyzer ibid.). See further � Ola, � 00101. •

O(OKOC; [m.] 'discus' (ll.). � PG?�

340 .COMP Compound 8l
c'5l8lc;. •

c'5laKoc; [m.] . d80c; �OTuvllC; 'kind of plant' (H.). amoc; [adj.] 'twofold, double' (Hdt.); cf. TPlq>U
8l
341

Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-1916: 2, 71) since one would rather expect *8l6.w [v.] 'to search after' (IT 747). €l' £�€A€LTat 'will take out, choose' (H.), from *8l- TOV 6 is uncertain: Fur.: 325 prefers to maintain 8l
olq>6tpa [f.] 'prepared skin, hide, leather', also ofleather objects (lA).
�

�

o[q>pOC; [m.] 'seat, chair, chariot-board, chariot' (11.).
342 .ETYM Properly meaning "two-bearer" (from ok; and
=

8l'i'Ul [v.] . �Aa'i'm 'to damage' (H.). -
•

•

=

Ovo
343

(Cod. Just.); OlW�le; 'persecution' (Att.), OtwKTUe; 'id.' (Call.; cf. Benveniste 1948: 72). Agent noun OtwKTTje; 'pursuer' (NT), in YVWfllOlWKTTje; (haplological for YVWfllOtO-Ot Cratin. 307), see Fraenkel 1912: 811; OlWKT�p 'id.' (Babr.). OtwKTOe; (S.), OtWKTlKOe; (Iamb.). Lengthened OtwKaenv (-elv?), EOlwKaeOV (Att.); cf. Schwyzer: 7036 (OtWKaeelv?). .ETYM OtWK£I stands beside oleflm as pWK£l (Cor.) beside Fleflm (see � leflm). The origin of the W is unclear (unconvincingly, Meillet MSL 23 (1923): 50f.). A K enlargement is also found in EpU-KW, oAE-Kw, ete.; see Schwyzer: 7025. �lwAuylOe; [adj.] uncertain (Pl. Tht. 162a, Lg. 890e); olwAuYlov 'immense', acc. to H. �Xouv Ent noAu, flEya, Kat
�l1we;, -woe; [m.] 'slave, servant' (ll.; see Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1930): 71f.), -al) [f.pl.] 'slave-women' (ll.), secondary sing. 0fl4>� (Q. S.), for *oflW-10., *ofl0a? For the accent, cf. aYUla : uYUlal and Wackernagel Gott. Nachr. 1914: 118f.; also oflwie; (A.) and 0flw"iae;, ofl4>ae; (Q. S.). .COMP On the compound uno-oflwe; 0 386 see Sommer 1934: 26. .DER Adjective oflw-·(oe; (AP). Abstract flvw-la (flvo-ia, flv<.(Ja) serfs in Crete (Str.) with flvwhTje;, flvohTje;, flV<.(JTTje; (Hermon apud Ath. 6, 267C, Poll.; cf. Bechtel l921, 2: 790); on ofl > flv cf. flwo-flvTj < flwo-oflTj; see Schwyzer: 208. .ETYM Related to oofloe; 'house', with the same formation as in naTpWe; (au-stem; Schwyzer: 479f.). See also Fraenkel Glotta 32 (1953): 23 and De Vaan 2008 s.v. domus, dominus. �vonaAi�w [v.] 'to shake, fling down' (Ll 472, � 512, etc.). -
�vo yv (Schwyzer: 208, Niedermann WuS 8 (1923): 641; Bq. s.v.; Lejeune 1972: 784). .COMP Compound ovo
344

ooCtV

� KV£o�v. c')oCtooa'1'o =o£u'1'o. c')oEhqv, -flvo<; [m.] 'small abscess' (Hp.).
•

c')Olc')U�, -UKO<; [m.] 'pestle' (Ar.).
c')oKava .VAR OOKCtvll. => OOKO<;. c')OK£W [v.] 'to seem, be of the opinion' (ll.).
345 Chantraine 1933: 184£f.), 'decision' (Argos). 06Yflu 'opinion, decision' (Att., Hell.; to 06�aL, 06�w after TCt�aL, TCt�w : TCtYflU, etc.) with OOYflUTlKO<; 'dogmatic', OOYflUT[U<; 'who pronounces 06Yflu-ra', oOYflaT[(w 'give an opinion' (Hell. and late). Further 06�u 'opinion, consideration, excellence, glory', 06�l<; 06�u (Democr.; after yvwat<;, Schwyzer: 505). OOKW [f.] 'id.' (E. El. 747; Chantraine 1933: 116), 06Ko<; [m.] 'id.' (Xenoph.), OOK� 'id.' (Hdn.). 06Klflo<; 'reliable, approved, distinguished, etc.' (lA, Dor.); compounds £u-, a-06Klflo<; ; with OOK[fllOV, OOKlfldov 'proof (PI.) and tlIe denominatives OOK[flwfll (Aeol.), OOKlfloW (Parm.) 'to believe', OOKlflCt(W 'to try, approve' (lA) with oOKlflua[u 'test' (Att.), oOKlfluaT�<;, OOKlflaGT� p, -�PlOV, OOKlflaGTO<;, -lKO<; (Att., etc.); also deverbal OOKlfl� 'test, proof (Ep. Phil., Ep. Cor.) . £UOOKlfl£w 'to have a good reputation' (Thgn.) with £uoOK[flllat<; (Pl.). OOKlKW = OOKW (Hermipp. 12) humorous extension, cf. Bechtel Glotta 12 (1923): 211. From 1tpOaOOKCtW : 1tpOaooK[u 'expectation' also 1tpoa06Kllflu (PI. Phlb. 32C), 1tpoa06Klflo<; (lA). .ETYM OOK£W (and 1tpOaooKCtw) are deverbative derivations of primary (1tpoa-)OEKOflaL (see � OEXOflaL). Like all secondary verbs, it originally Qccurred only in the present; for the other tenses, the primary verb was used. 06�aL, 06�w could belong to that primary verb if they have their -0- after OOK£W and derive from older *OE�aL, *OE�W (Wackernagel KZ 33 (1895): 37; further, Schwyzer: 718). Because of their meaning, OOK£UW and OOKCt(W 'to await' (Sophr., S. Fr. 221, 23) might alternatively rather belong together with -OOKCtW, � OEXOflaL. The semantic relations are difficult to account for in detail. OOK£W agrees with Lat. doce6 'learn' (causative lE *dok-eie-). On OOK£W in general, see Fournier 1946 passim, espeCially 166f. For other lE cognates, see � OEXOflaL and � OOKO<;. =

c')OKO<; [f.] 'bearing-beam' (ll.).
c')OAlX0<; [adj.] 'long' (ll.).
24. Poetical form with metrical lengthening oouAlXow; (AP); TN L'iOAlXLm'l, island before Lycia, properly a superlative, and L'iOUALXLOV island in the Ionic Sea (Horn.), cf. Seiler 1950: 101. .ETYM Within Greek, we may further compare EVO£A£x�e; 'continuous' (Att., etc.), together with EVO£A£X£W., EVO£A£X£W, -L(W, -lalloe; (like EV-T£A�e;, EIl-Il£A�e;, etc.). OOAlXOe; is related to Skt. dlrgh a-, Av. daraya-, OCS dl'bg'b, Serb. dug, Lith. ilgas (with unexplained loss of d-), Hitt. talugi- (on the vocalism see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. *taluki-), which derive from PIE *d(o)IH-to-. Further related are e.g. Lat. indulgeo 'be kind, indulgent', Go. tulgus 'firm, steadfast', and Alb. glate, gjate . 'long' (with secondary -te?). MAOe; [m.] 'bait, any trick or device for catching, trick' (ll.). 'pimp (Lacon.)' (H.; cf. Chantraine 1933: 199); also MAOTrU· KUTCtaKOTrOV, llumP0TrOV 'spy, pimp' with OOAOTr£U£l· Em�ouA£ua, Ev£op£ua 'plots, lies in wait for' (H.). On OOA£WV· 6 009l�V 'small abscess' (H.), see � 009l�V. .ETYM The identity of MAOe; and Lat. dolus, Osc. dolom, -ud [acc., abl.] seems evident; yet the Italic word might have been borrowed from Greek. A group of Germanic words, ON tal [f.] 'deception, trick', O E tdd [f.] 'blame, slander, derision', OHG zala [f.] 'danger', which would require a lengthened grade *dela- (see Brugmann-Delbruck 1897-1916: 1, 153f.) is rather not related. Likewise, a connection with � OatOCtAAW is quite hypothetical. Given its concrete basic meaning, it could well be a Pre-Greek word. The gloss MAOe;· TrCtaauAOe; 'stake, penis' (H.) is unclear (cf. Specht 1944: 157 and 219); cf. further � MAWV. =

MATrm [f.] . TrAUKOUVTlU IllKpU. KC:POl 'little flat cake (Coan)' (H.).
MAWV, -WVOC; [m.] 1. name of a front sail (Plb., D. S.) or the spar on such a sail (Poll.), Lat. loan dolo (Liv.); adj. OOAWVlKOe; (pap.). 2. 'secret weapon, stiletto' (PIu. YG 10).
347 .COMP Compounded substantives like oma90-, Trp6- and adjectives like aYXI-, lao-. .DER oOlloollat 'be supplied with a house' (pap. VIP) . ETYM Mlloe; is related to Skt. dama- [m.] 'house' and Lat. dam us. Beside this obviously secondary a-stem, an old u-stem is found in Skt. damii-nas- [m.] 'roommate' and Arm. tanu-ter 'house-lord'. However, the u-stem inflexion of Lat. domus replaces older a-stem inflexion because of its feminine gender (De Vaan 2008 s.v.). See also � ollwe;. The root noun *dom, gen. *dems, found in � OWTrOT'le;, � OCtTr£OOV (but less certainly in � OCtlluP), is archaic. Originally, Mlloe; (just like � 8(iJllu) is an adaptation of this root noun rather than a verbal abstract from � o£llw. L'i(u)lllu, MVlu s.v. � L'i'lIl�T'lP are unclear. •

Mvu� [m.] 'pole-reed, what is made of it, shaft of an arrow, pipe' (ll.).
Oovew [v.] 'to shake' (ll.).
•

M�u [f.] 'opinion, glory, splendour' (ll. since K 324).
oopa improbable (see Fraenkel Gnomon 23 (1951): 374). With its short final -u, the word could be Pre-Greek (cf. Pre-Greek: C 3.1). Cf. Szemerenyi 1964: 3764• oopa [f.] OOKOC; 'beam' (H.).
•

=

OoptuHoC; [m.] (Ar. Fr. 367) E
oopKac;, -aooc; [f.] 'a kind of deer, roe, gazelle' (Hdt. 7, 69).
•

•

OOUAOC;

349

06pu [n.] 'wood, tree (trunk), spear' (ll.; on the epic use Trumpy 1950: 52ff.).
OOPUKVLOV [n.] plant name, 'Convolvulus oleofolius', etc. (Dsc.).
350 servant' (Eust.); oouA6OflUL, -OW 'to be made servant' (lA) with oouAwmc; (Th.) and OOUAWTlKOC; (PIu.) . ETYM The Mycenaean forms point to *86eAoc;, probably from *ooheAoc;. OOVAOC; is certainly not inherited (pace e.g. Neumann 1986: 489-496), although a borrowing from Carian or Lydian (as argued by Lambertz Glotta 6 (1915): Iff.; Benveniste RELat. 10 (1932): 438f.) is difficult to account for chronologically, since the word appears already in Mycenaean (Risch Kratylos 29 (1984): 96f.). Conversely, Pre Greek origin is a good possibility. •

6ouIJoC; [m.] an Anatolian religious community, connected with the Magna Mater (Hippon., inscr., AP). <{ LW Phr.� ETYM A Phrygian word; it has been connected with Gr. 9wfloC; 'heap' and Gm. words like Go. doms 'judgement', but without further confirmation. Cf. Wikander 1946: Iff. Masson found the word in Hipponax (ed. l23). Cf. bibliogr. Bull. Ep. 1992 n° 202. The idea of Neumann 1999: 345-353 that the word primarily indicated the building in which the meetings are held is rejected by Lubotsky 1997a: l24-125. •

6ou1toc; [m.] 'dull, heavy sound' (ll.). « PG(v)� .COMP In EP1-OOU1tOC;, also Ep1-yOOU1tOC; 'thundering loud' (ll.); anlaut yo- also in EYOOU7tTJuuv (A 45) and flU(J1yoOU7tOV �umA�u· fleyuA6TJXov 'with heavy sound', . . . (H.), and also in aA1-, �upu-, fleA1-yoOU7tOC;. Other compounds have -OOU7tOC;. .DER oou7tew, aor. OOU7t�UUL, perf. ptc. oeOOU7tOTOC; [gen.sg.] ('¥ 679; innovation, see Schwyzen 771) 'sound heavily', secondarily (through misunderstanding oou7tTJuev 8£ 7tWWV, Leumann 1950: 217) 'fall in battle' (ll.). .ETYM oou7tew is an intensive like �poflew, etc. It shows some resemblance to Latv. dupe ties 'sound dead', SCr. dupiti 'slay (wiili sound)" and ToAB tiip- 'give a loud sound, announce', but the initial *gd- (found in the compounds) is not known from PIE. Therefore, the word is probably Pre-Greek. Cf. � KTU7teW, � KTU7tOC;. 6oXIJ0C; [adj.] 'oblique, slanted' (ll., Delphi II'). <{ IE *dhd'mo- 'oblique'� DER 86XflLOC; 'id.' (Ar.) , also in metre 'versus dochmius' (Choerob.) together with OOXfllUKOC;, OOXfllKOC;, OOXflULKOC;, OOXfllU(W (sch.). 86XflTJ or oOXfl� 'breadili of the hand', from 'oblique'. Denominative OOXflOOflUL (00Xflw9eic;) 'to turn sideways' (Hes., h. Mere.), aor. act. and med. OOXflWUUL, -WUUU9UL (Nonn.). oOXflUAOV' XUflu1(TJAov, Ta7t£lVOV 'low' (H.), after X9UflUA6C;. ETYM In its formation, oOXfl0C; is identical to Skt. jihma- 'oblique', from PIE *dhd'mo-. In Skt. jihma-, the j- from d- must be due to assimilation to the velar (PIlr. *Jit ma- < *ditma-; see Mayrhofer EWAia s.v. jihma-). •

•

6puyun:uw [v.] probably 'to oversee a land with cereals or a vineyard' (Thess. IlIa). <{ ?� ETYM From 0PUYUTTJC; *'cutter, laborer in the fields', MoGr. 'id.' (apXlopuYUTTJC;, Ankyra lIP); connected by Zingerle Glotta 15 (1927): 70ff. to � OpUUUOflUL after EpYUTeuoflUL : EpyUTTJC;. Zingerle adduces opu�wv' EV LlKeA1<;t lepov . . . , etc; 15 01 yewpyot euxac; E7tefl7tov, 15gev KUt opu�ovec; (OpuuovTec; cod.) EKA�9TJuuv 'temple in •

351

opcq.w;

Sicily, to which farmer sent prayers; because of that, they were called 0.' (H.); see Latte ad loco See Georgacas Orbis 4 (1956): 91ff. 6puFeoc; [acc.pl.f.] name of something dedicated to Athena (SGDI 1537, Phocis [VI'l). <{ ?� .ETYM The word has been compared with OpULOV· flUKpuv, 7tUeAOV 'bath tub, trough' (H.) and � opo1TTJ, but this is quite hypothetical. 6PUKWV, -OVTOC; [m.] 'dragon, serpent' (ll.), also a fish, 'Trachinus' (Epich., cf. Stromberg 1943: 121f.). <{ IE *drk- 'look at'� .VAR Fern. 0PUKULVU 'female dragon' (h. Ap., A.) with 0PUKULV1C; a fish name (Corn.); see below. .DER Diminutive 0PUKOVTlOV (Delos IlIa), also a plant 'Arum dracunculum' (Hp.; after the color, Stromberg 1940: 38); opuKovT1C; name of a bird (Ant. Lib.; see Thompson 1895: 91); oPUKOVT1U a plant (Ps.-Dsc.); 0puKovT1UC; (7tUpOC;, u1KUC;, 7teA£lUC;, Thphr.); ' opuKovT1TTJC; (A190c;; Ptol. Chenn., see Redard 1949: 54). 0PUKOVT£lOC; and 0PUKOVTWOTJC; 'like a dragon' (E.). 0puKovT1umc; name of a disease (Gal.) as iffrom *OPUKOVTlUW, after the words in -lumc;, cf. Holt 1941: 13i. .ETYM On the assumption that the dragon was named after his paralyzing sight (despite doubts by Pick BB 18 (1892): 99), 0PUKWV is probably related to oePKOflUI. It could then be an original n-stem (cf. OpUKULVU) of a root noun *OpU(K) Skt. dfS 'view' (cf. � U7tO-OpU s.v.), whereas the nt-stem was formed after the participles (Schwyzer: 526; Chantraine 1933: 268). =

6PUAaLVU [adj.] ·AUflUPU. KtpOl 'full of abysses (Coan)' (H.). <( ?� .DER PN i1puMc; (Maeonia) and i1pUAlOC; (Ceos, Schwyzer: 764). .ETYM Unknown. 6puIJelv [v.aor.] 'run' (ll.). <{ IE *drem- 'run'� .VAR Fut. opuflovflUL (lA), perf. oeopoflu (Od.), oeopofluKU (Sapph.; see below), oeopuflTJKU (lA); aor. to Tpexw . .DER � opofloC; 'course' with opofl� (Hdn.), opuflTJflu 'id.' (Hdt.), also opoflTJ flu (AP!.). Deverbative OpofluU(JKe (Hes. Fr. 117 v.l.); opofl�uU(JU (Vett. Val.); oeOpofluKe [perf.] (Sapph., fr. 31 LP; Aeolic zero grade?), 0POflUUU£lV' TpeX£lv 'to run' (H.); also opwflq.· TpeX£l and opwfl1uuouuu, Tpexouuu (H.); see Schwyzer 718f. ETYM The aorist and perfect stem opufl-, opofl- are found beside 0pu- in E-OpU-V, etc. (see � a7tO-OlOpUUKW), just as the present stem �uv- < *�ufl- in �u1vw is found next to �u- in E-�TJ-V. Outside Greek, a good match is offered by Skt. pres. dramati (gramm.), intensive ptc.med. dandramyamiilJa- 'run'. However, ilie connection with OE trem 'footstep', etc. is uncertain. Thus, we have IE *drem- : dreh2- like *gWem- : gWeh2-; see � �u1vw. A third variant is seen in Skt. dravati 'run' < *dreu-. As a present of opuflelv, Greek has TpeX£lv; on the aspect, see Benveniste 1935: 120 . •

6pUIJlC; [f.] kind of bread, Macedonian acc. to Seleuc. apud Ath. 3, 114b. <{ ?� .ETYM The word is reminiscent of � OUPUTal; further details are unknown. Cf. Pisani Rev. Int. et. balk. 3 (1937): 11, and Kalleris 1954: 158f.

352 SpCl7tETTJ� =>OL8paaKw. SpaOOoflCll [v.] 'to grasp, take handfuls' (ll., lA).
•

•

SpClXfl� [f.] 'drachm', weight and coin (lA).
Sp&w [v.] 'to make, do' (Od.; Att. prose has 1tpaHW and 1tmEw).
OpE1tW

353

denominative op'laT£uw 'to serve (at a sacred act)' (Lesbos). Desiderative opaa£lw 'want to do' (S.). Beside opaw, we find opalvw (formed after �alvw, cpalvw, etc.) 'want to do, can do' (K 96, Herod.; an lonism acc. to Bechtel l914, Chantraine 1942: 343) with oALyo-opavEwv 'who can do little' (ll.; from oALya opalv£Lv to OALY'l1t£AEWV, cf. Schwyzer: 724, Chantraine 1942: 349; different analysis in Bechtel 1914 s.v. oALyoopavEw), with oALyoopavla (A.), oALyoopav�<; (Ar.); innovation aopav�<; (LXX, Arr.) with aopav£La (Hdn.), aopavl'l (A. R.), uopavEw 'be inactive' (Arat.), uopavL�w 'id.' (sch.); as backformation 8pavo<;· epyov, 1tpa�L<;, opyavov, ayaAfla, KaTaaK£uaafla, ouvaflL<; 'work, action, tool, sculpture, work of art, ability' (H.; also MoGr. opava 'tendril'?, Bogiatzides ApX. 'Ecp. 27 (1888): 115ff.), 8pav£1<;' opaanKol 'active' (H.). .ETYM If 8palvw is a younger form, then the root was opa- (cf. Kpa-, TAa-, etc.). Connection with Baltic words like Lith. darau, daryti, Latv. darit 'do, make, build' is quite uncertain (cf. Schwyzer: 675): Fraenkel 1955 (s.v.) considers daryti to be a causative of deru, dereti 'be useful', and further connects Skt. dhar-ma-, dhiirayati 'hold', etc. On opaw, 8pafla, see Snell Phi!. Suppl. 20:1 (1928): Iff. and Snell Phi!. 85 (1930): 141ff. Spaw 2 [v.] 'to see' (A.D. Adv. 139, 8, EM 287,7).
=

SPE1tW [v.] 'to pluck, cut off (Od.).
_--' ----_ --'--' .J_..,,___�_

_ _ -'___ _ _'-__ "_ _ __-----"---___----__ -' . ____ . _____.�.�____ __.:.._. ______ � ____

°Pllan:uw

354 6pIlOT£UW YAR 0Plla-r�p, etc. => opuw. •

6piAO� [m.] 'circumcised man', = verpus in Latin glosses (AP, Amphissa; on the mg. Diels & Brugmann IF 15 (1903-1904): 4-6). � ?� .DER OpO�UK£C;' �Oe;\AaL 'leeches' (H.; Chantraine 1933: 380). .ETYM No etymology. M. Scheller (in Pok. 208) adduces opLuouauv· 8uAAouauv 'flourishing' (H.), which, like 0PLU£V-rU' XAWpU, is based on opioC;, plur. opiu 'bush, shrubs'; the supposed meaning 'swelling' (whence both 'circumcised man' [: 'penis'] and 'leech') is a mere guess. See Kretschmer Glotta 14 (1925): 229, contra H. Petersson ( Arm. titern 'crocodile') . Other suggestions can be found in von Loewenthal WuS 10 (1927): 186 and Sapir Lang. 15 (1940): 185. See also � KpOKOOLAOC;. 6pi!1u� [adj.] 'sharp, sour, bitter' (11.). � PG?� .COMP OpL!1uA€wv as a philosophical nickname (GaL). .DER 0PL!1UAOC; 'piercing' (Mosch.; diminutive, cf. �8UAOC;, ete., Chantraine 1933: 250); 0PLllU-rIlC;, -1l-rOC; [f.] 'sharpness, etc.' (lA). Denominative opLfluaaw 'cause a biting pain' (especially medic.; Debrunner IF 21 (1907): 243) with opiflu�LC; 'smarting' and oPLfluYf1oC; 'pungency'; also 0pLfl£uW 'to itch' (Anon. in EN). .ETYM The old interpretation (Persson 1912(2): 779) as 'splitting, cutting', from *opta-fluc; (replacing *OP'la-flOC;), is not convincing. Since the word has no etymology, we might consider Pre-Greek origin. 6PlO� [n.] 'bush, shrubs' (� 353; cf. uAaoc; 'grove', -rupcpOC; 'thicket', etc.). � ?� .YAR Plur. opiu; opLm [dat.pL] (IG 14, 217: 43). .DER Perhaps OpLWV '8£vopwv ("thicket")' in EV OpLWVUC; (Meineke; cod. EVOpLWVUC;} opofloc; 1tup8tvwv EV AUK£ouifloVL 'maidens' race in Laconia' (H.). .ETYM Pedersen 1909: 80 compared OIr. driss 'vepres' (suffix -st-); this is unclear. The word is often combined with � optiC;, etc.; the formation remains unclear in any case. Not connected here (as per Osthoff 1901: 156ff.) is opiC;' OUVUflLC; 'potential' (H.). Also unclear are 0PU£VLa' XAWpU 'green' and opLuouauv· 8uAAouauv 'flourishing' (H.). 6polLll [f.] 'bathtub' (A.), also 'cradle' (Alex. Aet.), 'coffin' (Parth.), name of a dance (H.; see Lawler Am/Ph. 71 (1950): 70ff.). � PG?� YAR Cf. oohpov· 1tU£AOV 'trough', aKucpllv 'trough, tray' (H.), dissimilated from *opohpov? .ETYM Although the word has no good etymology, its suffix -LLa suggests Pre-Greek origin (Fur.: 23845). Not attractive is the connection with OE trlg, MoE tray 'flat trough, dish' (from PGm. *trau-ja-, lE *drau-io- of 'wood'); indeed, any relationship with � optiC;) is probably due to secondary association. For example, the younger form opu-rll could be due to the pronunciation u for OL, or else result from influence of optic;. Lat. dureta 'wooden bath tub' is probably borrowed from the Greek (Schwyzer KZ 62 (1935): 199ff.). •

6p6!10� [m.] 'run, race, course' (11.); below). � IE *drem- 'run'�

=

YUflvumov 'school' (Crete; cf. on 0pofl£uC;

-� . -�--"' . _�

355 .DER 0p0!1£uC; 'runner' (Att.), 'ecpll�oc;' (Cret.); opofluC; [f.] (also [m., n.]) 'running' (S., cf. Schwyzer: 507, Chantraine 1933: 354), also used for the camel (D. S.), as a loan Lat. dramas with dramediirius, whence 0pofl£MpLOC;, OpofluMpLOC; 'dromedary' (pap.); OpOflUlOC; 'running' (S.), OpOflLKOC; 'for running, quick' (PI.) with opoflLKo-rllC; (Simp.); LlpoflLOC; epithet of Hermes (Crete), Llpofl�'ioc; month name (Crete); late and rare opofliuC; name of a fish and a crab (Eratosth.; see Stromberg 1943: 51f., Thompson 1947 S.v. OPOflWV); opofluA6C; epithet of AuywoC; 'hare' (H.), opoflwV 'light ship' (Procop.), 6 flLKpOC; KUpKivoC; 'the small crab' (H.), cf. on opofliuC;; OPOflU� 'good at running' (of KUflIlAoC; 'camel', Gp.); OpOflLOV 'running match' (Tab. Defix. Aud., Rome IV-VP). opofl� opofloC; 'run, race, course' (Hdn. Gr.). .ETYM Derived from � opufl£lv. =

=

6p6�l!1U [n.pL] 'uncooked, raw fruits' (pap. V-VIP). � ?� .ETYM = -rPW�LflU 'id.' (from -rpwyw), via a folk-etymological reshaping after opoaoc; 'dew', opoa£poc; 'frellh' (e.g. ofA
6p6oo� [f.] 'dew', often of several fluids (Hdt., Pi.); in A. Ag. 141 (lyr., pI.) = 'young animals' (A£OV-rWV), thus Call. Hec. I, 2, 3; acc. to Bechtel 1914: 139 and Benveniste BSL 45 (1949): 1021 metonymic; different Leumann 1950: 258"; cf. on � £paaL. � PG� .YAR On the gender see Schwyzer 1950: 324, 341• .DER Adjectives mg. 'dewy, fluid': opoao£LC; (Sapph.), opoawollC; (corn.), opoa£poc; (E.), opomvoc; (AP), opomfloc; (PIu.). Abstract opoaiu (Orae. apud Luc. Alex. 53, Cat. Cod. Astr., also MoGr.; on the mg. see Scheller 1951: 54f.). Hypocoristic opoauAAic; name of a Bithynian wine (Gp.); see Chantraine 1933: 252. Denominative opoai�w 'to sprinkle, make dew' (Ar.) with opomafloc; (Olymp. Alch.); opoaooflaL 'to be sprinkled with dew' (Anacreont.). .ETYM The word is probably of Pre-Greek origin (note the intervocalic -a-; for older views, cf. Bq; Sapir Lang. 15 (1940): 185). *6pOTll'TU (IT 857, ete.) => av�p. 6pUUOUl => o£vopuw. 6pv!1u [n.pL] 'wood, forest' (11.). � IE *dru- 'wood, tree'� YAR Late also optiflu, see below. .DER opufloC; 'bush, thicket' (SIG 57, 28 [va]); 0puflwollC; 'forested', OpUflLOC; 'who passes a forest' (Cyprus); opufliouC;' LOUC; KU-ra -r�v xwpuv KUK01tOLOtiV-r£C; (i.e. 'brigands living in the woods'); opufldnc; (read -hLC;?) sciL y� 'forested country' (pap.); opuflwV -WVOC; 'forest' (J.). opufliC; -iooc; opUUC; (An. OX. I, 225). •

=

0puilcwaw .ETYM Neutral collective of *opuil0<; Skt. druma- [m.] 'tree', Ru. dram 'thicket, forest', an lE derivation in - m - of the word for 'wood, tree'; see � 86pu and � opu<;. The length of the vowel, seen in the sing. 0puil0<; and the mase. plural forms only, is taken from opu<;; see Wackernagel l916: 184ff. On the ntr. plur., see Schwyzer: 581. Differently, Machek Listyfilol. 72 (1948): 71. =

6pu!1uaaw [v.] 'to tear up, crush', intrans. 'to creak' ( AT]KElV Poll. 5, 93), also obscene uses; cf. H.: OpUilU�£l<;· KUp[W<; il£v aJtapu�EL<;. XPWVTaL O£ KaL eJtt TOU auv£a£l KaL JtPoaoilLA�a£l<; 'commonly: retching; also used for coition and sexual intercourse' (Cam. Adesp. 986); 0pUiluaa£lV Kat opuilu�m· TO TUltT£lV �UAOL<; 'to beat 'with clubs'. eOpuila�Ev· eepauaEv, eacpa�Ev 'he shattered, slayed'. uOpuilaKTov· Kaeapov 'clear, clean'. � PG?� VAR Att. -nw; aor. 0puilu�m, fut. oPUilu�W. .ETYM Expressive formation. Nevertheless, a cross of OPUltTW with another verb (e.g. iluaaw, Liluaaw, as suggested by Frisk) does not seem probable. Rather, a derivation in -aK- from OpUltTW, with -il- for -Jt- (see Fur.: 224f., and cf. 326 on opucp-, opu'/'-). The explanation of 'TUltT£lV �UAOL<;' (H.) is probably folk etymological (based on Opuil°<;?) · =

•

6pu!16�

=>

opuilu.

6puJt£Jt�� [adj.] 'having ripened on the tree', about black olives (Ar. Lys. 564). � GR� .ETYM From 0pu- and Jt£JtWV. 0puJtltLo<;, said of aypo<; (IG 9(1), 61), is unclear; so too is opuJt£Jta (AP 6, 191), which may be an isolated innovation. The same holds for opuJtJta (AP 6, 299); can it be a Latin form? Note that Ath. 56 said that the accus. plur. opuJtJta<; is Roman. LlpUJt£T�<; would be a later change in the form; it may have existed because of OpUJt£TEl<;· uJto Mvopou JtEltTWKu[a<; 'fallen from the tree' (H.). 6pUJtTW [v.] 'to scratch', especially as a sign of mourning (ll.). � PG (v) � VAR Aor. opu,/,m, opt. uJtO-OpUCPOL (\f 187 D. 21), probably pres., cf. 0PUcpOilEVOL· cpe£lpoilEVOL (H.). , .DER UilCPL-OpUCP�<;, uilCP[-opucpo<; 'scratched on both sides (cheeks) (ll.); opuJt[<; [f.] name of a thorn-bush (Thphr.), cf. Stromberg 1940: 76. Only lexical opucp�· uiluX� ' KaTa�Uail� 'scratch', OpUcpUOE<;· OVUXE<;, KaTa�uailaTa 'talons, scratchings'. AuJtm, 6Mvm 'pains'. � Ta uJto JtAT]yWV JtEALWilaTa 'livid spots from blows', opucpT]· �£ailaTa 'abrasion' (H.). opucpu�m· eaKElV 'to sit' (H.). With -s-: 0pu,/,aAa 'leaves', opu,/,EAa· Jt£TaAa opuwoT] 'tree-like leaves' (H.), opu,/,La 'shavings'; 0pu,/,oJtmoa· T�V AailupuV 'impudent female'· OL O£ cmaAOJtmoa � eA££Lvov 'delicate child; pitiable' (H.); opu'/'0y£povTa<;· TOU<; UTOJtOU<; JtPEa�uTa<; KaL oLovEL UT[ilou<; 'remarkable seniors, as if dishonored' (H.) . ETYM Expressive form, usually connected with � Mpw, � Op£Jtw. However, the word was hardly reshaped after � epUltTw. The variants opucpc, opu,/,-, and � opuil-uaaw clearly point to a Pre-Greek word (and therefore it is improbable that it derives from lE Mpw); see Fur. 326, 348, etc. NeitlIer is the word Iranian (Schwarz 1970: 386). •

=

•

6pv<;, -u6� [f.] 'tree', especially 'oak' (ll.). � IE *doru, gen. *dreus 'wood, tree'�

opwJta�

357

.DIAL Dialectal sometimes also [m.], see Schwyzer 1950: 372; Myc. du-ru-to-mo /dru tomoi/ 'woodcutters'. .COMP � aopua 'upright pieces', � Ctiluopua 'sloe', � yEpUVOpuov 'old tree or stump', evopuov . Kapo[a Mvopou, Kat TO il£aa�ov 'heart of the tree; leathern strap' (H.), also Hes. (see below); ilEAuvopua 'hearts of oak', also 'slices of tunny'. .DER 0pU·LVO<; 'oaken' (Od.), opu"tva<; name of a snake living in oaks (Nic.); opuhT]<; kind of cypress (Thphr.), name of a precious stone (Plin.); Llpuu<; 'Dryad, tree nymph' (PIu.), also name of a snake (Androm. apud Gal.; cf. opu"tva<;); them. lengthening in opuou [gen.] 'bush' (POxy. 7, 1044, [7]; 8; 12, II-IIIP); but the them. endings in ilEAaV-Opu-ov 'heart-wood', ev-opu-ov 'oaken peg' (Hes. Op. 469) belong to 86pu. The same holds for OpU-OXOL [m.pl.] 'ribs of a ship' (Od.; cf. Wackernagel 1916: 186), opU(O)-KOAaltTT]<; 'woodpecker' (Ar.), ete.; parallel mgs. in Schwentner KZ 73 (1956): ll2f.; short form (after animal names in -o,/,) opuo,/, (Ar. Av. 304); also as a PN (Y 455) and as a people's name, see von Wilamowitz 1931: 52'. On � opucpaKToL, see s.v. .ETYM Apart from the vowel length, which can be explained as from the feminine gender (Wackernagel l.e.), opu<; is identical with Skt. dru- 'wood', found e.g. in dru $ad- 'sitting on wood (on a tree)" su-dru- 'of good wood'. Other cognates are OCS dr'bva [n.pl.] 'wood', Alb. dru [f.] « *druyii) 'wood, tree', and Go. triu < PGm. *trewa- < lE *dreu-o-. The feminine opu<; (gender after other tree names; cf. WackernageI 192o-1924(2): 17) arose from the oblique case forms of the word for 'wood', Gr. 86pu, Skt. daru- (gen. dru-fl-a1:z next to dr6-1:z). Janda 1997 assumes a collective *druh2- (with -s in the nom.). The meaning 'firm, strong', found in Greek in � opoov . iaXU pov, is frequent in Gm., e.g. OE trum 'firm, strong, healthy' (formally 0puilu 'wood', Skt. druma- 'tree'), Go. triggws « *trewwa-, lE *dreu(u)0-) 'true, faithful'. =

6pUcpUKTOl [m.pl.] 'railing or latticed partition, balcony, bar (in court)' (Ar.). � GR� .VAR Rarely sing. -0<;; also opucppaKTOL (Lib.) with restored p, and TpucpaKToL (Hell. and late inscr., Hdn. Gr.), with T- ace. to Schwyzer: 257 from regressive assimilation, but alternatively (Frisk) after TpUCP� 'delicacy' by folk etymology; doubtful. l .DER Denominative opucpuaaw 'fence in' (Lyc.), opucpu�m· ++ OaKEV 'to bite' (H.; at wrong alphabetical position). Also OpUeaKTow. .ETYM Generally taken as a combination of opu- (in � 86pu) and � cppuaaw with a suffIx -TO- (cf. e.g. uKilo-eE-TOV). However, the T- is hard to understand as assimilation. 6PWJtU�£LV [v.] . eil�A£Jt£LV 'to look in the face' (H.), A. D. Adv. 139, 8; 0pWJtl£LV· [OLaKOltT£lV �] OLacrKOJtElV. AiaxuAo<; \fuxaywyoi<; ' [cut through] ; examine well [in Aeschylus's Psychagogoi] ' (Fr. 278) (H.). � ?� .ETYM Frisk suggests a cross of MpKoilm, OpaKElV and oJtwJta, o'/'0ilm, which is not very convincing. Comparable is OpWKTU�EL<; (OpOK-)- JtEPL�A£JtEL<;, for which Latte adduces the PN LlPOKUAO<; (Argolis), but tlIis may stand for LlpaKuAo<;. See � opuw 2 6puw. =

6pwJtu� =>Op£Jtw.

Opw'l' �PW'l' [m.] . uv9pw1toc; 'man' (H.). � PG� .ETYM Thought to be a compound *vp-w'l' 'with manly face' (see � av�p), but the absence of a- is strange. Acc. to Latte, it is a creation of the grammarians. Kuiper 1956: 224f. accepts the gloss as Pre-Greek, explaining uv9pw1toc; as arising through prenasalization and prothetic vowel. His solution is supported by Beekes Glotta 73 (1995-1996): 13-5. Pisani Rev. Int. et. balk. 3 (1937): 11f. considers opw'l' to be Macedonian (connected to � Tpe
Myc. du-ma

.ETYM Probably the name of an official, on which see Fauth KZ 102 (1989): 187-206. MVU!lUl [v.] 'to be able, be equal to; to signify' (ll.). � ?� VAR Aor. ouv�uau9aL, ouvau9�vaL (ll.), ouvfj9�vaL (trag.), fut. OUV�UOflaL (Od.), perf. 8£ouvfjflaL (Att.). DER OUVUflLC; [f.] 'strength, power' (ll.; cf. geflLC; and below) with OUVUflLK6c; 'powerful, effective' (Hell. and late), OUVUflEp6c; 'id.' (medic.), ouvuflom6v a fraction (Dioph.); ouvufl6w 'make strong' (Hell. and late), with ouvuflwmc;, OUVUflWTLK6C;, ouvumc; 'id.' (PL). OUVUUTfjC; [m.] 'lord, master' (lA) with OUVUULLK6C; (Arist.), OUVUUTEUW (lA), with ouvumElu, ouvumwflu, OUVUUTWLLK6C;; fem. OUVUULLC; (Demetr. Bloc.), ouvuuwpu (Tab. Defix. Aud. IIIP). ouvumwp 'id.' (E. lA 280 [lyr.l). Verbal adj . ouvuT6C; 'able; possible' (Sapph.) with ouvuTew 'be strong' (2 Bp. Cor. 13, 3); OUVfjLLK6C; 'potential' (A. D.). ETYM Probably to be analyzed as ou-V-U-flaL, a present with generalized nasal infIx (ou-v-u-u9fjv for *ouu-u9fjv, cf. AlVUflaL : ALuu9fjv), oU-V-�UOflaL for *ou�-UOflaL, etc., as well as in nouns like OUVUflLC;, ete. An -u- was added in ouvu-u-9fjv, OUVU-U-TfjC;. LIV2 reconstructs *deuh2- 'zusammenfiigen' and connects the word with ToB tsuwa [3sg.pret.] 'join, adjust' and Go. taujan 'make'. This disyllabic root formally agrees with that of � o�v and � ofjp6C; but, semantically, a connection is difficult. Cret. VUVUflaL (Gortyn) must be the same word. The v- may simply be due to assimilation. •

•

•

OUU-

359

�UV�£KUTn [num.] . �flep<;t OWOEKUTn 'on the twelfth day' (H.). � ?� .ETYM According to Schulze 1892: 178, OuvoeKUTOC; was formed after £voeKuToc;, but Latte implausibly corrects to OUOOEKUTn, contrary to the alphabetical order. Mo [num.] 'two'. � IE *duyo, *duy-eh3 (?) 'two'� .VAR Epic eleg. also ouw, Lacon., etc. also OU(F)E (after KUV-E, etc.), oblique forms ouoiv (Att. ou£iv since IV-lIP), ouwv, OUOiU(L), OUUl; also indeclinable (ll.); see Schwyzer: 588f. DIAL Mye. dwo; du-wo-u-pi Idwouphi/. .COMP As a fIrst member (beside usual 8L-, see � OlC;) e.g. in ouo-1toL6C; 'making two' (Arist.), and in univerbations like OUO-KUl-OEKU (ll., etc.). .DER ouou-r6C; 'half (sch.), after £LKom6c; 'twentieth', etc. .ETYM The fInal short vowel of ouo is also seen in Arm. erko-tasan 'twelve' and in the Skt. derivative dva-ka- 'in pairs' (Lat. duo is due to iambic shortening). *duyo is also found in Go. twa aI!d wit 'we two', as well as in 0Ir. da; see Cowgill MSS 46 (1985): 13-28, who demonstrates that the * duyo originally was an indeclinable next to the dual ouw ( Skt. duva, OCS d'bva [m.l). A monosyllabic *dyo(u) is reflected in O(F)W-OEKU, Skt. dva(u), Hitt. da- in da-yuga- 'two years old', dan 'a second time'. •

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�uoxoi [v.] . 1tWflU-rl(EL 1tupa L'lfjfloKplnp (Fr. 136), �TOL 1tWflU(£L, UK£1tU(£L 'to cover (with a lid) [Democr.] , to protect or shelter'; OUOXWUaL' 1tWflUUaL (H.). � ?� .ETYM The explanation as from * ouoXOC; 'lid' is rejected by DELG, both because the meaning would not fIt and because a compound with ou(6)- instead of ow- is improbable. Chantraine suggests reading *opuoxoi from opuoXOC;, which is 'the props or shores upon which the frame of a new ship is laid', or (LSJ Supp.) 'the ribs of a ship' (DELG S.v. opUc;); it is then the same as 0PUUKEC; (H.). However, this does not seem to fIt well for the present gloss. Mmw [v.] 'to dive in', mostly intr. (Antim. [?], Lyc., A. R.). � ?� VAR Aor. ou'l'aL. .DER oumfjC; [m.] 'diver', especially as a bird name (Call.); cf. Thompson 1895 S.v. .ETYM From � ouw, perhaps modelled after � Kumw; cf. also �umw (s.v. � �umw). •

MP0!lUl [v.] 'to lament, bewail' (trag.). � ?� .DER 1tUV-OUp-TOC; 'wailing about everything' (trag. [lyr.l). .ETYM A variant of OOUPOflaL, perhaps as a rhyme with flUPOflaL (Guntert 1914: 150). �V()'- [pref.] inseparable prefIx, 'mis-, un-, etc.' (ll.). Details in Schwyzer: 432,

WackernageI 192o-1924(2): 295ff. � IE *dus- 'wrong, mis-'� .COMP E.g. OUUflEV�C;, see DELG. .ETYM Old element, also seen in Indo-Iranian (Skt. dUh dur-, Av. dus-, duz-). Some compounds are found in both branches, like OUU-flEV�C; Skt. dur-manas-, Av. dus manah-; see also under � OUUTfjVOC;. The element is also found in other branches, e.g. in Germanic (Go. tuz-werjan 'hesitate', ON OE tor-, OHG zur-), Celtic (OIr. du-, do-), and Armenian (t-, e.g. t-get 'unknowing'). The Slav. word for 'rain', OCS d'bzdb, Ru. dozd', etc. is often connected with it (from "bad daylight" vel sim.); see Derksen =

ouo-a�c; 2008 s.v. *d-6zdjb (d-6zdjb). IE *dus- is mostly connected with &:uOflat 'lack' (see � 8Ew 2). �uO'-a�c; [adj.] 'blowing violently, stormy' (11.). � GR� oVAR Ntr. -ec;. oETYM From ouo- and li'lflL with metrical lengthening. Cf. um:pa�c; (of li£AAa, A 297). �uO'��PI1C; [adj.] . 6 ouo�aToc; 'impassable' (EM 291, 43); ouo�'lpec;· ouo�aTov, ouox£pec; 'impassable, intractable' (H.); ouo��p£C;· 01 ouo�aToL T01tOL 'inaccessible places' (Suid.). � GR� oETYM Ace. to EM, the form is syncopated from ouo�aT�p'lC;; however, it is rather directly from ��Vat after the adjectives in -�P'lC;. Otherwise, is it a mistake for ouo�p£C;· ouox£pec; (Suid.)? Such a solution is not in accord with von Blumenthal 1930: 3 (that the word is Illyrian, connected to
�UO'1tt!1
Ow .DER ouol<; 'setting of sun and stars, West' (Hecat.) with OUTlK6<;; often to the prefIxed verbs £K-, £v-, Kun1-ouOl<;, etc. in different mgs.; oUflu (POxy. 6, 929, 8; 15, II-I1IP) £VOUflU 'garment' (va), also u1t68Uflu. OUT'1<; 'diver' (Hdt. 8, 8); in different mgs. £v-, um:v-, £K-OUT'1<;, etc. with £KouOlu [pl.] name of a festival in Crete (Ant. Lib.); £VOUT�p 'for putting on' (S. Tr. 674 of 1tE1tAO<;) with £VOUT� PlO<; (S.), also U1tOOUT�PlU [pI.] (Str. 14, 5, 6; v.l. U1tOOeKT.). ouaflul [pI.] (rarely [sg.] , see Schwyzer 1950: 43) 'setting of sun and stars, West' (lA) with ouafllK6<; (Str.); also ou-8flul, -8fl� 'id.' (Call.; on the suffix Chantraine 1933: 148f.). Cf. further � OUT'1. oUTivo<; name of a waterbird (Dionys. Av.; like LKTivo<;, KOPUKivo<;, etc.). OUTlK6<; 'suitable for diving, westerly' (Arist.). Verbal forms with extension: � OU1tTW; ouayw· U1tOOUW 'to put off (H.), after fllayw 'to mix' (Wackernagel KZ 33 (1895): 39); cf. also cpuaywv (Ale., POxy. 18, 2165; see Specht KZ 68 (1943): 150) . ETYM ouw is related to the rare Sanskrit verb upa-du- 'to put on' (only gerundive Ved. upadutya-); see von Schroeder WZKSM 13 (1899): 297f. and Brugmann IF 11 (1900): 274. The same root is possibly found in � OEl£AO<;, etc. On the intransitive nasal present ouvw, see Schwyzer: 696 and Schwyzer 1950: 230. Cf. also � aAl�ouw. =

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i)w [n.] 'house' (11.). < HE *dam 'house'� .VAR In Horn. always at verse end, always as accus. (�flET£pOV ow, £floV 1tOTL XUAKO�UT£<; ow, etc.) except U 392 Ow / ucpv£l6v, where it has the nominative; further Hes. Th. 933 xpuaw ow 'golden houses' [acc.pl.] (innovation). ETYM The ancients saw the word as a shortened form of oWflu (ow· oWflu, o'(K'1flu, a1t�AaLOV H.). Schmidt 1889: 222ff. derived it from *dam, the root noun belonging to � 06flo<;, etc.; thus, Schwyzer: 569 and (hesitantly) Chantraine 1942: 230, as well as Bartholomae 1895: 214 (*dam Av. dqm as an old locative). Fick 1874-1876(1): 458 and Brugmann-Delbruck 1897-1916: 1, 136, as well as Risch 1937: 359f., thought it was a local particle (adverb); cf. � flET£p6v Oe � flET£POV ow), thus *da 'to(wards)', seen in OS to, OHG zuo, and perhaps even in Lat. en-do. In Greek, it is simply a substantive. Cf. � oWflu. •

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i)Wi)£KU [num.] 'twelve' (11.). � IE *duoHdekm 'twelve'� VAR Epic Ion. Dor. also OUWOeKU, Arc. OU60£KO; Hell. also O£KUOUO. .COMP OUWO£KU-�OlO<; 'worth twelve cows' (11.), etc. .DER OWOEKaTO<; (ouw-; on � ouvOeKuTn s.v.) 'the twelfth' (11.) with owo£Kumio<; 'of twelve days' (Hes.) from OWOeKUT'1 (�flEpU), and OUWO£KUT£U<; (fl�v) 'the twelfth month' (Tauromenion); OWO£KU<; (ouw-) [f.] 'group of twelve, the twelfth part' (PI.) with OUWO£KUOtK6<;; oWO£Kdt<;, -'1"[<; (ouw-) 'sacrifIce of twelve animals', also name of a festive deputation (Delphi Va, etc.; cf. TIu8dt<;); OWOeK£U<;' Xo£u<; a measure, 'twelve cotylae' (H.); OWO£KUKl<; 'twelve times' (Ar.). .ETYM From *OFW-O£KU Skt. dva-dasa. It also appears as ouwOeKU, as in Lat. duodecimo See � ouo. •

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i)w�u [n.] 'house, home, temple', often plur., see Schwyzer 1950: 43 (11.; also Arc. [Tegea va] as 'temple'). � IE *dem- 'house'� .DER OWflUTlOV 'small house, room, chapel' (Att.); oWfluTIT'1<;, fern. -iTl<; 'belonging to the house' (A.); OWflUT60flaL 'prOvide with houses' (A. Supp. 958).

owpOV 2 .ETYM Derived from lE *dem-, also seen in � 0£a1t6T'1<;. The nearest cognate is the Arm. n-stem tun 'house' < *dam, gen. tan. See also � ow. i)WI-1(lW =>oEflw. i)WpuKlVOV 'kingstone', a kind of peach (Gp. 3, 1, 4). � LW Lat.� .ETYM From Lat. duracinum. See Andre 1956 S.V. MoGr. has PWOUKlVOV. L1WPlei" [m.pl.] 'Dorians', since T 177 -lE£<;, which is metri causa acc. to Debrunner 1923: 33'· � ?� .VAR Att. -l�<;. Sing. L1WPl£U<;, as a PN (Hdt.) and as an adjective 'Dorian' (PL); thence L1WPI£lU (Cnidos), L1wp£lU (Cos) [n.pl.] names offestivals. .DIAL Myc. do-ri-je-we /D6riewes/ . DER L1WPlO<; (PL), OWPlK6<; (Hdt.), OWPlUK6<; (Orac. apud Th. 2, 24, metrically determined), see Chantraine 1956a: 107; fern. L1wPI<; (Hdt.); oWPI�w 'to speak Dorian' (Theoc.), owplafl6<;, OWplaTl; OWPlU�W 'to clothe oneself like the Dorians' .ETYM Some older proposals started from the lE word *doru for 'wood, tree', or (in Greek) 'spear' (see Frisk s.v.), but this may be doubted. •

i)wpov 1 [n.] 'gift, present' (11.). � IE *deh3-ro- 'gift'� .COMP OWpO-06KO<; 'accepting presents, corruptible' (see � OEXOflaL) beside OWPOOOKEW 'accept presents, be corruptible' (lA) with OWp006K'1flu, owpoooKlu 'corruption' . .DER Diminutive OWpUcplOV (pap.). Denominative oWPEoflul, OWPEW 'give presents' (11.; on the diathesis Schwyzer 1950: 234) with oWP'1flu 'present' (Hdt.) and OWP'1flUTlK6<; (D. H.), OWP'1T�<; 'giver, benefactor' (Nesos Iva) and OWP'1TlK6<; (Pl.), OWP'1T�P 'id.' (AP), OWP'1T6<; 'prepared to accept presents' (I 526), 'presented' (S.). Also OWPUTTOflaL (Theoc. 7, 43; ad hoc formation; Debrunner IF 21 (1907): 242f.); owp�auvm like Horn. CPIAuTo beside cplAeiV perhaps also Thess. oouppuvm (Fraenkel Glotta 35 (1956): 91f.)? Beside owpov and OWPEOflaL stands owp£u, older -£lU (Attica va), Ion. -£� 'gift, present' (Hdt.) with unclear formation; thence owpwK6<; 'offIcial of a fIef (pap. IlIa), owpwaTlK6<;, -PETlK6<; 'concerning presents' (pap. VIP) . .ETYM Old word, identical with Arm. tur, OCS dar'b 'gift', from PIE *deh3-ro-. It also appears with a suffIx -no-: Lat. danum Skt. dana- [n.]. For further details, see � Olowfll. =

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i)wpov 2 [n.] 'breadth of the hand' (Nic., Milete). � ?� .COMP As a second member in £KKaLO£KU-OWPO<; 'sixteen hands long' (L1 109), OeKu owpo<; (Hes. Op. 426), 6p86-owpov 'length of a hand' 'the distance between the root of the hand and the fInger ends' (Poll., acc. to H. also am8ufl� 'span between thumb and pinky'). oDER OUPlV' am8ufl�v. ApKuOe<; (i-stem) and � OUp [£] lp. ETYM The word has been compared with Alb. dore (see La Piana IF 58 (1942): 98), which is, however, rather related to � XElP (see Demiraj 1997). Further Celt. words, like OIr. dorn, as well as Latv. dure, duris 'fIst', have been connected, but both branches point to PIE *u, which excludes any relationship with owpov. =

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E £ £ [interj.] expressing pain (trag., corn.). � ONOM�

VAR Also repeated e 1:, e I: .ETYM Onomatopoeic formation. Cf. Schwyzer 1950: 600.

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[pref.] the augment (ll.). � IE *h,e- augment� .VAR Rarely �- (see below) . DIAL Rare in Mycenaean, only a-pe-do-ke Iap-e-dokel. ETYM Old element indicating the past tense, also found in Indo-Iranian a-, ii- « *a + root-initial *H-), Armenian e- and Phrygian e-, e.g. I:- �ye. From cases like �8eAov < *h,e-h,dhel- next to pres. (t)8EAW, long augments arose analogically, e.g. in ��ouA6flT]v. Probably all long augments are analogical; see Ruijgh Lingua 28 (1971): 166.

e-

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£, f [refl. pron.] 'se', epic also 'eum, earn, id', 3sg. accus. of the reflective (and enclitic)

anaphoric pronoun (ll.). � IE *se, sue 'himself� .VAR Lesb. Fe, Pamph. Fhe, epic also E£; gen. ov (ou), epic 1:0 (do), ev (eo, eu), e8ev, Lesb. FE8ev, Locr. FEO<;; dat. (and gen.; Schwyzer 1950: 189 with lit.; cf. Latte Glotta 35 (1956): 296) ot (01), epic also eOl, Lesb., etc. FOI, Cret. (Gortyn), etc. FLv, Boeot. (Corinna) £lV. For the plur. see � a Lat. suus. Further details are in Schwyzer: 600ff. Cf. � euuTou, � eKa<;, � eKuaTo<;, � a
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��

- .----

ea Ea [interj.] expressing surprise and rejection (trag.). � GR� .ETYM Originally just the 2Sg. ipv. of loaw, but later taken as an independent interjection. See Schwyzer KZ 60 (1933): 141f. tav [conj.] 'if (Att.), Hell. and late also modal pcl. ay. � GR� .VAR With crasis av (Att.), �v (epic Ion.; also Att.?). ETYM From univerbation or crasis of � el and � av. The long vowel in loav can be due to a contamination of loav and ay; see Lejeune 1972: 323. =

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tav6� 1 [m.] a woman's cloth (11.). � IE *ues- 'wear clothes'� VAR Verse-initially davo<; (IT 9); late also Eavo<;. .DIAL Myc. we-a2-no-i Iwehanoihil [dat.pl.] . .ETYM From *Fw-avo<;, a verbal noun of � EVVUf.U; for the suffIx, cf. aTecpavo<;, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 196ff.). •

tav6� 2 [adj.] of clothes (AuL, 1tbtAO<;, iflaTLOv), also of tin (11., ine. auct. apud Greg. Cor., see Sapph. fr. 156). Mg. uncertain: 'supple'? Or 'fine'? � ?� .ETYM No etymology. Cf. � iavoyAecpapo<;. Eap 1, -pO� [n.] 'blood', metaph. 'sap' (Call.; Cyprian ace. to H.). � IE *h1esh2-r 'blood'> VAR Also £lap, �ap. .COMP As a first member in elap01tOT1,]<;" aiflO1tonl<;, '/fUX01tOT'l� 'blood-drinker, breath-drinker' (H.); acc. to sch. T, eiapo1tGm<; is v.l. for �epocpohl<; (EplVU<;) T 87 (Fraenkel I91O: 114). .DER None .ETYM Old word for blood: Hitt. dl;ar, gen. isl;anas, Skt. asrk, gen. asnab, Lat. aser (gloss., Paul. Fest.; form uncertain), ToA ysar, ToB yasar, Latv. asins. An extended form occurs in Arm. ar-iwn (Kortlandt 2003: 131f.: < *esar-). The original rln-stem is maintained in Hitt. and Skt. The length in £lap, �ap is metrical (but archaic, ace. to Schulze 1892: 165f.). Like in Greek (s.v. � alfla), the word was replaced in Latin and Sanskrit (sanguis, rudhiram; cf. under � lopu8po<;), though Lat. san-guis probably contains the oblique stem *h1sh2-enas its first element (cf. De Vaan 2008). •

Eap 2 [n.] 'spring' (11.; cf Schwyzer: 251). � IE *ues-r- 'spring'� VAR Gen. eapo<;, also �po<;, dat. �Pl (Att., also Ion. and Ale.), with new nom. �p (Alem.). .COMP As a first member in loapL-opemo<; 'plucked in spring' (Pi.), loapo-Tpecp�<; (Mosch.), ete. .DER loaplvo<; (also ei-, �- like e'lapo<; through metrical lengthening), poet. also �PlVO<; 'belonging to the spring' (11.); likewise Mpn:po<; (Nic. Th. 380, with contrasting -Tepo<;, Schwyzer 1950: 183); loapLoa<;· Ta<; Kav8apLoa<; 'beetles' (H.); on the semantics Stromberg 1944: 13. Denominative verb loapL�w 'to bloom as in spring, etc.' (Pl.). .ETYM Both the form yeap· eap (H.) and Homeric prosody (Chantraine 1942: 128) point to older Feap, from PGr. *wehar, an old rln-stem: Av. loco vaJJri < *vasr-i 'in spring', Arm. gar-un 'spring', Lith. vasar-a 'summer'; OCS, ete. vesn-a 'spring', Skt. vasan-ta- 'id.' (cf. heman-ta- 'winter'; see � X£lflwv). On the Celtic forms, see MatasoviC 2008 s.v. *werr- I *wesn-. Beside lE *ues-r-, *ues-n-, we have Lat. ver and •

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loaw ON var [n.] (a-stem). Porzig 1954a: 110f. suggests that Lat. and Gm. created *uer after the word for 'year', lE *iehlr- (see � wpa). The formation of loaplvo<; is mirrored in Lith. vasarinis 'of the summer' and Lat. vernus (like hibernus, hornus). tapa [pl.]? Mg. unknown (IG 12(3), 450: al [Old Theraeanl). � ?� .VAR Cf. loapov· AouT� pa � 1tpOXOUV 'washing-tub or vessel for pouring out' (H.) . .ETYM Unexplained. See Sommer 1905: 119, who connects the word to U vestikatu 'libato'. tavTov [refl. pron.] 'himself (lA), 3rd sing. and plur. (but also referring to the first and second persons). � GR� .VAR Fern. -T�<;; dat. -T4>, -Tft, ete., Ion. EWVTOU (EWTOU), W1JTOU, Att. also aUTou, ete., Hell. also EaTou, (nou, Cret. pavTou. .DER EauToT'l<; 'being oneself (Procl.) . ETYM A univerbation of the reflexive � E, EOl, etc. and � mJ-ro<;, -TOV, ete.: EO alJTou > Ion. EWVTOU, Att. £auTou, EOl mJ-r4> > Ion. EWUT4>, Att. EaUT4>, ete.; thus also loflewUTou, aewuTou, lo flauTOu, a(e)auTou, etc. (Horn. E aUTov, efl' aUTOv, EO aUTou, loflol aUT4>, etc.). Details are included in Schwyzer: 607 and 402 and Schwyzer 1950: 193ff. A remarkable parallel is found in Phrygian: OPhr. ven avtun, NPhr. oe aULal. •

tacp611 [v.aor.] Mg. uncertain (of aa1tl� Kat KOpU<; N 543, I 419). � IE? *sengwh- 'sing'� .ETYM The word was already unknown in antiquity: it was explained as '� cp8'l' by Tyrannion (ap. sch. A); Aristarchus connected it with E1tOflat; acc. to H. loKaflcp8'l, loPMP'l. All of these are just speculations. Modern scholars proposed different explanations: that the word is connected to � lamw (Meister 1921: 1102), to Go. sigqan 'to sink', ete. (Schmidt 1895: 62ff.). Meier-Briigger MSS 59 (1989): 91-96 explains the forms from the root *sengwh- in � 6flCP� 1 'song'. So it meant 'they sang', said of a shield and helmet. In a similar vein, � aamo<; would mean 'unsingbar'. None of these proposals is very convincing. =

Mw [v.] 'to let (go), allow, leave alone' (11.). � ?� .VAR Ipf. e'lwv, aor. loaaat (ind. e'laaa), fut. Maw (originally loaa(a)at, resp. loaa(a)w?, see below); younger perf., ete. e'laKa, e'laflat, ela8'lv (D., Isoe.). .COMP Rarely 1tap-, elm:aw . .DER None. .ETYM The glosses epaaov· eaaov. LupaKomOl (H., EM; LupaKoumol Latte) and eua· . . . ea (H.) assure a digamma for loaw; the diphthongal augment points to an initial consonant (so probably a-), but the absence of aspiration is unexplained (cf. Lejeune 1972: 934). We have to assume a disyllabic root *(a)eFa-, like loACt-, TEAa-, ete., within the aorist *(a)eFaaat > loaaat, or loaaaat with analogical -aa- (like loAaa(a) at, etc., after TeAea- (a) at, etc.), fut. loaa(a)w, forms that can be found in Horn. (loaaoumv cp 233, e'laaev K 299 as v.l.); thus, one could read loaaaat for loaaat (� 42), etc., like Maaw (v. 1.) in Parm. 8, 7. Additionally, Maoflev, eaaov in Hdt. are understandable (cf. e'laov· eaaov H.). The length in Maat, etc. would then be from the denominatives in -aw. Therefore, the unique form ea (E 256) would be the 3sg. of an athematic �eolic ea-fll. Previously, loaw was traced to lE *seuH-, with

Skt. savi- in savi-tar- 'impeller, etc.', pres. suvati 'impel', but the semantics do not really fit. Now Nussbaum 1998 reconstructs a root *h,ueh2- and connects the word with Lat. viinus 'devoid', Gr. £iivlO:; 'bereft' (although the latter seems phonetically difficult). He explains forms with initial da- as renditions of older *EA-, with metrically long E; cf. 8£Lofl£v for 8EOMEN, from older *8�ofl£v (> Att. 8ewfl£v). Cf. on � £iaflevll. t�c5o��KovTa [num.] 'seventy' (Hdt.).
e�c50�1O<; [num.] 'the seventh' (ll.). km OLith. sekmas. Cf. � £mu. •

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e�£vo<; [f.] 'ebony (tree)' (Hdt.).
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t�paTuYIl(J£v [v.] . e\ll0
eyyuo:; e�po<; [m.] · TPUYOO:; �uTllO:;· KaL nOTafloo:; 8pq.KllO:; 'a he-goat that treads; a river of Thrace' (H.).
=>

ayyapoo:;.

tyyapouvT£<; [v.] mg. uncertain (Inscr. Olymp. 335).
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eyypaUAL<;, -£w<; [f.] kind of anchovy (Ael., Opp.), also called eYKpaCYLxoAoo:;. yuaAov. tyyull [f.] 'surety, guarantee; nuptial contract' (Od.).
370

eydpw

diminutives in -uOLOV; denominative eYY1(w [v.] 'come near', trans. 'bring closer' (Arist., Hell.). ETYM Adverb in -C; like EUeUC;, aAlC;, etc. (Schwyzer: 620). In view of Lat. comminus, scholars often see in eyyuc; an old word for 'hand' (in accordance with Bezzenberger BB 4 (1880): 321'), also attested in eyyuTJ, -Uw. The first syllable seems to be the preposition (adverb) ev, but further interpretation is uncertain. Pisani RILomb. 73:2 (1939-40): 47 connected the word with �alvw as "colui che va innanzi". This may chiefly be correct, but the second element is rather the neuter ( absolutive) of the root *gWeu- 'to go', "en allant vers, au milieu"; cf. De Lamberterie 1990: 326-37, who compares � flE(0') O'TJYu (C;). •

=

eydpw [v.] 'to awaken, rouse, raise'. ';!( IE *h�er- 'awake'� VAR Aor. eydpUl, fut. eYEpw, late perf. eY�YEpKa; med. eYElpoflUl, aor. eypEO'eUl 'rise' with new present eypoflUl, eypw (E.), perf. eyp�yopa 'I am awake' with epic forms ipv. eyp�yopeE, inf. -eUl, 3Pl.ind. -eaO'l, ptc. -opowv (see Chantraine 1942: 429 and 359; Schwyzer: 8008 and 5404); new pres. YPTJYOPEW (Hellenistic; Schwyzer: 768), also eYPTJyopEW (Debrunner IF 47 (1929): 356) . COMP Often with prefix: av-, OL-, e�-, £1(-, etc. As a first member in eypE-KuOOlfl0C; (Hes.), eypE-fluXaC; (S.), etc.; cf. eYEpO'l- below. DER eYEpO'lC; 'awakening' (lA) with eYEpO'lfloC; (U1tVOC; Theoc. 24, 7; Arbenz 1933: 102), often with prefix av-, Ol-, e�-, e1t-EYEpO'lC;; also as a first member in late compounds like eYEpO'l-fluXaC; (AP); eYEpT�pLOV 'awakening' (Ael.); e�-EYEpTTJC; 'who rises' (pap.); (OL-, e1t-)eYEpTlKOC; 'raising' (Pl.); aV-EYEpflwv 'vigilant' (AP); eYEpTl [adv.] 'id.' (Heraclit.). From the perfect: eyp�yopO'lC; 'watch' (Hp., Arist.) , eYPTJyoplKOC; 'watching' (Arist.), eYPTJyopOTWC; [adv.] 'id.' (PIu., Luc.), eyp�yopoC; 'id.' (Adam.), eYPTJyopTl [adv.] 'awake' (K 182). Enlarged present eyp�O'O'w 'to be awake' (1tUVVUXOl eyp�O'O'oVTEC; A 551) after the verbs in -O'O'W like 1tT�O'O'w, KVWO'O'W; see Chantraine 1942: 335 (doubtful Schwyzer: 6483). .ETYM The perf. eyp�yopa is an old formation, parallel to Skt. jagara, YAv. jayara 'is awake', from *h�(r)e-h�or- (perhaps -yp- from the aorist eypEO'eUl?). Uncertain is Lat. experg'iscor. The word has also been connected with Alb. ngre 'rise'. See LIV2 s.v. *h�er- 'erwachen'. •

•

•

EYKap [?] cpeElp 'louse' (Eust. 757, 27). ';!( GR?� .ETYM Uncertain. From the word for 'head'? =

EYKapoc; [m.] 'brains' (AP, Lyc.). ';!( GR� .ETYM Scholarly hypostasis from ev and � Kupa, KUpTJ 'head', after eyKEcpaAoc; KEcpaA�. Cf. � '(YKPOC;. tYKapOloc; =>e1tlKUpO'lOC;. tYKac; [adv.] 'deep inside' (Hp., GaL) . .;!( ?� VAR Also eyKac;. ETYM Related to � eyKaTa; formation like aYKuc;, eVTU1tUC;, etc. (Schwyzer: 631). DELG considers an analysis in ev- and -Kac;, as in E-Kac;, ava-Kuc;. •

•

eyKplC;, -100C;

371

EYKa't'a [n.pl.] 'intestines' (11.). ';!( GR?� .VAR Dat.pl. eyKUO'l (A 438); as a back-formation later sing. eYKa't'ov (LXX, Luc.) . .DER eYKa't'oac; 'containing intestines' (Nic.), eYKaTwoTJC; 'like intestines' (sch.). .ETYM Uncertain. Leumann 1950: 158' derives it from *eYKaToc; 'interior', which contains ev- just as eO'xaToc; contains e�-; eyKaO'l would then be an innovation based on youvaO'l, etc. Lacon. eYKuTov , eYKaTov (H.) is folk-etymological, based on � KUTOC; 'skin, trunk, body'. tYK1Uacpov [?] . oupu 'tail', also eYKlAAov· oupuv (H.) . .;!( ?� .ETYM The word has been compared with � KlAAOC; 'grey' (K1AAOC; 'donkey, i.e. the grey one'), or � K1AA<0>up0C;' O'ElO'01tuY1C; 'wagtail' (H.). On -cpOC;, see Chantraine 1933: 264· tyKA1C; [f.] . � KayKEAAwT� eupa 'entrance furnished with a railing', (EM 518, 22). ';!( GR� .ETYM Related to fYKAlvw, with the same formation as in OLKA1C;; see � OLKA10EC;. Cf. also Stromberg 1944: 15. tYKoaKlOat [?] . eYXEUl Mepa 'pour in secretly' (H.). .;!( ?� .ETYM Groselj Ziva Ant. 4 (1954): 169 compares KOla· KAE"'TJfla (H.). tYKOlWTal [f.pl.] scil. oapKval, 'deposited money' (Gortyn). .ETYM Derived from *eYKolow, -OOflUl, which is probably a denominative from *eYKOloc;, which belongs to KOLOV' eVEXupoV 'pledge' (H.). See there for further etymology. tYKOVEW [v.] 'to hurry, be quick and active in service' (11.). ';!( IE *ken- 'be active'� .DIAL Perhaps here Myc. ka-si-ko-no. .DER eYKovTJTl [adv.] 'quickly' (PL), eYKovlC; 'servant' (Suid.). Beside eYKovEw stands OLaKovEw (with � OLUKOVOC;, s.v.); further perhaps aYKovEw 'hurry' in Ar. Lys. 1311; thence aYKovouC;' olaKovouc;, OOUAOUC; 'servants, slaves' (H.). The Simplex only in H. Kova' O'1tEu8£, TPEXE 'hasten, run [ipv.]' and Kovdv· e1tEly£O'eUl, eVEpydv 'to hurry oneself, be in action' with KovTJTU1' eEpU1tOVTEC; 'attendants'. Note Kovapov· . . . OpaO'T�plOV and KovapwTEpoV' opaO''t'lKWTEpOV 'more efficient' (H.). Uncertain is a KovlTl (Olympia, Th.); cf. on � KOVlC;. .ETYM Iterative-intensive verb, mostly connected with Lat. conor, conar'i 'exert onself, try' (see De Vaan 2008 s.v.). Tremblay Sprache 38 (1998): 14-30, connects these words with the root *ken- 'to rise', assuming a lengthened grade adjective for Latin. Other comparanda come from Celtic, e.g. MW digoni 'to make', W dichon, digon 'can' (Pok. 564). tyKpaolxoAoC; [m.] 'kind of anchovy' (Arist.). ';!( GR� .ETYM SO called because the intestines are attached to the head? See Thompson 1947 s.v. tYKpiC;, -i6oC; [f.] 'cake made of oil and honey' (Stesich., corn.) . .;!( ?� .COMP eYKplOO-1tWATJC; 'seller of e. ' (corn.).

372 .ETYM A back-formation from eYK£pavvuf.ll, eYK£paaaL 'mix III is formally impossible. Neither is it connected to eYKplv£lv (Stromberg 1944: 15). tYKVTI [adv.] 'to the skin' (Archil., Call.). K1JTOe;. typ�oow =>ey£lpw. fYX£AVe;, -Voe; [f.] 'eel' (ll.).
tYX£OI!1WP0C; [adj.] usually understood as 'famous for his spear' (ll.).
fyxoC; [n.] 'spear, lance' (ll.), also 'weapon' in general (Pi., S.); on the mg. Schwyzer Glotta 12 (1923): 11, Triimpy 1950: 52ff.
eO£eAOV

373

.DER Also eYX£lTj (Horn.), probably formed after eA£YX£lTj : eA£yxoe;, 6V£l0£(Tj : QV£lOOe;, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 8M.). Different Tovar Emerita 11 (1943): 431ff. Unclear is 'Eyxw· � L£f.leATj oihwe; eKaA£lTo. .ETYM No etymology. See Schwyzer Glotta 12 (1923): 1Off. (to UKaXf.leVOe;), as well as Tovar Emerita 11 (1943): 431ff. The word is possibly Pre-Greek. tyw [pers. pron.] T.
fSdlAOV [n.] 'ground, bottom, foundation' (Antim.; probably also A. Ag. 776 instead of eaeM; or eaeAa, from *£O-eAa?).
374

eOva

.ETYM From the verb for 'sit' (see � e
•

£60c; =>e
375 e6w [v.] 'to eat' (ll.).
EEA6o!laL [v.] 'to desire, want, long for' (ll.).
ETYM From e(F)eAoollaL (Chantraine 1942: 133 and 182). No cognates outside Greek. Homer has EAO- only three times (E 481, 'If 122, \\f 6); these may have undergone influence by � EAnollaL. The form with 'prothesis' is the original one, as is proven by ££Aowp; see Beekes 1969: 63f. , £�O!1aL [v.] 'to sit (down) (ll.).
•

•

•

£9£lPaL [f.pl.] 'manes of a horse, crest' (ll.), 'hair on the head', also sing. (h. Ven., Pi.); 'manes of a lion, bristle of a boar', etc. (Theoc.).
•

E8voc;

377

care, fear, consideration' (H.), comparing Lat. iuba, crista, crinis for the meaning. This is very unlikely. Perhaps the word is rather from *uedh-, as per Chantraine 1942: 151 and DELG S.v. t9t:£pw [v.] Mg. unknown, mostly taken as 'to care for' (see H.: e8dpn' eltLll£AduC; a�Lwcrn 'deem worthy of care'), or 'to work, cultivate'.
with � 6SVEio<; 'foreign, alien' (Democr., PI.) as 'belonging to the eSvo<;' (Fraenkel Gnomon 22 (1950): 238); but in this case, it can hardly be from *sue-. The word could be of foreign origin. From eSvo<; (pronounced eSvo<;) comes Copt. hESvo<;, Arm. het'anos, and also Go. haiJmo 'heathen' (whence the other Gm. words). e60<; [n.] 'custom, usage' (lA). � IE? *suedh- 'custom, character'� , .DER Old only tSa<; [m., f.] 'used (to) (Hp., Th.); late eSLflo<; 'usual' (Amorgos 1", D. S., etc.; after VOflLflo<;, Arbenz 1933: 99), tSLKO<; 'usual' (PIu.), tS�flwV 'id.' (Musae.) with tST]flO-AOY£w 'to collect as usual' (AP), tST]flo
e6pu, [adj.] . TOfl[a<;, KPLO<; 'castrated ram' (H.). � ?� .VAR Cod. tSp[<;; cf. '(8pL<;'
379 DELG prefers the interpretation �AaTtTWV (which seems, however, to conflict with tpLofla[vOU
'

dMAlflo<; =£100<;. d6aAL<; [?] . OpVL<; TtOLO<; 'kind of bird' (H.). � ?� VAR Also ioaALO<;. .ETYM Unexplained. •

d6ap =eow. £l611l-la VAR e'ioT]
£l6ol-lUl [v.] 'to appear, seem, resemble' (Il.). � IE *ueid- 'see'� .VAR AOL e'i
£'(OWAOV

.DER £looe; 'appearance, species, form, etc.', £LouAAlov 'poem, single song', eLOUAlflOe; 'with beautiful appearance'; e'(OWAOV 'picture, image', -AUTp'le; 'who reveres idols', £LOUAAETaL'
e'aiwAov

=>

e'(ooflUl.

£Itv [interj.] 'okay, alright!' (Att.). � ONOM� VAR On the interaspiration, indicated by grammarians and the cod. Rav. of Ar., Schwyzer: 219 and 303. .ETYM Froehde BB 10 (1886): 297 connected the word with Skt. evam 'okay', but perhaps this rather belongs to � £lu; was the ending taken from flev? Differently, von Wilamowitz 1889: 320; cf. Barrett 1964: 297. •

eIeap [adv.] 'immediately' (11.). � ?� .ETYM Was the word originally a neuter noun in -up? It is difficult to connect it with i0ue;, which has a long L-; see Schwyzer: 350 arid 519 and Schwyzer 1950: 70. Incorrectly, Pok. 892; there is no etymology. dee [pcl.] 'utinam, 0 that', in wishes (11.). � IE *(h,)e(i) demo pron. + *gwhe pcl.?� .VAR Also ure£ (see � £L). .ETYM From £L, uL (see � £L) and a particle -8£; however, the latter has no clear etymology. Meillet MSL 8 (1894): 238 compared the particles Skt. gha and OCS ze; thus, is it from lE *gwhe? Further, see Schwyzer 1950: 5612. dKa.�W [v.] 'to picture, compare, suspect' (lA); on the mg. cf. Brunel 1939: 71, 155, 174, 184. � IE *ueik- 'resemble'� VAR Lesb. fLKuaow; aor. £LKuaaL, fut. £LKuaw, perf. pass. e'(KuaflaL (fj-). .COMP PrefIxed especially wiili CtTt-; also with £�-, £Tt-, Ttpoa-, etc. .DER (CtTt-)eLKua[u 'picture, comparison, conjecture' (lA; on the formation Schwyzer: 469) with £LKUaLflOe; 'aestimabilis' (gloss.; Arbenz 1933: 99), (CtTt-)e'(Kuaflu 'representation' (A., Pl.), (CtTt-, £Tt-)£LKuafloe; 'supposition' (D. H., Str.); eLKaaT�e; 'conjecturer, diviner' (Th. 1, 138; see Fraenkel 1912: 73f.), 'who represents' (D. H.); £LKumoe; 'comparable' (S., etc.), £LKuanKoe; 'ptng. to portraying' (PI., etc.). •

.ETYM Like the synonymous Horn. (F)£(F)[aKw, tetrasyllabic fLKuaow presupposes an original *F£FLKU(W. Both formations are recent factitive presents of the perf. (F)e (F)OlK-U 'be like, resemble', with zero grade in (F)e-(F)lK-TOV [du.], (F)e-(F)lK-TO [plpf.med.] (Schwyzer: 735). See � £OlKU on the etymology. dKn [adv.] 'just so, without deliberation', late also 'in vain' (lA). � IE *ueik- 'resemble, seem'� .COMP As a fIrst member in £LKo-�oA£w 'shoot just so' (E.) with eLKO�OX[U (Phld.) . DER £LKa.lOe; 'without plan, at random' (S.) with £LKaLOT'le; (Phld.) and eLKaLOauv'l (Timo). Cf. aTtouoft, KOfllOft, etc.; so a nominal dative (Schwyzer: 622). .ETYM Incorrectly, Wackernagel 1916: 137' who, based on Indic parallels, assumes *£ F£Kft 'arbitrarily' from � eKwv; this is impossible because of the prothetic vowel assumed. Ruijgh Lingua 28 (1971): 169 starts from *ueik- 'resemble, seem', which seems possible. •

dKOO'l [num.] 'twenty'. � IE *dui-dkmt-i(H) 'twenty'� .VAR Horn. also ££[KOaL (see below), Dor. F[Kun. .COMP As a fIrst member often £LKoau-, e.g. ££lKoau�OlOe; 'worth twenty cows' (Od.; after emu-, TETpU-, etc.). On eLKOaLV�plTOe; (X 349) see � V�plTOe;. .DER £LKoauKle; 'twenty times' (11.), £LKoaue; [f.] 'twenty pieces' (late; cf. eLKUe; below), (£)eLKOmOe; (Boeot. FLKuaTOe;) 'the twentieth' (11.); fern. eLKOaT� 'the twentieth' with £LKoaTUloe; 'belonging to the twentieth day' (Hp.; like oEUT£puloe;, etc.); also £LKue; [f.], Dor. LKue;, Ther. hlKue; 'the number twenty, the twentieth day of the month' (Hes.), after O£KUe;, TplUKUe;, etc. (not an original formation to (£)'(Kun, as per Schwyzer: 597); from here eLKUOUe; the members of a society that met on the 20th, eponymous founder EiKuOeue; (Athens; Fraenkel 1912: 71 and 180, von Wilamowitz 1932: 368'), eLKUOlmu[ epithet of the Epicureans (Ath.), cf. o£KuOLaTU[ to OeKue; (see � oeKu). .ETYM Horn. £eLKOOl stands for £(F)lKOaL (the prothetic vowel derives from the glottalic feature of the *d-; see Kortlandt MSS 42 (1983): 97-104). It was graphically influenced by contracted e'(KOaL; likewise, Heracl. FeLKun. The o-vowel in e'(KOaL is diffIcult to account for: it may have been taken from eLKOmOe; (differently, Meillet MSL 16 (1910-1911): 217ff.; see Schwyzer: 344), which itself took it from TpluKomOe;, etc., with -0- as in TPlUKOVTU, etc. PGr. (I)FlKun, (I)FlKumOe; gave Dor., Boeot. FlKUTl after the loss of the fIrst laryngeal by dissimilation; see Kortlandt MSS 42 (1983): 97-104. The word is identical with Av. vlsaiti, as well as with Skt. vi1}1sati- [f.], which has secondary nasalization and i flexion, as well as secondary stress. The -g- in Lat. vlginti" is difficult to explain; see Kortlandt MSS 42 (1983): 101, who states that it results from voicing after a nasal in the words for '70' and '90', and subsequent analogical introduction in the other decades. The dual lE *dui-dkmt-i(H) properly meant 'two decades', from lE *dui- 'two' and � oeKU. See also under � eKUTOv. e'{KW [v.] 'to give way, yield'. � IE *ueig- 'give way, yield'�

£IKWV, -ovo<;

.VAR Aor. el�cu (E(F)£L�£ Alcm., yi�cu [i.e. F£i�cu] · XWP�
ElKWV, -ovo<; [f.] 'representation, picture, resemblance' (lA). � IE *ueik- 'resemble'� .VAR Cypr. F£LKOVU, Ion. also elKW, -ou<; [f.]. .COMP As a frrst member in dKovoAoYlu 'speaking in resemblances, frguratively' (Pl.). .DER Diminutive £IKovlov (Hell.) and -IOtOV (late); £IKovlKo<; 'picturing' (Hell.), dKovwoTj<; (gloss.). Denominative verb (£�-)dKovl�w 'imitate, record in documents' (LXX, pap., PIu.; cf. Mayser 1906-1938, I: 3: 146) with dKovl
•

dAEW l well. Note ��ATj�u· KWAu�u,
ElAtw 1 [v.] 'to press together, draw together, fence in' (Horn.). � IE *uel- 'press together'� .VAR Epic Delph. also e'iAo�cu in £IAo�£vo<;, dAE
--------....;..�-'--'-'--'--'"'--'-""--"--�---'--"'--�-�-

-�

eLAEW 2 KaT-,
dAtw 2 [v.] 'to roll, turn, wind, revolve' (mostly Hell.).
f

�---'-

.ETYM As in � £IA£W 1 and (e)LnW 'press', a nasal present is also continued in eLAEW 'roll, turn' < *F£A-VEW; a reduplicated formation *FL-FA-W is found in 'LAAW. The formal coalescence often led to semantic interference as well; for example, Inofl£VO<;, in A. R. 2, 27 A£WV . . . Inofl£vo<; n£p OflLA'LATj. t:lATJ 2 [f.] 'warmth, heat of the sun' (Ar. Ve. 772 [v.l. EATjl, Luc.). .VAR Also £'LATj, EATj; �EAa (=FEAa} �ALO<;, KaL auy�, uno AaKWVWV 'the sun; sunlight (Lacon.)' (H.; likewise to EAa); unclear is the appurtenance of YEAav (=FEAav?} auy�v �ALOU 'light of the sun', because of y£Adv· AUfln£LV, avedv 'to shine, to bloom' (H.), perhaps rather to � Y£AaW, � yaA�vTj; but y£AoouTLa· �ALoou £'LATj, £'LATj), which however is impossible . These belong as a verbal noun to a verb 'to singe (intr.), burn without flame', which still exists in Gm. and BaIt., e.g. OE swelan, MoHG schwelen (with full grade), Lith. svilti (with zero grade of a root *suelH-), with many derivatives. The Greek forms exhibit £LA- beside EA-. There is no explanation for this, as a by-form *h1uel- from a root *suel- is hardly possible. Unless there is an unknown phonetic development, the problem cannot be solved. Could there have been an analogical spread of £LA-? From Greek, � aA£a 1 (UA-) 'heat of the sun' can also be connected. OHG swelzan 'to burn', OE sweltan 'to die', and ON svelta 'to starve, die' belong to an independent root lE *sueld- (also Arm. k'alc).Cf. also � �ALO<; 'sun' and � EAUVTj 'torch'. '

j

e'LAlyyO<; [m.] 'dizziness', often plur. (Hp., Pl.), 'whirl(pool)' (Peripl. M. Rubr., A. R.).
.ETYM Form in -lYY( 0)- (Schwyzer: 498, Chantraine 1933: 398ff.), either directly from � £iAEW 2 'to turn, wind' or via an unknown noun. Initial el- was taken from the present (cf. � elHw 2); it is superfluous to assume a prothetic E-. On IA- for £iA-, cf. � '(AT]. ToB wai walau 'vertigo' (cited by Frisk s.v.) is a mistake for waipalau, from wip- 'shake'. On account of the suffIx, one could separate the word from elAEw as Pre-Greek. elAlKplVq<; [adj.] 'pure, absolute, genuine' (Hp., Att.). � ?� .vAR Also ei-. DER £iAlKp[VetU 'purity', elAlKplvEw 'purify' (Hell.), eIAlKplvoTT]e; (gloss.).' .ETYM Expressive word without a convincing etymology. It is mostly taken as a compound of Kp[VW and e'(AT] (with compositional -l? Schwyzer: 447f.), in which case it would properly mean "distinguished in/by the sun" (Frisk); one should then take e'(AT] not as 'heat of the sun', but as 'sunlight'. However, such a meaning is only known for Dor. FEAU and cannot be old. This makes the proposal highly improbable. Connection with £iHw (1 or 2) seems to make no sense either. DELG s.v. offers a difficult hypothesis. •

elAlOVf<; =*UEAlOl. elAl1roU<; [adj.] mg. uncertain, in Hom. only dat. and acc.pl. -noowmv, -nooue; of �oee;; later (Anacr., Eup.) also of other nouns. � ?� .VAR eIAl1tOoT]e; (Nonn.); on the formation see Schwyzer: 451. .ETYM Because the meaning is unclear, the proposed etymologies are uncertain, as well. As uep(J[noOee; lnnol (� 532) 'foot-lifting horses' suggests a contrastive use as 'dragging the feet', Osthoff BB 22 (1897): 255ff. assumed that the first member contained an element related to Lith. se/if, seliti 'drag', Skt. tsarati 'to sneak, steal'; thus, elAlnoue; would mean 'with sneaking feet'. This interpretation, however, is not as convincing as the inner-Greek connections. There seems to be no trace of digamma (Chantraine 1942: 132); however, see Shipp 1967: 60 (who suggests that it is a late formation without an old tradition). One might think of 'pressing the feet' (from elAEw 'press') as 'turning the feet' (from £iAEW 'to turn'; thus also H.: Ola. TO EAI(J(Jelv TOUe; nooue; KUTa. T�V nopeluv 'because of their turning the feet in their mode of walking'). el- can be metrical or taken from the present. On the -l in compounds, see Schwyzer: 447f. and Knecht 1946: 31. The unclear gloss uvenlnoue;' o TOLe; nodl fl� aA
elAuw ElAOnfc')ov [n.] in T] 123 UAW� . . , 'vineyard' / T�e; £Tepov flEV 8 ' eiAOneOov . . . / TEp(JnUl �eAlqJ 'dry up in the sun', read by Doederlein (details in Bechtel 1914, Leumann 1950: 44), for traditional 8etAOneOov. � ?� .ETYM Analyzed in antiquity as 'sunny spot', with eiAT] 'heat of the sun' as a first member. The reading 8elAOneOov (thought to be false; see Frisk) was already accepted in antiquity (AP, Dsc.); thence 8elAoneOeuw 'to wither in the sun' (Dsc.). See also Ure Class. Quart. 49 (1955): 227. Nonetheless, an inscription in Mylasa has 8etAOne[, which rather suggests that 8etAOneOov was the correct reading after all; see Dubois RPh. 71 (1997): 162. See � e'(AT] . elAUCmaO!lUl [v.] 'to sneak like a snake or a worm' (Hp., Pl.). � GR� .vAR Also IA-. .DER eIAu(Jnume; and -(Jnu(JnKOe; (Arist.). .ETYM Expressive verbal dvandva-compound from elAuoflUl and (JnaoflUl (Schwyzer: 645). flAvcpaw [v.] 'to roll, whirl about' (ll.). � ?� .VAR Only pte. -cpowv, -cpowvTee; (A 156, Hes. rh. 692, trans.; Nonn. D. 30, 81 intr.), -ucpa
.ETYM The gloss yO.. OUTpOV· EA.uTPOV, �youv AEnupov 'pod' (H.) points to PGr. FEAU TpOV, identical with Skt. varu-tra- [n.] 'over-garment' (gramm.). Theoretically, ELAUW could derive from PGr. * F£A-V -U-W and agree with Skt. vp:zoti 'envelop, cover' < lE *ul-ne-u-ti, but the Greek word is late and rare, which makes the identification less probable; even less so, when we consider that the Skt. root contains an initial laryngeal (see Lubotsky 2000a). Disyllabic p:AU- in (F)EAU-a-efj, etc. (with analogical -a-; Schwyzer 761) is also found in Arm. gelu-m 'to turn' (formation uncertain) and in Lat. volvo; an iterative formation in Go. walwjan, OE wealwian 'to revolve' < *uolu-eie-. Note (F)EAU-fla, with the same secondary long vowel as in L,at. volUmen; further, Arm. gelumn 'turning'. In the formation of the Greek system, the perfect E'iAUl-taL < *FE-FAU-flaL (with long vowel; initial F- is uncertain, on which see Chantraine 1942: 131 and Schwyzer: 64ge) played an important role; the late forms ELAuaaL and ELAUaeEIC; and the many nouns in ELAu- are derived from it. See LIV2 S.v. 1. and 2. yel-. £'lAW =>ELAEw 1. df1u =>EvvuflL. dfla6£� [pl.?] nOLflEvwv OLKlaL 'houses of shepherds' (H.). � ?� .ETYM Formation like o£Lpac;, etc.; is the word derived from *Fcifla = Lat. vimen 'rod, wickerwork'? .

dflL [v.] 'to go' (perfective; cf. Schwyzer 1950: 265). � IE *h,ei- 'go'� VAR Only present active; inf. LEVaL. .DIAL Myc. i-jo-te /iontes/. COMP Very often with prefix: av-, an-, 01-, E'ia-, E�-, etc. .DER From the simplex: '(-eflaTa [pI.] 'step, pace' (E 778 h. Ap. 114, of doves), = 'feet' (Call. Cer. 58); on the formation Schwyzer: 49212, 523); � Laefloc;, also hafloc;, �hfjC;; cf. oLToc;, OLfloC;. From the compounds: ELa-I-eflfj 'entry' (� 264, Opp.; cf. 'i6flaTa and Porzig 1942: 283); £�-I-TfjAOC; 'perishable' (lA), acc. to H. hfjAOV' TO EflfloVOV, Kat OUK £�LTfjAOV 'abiding, not going' (A. Fr. 42); ELa-I-Tfjfla 'revenue' (Delos, Delphi); ELa-, £�-, KaT+T�pLOC; (D.); OL-, auv-L-TLKOC; (Arist.). On � afla�-L-ToC;, see S.V.; on the univerbation cnapmToc; see �
•

=

=

=

•

=

E'ipyw dfll [v.] 'to be'. � IE *h,es- 'be'� .VAR Inf. dVaL (lA), Dor. �fll, inf. �flEV, Aeol. EflflL, inf. EflflEV, -aL; only present stem (with future). ·COMP Often with prefix: an-, EV-, E�- (E�WTL), en-, nap-, auv-, etc. .DER £aT-W [f.] (to £aT!) = ouala (to wv) 'substance' (Archyt. Philos.), Cm-EaTW 'absence' (Hdt. 9, 85; auv-wTw 6, l28 v.l. to GUVWTlfj), see Schwyzer: 478 , Chantraine 1933: 117; cf. also on EUWTW; cmWTlJC;' cmoxwpfjmc; 'retreat; voidance' (H.; Chantraine 1933: 291). From the ptc. WV, OVT-OC; : ouala (see above) with cm-, £�-, nap-, GUv-ouala, etc. from cm-wv, etc.; thence e.g. auvouma�w with auvoumaaT�C;, -aaTLKoc;, etc. .ETYM Old athematic root present with exact correspondences in several languages: ELfll, £I (epic and Dor. £aal), £aTI Skt. asmi, asi, asti, OLith. esmi, esi, esti, Hitt. esmi, essi (esi), eSzi, Go. im, is, ist, Lat. es(s), est (sum is an innovation), lE *es-mi, *esi « *es-si, sometimes restored by analogy), *es-ti; }pI. with zero grade ELal, Myc. e-e-si /ehensi/, Dor. £VTI (with psilosis after ELfll, etc.) = Skt. santi, U sent, Go., etc. sind, all of which are from lE *h,s-enti. Horn. �a [ipf.Isg.] = Skt. asam, lE *h,e-h,es-m, Dor. Aeol. Arc. Cypr. �C; [3sg.] Skt. (Ved.) as, lE *h,e-h,es-t. Further forms are mentioned in Schwyzer: 676ff. =

=

dvaTtp£�, -tpwv [f.pl.] 'wife of the husband's brother' (ll.) � IE *(H)ienh2-ter- 'wife of husband's brother'� .VAR Also sing. £vaTfjp, -TPL, -TEpa (late Anatolian inscr.), voc. E'ivaTEp, gen. -TEpOC; (Hdn.) . .ETYM Old, disappearing kinship term denoting a member of the extended family (see Risch Mus. Helv. 1 (1944): 117). Epic ELV- is a metrical lengthening of psilotic £V-. The acc. LavaTEpa is not Phrygian, but Greek. The etymon is also seen in Lat. ianitrices (after genetrices, etc.; the vocalization -a(n) in the root is not quite clear), OLith. jente, CS jatry (ending after svekry 'mother-in law'), and in Skt. yiitar- (with zero grade of the root: *i1}h2-ter-). Arm. ner (also ner), gen. niri is difficult to explain; see Kortlandt 2003: l20 and 163 on this word. dVOO'levom<;. dnov [v.aor.] 'say, speak' (ll.). � IE *h,e-ue-ukw-om 'I said'� VAR Epic e£Lnov, Ion., etc. also dna, inf. ELnciv, dnaL, Cret. FcinaL. .COMP Often with prefix, e. g. cm(0)-, £�-, fln(a)-, nap-, npo-(F)£Lnciv, -(F)cinaL .ETYM The Skt. aorist a-vocam 'I spoke', from *h,e-ue-ukw-om, points to a Greek pre form *e-weukwom, whence by dissimilation *eweikwom > e(F)£Lnov. On an uncertain trace of the digamma in an antique edition of Homer, see Kretschmer 1923: 190ff. Further, see � enoc;. On the meaning, use and inflexion, see Fournier 1946: 3ff., 99f., 227ff. •

£'lpyw [v.] 'to fence in, shut out' (on the mg. BruneI 1939: 27f., 122). � IE *h,uerg- 'shut in, press'� .VAR Also dpyw; E'iPYVUflL, epic £EpyW, £EPyvuflL, epic Ion. epyw, epyvuflL, s-aor. dp�aL (also dp-, ep-, Ep-), them. aor. KaT-EFopyov (Cypr.), pass. ELpXe�VaL (Elp-,

�

390

dp£pov

etc.), fut. dp�w (£lp�W, Heracl. ct
dpepov [acc.] 'imprisonment, servitude' (6 529). -epeT'lC;' dpeGuovT\ [f.] 'an olive or laurel twig adorned with red and white bands and decorated with fruits', as a symbol of fertility (Ar.), 'a song when carrying this twig around' (Hom. Epigr., PIu.), 'wreath (of honour)' (Hell.). -
•

*dpT\ [f.] taken as 'place of speaking or gathering', acc. to H. = epWT'latc;,
� ..

391

.ETYM Traditionally connected with epw, dp'lKa (dpw) 'say', but with an unclear base form; is the nom. *dpa < *Fep-!a? See also � £IP�v'l' dp�v [m.] name of the full-grown youths in Sparta, 'KOpOC; TeA£loc;' 'full-grown boy' (H., IG 5(1), 279, PIu. Lye. 17, etc.; on the mg., etc. Solmsen IF 7 (1897): 37ff.). -
dpOflUl [v.] 'to ask' (11.). -
392

clpo<.;

athematic *ep£u-fu. Therefore, e'(POflat is derived from zero grade *epF-oflat; for the aorist epeoElat, one also supposes *epF-eoElat (with Attic development): both of these are from lE *h,ru-e-. The shifting accentuation (epwElat beside epeoElat, but also £7( elpeoElat) shows the uncertainty of the speakers regarding the function of the zero grade forms. There are no direct cognates outside Greek. The form is perhaps seen in ON raun [f.] 'attempt, test', lE *h,rou-neh2-; further, see � ep£uvo.w and � epeelvw. £Ipo<.; [n.] 'wool' (Od.), also a plant name = yva
•

£Ipo,/! =>flepo'/!. dpw 1 [v.] 'to string, attach' (Pi.).
i,

,

e'(pwv

393

coincided -with sern(a)id 'sternit'; see Thurneysen 1946: 133), and in OLith. seris 'thread'; further, ON sorvi [n.] 'collar' < PGm. *sarwija-, which belongs to the old Gm. word for 'weapon, equipment', e.g. Go. sarwa [n.pl.] < PGm. *sarwa-, lE *sor uo-. evepO"l<'; and Lat. insertio are due to parallel innovation. dpw 2 [v.] 'to say'.
394

£Le;

(1941): 339ff.), £LPWV£UflULa [pl.] 'id.' (Max. Tyr.), dpWVEVT�e; = e'ipwv (Timo) and dpWVEVTlK6e; (sch.); also £LpWV[�W 'id.' (Philostr. VS 7, 1; v.l). .ETYM Substantivizing and individualizing fomation in -wv (Chantraine 1933: 161; see also Hoffmann MSS 6 (1955): 35ff.) from an unknown basis. Solmsen 1901: 263 connected the word with .- e'ipw 'say' as "one who only says sth. (but does not mean it)"; is it derived from the present? Taken by Prellwitz 1892 as "one who asks", from e'iPOflUl 'ask'. £le; [prep., adv.] 'towards' (epic H., lA, Lesb.).
de; [num.] 'one'.
t[OKW =>eOlKu. e'iOO!laL 1 =>018u. e'iOO!laL 2 =>e'i80flUl. e'ioo!laL 3 [v.fut.] 'set oneself in movement, hurry'.
•

e'iow VAR eow. => £Le;. •

£LTU [adv.] 'then, thereupon'.
i

395 .

.ETYM From .- d (Dor. UL) and enclitic '- T£ < *kWe. e'iw6u [v.] 'to be used to, use' (ll.). t�. £Ku£pyoe; [adj.] epithet of Apollo (ll.), also of Artemis (Ar. Th. 972 [lyr.l).
£KUOTOe; [pron.] 'every one' (ll.). £Kumou, *£KUe; np > £Kuonp, the other cases (like EKUOTOe;, etc.) were formed, along with the superlative in -lOTOe;. When EKUOTOe; was analyzed as EKU-OTOe;, this led to the creation of £KUT£pOe; (lA), F£KUT£pOe; (Gort., Delph.) 'each of both' (based on UT£pOe;, 1tOT£pOe;, etc.), with several adverbial derivatives like £KuTepw9ev, -W9l, -WOE (lA, etc.); note the form £KUT£p9£(v) 'on both •

sides' (11.), based on um:p8£v, Ev£p8£v, etc., for metrically awkward £KaTEpw8£v. See Schwyzer: 627f., Lejeune 1939: 223f., Mastrelli Stud. ital. fil. class. 27 (1956): 8, and Lazzeroni Ann. Pisa 2:25 (1956): 136ff. 'EKaT'l [f.] popular goddess originating from Anatolia (Hes. Th. 411ff.; h. Cer.), more specifically from Caria, and identified with Artemis (E. Supp. 676 [lyr.]); cf. Nilsson 1941: 722ff. � PG� DER 'EKaLaLoc; 'belonging to H.' (S., D.), also 'EKaT�moc; and 'EKanKoc; 'id.' (late); 'EKCtTaLOV [n.] effigy of Hecate, which was put up in front of houses or on three forked roads (Ar.), 'EKaT�mov 'id.' (PIu.), 'EKaT�ma [n.pl.] festival in 'Cos. Several Anatolian PNs:'EKaLaLoc;;EKaT�vwp;EKaTiic;, etc. (BechteI 1917b: 150f.). .ETYM Originally an epithet, assumed to have resulted from a cross of � £KaT'l�oAoC; or � £K'l�OAOC;. However, I see no reason to assume that it had an initial digamma. More probably, of Pre-Greek origin. •

EKaT'l�£AET'lC; [adj.] epithet of Apollo (A 75, Hes. Se. 100, h. Ap. 157; always in gen. -ETao). � GR� YAR After this £Kan1 �£AEnc; (Theol. Ar.). ETYM Either from the old full-grade aorist stem *gwelh,- of � �CtAAw, or (better) for older *£KaT'l-�£A�C;, with enlarging -T'lC; as in ai£l-y£vETllC;, for *ai£l-Y£V�C;, etc. after the example of cases like CtKaAa-pp£FE-T'lC; (> CtKaAapp£l-r'lC;), V£
•

EKaTofl�'l [f.] name of a large, official festive sacrifice (11.). � IE *dkmtom-gWu-eh2'sacrifice of hundred cows'� .DER 'EKaTofl�aLa [n.pl.] (Delph., Arg.) with the month name 'EKaTOfl�aLwV, -GJvoC; (Att., etc.), also 'EKa-rofl�£uc; (Lacon.); 'EKaTOfl�aLoC; epithet of Zeus and Apollo (H.,

EM) . ETYM Collective bahuvrihi of £KaTOV and the zero grade of �OUC;, gen. �o(F)oC;, with a suffix -a- (Schwyzer: 450, Sommer 1948: 76); originally, *£KaTofl-�F-a. A counterpart is found in Indo-Iranian, e.g. Skt. sata-gu- 'possessing hundred cows', possibly through *sata-gv-a-, sata-gv-in- 'id.'; counterparts with a thematic vowel are the PNs Dasa-gv-a-, Nava-gv-a- 'having ten (nine) cows'. The word is traditionally explained as the 'sacrifice of a hundred cows'; cf. Oettinger 2008b. Differently, •

397 Thieme 1952: 62ff., who translates it as 'winning a hundred cows' (scil. oa(c;). On the form, see Wackernagel IF 45 (1926): 319. After £KaTofl�1l was built the late (Jul.) XlAlOfl�T]· EKaTov [num.] 'hundred'. � IE *dkmtom 'hundred'� .YAR Arc. £KOTOV . COMP As a first member in many compounds, like £KaTofl-n£ooc; 'measuring one hundred feet' ('¥ 164; see Sommer 1948: 28ff.); also £KaTOVTa- (after -KOVLa-), e.g. £KaTovTa-ETT]C; 'one hundred years old' (Pi.). .DER £KaToa-roc; 'the hundredth' (lA) with £KaToa-ruc; 'the hundred' (X.); £KaTo(JT� [f.] 'contribution of one percent' with £Ka-ro(JT-�pLOC;, -T]p(a, -laLoc;, -£uw (Att.). .ETYM Based on the comparison with Skt. satam, Av. satam, ToB kante, Lat. eentum, 0Ir. cet, Go. hund, Lith. sirhtas, and OCS S'bto, we arrive at lE *kmtom. It is likely, however, that this had an initial * d- because of the relationship with * dekm, etc. 'ten' (see � 8EKa), so properly *dkmtom. This *d- was a preglottalized stop (*ld_), which was reflected as £- in Gr. £KaTOV (on Arc. £KOTOV, see Schwyzer: 88, 344); see Kortlandt MSS 42 (1983): 97-104. The aspiration was then taken from £V 'one' (see � £�OOfl�KOVLa) . •

EK£l [adv.] '(over) there, to there' (Hdt.). � IE *(h,)e-ke(i)- 'there'� .YAR K£l (Archil., Herod.), K� (Sapph.), an old instrumental. From there (E)K£l8l, K�8l 'id.', (E)K£L8£V 'from there', (E)K£l(J£ 'to there'. .ETYM Ending as in n£l, n� 'where?', T£L-o£, T�-8e 'here', etc. (Schwyzer: 549f.) and, like these, probably an old locative/instrumental. The basis is a deictic particle, lE *ke, *ki, seen e.g. in Lat. ee-do, hi-e, ci-s and with pronominal function in Hitt. ki 'this', Lith. sis 'this', etc. (see also � T�fl£pov); the 3rd person deixis must then be a Greek innovation (cf. � EK£lVOC;). The initial E- (cf. E-K£lVOC;, E-X8EC;) is an inherited demonstrative particle, as well: Oskc. e-tanto 'tanta', Ru. e-tot 'this', Skt. a-sau 'that' (see � ODTOC;). EK£lVOC; [demo pron.] 'that one (over there), ille' (11.), on the use Schwyzer 1950: 208f. � IE *h,eno- 'that'� .YAR Also K£LVOC; (11.), K�VOC; (Aeol., Dor.; Dor. also T�VOC;); with added deictic pcl. EK£lVO(J-( (Att.). .DER EK£(VWC;, -vn; K�vo-8£v (Ale.), TT]vGJ8£(v) (Dor.) 'EK£l8£v', material adjective EK£(V-lVOC; 'from that material' (Arist.). .ETYM The formation consists of several demonstrative elements: *E-K£-£VOC; (or *E K£l-£VOC;, acc. to Ruijgh Lingua 28 (1971): 169); the last element *h,eno- also occurs in the frozen form � EVT] 'the third day', OCS on'b 'that', the Hitt. demonstr. pron. asi-" uni-, and Lat. enim 'for' (De Vaan 2008 s.v.). On E-K£-, see � EK£l. EK£X£lpla [f.] 'truce, festive time' (Th., Att. inscr., etc.). � GR� .YAR Dor. EK£XllP(a. .DER Hence EK£X£lpO-
a truce' (Hell.) , also eKeXelpLOV (Hell.); also ev-eKExapov, -XTjpov 'id.' (Hell.); and f.L£1'-eKEXTjpoV 'period between two festive times' (Olympia 24a) ETYM From £xav XeLpw,;, with the suffIx -La (cf. Schwyzer: 441; on the dissimilation, 261). Cf. Sommer 1948: 118f. •

•

EKTJ�6AO<; [adj.] epithet of Apollo (ll.), later also of Artemis (S.), again later of objects. � IE *uek- 'wish, want'� VAR Boeot. F£Ka�6Aot.;. DER £KTj�OALTj, -a (E 54 in plur.; Call., Str.) and denominative £KTj�OAEW (Max. Tyr.). . Also £KTj�eAETTjt.; 'id.' (Orph. Fr. 297, 11; cf. £KaTTj�eAETTjt.;). .ETYM Metrical lengthening for *£KCt-�OAOt.;, taken with £K6.t.; in antiquity and interpreted as 'shooting/striking from afar' (thus Belardi Doxa 3 (1950) : 203f. ) . It is rather from £KWV, as 'striking at will' (see .. £K6.epyot.;); £KTj�OALTj means 'accuracy, precision', but was probably already taken as 'shots from afar' by the poet of E 54 (Trumpy 1950: 114; see also Porzig 1942: 204 and 210) . •

•

EKTJAO<; [adj.] 'untroubled, at one's ease, quietly'. � IE *uek- 'wish, want'� VAR Dor. EKCtAOt.;. .DER Also dJKTjAOt.;, eUKCtAot.; (ll.). From it £KTjALa· CPLAOTllO'La 'of friendship', etJKaALa' �O'UXLa 'quietness', eUKaAeL' Cnpef.LL�eL 'keeps quiet' (H.) . ETYM Uncertain. The word is best taken, as per Buttmann 1825:1: 141, as *FEKCtAOt.; (= YEKaAov' �O'UXov H.; on the digamma, see Chantraine 1942: 129f.), from *FEKCt in .. £K6.epyot.;, etc., with suffIxal -CtAOt.;, -TjAOt.; (Chantraine 1933: 241f., Schwyzer: 484). Thus, it would properly mean "at will". eUKTjAot.; was formed after the numerous compounds with eu-; .. OUO'KTjAOt.; was modelled after it. The semantically attractive connection with Skt. ucyati 'to find pleasure, be used to', 6kas- [n.] 'abode, residence', etc. would be fine for eUKllAot.; (root *h,euk- 'get used to', see LIV2), but does not explain the form EKTjAOt.;. •

•

EKTJTl [adv.] 'by the will of, for the sake of (Od.). � IE *uek- 'wish, want'� VAR Also EKCtTL. .COMP CtEKTjTL 'against the will' (Hom.). .ETYM Related to £Ka-, £KWV and CtEKWV, but the formation is unclear. See Leumann 1950: 251ff., who states that it was created after (8ewv) iOTTjTL for (8ewv) ueKovTwv. •

EK7taYAo<; [adj.] 'terrible, surprising, tremendous' (ll.). � GR� .DER eKrrayAEof.LaL 'be surprised' (Hdt., trag.). ETYM Both £K7tayAot.; and eKnAayoTTjTa' e�aLO'lOTTjTa (H.) are usually derived from *£KnAay-Aot.;, related to eKnAay-�VaL 'frighten' with dissimilatory loss of the first A; this is quite possible. •

EK7tOl)WV [adv.] 'out of the way, away, far' (lA). � GR� .ETYM From eK noowv with a shift of accent (Schwyzer: 389 and 625). Cf. .. ef.Lnoowv. EKTlK6<; [adj.] 'regarding the E�Lt.;, i.e. the situation, the state of the body, regarding the state, usual, skillful' (Hell.); also name of a continuing (literally "hectical") fever (medic.; cf. Stromberg 1944: 85f.). � GR�

eK-cpAUVoo.VW

399

.DER £KTLKeuof.LaL 'suffer from £KTLKOt.; (nup£1'ot.;)' (Alex. Trall.). .ETYM From £�Lt.;, related to .. £xw. EKT6<; [adv.] and [prep.] 'outside, far from' (ll.). � IE *h,et-s 'out'� .VAR ex8ot.; (Locr., Delph.), [e]K8ot.; (Arg.). DER £KTO-8L 'id.' (ll.), £KTo-8ev (Od.), £KToO'-8e(v) (ll.) 'from outside', £KTo-O'e '(to) outside' (� 277); ex80-oanot.; 'foreign, inimical' (Pergam. lIP, after uAAo-oanot.;; associated with £X80t.;, ex8pot.;?), ex8oO'-oLKOt.; OLKa 'trial against a foreigner' (Arc. lIP; cf. Schwyzer 1950: 538) ; £X8OL 'outside' (Epid.; after O'(KOL, etc.), £X8w = £�w (Delph.) . eKTo-Tllt.;, -llTOt.; [f.] 'absence, being far away' (Gal.) . ETYM From eK, shaped after eV-Tot.;; ex8ot.; derives from *eKO'-Tot.;. See Schwyzer: 326 and 630 and Lejeune 1939 (see index). Cf. .. e� and .. ex8pot.;. •

•

"EKTWP, -opo<; [m.] son of Priamos and Hekabe, the greatest hero of the Trojans (ll.). � IE *sef!- 'hold'� .DER 'EKTOp£Ot.; 'regarding Hektor' (ll.), perhaps Aeolic for -pLOt.; (see e.g. Wathelet 1970: 159ff.). Patronymic'EKTOpLOTjt.; = Astyanax (ll.) . ETYM Derived from the root of .. £Xw, and identical with the agent noun EKTWP (see on " £xw). The root originally meant 'to overpower, keep in check', thence 'to hold' in Greek. •

EKUp6<; [m.] 'father of the husband, father-in-law' (ll.). � IE *suekuro- 'father-in-law'� ' .DER £Kup6., -� 'mother of the husband, mother-in-law' (ll.). Denominative Boeot. £Koupeuw 'be father-in-law' (Corinn.). .ETYM Old kinship term, preserved in many languages: Skt. svasura- (aSSimilated from *svas-), YAv. xVasura-, Lat. socer, OHG swehur, Lith. sesuras (aSSimilated from *seS-), all of which are from lE *suekuro-; the original anlaut can still be seen in the meter: cpLAe (Fh)£KUpE r 172 (cf. Schwyzer: 304 and Chantraine 1942: 146). The oxytonesis must be a Greek innovation (after £KUp6.; cf. also nev8epot.;). To £KUp6. corresponds Arm. skesur « *kuekura- with assimilation from *suek-), with the a stem replacing an older ii-stem; cf. Skt. svasru-, MoP xusrii, Lat. socrus, MW chwegr, OHG swigar, OCS svekry, and lE *suekruH- [f.]. Another innovation is Go. swaihro ON SV{Era (on-stem), whence the new msc. Go. swaihra. In other languages, as well, the word for 'father-in-law' is sometimes derived from that for 'mother-in-law': thus clearly in Arm. skesr-ayr, lit. 'husband of the mother-in-law', MW chwegr-wn, MoHG Schwiegervater from Schwieger(mutter); and probably in OCS svekr'b. This explains the oxytonesis in £KUP0t.;. The word probably contains the reflexive *sue (cf. .. CtEALOL); however, the ending is obscure. On uKepot.;, -6. with vowel metathesis (Lydia), see Schulze KZ 52 (1924): 152. =

EK-CPA�Vat [v.aor.] 'bubble forward' (E. Fr. 470). � IE?? *bhleu- 'flow'� .ETYM Cf. the opposite uno-O'KA�VaL 'dry up', related to " O'KEAAW; further forms are unknown. The word has been connected with .. CPAEW, .. cp.\Uw 1. See also .. cpeAAot.;, cpATjVUW S.v. .. cpATjvacp6.w and .. eK-cpAuvoo.VW. EK-cpAuvMvw [v.] 'to break out, burst up' (Hp.). =>cpAUW 1.

400 EKWV [pte.] 'deliberate(ly)'. � IE *uek- 'wish, want'� oVAR Cret., Locr. FEKWV; fern. £Kouau (Cyren. IVa £Kuaau, Cret. FEKUeU in YEKUeU' £Kouau 'willing' H.), ntr. £KOV; opposite Ct£KWV, Att. aKwv, Ct£KOUau, aKouau (Dor. Ct£KUaau in KUaau' liKouau H.), Ct£KOV, UKOV 'involuntary, unwittingly' (ll.). oDER £KOU
•

£AUUVW

401

European forms derive from Latin (see WH 2, 205f.). The word is no doubt Pre Greek. Arm. ewl 'oil' may derive from the same source. E;\utuyvo<; [m.] name of a shrub, Salix Capra (Thphr. HP 4, 10, 1; 2; Boeot.). � GR� oVAR Also £1..£ - (H.). oETYM Perhaps a determinative compound from " £Au[u and .. liyvo<;; cf. Bechtel 1921, 1: 305 and Stromberg 1937: 72. EAaV'l [f.] 'torch from reed, reed bundle' (Hell.). � PG (s,v) � oDER Also £A£vTj' AUfl1tu<;, on� 'torch, reed' (H.), also a twisted basket containing the sacred utensils for a festival of Artemis Brauronia, the so-called 'EAEvTjTjaEv, KuedAEv 'took, destroyed, reduced' (H.). � ?� oETYM Ace. to von Blumenthal 1930: 35, the word is a denominative of *AUPY0<; Lat. largus (?). Unknown. =

E;\uml<; [m.] "chaser", name of an unknown bird (Ar. Av. 886). � PG?� ovAR Accus. -0.. oETYM Ace. to W. Petersen Class. Phil. 32 (1937): 129, the word is a formation in -0.<; from £AuaUL, just as Tpwo.<;, xwo.<;; it is hardly from *EAu-ao<; (Solmsen 1909: 245, Fraenkel 1912: 15f., Schwyzer: 461). Possibly Pre-Greek. DELG thinks that the word was coined by Aristophanes. See .. £A£u. E;\a:t'l l [f.] 'pine, fir', metonymical 'rudder, ship', ete. (ll.). � ?� oDER £AaTlvo<; (metrical lengthening dA-) 'made of fir' (ll.), £AuTTj"f<; [adj., f.] 'like fir' (Nic.; on the formation Chantraine 1933: 345f.). oETYM No certain etymology. If we reconstruct *�,l1Jteh2' £AuTTj might be connected with OHG linta 'linden', Lith. lenta 'board, plank', Lat. lentus 'pliant, flexible', etc. (cf. De Vaan 2008: 335). EAUT'l 2 [f.] 'the fruit enclosed by the spathe of the palm' (Dse. 1, 109, 5). � ?� oETYM Etymology unknown. See DELG, Supp. EAUTtV'l 'cankerwort, Linaria spuria' (Dsc. 4, 40). � ?� oETYM Etymology unknown. E;\uuvw [v.] 'to drive, push, forge (metal)" intr. 'to drive, ride' (on the mg. in the Epic see Triimpy 1950: 95f., 115f:). � IE *h,elh2- 'drive, move'�

..

-------'--�--"-'---'--'-�-��-��---�--

..

�--�

T J

402

EAa
.VAR Also £AUW in £Auav [inf.], £AaWV [ptc.]; impf. EAWV (Horn.), ipv. EAU (Pi.), £AaTW, "UVTW, -uaew (Dor. inscr.), etc. (further Schwyzer: 681f.); aor. £Aaa(a)aL, -uaeaL, fut. £AaW, perf. med. £A�AUflaL (11.), -uaflaL (Hp., etc.), act. £A�AUKU (Hdt.), aor. pass. £AU(a)e�VaL (Hdt.) . COMP Often with prefIx: ClTC-, Ol-, da-, £�-, £7t-, m:pl-, 7tpoa-, etc. .DER Action nouns: EAumc; 'march (of an army), ride, expulsion, etc.' (lA), often to the prefIxed verbs: Ol-, £�-, £7t-, m:pl-EAumc;, etc.; rare £Aualu 'ride, march' (X.) with cm-, £�-, £7t-EAa
n.a
T 403

jelenb, MW elain, the Gaulish month name Elembiu (: 'EAU-h 'light'; with a vowel, Celt., e.g. OIr. laigiu 'smaller, worse' [compar.] < PCl. *lag-jos. There is no uniform explanation for all these forms, although it seems that the nasalless root is the oldest (cf. De Vaan 2008). We then have to assume that the forms with nasal were influenced by the old nasal present seen in Skt. rarrzhate 'hastens', OIr. -ling 'to leap'. In Greek, the long vowel in £Auaawv is secondary; see Schwyzer: 538 and Seiler 1950: 43f. £Aa.W => £AUUVW.

T I

404 EA60flUl => £EA{)0flaL. £AEU [f.] kind of singing bird, perhaps 'reed warbler, Salicaria arundinacea' (Arist. HA 616b 13). See Thompson 1895 s.v. � PG?� VAR £A£lct (Call. Fr. 100C 14), £AEo.<; [m.] (Ar. Av. 302; on the formation Schwyzer: 461, Chantraine 1933: 31); also £AaLo<; [m.] (Alex. Mynd. apud Ath. 2, 65b). .ETYM Formation and origin unclear. Compared with the Italo-Celtic name of the swan, Lat. olor, 0Ir. elae, as well as MoSw. al(l)a, al-fagel 'Fuligula glacialis' (Liden Arkiv f nord. Fil. 13 (1897): 30f.). Other European words for 'swan' have also been adduced, such as Ru. lebed' and OHG albiz, of which the analysis is unclear. If the latter really contained an element * al-, one may assume European substrate origin (acc. to De Vaan 2008 s.v. olor). However, the word is probably Pre-Greek (note El Ell aL). •

£AEU-rpo<; => £Aeov. £Aeyulvelv [v.] nctpct
Heyo<; [m.] 'mourning song (accompanied by flute)' (E., Ar.). � PG?� .COMP Compounds ictfl�-EAEY0<; and £AeY-lctfl�o<;, names of verses (gramm.); see Risch IF 59 (1949): 284f. .DER £AEYELOV a verse, 'distichon', and a poem following this scheme; poetical 'inscription' (Att., etc.) with £AEY£lo-nOlo<;, -ypu
£A£YXW [v.] 1. 'to revile, disgrace' (Horn.); 2. 'to cross-examine, bring to proof, accuse, question' (Hdt., Pi., Att.); on the mg. Daux RBGr. 55 (1942): 252ff. � IE? *h,lent 'revile'?� .VAR £AEY�aL (ll.), fut. £AEY�W, aor. pass. £AEYXe�VaL with £AEYXe�
I

T -from £AEYX0<; also £AEYxelTj 'id.' (ll.). To 2. £AEYXo<; [m.] (like A6yo<;) 'proof, refutation, examination' (Hdt., Pi., Att.); £AEY�l<; 'id.' (LXX, NT, Philostr.) together with jocular £AEY�vo<; (D. 1.); £A£YflO<; 'id.' (LXX, NT); £AEYKT�p 'who proves' (Antipho; Ionic? See Fraenkel l912: 52); £AEYKTlKO<; 'fit for £AEYXElv' (Att., etc.) . .ETYM The word used to be connected with £ActXu<;, which is possible semantically (MoHG schmiihen, 'disgrace', OHG smiihen 'make small', from smiihi 'small'), but phonetically, the etymology would imply that £AEYXw (for **£AEfl<; (A. ibid.) with reference to Helena. .DER £Awp [n.] (only nom.acc.sg. and pI.) 'plunder, capture, booty' (n.); also £AwPlov 'id.' (Schwyzer: 4704) . ETYM As some attestations suggest an initial F- (differently, Solmsen 1901: 251'), Chantraine 1933: 219, Chantraine 1942: 152 has proposed an alternation *s/del-I sel and connection with UA1
•

=

*s(e)lh,-e!o-). £Ael6<; [m.] 'a kind of dormouse, Myoxus glis' (Arist. HA 600b 12); also £180<; LEpctKO<; 'kind of hawk' (H.) (?). � PG?� .VAR Also £1.. - . .DER Beside it oALO<;·
.ETYM Unknown. Probably Pre-Greek. nd.El; [interj.] cry of pain (A. Pr. 877), battle cry (Ar. Av. 364: EAEAEAEU), cry in general (PIu. Thes. 22). � ONOM� DER EAEAl�W, aor. EAEAl�aL 'raise a cry of pain or of war (EAEAEU)' (Ar., E.); also EAEAucrow (Sapph. 44, 31 LP; v.l. oAoAucrOW). .ETYM Onomatopoeic interjection; cf. uAuM, -u�w, and OAOAU�W. See Schwyzer 716 and Schwyzer 1950: 600f. •

n£Al�W [v.] 1. 'to shake', med.-pass. 'to tremble, be shaken', 2. 'to turn round (trans. , and intr.) (ll.). � IE *h,leig- 'tremble'� VAR Aor. EAEAl�aL, pass. EAEAlX8�vaL, 3sg.pret. EA£AlKTO, perf. med. EAeAlYf.laL (Hell.). .COMP As a first member (cf. Schwyzer: 444: 3) in EAEAl-X8wv 'shaking the earth' (Pi. P. 2, 4), 'earth-shaker', epithet of Poseidon (Pi. P. 6, 50), of Dionysus (S. Ant. 153); also in � EAEAlcr
•

EA£Ala
•

£A£lloe.; =>EAull0<;' 'EAEV'l [f.] daughter of Zeus and Leda, sister of the Dioskouroi, wife of Menelaos (ll.). � ?� VAR 'EAevElu, £OpT� uyoll£vT] uno AUKWVWV 'a festival celebrated by the Laconians' (H.). .ETYM Nilsson 1941(1): 315 assumes that Helena is an old Minoan goddess of vegetation, who was connected with the treeccult. The plant name £AeVlOV (Thphr., . •

407 Dsc.) was derived from this use, acc. to Stromberg 1940: 130. Connection witlI tlIe appellative £A£VT] (see � £AUVT]) is rather uncertain. See e.g. Linsay 1974: 209ff. De Simone Glotta 56 (1978): 40-42 argues that the form had a F- and goes back to *suel (Skt. svarati 'lights'), with a variant with *s-. n£ov [n.] 'table on which the roasted meat was put' (1 215, � 432 EAE01
n£oe.; 2 [m.] an owl (Arist. HA 592b 11, see Thompson 1895 s.v.). � ?� .ETYM Unexplained. Onomatopoeic? Cf. e.g. Lat. ulula and � EAEAEU, � OAOAU�W. tAwnl6ue.; [acc.pl.] of nlaw, perhaps 'marsh-lands, swamp lands' (A. R. 1, 1266). � ?� .ETYM The analysis in EAO<; 'swamp' and a root noun *anl<; (* £AE[a] - anlo-), which would be cognate with � anloLO<;, � ua7Tlo�<;, and even with � QanL<;, is morphologically far from convincing. See Bechtel 1914 s.v. uanl<; and Schwyzer: 507. The connection witlI the gloss A£a7Tlv, llEyuAT]v, UOpT]A�V 'large, moist' remains unclear. Llloullo<; T�V KaTUOUoll£vT]v d<; n£Auy0<; n£Tpuv. ot Of: T�V VOTEpUV 'In D. a rock submerged into the sea, others: a wet [rock] '. aAAOl Of anlou (leg. A£a7TlOu?) pu8duv 'a deep cave[?]'. 01 Of A6XllT]v 'a lair' (H.). See Taillardat REGr. 73 (1960): 13.

EAEU8EpOC;

408

Perhaps -mo- is the same element as contained in 1tlOU� 'source, geyser' (Van Beek p.c.). See � fAOC;. £AEU8EpOe; [adj.] 'free, free man', opposed to 80VAOe; 'slave' (11.).
•

=

<-

<-

£AEU8w =>EAEuaofluL. £AEuaOflUl [v.fut.] 'come, go' (epic Ion., trag.).
409 .DER £AEumc; 'arrival' (Act. Ap. 7, 52), also from the compounds (mostly rare, all late), e.g. auv-, E1t-eAwmc;. Older the common noun �Aumc; 'walk, way' (E.), E�-, 1tEpL �Aumc; (Hdt.), etc. (cf. Holt 1941: 58 and 149) with compositional lengthening (�Aume; after the compounds), and the same vowels as in the compounds ve-TjAuc;, -OOC; 'newly arrived' (11.), £1t-TjAUC; 'immigrated, foreigner' (Hdt., E1t-TjAU-TTjC; Th.), etc.; 1tpOa-�AU-TOe; 'newly arrived, proselyte' (LXX, NT), etc.; further the abstracts E1t TjAualTj (h.Hom.), KUT-, auv-TjAualTj (Hell.) . .ETYM The best agreement (semantically and formally) to this old ablauting verb is found in Celtic, with the OIr. preterite lod, luid 'I, he went' « *h,ludh-om, -et : �Au80v, -E); formally as good, but semantically less convincing, is the further comparison with Skt. r6(d)hati, Go. liudan 'to grow, rise' (whence the old word for 'people', OHG liut, etc.; see � EAEU8EpOC;). One must assume that -8- (IE *_dh_) disappeared analogically in �Aumc;, EA�AUflEV, -TE as well as in (ve)-, (1tpoa)-�AuTOC; (in other words, these are built secondarily on EAEuaOflat); cf. Schwyzer: 704\ 7697. It seems less probable- that the dental of Celtic, etc. was a secondary enlargement. Connection with Arm. eluzanem 'extract' is further possible. Cf. also � EA8civ. EAEq>ulpollUl [v.] 'to deceive' ('1' 388, T 565), also 'to damage, destroy' (Hes. Th. 330).
EAtq>a.e;, -uYt'oe; [m.] 'ivory, elephant tusk' (11.), 'elephant' (Hdt.), also as the name of a disease = EAE
.� I I,

410

EAS£iv

(Phld., medic.) with -la
•

•

UlKTJ 1 [f.] 'willow' (lG 1\ 864: hopo� h£AlKT]� Att.); acc. to Thphr. HP 3, 13, 7, Arcadian for ilEa. � ?� DIAL Myc. e-ri-ka /helikaJ. .DER 'EAlKwv, -wvo� (Hes. Op. 639, F£A- Corinna) "willow-mountain, Viminalis" (Boeotia) with 'EAlKwv-lo�, [f.] -la�, -l� (Y 404 'EAlKwvlo� ava� of Poseidon, s.v. von Wilamowitz 1931: 213 and 336\ Nilsson 1941(1): 44i) Hes., Pi.; on 'EAlKwvla� as a plant name Stromberg 1940: 126. .ETYM Boeot. F£AlKWV precludes the connection with Lat. salix. Furthermore, the comparison with an old WGm. word for 'willow', OE welig, OS wilgia, MHG wilge, is impossible because of the Mycenaean form. DELG reconstructs *syel- / *sel-, which' solves nothing. •

UlKTJ 2 =>£Al�. EAlKW'V [adj.] said of the AXatOl (11., verse-final). � GR?� VAR Always plur. nom. or acc. -W1t£�, -W1ta�, fern. £AlKwm�, -lOO� (A 98 KOlJPT], Hes. Th. 298 vUIl
•

� - .. . ..

411 On the basis of £AlKW1t£� as Il£Aav6
eAl�, -KO� [f.] 'convolution, volute, tendril, curl, spiral' (11.); also as an adjective of �6£� et aI. (1toTaIl6�, op61l0�), see below. � PG?� .COMP As a first member in � £AlKw'V, £AlK-all1tu� (Pi.), £AlKo-aTE£Al�. Ulxpuao� [m.] plant name 'Heliochrysum siculum, goldflower' (Alcm., Ibyc.); also £An6xpuao� (Thphr.). � GR?� .VAR Also -ov [n.] (see on � �OUTUpOV). .ETYM Named after its golden yellow flower (Stromberg 1940: 25). Like e.g. £AnoaEAlvov, £An6xpuao� is understandable as a compound of £Ano� and xpua6� (related to £Ao�?), after the compounds in aypl(o)-, e.g. aypl-EAatO� = ayplo� EAatO� (see Risch IF 59 (1949): 257). The form £Al- is a further shortening after aypl-, aiyl-,

412 KUAAl-, etc. Stromberg 1940: 153 thinks it is a loan. The locus in Alcman (16) has no digamma; cf. Solmsen 1901: 146. DELG considers the variant £Aelo- either a mistake or an 'etymologie populaire deraisonnable'. EAKO" [n.] 'wound, ulcer' (ll.). � IE *h,elk-os 'ulcer'� COMP As a first member in £AKO-1WlO<; 'making wounds' (A.) with £AKOn:Ol£W (Aeschin.) . DER Diminutive £AKUOPlOV (Hp., Ar.; on the suffIx Chantraine 1933: 72f.); £AKwOrj<; 'ulcerated' (Hp., E.), £AK�£l<; 'id.' (Man.); denominative verbs: £AKOOflat 'to fester', -ow 'to wound' (Hp., E.; also with prefix: av-, a
•

•

EAKW [v.] 'to draw, drag' (ll.). � IE *selk- 'draw'� .VAR The non-presentic forms show three stems: 1. a lengthened stem £AKTj-: £AK�aw, £AK�aat, £AKTj9�vat (Horn.), with ipf. e't'AKEOV (P 395; cf. Chantraine 1942: 348; see also below); 2. £AKU- (after synonymous tp{)(Jat): £AKuaat (Pi., Att.), £AKua9�vat, elAKUaflat (lA), £AKuaw (Hp.), elAKuKu (D.); 3. £AK-: fut. EA�w (A.) and late aor. EA�at, £AX9�vat; details in Schwyzer 721. .COMP Often with prefix: av-, a
EAAO\jI, -on:oe;

413

EUU =>£OWAlu. tUt�opO" [m.] 'hellebore, Helleborus, Veratrum album' (Hp., Ar.; on the mg. Dawkins JHS 56 (1936): 3f.). � PG� .VAR Ion. tA-. .COMP As a first member in £AAe�opon:oalu 'drinking £.' (Hp.); £AAe�opo-a�fluTa plant name = A£lflwVlOV (Ps.-Dsc. 4, 16), an original bahuvrihi: 'plant that shows symptoms ofHelleborus', Stromberg 1944: 51. .DER £AAe�oplvTj 'Herniaria glabra' (Thphr., Dsc.), £AAe�OpITTje; 'KeVTuupeLOV TO fllKpOV' (Ps.-Dsc.), also name of a wine (Dsc., Plin.), cf. Redard 1949: 71 and 96; denominative verb £AAe�opl�w 'treat with hellebore, bring to sense' (Hp., D.) with £AAe�oplafloe; (Hp.). .ETYM Taken as "eaten by deer", from tAAOe; (£AAOe;) and �l�pwaKw (see .- �opa); see Stromberg 1944: 48ff. (full discussion). The compositional -e- remains problematic. Amigues RPh. 72 (1998 ): 125, stresses that the plant is fatally poisonous. It has been suggested that the first element be identified with ta9AOe;; Girard 1988 assumes original £AAO-, which is hardly correct. The traditional etymology seems very doubtful; the word could well be non-lE, i.e. Pre-Greek. The double -AA- may then represent the phoneme -lY-, which at the same time explains the two first e's: lal was pronounced [a] in contact with the palatalized 1, and [a] is reproduced by e; after the �, it may have been realized as 0, which gives us a pre-form lalYabar-l. tUd'UVOl [pl.m.] 'band for binding corn sheaves' (L 553, h. Cer. 456, Hes. Sc. 291). � IE? *uel- 'press'� .VAR Or -a [n. ] ? All attestations have dat.pl. tv tAAeouvolOl, but H., Suid. have -01, -oe;. .ETYM From Aeol. *tAA£w < *F£Av£w 'turn, wind' (see .- eiA£w 2) with suffIxal -ouvoe;, possibly via *tAAeowv (cf. Tu
=

EppETe (Call. fr. 1, 17 [Pf]). =>EppW.

tU6" 1 =>EAuEAAO\jI. tUo"" -on:o" [m.] 1. poetical epithet of ix9ue; (Hes. Sc. 212), in this function also EAAOn:Oe; (Emp. 117) and tAAOe; (S. Aj. 1297, Ath. 277d); also of KOUpU (Theoc. Syrinx 18); 2. poetical for 'fish' in general (Lyc.); 3. name of a large, rare and expensive fish, which is compared (and identified) with the sturgeon (Arist.); in this mg. usually written EAo", (Epich., Archestr., PIu.), Lat. (h)elops; 4. name of a snake (Nic. Th. 490). � PG�

414 .DER Denominative £AAoTCleuw [v.] 'fish' (Theoc. 1, 42); note £AAoTCloa<; [ace.pI.] (Crat. 408 ace. to H.; -ooe<; EM 331, 53), ace. to H. and others = TOU<; o"TPOUSOU<; � vwnou<; o
n,.llC; [f.] 'intestinal worm, parasitic worm' (Hp., Arist.); MoGr. forms in Rohlfs ByzZ 37 (1937): 56f· � PG(S,y)� .YAR Gen. £AlllVSo<; (to which a new nom. £Alllv<; Hp.), also £Alllyyo<;, etc.; further acc. £AlllSa (epid.); nom.pI. £AIl£l<; (Dsc.); AllllvSe<;· £AlllvSe<;. IIu
415 I (see Beekes 2008)? Note that the MoGr. forms Ae�lSa, -lO£<; confirm the vowel after the I (see DELG). tA�[VT) YAR £A9Tl<;. •

=>

£AKw.

nOC; [n.] 'marsh meadow, marshy ground' (11.). � IE *selos- 'marsh'� YAR £AT]' O"UvoevopOl TOTtOl 'thickly-wooded places' (H.); cf. the etymology below. .COMP As a first member thematically lengthened in £Aeo-Spemo<; 'grown on marshy meadows' (B 776), £Aw-m�Alvov 'celery from marshy meadows' (Thphr., Dse.), also £A£lO- by contraction from £A£lOV m�A.; also in £AelO-�uTT]<; 'traversing (living in) marshes' (A. Pers. 39 [anap.]), from Ta £A£la or with metrical lengthening; with elision in £AWp€W 'be a surveyor of marshes' (Erythrae IV"; or 'forester'? See below), from *£Aw-(F)opo<;. Unclear � £A£(JTtloa<;; cf. also � £AlXPUO"O<;. .DER £Aelo<; 'marshy' (lA), 'EAeia epithet of Artemis (Cos), £AWOT]<; 'id.' (Hp., Th.), £AelTT]<; 'growing in marshes' (Dion. Byz.), also an epithet of Apollo (Cyprus; cf. Redard 1949: 12, 24, 208; on the formation see Schwyzer: 500); £Ael-�TT]<; (A€WV, Call. fr. 748). .ETYM Inherited word, identical with Skt. saras- [n.] 'pond', lE *selos-; Gr. £A£lO<; = Skt. sarasiya-. Not related to Lat. silva or VAT], in spite of H. and Thess. UAOp€WV exists beside Erythr. £AWp€WV; see Wahrmann Glotta 19 (1931): 165. •

EAO,\, => £AAO'\'. EATtO!1aL [v.] 'to expect, hope, suppose' (11.). � IE *uelp- 'expect'� ·YAR Act. £ATtW 'make hope' only � 91 = V 380 TtUVTa<; IlEV (F)€ATt£l. Epic also £€ATtOIlCll (see below), perf. (with present mg.) £OATta, plpf. £WATt£l (for *(F)e(F)oATt£l, see below and Debrunner Mus. Helv. 2 (1945): 199, Chantraine 1942: 479f. with Add. et corr.). .COMP As a second member in a-eATt-To<; 'unexpected, unhoped for' with aeAm-la, -€w (11.), also a-eATt-�<; (e 408); as a first member in 'EATt-�VWP (Od.; on the formation Schwyzer: 441, Sommer 1948: 175 with lit.). .DER £ATtWP� 'hope' (Od.; for -WA�?; cf. Porzig 1942: 235); £ATtl<;, -lOO<; [f.] 'id.' (Tt 101 = T 84; cf. Porzig 353; on the mg. Martinazzoli Stud. ital. fil. class. N.S. 21 (1946): llff.) with eu-, av-eATCl<;, etc.; denominative £ATtl(W [v.] 'id.' (lA) with £ATClO"TlKO<;, £ATClO"Il0<;, £ATClO"lla (Arist.). On £ATtl<;, £ATtOIlCll see Myres Cl. Rev. 63: 46 . .ETYM There is no counterpart to (F)€ATt0IlCll (see Chantraine 1942: 133 and 182) and the old perfect with present meaning (F)€(F)oATta in the other languages; Homer has a few forms from £€ATt0IlCll, after £€AooIlCll (Beekes 1969: 64). A verbal adjective connected with Gr. £ATtl<; is supposed in Lat. volup est 'it is pleasant to me' (whence volup-tas); lE *u(e/o)lp-i-. EATtOC; [n.] ? . £ACllOV, O"T€ap, euST]vla 'olive oil, rendered fat, abundance'; £A
-

416

£Au8pLov

rather points to a Pre-Greek word. Cypr. eA 11-; however, this is very unclear. Perhaps Pre-Greek. See � £LAuw. •

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£AuIlO� 2. [f.(m.)] name of a Phrygian pipe (S.). eAelv. £!-l�al)£1:; =>�ct[vw. £!-l�puov =>�puw. £!-lE [pron.] 'me'.
£!-lEW [v.] 'to vomit'.
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and ellWllct 'id.' (Hp.); £Il[ct� "spitter" (Corn.; see Chantraine 1933: 93). See also � £Ilu� and � TI£pLT]Il£KLEW. ETYM In Skt., there is the athematic vami-ti; additionally, Lat. vomit, vomimus (beSide vomi-tus), which were reinterpreted as thematic forms, with which compare reg-i-mus. The disyllabic root is also represented in Lith. vemti (new yod-present vemiit). The root also occurs in North Gm., but only in metaphorical meaning, e.g. OSw. vami [m.] 'disgust'. Schwyzer: 2225 sees an element of the living language in £IlEW, which would explain why the verb does not show a F- in Homer (a similar explanation exists for lack of F in � iopw�, as well as in � O[
£!-l!-lavl� =>1l�VL�. £!-l!-lctTIEW� 'immediately' (epic since ll.). .ETYM From *£llllctTI�� 'grasping', to *£Il-llctTI£lV. See � IlctTIE£LV. £!-l!-lct-rEW =>llctL£uw. £!-l!-l0-ro� =>lloL6�. £!-lTIa�o!-lctl [v.pres.] 'care about something, for something' (ll.; mostly with negation). TIEOOV. £!-lTI£lpO� =>TIelpct. £!-lTIT\� [adv.] 'in any case, really, all the same, nevertheless' (ll.).
Efl1tle;, -lOOe; a1tUV (Brugmann IF 27 (1910): 274ff.); see also Bjorck 1950: 123f. Radt 1958: 200-208 suggests EV 1tiiow 'in all cases'. E!17tl<;, -l60<; [f.] 'gnat' (Ar., Arist.). � GR� ETYM Popular derivation from El-mlv£lv 'to drink oneself full (of blood)'; cf. e.g. c5LUlO£e; from KAlV£lV. See Stromberg 1944: 14 for full argumentation. Older interpretations, all wrong, are recounted in Stromberg and Bq. Cf. Gil Fermindez 1959: 26. Differently, Szemerenyi 1964: 1431• •

E!17tAa-rlu [f.] name of a kitchen (lG 5(2), 4 [Ival). � ?� VAR Only Arc. ifl1t-. ETYM Perhaps related to 1tAaTOe; 'breadth', from Efl1tAUT�e; (only Anon. in Tht. 30, 1) or to Efl1tAaTUV£lV 'broaden' (LXX). It has been compared with E1tl1tAUTOP' 1tAUKOUVTOe; ciooe; 'kind of flat cake' (H.), but is this really useful? Cf. on � 1t£AUVOe;. •

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E!17tAlJV =1tA�V. E!17t06wv =7tOue;. E!17tOAQ [f.] 'trade, trade goods, purchase, profit' (Pi., Att.). � IE? *kwel- 'turn, move'� VAR Arc. iv1toAU (Iva). .COMP Compounds: on a1t£fl1tOA� see below. Also with prefIX: a1t-, Ol-, E�-, 1tUp-, 1tpo a-. .DER Note Efl1t£AWpOe;· ayopuv6floe; 'clerk of the market' (H.; probably for Efl1tOA-; for Chantraine's opinion, see below). Efl1tOAUioe; 'belonging to trade, etc.', epithet of Hermes (Ar.), Efl1tOA£ue; 'buyer' (AP). Denominative verb Efl1tOAUW, -UOflaL 'trade, buy, sell, win' (Od.), with impf. �f.l1t6AWV, aor. �fl1t6ATjau (Ev£1t6ATjau Is.), �fl1tOA�8Tjv, perf. �fl1t6ATjKU (Efl1t£1t6ATjKU Luc.), med. �fl1t6ATjflaL. Efl1t6ATjflu 'goods, profit' (S.), (a1t-)Efl1t6ATjaLe; (Hp., Poll.), a1t£fl1tOATjT�e; 'seller' (Lyc.); deverbal a1tq.l1tOA�V· a1tUnuy�v, 1tpiiaLv, Efl1tOplUV 'deliverance, sale, trade' (H.). ETYM Also (E�-)Efl1tOA£W 'id.' (Herod., J.). Cf. EVTOA�, EVTOfl� ' etc.; based on a verb *Efl7t£AW, -OflaL. It has been compared with the iterative (with lengthened grade) 1tWA£W 'sell'. Efl1tOAUW is a denominative, as appears from the augmented and reduplicated forms. Connection with 1t£AOflaL, -w 'turn, move' (root *kwel-) is semantically possible; Efl1tOA� would then be 'traffIc'. However, lE also has an old root *pel- 'sell, earn, etc.' in several nominal derivatives, e.g. Skt. par:!a- [m.] 'salary' (with patlate 'trade, buy'), Lith. pelnas 'wages, salary', OHG fali, ON faIr 'salee)able'; it has been. connected with 1tWA£W, as distinct from Efl1tOA�. See Schwyzer: 7208. On Efl1tOA�, Efl1tOAaW, see Chantraine RPh. 66 (1940): llff. with various suggestions (1t£AU�W, 1t£AUe;, etc.). Recently, De Lamberterie has argued for connection with *kwel- and 1tWA£OflaL (see DELG Supp. S.V. 1tWA£W). •

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E!17tOpO<; [m.] 'who travels on a ship, passager' (Od.), 'traveller' in general (B., trag.), usually 'merchant' (lA; on the mg. beside KU1tTjAOe;, VUUKATjpOe; Finkelstein Class. Phil. 30 (1935): 320ff.). � GR� .COMP Several compounds, e.g. auv-, oiv-, fllKp-£fl1tOpoe;.

EVUVTU

419

.DER Efl1tOplU 'sea-trade, wholesale trade' (Hes.), Efl1t6plOV 'commercial town' (lA), , Efl1tOplK6e; 'belonging to a merchant (to trade) (Stesich., lA; see Chantraine 1956a: 115); denominative verb Efl1tOP£UOflaL 'be Efl1tOpOe;, travel, trade' (lA), also 'be (more) cunning' (2 Bp. Pet. 2, 3), with Efl1t6pWflU, -£Tov, -wTlK6e;. .ETYM Hypostasis from EV 1t6ptp (wv), "being in transit"; see � 1t6poe; and Porzig 1942: 258. See De Lamberterie RPh. 71 (1997): 159. "E!17tovou [f.] name of a popular phantom (Ar., D.). � PG?(s)� .ETYM Probably a Pre-Greek figure, see Fur.: 19i5; for the use of the suffrx:, cf. u'(8ouau, uyxouau, Kuoouau, v�80uau, AXloouau; KTjAouau = K�Awaau. E!17tpoo6e(v) .VAR Efl1tpoa8u. =1tp6a8£v. E!17tVpl�qTTIe;, -ov [m.] 'which goes into the fire', of a Tpl1tOUe; 'I' 702. � GR� .ETYM Compound of the prepositional phrase EV 1tUpl and ��-VaL, with suffIx: -TTj-; cf. Schwyzer: 452. Cf. 7tVpl��TTje; Arat. 983, a false archaizing form. On the matter, see Brommer Herm. 77 (1942): 366f. E!111<;, -u60<; [f.] 'freshwater tortoise' (Arist.) (in LSJ only in Suppl.) � PG?� .VAR Also £- (LSJSuppl.), msc. and fern. Also aflue; 'id.' (Archig. apud Gal. 12.575) . .ETYM See Chantraine 1933: l26 and 347; origin unknown. Sommer 1905: 100 derives it from Efl£w because the animal, when breathing out below the surface of the water, continuously releases air bubbles. However, * -ud- is not an lE suffIX, so the word is probably Pre-Greek; see Chantraine 1933: 348: 1tTjAuflue; "sans doute prehellenique", XAUflUe; "arrangement d'un mot emprunte." Cf. also Pre-Greek on the suffIX -uo-. It has apparently escaped researchers that there are two forms; this probably points to Pre-Greek origin (cf. Fur.: 346f.), where the variants a-I E- are different reflexes of a single Pre-Greek phoneme. There is no support for the suggestion that 1tTjAuflue; contains Eflue; as a second member, but this makes no difference for our interpretation. E!1CPWTOV = in), Osc.-U en, Gm. (e.g. Go.) in, 0Ir. in, OPr. en, Arm. i, etc., all from lE *h,en, *h,eni (identical with the loco in -i, like Em, 1t£Pl, etc. ?). On EVl as a copula (certainly since V-VIP), whence MoGr. civaL (ciVl, EVl, etc.) 'is, are', see Debrunner Mus. Helv. 11 (1954): 57ff. •

Evayx0<; =uYXl. EvaAiyKlo<; =aAlyKlOe;. Evuv-ra VAR EVUVTl, EVUVTlOe;. =UVTU and aVTl. •

420 tvavTi�loV =>�[a. £vapa [n.pl.] 'the weapons of a fallen opponent' (ll., Hes. Se. 367).
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tvapy��, -E� [adj.] 'clear, visible, recognizable, living' (ll.); on the mg. Miilder RhM 79 (1930): 29ff.
tvUTTJP =>ElvaTepE<;. tvauA[�oflal =>EvauAo<; 3. £vauAo� 1 [m.] 'bed of a stream, torrent' (ll.); post-Homo 'hole, grotto, ravine' (Hes., h. Yen. 74, 124, E. [lyr.l), also in sea (Opp.).
tvM7tlo� [adj.] 'indigenous' (Hell.).
EVOOV

421

.ETYM From EVOOV, modelled after aAAoOmto�, TT]AEoa1to�, etc., and reshaped after the adjectives in -LO� (£VT01tLO�, etc.). Cf. Schwyzer: 625. tvtieAex�� =>ooALX0<;. evtilva [n.pl.] 'intestines'. �[o<;. tvtiol(i�w =>OOLOl. £vtiov [adv.] 'inside, at home' (ll.).
=

422

£voopU

Vaan 2008 s.v. endo, this "seems unlikely in view of the recent date of indigena, and because of the generally archaic look of the words indi/u- is combined with." iv�opa [n.pl.] properly 'what is wrapped in the skin [when sacrifIcing] ' (SIC 1025, 48; 1026, 8); Cos: £voopu evoepnat. � IE *der- 'flay'� ETYM From evoepoflat 'wrap in the skin', referring also to oopu; note the explanation of £vopu-ra (after £YKUTU?) in H.: Ta evoEpoflEVU oilv Tn KE
iv�pvov =>opUC;. EV�VK£WC; [adv.] 'careful' (ll.), explained in Hp. as 'continuously'. � ?� .DER Also evOuKec; (Nic. Th. 263, H. [beside eVOUKlov]; probably also A. R. 1, 883 for metrically impossible -ewc;) . ETYM Perhaps related to � aoEUK�C; with uncertain analysis; both a verb *ev-ouKELV and a noun *OUKTj are possible. Cf. Stromberg 1946: 90; on the meaning, see Leumann 1950: 311f., who explains its use in Hp. as from a false interpretation of Homer. •

EV£YK£lV [v.aor.] 'bring', resultative (Att., Pi., B., Hp.). � IE *h,nek- 'bring' and *h2nek 'attain, reach'� VAR Also eveYKat; aor. pass. evexe�Vat with fut. eVEXe�UOflat, perf.act. ev�voxu, med. ev�vEYflat; as a present there is
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eVEOC;

423

*h2nek-. The aorist eveyKelV is most diffIcult. A basic form *h,ne-h,nk-o- would develop into eVEYK- with shortening of the vowel by Osthoffs Law; cf. Beekes MSS 38 (1979): 18ff. See LIV2 s.v. for further litt. EV£lKUl [v.] 'to carry (off)' � IE *h,nek- 'take away'� .VAR Aor. ind. �V£lKU (ll.), also �VlKU (Lesb. Dor.; partly = �VlKU for �VElKU) subj . with short them. vowel eVLKEl (Cyren.); sigmatic 3Pl. e'(Vl�UV (Boeot. for �V£l�UV); aor. pass. eV(E)lXe�Vat, perf. med. ev�v£lYf.lat. Also UUV-EVELKOflat (Hes. Se. 440). .COMP Also with prefIx: uv-, U1t-, EIU-, e�-, ete. .ETYM Derived from eV-elKat (related to �'(KW) by Frisk et al.; see also Chantraine 1942: 395. However, eVELKat is di�cussed by Meier-Brugger KZ 100 (1987): 313-322. He concludes that eveyK- is the original form, and eVElK- a secondary development, pointing out that nominal derivations are from eveyK-. The root is now reconstructed as *h,nek- 'to take away', and the Greek form reconstructed as a reduplicated aorist *�,ne-h,nk- > *enenk-, in which the long vowel was shortened by Osthoffs Law. On demarcation against *h2nek- 'to reach', see Garcia Ramon 1999a: 47-80. £V£KU [postp.] 'because, because of (ll.), with gen. On the mg. in Horn. see Porzig 1942: 169; on the fInal -u cf. El-rU: El-rEV, £1tElTU: £1tElTE(V); EVEKOV after £vOov et al.; by crossing EVEKO, -KUV, see Schwyzer: 627, 406, Schwyzer 1950: 552. � ?� .VAR EVEKEV (especially postclassical); elVEKU, -KEV (Ion.), £VVEKU (Aeol.; see below); Hell. also EVEKE, -KO(V), -KUV. .DIAL Mye. e-ne-ka . .ETYM The analysis as EV-FEKU, related to � £KWV, etc., is refuted by the Mycenaean form. Note the interchange EV-, ElV- (is £vv- hyperaeolic? or a metrical lengthening?) . See Schwyzer: 228, Chantraine 1942: 161, and Bolling Lang. 30 (1954): 453f. The form OUVEKU = EVEKU especially in Att. poets, by reanalysis of a preceding genitive in -ou: LOUTOUVEKU was conceived of as TOUTOU OUVEKU (Schwyzer: 413). Since it is Mycenaean, there is no etymology; connection with *h,nek- has been suggested. ivd.oC; [m.] VE�pOC; 'young of the deer, fawn' (H.). � ?� .ETYM From £VEAOC; comes Lat. inuleus 'young deer' (WH s.v. hinuleus with lit.); further uncertain. Niedermann IF Anz. 18: 78f. thought it was a metathesized form of *£AEVOC;, related to � eAA6c;, � £AU
ev£vqKovTu [num.] 'ninety' (B 602). � IE *h,neun-� .COMP On the Tj see � £�OOfl�KOVTU. .DER hEvEvTjKOVTU (Heracl.; like hoyooTjKovTu after hE�0ef.lT1KOVTu), eVTjKov-ra (Delos, Phocis [Ill or IP]; probably haplological); uncertain evv�Kov-ra (T 174); innovation after evveu, eVV�flup, ete.; gen.plo eVEVTjKoVTWV (Chios; Aeolizing). .ETYM Acc. to Kortlandt MSS 42 (1983): 99, a pre-form *h,neY1J-dkomt- regularly developed into *evEFV�KoVTU, in which the -F- was lost at an early stage. See � evveu. �

ev£oc; [adj.] 'speechless, dumb, stupid' (lA). � PG?� • VAR Also evvEoc;. .COMP As a fIrst member e.g. in eV£O-uTuULTj 'speechlessness' (A. R. 3, 76).

424

£w:p8e(v)

.DER EveoTTj� 'dumbness' (Arist.). .ETYM The form recalls Keveo�, but has no etymology. Ace. to Brugmann 1912: Iff., it is related to d)VL�, etc.; this is correctly rejected by Kretschmer Glotta 6 (1915): 305. Fur.: 392 recalls vevo�· £l)�8Tj� 'meek, silly' (H.), and further vev(TjAo� (also EV(TjAO�), but does this prove Pre-Greek origin? Evep8e(v) [adv., prep.] '(from) below, below'. <'!l IE *ner-(ter-o-) 'the lower one'� .VAR Also vep8e(v) (Horn.), £vep8a (Dor. Lesb.). .COMP Also lnt-, E1r-evep8e(v). See Lejeune 1939, especially 341ff. DER £vepOL 'those below, those below the earth', of the dead below the earth and the chthonic gods (Horn.), compar. EvepTepo�, vepTepo� 'below (the earth)' (Horn.), superl. EvepTaTo� 'the lowest' (Emp.) . ETYM Cf. the opposites unep-8e(v), unep-Tepo�, -TaTO�, from � unep; also, unepov, unepa. A good formal agreement witlI vepTepo� is found in Italic: U nertru 'sinistro', Osc. nertra-k 'a sinistra'. It has been cmopared with further Gm. words for 'nortlI', e.g. ON noror [n.] , which require zero grade: PGm. *nurjJra-, lE *nr-tro-, with basic meaning 'region where the sun is below [the earth]" or 'left side of someone who turns to the east when praying'. Another formation in Arm. ner-k'-in 'the one below' (cf. i nerk'oy, i nerk'ust ' [from] below'). Also different is Skt. naraka- 'hell' (Wackernagel-Debrunner 1954: 150). Without consonantal suffIx, there is ToB fior 'below' < *ner- (see Adams 1999). As Armenian has no *e-, tlIis is probably a Greek innovation. Further, one connects Lith. neriit, nefti 'plunge, slip into', ete. (see � 8ev8puw); see also � V£LpO�. The Gr. E- may be compared with that of EKiL. •

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tveT� [f.] 'pin, brooch'. <'!l IE *(H)ieh,- 'throw; make, do'� .VAR EVeT�p, -�po� [m.] 'clyster syringe' . ETYM Verbal noun of EV-LTjflL; see � LTjflL. •

tvtwpa [adv.] ace. to Baunack Phil. 65 (1906): 637f. 'in the air' (inscr. Milete), comparing lleTewpa (cf. � lleTewpo�). <'!I GR� .ETYM Hypostasis of aep-? EVil [f.] sc. �Ilepa, only in adverbial expressions mg. 'the day after tomorrow'. <'!l IE *h,eno- 'that one'� VAR e.g. £� -r' aupLov £� Te £VTjCPLV (Hes. Op. 410), with surprising hiatus; £vTj�, ei� £vTjv, Tft £vn (Att.), £va� (Theoe.), £vap (Lacon) E� TphTjv 'on the third day', Enevap· ei� TeTapTTjv. AaKwve� 'on the fourth day (Lacon.)' (H.). .ETYM Old pronoun, seen in � EKiLvo�. •

tVIl�� [adj.] 'mild, soft, benevolent' (IG 14, 1648: 8; metrical tomb inscription). <'!l IE? *h2eu- 'enjoy, desire', or *h,euH- 'help, assist'� .VAR Gen. and acc.sg. EVTjeo�, -ea (Horn., Hes.), nom.pl. -�e�, -ee� (Opp.). .DER EVTjeLTj 'mildness, benevolence' (P 670, Opp.). .ETYM Uncertain. Formations like EV-TeA�� (from TeAo�) point to a second member *�o�, which can be PGr. *aFo� or *�Fo�, the latter of which would differ only in ablaut from Skt. tivas-, Av. auuah- [n.] 'favor, benevolence, help' (*h,euH-os-), in which case EVTj�� would properly mean "having benevolence". However, it is rather

_ _____ -_ - c __,____

_ _ _ � � � _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____'__ _

Ev8iLv

425

perhaps related to Lat. aveo 'be eager', Skt. avay- 'consume', etc. with initial *a-. For the ablaut, it has been compared witlI ayo� beside Skt. agas- (from decomposition?). It has additionally been compared with ahTj� (s.v. � a'ha�), from *a(F)o� with short a-. tv�vogev =>Ev8iLv. tvllPOO"lOV [n.] 'rent on ploughed land' (Delos, Halic.; since Iva) <'!l IE *h2erh3- 'plough'� VAR In the same mg. EvapaTLOv (Rhodos IlIa) . .ETYM Hellenistic technical term, hypostasized from EV apoTw or apaTw (cf. on ApaTuo�) by means of a suffIx -LO-: " [rent] on the ploughed land"; the -Tj- is from compositional lengthening. Likewise, npo-TjpoaLd� 'before tlIe time of ploughing' (Hell.). •

E,,8« [adv.], demonstrative and relative 'there, here, where', first local, but secondarily also temporal; also 'to there, to here; where to' (on the use Horn. see Bolling Lang. 26 (1950): 371ff.); <'!l IE *h,eno- 'there'� .VAR £v8ev 'from there, from where' (11.). On the difference between £v8a and £v8ev see Lejeune 1939: 375ff. .DER Ev8a-8e 'to there, here', Ev8ev-8e 'from here' (11.); also £V8LVO� 'from here' (Megar.; cf. Bechtel 1921, 2: 204), Ev8a8LO�' EVTomo� 'local' (H.). From crossing of £v8a and mha (with elision or shortened from *Ev8aUTa) arose Ion. Ev8auTa (cf. Tola : TOLaUTa); with transfer of aspiration after £v-8a, £v-8ev arose Att. EVTau-8a (and EVTeu-8ev) 'there, (to) here' (since I 601; cf. Wackernagel l916: 23; Att. inscr. also Ev8au8a, -(01); secondary loss of aspiration (after v) in Arg. EVT6.8e, El. EVTaUTa. Ion. Ev8euTev, Att. EVTeu8ev 'from here, from there' (T 568) is cross of £v8auTa and £v8ev (Wackernagel IF 14 (1903): 370'); different Schwyzer: 6287: *Ev8aUTa > *Ev8TjUTa > *Ev8euTa: Ev8euTev. After TOUTO, ete. EVTou8a (Cyme, Oropos). .ETYM No parallel formations in other languages. For £v-8ev, cf. no-8ev, ete. An old suffIx -8a is found in � i8ayev��, but other material ( Arm. and 'there', Olr. and 'there', Lat. inde, OCS kQdu 'from where?') is doubtful; see WH s.v. inde and en. It has been compared witlI the deictic element *h,eno-; see � £vTj. tv8Eiv [v.] 'to come, go' (Dor., Delph., Arc). <'!l IE? *h,nedh- 'come about'� .VAR Aor. ind. �v80v, ptc. Ev8wv, etc. Compare the epic perf. and plpf. forms: av�v08ev (A 266), of aflla; Ev�v08ev (p 270), of KV(OTj (v.l. av-); En-ev�v08e (B 219, K 134 of A6.xvTj; 8 365 of £AaLOV), KaT-ev�v08ev (Hes. Se. 269 of KOVL�; h. Cer. 279 of KOllaL [pl.]), nap-ev�v08e (A. R. 1, 664 of Il�TL�); the mg. is perhaps 'to bubble up, spring' or 'to spread out'. .ETYM Since Ev8elv is widespread in Doric, it is. not from EA8iLv (with a limited dialectal development h > VT). There is no good verbal connection for Ev8elv outside Greek. The forms EV-, av-�v08e have been compared with Ev8iLv (ablaut Eve8- : Ev08- : Ev8-); av�v08ev could go back to *av-ev�v08ev by haplology. Formally, we may reconstruct a root *h,nedh- 'to come about' vel sim. The Indo Iranian group of Skt. tidhvan- 'road', OAv. aduuan- [m.] 'id.' < *h,ndh-uen- is

EVelVOe; 1 probably related. The connection with ON pndurr 'snowshoe' seems more dubious. Not related to � aveoe;. Ev8lVOC; 1 =>EVea. h8lVOC; 2 [adj.] 'godlike', EVOPKOV T£ . . . Kat EVelVOV (Hierapytna, Crete). eLvoe;; built after Ctvepwmvoc;). Cf. Bechtel 1921, 2: 724. Ev8ou(Jul�W [v.] 'to be possessed by a god' (PI., HelL). OU, see Schwyzer: 251. On EVe£Oe;, properly "in whom is a god", see Schwyzer: 429 and 435 and Stromberg 1946: 115. tv8uaKEl [v.] . £VTUYXUV£l 'meets with'; CtnOeUK£lv· CtnOTuyxuv£lV 'to miss'; auveu�w· auvavT�aw 'I shall meet with' (H.). EV. tvlUUTOC; [m.] 'anniversary, year' (ll.; Risch Mus. Helv. 3 (1946): 254).
EVlOl [adj.] 'some, a few'.
£vv£a .DER £VL01'l:: 'sometimes', £vlax�, -OD 'in some places, sometimes', originally Ionic words (only in prose), that were taken up in Attic; late Dorianizing reshaping £vLoKa (Archyt.), also £Vl(lKle; 'sometimes' (Sor.; after nOAAaKle;, etc.). .ETYM Uncertain. The explanation by Ebel (KZ 5, 70f., taken over by Schwyzer 614), starting from EVl or, EVl on, = Eanv 01, Eae' on:, must be given up: EVl in the function 'is, are' is ascertained only since V-VIP (see � EV). The best solution seems to be the hypothesis of Benfey, further advocated by Wackernagel l907: 6, assuming EV 'one' (like HG einige to eins and MoE some to *sem); the psilosis would be Ionic. For the ending, cf. flUPlOl, XLAlOl; then £vLon:, £vlax�, -OD would be formed after OT£, nOT£, nOAAax�, -OD, etc. Improbably, Brugmann IF 28 (1911): 355ff. connects it with the demonstrative *£voe; in EV'l 'the third day', £K£LVOe;, etc. EVl1t11 [f.] 'reproach, menace, threat' (ll.).
Evv£a [num.] 'nine' (ll.).
ev(v)btw is improbable). Differently, Wackernagel KZ 28 (1887): 132ff.); see Schwyzer: 59l. Connection with � veoc; 'new' is impossible in view of the *h,-. Incorrectly, Szemerenyi 1964: 107-118 (who does not accept the laryngeal). £v(v)t7tW [v.] 'to say, recount, announce' (ll.). On the mg. Fournier 1946: 47f. � IE *sekw- 'say'� .VAR Aor. eVLa7t£lv, ipv. pI. ea7t£le (epic), fut. eVLa7t�aW (e 98), evhjlw (H 447; for *eve\jlw? Chantraine 1942: 443), new present eVlmw (Pi. P. 4, 201; cf. s.v. � eVl7t�). COMP Also with preverb: e�-, 7tpoa-, 7tUp-, etc. .DER � lia7t£TOC;; also � 8w7temoc;, � 8ea7tLc;. Note 7tpoa-£\jIlu (cod. -La; leg. -LC;?)7tpoauyopwmc; 'greeting' (H.). On � evo7t�, see s.v. .ETYM The imperative evvE7te is identical with Lat. inseque, insece 'say, recount' (with inquam, inquit); -vv- in this form is attributable to metrical lengtlIening (Solmsen 1901: 35, Chantraine 1942: 100f.), or rather to Aeolic assimilation from -va- (e.g. Schulze 1892: l28 A. 2, 173 and Lejeune 1972: 128; also, Schwyzer: 300)? The zero grade of (a)E7t- (IE *sekW-) is found in the aorist eVL-a7t-£1v (ipv. ea7t£l£ < *ev-a7t £le). On the preverb ev-, see Chantraine RPh. 68: 117 and Schwyzer 1950: 457. A verbal noun appears in OIr. insce 'discourse' < IE *en(i)-skW-iii; Celtic has other forms like OW hepp 'inquit'. In Lith., there is only dialectal sekil, sekti 'say', but otherwise this formation was replaced in Balto-Slavic by Lith. sakau, -yti 'say', Ru. soCit' 'indicate' < caus. *sokw-eie-, which is also found in Gm., e.g. ON segja, OS seggian, etc., PGm. pres. *sagje- < IE *sokw-eie-. OHG sagen is an innovation. The future eVI\jlw arose from *h,eni-skw-s-o, with dissimilation of tlIe first s (not from *eve\jlw, which is not authentic); see Waack-Erdmann MSS 41 (1982): 199-204. •

£vv£o[(U [pI.] 'counsels, plans' (ll.), only dat. -nm(v) (E 894) except A. R. 3, 1364 (gen. -6.wv). � IE *Hieh,- 'send, throw; make, do'� .ETYM Prop. 'inspirations' ("in-givings"), from eV-IT]flL with metrically necessary double -v- (Chantraine 1942: 100). On the suffIx -alT] (instead of -mc;) , see Schwyzer: 469, Risch 1937: 124, and Porzig 1942: 99. Likewise, e�wlT] (Horn.) 'sending out, message', from e�-IT]flL. See � IT]flL. £vvonoc; [adj.] 'humid' (Call. Fr. 350). � GR� .ETYM Acc. to Leumann 1950: 51f., the form arose by false division from A 811 KUTa O£ VVOTLOC; pe£v 10pwC;. However, other explanations are possible: that it is a cross of vonoc; and ev-uypoc; vel sim.; or a bahuvrihi of ev and vOTlu, on which see Stromberg 1946: 124. £VVUI-U [v.] 'to clothe, dress (oneself)' (ll.). � IE *ues- 'cloth'� .VAR Med. -flm; Ion. elVUflL, -flm, impf. KUTu-£lvuov 'If 135 (v.L -vuauv, -AUOV; cf. eIAuw), aor. ea(a)m, -ua8m, fut. ea(a)w, -oflm, Att. Ufl
evopY£IUc;

429

.DER � euvoc; name of a woman's cloth s.v.; elflUTa [pI.] (rarely Sing.) 'clothes, cover' (ll.), AeoL (F)eflfluTu (yeflfluTa· Ifl6.TLu 'clothes' H.), Cret. F�fla (Y�fla· Ifl6.TLOV H.), also F�flac; [gen.sg.] to F�flu [f.] (cf. yvwfla � yvwflT] et al.); often as a second member, e.g. £1>-, KaKo-£lflwV. Diminutive £lfl6.na [pL] , Att. � Ifl6.TLov, often plur. -La, with IflaTloLOv, -LoapLOV, IflaTI(w, IflaTLafloc;, etc. Further ea80c; [n.] 'clothes, dress' (0 94, Ar. [lyrical and Dor.]), formation like liX80C;, 7tA�80c;, etc. (Schwyzer: 511, Benveniste 1935: 199); denominative perfect �aeT]flm, mostly in pte. �aeT]flevoc; (e-) 'clothed' (Ion.) with eae�flaTa [pI.] 'clothes' (trag., Th.), eae�a£LC; 'id.' (Ath.); cf. Fraenkel 191O: 106£. More usual than eaeOC; is eae�C; (Pi. ea86.c;), -�TOC; [f.] 'id.' (Od.); attempts at an explanation by Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-1916 2:1, 527, Schwyzer IF 30 (1912): 443; lengthened dat.pL eae�a£m (Hell.). yempa ( FeaTpa; cod. YWTla, �ee below)- evoumc;, aToA�, Ifl6.TLa 'putting on, apparel, clothes' (H.); see Latte; to e
==

==

£V07t(U [f.pL] 'ear pendant' (S. Fr. 54). � GR� .ETYM Hypostasis from ev 07talc;, properly "in the holes"; in the same meaning, 8Lo7tm (Attica, Ar.), from OL' 07tWV "(fitted) through the holes". With oppositive accent, OI-07tOC; 'with two holes' (Epid., Ath.), a bahuvrihi. See further � fl£107tT] and � 07t�. , £V07t11 [f.] 'cry, battle cry, sound(s), voice(s) (ll.; on the mg. Triimpy 1950: 154f., but hardly all correct). � IE *sekw- 'say' or *uekw- 'speak'� .ETYM A connection with ev(v)e7tw 'say' (cf. Schwyzer: 460) is perhaps better than that with � e7toc;, etc. as *ev-F07t-� (Brugmann KZ 25 (1881): 3062) for semantic reasons; however, DELG holds that a connection with evve7tw is impossible, and prefers the other etymology. This presupposes a verb with ev-; cf. Lat. in-voco, OPr. en-wackemai 'we invoke'. Cf. Porzig 1942: 25l. £vopy£lac; [f.] . Tac; v£Oaa£lac;. Kp�T£(; 'breedings, nestlings (Cret.)' (H.). � GR�

430

EVoe;

.ETYM Acc. to Bechtel 1921, 2: 784 (who writes £VOpyIU), it is abstracted from £vopyoe; 'who is £V 6pyft, i.e in the rutting season'. See �6py�. £voe; [adj.] 'old' as opposed to 'new', only in fixed expressions about fruits and officials of the past year, also of the last day of the preceding month, indicating the new period (Hes.; £vT] the first day of the month, with Ion. psilosis?); in the last sense mostly EVT] KUt veu (sc. UEA�VT]; Att. since Solon). � IE *seno- 'old'� .ETYM The common IE word for 'old', *senos, is still found in most branches, in opposition to 'new': Gr. Evoe;, Arm. hin, Skt. sana-, Lith. senas, OIr. sen; here also ON sina [f.] 'withered grass of last year' (cf. Evoe; �AuUTOe;, etc.). Some languages also use it in opposition to 'young': thus e.g. Celtic and Lithuanian, but also Gm., e.g. Go. sineigs '1tpW�UTT]e;', as well as Iranian, Av. hana- 'old, grey'; nevertheless, Skt. sana- is not used in iliis way. The latter meaning became dominant in Italic: Lat. senex, Osc. senateis 'seniitUs'. In the Eastern languages, *senos was replaced in this meaning by derivatives from the root of � yepwv. Cf. Porzig 1954b: 343ff. EVOUU, [f.] 'shaking, quake' (Hes., E. [lyr.]). � ?� DIAL Myc. e-ne-si-da-o-ne, with a difficult -e-. COMP As a first member in the epic compounds £voul-X8wv, £vvoul-YaLOe; 'earth shaker', epithets of Poseidon; in the same mg. £vvOUlOUe; (Pi.; with oa- in llu-lluTT]P (see llT]Il�TT]P and von Wilamowitz 1931: 203); after this eivoUI-cpUAAOe; 'shaking off foliage' (Horn.; £vv-, eiv- with metrical lengthening; cf. Chantraine 1942: 100); cf. Knecht 1946: 26. .DER £VOm�£laL' Tpell£l, UelETaL 'tremble, shake' (Cyr.) . ETYM Uncertain. The explanation as *£v-F08-Tle; from � w8ew (see also � E8wv, � £8£lpU) by Pott, followed by many scholars, meets with several objections: the sequence -8-T- should have given -UT- (cf. e.g. 1tuu-ne; beside 1tEU-me;); the o-grade as in li-cppwv: cpp�v is not expected in a n-derivative (and refuted by Mycenaean anyway); finally, a prefix £v- is not well explained ("bump against"?). If £vome; is indeed a primary Tl-derivative (cf. Holt 1941: 94f.), we would rather expect a formation like lipo-me;; however, Evome; may have been derived from the compounds. Incorrectly, Janda 1999: 183-203 (followed by Stiiber 2002: 88), who assumes a root *h1enh3- 'to move', with which he connects Skt. anas, Lat. onus 'burden'). However, no such root is attested: the Lat. o-grade points to *h3en- and the apparent lack of Brugmann in Skt. is explained by Lubotsky 1990: 132. Kloekhorst 2008: now connects anijeiaJi 'work, produce, etc.' with these words as *h3n-ieio-. Finally, the root meaning of *h3en- would rather be 'carry on a cart or an animal', which does not seem adequate for Greek; neither does it solve the problem posed by Mycenaean. Thus, the Greek words remain without etymology. •

•

•

hUXEPW =>£nLUXEpW. hTuu6u .VAR £VTEU8EV. =>£v8u. EvrE =>£UT£.

£vroe;

431

EVTEU [n.pl.] 'equipment', especially 'defensive weapons' (ll.; cf. Triimpy 1950: 79ff.). � ?� VAR £VlOe; [ sg.] (Archil. 6). .COMP As a first member in £vTEm-ll�uTwP (also £VT£O-)- £1l1tElpOe; 01tAWV 'experienced with tools/weapons' (H.), further in £vTEm-Epyoue; [acc.pl.] 'working harnessed'(?), epithet of �lllovoue; (0 277). . .ETYM Beside £VTW, there is £VTUVW, -OllaL, £VTUW, aor. £VTUVaL 'to equip, prepare' (ll.). As it recalls UpTU(V)W, it may have been built after this verb (Porzig 1942: 338). A basic noun *£VTUe; could be assumed. Connection with � livulll, UVUW is impossible (see Frisk). Compare � £vupu and � uu8evTT]e; (on the psilosis, see Chantraine 1942: ' 186). •

£VTEAEXELU [f.] philosophical notion created by Aristotle, 'completion, fullness' (opposed to OUVUllle;). � GR?� .ETYM Compound from £VTEAEe; EX£lV (cf. uuveX£lu, vouveX£lu, etc.), hardly from the rare and doubtful £VTEAEx�e;; the resemblance to £vOeAEx�e;, -£lU has led to mistakes in the mss . EVTEPU [n.pl.] 'intestines, bowels', also sing. 'gut' (ll.). � IE *h1entero- 'inside part'� .COMP As a first member e.g. in £VTEpO-K�AT] 'breach of the intestines, hernia' (Dsc., GaL; see Risch IF 59 (1949): 285, Stromberg 1944: 69). .DER Diminutive £VTEPIOlU (Corn.); also £vTepLOv (M. Ant. 6, 13?; form and mg. uncertain); £VTEPlWVT] 'inside of a fruit, heartwood of a plant or tree' (Hp., Thphr.; Stromberg 1937: 127f.); formation like iumwvT], eipEmwvT] (Chantraine 1933: 208); £VTEPOV£lU (Ar. Eq. 1185) mg. unclear; acc. to H. and Suid. = £VTEPlWVT] 'innermost part'; adjectives £VTEplKOe; 'of the E.' (Arist.), £vTeplVOe; 'made from bowels' (sch.); denominative verb £VTEPEUW 'gut fishes' (Corn.). .ETYM Old word for intestines, identical with Arm. ;mder-k' [pl.] , -ac' [gen.pl.] and with ON iorar [pI.] < PGm. *inperoz. Hiibschmann 1897: 447f. suggested that ilie Arm. word was borrowed from Greek. The original adjectivial meaning is preserved in Skt. antara-, Av. antara- 'being inside', with Osc. Entrai [dat.sg.] *'Interae', name of a goddess; in Latin, it was replaced by interior. IE *h1enter-o is an adjective derived from an adverb *enter, preserved in Skt. antar 'inside', Lat. inter 'between'. Besides OHG untar, there is also Osc. anter 'under' 'amongst' from the zero grade *hl1}ter. At the basis is the adverb *h1en (see � £v) with the comparative suffix -ter; see Benveniste 1948: l2of. =

tVTOATJ =>TeAAw 1. EVLO<; [n.]=>£VTW. tVTO<; [adv.] and [prep.] 'inside' (ll.). � IE *h1en-tos '(from) inside'� .DER £vTou8E(V), rare £vT08EV (after £V008EV, £KT08EV, etc.) '(from) inside' (epic Ion., ll.;) with £vTou8lU and £vTou81<'iLU [n.pl.] 'intestines' (Hp., Arist.; cf. Chantraine 1933: 39), with the adjective £vTou8l0e;, -IOlOe; 'of the intestines' (medic.); cf. below. Compar. £VTOTEpOe; 'inner' (LXX).

432 .ETYM Identical with Lat. intus ,(from) inside'; lE formation in -tos (e.g, Skt. i-M/:! 'from here', Lat. peni-tus '[from] inside') from the adverb *h1en; see � £V. Cf. also � f:K"ro<;. evcoa8lu is not (as per Vendryes REGr. 23 (19lO): 74) from *£vcoanu (after £vcoa8e) = Skt. antastya- [n.] 'intestines'; the word belongs to Skt. antcir 'inside' (see � £vcepov) with regular replacement of -r by -5- in sandhi before the suffIx -tya-. Evcp01tUA[�0!1aL [v.] 'to turn around (often), turn back' (11.). � IE *trep- 'turn'� VAR Only ptc. -oflevo<;. In the same mg. also fleLUcp01tUA(�eo [impv.med.] (Y 190). .ETYM Expressive formation from cpo1tEoflm, cpE1toflm, modelled on these like acpocpuA(�W on acpocpEw, 0LpECPW and KpOLaA(�W on KpocEW. The original starting point was a noun in -UA(0-); cf. KPOcUAOV, 0LpocpaAlY�. Chantraine 1942: 340. An adjective evcpo1tuA6<; 'shameful, afraid' is attested in MoGr.; cf. Schwyzer: 32. Differently, Bechtel l914: 318f. •

EvcV�OV [n.] 'andive' (Gp.). � LW Lat. (Sem.)� .VAR hu�o<; (Edict. Diocl.); '(vcou�o<; (Ps. Dsc.) . ETYM The Latin word seems to be a loan from Semitic (see Andre 1956: 170, Hiltbrunner 1958: 174-177, and Hiltbrunner Archiv fur das Studium der neueren Sprachen 197 (1960): 22f.). •

EVl\)VW .VAR evnJw. =>£vcw. EVcV1ta<; [adv.] uncertain, but probably 'wrapped in' (0 163 <'> 0' ev flEaaOl01 yepmo<; 1 1 eVcU1tCt<; ev xAU(Vn KeKuAuflflEVO<;; later A. R., Q. S.). � IE? *tup- 'squat'?� .DER evcu1tuOlU H; eVceLlJ7tUacm 'is wrapped (in)' (BSA 16, lO7 [Pisidial) . ETYM The meaning was already uncertain in antiquity, as appears from the explanations in Hesychius: eVcu1ta<;' evcecU1tWflEVO<;. eYKeKuAuflflEVO<; cO 1tpoaw1tov c41 Lfluc(q>, c�v Xe1pu £Xwv 1tpO cOu 1tpoaw1tou. � KeKucpw<; 'formed, molded. With the face wrapped in the mantle, holding the hand before the face. Or with the head down (in shame)'. Mostly (with the schol.) connected with � n)ltLw, cU1to<; and taken as 'well enveloped in', i.e. in such a way that the outline of the bodily members and the head could be distinguished. Taken by Kurschat apud Prellwitz as 'squatting', related to Lith. tupti, tupiiti 'id.'. On the adverbs in -u<;, see Schwyzer: 631 and Chantraine 1942: 25l. •

EvliJcSlov 'earring' (Att. inscr. since 399a; Meisterhans 1900: 65 and 79), often dual (Schwyzer 1950: 47). .ETYM Hypostatic diminutive formation from *ev-ou(a)-(OLov, with transfer of the W from linu, etc. (Wackernagel Phil. Anz. 15 (1885): 199ff.; see also Schulze 1892: 38'). Since Hellenistic times, it has instead been evwnov, fully adapted to (inu (inscr. Delos 279", etc.) with the new diminutive evwc(OLOV (inscr. Delos, Tanagra); further, evwcapLOv after wcapLOv (H. S.V. �OlpUOlU). Beside it exists a formation in -aOLov in e�w�aOLu· evwnu. AaKwve<; (H.), from *e�-wuh-aOLu; cf. Schwyzer: 520). See � oU<;. EvW1tU [adv.] 'in the face, openly; against' with gen. (0 320, Orph. L., Epigr.). Univerbation of ev limu, cf. � £vuvcu and Schwyzer: 619. � IE *h3ekw- 'eye'� VAR Only in KUceVW1tu (KUc' evw1tu, KucEvwnu). •

433 .DER EVW1tUCO(w<; 'face to face, in the flesh' ('V 94), -0(<; (A. R. 4, 351), -06v (Q. S. 2, 84) 'id.'. .ETYM The form eVW1t-lo<; 'in the face, visible' arose by hypostaSis, mostly in its neuter form evwmov as an adverb and preposition (with gen.) 'in person, face to face' (Hell.), Kucevwmov 'id.' (Hell.). Additionally, there is evwmu [n.pl.] 'front wall, outside wall, front of a house' (Horn.), also in sing. (Delos IP); 'face' (A. Supp. 146 [lyr.l). The form evw1tft 'in the face, openly' (E 374), an isolated dative, is from evw1t� 'look, face' (only in evw1t�<; yA�VW Nic. rh. 227; simplex W1t� A. R.), if not a reformation of evw1tu after the adverbial datives in -ft (a1touoft, etc.; Schwyzer: 622); cf. Chantraine 1942: 249. See � w'V, and cf. � 1tpoaw1tov and � flEcW1tOV. Evwnov => evliJOLov. E� [adv., prev., prep.] 'out' (11.). Details in Schwyzer 1950: 461ff. � IE *h1ei-s 'out' (or

*hA<-s)� .VAR Before consonant eK (ey, ex), dialectally e<; (Boeot. always e(a)<;). .DER £�w [adv., prep. with gen.] 'outside' (cf. livw, e'(aw); thence £�w8ev 'from outside' (lA), etc. Variants: e�e1· £�w (H.) with locative ending, Cret. e�Ol, Delph. e�o<;; on £�ou8u, £�wu see Lejeune 1939: 329, 355. Cf. � ex8o<; (Locr., Delphi) from e�. ETYM Exact agreements with E� are found in Italic and Celtic, e.g. Lat. ex (e, ec-), MW ex-, OIr. ess-; further, in Baltic and Slavic forms with unclear i-, e.g. Lith. is, ii, OCS is, iz; doubtfully, Arm. i, y- 'out, from' (beside i, y- 'in'). Because of the aspirates in £axuLO<;, ex8o<; ( eKco<;), etc., one has posited an lE pre-form *h1ei-s instead of *h1ek-s. This assumption is unnecessary for � ex8o<;, but seems unavoidable for � £axuco<;. Cf. also � EX8po<;. •

=

£� [num.] 'six'. � IE *sueks 'six'�

.DIAL Myc. we-pe-za /�ekspeza/, see Viredaz SMEA 23 (1982): 310-313; Dor., etc. FE�. .COMP As a fIrst member, beside rare E�-, EK-, usually E�U- (E�a-fleLpo<;, E�U-K001Ol, etc.) after E1tcU-, cecpu-; E��-KovcU after 1teVc��KoVcU; on second members -KOVcU and -K001Ol see on � Ola.K001Ol. .DER E�(nl<; (scil. �OAO<;) 'throw of six in the game of dice' (Epigr., Poll.); E�a.<;, -a.vco<; [m.] (Sicil.) formed after Lat. sextans, together with E�avnov (Epich.). Ordinal £KcO<;, Cret. FEKcO<;; adverb E�aKl<; (after 1tOAAaKl<;, etc.); collective E�a<; [f.] 'number of six' (Ph.) with E�UOlKO<;. .ETYM The lE numeral 'six' has two variants: Lat. sex, Germ., e.g. Go. saihs, Lith. ses i, OCS ses-tb, Alb. gjash-te, ToA $iik seem to go back to lE *seks. On the other hand, Gr. FE�, Arm. vec', Celt., e.g. MW chwech, Skt. $a?-, Av. xsuuas point to *sueks. However, although some details remain unclear, the form with -y- is certainly original, while the loss of -y- may have been triggered by 'seven', *septm. Gr. £� (Dor. FE�) continues *sueks with loss of the digamma or the aspiration; on Boeot. £� (beside FLKuac�), see Schwyzer: 226. The ordinal £KcO<;, FEKLO<; is probably from *syek-to-s, as *syeks-to-s would give **-X8-. An original sequence *-kt- also seems necessary for certain Germanic forms, OHG sehto (beSide sehsto), ON setti. Other forms, however, show -5-: Lat. sextus, Go . saihsta, ToA $kii$t. Yet other forms are ambiguous: Skt. $aHha-, Lith. sestas, OCS

434 sest'b; note Gaul. suexos. On unclear �£UTPl� Kpl8�· � E�uunxo<;. KV[OLOl H., see Schwyzer: 269, 590. See Lubotsky 2000b on the I1r. and lE reconstruction. £�alTo<; =>u1VUllaL. t�alcpv'1<; =>t�U1tlV1K E�aAo<; [adj.] 'out of the sea, far from the sea' (A 134 '" 281), weakly attested v.l. for t� aA6<;; also Emp. 117 (ix8u<;; from t�uAAOllaL?) and Hell.
t�aVT'1<; =>aVTa. t�a1tlV'1<; [adv.] 'suddenly' (11.).
I

E�ao-n<;, -lO<; [f.] 'hem of a fabric' (Samos IVa), plur. 'threads coming out of a fabric', especially 'selvage of linen' (medic.).
t�auoTqp =>UUW 2. t�auTi1<; [adv.] 'immediately' (Hell.). UTC-EpUW. t�ETa�w =>tTU�W. E�i1<; [adv.] 'in a row, one after the other' (Od., Att.).
I

I

MAEl

435

starts from an adjective *E�O<;. Solmsen 1909: 240') supposes that E��<; was contracted from earlier E�E[T]<; (metrical lengthening for *E�£T]<;?); however, this does not explain Dor. E�UV. E�E([)T]<; is from an adjective *E�E(l)O<; (cf. E�£lu· Ta E��<; H.); is this in turn from £�l<;? The synonymous tTCEX£<; (Arg.), tTCEXEl (Delph.), and TCoTEX£l (Heracl.) are from tTC-, TCOT-£xw8aL. See � £xw. E�lOTWV [adj.] 'fringed'? Adjunct of XLTWV[UKOV [acc.] , together with KTEVWTOV (IG 2\ 1514: 30, 1516: 9 [middle Iva] , in lists of cloilies given to Artemis, containing several technical words). t�. t�wcpaKat [pl.] 'a kind of outward Haemorrhoid knots, resembling lentil fruits' (Cyran.). 54l. ttiJKEl), which is shown by the meter (Chantraine 1942: 129). Innovations were *FE-F[K-UK-W (> tiUKW), *FE-FLK-U�W > fiKU�W, � E1Ku�w. A form *F[K-UK-W without reduplication is supposed in '(UKE(V), lUKovT' (e.g. Schwyzer: 708; Chantraine 1933: 317). No reduplication in � E1Kwv; for E1Kw<;, however, a reconstruction *FE-FLK-Fw<; instead of *F£lK- is also possible. On e'iKEAO<;, see �lKEAo<;; on � tmElK�<; see s.v. There are no certain cognates outside Greek. The comparison with the Baltic root of Lith. i vykti 'to occur, happen, get real', pa-veikslas 'example', etc. is doubtful. •

MAEl [V.3sg.] 'oppressed' (Pi. P. 4, 233, conj. Boeckh).
eop .DER Hence t6A'lTO 'be surrounded, oppressed' (A. R.). ETYM See � E1A£w 1.

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, eop [f.] . 8uYUT'lP, UVE\IIl6c; 'daughter, cousin' (H.). � IE *suesor- 'sister � VAR eopEC;· TIpOa�KOvTEC;, ouYYEvEIC; 'kinsmen, relatives' (H.). .ETYM Old relic of the lE word for 'sister', seen in Skt. svasar-, Lat. soror, Germ., e.g. Go. swistar, all from lE *suesor-. The Greek forms must come from a psilotic dialect; eop seems to be a vocative. In Greek, the word was replaced by UOEACP�, like cppUT'lP by UOEAcp6c;. •

EOpyU =>epow. MpYll [f.] 'TOPUV'l, stirrer, ladle'. � IE *uerg- 'work'� DER Denominative Eopy�aaL· TOpUV�aaL 'to stir' and EOpyt(eTaL· TOpUVo.TaL (Poll., H., Eust.). Further EU£py'l, EUEPY£TlC; (Poll., H., EM). Semantically and formally close is 6pyu(Elv 'to weaken, knead, tan' (Att.), cf. EUEPY�C; of lipTOC; 'well-kneaded loaf in Andromachos (apud Gal. 14, 38, 9) . ETYM The formation t6py'l (accent for *EOPY� like OEtA'l, o£P'l? See below), like EO wo-�, etc., may derive from reduplicated *F£-FoPY-'l. The variants EU£PY'l, -£TlC; seem to be folk-etymological reshapings (cf. EUEPY�C; above). The form 6PYu(w replaced original 6PYuw (Schwyzer: 718). The words belong to � epyov, � epow; for the meaning, cf. HG (Teig) wirken = 'knead'. •

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tOPT� [f.] 'feast, religious festival' (Od.). � ?� DIAL Ion. OpT� (with hyphaeresis). COMP As a second member in CPlA-£OPTOC; (Ar. [lyr.l), etc. .DER Adjectives £opmloc; 'ptng. to the festival' (D. H.), £opn.oo'lC; 'festive' (J., Ph.) and denominative £OpTU(W, OpTU(W 'celebrate a festival' (lA) together with Mpmmc; (Pl.), -[flOC; (l.), MpTaaflu (LXX), £opTaaT�C; (Poll., Max. Tyr.), £opTuaTlK6c; 'appropriate for a festival' (PI. Lg. 829b, etc.). .ETYM Traditionally analysed as a verbal noun in -T� (e.g. *F£-FoP-T�), but without further cognates. Also taken as related to � epoTlC;, � epuvoc;; not, however, to � �pu. •

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tnatV� [adj.] adjunct of Persephone (Horn.), late also of other goddesses (Hecate, Demeter). � ?� ETYM Perhaps arisen by false split (in I 457?) from ETI' ulv� IT. 'and also the terrible P.'. See Buttmann-1825:2: 101, Leumann 1950: 72, and Schwyzer: 102. •

tnaA�C; [adj.] epithet ofA£ax'l (Hes. Op. 493 ETIUA£U A£ax'lv). � ?� .ETYM Connected with � UA£U 'heat of the sun', or (alternatively) with � aA�C; as 'pressed together'. Chantraine rejects the latter interpretation for a number of reasons: aA�C; is said of persons or things, not of places; the prefIx ETI- is diffIcult to understand; and a reading ETI' makes no sense. However, this does not mean that the other interpretation is correct. See Bechtel l914: 129. Enuhvoc; [adj.] 'pleasant' vel sim. (Pi. P. 8, 84, from v6moc;). � ?�

eTIucp0C; 2

437

.ETYM One hypothesis derives it from � apTIUA£OC; < *UATIUA£OC;, and connects it with *liATIlmOC; (see � liATIVlmoc;), which would derive from an rl n -stem *liATIUP, gen . liATIVOC;. The word would then be a bahuvrIhi with adverbial prefIx; this is improbable . tmiVTTJC;, -EC; [adj.] 'steep' (Th. 7, 79). � GR� .ETYM Like uV-, KUT-UVT'lC;, etc., from a noun UVT- 'front', seen in � liVTU, � UVTt, with adjectivial s-stem inflexion; thus, it properly means 'facing frontally, head-on'. tnupET£w [v.] 'to take in service, in use' (PTeb. 5, 182; 252; 11"; KT�V'l TIAolu, of officials, ' etc.). � GR� .ETYM From UPeT� in the sense of 'service', with ETIt as in ETIl-XElP-£w, ETIl-8ufl-£w, etc. 'EmiplTol [pI.] name of the soldiers of the Arcadian League (X., Ephor.), originally ETItAEKTOl 'those selected' (D. S. 15, 62). � IE *h2ri- 'count'� .ETYM Compare the PNs ITEO-UpLTOC; (Arc., Lac.), 'ETI-�PlTOC; (w 306), MET-�PlTOC; (Ion.), and further the adj. � V�PLTOC; from *1J-h2ri- 'uncoountable, countless', from a verbal root *h2ri- 'count', seen in upl-8fl6c;, and prefIxed with ETIl- as in ETIl-A£YElV 'to select'. See Leumann 1950: 247, Schwyzer: 502. =

tnU
tnuupl
Puer. 26).

Enucpoc; 2 [adj.] adjunct of liflTIEAOC;; meaning unknown (PAvrom. 1 A 26, 1 B 27; 1"). � ?� .VAR Also ov. .ETYM Perhaps 'with acp�, i.e. grip', 'supported, bound up' (Moulton JHS 35 (1915): 55). -

r EJtd EJtd [conj.] 'as, when, because' (11.). � IE *h,ei 'when'� VAR Also with added particles, e.g. EJtd n: (epic Ion.), EJtEL 8�, EJt£L8� (11.), epic also EJtEL � (EJtEL�); with av: EJtd av, EJtECtV (Ion.), EJt�V (lA), EJtCtV (Hell.); EJtd 8' av, EJt£L8uv (Att.). .ETYM From £Jt-E[ (see � £i); probably originally a demonstrative, like eLTa, eJt-ELTa. Details in Schwyzer 1950: 658ff.; also, Chantraine 1953: 258f. •

t7rdyw [v.] 'to press, urge; hurry' (11.). � ?� .VAR Also med.; impf. eJteryov (Od.), �Jt£LYOV (Pi., S.); the non-present�c forms are a minority: aor. �JtEL�a (Hp. Bp. 17), pass. �JtdX8fjv (Th., Pl.), fut. EJtE[�oflm (A.), perf. med. � JtE LYflm (T.). Hdn. Gr. 2, 436 notes EJtO[YW as Aeol. .COMP Also with prefix, notably KaT-mdyw (Att.). .DER eJt£L�l(; 'pressure, hurry' (l., PIu.) with EJtd�Lfloe; 'urgent' (POxy. 531, 9, lIP); EJtdKTfje; 'who urges, urgent' with EJt£LKTLKOe; 'urgent' (BM, Sch.); EJtELywA� 'hurry' (BM);'EJt£LYEue; PN (IT 571). ETYM Uncertain. Ace. to Brugmann IF 29 (1911-1912): 238ff., it is related to O'(YVUflL 'open' (from * FO - (E)LY- ?, Lesb. OE[Yfj V). •

£7terra .VAR eJtELTE(v). =>Eha. E7tevqvoge =>Ev8£1v. ErCeV7t£TW [v.impv.] uncertain, perhaps 'put upon'? Elis, see Schwyzer: 409. � ?� VAR EJtEVJtOL [opt.] . ETYM Unknown. Cf. Bechtel 1921, 2: 864. •

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£7tep9a [adv.] 'above' (Ale.). � IE *h,epi 'upon'� VAR KaT-EJtEp8EV. ETYM From � EJt[, modelled on � evEp8E(V), -8a, uJtEp8E(V), -8a. Cf. also EJtEpTEpa· fld(w KaL U'i'fjAOTEpa 'more and higher', which is analyzed by Mastrelli Stud. ital. fil. class. 27-28 (1956): 272ff. as £JtEp-TEpa, but which may also be a mistake for UJtEP TEpa (DELG) . . • •

£7tepOC; [m.] 'ram' (Aeol., Asia Minor, Schwyzer: 644, 15). � IE? *ueru-os- 'wool'� .ETYM Not related to KCtJtpOe;, Lat. aper, etc. (as per Meillet Rev. et. slav. 5 (1925): 9). Neither, as per Mastrelli Stud. ital. fil. class. 27 (1956): Iff., relatd to EJtEpTEpa· flE[(W, KaL U'i'fjAOTEpa 'more and higher' (H.), Alb. epere 'what is up high'. DELG translates 'who has wool on him', and connects it with � eLpoe;. E7te(j�6Aoc; [adj.] 'throwing words, reviling' (B 275, A. R., AP). � IE *uekw-os- 'word'� .DER also EJt£(J�OA[fj 'slander' (8 159) and £JtEcr�oA£w 'revile' (Lye., Max.). ETYM Compound of eJtoe; and �CtAA£LV, with E-vocalism of the s-stem and o-vocalism of the second member (Schwyzer: 440 and 449). •

E7t£TOCme [v.aor.] = '£JtETUXE, hit, reached'. � ?� .VAR £JtLTocrcrme; [ptc.sg.m.] (Pi. P. 4, 25; 10, 33). ETYM Unexplained; cf. Schwyzer: 7552• •

£7tecpvov =>8dvw.

r 439 E7tq�OAOC; [adj.] 'who gets something, participates, has possession of (Od.), also 'attainable' (A. R.). � IE *gWelh,- 'throw'?� .VAR EJta�oAa [f.] 'share' (Gortyn), £Jtfj�OA�' flEpOe; 'share' (H.). .DER Cf. £Jtfj�oA[a· cruvfj�oA[a 'occurrence' (BM 357,29). KaTfj�oA�' TO £JtL�CtAAOV 'which is put upon' (E. Fr. 614, 750). .ETYM Verbal nouns from EJtL-, KaTa-�CtAAW, with -fj- after £Jt-, KaT-�KOOe;, EJt fjflOL�Oe;, ete. (lengthening in compounds). See Brugmann Sikhs. Ber. 53 (1901): 103. E7t'lYKev[Sec; [f.pl.] 'part of a ship' (E 253). � IE *h2enk- 'bend'� .ETYM Ace. to Doederlein (see Bechtel 1914 s.v.), "what rests on the aYKOVEe; 'ribs of a ship'?", i.e. 'the planks', thus a noun in -[8-Ee; with compositional lengthening, for which crav[8Ee; has been compared (cf. aYKOLvm). The factual meaning remains unclear. E7t'luav6e; [adj.] prob.ably 'sufficient, rich, everlasting' (Od.). � IE? *uet-os- 'year'� .VAR £JtfjTaVOe; h. Mere. 113, Hes. Op. 607 . .ETYM Properly 'lasting the whole year' (like EJt-ET-eLOe;, £Jt - ET-� �AuYfj. •

£7t'lAUC; =>EAEucroflm. E7tqpela [f.] 'bad treatment, offence, threat' (Att.). � ?� .DER EJtfjPECt(W 'to treat presumptuously, revile, threat' (Hdt., Att., Arc.), also -£L- in IG 5(2), 6: 46 (Tegea [Ival) £JtfjpEMfloe; (Arist.), -acrT�e; (Srn., pap.), - MTLKOe; (Corn . Adesp. 202, etc.). .ETYM Abstract of an adjective * £Jt-fjp�e;, for which relationship with � ap£L�, � ap� is suggested. However, if the form from Tegea is genuine Arcadian, this connection is impossible because it presupposes PGr. *-er-, not *-iir-. Ace. to Wackernagel KZ 33 (1895): 57, it belongs to *epoe;, which he finds in � Ep £(JXfjAEW. Blanc RPh. 71 (1997): 159 thinks the basic meaning is 'to look for problems' and connects it with � EpE8w, £pE8[(w, but gives no further details. EmlpeTl1oc; =>£pEcrcrW. E7t'lTqC;, -ov [adj.] 'sedate, behaving well, benevolent' vel sim. (v 332, cr l28; A. R. 2, 987; cf. Fraenkel l91O: 322). � IE? *sep- 'care, honour'� .VAR EJtfjTEEe; [f.pl.] . .DER £Jtfj TUe; [f.] (cp 306) 'good behaviour, benevolence'. .ETYM Uncertain. Acc. to Wackernagel l916: 42\ it is from � £Jtw in the meaning of Skt. sapati 'care, honor', with fj-enlargenent as in £8-fj-TUe;, as well as psilosis. Teffeteller Dale Glotta 60 (1982): 207-214 suggests that the word is derived from eJtoe; and EJtETUe; 'conversation, good at speaking' .

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440 t1t1'rr pl!10l [adj.] 'near one another, in heaps' vel sim. (11., A. R., only plur.; in Q. S. and Opp. sing. 'prominent, powerful'). � ?� .ETYM Connected with �TPLOV 'warp' by the ancients, which is further explained by Bechtel 1914 s.v. Doubts to this are expressed by Arbenz 1933: 25f. Comparable meaning in � bruaaun:pOL. Em [adv.] 'on it, at it' (11.). � IE *h1epi 'on'� .VAR br[ [prep.] 'on, at, by, at the same time, because' with gen., dat. and acc. .DIAL Myc. e-pi. .ETYM lE adverb *h1cpi: Skt. api, Av. aipi, OP apiy 'also, at it; by, in', Arm. ew 'also, and'. Ablauting om- occurs in � om8ev, also dialectal. *m- (Lith. -pi) is supposed in � me(w and � mux�, but this seems improbable, as a zero grade *h1pi would also have given em in Greek. On the different forms, see the extensive discussion by Hamp MSS 40 (1981): 39-60. 'E1tlu()'(JU [f.] epithet of Demeter (H.). � ?� .ETYM Old ptc.with zero grade = e1t-LOUaU (like euaau (e)ouau, £Kuaau = £Kou au) from the root *h1ei- 'go', parallel to Skt. yati 'going' < lE *h1i-1Jt-ih2 beside *h1i-ont- in iOVTO�, etc. This etymology is doubtful, as it finds no support on the semantic side. =

Em�M [f.] 'the day after the festival' (Pi. P. 4, 140); mostly in plur. em�8m or br[�8m (Cratin. 323, Aristid., EM 357, 54); in H. (;1.110 TOU em<�L>�a(w8m TUl� £OpTal� OUK ouam� e� UUTWV (meaning unclear to me). � IE *ped- 'foot'� ETYM Properly 'following the trace', with assimilated zero grade of the word for 'foot' (see � 1tOU�, as well as � 1te86.), like in Skt. upa-bd-a- 'trampling', Av· fra-bd-a 'front foot'. The formation of em�8u is not clear: Schwyzer: 475 pleads for a suffix -lU- with lost yod; Solmsen 1909: 269 thinks that em�8Ct is a secondary shortening for *e1t[-�8-a. •

tm£lK�� [adj.] 'proper, fitting, suitable; solid' (11.). � IE *ueik- 'be fitting'?� .DER also emeLKeLU 'equity, reasonableness' (lA) and bneLKeuoflm (LXX 2 Es. 9, 8 [v.I.], H.). .ETYM Opposite a-eLK�� (see � C(iK��), related to e1teOLKU; full grade as in � eiKWV. Beside this also exists em-e[KeAo� 'comparable' (Hom., Hes.) after e'(KeAo�; cf. Stromberg 1946: 91 and Schwyzer 1950: 466. t1tl£lKlO� [adj.] mostly with negation, OUK e1tleLKTOV (flevo�, a8evo�, 1tev80�) = 'invincible, unindulgent' (Hom.); also = emeLK�� 'fitting, suitable' (8 307, late). � IE *ueik- 'give way'� ETYM As there is no compounded verb *em-(F)dKW 'yield', Schulze 1892: 495' connected the adjective with Lat. vinca 'conquer', Go. weihan, OIr.fichim 'battle', for which he compared EM 638, 39: OUK e1t[eLKTOV ou vLKwflevov. However, there is � e'(KW (DELG). _

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tm-dO'0!1at =>e'(aoflm 1. tm�up£w [v.] 'to rush upon, press on' (E. Ph. 45, Rh. 441 [codd. here -(aTeL]), Arcadian acc. to Eust. 909, 28. � ?�

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I

441 .ETYM No convincing etymology. tm�acpeAo� [adj.] 'vehement, violent', of fury (XOAO� I 525). � PG?� VAR Also adverbial -w� (xuAe1tu[veLv, flevea[veLv, epeeLveLv I 516, ( 330, h. Mere. 487; on the shift of accent Schwyzer 618), -OV (KOleouau A. R. 4, 1672) . DER With archaising suppression of the prefix (aq>eAO� (Nic. Al. 556, EM), (uq>eA£�, -w� (H.), -�� (Suid.). .ETYM Expressive word without etymology. (u- is probably the Aeolic form of 8Lu-; it is further unclear. Not better, Stromberg 1946: 89. Fur.: 176 suggests connection with � (a", 'surf, and takes it as Pre-Greek. •

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tm�puvo� 1 'welcome'. =>e1t[TJpo�. t1t111PUVO� 2 'ruling, governing'. =>� puvo�. t1tlI'\PO� [adj.] 'graceful, pleasant' (Emp., Epich., etc.). .VAR e1t[TJpov [n.sg.J Marc. Sid. (Glotta 19, 176); otherwise e1t[TJpu [n.pl.] . .DER Compar. emTJpeaTepo�; as an adverb XapLV (Antim. 87, etc.), e1t[TJpu 8ex8m (AP 13, 22), q>epw8m (A. R. 4, 375), q>epov-ra (S. OT 1094 [lyr.]). .ETYM From e1tL � pu q>epwv (A 572, etc.) by univerbation; thence � em�puvo� 1 'charming, welcome' (T 343). See Sommer 1948: 139 with litt. See further � � pu. =

t1t19u!1�pov =>8ufl�pu. tmKapO'lO� [adj.] 'transverse, crosswise, at a right angle' (L 70, of ships, Hdt., Plb., etc.) . � IE *(s)ker- 'cut'� .ETYM Also occurs as eyKapO'lO� (Th.), after evuvT[o�? Secondary Simplex KapO'lOV' 1tAaYLOV 'athwart, sideways' (H.), -lw� Suid. Ultimately related to KeLPeLV, emKe[peLv 'cut', but unclear in detail. Stromberg 1946: 92 starts from a verbal adjective *e1t[KupTO�, whence emKapO'lO� like Ctfl�P0O'lO� from lifl�POTO� (see also on 8L1tAaO'lO�). Derivation from the root lE *kers- (in Kopaov· KOPfloV H., Ct-Kepae KOflTJ�; see � KopaTJ) seems less likely. The overall resemblance with Lith. skersas 'transverse', OPr. kirscha 'across', Ru. cerez 'through, across' can be explained as parallel formations of the root (s)ker- 'cut'. Not from *e1tL Kupa[, a plur. of e1tt Kap (IT 392) 'on its head', as supposed by Bechtel 1914 s.v. See � Ke[pw. t1tlKEpU� [n.] plant name = T�AL�, 'Trigonella' (Hp. apud Gal. 19, 99). � IE *kerh2s 'horn'� .ETYM Called 'horn-like' or 'with horn', after its long sickle-shaped shell. See Stromberg 1944: 33. On the retained ending -u�, cf. 1tayKpea� (s.v. � Kpeu�) and � epua[1teAu�. tmKoKKaO'Tplu [f.] adjunct of �Xw, 'mimicking, reverberating' vel sim. (Ar. Th. 1059). � ONOM� .VAR emKOKKUO'l�� (uncertain conj. in Timo 43) . ETYM Formation in -TpLCt (frequent in the language of comedy; Chantraine 1933: 106) as if from *emKOKKa(W (Ar. Byz. apud Eust. 1761, 26); onomatopoeic. •

T i

bUKOKKOUP°C;

442

£7tLKOKKOUP0C; [m.] 0 nupUTTjpTjT�C; EV (JTuolqJ nupa AUKWGlV 'spectator at the race course (Lacon.)' (H.). � ?� oETYM Unknown. There seems no basis for Latte's "an E7tLK0!l!lUTWP0C;, scl. pugilatus legitimi custos?". .

£nIKoupm; [adj., m.] 'helper', 'support; helping, protecting'; plur. 'auXiliary troops' (ll.). � IE *krs- 'walk'� oDER E7tLKOUPlKOC; 'consisting of auxiliary troops' (Th., Pl.), E7tLK01JpLOC; 'coming to help' (Paus.), E7tLKOUpIU, -ITj 'help, support' (lA), denominative E7tLKOUPEW [v.] 'to come to help, support' (E 614; cf. Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1930): 98f.) with E7tLK01JPTjGlC;, -Tj!lu, -TjTlKOC;. oETYM The word stands completely isolated within Greek. Probably for *EnIKop(JoC;, from a lost verb equivalent to Lat. cum) 'walk, run' « *krs-e!o-). Cf. the related Celtic word for 'car', OIr. carr, MW carras (whence Lat. carrus, Arm. kar-k' [pl.] 'wagon'; from Galatic). Further perhaps related is ll7toAo.iC; and AaUC;. £7tL!l��lOV [n.] a plant (Dsc., Gal.). � ?� oETYM Named after the plant � fl�OlOV. The parasitic nature of the plant may also have given rise to the name; cf. synonymous � CtfluflTjAIC; and � ofloflTjAIC;. bnf.lTJAIC;, -1�OC; [f.] 'medlar, mespilus germanica' (Dsc., Gal.). oETYM Derived from fl�AOV, because of the similarity with the apple tree (Stromberg 1944: 32f.). See � !l�AOV, � E7tLfl�OLOV. brlVTJTpOV =>VEW. £rrl�£voc; 1 'foreigner'. =>�EVOC;. £rrl�£voc; 2 [m.] . E7tLX8oVLOC; 'upon the earth' (H.). � IE *dh/em- 'earth'?� oETYM Unclear. Ace. to Hoffmann 1921: 80, it is from X8wv with a special development; cf. Schwyzer: 326. Because of �£VWVI:: C;· ot CtVOpwv£C; uno cDpuywv , 'men's appartments (Phrygian) (H.), Pisani AnFilCI 6 (1953-54): 213 considered it to be Phrygian, which is rejected by DELG. £rrl�TJvov [n.] 'chopping block, hangman's block' (A., Ar., Eust., H.). � IE? *kes- (*kses-) 'cut, split'� oDER Cf. �TjVOC; 'KoPfloC;, trunk' (Suid.) from � �EW 'carve, polish'. oETYM Enl�Tjvov is rather from � �ulvw, modelled on E7tLKOnUVOV 'chopping-block' (Hell.), than from E7tL-�EW. _

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£rrlopKoc;, -ov [adj.] 'perjurious' (T 264), later msc. 'perjurer' (Hes., Gortyn, ete.). � GR� oVAR In Horn. only in EnlopKov 0fl0
T EnlnAoov

443

oETYM As the verb E7tL0PKEW is frequent, it is obvious to consider the much rarer EnlopKoc; 'breaking the oath' as a back-formation from the verb (thus Stromberg 1946: 86ff.). The form E7tL0PKEW derives directly from OpKOC;, with E7tL- like E7tL8uflEW from 8ufloC;, E7tLX£lPEW from X£IP, etc.; E7tL0PKEW then properly means 'act against the oath' (opposite £UOpKEW 'keep the oath' from d\OpKOC; [since Hes.l); on the preservation of the +, see Fraenkel 191O: 237. Differently, Leumann 1950: 79ff. (with discussion): the expression EnlopKov 0fl0(JoPOflaL. £7tLOVOlOC; [adj.] of aPTOC; (Ev. Matt. 6, 11, Ev. Luc. 11, 3), translated with 'quotidianus' in the vulgate, afterwards as 'daily'; also E7tLOUGl[wv (Sammelb. 5224, 20; economic message), meaning unknown. � GR� oETYM The most obvious interpretation as � E7tLOti
bnrruTp0
444 em-nAeLV 'swim upon' (see Stromberg 1944: 65f.); enlnAoov is then 'the organ that floats on top'. The form emnoAULov (Eub. 95, 3) arose from connection with emnoAULoc;; see � emnoA�c;. E1tLnOA�C; [adv.] and [prep.] 'on top of, above' (lA). 'culminating point' or 'walking around, place where one walks'? Better connections seem to be with MoSw. fala [f.] '(treeless) plain, heathe', OCS poije 'field' from ORu. pol'b 'open, free' (Persson 1912(1): 228); additionally, 'EmnoAul [pI.] name of the heights near Syracuse (Th.). Enlppo6oC; [m.] and [f.] 'helper, helping' (IJ. 390, 'I'770; Hes. Op. 560); 'abusive language' (S. Ant. 413, Fr. 583, 10), as an adjunct of 686c; 'where the cars rage' (AP 7, 50).
=

EnlOLov [n.] = eq:>�pULov, euphemistic designation of the pubic region (Hp., Arist.). ULplafloc; 'playing ball with many people', Poll. 9, 103, sch. PI. Tht. 146a); also called enlKolvoC;.
445 EnlOKup0C; 2 [?] uncertain word in Call. Fr. 231 (see Pfeiffer 1949-1953: 567) and Fr. anon. 135; explained by H. with apxwv, PpUPWT�C;, pOT]90c;, enloKonoc;, eq:>opoc;, en�Kooc; 'ruler, arbiter, assistant, guardian, overseer, witness'. OflUYEPOC;. e1tLOOUl [f.pl.] 'later born daughters' (Hecat. 363 J.); H. also emooov· TO Ua-rEpOV YEvoflEVOV 'the later-born'. loau, 1\VTloau. Derivation uncertain; perhaps suffIxes -T-10- or -K-lO-. Acc. to Giles Class. Rev.3 (1889): 3f., em-ooUL would be analogical after fl£T-UOOUL flET-ouaUL with archaic disappearance of the zero grade of the fern. ptc. See Schwyzer: 472. =

E1tLOOOCPOC; [m.] name of an offIcial (Thera, Schwyzer: 227, 199). ww (IG 9(1), 691: 15 [Corcyral). oETYM Unknown. EnlOOWTpOV [n.] 'metal hoop upon the felloe, tyre of a wheel' (ll., PolL).
EnloTu!1ul [v.] 'be assured, know how' (ll.), also 'believe' (Heraclit., Hdt.), first intr. as in emoTufl£voC; fl£v aKovTl 0 282. �-flT] respectively (Chantraine 1933: 173, 148; Schwyzer: 522); likewise in the verbal adjective. emoTT]Toc; 'what can be understood' (PI., Arist.). oETYM From *em-hla-ruflUL with early loss of the breath and vowel contraction (hyphaeresis). Through the semantic development *'stand before something' > 'be confronted with sth., take knowledge of sth.'; likewise, OHG firstan, OE forstandan. The word enlolaflUL was also formally separated from La-ruflUL, which already in Homer had lead to a new verb eq:>-la-ruflUL 'stand at'. Ace. to others, it is an old fomation without reduplication (litt. in Schwyzer: 6752); acc. to Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-1916 2:3, 160, it is a recent formation from an aorist em-a-rUflEvOC;, -OTUlflT]v.

tn:i(J't�c; [?] 'prop' (inscr. Delos 340, 11, Ira). � GR� .ETYM Probably from � La-rTjflL. tn:i(JlloV [n.] 'staple-town, slip or shed for a ship' (� 265). � ?� .ETYM Term from shipbuilding, explained by Aristarchus as KuniAuflu and identified with e
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E1tO<;

447

tmTllAic;, -i60c; [f.] 'horned poppy, Glaucium flavum' (Nie. Th. 852). � ?� .ETYM SO called because of the resemblance to -r�AL<; 'Trigonella'; see Stromberg 1944: 33. Cf. on � e1tLfl�OLOv. tn:hupov [n.] 'confection of olives', only as a Lat. LW epityrum in Cato RR 119, Plaut. Mil. 24; ace. to Varro LL 7: 86, a Sicilian delicacy. � GR� .ETYM From -rupo<;, because it was eaten together with or after the cheese. tmwyni [f.pl.] 'places of shelter for ships' (E 404, A. R. 4, 1640 [sg.], Opp. H. 1, 602). � IE *uh,g- 'break'� .ETYM As a verbal noun from e1tL-(F)uyvuflaL 'break against sth.', so properly 'place where wind and waves are broken'; compare KUflu-rwy� < *KUflaLO-Fuy� (Hdt.), and �op£w U1t' iwyft (� 533), properly "under the breaking of Boreas", i.e. 'protected against Boreas'. The latter has the reduplication *P-FwY-Tj, *ui-uoh,g-; thus, e1tLwy� is probably from *e1tLPFwy�. Bechtel 1914 s.v. prefers *e1tL-Fwy� without reduplication, beside FUY� ' On the formation, see Jacobsohn Gnomon 2 (1926): 384. en:oflaL [v.] 'to follow, accompany'. � IE *sekw- 'follow'� VAR Ipf. E[1t0flTjv, fut. £'\IoflaL, aor. Ea1toflTjv, inf. a1t£aeaL (11.); Ea1t-£aeaL, -OflEVO<;, -olflTjv certain only since A. R., who also has the innovated present £am:-raL (see Braswell Glotta 58 (1980): 205-213). .DIAL Myc. e-qe-ta IhekWetasl, e-qe-si-jo Ihekwesiosl, see Gerard-Rousseau 1968: 9194· .COMP Also with prefix e
tn:OflflMlOC; =>WflO<;. en:oc; [n.] 'word, speech' (11.). � IE *uekw- 'speak'� .VAR Plur. also 'song, epic poem' (Pi., Hdt.; on meaning and use Fournier 1946: 212ff.) . .DIAL El. Cypr. F£1to<;. .COMP As a first member in � e1tEa�oAo<;, e1tO-1tOLo<; (with analogical compositional vowel); as a second member e.g. in � amOE1t�<;. .DER e1tUAALOV 'small song, small verse' (Ar.; after this other diminutives in -UAALOV, Leumann Glotta 32 (1953): 214 and 225); e1tLKo<; 'belonging to epic poetry' (D. H.). .ETYM El. and Cypr. F£1to<; is identical with Skt. vacas-, Av. vacah- 'word'; lE *uekw os- [n.]. Greek further has the root noun *0'\1 (in � 01t-U [ace.] , etc.), in addition to

� oaaa and probably � ev-01t�, as well as the aorist � eL1tov. A primary athematic verb is preserved in Skt. vak-ti 'he speaks'. £1m,/" -01tO� [m.] 'hoopoe, Upupa epops' (Epich., Ar.), also e1to1to<;· 0pv£Ov 'bird', e1tw1ta· CtAeKrpUOVa aypLov 'wild cock', a1ta OKTW, a?tau). Cf. also � E�ooll�KovTa, � e�ooll°<; · E1tW 1 [v.] 'to care for, occupy onself (ll., Ion., Hell.); in the epic sometimes confused with E1tollm, or semantically influenced by it (Chantraine 1942: 309" 388). <1: IE *sep 'occupy with, care for'� VAR e1tovTa Z 321; further only with prefix (adverb): Ctll
e1tw 2 [v.] 'to name'. <1: GR� VAR in e1toumv (Nic.) . ETYM Artificial present of � eL1tov. •

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btwT[S£� [f.pl.] 'catheads of warships, beams projecting like ears on each side of a ship's bows' (E., Th., Str.). <1: IE *h2ous- 'ear'� .ETYM Forms based on oD<;", WTO<;, like e1twlll<; 'upper part of the shoulder' on Wll0<; and emoopaTl<; 'point of a lance' on 06pu, etc. (Stromberg 1946: 99). Thus it is properly 'tips of the ear', because of their projecting position. Differently, Forster 1950: 70. t1t(�xaTO [v.] only in M 340 1tuam yap e1ttPxaTo (scil. 1tUAm) 'they were all closed'. <1: IE *h3ueig- 'open'� .ETYM Perhaps a 3sg.med.plpf. to e1t-OLyvuvm in the meaning 'close', with aspiration of the velar. For the meaning, cf. especially (T�V 9upav) 1tpOaE4J�£V 'they shut (the door)' (LXX Ge. 19, 6). Wackernagel 1955(1): 127ff. also discusses the analysis as a

epavo<;

449

plpf. e1tWxaTO (the inferior reading in the mss.) derived from e1tExw. See also Bechtel 1914 s.v. � o'(yvullL. epa [f.] explained by Erot., Str., etc. with y� 'earth', in epa(£, Dor. epaao£ 'on the earth' (ll.); epa<;· y�<; (H.). <1: IE? *h,er- 'earth'� .COMP The word is further assumed in compounds, e.g. as a second member in 1tOAU-TjP0<;· 1tOAUapoupo<;, 1tAOumo<; 'with many fields, rich' (H.), as a first member in epwL-ll�TPTjv· T�V y£wll£Tplav 'geometry' (H.); on the last Hoffmann 1921: 82ff., who wants to read in H. epa<;· y� and takes the word as a neuter; epa(£ then from *epaa-o£. .DER epavm· �wllol 'altars' (H.; Schwyzer: 489; very doubtful); denominative verb in � Ct1t-£paw, etc. Cf. also on � ev£poL. .ETYM A general resemblance is shown by a few Gm. and Celt. expressions for 'earth, etc.': OHG ero 'earth', ON jQrvi 'sand(bank)" MW erw 'field', all with a suffix -y (old u-stem?); with. a suffix -t-, Go. airpa, ON jQro, Mlr. ert 'earth'. Arm. erkir 'earth' is unclear. epallat [v.] 'to desire, love' (Il.). <1: ?� .VAR Lengthened form epaaa9£ IT 208 (cf. Chantraine 1942: 83); lA epaw; aor. epaa(a)aa9m, epaa9�vm, fut. epaa9�aollm (epic Ion.). .DER Verbal adj. epaTo<; 'desired, loved' (ll.), with 'EpaTw [f.] name of one of the Muses (Hes.) and epaTl(w 'desire' (A 551); lengthened form epan:Lvo<; 'lovely' (ll.; after the adjectives in -£LVO<;, e.g. CtAyavo<;; 1t09avo<;; Pi.); on epaaTo<; see below. Further epw<; (ll.), gen., etc. -WTO<; [m.] (Hdt., Pi.), epic also epo<; [m.] '(carnal) love, the god of Love', with several derivatives: beside the hypocoristics 'EPWT-LOV, -UpLOV, -laKo<;, -LO£U<; also epWTLKo<; 'ptng. to love' (Att.), epwTuAo<; 'lovely, darling', epwTl<; [f.] 'id.' (Theoc.); epwT-Lao£<; (Null
epavo� [m.] 'meal on joint account, meal of friends' (Od., Pi.); 'contribution, benefactory society' (Att., Hell.). <1: PG?� ·COMP Compounds: epav-apXTj<; 'president of an epavo<;' together with -EW [v.] (pap., etc.), also CtpX-Epavo<; = Ctpx-£pavLaT�<; together with -l(w [v.] (inscr.). .DER epavLKo<; 'regarding an epavo<;' and denominative epavL(w, -ollm 'collect contributions' (Att., Hell.) with epav-Lm<; (Pl.), -Lallo<; (D. H.), epavLaT�<; 'participant or member of an epavo<;' (Att., Hell.), also epavwT�<; (Achae.) after KTjOWT�<;, etc. .ETYM Uncertain. Traditionally grouped together with � epoTL<; 'feast' (Cypr., etc.) and � EOpT�, and combined with � �pa 'service'; the latter connection is phonetically

450 improbable, however. We should assume the basic forms *Fepu-vo<;, *FepO-1"l<;, but their origin is unknown: so is the word Pre-Greek? , EpUX0<; [?] . 1"0 opu)'Ilu· BOlW1"OI 'handful (Boeot.) (H.); also epUXU1"Ul' ol oWfleUovn:<; 'the fettering ones'. � ?� .ETYM See Bechtel l921, 1: 305f. epuw 1 =>EPUflUl. *EpUW 2 =>Cl1t-epUW. EPYOV [n.] 'work, labour, work of art' (11.). � IE *uerg- 'work'� DIAL Myc. we-ka-ta Iwergatasl. COMP As a first member e.g. in epyo-AuPO<; 'undertaker'; further PN 'Epyu-flevTj<; (Bechtel I917a: 23f.; cf. epyu-1"Tj<; but also AhuflevTj<;); very often as a second member -epy6C; (or -opy6<;), e.g. yewpy6<; 'farmer' (see � y�), � OTjfllOUpy6<;. DER epywoTj<; 'laborious, heavy' (Hp., X.). epyu1"Tj<; [m.] (from the plur. epyu; Schwyzer 500; cf. epyu�oflUl) 'labourer', especially 'farmer'; also adj. 'laborious' (lA), fern. epyuLl<;, with epyuLlK6<; 'ptng. to an epyu1"Tj<;, laborious', epyu1"lvTj<; = epyu1"Tj<; (Theoc.; cf. Chantraine 1933: 203, Schwyzer: 490), OlepYULlVO<; (Mytilene), epyaL�<1lo<; 'profitable' (PIu. Cat. Ma. 21; uncertain; cf. Chantraine 1933: 42); epyaalu, to epyu�oflUl, see below; denominative verb epyu1"elJOflUl, -eUW 'work hard' with epyu1"du (LXX, pap.). 'EpyuvTj, Delph. FUPYuVU epithet of Athena (Delphi VI-va, etc.), also = epyaalu (pap., H.); epyuvu, Fepyuvu (written yepy-} epyuA£lu (H.); epyuA£lov, usually plur. -eLU, Cret. FPY- 'tool, instrument' (lA); there is no *epyuAov (cf. Chantraine 1933: 60). Denominative verb epyu�oflUl 'work' (11.; Schwyzer 734), Cret. FPYUOOOflUl, often with prefix Cl1t-, ev-, etc.; several derivatives: epyu
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EPYW =>dpyw. Epc5w [v.] 'to do, make, finish', also 'to sacrifice'. � IE *uerg- 'work'� .VAR Aor. ep�Ul (Cypr. eFP�u), perf. eopyu (11.), med. e] p)'llevo<; (B. 12, 207; uncertain), fut. ep�w (Od.). .DIAL Myc. wa-ze Iworzeil continues the original zero grade.

epe8w

451

.COMP Rarely with prefix cm-, np00-, 0UV-. In prose replaced by nOlew, npuHw, epyu�oflUl, etc. .DER ep)'llu 'deed' (h.Ham., Archil.), epK1"Wp 'perpetrator' (Antim.). .ETYM The present (F)epow (Cret. pepoTjl; cf. Schwyzer: 224; on the digamma, see also Chantraine 1942: 135; on the secondary aspiration in EPOW, ibid.l, 187f.) can go back to *Fepy!w via *Fepzow, and differs only in ablaut grade from the zero grade yod-presents Av. varaziieiti = Go. waurkeip, OHG wurchit, all from lE *urg-ie-. The full grade could be taken from (F)epyov; likewise, OS wirkiu after werk; cf. Schwyzer: 7162. The non-presentic forms show the expected full grade, with regular a- in the perfect. Cf. � pe�w . EptU =>£1po<; . EptU<; . 1"eKvu. @W0UAO[ 'children (Thess.)', epewqJl' 1"eKvol<; (H.). � IE? *h,(e)r- 'arise'� .VAR epewv [gen.pl.] , epw<1l [dat.pl.] (Puchstein Epigr. Cr. p. 76) . .ETYM With the exception of epeuc;, all forms can be explained from *epo<; [n.], which together with epvo<; 'sprout' may belong to � OpVUfll. So it is probably to be corrected to epea. Note that one expects generalized 6p- from *h3er-, however, so that the e-vocalism of the s-stem nouns must be secondary. A msc. *ep�<; would be difficult, in spite of Bechtel 1921, 1: 205. Ept�lv6o" [m.] 'chickpea' (11.). � LW Eastern Mediterranean?� .DER Diminutive epeplv8lov (pap.) and epeplv8-woTj<; (Thphr.), -£l0<; (Zen.), -lulo<; (Dsc.), -lVO<; (H., Phot., Suid.). .ETYM Related to � opopo<; 'id.' with the Pre-Greek suffix -lv80<;. Further related to Lat. ervum 'a kind of vetch', to which some Celt. and Gm. words for 'pea, etc.' are compared: OHG araweiz, arwiz 'pea', Mlr. arbaind 'grain', etc. The word may come from the eastern Mediterranean area; see WH s.v. ervum. Skt. aravinda- [n.] 'lotus flower' does not belong here; cf. Mayrhofer KEWA S.V. Ep£�O<; [n.] 'the dark of the underworld' (11.). � IE *h,regW-as- 'darkness'� .DER epepevv6<;, Aeol. < *epepw-v6<; properly 'belonging to epepO<;, dark' (11., Hes.); more common epeflv6<; < *epep-v6<; (cf. Risch 1937: 99; see also on � o£lv6<;) 'id.' (11.); epepWOTj<; 'id.' (late). .ETYM Old word for 'darkness, etc.', also found in other branches: Skt. rajas- [n.] 'dark (lower) air, dust', Arm. erek, -ay 'evening', Go. riqiz, ON rokkr [n.] 'dark, dusk', all from lE *h,regW-as- [n.] . EptYflU'TU =>epelKW. Ep£t:lVW [v.] 'to interrogate, hear out' (epic since 11.) VAR Only present. .ETYM Like in the similar case of aAedvw (see � aAeu 2), a denominative formation has been assumed: an rln-stem *epeF-eV-. The form � dpoflUl is a primary present. Cf. also � epeuvuw, � epw1"uw. .

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Ept6w [v.] 'to stir, provoke' (11.) � ?�

452

tP£lOW

.VAR Also pres. tp£el�w, with aor. tp£elaaL (A.), pass. tp£e-lae�VaL, -laed� (Hdt.), -l�aL (AP), perf.pass. � pee-laflaL, -laflevo� (lA), act. �peelKU (Aeschin.), fut. -law, -LW (Hell.). .COMP With prefIx CtV-, Ol-, t�-, 7tpoa-£p£el�w, etc., also t�-, KUT-£peeW. .DER From tp£el�w: tp£elaflo� (Hp.), tpeelaflu (Ar.) 'provocation, irritation', tp£elO"T�� 'agitator' (LXX), -laTlKo� 'irritating' (Hp.) From tpeew perhaps *opoeo� in � 6poeuvw. .ETYM The present tpeew may have a formantic -e-, like eUAeeW, cpA£yeew, etc. (Schwyzer: 703, Chantraine 1942: 327ff.); the primary verb from which iUs derived is unknown. Note the forms in H., ep£To, wPfl�e'l epa£O' ol£y£lpou, and epan' 6pfl�an, ' that might have formed the basis of tpeew. tpelSW [v.] 'to prop, support'. � ?� .VAR Also med. -OflaL; aor. tpdaaL, -£laUaeaL, pass. tp£lae�VaL (ll.), perf. med. tp�p£laflaL (ll.), 3Pl. tp'lpeOUTaL, -eOuTo (Horn.) for -lOUTaL, -lOuTo (Aeolism?, cf. Schwyzer: 106), tp�p£lVTaL, � p�p£lVTO (A. R.; Schwyzer: 671), act. auv-, 7tpOa-�p£lKU (Hp., Plb.), (7tpoa-)tp�p£lKU (Dsc., PIu.), fut. tp£law, -OflaL (Arist.). .COMP Very often with prefIx, e.g. CtVT-, Ct7t-, t7t-, 7tpoa-, auv-, U7t-, etc. DER (-)ep£lQ"l�, (-)ep£laflu, (-)tp£laflo�, (-)tp£laTlKo�. Cf. CtVT'lPl�, Szemerenyi 1964: 143'· .ETYM No certain correspondences outside Greek. Connected with Lat. ridica [f.] 'stake, wine prop' by Froehde KZ 22 (1874): 263, which is deemed 'very uncertain' by De Vaan 2008 s.v. One could mechanically reconstruct *h,reid-. •

tpelKTJ [f.] 'heather, Arica arborea' (A., Eup.). � ?� COMP As a second member probably in U7t-ep£lKO� [f.] (Nic.), -ov [n.] (Hp., Dsc.; written U7t£PlKOV) 'Hypericum'; Stromberg 1944: 42. DER tp£lKlU [n.pl.] 'heather plants', tp£lKlVO� 'made of heather' (pap.), tp£lK'lPO� 'id.' (medic.), tP£lKUTov (scil. fleAl) [n.] 'honey from heather' (Plin.). PN 'Ep£lK£lu with'Ep£lK£l£u� (Attica Iva; written'EplK-, probably itacistic; cf. Meisterhans 1900: 42 and 53),'Ep£lKOU� A6cpo� (Asia Minor Iva),'Ep£lKouaau island near Sicily (Str. et al.). ETYM Celtic and Balto-Slavic designations of heather resemble tp£lK'l (supposing that this derives from *F£p£lKU), but they do not agree completely: OIr. froech, MW grug < lE *uroiko-; Latv. virsi [pI.], Lith. vii'zis, Ru. veres, veresk, etc. with unclear fInal velar. Acc. to Machek Ling. Posn. 2 (1950): 158f., tp£lK'l and veres, etc. were borrowed from a common source. •

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tpelKW [v.] 'to break, bruise, crush, burst' (ll.). � IE *h,reik- 'break, tear off? (cf.)� .VAR tp£lKOfl£vo� intr. (N 441), aor. �PlK£ (P 595, intr.), tpd�aL (lA), perf.pass. tp�PlYflaL, -fl£vo� (Hp., Arist.) . COMP Rarely with prefIx KUT-, Ol-, U7t-. DER tp£lKlO£� [pI.] (GaL), tp£lKU� (H.) 'pounded barley, groats', tp£lKlov 'crumbly pastry' (Gal.; formation like tp£lmu), tp£lKlTa� (apTo�, Ath.; Redard 1949: 89), all often itacistically written tplK-; thus tplYflUTa [pI.] (Hp.), tplYfl'l (sch.) 'bruised beans' instead of tpery-; in the same meaning with unexplained £: tpeYfluTa (Thphr., Erot.), tp£Yflo� (pap., Gal., Erot.) together with tpeYfllvo� (Dsc., Orib.). •

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453 .ETYM With the full grade root present tp£lKw and the clearly old weak grade aorist �PlK£, there are no formal and semantic agreements in other branches. The nearest relations are Skt. rikhriti, likhati 'scratch' (with aspirated velar), Lith. riekiu, riekti 'cut loaf, plough for the fIrst time', Skt. risati, lisriti 'pluck, tear away'. One might consider connection of nominal forms like OHG rlga, MHG rlha 'row, line', Lat. rixa 'quarrel', and perhaps also rima 'cleft, crack' (see De Vaan 2008: s.vv.). tpel7tW [v.] 'to ruin, tear down' med. 'to collapse' (ll.). � IE? *h,reip- 'throw down, dash'?� .VAR Aor. tpmdv (ll., intr.), tpd\jlaL (Hdt., Pi.), tpmevTl [ptc.dat.] = tpmovTl (Pi. O. 2, 43), pass. tp£lcpe£l� (S. Aj. 309), perf. tp�pm£ (8 55, intr.), plpf. tpepmTo (8 15); tp�PlflflaL, �plcpe'lV (Arr.); fut. tp£l\jlW (S.) . COMP With prefIxes t�-, KUT- et al. .DER tp£lmu [pI.] 'ruins' (Hdt., Arist.; on the formation Schwyzer: 470, Chantraine 1933: 55), adjectivized tp£lmo� (oLKlu Ph.; tp£lmo� y�. � xepao� 'dry land' Suid.); ep£l\jll� of unclear meaning (Att. inscr.) with tp£l\jllflo� 'ruined' (E. IT 48), tp£l\jllm)AU� [m.] (B.), -TOlXO� (A. Th. 883 [lyr.l) 'tearing down towers, especially walls'; with zero grade tpl7tVaL [pI.] 'broken cliff, steep ascent' (E., A. R.; sg. Nic.); on the suffIx cf. KP'lflvo�, Kpumvo� and Chantraine 1933: 192 . .ETYM Beside full grade tp£l7tW, we have ON rifa 'to tear down' (trans.), like tp£l7tW also of buildings; with verbal noun, Lat. rlpa 'steep border, shore' (cf. tpl7tVaL and tp£lmo� y� = xepao�, i.e. 'shore'); additionally, ON rip 'upper side of a boat', EastFris. rip(e) 'shore', MoHG rif 'id.'. Analysis oHp£l7tw and tp£lKw as lE *(h,)rei p-, *(h,)rei-k- (Pok. 857ff.) is too far-fetched. See LIV2 s.v. *(h,)rejp-. •

tpt7tTO!1Ul [v.] 'to devour, eat', of animals and men, properly 'tear away, snatch away' . � IE *h,rep-? 'catch, snatch away'� .VAR Only ptc. tp£JtT0fl£VO� (Horn., AP; tpeJtTwv Nonn.). With CtV- the aor.3Pl. CtV 'lpe\jluvTo (Horn.; codd. everywhere -P£l\jl-; corrected by Fick; thus also A. R. [beside -p£\jI-] , Orph.), ptc. CtVUP£\jIuflev'l (Hes. Th. 990, cod. Ven.). CtV£p£\jIUfl£VOl (AB 401, 27); CtV£pe\jlUTo (Pi. Pae. 6, 136) 'snatch away' . .COMP With CtV-. .ETYM The yod-present tpeJtToflaL resembles Lith. ap-repti 'take, catch' (which mechanically requires *(H)reh,p-) and Alb. rjep 'tear off, rob'; cf. Lat. rapio, -ere 'tear, snatch' with a-vocalism, on which see De Vaan 2008 S.v. It has also been compared with � ap7tu�w. See Szemerenyi 1964: 203-5 and Beekes 1969: 35-7; LIV2 s.v. *(h,)rep-. tp£OXTJAtw [v.] 'to joke, tease' (lA). � PG?� .VAR Only present; also -X£A£W v.l. .DER From the verb: tpwX'lAlU, -X£Alu (pap., EM 371, 1, Suid.). Also tplaX'lAo�· AOloopo� 'slanderous' (EM, Parth. Fr. 18) . .ETYM Like � �Auacp'lflew, probably from a nominal fIrst member and a verbal second member; further derivation unclear. Acc. to Wackernagel KZ 33 (1895): 57, tpw- is a neuter synonymous with epl� and is also found in t7t�p£lU; he compares the second member with X'lA£U£lV' PUJtT£lV, 7tAeK£lV 'sew, stitch; braid' (H.); tpw-

454 XT]AeLV would then mean 'start a feud'. Fur. (index) considers ElT] Pre-Greek; note also the form with epl-, though this could also be analogical based on � epl<;. tpE't'1" [m.] 'rower' (ll.). � IE *h,erh,-, h,reh,- 'row'� .VAR Myc. e-re-ta leretas/; inf. e-re-e lerehenl (Perpillou Minos 9:2 (1968): 208-212). .COMP As a second member in � UTIT]pETT]<;. .DER epEllKo<; 'concerning the rowers' (Att.); collective abstract eipwlT], -IU 'the rowers' (Od.), where the metrical lengthening Ei- was maintained in prose); denominative verb epE
tpeuyo�al l [v.] 'to belch out, disgorge, discharge, vomit', also metaph., e.g. of the sea (ll.). � IE *h,reug- 'belch'� .VAR Pres. also epuyyuvw (Hp., Att.); aor. �puyov (Ar., Arist.), �pw�ullT]v (Procop.), fut. epEU�OllaL (Ev. Matt. 13, 35). .COMP Also with prefix av-, aTI-, e�-, eTI-, KUT-, TIpo
tpeuyo�aL 2 [v.] in Horn. only of the sea epwyoIlEvT]<; UAO<; (P 265), KUIlU . . . omov epwYOIlEVOV (10 403), (Kullu-ra) epEuYElaL �TIElpOVOE (10 438); to be translated with 'roar' in the last two passages (cf. B 394 KUllu . . . pou<;t TIOTL xep
epwvuw

455

'roaring' seems certain in the aorist �pUyEV (Y 403f.): �pUyEV w<; aTE TUUpO<; �pUyEV, 406 TOV y' epuyov-ra AlTIE . . . eUIl0<;; thus also in Theoc. 13, 58. The present and future are also used in the meaning 'roar' in LXX (
tpevvaw [v.] 'to search for (after), inquire' (ll.). � IE *h,reu- 'search, inquire'� .VAR Hell. (LXX, pap., NT, etc.) also epuvvuw with w > uv (cf. Schwyzer: 126 and 198); aor. epwv�
456

epe
could be seen in ON raun [f.] 'attempt, test, inquiry', from lE *h1rou-n-eh2-. Further see � dpoflUL, � epwTuw. tpt
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'Ep£X8£u� �EpLX8oVLO<;. tptX8w [v.] 'to rend, break' ('If 317, £ 83, h.Ap. 358).
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tptw 1 'ask'. =dpoflUL. tptw 2 [v.fut.] 'say'. =dpw 2. tpil!l0� 'lonely, uninhabited, deserted', of places and things, people and animals (ll.).
457 .ETYM The Greek form mechanically requires *h1reh1-mo- (zero grade would have given two short vowels, cf. ovofla < *h3nh3-mn-); the root would agree with Lith. irti 'disintegrate', ISg. yru. It has been connected with Lat. rarus, which would have to be from *h1[h1-ro- (Schrijver 1991: 31Of. is undecided between zero grade and full grade, but the latter would require *Hreh2- which would not be compatible with the Greek evidence); Lat. rete 'net' could be from *h1reh1-t- (Beekes 1969: 36), but is now also connected with Lith. retas 'rare, thin, slow' et al. (see De Vaan 2008 s.v.). Skt. [-tiE 'with exception of, without' is unclear; see Mayrhofer EWAia s.v. tP'lTUW [v.] 'to keep back, hinder'.
ep8£L [v.] .
tPL8aK'l [f.] 'bee bread' (a kind of wax) (Arist. Varr. Plin.).
ep[ElaKo<; tpl6aKO<; [m.] name of a bird, probably 'robin redbreast, Erithacus rubecula' (Arist.), see Thompson 1895 S.v.
epi60<; [m., f.] 'day-labourer', of reapers, sheaf-binders (I 550, 560), 'spinner' (S., D. with folk-etymological connection with EplOV), 'servant, etc.' in general (h.Mere. 296, etc.).
tpiv£o<; [m.] 'wild fig-tree, Ficus caprificus' (11., Hes., Arist.), opposed to auK�; cf. Stromberg 1937: 166'.
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epivo<; [m.] plant name (Nic., Ps.-Dsc.).
ep[(J(pTjAO<;

459

.ETYM A connection with the mythical stallion 'Ep[wv (Ap[WV, 'OP[Fwv; Bechtel 1921, 1: 349) requires further demonstration. Pre-Greek origin can be expected, cf. Herter Lexis 3 (1954): 232 and Arena Helikon 6 (1966): 144f. Neumann Sprache 32 (1986): 43-51 proposes an lE reconstruction *eri-snh,-u- 'who provokes struggle', from *sneh,- as in v£upov. This would give, however, *eri-san-u > *eri-(h)anu-; this could be avoided by assuming that the laryngeal was lost in the compound. However, does 'provoke struggles' fit the Erinyes? Heubeck G10tta 64 (1986): 164 states that such a meaning "zwar nicht restlos geschwunden, aber doch . . . weitgehend zuriickgedrangt worden ist". In sum, there is no good lE etymology and the word is probably Pre-Greek. For an Indo-European etymology, the ending -u<; would have to be from -uH-s, i.e. -U-h2-' but a "Motions-femininum" of this type is not known in Greek. Thus, the ending seems to be Pre-Greek. Moreover, the variation v/vv may represent a palatalized phoneme nY (cf. 1Y in AXlA(A)£U<;; for the phenomenon see Pre-Greek: B 1). . eplov =>dpo<;. tplOVVTj<; [adj.] of Hermes (Y 34, El 322), late of El£O[ (Ant. Lib. 25, 2), v60<; (Orph. L. 199). lAOUV[OU [gen.] , cf. lA6opoflo<;. Would 'EPl-OUVTj<;, -OUVlO<; then be the quick messenger of the gods? Thus Latte G10tta 34 (1955): 192ff., but doubted by O. Masson 1961: 256'. See also Ruijgh 1957: 136, 142. epl<;, -uSo<; [f.] 'strife, quarrel, contention' (11.); oil the mg. in Hom. Triimpy 1950: 139ff.
l:PlCPO<; .DER Beside it UO"CPllAOl' QO"SeveL<;. O"CPllAOV yap TO iO"xupov 'weak, for O"cpllAOV means strong' (H.), but the mg. does not fit. .ETYM Unexplained; � O"cpCtUW has an entirely different meaning. fPlCPO<; [m. f.] 'young goat, kid' (11., Crete); in plur. name of a constellation of stars (Democr., Theoc.; see Scherer 1953: l24f.). <'!!( ?� DER Hypocoristic diminutive epLcplov (Athenio Corn.) with eplcpl�f.LaTa· l:plcpOl. , ACtKWve<; 'kids (Lacon.) (H.; on the formation Chantraine 1933: 178, Schwyzer: 523); adj. epLcpeLO<; 'belonging to l:PlCPO<;' (Corn., X.); 'EpLCPlO<; epithet of ,Dionysus in Metapontum (Apollod.; cf. on EipacplwTll<;); eplcp£a<; (for *eplcpLa<;?} xLf.Lapo<; 'he goat' (H.) . ETYM Formation like � l:Aacpo<; 'deer' et aI. Resembles a word for 'goat, deer' in OIr. erp (erb), probably < PCI. *erba-; see MatasoviC 2008 s.v.; Arm. ora] 'agnus, agna' < *er-a], also erin] 'young cow' (unclear) and Lat. aries, -etis, U erietu 'arietem' are much farther away. In � eplveo<; 'wild fig', an old word for 'buck' has also been supposed. •

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'EplX66vLO<; [m.] name of a hero and king of Athens, son of Ge, father of Pandion (A., E.); also name of a Trojan, son of Dardanos, father of Tros (Y 219, 230). <,!!( P G(Y) � .YAR Cf. 'EpexSeu<; (B 547, 11 80), which is also an epithet of Poseidon (inscr.); on Attic vases ' EpexO"e<;, together with 'EpeXSll"l<; [f.] name of an Att. phyle (D., inscr.), 'EpexSd8m [pI.] name of the Athenians (Pi.). These names were taken to mean 'who tears apart, shaker [of the earth]" but see below. Also 'EplXSeu<; (Pape and Benseler 1911: 379). Note the soothsayer EplXSW in Thessaly (Luc. Phars., see also Ov. Her. 15, 139), which confirms (Pre-)Greek origin. .DIAL Att. vases EpexO"e<; (Schwyzer 326) a hero and king of Athens (B 543, 11 81). .DER oi'EPlxSovL8m ='EpexSd8m (IG 3, 771; poet., Roman times). .ETYM Probably a very old name; already the fact that Erichthonios is called the son of the Earth, points to Pre-Greek origin. There is no good explanation for the coexistence of'EpexSeu<; and 'EPlXSOVlO<;, cf. the by-form in -wv of Hermes, and cf. 'EpUO"LXSWV. Is the form with -XO"- an Atticism, or does it have a wider spread? Connection with ep£xSw is improbable. 'EpexSeu<;, etc. are rather short forms of 'EPlXSOVlO<;, and were later connected with � ep£xSw by folk-etymology. 'EpexSeu<; / EpexO"e<; is clearly a Pre-Greek name; more forms are given by Fur.: 263. It continues a pre-form *ErektYeu-, cE the alternation in f.LopoXSo<; / � f.LOpo�o<;. eplWATJ [f.] 'whirlwind, hurricane' (Ar. Eq. 511, A. R.). <'!!( ?� YAR On the accent see Hdn. Gr. I, 324. .ETYM Unexplained. Perhaps from *F£Al-FwAll (from eiAtw 'roll, turn, wind'), with intensive reduplication and dissimilation A-A > p-A? •

EPKO<; [n.] 'fence, enclosure, courtyard; net' (11.). <'!!( IE? *serk- 'twine'� .COMP As a second member e.g. in eu-epK�<; 'well-fenced' (11.); as a first member in epKo-811P-lKo<; 'ptng. to the hunt with a net' (PI. Saph. 220C). .DER epKLov 'fence' (11., cf. T£lXLOV: TelXO<; et al.); epKelo<;, epKelo<; (after OiKelO<; et al.) 'belonging to the epKo<;, court-yard', especially as an epithet of Zeus protecting the

l:pf.La 1 house, whose altar is in the courtyard (X 935); epKITll<; 'a slave belonging to the place' (Amer. apud Ath. 6, 267C, H.). Further epKCtvll 'fence' (late) from cross with 6pKCtVll 'id.' (A., E.), which has a-grade like � OpKO<;; cf. Chantraine 1933: 198. Glosses epKaTo<;, cppayf.Lo<; 'fence', epKCtTll' cpuAaK� 'watch, guard' (H.), 'OpKaTo<; locality in Calymna (inscr. IP; cf. Fraenkel 1910: 147); on the suffIx cf. oPXaTo<;; see also � l:pxaTo<;. .ETYM Apparently a verbal noun (like 1'£AO<;, y£vo<;, etc.), but there is no corresponding verb. Meringer IF 17 (1904-1905): 157f. connected it as *'wicker-work' with Lat. sarcio, -ire 'to twine, restore', properly *'to sew together'; cf. sartum tectum 'unviolated, complete', properly *'twined and covered', sarcina [E] 'bundle'. Lat. sarcio belongs to Hitt. sar-nin-k- (nasal infix present) 'to restore damage, make amends'. On epKo<; 680VTWV, see Humbach MSS 21 (1967): 24ff. (it denotes the lips, not the teeth). EPflu 1 [n.] 'prop, support', of the stones or beams put under the ships when drawn ashore (in plur., 11. and h.Ap. 507); metaph. of men, 'support, column' (11.); 'underwater cliff on which a ship gets stuck' (Ale. Supp. 26, 6, Hdt. 7, 183, Th. 7, 25); 'stone (or any other weight) that can serve as ballast' (Ar., Arist.); 'heap of stones' (S. Ant. 848 [lyr.] AP 9, 319). <'!!( ?� ' .DER epf.Lk (or -Lv), acc. epf.LLva, dat.pl. -Lmv 'post of a bed' (S 278, '" 198, Hdt. 3, 16; cf. PllYf.LLv- from p�Yf.La, O"Taf.LLV-, etc.); cf. Hdn. Gr. 2, 431 with etymological speculations. epf.La� [f.] 'heap of stones' (Nic. et al.), MoGr. ePf.LaKlCt (ap-) 'wall of dry stones', many derivatives in the dialects of lower Italy, see Rohlfs 1930: 78f.; epf.LaKe<;· ucpaAol 11£Tpm 'rocks under the sea' (H.: cf. ALSa�, f.LuAa�, etc.). epf.Lewv· O"wpo<; ALSWV 'heap of stones' (H.), cf. �oAewv s.v. �CtUW, etc. epf.LaTLTll<; 11£TpO<; 'stone serving as ballast' (Lyc. 618). epf.LaTlKo<; 'fixed' (KpCt��aTo<;, PGen. 68, 10; IVP). epf.LaLo<; AOCPO<; 'heap of stones' (11 471; uncertain, cE on 'Epf.L�<;) ' Denominative verbs: epf.LCt(w 'to support, make stable' (Hp.) with epf.LaGf.La, -O"f.Lo<; (Hp.), epf.LaGl<; (Erot., also Troezen Iva [-0"0"-] ; cf. Fraenkel 1910: 149); epf.LaTL(w 'id.' (Hp.). See �'Epf.L�<; (Epf.LeLa<;, 'Epf.LCtwv). .ETYM Formally, epf.La seems to be a verbal noun in -f.La with regular e-vocalism of the root. For an etymology, one might think of Lith. sveriit 'weigh' and relatives, in which case it would originally mean 'heavy weight, stone', from lE *suer-mn. However, because of the divergent meanings, two or three different words have been assumed: thus, epf.La 'cliff was considered a separate word and connected with Skt. var$man- [n.] 'height, hill, top, point' (e.g. in WP I, 267). However, this etymology disregards the fact that cliffs under the sea surface are denoted. On the other hand, epf.La has been connected as ballast of a ship with Lith. 1Sg. sveriit 'to weigh', svarits 'heavy', OHG swar(i) 'heavy'. In the meaning 'support, prop', words for 'pole, etc.' have been connected, e.g. Skt. svaru- 'sacrificial post', OE swer 'post, column', Lat. surus 'twig, sprout, pole'. However, it is doubtful whether epf.La ever meant 'pole'. An attempt to combine all meanings was made by Porzig 1942: 266: the original meaning would be 'stone [for supporting a ship] ', whence 'stones for ballast', and on the other hand, sarcastically, also 'cliffs under the sea'. Kretschmer Kleinasiatische Farschungen 1 (1927): 4 thinks that l:pf.La is Anatolian, pointing to the Lydian river

Epflcrw 2 "EPflo<; (1tOAU,/,�e'(pw l. epfluLov =>Epfl�<;' tpflllV£u� [m.] 'interpreter, translator' (Pi. O. 2, 85), also 'interpreter' in general (lA). � PG?� VAR epflaveu<; (Pi.). .DER Denominative verb epfl'lveuw (-flav- Epid.), also with prefrx Ol-, E�- et aI., 'interpret, translate', also 'explain' (lA) with several derivatives: epfl'lve[a 'interpretation, explanation, way of expression, style' (PI., X., Arist.); epfl�vw(JL<; 'id.' (D. c., Longin.); epfl'lveufluTa [pI.] 'id.' (E., Ph.); epfl'lvwT�<; = epfl'lveu<; (Ph PIt. 290C, LXX Ge. 42, 23, Poll. 5, 154; cf. Fraenkel l912: 63) with epfl'lvE1JTpla [f.] (sch.); epfl'lvwTlKO<; 'ptng. to interpretation' (Pl.), cf. Chantraine 1956a: 134 und 137· ETYM Technical expression without etymology, probably of Anatolian origin (so possibly Pre-Greek); cf. Bo13hardt 1942: 36f. and Krahe Die Antike 15 (1939): 18l. Wrong attempts at an lE explanation, connecting it with to e'(pw 'string, attach', e'(pw 'say', Lat. sermo, are found in old dictionaries like Bq. See also �'Epfl�<;' •

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'Epflij�) -ov [m.] Hermes, son of Zeus and Maia; also 'herm, head of a herm' (11.). � PG� .DIAL Myc. E-ma-a2 (dat.), 'Epflda<;, -tu<;, 'EPfld'l<; (Call.), 'Epfla.<; (Dor. Boeot.), 'Epflawv (Hes.), 'Epflav, -a.vo<; (Lae. Are.), 'Epflaou, -ao, -a. (Thess. dat.), 'EpfluOV (Cret. acc.). .COMP As a frrst member e.g. in epflo-YAU
epvo� [n.] 'sprout, offshoot', originally of trees, also of men (11.). � IE? *h1er- 'go'?� VAR Also EPVO<; with secondary aspiration. •

Ep1tW .COMP As a frrst member in EpVW[-1t£1tAO<; (Orph. H. 30, 5; after eAKw[-1t£1tAO<;), EpVOKOflwv, 1tUPUO£lO'Up[WV 'gardener' (H.). As a second member in EU-EPV�<; 'with good offshoots' (E., Str.), OUO'-EPV�<; (Poll.). .DER Diminutive EpV[OV (Hell.); EPVW0'l<; [adj.] 'like a sprout' (Dse.), EPVOOflaL [v.] 'to sprout' (Ph.); two glosses in H.: epvuTl<;' uvuOevopa<; 'vine that grows up trees' (see Schwyzer 464) and epvuTa<;' epv'l, �AaaT�fluTa, KACtOOl 'sprouts, offshoots, shoots broken off, wrong for epvuya<; (Arist. Po. 1457b 35; after 1tTtpu�, etc.; Schwyzer: 498). .ETYM Formation in -vo<; (Schwyzer: 512, Chantraine 1933: 420), commonly derived from the root of � OpVUfll, etc. (to which belongs synonymous OpflEVO<;), but this had h3- (and not hr), which means that the initial E- would have to be secondary. Alternatively, simply from *h1er- 'go', for the semantics of which one might compare MoNw. run(n)e 'twig' to renna 'to run, shoot up, grow'. On the separation of *h1er and *h3er-, see � OpVUfll. One is further reminded of � Ept8w and � EptU<;. For the suffIx -vo<;, cf. � TtpxVO<;. Formally, epvo<; agrees with Skt. anJas- [n.] 'flood, stream', but the reminiscence is probably secondary. epo� =>epuflul. epoTl� [f.] 'festival' (Aeol. acc. to H., Cypr. acc. to Eust.) , epigraphically of king Nicocreon (Kaibel I878: 846); perhaps in Chalcedon (SIG 1009); E. El. 625; EpOT� (P. Oxy. 2084); on the use Bechtel l921, 1: 119 and 447. � ?� .ETYM Perhaps related to � epuvo<; and � eopT�. "Aeolic" in Hesychius may mean "Arcado-Cypriot" . ep1tL� [?] 'wine' (Hippon. 79, 18, Lycophr.). � LW Eg.� .ETYM As the scholia indicate, this is the same word as Egyptian irp 'wine'. See Masson RPh. 88 (1962): 46-50 . ep1tw [v.] 'to crawl, slink, go on all four', in Dor. also 'go' in general (11.). � IE *serp 'crawl'� .VAR Aor. ep1tuO'aL (Att.; cf., ep1tu�w below), Ep'/'aL (LXX), fut. EP,/,W, also ep1tuO'w, Dor. ep,/,w. COMP Very often with prefrx, e.g. uV-, EiO'-, E�-, E
Eppao<; Arist.) and rare and late epl1uat<;, -uaflo<;, -uaT�p, -uaT�<;, -uaT<;· KPlO<; 'ram'. .ETYM No etymology. See Meid AAHG 27 (1974): 53-55. tpp£vTI [adv.] unknown (Ale. Fr. 407 L.P.); cf. Hdn. Gr. 1, 505, 7 cmo TOU EPPW � tppw m:plal1wflEvoU � flETOX� tppd<;, tpPEVTO<; w<; l1apa TO t9EAOVTO<; t9£AOVTt 'from EPPW or tppw, with perispomenon, the participle tppd<;, tPPEVTO<;, and like t9£AOVTt to t9EAOVTO<;'. � ?� VAR Cf. tpovn· fluAa, AtaV, l1UVU 'very, much, certainly' (H.). .ETYM See Brugmann IF 17 (1904-1905): 11 and Schwyzer: 623. •

'Eppqcpopo<; =>appf]cpopo<; and epaf]. "Eppo<; [m.] . 6 Z£U<; (H.). � ?� .ETYM Unclear. Earlier proposals: to *uorso- in � oupavo<;; or 'the god of Dew', an Att. msc. corresponding to "Epaf] 'Sister Dew'. Cf. also 'Epaalo<;· aKplo<; z£u<; (H.). £ppw [v.] 'to go (away), disappear, go to ruin', mostly perfective 'to sod off, get lost' (11.), mostly ipv. and in imperatival expressions. � IE *uert-ie/o- 'turn'� .VAR Locr. FPPETW [ipv.] , El. FUPP£v [inf.] (in imperatival function); non-presentic forms are rare: fut. tpp�aw (h.Mere. 259, Com.), aor. �ppf]aa (Com.), perf. £La �ppf]Ka (Ar. Th. 1075) . COMP Also with prefIx av-, al1-, £La-, t�-, l1£pl-. .ETYM Expressive word of the common and the poetic language, unknown to prose. The geminate -pp-, common to all dialectal forms, excludes derivation from *uers-. A reconstruction *FEpa-lw and connection with Lat. verro 'sweep', OCS vrbehp, vresti 'thresh', Hitt. yars-i 'reap, harvest, wipe' is semantically and formally diffIcult. Forssman 1980: 180ff. therefore proposes a pre-form *uert-ie/o-, together with a new proposal for the development of the cluster * -rtj- (as opposed to * -rs-). •

ep(j(ll [f.pl.] 'young animals, small lambs' (l 222). .ETYM Probably simply metonymk for � epaf] 'dew'; cf. the use of � opoao<; in A. and Call. Cf. also flf]TEp£<; \jIaKaAouxOl (S. Fr. 793) to \jIuKaAov (Ar. Byz.), from \jIaKu<; 'fIne rain, drops'; more details in Bechtel 1914 S.v. epaf]. Ace. to Leumann 1950: 25", opoao<; in the meaning 'young animal' in A. and Call. stems from imitation of l 222; epaaL would be a homonym of epaf] 'dew'. epoq [f.] 'dew', plur. 'dewdrops' (11.). � IE *h,uers- 'rain'� VAR Epic poet. £tpaf], Dor. ep
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tpu9po<; .DER epa�el<;, t£pa�£l<; 'dewy' (11., AP), epailla· taplvu, yea, <'maM, opoawof] 'vernal, young, tender, dewy'; tpp�£VTa' opoawof], KaTa\jluKnKu 'dewy, cooling' (H.) with Att. -pp-, as against the hieratic Ionicism in "Epaf], name of the daughter of Cecrops; epawof]<; 'dewy' (Thphr.). .ETYM The name 'EpPf]CPOpOl is unclear; acc. to H., ot Tft "Epan t11lT£AOUVT£<; Ta VOfll(ofl£va 'who give to E. what is due', together with tpPf]CPOpEW; also, tpaf]cpopOl, -pta beside appf]-cpopOl; S.V.; see Nilsson 1941(1): 441. The normal form is t(F)Epaf] < *h,uers-; forms like atpaf] cited above are unexplained, as is epaaL. Sanskrit has var�a- [n.] 'rain' and var�ati [v.] 'it rains', IE *h,uers-e-. Beside it exists the iterative intensive *h,uors-eie- > Gr. OUpEW 'urinate' (euphemistically), with deverbal oi'Jpov; the laryngeal may have been lost here before the o-vocalism (Saussure effect); see also on � oupavo<;. Because of the accent and because of the £-vowel, epaf] cannot be a verbal noun (one would expect * oupu < *yorsa); rather, it is a collective deriving from a neutral noun *h,uer-os-, h,uer-s-, and further cognates in e.g. Mlr. frass 'rain' . The words � apaf]v and Skt. vt�an- 'masculine, man, bull, stallion' are not to be connected (T. Pronk fthc.). Cf. DELG Supp. £paqv =>apaf]v. £PTl<; [?] . KPf]flvo<; 'overhanging bank' (H.). � ?� .VAR Acc. to DELG, the plant is meant in H.: Kplflvou<;, AWKU<; Tlva<; �oTuva<; 'any pale grass'. .DIAL Myc. e-ti-we Iherti-went-I and a-e-ti-to la-herti-to-I. .ETYM See the discussion in DELG Supp., referring to Duhoux 1993: 103, and in RPh. 74 (2000): 257· tpvyyavw =>EP£uyoflaL 1 and tp£uyoflaL 2. tpv9po<; [adj.] 'red' (11.). � IE *h,reudh- 'red'� .VAR Mye. e-ru-to-ro, e-ru-ta-ra leruthros, -al. .COMP As a first member, e.g. tpu9pO-110U<; 'with red feet' (bird-name, Ar.); t� Epu9po<; 'reddish' as a sign of illness (Hp., Arist.), A£UK-Epu9po<; 'white-red, flat-red' (Arist.; Risch IF 59 (1949): 60). .DER tpu9pta<; [m.] "the red one", epithet after the red color (Arist.), cf. wxpta<;, ete. and Chantraine 1933: 93; tpu9plvo<;, also tpu91vo<; (with dissimilation or after tpu9atvoflaL, see below) name of a fish (Arist.; Stromberg 1943: 21); 'Epu91vOl [plo] name of a town (B 855; cf. 'Epu9pa[ below); tpu9pooavov, -0<; plant (Dsc.), also tpw9Eoavov, see � tp£u9w; tpu9palo<; = tpu9po<; (D. P.); Epu9pOTf]<; 'red color' (Gal.). 'Epu9pa[ [f.pl.] town in Ionia (Hdt.; after the red-colored rocks inside ilie town), together with'Epu9pa'lKov aaTupLOv plant-name (Dse., Plin.), also tpU9pOVlOV (Ps.-Dse.; after 'Iovlov and other nouns in -OVlOV); 'Epu9pdlKO<; also from � 'Epu9pu (9uAa
.ETYM Old adjective in -ro-, a suffIx also encountered in Lat. ruber, CS rbdbr7J, ToA rtiir, ToB ratre, Skt. rudhira- (reshaped after rudhi- in rudhikra- name of a demon); ON roora [f.] 'blood'. Other languages have a different stem: ON rjoor, OE reod have the same vowel as the verbs rjooa resp. reodan (= � epeuSw, s.v.) and may therefore be secondary. Lith. raudas, (dialectal) Lat. rufus, robus, 0Ir. ruad, Skt. loha- 'reddish' [m./n.] 'red metal, copper, iron' probably continue IE *h,roudho- rather than *h,reudho-, because of the vocalism found in most Gm. forms: Go. raups, ON rauor, OE read, OHG rOt. Together with epuSp6�, the old denominative epuSCl[vOflat points to an original rl n -stem *rudh-r-, *rudh-n-. Perhaps a neutral s-stem *h,reudh-os- (= EpWSO�) existed, as well as a verb *h,reudh-e!o- (= EpeuSw). Cf. also � EpUal�ll. EPUKW [v.] 'to hold back' (11.). � IE *ueru- 'ward off, defend'� VAR Aor. EpU�at, epic also �pUKClKOV, EpuKClKEeLv (Chantraine 1942: 398). .COMP Also with prefix, notably cm-, KClT-. .DER KClTepUKTLK6� 'holding back' (pap.). Enlarged presents epUKCtVW, -ClVCtW (Chantraine 1942: 316 and 360) . ETYM Enlargement with -K- like in OAf-KW, OLW-KW et al. (Schwyzer: 702, Chantraine 1942: 329), from EPUflat, EPUOflat 'ward off rather than from EpUW 'draw'. •

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EpuflUL [v.] 'to keep off, protect, save' (11.). � IE *ueru- (or *uruH-) 'ward off, defend'� .VAR Inf. EpUaSat; impf. EPU-TO, -ao; them. Epuoflat (EpUWSat, EPUeTO), also PUOflat, inf. puaSat, aor. Epua(a)aaSat, puaClaSat, fut. Epuaaoflat, puaoflat; also with anlauting e[-: e'lpuTo, eipi'JClTat, -ClTO, -VTO, perhaps reduplicated perfects with present-meaning (inf. e'lpuaSat); thence, or through metrical lengthening, eipuaaClaSat, e[puaaOVTat, eipuOflat; cf. also below; aor. pass. eppuaSllv (Ev. Lue. 1, 74, 2. Ep. Ti. 4, 17, HId. 10, 7). .DIAL Myc. -u-ru-to I -wru(n)toil or I -wrusthon/. .COMP As a first member: EpU- in'Epu-AClo�,'Epu-flCl�, -flllAO� (also Eupu-, either after eupu� or from Fepu- (?); see below); EpUO"L- in Epua[moAL� 'protecting the town' (Z 305 et al.), �'Epua[xSwv; Aeol. Eupua[-AClo� (cf. above). pua[- e.g. in pua[-1tOAL� (A. Th. 129 [lyr.] et al.) . DER EPUflCl [n.] 'defence' (11.), diminutive EPUflCtTLOV (Luc.); from there Epuflv-6� 'for defence, protected' (lA) with Epuflv6Tll� 'defensive force' (X., Arist.), Epuflv6w 'defend' (Agath.). Epuafl6� 'defence, protection' (h.Cer. 230). epi'JO"LflOV (ei- by metrical lengthening), name of a kind of mustard (Thphr., Dsc.), because of its protection (Stromberg 1940: 81); from *EpU-O"L� or directly from the verb. pUT�p [m.] 'protector, watcher' (p 187, 223), pflTWp 'id.' (A. Th. 318 [lyr.] , AP). pUO"LO� 'saving' (A. Supp. 150 [lyr.] , AP), after the adjs. in -O"LO� (Chantraine 1933: 41) or from pUO"L� 'saving' (Epigr. Gr. 200 [Cos] , LXX). pUflCl 'defence' (Hp., trag.). .ETYM The Skt. nouns varu-tar- [m.] 'protector', varu-tha- [n.] 'defense, protection' (with v[1:zoti 'avert', Go. warjan 'ward off, etc.) speak in favor of the assumption of original *FEpU-flat. Doubts arise because of the absence of a trace of the digamma in Homer; attempts at a solution are in Solmsen 1901: 245ff. Therefore, we have two ablaut grades, FPu- and Fpu-, the latter of which is certainly in e'lpUTat < *FE-FPU-Tat, etc. (cf. above), but with otherwise unclear distribution. The initial vowel in the Ionic •

EpUW, -oflat present e[puoflat and in Eupua[-AClo� form an unsolved problem. Hackstein 2002: 123-131 offers a new interpretation. He derives the forms from the root *syerh3-, which he reconstructs for 6pCtw. Essential to him is the assumption that the zero grade *SYrh3- became *sruh3- > *sru-, according to the rule that in some cases, -ur was metathesized to -ru- (like in *kWetYr- > kWetru-). I suppose that he assumes that *seru- arose secondarily from *sru-. In Myc. -u-ru-to I-wruntoi/, sru- was restored to wru-. Myc. o-ro-me-no would represent an athematic *SYrh3-' which according to him gave *syoro- (but he also speaks of o-vocalism in this form, p. l28). This hypothesis is difficult to assess. tpUO'l�lJ [f.] 'rust in plants' (PI., X., Arist.; long i in Orph. L. 600). � PG� .DER epuO"L�wOll� 'eaten by rust' (Arist., Thphr.), EpUO'(�LO� epithet of Apollo in Rhodos (Str.). Denominative verb EpUO"L�CtW, -60flat 'suffer from rust', also factitive -6w (Thphr.). There is an epithet of Apollo 'EpUSl�LO� (Str. 13,1,64, v.l. 'EpeS[�LO�; with Epe<:t(w), 'EpeS4tLo�, 'EpeOlflLo� (inscr. Rhodes), 'EpeSuflLCt(W (Lyc. inscr.); further EpUal�ll epithet of Demeter (Et. Gud. 210, 25); Str. 13, 1, 64 says: 'P60LOL o£'EpUSL�[OU A1t6AAWVO� EXOUO"L EV Tn XwpEpuflat. tpuO'I1tt:Aue;, -TOe; [n.] name of a skin disease, 'Erysipelas'. � PG� VAR Often in plur. .DER Adjective -ClTWOll� (Hp., GaL). .ETYM Medical term of unusual formation; a learned compound? The first member also occurs in � Epual�ll (?) and in the plant name Epua[-aKllmpov (Thphr.); a word 1tEACl� is further unknown, but cf. however on � 1tEAflCl. Therefore, properly "what reddens the skin" (Schwyzer: 4435)? Of course, it may also be of Pre-Greek origin, like the beginning of the word (there seems no reason for the suggestion by Fur.: 21460 that it would be from EpUW). •

tpuw, -OflUL [v.] 'to draw, tear, draw towards one' (11.). Details in Chantraine 1942: 30, 136f., etc. � IE *ueru- 'draw' ?�

epcpo<;

.VAR £i- (Hdt., Hp.), inf. dpUIl£VaL (Hes. Op. 818, verse-initially; cf. Chantraine 1942: 294) , aor. epua(a)aL, -aaeaL (also £i- Hdt., Hp.), pass. epUae�VaL, £i- (Hp.), Dor. FpuaetTw [ipv.] (Delphi Iva; uncertain), fut. epuw, -OllaL (Hom.), epuaw (Opp.), epuaaw, -OllaL (Orph.; as a v.l. in cD 176) , perf. pass. dpDllaL, £ipf>ClTaL. .COMP Also with prefIx av- (aF-), e�-, KaT-, rrpo-, etc. As a fIrst member in epua uPlluT£<; ['(rrrrOl] ' [horses] drawing the chariot' (Hom.); on the formation Sommer 1948: nf. DER Rarely epu-: epu-
=

EPCPOC; [n.] 'skin' (Nic. Al. 248, Th. 376) . -
EPXO�Ul [v.] 'to come', also 'to go, travel' (ll.). -
ep
epWTUW

.VAR Thus Hdn. Gr. 2, 924 and most mss.; also epw8Lo<; (mss. and pap.); also pw8Lw<; (Hippon. 63) and apw8Lo<; (LXX as a v.l.). Worthless is the gloss ++epwyu<;· epw8Lo<; (H.). .ETYM Ending like in UiYWALO<;, uiyumo<;, XUPUOPLO<;, and other bird names. The resemblance with Lat. ardea 'heron' cannot be coincidental; one has further compared Serb. roda 'stork'; very doubtful, however, is ON arta 'teal'. Is the writing with iota subseriptum secondary (after the nouns in -tOLO<;)? The word could be Pre Greek because of the variants (without or with different prothetic vowel) . epwJ1 [f.] 1. 'rush, impulse, force, throw', in the ll. mostly of spears (ooupo<;, �£Aewv e.), also of men (avopo<;, ALKIl'lT�po<;, II'lV£AeOlO), after Hom. of other objects (rr£Tpuwv A. R. 4, 1657, rrupo<; AP 9, 490, yuaTpo<; Opp. K. 3, 175, rr£pl KurrpLV AP 10, 1l2) . 2. 'withdrawal, rest', in the ll. of battle (rroAelloU II 302, P 761) , thus Theoc. 22, 192 (lluX'l<;), also OUKpUWV (Mosch. 4, 40) , also 'rescue' (D. P. 601) . -
=

EPWC; =>epullaL. epwTuw [v.] 'to ask, question' (Od.), Hell. also 'to request'. - Ion. � dpOllaL, especially in Attic. Vine Glotta 78 (2002) : 203-221 explains the formation from *erowOto- to *h,row-o- 'questioning, inquiry', which was replaced by *erwOto-, whence the agent noun *erwota-. Other secondary presents of this root are � ep££lvw and � ep£uvuw·. •

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470

ee;

tc; [prep.] =>£te;. toe�c; .VAR ea80e;. =>£vvuf.u. toelW .VAR ea8w. =>eOw. toeAOC; [adj.] 'good, brave, stout, noble' of men and objects (n.). � ?� VAR Aeol. Pi. eaAoe;, eaA6e;, Arc. eaAoe;. COMP As a first member in ea8Ao - OOTT]e; (Man.). DER ea8A6TT]e; (Chrysipp.). . .ETYM Unknown. Some have connected it with Skt. edhate 'thrive' « *azdh-), Av. azd-iia- 'well-fed, stout', from IE *Hes-dh-. Schwyzer: 5335 prefers a compound *Hes dh{-6- 'uyu80 £pyoe;', from ea- in We; and a zero grade variant of OCS delo 'deed' (IE *dheh,-lo-; see � Tl8T]f.u). This analysis remains improbable. •

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EOKOV [v.] 'I was' (Hom.). � IE *h,es- 'be'� .VAR Also augmented �aK£ (Alcm.). .ETYM From *ea-aKov, an iterative preterite of £tflL with the same suffIx as in OLat. 3sg. eseit, plur. eseunt 'will be' and in ToB skente 'they are' < *h,s-sko-nto. Most uncertain is Thrae. T]aKo 'I am(?)' (Kretschmer Glotta 7 (1916): 89). £o�a =>£�Oflat. £O�OC; [m.] 'swarm (of bees)' (lA). � IE *(H)ieh,- 'throw'�

.COMP As a first member e.g. in eaflo -ToKOe; 'producing swarms of bees' (AP). .DER £aflLov· VOaTLflOV 'ptng. to return' (H.; does it belong here?), also ucpwfloe; 'swarm' (Arist. HA 629a 9) as a cross with acp£ate; 'id.' (Arist. HA 625a 20; plur.). ETYM From IT]flL (or uCP - LT] flL) with a suffix -aflo-. Derivation from £�Ofla t (cf. DELG) does not seem probable, as a swarm does not sit down. •

£O"TCt:pOC; [m.] 'evening' (Od.), adjectival 'of the evening, western', also substantivized 'the evening star' (n.); earrtpu, Ion. -PT] [f.] 'evening, west' (Pi., lA, after �fltpu). � IE *ue-kwsp-er-o- 'to(wards) the night, evening'� .COMP As a second member in ecptarr£poe; 'western' (S. OC 1059 [lyr.l), uKp-tarr£poe; 'on the edge of evening, at nightfall' (Arist., Theoc., Hp., etc., -LOe; AP), rr08-tarr£pu [adv.] (Theoc.), rrpoa-wrrtpLOe; (Arist.). .DER earrtpLoe; 'of the evening, western' (<1> 560), substantivized 'Earr£pLu 'the West, Hesperia' (Agathyll. apud D. H. 1, 49), Fwrrup LO L name of the western Locrians (V'), fem. earr£pLe;, especially in plur. as a PN 'the Hesperides' (Hes.); later earr£pLvoe; 'id.' (X., LXX); earr£pLKoe; 'id.' (Juba), earr£pLTT]e;, -ine; (xwpu; D. L.). Denominative verb earr£pL�w 'to pass the night' (Doroth.; MoGr. arr£pL�w) together with earrtpLaflu (Lex. apud Ath. 1, ud). .ETYM Inherited word, identical with Lat. vesper, 'evening'; further, with Lith. viikaras, OCS veCer'b 'evening', which derive from *uekero-, and also found in Celtic, e.g. MW ueher, and in Arm. giser. The diffIcult puzzle of reconstructing this word for PIE has recently been solved. Armenian had *e which became ei > i before s, z. The -s- can derive from a duster _kCwls_ (cf. vee' 'six' < *ueks beside ves-tasan); see Beekes 2004: 59-62. Combined with the -k- and -sp- reconstructed for the other languages

eaTLU

471

above, this points to a group -kCwlsp-. It has been identified with Skt. k$ap- 'night', of which the zero grade has been found in Hitt. ispant- 'night'. MW ueher may continue *lje- followed by ks(P) or sp. The first element had been connected with Lat. ue- in ue-sanus 'mad' et aI., but this is now rejected (see De Vaan 2008). The meaning may have been '(stretching) towards night'. The suffIx -eris also found in words connected with time like Gr. VUKT£pOe; .

EOTCt:n: =>ev (v)trrw . to"O"�v, -Jivoc; [m.] name of the priests of Artemis in Ephesus (inscr. IV-lIP, Paus.), also 'prince, king' (CalL); ace. to Hdn. Gr. 2, 923, 8 otKLaT�e;, ace. to EM 383, 30 properly 'king-bee'. � PG� .DER eaaT]vLu, eaaT]v£uw (inscr. Ephesus). .ETYM Formation in -�v like �UA(A)�V 'king', KT]CP�V 'drone', ete. (Schwyzer: 487, Chantraine 1933: 167f.). Probably Anatolian and Pre-Greek; see Frisk for . bibliography with proposals for substrate and IE origin. Nouns in -T]v are discussed by Fur.: 172"8. =

EO"n: [conj., adv., prep.] 'until', later also 'as long as' (since Hes. Th. 754, not entirely certain; also Ion., southern Dor., Aetol., trag. and X.). � IE *h,ens 'in'� .VAR Boeot. eTT£, Locr. eVT£, Delph. htVT£ (also daTe mid IV'), Dor. faTe (EM 382, 8; v.l. in Theoe.). On the use Schwyzer 1950: 675f. Cf. eaK£ (Archil. 13, if for £te; 0 K£). .ETYM From * ev (a)-T£, dearly containing *h,en(s) 'in(to)" but the final element -T£ is ambiguous, as DELG remarks: it may derive either from -T£ (in OT£ 'when', Mye. 0te, so IE *-te), or alternatively from IE *-kwe, for which the form eaK£ would plead (see above). IE *-kwe is also found in Lat. donee 'until, while' < *do-ne-kwe. Cf. Monteil l963: 316f. £O"Tla [f.] 'hearth, fireplace, altar', metaph. 'house, family, etc.' (Od., Att., Pi., Delph., etc.), later identified with Lat. Vesta (Str.). � PG� VAR Ion. iaTLT], Aeol. Boeot. Locr. Dor. Arc. iaTLU. .COMP As a first member e.g. in e(JTL- OUXOe; 'containing the hearth' = 'domestic', 'protecting the hearth' (trag., ete.); as a second member in ecp - taT Loe;, Ion. err-Lanoe; 'located by the hearth, belonging to the hearth' (B 125), uv-tanoe; 'without hearth' (I 63), auv-, 0fl-tanoe;, etc.; on Att. -taTLoe; in Homer see Wackernagel 1916: 9ff., Chantraine 1942: 15; diff. Solmsen 1909: 214. .DER 'Ian�·Lu [n.pl.] 'monetary means of an 'IaTLT]-temple' (Milete va); eanwne; 'belonging to the hearth (house)' (S. Tr. 954 [lyr.l); 'EaT-LUaTUL [m.pl.] name of worshippers of Hestia (Rhod.; cf. ArroAAWV-LUaTUL et al.); £anoe; 'belonging to the hearth' (HId., after 0fltanoe; et al.). As a translation of Lat. Vesta, Vestiiles: 'Eanuiov 'Vesta-temple' (D. C.), 'EanuOee; [pI.] 'Vestales' (D. H., PIu.). Usual denominative eanuw, ianuw (augmented eia- in eiaTLwv [Lys.] , etc.), also with prefix, e.g. auv-, 'receive at the hearth, feed, receive as guest' (lA, Dor.) with several derivatives: eaTL Uate;, -aflu, -uafloe; 'entertainment', eanuTwp (iaT-) 'host', with eanuTopLoV (ianu-, iaTLT]-), also eanuT�pLoV (after the nouns in -�pLOV) 'dining room'; eanaT0pLU (iaT-) •

472

eaTW, -OU<;

'party'. Also ean60flaL (E. Ion 1464 [lyr.] 8wflu) 'to be provided with a hearth, get settled'. ETYM As a collective or abstract formation in -lu (cf. especially olK-lu, KAla-lu), eaTlu presupposes a noun ea-ro-, -a vel sim. For the etymology, an important question is whether the word had an anlauting F-. In favor of F- speak panuu (PN, Mantineia Iva) and Yla-rlu, eaxup'1 (cod. -T'1) (H.). However, there are dialectal forms where F- fails; see Solmsen 1901: 213ff. Therefore, the old, but still often defended connection with Lat. Vesta is probably incorrect. Moreover, e > l is unusual and unexpected, whereas an interchange el l is frequent in Pre-Greek. Alternatively, one has proposed that La-rlu, -1'1 may have arisen secondarily after '(aT'1 fll, but tllis remains a conjecture. The most probable conclusion is that the word is of Pre-Greek origin. Cf. Fur.: 358, A. 2. Other explanations, such as connection with eaxupu (Solmsen l.e.) or Slav. jesteja 'hearth' (Machek Ling. Posn. 5 (1955): 59ff.) , are unconvincing. •

ton", -ou<; =>elflL £OTWP 1, -01'0<; [m.] 'peg at the end of a chariot pole' (0 272, v.l. EKTOpl after eX£lV; Aristoboul.). .ETYM Unexplained. Frisk lists a number of proposals, of which only that of Schwyzer 1939: 53112 makes sense: that the word is an agent noun of *sed- 'sit'. As DELG remarks, the suffIx -nup is surprising in an instrument noun. £OTWP 2 [m.] 'founder' (IUrb. Rom. 1155.88). <"!!l IE *sed- 'sit'� .ETYM From � E(OflaL. toX"pU [f.] 'hearth, house, sacrificing hearth' (11.), metaph. 'platform, stand' (Ph. Bel., etc.), in medical language 'scab, eschar on a wound by burning' (Hp., Arist.). <"!!l PG� VAR lon. - P'1. .DIAL Myc. e-ka-ra. .DER eaxupl<;, - [80<; 'pan of coals, brazier' (Corn., PIu.) with -[8LOv (Delos lIP), eaxupLOv 'id.' (Ar.), also 'platform, stand' (Plb.) beside eoxup£1ov 'id.' (Attica); eaxup(e)wv 'stove' (Delos IV., Theoe.; after the indications of place in -(e)wv, Chantraine 1933: 164); eaxupeu<; 'ship's cook' (Poll.); eaxup[T'1<; (<'iPTO<;) 'bread baked over the fire' (Corn., LXX); eaxupLO<; 'belonging to the hearth' (AP). Unclear eaxuplVeOV name of a dance in Sparta (Poll.). As a medical term, basis of the , denominative eaxup60flaL 'form an eaxupu (eschar) with eaxupwaL<;, -wflu, -wnK6<;; in the same sphere also eoxupw8'1<; (Poll., Gal.). On the fish-name � eaxupo<; see s.v. .ETYM Formation in -po. (like xwpa, T£
£oxupo<; [m.] name of a fish, = K6pl<;, perhaps a kind of sole (sole a; Corn., Dorio apud Ath. 7, 330a). <"!!l PG?� ETYM Derived from eaxup'1 as 'frying fish' (Stromberg 1943: 89)? See also Thompson 1947 s.v. The word may be Pre-Greek. •

ha1po<;

473

£Oxu-ro<; [adj.] 'the uttermost, last' (11.). <"!!l IE *h,e/s 'out'� .COMP Rarely in compounds, e.g. eaXUT6-y'1PW<; (-0<;) 'in the last age' (Hell.), 1tUp £axuTo<; 'the last but one' (Ph.) . .DER eaxunu, - l� 'uttermost part, frontier, extreme position' (Ion., Hes., Att.); poetical enlargement eaxuTlo<; (Nic.). Denominative verbs: eaxuTuw 'to be the uttermost, the last', only in eaxuTuwv, -6wv [ptc.] (11.; cf. Shipp 1967: 62); eaxuTeuw 'id.' (Arist.); eaXUTl(w 'to come too late' (LXX). .ETYM Adjectival derivative of e�, but unclear in detail. The opposite � eYKUTa (to � ev) points to a formation *e�-KUTo<;, for which the aspirate X then requires a proto form *exa-KUTo<;. This is taken to point to an lE basis *h,e/s for � e�; however, note the notation Xa = � in older alphabets (Schwyzer: 210), which suggests aspiration of any velar before a. The suffIx -KUTO<; would consist of a velar element (cf. 1tp6-KU, Lat. reci-pro-cus; *exa-Ko- 'what is outside') and a dental element (fl£a(a)-uTo<;, Tp[T UTO<;, etc.).

t-r"�W [v.] 'to examine, test' (Hdt. 3, 62 v.l., Democr. 266, Pl. Cra. 41Od, LXX). <"!!l IE *set 'be stable'� .VAR Aor. eTUaaL. .COMP Most frequent e�-£Tu
e-raipo<; [m.] 'comrade, companion, friend'. <"!!l IE *se- reflexive pronoun� .VAR Also proparoxytone ETaLPO<;; fern. eTulpu (Ion. - P'1) 'female comrade' (11.); also e-rupo<; (11., Dor.), fern. eTup'1 (6. 441). .COMP As a second member e.g. in
474

ihai\.ov

with ETaLpLO"fla, -LO"fl6e;, -Lo"T�e; (late); also ETaLpLO"TpLa = TpLpae; (PI. Smp. 191e; contemptuous); ETaLP£W 'keep company with' (Att.) together with ETaLpTj
ETUAOV [n.] a young animal, 'yearling' (De1.3 644, 18; Aegae IV-lIP).
•

En:i\.U; [m. (f.)] name of a fish, 'gilthead' (Arist. HA 567a 20, H.)?
tn:6e; [adj.] 'true, real', mostly in sing.ntr. ETeov (ETea [pI.] Y 255, reading quite uncertain); also adverbial 'really' (Horn., Theoc.); in interrogative sentences 'really' (Ar.); ETefj [adv.] 'in reality', also ETe� [nom.f.] 'reality' (Democr.).
475 ETUfloV (Str.). Reduplicated formation with lengthening of the original initial syllable: ET�TUfloe; 'true, real, authentic' (ll.; the form remains surprising, cf. Schwyzer: 4472), together with ETTjTuflLa (Call., AP). Lengthened form ETUflwVLOV· ai\.Tj8£e; H.; cf. Chantraine 1933: 42f. .ETYM When we compare the ending of Keve(F)oe; 'empty, idle', ETe(F)oe; presupposes an original u-stem, the zero grade of which is seen in enlarged ETU-floe;. Beside this u stem, we have ETa�w and ETa· ai\.Tj8�, aya8a (H.), which seem to point to an a-stem. Further analysis is uncertain; see � ETa�w. De Lamberterie RPh. 71 (1997): 160 follows Meillet in assuming *set-u- (also supposed in Arm. stoyg 'real'); he further connects the word with � O
en:pOe; [adj.] 'one of two; the one ( . . . ) the other' (ll.).
•

ETIle; [m.] 'clansman' (Horn., only plur.), 'citizen, private person' (EL, Dor., also A. and E.); on the meaning see DELG. ETeOe;.

T I

i

Ell ETl [adv.] 'still, also, further', of time and grade (11.).
•

•

tT6� 1 [adv.] only with negation OUK £TO<; 'not in vain' (Att.); beside it £nv 'without an outside cause'?). ETO� 2 [n.] 'year' (11.).
•

I

j

T

···· ·

477

.ETYM An old word for 'year', preserved in several languages. An exact agreement is Alb. vit 'year', plur. (also sg.) vjet, from lE *uetes- (Mann Lang. 26 (1950): 383). As a second member, the neutral s-stem is preserved in the zero grade in Skt. tri-vats-a 'of three years'; the full grade of the suffIx is supposed in Messap. atavetes (perhaps = UUTO-eT£<; 'in the same year'; Schwyzer: 51Y) and is also found in Hitt. saudiSt- / sayitist- 'nurseling' (*"of this year"; details in Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.). Beside the latter, Hitt. has a root noun yitt- < *uet- 'year'. Thematicizations of the s-stem appear in HLuw. usa/i-, CLuw. ussa/i- 'year' < *uet-s-o- (Kloekhorst 2008 S.v. yitt-). A semantic problem is Lat. vetus 'old', which formally equals FeTo <;; for an explanation, cf. Beekes 1985: 59-61 (previously, Benveniste RPh. 74 (1948): 124f.). Old enlargements of the s-stem are found in words for (one-year-old) animals: Skt. vats a- 'calf, Alb. vie' 'calf (lE *uetes-o-), Celt., e.g. Ir. feis 'swine' (PCl. *wessi < *uet-s-i-, Matasovic 2008). By itself stands a Balto-Slavic word for 'old', Lith. vetusas, OCS vet'beh'b, lE *uetus-o- (here also Lat. vetus?). A new name for 'year' in Greek is � £VLUUTO<;. See also � ETUAOV, � vewTu, � oieTeu<;, �JtepuoLun6.w . £TU�O� =>£T£O<;. tTWO'lO� =>£TO<; 1. £uaytl� [adj.] 'bright, clear, in full view' (Parm., Pi., A.). *oy (De Vaan 2008). Cf. � £i6.(w, � ui6.(w and Schwyzer: 303. •

,

£Mdd.o� [adj.] epithet of places (since Od.), in the Od. almost only of Ithaca, also of Kp(a11 (h. Ap. 438), of the mountain KpOVLOV (Pi. 0. 1, 111) , etc.
T euOLa .ETYM One previously posited metrical lengthening of *eu-O£eAo<; 'well-visible', from O£eAo<; (K 466). However, see now on OdeAo<;,
EMw [v.] 'to sleep' (Il.).
Ei\E�O<; =>£xw. Ei>'1YEV�<; [adj.] see below (A 427, 'If81 with-v.l. eUT]6EVEW [v.] 'to thrive, flourish', of animals and plants, also metaph. of towns, peoples, etc. (A., Arist.).
T eu8u<;

479

.DER eu8£veLa, -La (-LT] inscr. P) 'state of prosperity, fullness, supply' (Arist. as a v.l. beside eu8T]vLa, pap. of Roman times) with eu8evLaKo<; (pap.). Also eu8T]v£w 'id.' (h.Hom. 30, 10, Hdt., Hp., LXX) together with eu8T]vLa = eu8£v£La, -La (Arist. as a v.l., LXX, late inscr. and pap.); rare and late adjectives: eu8ev�<;· euna80uua, tuxupu 'enjoying herself, strong' (H.) whence eu8ev£aTaTo<; (pap. VIP), eu8T]vo<; 'thriving' (Hdn. Epim. 175, Lyd. Ost. [VIP]) . .ETYM The explanation depends on the relation between these forms. If the forms with -e- in the root are original, then eu8ev£w is a denominative of eu8ev�<;, from which the abstract eu8£v£La, -La was made. We would have to start from a noun *8£vo<; beside � 6U<; [adj.] 'straight', also metaph. 'just'; eu8u<;, -u also adverbial (beside eu8£w<;) 'straightaway, directly', of place and time (Pi., Att.). w : U (see Schwyzer: 256). The word � eupu<; is semantically farther. DELG suggests influence of di 'good' (s.v. � eu<;) . •

•

eu6uepAOlOe; [m.] 'straight-barked', a kind of oak (Thphr. H.P. 3, 8, 2). 6uwpla [f.] 'straightness, straight direction' (Pl., Arist., Aetol., Cret., etc.), almost only in adverbial expressions like (av' , KaT') £ueUWptav, £ueUWptq 'in straight line, directly'; also £ueuwpov [adv.] 'id.' (X.).
eUK'lAOe; =>£KTjAOC;. eUKOAOe; =>ouaKoAoc;. eUKpalle; [adj.] 'temperate', epithet of T01lOL (Arist. Mete. 352a 7), of a1lP (Thphr. CP 1, 11, 6; 2, 3, 3), of epwc; (Opp. H. 4, 33); but also 'blowing well', of oiSpoc; and aV£Il0C; (A. R. 2, 1228; 4, 891); also v.l. for aKpa1lC; (� 299, Hes. Op. 594).
eUAaKa =>aAo�. eUAll [f.] 'worm, maggot' (11.).
£iSVlI:;, -L(0)0C; terms, the words are probably Pre-Greek. For the interchange a-I e-, cf. alluc;lelluC; and Fur. 347ff. See also � AWlla.

eU!1apllC; [adj.] 'light, without pain' (Ale., PL).
=

eiiVLe;, -1(1'i)0C; [adj.] 'robbed, lacking' (11.).
EUVOUX°C; also possible), Lat. vanus 'empty, idle', Go. wans 'defective, missing', etc. However, *h,euh2 -n- would have given *E(F)av-. evvouxoC; =>EVV�. euox90C; [adj.] epithet of oaiLEC; (B. Fr. 18, 4), �opa (E. Ion 1169), y� (Hom. Epigr. 7, 2), perhaps 'rich, luxuriant, fruitful'.
eV1tE!11teAOC; [adj.] 'easily dismissed', of the flolpa of the Eumenides (A. Eu. 476: OUK EU1tEfl1tEAOV). 1tl1tTW. evpa� [adv.] mg. uncertain, in aT� 0 ' Eup a� (A 251, 0 541), perhaps 'near, at the side'; further Lyc. 920 1\Aalou IIaTapEwc; avaKTOpwv 'near the temple of A. P.'; as an interj. in Ar. Av. 1258 Eupa�, 1t(lTa�.
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euploKw [v.] 'to find, uncover' (T 158).
EUpUC; .COMP Often with prefix, e.g. av-, E�-, E £i5p'lKa) as lE *urh,-to-. lE *ureh,-t- has also been supposed in OCS ob-ret'b 'I found'. A full grade *uer- is seen in Arm. gerem (with secondary aorist geree'i) 'take prisoner'. Taillardat RPh. 34 (1960): 232-235 assumes *suer-, with *sesure > dipE. •

•

evpuayula =>uYULa. evpuMna [adj.] only in a1to X80voc; EUPUOOEI'lC; (Hom., always verse-finally).
-'-

·ETYM Indo-Iranian has Skt. unl-, Av. vouru- 'broad', and Skt. varas- [n.] 'breadth', from which EUpU<; and dipo<; differ only regarding their anlaut. We have to start from lE *urH-u- and *u£ErH-os-, which should have given Gr. *Fupu<;, *F£p0<;; cf. pupu<; = Skt. guru-. It has been assumed that EUpU<; has a prothetic vowel from *h,-, *e-Fpu-<;, but then one would rather expect * eF(u) pu<; < *h,yr(H)us. Alternatively, it has been supposed that it stands with metathesis for a secondary full grade *FEpU<; (after the primary comparative, Skt. vari-yan 'broader'); dipo<;, beside Skt. varas-, could also be explained in this way, if not secondary after EUpU<; (cf. pu po<;, pueo<;, 1'UX0<;, etc.). ToA warts, ToB wartse 'broad' contain a suffIx -ts, -tse and reflect a preform *war(a)-. The reconstruction remains problematic. EUpW<;, -W1'o<; [m.] 'mould, dank decay', also 'rust'? (Thgn., Simon.); on the mg. Aly Glotta 5 (1915): 63ff. � PG?� VAR eppw<;· £l\pW<; 'fair-flowing' (H.). DER EUPW£l<; 'mouldy, musty' epithet of the underworld (Horn., Hes.), also of rr'lAo<; (Opp.); EUPW1'lUW 'to be mouldy' (Ar., Thphr.). .ETYM EUPW£l<; (see Schwyzer: 527 and Chantraine 1933: 274) should not be changed into �EpO£l<;; see the remarks by Solmsen 1901: 121f. Based on comparison with 18pw<;, y£AW<;, lipw<;, etc., an original s-stem has been concluded (Schwyzer: 514). No convincing etymology. Etymologies assuming a prothetic vowel (see Frisk) must be discarded. Fur.: 242 refers to the form given by H. and thinks the form is Pre-Greek, which seems quite plausible. , M<; [adj.] 'good, brave, strong (in war) (epic since 11.), only of men, never in fern.; ntr. eu, di 'good' (A., E.), mostly as an adverb 'well' (11.). � IE *uesu- 'good', and/or *h,(e)su- 'good'� .VAR Also �u<;, � u (see below), gen.sg. e�o<;, £-, gen.pl.n. ea.wv (verse-final, e.g. 8w1'�pE<; euwv e 325). DIAL Myc. names with e-u-, e.g. e-u-me-ne /Eumenes/. .COMP Very often as a first member, both adjectical and adverbial. .DER eu1'�<; (cod. e'l1'�<;)- ayue01''l<; 'goodness' (H.); on the accent see Wackernagel and Debrunner Phil. 95 (1942): 177. Note further � £u· ayueu (H.). .ETYM The Greek forms present several problems. As for �u<; beside W<;, old ablaut is highly improbable, and a metrical solution has been sought (�u<; occurs mostly in verse-final expressions). In combination with the analogical introduction of the length from compounds where metrical lengthening was necessary (e.g. �u - Koll0<;) ' this is certainly possible. Metrical lengthening could also be assumed in e�o<;, if this stands for *££0<;; often, £�o<; (thus most mss.) seems to represent *£�o = *£80, *££0 'sui', from � £, £ 'se'; cf. ellE10 = ell£o from ell£. The comparison of eu- with Skt. su points to *h,su-, with which Hitt. assu- 'good, useful, pleasant', ntr. 'goods, possession, prosperity' is also ultimately connected. On the other hand, there is also Skt. vasu-, Av. vohu- 'good', to which further Gaulish PNs like Bello-vesus and Ir. feb [f.] 'eminence' belong, as well as Illyr. Ves-cleveses [gen.] (cf. EU-KA£'l<;, Skt. vasu sravas-). Further, there is the expression 8w1'�pE<; (8w1'op) £UWV, which may have a pendant in Skt. data vasunam (beside data vasu [acc.]). Unambiguous traces of the •

•

•

-'--F----- ----

___,--_,--_.;..._ .o,,

� � -

digamma fail, as £1'EpO<; 8£ euwv n 528 is young. We must also reckon with the merger of lE *esu- and *uesu-. See Chantraine 1942: 201; 254; 274. Not related to � Uyl�<;, which is rather from *h2iu-. Hoffmann 1975-6: 593-604 suggests that e�o<; continues hysterodynamic *h,yesy-os. On the ablaut of the compounds, see Zimmer MSS 55 (1994): 157-171. EuowrrlU =>Olwrruw. di1'E [conj.] '(as soon) as', rarely causal 'because' (11.); also as a compar. adverb 'like', see � �U1'E. � ?� .ETYM Debrunner IF 45 (1927-1928): 185ff. suggested it was in origin a paratactic exclamation di LE 'and rightly!'. Acc. to Brugmann-Delbruck 1897-1916 2:2, 731f., it is from � or d and *U1'E; see � �U1'E. Cf. Monteil l963: 286-290. EirrpU1tEAo<; =>1'p£1tw . EU'TPOXUAO<; =>1'P£Xw. EUCPPOVll [f.] 'night' (Hes. Op. 560, Pi., A.). � IE *gwhren- 'diaphragm'� .DER Patronymic Eucppov[8'l<; (Epigr. Gr. 1029, 6, Cios) . ETYM Properly 'the benevolent', a substantivation of EUCPPWV; cf. 'HyEllov'l epithet of Artemis (Call.) and PNs like 'HplyOV'l ' 'Hmov'l; also, MvuIloVU (Ar. Lys. 1248) for MV'l lloouv'l ; and 8uocppov£wv [gen.pl.] v.l. for -oouv£wv Hes. Th. lO2. See further �
EUXEP�<; =>8uOXEp�<;. Euxoflul [v.] 1. 'proclaim, boast' (11.); 2. 'promise solemnly' (Il.; also e.g. PI. Ph. 58b); 3. 'pray' (Il.). � IE *h,uegwh- 'spea:k solemnly'� VAR Aor. Eu�uaem, pret. diK1'O (see below). .DIAL Myc. e-u-ke-to (= EUX£Lm) 'declares' . .COMP Often with prefixes like arr-, err-, KU1'-, rrpoa-, auv- et al. oDER dixo<; 'glory' (cf. KA£O<;), rarely and secondarily 'fulfilment of a prayer' (11.); EUXWA� 'proclamation, cry of joy, boast, vow, prayer' (Il.; also Arc.-Cypr., see Bechtel 1921, 1: 391 and 447) with EuxwAlllu10<; 'bound by a vow' (Hdt. 2, 63; cf. Chantraine 1933: 49); EUX� 'vow, prayer' (K 526); EUYIlU1'U [plo] 'boasts' (X 249), 'vows, prayers' (trag., Call.); cf. P� IlU1'U; rrpoa-W�l<; 'prayer' (Orph.). Verbal adjective EUK1'O<; 'asked for' (3 98 EUK1'U [n.pl.]), 'desired' (Att.); together with arr-WK1'o<;, rrOAU-WK1'O<; (A.); also arr-, rroAu-EuX£LO<; (A., h. Cer., etc.); EUK1'UtO<; 'containing a prayer' (trag., etc.); EUKLlKO<; 'belonging to a prayer', � EUKLlK� (eYKAlOl<;) (modus) optativus (Hell.); EUK1'�pLO<; 'belonging to a prayer', -lOV [n.] 'house of prayer' (Just.); on -LlKO<; : -1'�PlO<; Chantraine 1933: 13. Multi-interpretable is the first member in EuX-�vwp (N 663), see Sommer 1948: 175. Lengthened forms of the present stem EUX£LOWV1'O, -1'uuaem EUXOV1'O, -wem (Il.); explanation uncertain, see Leumann 1950: 182ff., Chantraine 1942: 358. On dixo<;, EUX� ' EUXWA�, etc. see Porzig 1942: 231f., 235, Chantraine 1933: 183, 418f.; also Steinkopf 1937, Greindl 1938, Benveniste 1969:2: 237243· •

=

=

euw .ETYM Greek euxoflcu is identical with Av. aojaite 'proclaim solemnly, invoke', Skt. 6hate 'boast, praise', from reduplicated lE *h,e-h,ugwh-e-toi (with *gwh > X after u). It is an old term of the religious language. Beside it stands the athematic preterite 3sg. elJKTO (Thebais Fr. 3), which corresponds to OAv. aogada, LAv. aoxta, and perhaps also the 1Sg. eUYf!Tjv (S. Tr. 610). Lat. vovea 'to promise solemnly, implore', Skt. vaghat- 'the vower, who prays', Arm. gog [impv.] 'say!' show an unreduplicated formation, so the regular full-grade was lE *h,uegwh_ (cf. LIV2 s.v. *h,yegwh_). Arm. uzem 'I will', y-uzem 'I search' is semantically divergent.

EUW [v.] 'to singe' (H.). -
=

=

Euwvufloc; [adj.] 'of good name, of good reputation, renowned' (Hes. Th. 409, Pi.); 'left' (Ephesus VI-va); TO eUct)VUflOV (Kepae;) 'the left wing' (Hdt., Th.). -
EUWXEW, -EoflUl [v.] 'to treat, regale', med.-pass. 'to get satisfIed, feast, be treated' with euwx(a 'entertainment, feasting' (lA); cruvwwxeoflcu 'to feast together' (Arist.). -
E
E
£
•

the noun �n(aAo�, as Leumann 1950: 8045 and Fur.: 159, 258, 342 assume, it is Pre Greek, which is what one might expect for such words. Exevrft<; [adj.] 'detaining or holding back ships' (A., Arist.); a fish, Lat. nemora. � GR> .ETYM See Keller 1913: 378f., Thompson 1947 s.v. ExeneuKq<; [adj.] epithet of �eAo� (A 51, /.::.. 129), of aflll pva or p(�a (Nic. Th. 600 and 866), of aij-q.l� (Orph. L. 475). � IE *peuk- 'sting'> .DER Beside it m:pLTIEUK�� (A 845), also of �eAo�, and £f.LnEUK�� (Nic. AI. 202), of 6n6�. .ETYM Compound (Schwyzer: 441) of £X£LV and a noun *n£uKo� vel sim. In any case, it has close relatives in � n£uKll ' nEUK£oav6�, and nEUKaALf.L0�. The meaning 'bitter' (Eust.), also found in Nic., clearly derives from 'sharp, stinging'. The proper meaning of £x£-nEUK�� therefore is probably 'having a point'. For cognates outside Greek, see � n£uKll· EXeTAIl =>£xw. Ex8e<; =>Xee�. Ex806ontw [v.] 'to make oneself hated (to somebody), become enemies'. � IE *h,efs 'out'> VAR Only aor. £XeOoon�aaL (A 518). 'DER £XeOoon6� 'hated, inimical' (S.). .ETYM For the formation, cf. otvoxoew (Schwyzer: 726); £Xeooonew presupposes a noun £Xeooon6�, which indeed exists, but the form may be rather deverbal because of its late appearence. If it stands for £Xeooan6� (Pergam. lIP; here probably an innovation for £Xeooon6�), it must be compared with nooan6�, anooan6�, and should then be from £Xe6� 'outside', £Xeo-oon6� properly meaning 'located outside, foreign', and £Xeooonew 'to become a foreigner to sbd.'. Bechtel 1914 s.v. compares KuoOLoomxv (Ar. Pax 1152, Nu. 616) 'make a hubbub' and assumes an unknown verb * depo, which is not very convincing. See � £Xeo�. •

£X8o<; [n.] 'hatred, enmity' (ll.). � IE *h,efs-to- 'outsider'> COMP As a second member in qllA-£Xe�� 'who is inclined to hatred' (Theoc. 5, 137) . DER £xep6� [adj.] 'hated' (thus always in Horn.), 'hateful', substantivized [m.] 'enemy' (Hes., Pi.); grades of comparison £Xe(wv (A.), £XeL
•

£xup6� denominative of £Xep6� (Schwyzer: 725). Also, an-£Xeav0f.LaL could be related to £Xep6� with interchange -r/n- (Benveniste 1935: 16), although it could just as well be a nasal enlargement of £Xeof.LaL, an-£XeeaeaL (Schwyzer: 700, Chantraine 1942: 315f.). Acc. to Schwyzer: 725, £Xeof.LaL is a back-formation from £xea(pw, but it is better taken with £Xeo�, like aeevw to aeevo� (Schwyzer: 723). More difficult is the interpretation of £Xeo� and £Xep6�, for which we may compare a[axo�: ataxp6�, KUOO�: Kuop6�. If we start from £Xep6� and consider £Xeo� (together with £XeOf.LaL, £Xe(wv, £XeL£XL�. EXlvo<; [m.] 'hedgehog', also 'sea urchin', and metaph. as a technical term in several professions, e.g. 'vessel', especially 'vessel to keep juridical documents', 'the third stomach of ruminants', 'the rounded part of the Doric capital' (lA). � IE *h,efi 'hedgehog'> .DIAL Myc. e-ki-no IEkhlnosl. .COMP As a first member in £XLV0f.L�Tpa 'the greatest kind of sea urchin, Echinus melo' (Arist.; cf. Stromberg 1944: 23) . .DER Diminutives: £XLV(� 'vessel' (Hp.), -(aKo� 'id.', also 'hollow of the ear' (Poll.); £X(VLOV plant-name (Dsc.); £XLvea, -� 'skin of the hedgehog' (Hdn.), also a vessel (Delos lIra); £XLve£� [m.pl.] a kind of Libyan spinous mouse (Hdt.); 'EXlVaL or -ao£� [f.pl.] name of a group of islands in the Ionian Sea (B 635). £XLvwoll � 'rugged' (Arist., Str.). .ETYM Probably derived from £XL� 'snake' with suffixal -ivo- (i.e. -iHno-), so properly "snake-animal" = "snake-eater", as a taboo word for � X�P. A suffix -n- is also found in Arm. ozni 'hedgehog' (IE *h,of-i(H)-n-), with o-grade; beside it, we find Gm. words with -1-, e.g. OHG igil < PGm. *eglla-, which could replace older *eglna-. Balto-Slavic has a derivative in -io-, e.g. Lith. ezjis, SCr.CS jeZb, IE *h,ef-io-. The interpretation of Phr. £�L� (= £�L�?) remains uncertain. £Xl<;, -ew<; [m.] ([f.]) 'viper' (Att.). � IE *h,efi- 'snake'> .DER Diminutive £X(8Lov (Arist.) and the plant name £XLOV (Dsc.; because of the resemblance of the fruit to the head of a snake, Stromberg 1940: 54), £X(£LOV (Nic.); further £XL�£� [pl.] = £X£L� (Nic. Th. 133, only a metrical variant?); £XhL� [f.] name of a stone (Plin., after the color; cf. Redard 1949: 54). Fern. £XLova 'viper' (lA, Hes. Th. 297), mostly considered to be a derivative in -La- from *£XLov6� (Schwyzer: 475), together with £XLov-alo� and -�£L� (Hell.); but this is not very probable, as -Ova is a typical Pre-Greek suffix; £XLova must have been a loan from Pre-Greek. .ETYM If the interpretation of � £xtVO� is correct, £XL� must contain a palatal f· Similar words for 'snake', Skt. tihi- = Av. azi- and Arm. iz, should rather be connected with Oqll� (*h3egwhi_), since Av. and Arm. exclude a palatovelar. Exup6<; [adj.] 'strong, tenable, secure' (Th., X.). � IE *sef- 'hold, have'>

490 .COMP EV-EXUPOV [n.] 'pledge, security' (lA), hypostasis of EV EXUPq,; besides EVExupa(w [v.] 'to take a pledge' with EVExup-a
EXW 1 [v.] 'to possess, retain, have', aor. 'to conquer, take (into possession)', frequently also intr. 'to hold oneself, med. 'id.'.
• •

491 'firm, certain' (Ph. Byz.), furilier in verbal adjectives to preflxed compounds like E�-, KaT-, flETOXOC; (from E�-EXElV, etc.); 6X� [f.] 'holding, support' (Call., Lyc., Ath.); to the preflxed compounds (JUV-, flET-, E�-, En-ox�, etc. (from (JUV-EXElV, etc.); 6XEUC; "holder", 'strap of a helmet, clasp, bolt of a door, etc.' (11.; cf. � 6XEUW 'to mount', etc.); oxavov 'holder of a shield' (Anacr., Hdt.), also 6xavT] (PIu.; cf. Chantraine 1933: 198); 6xup6C;, see � Exup6C;; 0Xfl0C; 'fortress' (Lyc.), 0Xfla· n6pnT]fla 'garment fastened with a buckle-pin' (H.) with 6Xfla(W 'hold fast' (A., E.); adverb oxa 'widely, by far' (oX' aplaTOC; 11.), E�oxa 'in front of (E. navTwv 11.). Reduplicated formation: � avoKwx�, also (EV) (JUVEOXflq,? With compositional lengthening � EUWXEW. See further � auvoKwx6TE (B 218). .ETYM The present EXW, reduplicated ,(-ax-w « *Y-ax-w < *(a)l-ax-w), has an exact agreement in Skt. sahate [pres.3sg.med.] 'overpower, conquer' < *se/-e-). The zero grade aorist and the other verbal forms are isolated, however (cf. LIV2 s.v. *se/ 'iiberwaltigen, in den Griff bekommen'). In Greek, the word group underwent a strong development of meaning; cf. Porzig 1954a: u5f. Moreover, the neutral s-stem of Skt. sahas- 'force, strength, victory', Av. hazah- 'id.', Go. sigis (cf. on � Exup6C;) is missing in Greek. The root is also represented in Celtic, e.g. in the Gaulish names L£Y0-80uvov, Sego-vellauni.

EXW 2 [v.] 'to transport'.
=

t'V(a [f.] 'joy, play' (S. Fr. 3, Nic. rh. 880).
492 reasons, the word must be Pre-Greek (Fur.: 139, 352, 376). Meier-Brugger MSS 50 (1989): 91-96 assumes a noun *sengWh-ti- 'singing', with * E'i'l<; from * Efl'i'l<;, but one must wonder why * Efl'i'l<; was not retained. This view does not explain the attested variations, and there is no reason to assume that the word primarily referred to music. Acc. to Dettori Glotta 74 (1996): 159-163, the gloss np0
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EW<; 1 [f.] 'dawn, break of day' (11.). � IE *h2eus-as 'dawn'� VAR Acc. -w; Ion. (also Hell.) �w<;, -ou<;, Dor. CtFw<;, CtFWP, gen. CtpO, Aeol. uuw<;. COMP As a first member in £w
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EW <; 2

493

.ETYM Wackernagel 1955(2): 1151ff. thinks that the barytonesis in EW<; (as opposed to �w<;) can be explained from frequent Ew8£v, where it is regular (Schwyzer: 383). The initial aspiration would be due to metathesis, as in � ElJW (Schwyzer: 219; however, ace. to Sommer 1905: 11f., it was taken from £
EW<; 2 [pcl., prep.] 'until, as long as' (11.); prep. with gen. (rarely ace.) 'till' (HelL). � IE *ieh2uot 'as long as, until'� . .VAR Epic �o<; (written £LW<;, EW<;, see Chantraine 1942: 11, but also West Glotta 44 (1967): 135), Aeol. 6:0<;, Dor. 6:<;, Horn. also demonstr. 'for some time'. .ETYM From PGr. * 6:FO<; and identical with the Skt. relative yavat 'as long as', except for the final consonant (adverbial -<;, which was added in Greek, but not always in Doric; see on � w<; 1). See � T£W<;, � O<; 1.

.. �

�

z �a.- 'very', mostly strengthening in epic compounds like � (a�e;, (6.-ewe; 'very godlike', (6.-KoToe; 'very angry', Z6.-AwKoe; PN. -
=

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�a.STJAO" adjunct ofAa1
�UKEAL["

=>

(EKEh[e;.

�uK6po" [m., f.] 'temple servant' (Att. inscr. Va, Hyp., Men., etc.); lJ1fO-(uKopoe; [f.] 'subaltern temple-servant' (Hdt.), apXl-(aKopOe; 'higher temple-servant' (Laodiceia). -
�aKpUO£l<; .DIAL Myc. da-ko-ro. .DER �aKopeuw, uno- 'be a temple servant' (Delos, Thebes). .ETYM Hieratic professional term. Semantically related and formally comparable is vew-Kop0<; 'temple-guardian', which makes the analysis in �a-Kopo<; very probable. Here, �a- may stand for Oa- (cf. on " �Ct), as in �Ct-neoov for 06.-neoov; then �a-Kopo<; would properly mean "cleaner of the house" (related to "Kopew; Solmsen IF 31 (1912113): 453ff.)? This seems rather doubtful. In antiquity, the word was analyzed as *Ola-Kopo<;; cf. the prefix in Ota-Kovo<;. The word must in any case be Aeolic; cf. Solmsen IF 31 (1912113): 453ff. �aKpu6t:U:; [adj.] adjunct of 8Ctva-ro<; (Ale. Supp. 12, 8 = LP B 2a 8), probably replacing oaKpuo£l<; 'with many tears' (influence of KpUO£l<; 'horrible'). � GR� .ETYM See on " �Ct and Risch Mus. Helv. 3 (1946): 253ff. �aATJ [f.] 'whirlwind, whirlpool, downpour' (Pi., trag., Pl.). � ?� .YAR �CtAO<; 'whirlpool' (Nic. Th. 568). .DER Denominative ptc. �aA6waa (xCtAa�a, Nic. Th. 252). Here also �CtAaKe<;· £X1vOl 'sea urchin; a vessel' (H.)? ETYM Poetic word without etymology. Bq connected it with .. o[vll, etc.; this is formally difficult. In MoGr., it merged with aCtAo<;; cf. Hatzidakis IF 36 (1916): 301. •

�am:iiov [n.]

=

06.neOov (Xenoph., Paros). � GR� =>�Ct and �aKopo<;.

�aXPTJq<; [adj.] 'rushing violently, furious' (ll.); verse-initially always plur. � IE? *g/'reh2u- 'oppress'� .YAR Also written -xpel-. Verse-initial �axplle<; (Nic. Th. 290), -d�<; (Epic. in Arch. Pap. 7, 6 Fr. 3, 1). .ETYM From intensifying �a- < Ola- and a second member belonging to the aor. Expa(F)ov 'to assault, oppress'. If -lle1<;, -llwv are replaced by �axpaee<;, -aewv (cf. �axpCta£l<;· £�aJtlva[ou<; 'sudden' [H.] which may stand for -aea<;), immediate connection with the zero grade aorist may be obtained. Otherwise, it is necessary to assume a full grade noun *XP�F0<; (*XpiiF0<;) or a full grade verbal form. See Bechtel 1914 s.v. and Chantraine 1942: 41. �al/l [f.] 'surf (Hell. poetry). � PG?� .ETYM Expressive word. The supposed contamination of �CtAll and AaiAal/l is an improbable guess. Cf. Fur.: 176: Pre-Greek? *�aw => �ww. �£lai [f.pl.] 'one-seeded wheat, spelt, Triticum monococcum' (Od., Hdt.) , Hell. and late also sing. �£lCt (Thphr.), �eCt (�ea), -11 (pap. np, D. H.; Dsc. and Gal. as a v.l.). � IE *ieuh,- 'wheat, spelt'� , .COMP As a first member in �el-Owpo<; 'giving spelt (wheat) (ll.; of apoupa), �eo nupov n. 'kind of Triticum' (Gal.); as 2. member in
497

.DER ��VO
�£lpa [f.] 'long robe kept by a belt', worn by Arabs and Thracians' (Hdt. 7, 69, 75) . � LW� .DER Cf. �£lpO
�£K£A-riii£<; [m.lf.] Aeol. for yoyyuAloe<; 'turnips' or KOAoKuv-rUl 'gourds' (Nic., apud Ath. 369 a). � PG� .ETYM Unknown. Cf. �aKehloe<; = �eKehloe<; (Amerias and Timachidas apud Ath. 9, 369 a), �aKeh[8e<; KOAoKuv-rUl, � yoyyuAI8e<; (H.) and �aKuv810e<;· KOAoKuv-rUl (H.). Fur.: 256 compares 8lKeAlov· -r�v yoyyuAloa. ACtKwve<; (H.), and believes the word is Pre-Greek. Is �e- from *dYa- (with influence of the palatal on the vocalism)? �£uyVUf.U [v.] 'to bring under the yoke, harness; to join, unite' (ll.). � IE *ieug- 'yoke, connect'� .YAR Also them. -uw; aor. �eu�Ul, pass. �uy�vUl, �euX8�vUl, fut. �eu�w, perf. pass. E�euYf.LUl (ll.), perf. act. E�euxa (Philostr.). .COMP Often with prefix, like ava-, Ctno-, Ota-, £Jtl-, Ka-ra-, au-, uno- et al. .DER 1. �eu�l<; 'yoking, bridging' (Hdt.), often with prefix, e. g. aU-, OlCt-, £nl-�eu�l<; (lA). 2. uno-, Ctva-, napa-, Ctno- �uy� , etc. (since va), as a simplex only pap. (IV-VIP) meaning 'pair'. 3. �euYf.La 'what is used for joining, bridge of boats, canal lock, etc.' (Th., E., Plb.) with �euYf.LanKOv 'payment for passing through a canal-lock with a ship' (pap.). 4. �euYAll part of the yoke (,yoke-cushion, collar', cf. Delebecque 1951: 60 and 179), etc. (ll.; see below). 5 . .. �euyo<;, s.v. 6 . .. �uyov, s.v. 7. -�u�, see .. �uyov. 8. �euK-r�pLO<; 'fit for yoking, connecting', ntr. 'yoke' (A.), �euKnlP[Ul [pl.] 'ropes for strapping up a rudder' (Act. Ap. 27, 40); later 9. �euK-r�p 'connector' (J.), fern. -elpa

(Orph.); cf. Chantraine 1933: 45, 62f. and below. 10. (OLa-, etc.) �EUKnKo<; (Hell.). 11. �EUKTO<; (Str., PIu.; see below) . ETYM Beside the athematic vu-present �euyvuf.u (with full grade, for which cf. � OelKVUf.U), the other languages have forms with nasal infIx, e.g. Skt. yunak-ti 'yokes, connects' (athem.), Lat. iungo (them.), Lith. jung-iu (yod-present) 'id.', or forms without nasal, like Av. yaog-at [3sg.pret.] (athem.), yuj-yeite [3sg.pres.] (zero grade yod-present). Most other Greek forms also show a full grade: the future and the a aorist, in addition to the late agent noun �EUKT�p (cf. Skt. yoktar-), the n-derivative �eD�l<;, and the late verbal adj. �EUKTO<; (as against Skt. (pra-)yukti-, yukta-). The only exceptions are the pass. aorist £�uy'1v and the nouns in -�uy'1. The A-derivative �euy11.'1 is unconnected with Lat. iugulum 'throat' and Skt. yugalam 'pair'. •

�evyo<; [n.] 'yoke, team, pair' (ll.). iUmenta, sing. -um 'span'), there is also an I-stem in �euY-A'1 (see � �euyvuf.u); cf. on � ihaAov for the change of suffIx. See further � �uyov. Zeu<; [m.] Zeus (ll.).
499 Other old correspondences are ZeD 11aTep = Lat. Jupiter, Z�v = Skt. dyam, Lat. diem (whence a new nom. dies, Diespiter). The other oblique cases L1lF-o<;, -el, -l, and L1la agree with Skt. diva/:!, dive, divi, divam, of which L1la and divam are parallel innovations. Recent formations in Greek are Z�va (after L1la), whence Z'1vo<;, -l, which continues the old acc. *die(u)m with early loss of the *u, which is also seen in Skt. Dyam. The a in Za<;, Zav, Zavo<; spread from Elean Olympia, where '1 became et, see Leumann 1950: 288ff. (following Kretschmer Glotta 17 (1929): 197). It is has been assumed that lE * dieu- is an agent noun of the verb seen in Skt. dtdeti 'shine', Gr. � 8EaTo 'shone'. However, this is doubtful as the verb was *deih2-, with final laryngeal, which is absent from *dieu-. Beside *dieu-, there is an old appellative for 'god' in Skt. deva-, Lat. deus, Lith. dievas, etc., all from thematic lE *deiuo-, which probably meant 'the heavenly one', as a derivative from the noun for 'heaven'. It is probable that this thematization started from an older nominative * dei-u- (see Beekes 1985: 85); we are dealing with an original hysterodynamic u-stem. After separating the suffIx, it is possible to compare lE *di-n- 'day' as well, as found e.g. in Proto-BSl. *d(e)in- 'day', Lat. nun-dinae 'market-day', Skt. madhya1]1-dina1]1 'mid day', etc. �t �- is unlikely, as most evidence rather points to the contrary (note � Uyl�<; < *h,iu-gWih3-). The root *h3iebh- is found in Skt. yabhati 'copulate', Ru. jebu 'id.', ToB yiip- 'enter', etc. Alternatively, is the word Pre-Greek, with PG * a turning up as e after the palatal *dY? �tw [v.] 'to boil, seethe' (mostly intrans., see BruneI 1939: 198f.).
500 probably late: �oTj' TO £mivw TOU fl£AlTOe; H., according to Eust. 906, 52 'foam on the milk'. .ETYM The thematic root present �£W, from PIE *jes-oH (cf. �W-TOe;, �£(J-fla), is identical with Skt. yasati (gramm.) 'seethe, boil' and Gm. verbs like OHG jesan 'ferment, foam'. In Skt., a yod-present yas-ya-ti and a reduplicated YC$ati < *ja-js- are found; Av. yaes-iia- (in yaesiianfim [ptc. acc.sg.f.]) 'boil' seems to be a mix of these formations. The verb is also found in ToA yas- 'boil', 3sg.pres. ysa$, ToB yayasau [ptc.pret.] ; further, in Alb. ziej < IE *ies-eie/o-), according to Mann Lang. 28 (1952): 38. Celtic has nominal formations, e.g. Gallo-Rom. *jesta 'foam', MW ias 'boil, foam'. �f1AOe; [m.] 'zeal, emulation, jealousy' (Hes. Gp. 195).
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�TJ!1[a [f.] 'loss, damage, penalty' (lA).
�f1Ta [n.] the sixth letter of the Greek alphabet (Pl.).
�TJT£W [v.] 'to search, research, inquire, investigate' (B 258).
501 .DER Also �TjT£UW (Hes., h. Horn.), �aT£uw (Alcm.). Derivatives: (o.va-, £K-, £1tl-, (JU-)��TTjme; 'search, query, inquiry, consideration' (lA) with �TjT�mfloe; (X.); (£1tl)��TTjfla '(object of) inquiry' (lA) together with �TjTTjflaTlov (Arr., Lib.), �TjTTjflaTlKOe; (sch.); (£K-, (JU-)�TjTTjT�e; 'researcher', in plur. the name of a juridical official in Athens (Att.), together with (£1tl-, (JU-)�TjTTjTlKOe; 'leaning towards inquiry' (Att.). Cf. further � ZTjT�p. .ETYM Formation like aLT£w, oaT£oflm, o.pTClw, etc. (Schwyzer: 705f.), thus derived from a nominal form in -to-; cf. especially Arc. �aTOe; (lG 5(2), 4: 22). The primary verb is found in reduplicated � o[�Tjflm, and the root left traces in � ��AOe;, � �Tjfl[a. For the etymology (from the IE root *ieh2-, as established by Garda Ramon, in: Isebaert 1993: 71-84), see � ZTjT�p. ZTJ'tqp [m.] . Z£U £V Ku1tp4l (H.).
ginger.

�[yyoe; [noun] . 0 TWV fl£Al(J(JWV �xoe;, � TWV 0flo[wV 'the sound of bees, or of like animals' (H.).
�L�a.VLOV [n.] 'darnel, Lolium temulentum' (Ev. Matt. 13, 25, Gp., EM).
502

�[�ucpov

that the word entered Greek from the Jews and Christians, and thus ultimately goes back to Sum. zizan 'wheat' (as the plant resembles wheat). �i�ucpov [n.] 'a tree of which the fruit is the jujube, Rhamnus jujuba' (Colum., Edict. Diacl., Gp.).
�6p� => OopKae;. �6
�waypla

503

(Plb.), �uywme; 'balancing' (Hell.), *�uyw8pov in the denominative aor. ipv. �uYW8Pl
�tflTJ [f.] 'leaven, beer-yeast' (Arist.).
504 .ETYM Formed like avOP-o.ypLa 'what is taken upon the capture of a man, exuviae' (B 509), flOLX-o.ypLa 'fine for a caught adulterer' (S 332), et al.; see Wackernagel KZ 33 (1895): 47. Univerbation from (wav ayp£lv with the suffIx -LO-. Thence also the verb (wyptw 'take somebody prisoner, grant a prisoner his life', in Hom. (11.) only pres. (wYPEL, -£IT£, aor. e(wYP11cra, -�Sl1v (lA; Hom. has (wove; £Aov, (wav £1..£). From (wyptw: 1. (wyp[a, -[11 'take sbd. prisoner alive' (Hdt., Plb., Str.) with (wyp[ae; [m.] 'who was taken prisoner alive' (Ctes.); 2. (wyp£lOV 'cage, especially for fishes' (Aq., Str., PIu.). Here also (o.YP11 'pit to catch animals'? See � Zayp£\Je;. Cf. Chantraine 1956a: 51 and Janni Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica 4 (1967): 3, 20: �wfl6C; [m.] 'sauce, soup' (Asios, Ar., Arist.).
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ieh3s-mo{nJ, (wV11 < *ieh3s-neh2 and Ru.CS po-jasnb 'id.' rasna- 'girdle' for *yasna- after rasana- 'knot, gird'.

<

ieh3s-ni-); cf. further Skt.

�wp6C; [adj.] 'vehement, strong, unmixed', of wine (I 203).
=

8Lwpu� (pap.). So is it

�ww [v.] 'to live' (11.).
H �

1 [pcl.] 'certainly, really' emphasizing and interrogative particle (ll.), mostly combined with other particles and adverbs, e.g. �
� 2 [v.] 'said he'. =>�flL

ii

3 [pcl.] interjection expressing dissatisfaction and impatience (Ar. Nu. 105, Ra. 271, E. HP 906 [lyr.]). � IE? *h,e vocative pcl.� .ETYM It has been compared with Lat. e- in eeastor 'by Castor'. Cf. Schwyzer 1950 6004 and WH S.v. eeastor.

ii 4 [pcl.] disjunctive and comparative particle: 'or', also 'as', � . . . . � 'either . . . . or' (ll.), contracted from �£, �£ (epic). � IE *h,e-ue� .ETYM For *�-F£' *�-F£' univerbation of deictic � (see .. � 1) and a disjunctive particle found in Lat. -ve and (with long vowel) Skt. vii, OIr. va 'or' grown together. Skt. iva 'like, as if, etc. diverges semantically (see Mayrhofer EWAia s.v.). � 5 'if (Cypr. Dor.). => £l. �paL6� [adj.] 'little, small', in the ll. only with the negation oUO' �pmov 'not even a little' (5 times), oUO' �pmaL (3 141), later also without negation (l 462, Opp.). �GR?� .ETYM According to Leumann 1950: 50, it arose by false split from OD 8� pmov (perhaps oUOe pmov). A prefix �- is improbable. fj Pll [f.] 'youth, prime, vigour of youth, sexual maturity', also as a PN 'Hebe', daughter of Zeus and Hera (ll.). � IE? *(H)iegW-eh2- 'youth, (youthful) vigour'� VAR Dor. fj pa, hyperaeolism (?)
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508 according to Fraenkel KZ 43 (1910): 207ff.). Denominative verbs: 1. �p6.w (11.), epic also �pww (with metrical lengthening according to Chantraine 1942: 76 after Wackernagel; different Schwyzer: 730), Cret. �P[w « -ew) 'be in one's prime, be full grown', also with prefIxes like o.v-, £v-, £
•

�yavt" [adj.] . KUeUpOV, veov 'pure, young' (H.). .VAR �y6.VO<;· VEav[aKo<; 'little boy' (H.). .ETYM Shortened from � OITJYUVt<;. �yavov [n.] 'casserole' (Anacr. 26).
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509 usual Eia�, £�-, 01-, m:pl-, u o.ydpw •

�Y'1Aa�w [v.] 'to lead, drag' (KaKov flopoV 'bad fate', P[OTOV papuv 'heavy life', etc.; A 618, P 217, A. R. I, 272, Arat. 893, Orac. apud Zos. I, 57).
�1'i'1 [adv.] 'already, immediately, (precisely) now' (11.) .
T I

510 formation from ��ou<;, s.v.; 2. �OOv�, Dor. aOova 'pleasure' (lA, Dor.) with �OOVl<; = aqnJOLov (Cyran. 18), �00VlK6<; (Arist.). 3. UOoaUva· �Oov� (H.). 4. �a8Tjfla 'id.' (Eup.). 5. �aTlK6<; 'pleasant' (S. E.). .ETYM An exact formal counterpart is the Skt. hapax sVddate 'becomes tasteful' (RV 9.68.2; of soma); much more usual however is svadate 'enjoy, taste well', svadati 'make savory, sweeten'. On the -a-, see Lubotsky MSS 40 (1981): 133-8. The second member -TjOTj<; agrees with Skt. pra-svddas- 'pleasant'; the nasal suffix in �O-ov� is seen in Skt. svad-ana- 'making tasteful'. See � �OU<; and � avoa.vw, also � aoTjflovew. �c')UC;; [adj.] 'sweet, tasteful, pleasant, pleasing' (ll.).
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�t 'or'. =>� 4. �£pt60v-ral [3sg.pres.med.] 'they float in tlIe air' (ll.).
T511 �£p6£lC;; 'misty, cloudy'

.

•

VAR �EpOElO�<;. =>a�p.

�£p6
na 2 [n.pl.] 'heap of husks or chaff (E 368, Pherecr. 161), = uxupa H.; cf. Elal' -rwv Oa7tplWV -ra a7toKa8apflma 'what has been cleansed off the pulse'; ElOl' Oa7tplWV -ra Ka8apata (H.). Here also �'La Kpl8awv = uAEUpa 'flour' (Nic. Al. 412), but "le sens ne s'impose pas", as DELG rightly remarks.
512

.ETYM Unexplained. ifie [voc.] epithet of cDoi�e of unknown meaning or origin (0 365, Y 152, h. Ap. 120). « ?� .ETYM Several hypotheses (see Frisk). From the interjection �, like i�'lOC; from i� (LSJ); cf. �'lOC;' 1talUVlOT�C; 'chanter of paeans' (H.) beside nopeuaq..lOC; (see � �'lU 1). Not from �wc; (cf. �'l-Kuv6c;) as 'shining in the morning' (Ehrlich KZ 40 (1907): 364). Nikolaev 2005 now connects the root *h2ns- (Skt. asu-ra-, ON ass, etc.), claiming that Lex Rix did not operate before nasals. If this is correct (which seems implausible), we ' would have an old vocative of the word for 'god'. ifi:6£O� [m.] 'unmarried youth' (ll.; see Leumann 1950: 305 and 316f.), rarely also 'unmarried young woman' (Eup. 332), in this meaning also �"l8e11 (Nic., AP). « lE *h,uidheu- 'unmarried'� VAR Also fj8£Oc; (or �T8£Oc;?; B. 16, E. Ph. 945; i;i8£Oc; Cerc. 9, 11, see below). .ETYM An old and poetic word, connected with Skt. vidhava, Ru. vdova, etc., Go. widuwo, etc., Lat. vidua, from a pre-form *h,uidheu-. A masculine expression for 'widowed, unmarried' was made from this pre-form, like in Lat. viduus, Ru., etc. vd6vyi, but perhaps only in the separate languages. Greek �T8£OC; presupposes an earlier feminine, which was replaced by X�pu in prehistoric times. Anlauting �- is easily explained as a metrical lengthening of a prothetic e- from *h,-; the 0.- in Cerc. is a hyperdorism (cf. �T8£Oc; Sapph. 44, 18). See recently Beekes KZ 105 (1992): 171-6. •

rflKuv6� [m.] · 6 o.AeK"rpUWv 'rooster' (H.). « lE *h2ues- 'lighten' + *kh2n- 'sing'� .ETYM Properly 'early-singer', a compound from �l- (from PGr. *awhi-, an old loco of *h2eus- 'dawn'; cf. � l::wC;) and a verb 'to sing', found in Lat. cana, MoHG Hahn, etc. On the accent, see Wackernagel Phil. 95 (1943): 182f. Synonymous formations with cognate elements are found in Skt. (Lex.) u$a-kala- and ON ar-gali [m.] 'cock'. ifl6el� [adj.] in en' �'l6evTl LKUfluVOPql E 36 (verse end); after this as an adjunct of I1uvoPfloC;, of neO[ov (Q. S. 1, 283; 5, 299), and of K6A.A.oupoC; (name of a fish, Marc. Sid. 22). « ?� .ETYM In later antiquity, the word was connected with �'lWV 'shore' and interpreted as 'with (high) shores, on the shore'; cf. �'l6evTl' �'l6vuc; £XOVTl 'having shores' (H.). This is formally impossible, as there is no trace of the -V-. Others take it as 'with reed' and arbitrarily connect it with � nu 2, or even as 'fertile' (and suppose connection with � �·lU). ifio�

-

�'l£'

iflWV [f.] 'shore' (B 561). « ?� .VAR nWV E. Or. 994; Dor. o.'lwv, -6voC;. ETYM Names in -wv may refer to features of the landscape (see Chantraine 1933: 164). Of unknown origin. See also � �·l6elC;. •

�KU [adv.] 'slowly, quietly, a little' (ll.). « lE? *seh,k- (or *sek-?) 'slow' ?� VAR Grades of comparison: �TTWV, Ion. �aawv 'smaller, weaker' (ll.), sup. �KlaToc; 'slowest' ('I' 531), �KlaTU [adv.] 'not at all' (lA), �KlaToc; 'weakest, worst' (Ael.). •

513

.DER Derived from �KU: �KUAOC; = o.KUA.6C; (Call.), �KUA.EOV yeA.6wau· npuwc;, OUK eaKu8pwnuKuiu 'mild, not looking angry'; �Kuiov· o.a8evec; 'weak' (H.). From �aawv, �TTWV: �aauoflm, �TTuoflm [v.] 'to be less, be weaker' (after vlKuoflm), with the back-formation �aau, �TTU [f.] 'defeat' (trag., Th., lA); Ion. (Hdt., Herod.) has eaa60flm, from *l::aawv, an innovation after Kpeaawv. .ETYM With �KU (with epic psilosis like �KlaToc;; cf. Chantraine 1942: 187), we may compare d)Ku and other adverbs in -a (cf. Schwyzer: 622). It has been connected with Lat. segnis 'slow' < *sec-ni-, but see the doubts in De Vaan 2008 S.V. Frisk compares the alternation in nUK-u : nUK-v6c;, as does Benveniste 1935: 89f. Discussed in Seiler 1950: 65ff. ijKe(J'To� [adj.] only in �VlC; �KeaTuc; (�OUC;, Z 94 = 275 = 309), meaning uncertain. « ?� .ETYM Based on comparison with �KeaT11C;' a.8uflUOTOC; (Suid.), �KeOToc; is mostly taken as 'undomited, uncontrolled', from KevTew, Kevam ("unincited") with metrical lengthening for *a-KwToc;. This explanation should be rejected; instead, Schwyzer RhM 80 (1931): 213 assumes original (�ouv) �VlV v11KeOT11v (like v11-Kepo�c;, etc.), with single writing of the v and false split. Others translate 'full grown', connecting it with o.KfluioC;, � �K�. Improbable suggestion by Szemerenyi Sprache 11 (1965): 6-12. �K� [f.] . o.KWK�, emoopuT[C;, o.Kfl� 'arrowhead, point' (H.); � 6�uT11C; TOU mo�pou 'sharpness of iron' (EM 424, 18 following Archil. 43: '(aT11 KaT' �K�V KUfluT6c; Te Ko.veflou). « lE? *h2ek- 'sharp'� .COMP As a second member in the epic epithets o.fl
qKW [v.] 'to have come, be present' (lA, also Dor.; Hom. only E 478, v 325; elsewhere "lKW) . « 7. � .VAR Hell. also with perfect inflexion: �KU, �Kevm; fut.��w (A.), Dor. ��w (Theoc.), _ aor. ��m (late). .COMP Often with prefix, e.g. Ku8- (KaT-), npoa- (n08-), o.v-, npo-, nup-�Kw. .ETYM Beside �KW with perfective meaning stands � [KW with present meaning (epic, Dor., Arc.). It is difficult to connect the two, however, since the e-vocalism cannot be easily accounted for (lE *seik- is impossible), nor can the aspectual difference. Ample discussion in Johansson 1890: 62ff. No cognates (incorrectly, Pok. 893). LIV2 posits *seh,k-, but disassociates lK-. TJAUKaTTJ [f.] '(wool on the) distaff, also metaph. of comparable objects (Z 491). « PG?� .VAR �AeKuT11 (Delos, Cyrene, etc.), Aeol. o.AUKUTU (Theoc. 28, 1; but �AUKUTa E. Or. 1431 [lyr.l) and xpuaaAuK. (Pi., three times), eUUAaKUTOC; (Theoc. 22) . .DIAL Myk. a-ra-ka-te-ja [nom.pl.f.] 'spinsters'.

514

�AuaKW

.COMP As a second member e.g. in xpua-TjACtKaTOC; (-UA- Pi.) 'with golden distaff (11.). .ETYM Unknown. Solmsen 1909: 121f. assumed an Anatolian loan, but it is probably just Pre-Greek. TJAUOKW [v.] 'to wander, stray, roam' (B 470, N 104, Emp.). � ?� .DER By a cross with aAalvw arose �Aalvw 'id.' (Theoc., Call.). ETYM �ACtaKW (called expressive by Frisk) differs from � aACtoflctL by the length of the initial vowel, something which cannot be explained within Greek or Indo European. The etymology is therefore unclear. Connection with � �A£6C;; �A[9l0C;, etc. is not very likely. •

�AEKTWP [m.] name of the sun and adjunct OfY1t£PlWV (Z 513, T 398, h. Ap. 369; and Emp. 22, 2). � PG?� .VAR Acc. -Topa (Euph. 110), dat. -TWPl (Epic. in Arch. Pap . 7, 4), gen. -TWpOC; (Choerob.). .DER �A£KTPlC; [f.] adjunct of the moon (Orph. H. 9, 6); �A£KTpOV [n.] , -oc; [m., f.] (on the gender cf. LSJ and Schwyzer 1950: 344) 'gold mixed with silver, amber' (Od.) with 'HA£KTplo£C; v�aOl 'the amber islands' (Str., Plin.), �A£KTPWOTjC; 'like amber' (Hp., Philostr.), �A£KTPlVOC; (Dor. aA-) 'of amber' (Call., Luc., HId.), �A£KTp60flctL 'become �.' (Zos. Aleh.); �A£KTpctL· Ta £V TOLC; KAlV61tom nvv acplyywv 0flflaTa (Phot.). Several PNs:'HAEKTpa, AA£KTpwva (Rhodos),'HA£KTpuwv (after AflCPlTpUWV; cf. Bechtel l921, 2: 656). .ETYM Unexplained. von Wilamowitz 1931: 255 assumed Carian origin, but without sufficient grounds. Improbable lE etymologies in Bq. There seems no basis for DELG's statement that the word is lE. Leroy and Halleux Glotta 52 (1974): 36-52 stress that �A£KTpOV has two meanings: 'white gold', i.e. gold with a high percentage of silver, like the Lydian gold from which the first coins were made, and 'amber'. However, �A£KTWP cannot mean 'brilliant', as amber is not brilliant, and the meaning and etymology of this word are unknown. They then derive the word �A£KTpOV from the verb � aAEyw, which they interpret as AEyW 'count' plus copulative a-. This is wrong: see there. The word has nothing to do with the verb, as its meaning does not fit. Thus, the word remains without etymology. On the words, see also Ruiperez 1972: 231ff. TJAEflUTOC; => �A£6C;. �AE6C; [adj.] 'distraught, crazed' (11.). � PG (v)� .VAR Also �A£ [VOc.] (11.); aA£6c; (-ctL- cod) 6 flUTctLOC;, ucppwv. AtaxUAoc; 'foolish' (H.), aA£6cppwv· 1tapucppwv (H.). .DER Denominative verb aA£waaav· flwpalvav 'be foolish' (H.). Abstract �AoaUVTj (Nic., late Epic; Pfeiffer Phil. 92 (1937): Iff. and 8), Aeol. aAoaUva (Theoc. 30, l2), probably metrical for �A£O-, aA£O-. Further �Alea [adv.] l. 'very much, exceedingly' (Horn. always �Alea 1tOAA�(V); A. R.), 2. 'in vain, to no avail' (Call., A. R.); the formation has a parallel, be it incomplete, in the local and temporal adverbs in -ea (£vea, oTjeu, fllVUVea) and in the numeral adverb OlXeU, etc. Thence �AleLOC; (Dor.

515 aA-) 'idle, vain, foolish' (Pi., lA), h£AleLOV [adv.] (IG 1\ 975 [VPl), �Alel-WOTjC; (Philostr.), -6TTjC; (Att.), -6w (A.), -u�w (Ar.). Here probably also �AEflaToc; (Aeol. Dor. aA-) 'idle, foolish' (Sapph., Ale., Theoc.), of unclear formation, but improbable is haplology for *�A£fl6flaToc; (BechteI 1921, 1: 44). Difficult to analyze are the verbs aAAo-cppoVEW 'to be senseless' (Horn., Hdt.) and aAAo-cpuaaw 'to be delirious' (Hp.). Acc. to Fick (see Bechtel 1914 s.v. aAAocppovEW, �A£6C; and Leumann 1950: 11682), the first member contains an Aeolic variant of �A£6C;, i.e. *<'iAAoC; < *UA10C; (whence voc. *<'iAA£ = �A£ 0 l28); cf. aA£6-cppwv above. Later it was construed as derived from UAAOC; (thus Hdt. 7, 205). As the medical expression aAAocpuaaw cannot be Aeolic, it must have been formed after aAAocppoVEW or contain the pronoun UAAOC;; see Leumann 1950: 30982 . ETYM Formed like £v£6C;, K£v£6c;, £T£6c;, etc., �A£6c; recalls � �ACtaKW, � aAuOflctL, but has no further cognates. Lat. iilea 'game of dice' does not continue Dor. *UA£U. The variants �A£6C;, aActL6c; (H.) point to a noun with PG suffix *-ay-(os), with *ay > * ey > * e; see Pre-Greek: suffixes (6. ctL/a). Moreover, the suffix -le- is Pre-Greek. The form aAA(o)- seems to have been derived from *alY(o)- with palatalized -P-, which resulted in -AA-; however, the relation between iilay- and iiLY- remains unclear. Does it derive from *alyo-, a reduced form of *iilayo-? •

TJALULU [f.] 'supreme court at Athens'. => aA�c;. �AL�UTOC; [adj.] Meaning unknown (11.), in Horn. always (and later frequently) of 1tETpTj (-a) 'rock', but also of several other objects, e.g. opu£C;, UVTpOV, TupTctpoc;, KUfla; interpreted as 'steep, high, deep', later also as 'enormous, big', see Buttmann 1825:2: 176ff. (,steep' or 'slippery'), which may all easily be later guesses. � ?� .VAR Dor. aA-. .DER Beside it �AlPUTUC; (TPUYOC;, Antiph. 133, 3). .ETYM Unexplained. Another unclear epithet of 1tETpTj is � atylAnjl. Cf. also �ALT£V�C; 1tETpa· lJ\jlTjA� 'high' (Suid.). Acc. to Buttmann 1825=2: 176£f., it is from *�AlT6-paToC;, meaning upaToc;, MapaToc; vel sim. (by comparison with �AlT6-flTjvoC;), with "Silbendissimilation" . IlAL8u VAR �AleLOC;. => �A£6C;. •

TJALKOC; [adj.] 'as old, as large', relative and indirect interrogative pronoun (lA). � IE *kweh2-1i- 'how (big)?'� .VAR Dor. aA- (Theoc.) . DER Beside it the demonstrative TTjAlKOC;, Dor. TUA- 'thus old, thus large' (11.) with TTjAlK6ao£, TTjAlKOUTOC; (Att.) and the interrogative 1tTjAlKOC; 'how old?, how large?' (lA). .ETYM From the relative stem 6-, a- (see � OC; 1), after � 1tTjAlKOC; and � TTjAlKOC;. A parallel formation is OCS je-lih '(tantus) quantus'. See also on � �Al�. •

�AL� [m., f.] 'of the same age, as old' (a 373). � IE *sueh2-lik- 'as old'� VAR Dor. a.Al�. .COMP As a second member in 1taV-acp-�Al� 'without any companions of his own age' (X 490). Mostly only as an indication of age, e.g. 6fl-�Al� 'of the same age' (11.; •

-r-

with OflT]ALK-(T] 'age group, generation' (ll.), Cl.(p-�AL�, Ion. cm- 'beyond youth, elderly' (h. Cer. 140), but also 'youthly' (Phryn. Corn.). DER Abstract �ALK(a, -(T] 'group of the same age' (IT 808), 'manhood'; �ALKLWTT]<;, fern. -TL<; 'of the same age' (lA), Cret. FaALKLWTa<; (�-TT]<; cod)
•

fjALO<; [m.] 'sun' (ll.).
=

�pCt�UAOV or KOKKUflT]AOV (Seleuc. apud Ath. 2, 50a).
�AO<; [m.] 'nailhead; wart, callus' (ll.).
-r- - ---�- ----��--�--��--

517

.COMP E.g. apyUpO-T]AO<; 'adorned with silver nails' (Horn.), �AO-KOTIO<; 'nailsmith' (pap.) . .DER Diminutive �ACtpLOV (pap.); �A1TL<; adjunct of A£1t(<; (Dsc., Aet.); denominative verb �AOW, mostly with prefIx, e.g TIpo
'HAUIT]flL.

-r

518 Ttflat [V.] 'to sit' (epic, Hdt.). -
qflUl60v [n.] Name of a coin, acc. to H. = �fllW�Dl.lOV. OlW�OAOV napa KU�lKT]voL;:; (Herod., Phoen., Rhodes, etc., BechteI 1921(2) : 654 and 1921(3): 301). -
•

�flEoun6<; [adj.] 'of our land, native' (Att.). -
-r-

�fll-

519

.ETYM The synonymous form Skt. asmad-iya- 'our' points to a suffIx -ano;:; (cf. on uAAooano;:;). On the stem of �fl£o- = asmad-, cf. � �flei;:;. Szemerenyi KZ 73 (1956): 59f. assumes old ablaut. �fl£l<; [pron.pers.] 'we, us' (ll.). -
Tt fl£v [pcl.] in �flEV . . . �o£ . . . , 'both . . . and also . . .' (ll.). -
�fll- comp. element 'half (ll.). -
520

� f.10pOC;

.COMP In compounds, e.g. �f.1lmJ-TPlTOV [n.] 'the third half one and a half (Archil. 167), �fmueKTo [gen.] 'half a £KT£1JC;' (Cret.). .DER 1. �f.1l(Jt)C; (-TUC;) 'half, properly substantival [m.] (6 �f.1lauc; TOU aplef.10U; plur. � f.1LaelC; 7), TO �f.1lau (11.; after TO OAOV), adjective fem. �f.1La£la, Epid., Ther. �f.1h£la (Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-1916 2:1, 447). With regressive assimilation �f.1u(Jt)C; (Erythrae V", etc.). Lesb. aLf.1laewv is a reverse spelling for 11f.1l-, see Hodot 1990: 71. An o-stem �f.1laaov [n.] 'half < -TF-ov, found in Dor. and Arc. Denominative verbs �f.1laeuw 'halve, cut in half with �f.1Lawf.1a 'half (LXX), with aphairesis f.1Lawf.1a 'id.' (Perga); �f.1lO"lCt�W [v.] 'to halve, cut in half (Hero; cf. the verbs in -lCt�W in Schwyzer: 735). 2. �f.1lVa [f.] 'half (Cret., Cypr.; Bechtel 1921, 1: 448), also as a measure (Sicily; thence borrowed into Lat. hemlna); for the formation cf. OWTlV11 and Chantraine 1933: 205. 3· �f.1Lxa· �f.1laTaT�pa (H.), cf. � OLxa. ETYM Old expression for 'half, also in Skt. siimi-, Lat. semi-, Gm., e.g. OHG siimi 'id.'. The functional identity is reflected in parallel compounds (that need not be inherited, however): Skt. siimi-jlva- Lat. semi-vlvuS, cf. �f.1L-�LOC; and OHG siimi queck "half-living", 'half-dead'. An old locative of the root *sem- 'one' (see � dc;), thus properly meaning 'in one half (of two)'. =

•

=

q!10P0C; [adj.] . Uf.10lpOC; 'bereft' (H.). � IE *smer- 'receive as a share'� .VAR Thence �f.10pLC;· Kev�, eaTep11f.1Ev11 'empty, bereft'. AiaxuAoc; Nl6�n (Fr. 165); �f.16pl�ev· Uf.10lpOV bWL11aev 'made possessionless' (H.). ETYM The regular Ionic-Attic outcome of *u-af.1opoc;, and identical with Hom. (Aeol.) u-f.1f.1opOC;; see � f.1eLpof.1aL (f.16poC;, � f.1oipa) and � KCtf.1f.10pOC;. •

�!10C; 'when, while'. =>T�f.10C;. T)!1uw [v.] 'to bow down, perish' (11.); rarely transitive 'sink, ruin' (A. R., Musae.). � ?� VAR Aor. � f.1uaaL. COMP Also with KaT-, ErC-, UTt-. .DER Also Cif.1uw 'id.' (Hes. Fr. 216). Here probably also the perfect uTtef.1v�f.1uKe (X 491) for *uTt-ef.1�f.1uKe (with metr. length.), see Bechtel 1914 s.v. �f.1uw. ETYM Unexplained. •

•

•

qv [interj.] interjection calling attention: 'hey!, look over there', also �vLOe (�v ,(oe), �v ioou (Ar., Herod., Hell.). Added in Argiv. TaO-Ev, TovOeov-Ev. � IE ? *h,en 'see there'� .ETYM Acc. to Frisk, the formally identical Lat. en is a Greek loan, at least in part. T)V£K�C; => 8t11veK�C;. �v[a [n.pl.] 'reins, bridles' (Hom., Hes., Pi.). � IE *h2ensieh2 'rein'� .VAR �VLaL [f.pl.], also -La [sg.] (post-Hom.), Dor. o.v- (av-). .DIAL Myc. a-ni-ja lanhiai/, anijapi lanhiiiphil [dat.pl.f.]. Is the Homeric neuter secondary? COMP As a first member e.g. in �VL-OX0C; "driver", 'charioteer' (11.; epic also -�a, -�ec;, metrically conditioned) with �VLOX-lK6C;, -EW (epic -euw), -110"lC;, -£la. As a second member e.g. in xpua-�vloc; 'with golden reins'. •

521

.ETYM As Lacon. aVLOXLov = �VlOXEWV (IG 5(1), 213) seems to point to original psilosis (the origin of the aspiration is unknown), CtVLa may go back to *avala and be identical with a Celtic word for 'rein', Mlr. eis(s)i [m.pl.] < *ansio-. It has further been connected with Lat., BaIt. and Gm. expressions for 'grip, handle': Lat. iinsa Lith. qsa; semantically more doubtful is ON ces [f.] < *ansiii 'hole for shoe-strings'. =

�v[Ka [conj.] 'when, at the time when' (X 198). � IE *io- relative pron.� .VAR Dor. Aeol. (Pi., Theoc.) o.vLKa, also av-. A form without -Ka in koine-Cypr. a-ni Ihanil (Kafizin 267). .DER Beside it T11vlKa, Tt11VLKa; cf. on � �ALKOC;. .ETYM From the relative 6-, 0.- (see � OC; 1) with the same adverbial ending as in aUTL Ka, O-Ka. The element -Vl- is found in the Arc. demo O-Vl. For the *-eh2- cf. � �Al�.

'

qviC; [acc.pl.] epithet of �OUC;, �ouv (Hom.). � ?� .VAR �VLV (�VlV?) [acc.sg.] Hom., �VlOC; [gen.sg.] A. R. 4, 174. ETYM Probably with sch. A 1 'yearling, one-year-old', for which Wackernagel 1955(2): 1171' suggested a lengthened grade formation of a word for 'year' also seen in � evlauT6c;, with criticism of other ideas. Not very probable; criticism by Szemerenyi Sprache 11 (1965): 6-12. •

T)VOP£11 => av�p. �vO\V, -01tOC; [adj.] of xah6c; (IT 408, L 349 K 360), of oupav6c; and 1tup6c; (Call. Fr. anon. 24, 28); also PN (11.). Meaning debated, already in antiquity, cf. �vo1ta· Aaf.11tp6v, 1tCtvu EV11Xov, 8ta
qVU(JTPOV [n.] 'the fourth stomach of ruminants, rennet stomach'; also a dish (Ar., Arist.). � PG?� .VAR ev- (LXX) . .ETYM The form with ev- perhaps arose under the influence of EVTepa, eYKoLAla (but it is late in any case). Assuming *F�vuaTpov, �vuaTpov is traditionally connected with a NGm. word for 'rennet stomach', e.g. MoNw. dial. vinstr [f.] , but it differs regarding the quantity of the first syllable and the color of the intermediate vowel (although Gr. -u- might be analogical after umEpa). As a pre-form, lE *yenes-tro-, -trii- has been assumed. Further, with a different suffIx, there is OHG wanast 'belly', also 'the first stomach of ruminants', Skt. vani�thu- [m.] 'entrails' vel sim. (used as an offering). However, a digamma is uncertain, and the connection with the Germanic and Sanskrit words seems most improbable, as the forms are not well comparable. I think the ending in -mpov is Pre-Greek (Pre-Greek: suffIxes s.v. -mp-). Fur.: 25842 points to the variation el 11, for which he gives parallels . T)1tav� [v.] and �1tavci· a1topci, a1taVL�el, af.111xaveL 'is at loss, is in need of (H.). � ?� .DER Further �1taVLa· a1tOpLa, a1tCtvlC;, af.111xavLa H., EM 433, 17; conj. in AP 5, 238.

522

.ETYM Reminiscent of TrUVLU 'TrAll(Jflov�', so metrical lengthening for *U-TrUVLU (WP 2, 8) has been suggested. However, cf. (JTrUVLU 'lack, shortage'. DELG wonders how � can reflect an a- privative. I]TraOflUl [v.] 'to mend, repair' (Hes. Fr. 172, Ar. Fr. 227, Gal., Aristid.). � ?� VAR Aor. �Tr�(JU
�TrUp, -UTO<; [n.] 'liver' (ll.). � IE *(H)iekw-r 'liver'� .COMP As a first member e.g. in �TrUlO(JKOTrEW 'inspect the liver' (to predict the , future) (LXX). .DER �Tranov name of a dish (Ar.); �TruTIn<; [f.] 'belonging to the liver' (Hp.), also name of a stone and a plant (Plin., Ps.-Dsc., Stromberg 1940: 41); �TrUT-lKO<;, -lulo<;, -LU<;, -l1po<; 'ptng. to the liver' (Hp.); �TrUlO<; [m.] name of a fish (corn., Arist.; Stromberg 1943: 45f.; acc. to Thompson 1947 s.v. Egyptian [?l) . ETYM The lE word for 'liver', *iekw-r, gen. *iekw-n-es (-6s), is also retained in Skt. yak[-t, yakn-as and indirectly in Lat. iecur, iecin-or-is. In other languages the rln stem led to a paradigm split: e.g., OAv. yakara, MP jakar, MoP jigar (but Pashto yfna, and perhaps Old Iran. huyayna-, for *ha-yakana-, properly "of common liver", acc. to Krause KZ 56, 304ff.), or Lith. (j)eknos 'fish egg; calf; (plur.) spawn', Ru. ikra 'id.' < *(H)ikw-r-. In some branches, we find initial *1-, which may have been taken from the word for 'fat' (cf. on � ALTrO<;): Gm., e.g. OHG lebara, Arm. leard (with the ending of *iekw[); attempts to connect the I-forms with *jekw[ by assuming an anlaut *Ij- have failed (Schmidt 1889: 198f., Benveniste 1935: 132). Hitt. li-i-si is probably a loan (Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.). Szemerenyi KZ 73 (1956): 191 suggested that the Greek long vowel must be secondary, e.g. from �TOp; this is also advocated by Kortlandt. •

1]1tdiuvo<; [adj.] 'weak, light, slight, halting' (ll.). � ?� ETYM Formation like fHYEouv6<;, TrEUKEouv6<; (Chantraine 1933: 362, Schwyzer: 530, Risch 1937: 106), but further unclear, like several emotional adjectives. An Ionic word, acc. to DELG. Pokorny maintains the uncertain comparison with Lith. opus 'soft, receptive, invalid' (beside which *�Tro<; [n.] has been assumed, like plyo<; to plyEouv6<;); it has also been compared with Skt. apuva- 'mortal fear' (see Hoffmann 1955: 80ff., who also connects it with OP afuva and *h,ep- 'to seize'). •

il1t£lPO<; [f.] 'continent' as opposed to the sea and the islands, 'coast', also in opposition to the inland (ll.), as a TN Epeiros. � IE? *Heh2per- 'shore'� VAR Dor. lim:lpo<;, Aeol. liTrEPpO<;. .COMP As a first member in �TrElpo-y£v�<; 'born on the mainland' (A. Pers. 42). .DER �TrElpwTll<; fern. -Tl<; 'inhabitant of the continent, of Asia Minor, of Epeiros' ' (lA; on the formation Fraenkel 1912: 128 n. 1) with �TrElPWTlK6<; (X.); denominative •

523 verb �m:lpooflUl, *ow 'become (part of the) continent, connect with the mainland' (Th., Arist.). .ETYM Except for the suffIxal yod, PGr. *UTrEP!O<; agrees with the WGm. word for 'shore', OE ofer [m.], MoHG Ufer, etc., PGm. *ofera-, which points to lE *apero- < *Hehzpero-. Arm. ap'n 'shore' (Benveniste 1935: 13) cannot be compared phonetically (so is it a substrate word?) . I]Tr£P01t£v<; [m.] 'cheat, deceiver' (A 364, A. R. 3, 617, AP 9, 524, 8). � PG(S)� .VAR -111<; [f.] (Horn., apud Str. 1, 2, 4). .DER �TrEp01tEVW (only present stem) 'cheat, deceive' (Horn., Hes.) together with �TrEpOTrEUT�<; (only voc. -Ta r 39 = N 768, h. Mere. 282, etc.; on the formation Fraenkel 1910: 20f., Fraenkel 1912: 34) and �1tEpOTrEUflU (Critias). .ETYM Because of the rarity of the attestations, �TrEpOTrEU<; could be a back-formation from �m:pOTrEuW. The basic form *�TrEP-O"', *�TrEP-OTrO<;, -� that was assumed received various explanations (see Frisk). Kuiper's connection (Kuiper Glotta 21 (1933): 283f.) with � uTraTll is semantically attractive, but an lE reconstruction is excluded in this case. A loan from Pre-Greek is quite possible (thus also DELG), especially in view of suffIxal -op-. 1]1tlUAO<; [m.] 'ague, ague from fever' (Thgn., Ar., Hp., etc.; on the meaning Stromberg 1944: 82ff.); 'nightmare'. � PG(v)� VAR £TrLUAO<; Ale. apud EM 434, 6 (probably after £Trl). Cf. �TrLOAO<; 'moth' (Arist. HA 605b 14; v.l. -OAll<;) with �moAlov· PlYOTrUpETlOV 'ague' (H.). .DER �muAwoll<; 'ague-like' (Hp.), �muAEw 'suffer from agues' (Ar., Arist.), K llmuAooflUl 'turn into an ague' (Hp.) . ETYM Acc. to Stromberg 1944: 82ff. (with parallels), it is from �mo<;, so properly "mild fever", which would be a taboo paraphrase. This seems an improbable hypothesis. On the suffIx -UAO-, see Chantraine 1933: 246f. The word �TrLOAO<; 'moth' (better, -oAll<;; after the nouns in -OAll<;) should not be separated from �TrLUAO<;, as is shown by the words adduced by Bugge BB 18 (1892): 166: Lith. drugys 'fever, malaria, butterfly, moth' (related to Ru. droiat' 'shiver'), Alb. ethe 'fever' with etheze 'moth' ("feverbird"). In folklore, butterflies, etc. bring fever (Frisk). Given the variation u/ 0, it is probably a Pre-Greek word (Fur.: 258, 342). See also on � £q)[ahll<;. •

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ilmo<; [adj.] 'friendly, gentle, kind, mild, soothing' (ll.). � IE? *hze-h2p-i- 'friendly'� .COMP As a first member e.g. in �mo-
524

�Tn)W

lengthened grade locative *h,ep-i 'proche', from which Pinault departs, a formation which would be isolated. TptUW [v.] 'to sound loudly, cry loudly' (ll.). � ?� VAR Dor. Arc. amJw, aor. �1tuam. .COMP Also with av-, E1t-; �Pl-�1tU-O<; 'crying loudly' (N 521) . DER �mlTa. 'cryer', as an epithet (H 384, Q. S., Opp.), 'H1tUTlOfj<; name of a herold (P 324) . ETYM It is possible that �mJw is based on a noun *�1tu<; 'loud cry' (F�aenkel 1910: 165). On the ending, cf. YfjpU-W, oi(u-w, av-am; further unclear. The comparison with Lat. viipulO 'to be beaten' (probably properly 'lament, cry') and Gm. words like Go. wopjan 'cry' (which suppose a deviating labial) supposes an initial digamma. However, there is no trace of it in Homer. Improbable comparison by Fur. 236 with � auw 'to cry, call'. •

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�pa [acc.sg.] (or [n.pl.] ?) 'service, favor' in (E1tt) �pa Cjl£P£lV 'do a favor' (ll.); post Horn. as a postposition with gen. = xaplv 'for the sake of, on account of (B., Call.). � IE *ueh,r- 'true' ?� .DER � EPlfjp£<; [pl.] 'faithful', also E1tlfjp0<; (perhaps a reinterpretation of E1tt �pa Cjl£P£lV in e.g. A 572 and 578). Also �plfjp6v· lleyaAw<; K£xaplall£vov 'highly charming' (H.; perhaps �Pl- is a mistake for Epl-); PN IIOAU-�Pfj<;, etc. The appurtenance of Lesb. � �pwva and � Em�pavo<; 'pleasant' is doubtful. .ETYM A pre-form *F�p-a (on the digamma, see Chantraine 1942: 152; on the formation, Sommer 1948: 138) can be connected in several ways. First, with words for 'friendly': Lat. severus 'earnest', if < *se vero "without friendliness" (but see now Nussbaum 1998 apud De Vaan 2008 S.V. severus on this word), Gm., e.g. ON vcerr 'friendly', OHG ala-wiiri 'friendly'. Alternatively, it can be connected with the word for 'true': Lat. verus OIr. fir OHG wiir, OCS vera 'faith', etc., from *ueh,-ro-. Within Greek, some have tried to connect it with � £OpTfj, � epavo<;, � epoTl<;. =

=

"Hpa [f.] Hera, the wife of Zeus (ll.). � PG� .DIAL Myc. E-ra, Ion. "Hpfj; Cypr. Bpm [dat.] (see DeP 681, 4). COMP As a first member e.g. in 'Hpa-KAefj<;, -KA�<; (ll.), explanation in Kretschmer Glotta 8 (1917): l2lff., with �lfj 'HpaKAfj£lfj (probably an Achaean formula, see Ruijgh 1995: 82f.), also -KA�·lO<;, -KA£lO<; and'HpaKA£lofj<; (ll.) . DER 'Hpalo<; 'belonging to H.' (lA); fern. -ala, -aa place name (Arcadia VI") with 'Hpmeu<; inhabitant of Heraia; also EpFaolOl (El.); 'Hpa(l)wv month name (Tenos, Eretria) . ETYM The Mycenaean, Cyprian and Arcadian forms without digamma make El. BpFaolOl suspect. Therefore, the connection with Lat. serviire, etc. is quite improbable. Other proposals are highly doubtful: e.g� to lE *Hieh,-r- 'year' (see � wpa). As with most theonyms, Pre-Greek origin is most probable. •

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�pave£llov [n.] "spring anthemon" (Dsc.). � GR� ETYM From eap 'spring'; cf. Stromberg 1940: 72. On the formation, see Risch IF 59 (1949): 53f. •

�PlOV

525

�pavo<; [m.] 'keeper, lord, helper' (Hell. poetry), in H. = �aatA£u<;, apxwv, aKo1t6<;, CjluAa� 'king, ruler, overseer, guardian'. � ?� .VAR Found as Em-�pavo<; 'powerful, ruling, protecting' in earlier sources (Emp., Pl. Corn., AP) . DER �pav£wv· �ofjewv, Xapl(61l£vo<; 'helping, charming' (H.) . .ETYM For the suffix, cf. � Kolpavo<;. Since Fick 1874-1876(2): 270, it has been compared with Skt. viiraka- 'who wards off, opponent' (or, rather, viira1;ui- 'averting, strong' RV), from the root of � epullal. Frisk compares Em-�pavo<; with Em _ �ouK6AO<; and asks whether �pavo<; is an archaizing Simplex. Connection with � �pa, � btlfjp0<; seems semantically improbable. •

�ptf1a [adv.] 'quietly, gentle, slowly, a little' (Pl., Ar., Arist.); also �P£Ila.<; (A. R. 3, 170; antevocalic), -Ill (Ar. Ra. 315). � IE? *h,remH- 'rest, be quiet'� .DER Comp. �p£ll£aT£po<; (X., Thphr.; innovation, not an old s-stem to Go. rimis), together with �p£llat.6Tfj<; (Hp.); �P£Il0<; 'id.' (Thphr.; back-formation from �pell£w) with �P£1l6Tfj<; (late); further �p£llalo<; 'quiet' (Pl., Hp.). Denominative verbs: l. �P£Il£w 'be quiet' (Pl., Hp., etc.) with �P£llfjat<; 'rest' (Ti. Locr., Arist.), also �p£llla 'id.' (Arist.; after the type Emofjll£w : Emofjllla; Schwyzer: 469; cf. also �P£Il0<; [: E1tlOfjllo<;l); 2. �p£lll(W 'calm' (X., Arist.) with �p£lll(Jlla (Comm. Arist.); 3. �p£lla(w 'be quiet' (LXX). .ETYM See Schwyzer: 622 on the formation: �P£Ila.<;, like aTp£Ila.<; (ibid. 620); on �P£lll (-£l), ibid. 623. The word �p£lla cannot be separated from a widespread group for 'rest, quiet': e.g., Skt. ramate 'to rest, etc.', Lith. rimti 'to be quiet' (the acute accent pointing to a root-final laryngeal), Go. rimis [n.] 'rest', OIr. fo-rimim 'to set, lay'. A prefix �- cannot be assumed (cf. � ��m6<;); neither is a lengthened prothesis attractive (the archaic epic word � �T8£O<;, with metrical lengthening, is not a parallel). �Pl [adv.] 'early' (ll.). � IE *h2eus-er-i '(early) in the morning'� .COMP As a first member e.g. in �Pl-y£v£la 'born early' (ll.), epithet ofHw<;, also as a substantive denoting dawn; later also -�<; (A. R.); �Pl-Y£PWV "early grey", also the plant 'Senecio' (Thphr.; Stromberg 1940: 56) . .ETYM Seems to stand for *�£pl (cf. �£plO<;, 'H£pl-�Ola). This used to be explained as from *Cll£Pl as a locative with lengthened grade, beside a full grade *ajer-i seen in Greek in � a.PlaTOV 'breakfast', as well as in Go. air, ON ar [adv.] 'early'. The noun is seen in Av. aiiara, gen. aiiqn 'day'. However, the lengthened grade assumed for Greek is found nowhere else. Kiparsky Lang. 43 (1967): 624-6 convincingly derived the form from a locative *aus-er-i 'in the early morning', belonging to the root *h2eus- of � �w<;, to which � �lKav6<; also belongs. The old explanation should be rejected. �p(ov [n.] 'burial mound, barrow' (If l26). � ?� .COMP As a first member in �Pl-£PY�<;· TUIl�wpux0<; 'grave digger' (H.). .DER Not here the river name 'Hploav6<; . .ETYM Formation like KfjpLOV : Kfjp6<;, IlfjpLa : Ilfjp6<;, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 59). By the ancients, it was connected with epa 'earth' (cf. Schwyzer: 424, where unclear

526

�pOC;

1tOAUTlP0C;' 1tOAUapoupoc;, 1tAoumOC; 'having much farmland, rich' [H.] is adduced), but given flEya � Plov in 'If l26, we should rather reconstruct *FTJPlov. Often derived from a root *uer- 'cover', with reference to Gm. words like ON vQr [f] 'hill or bank of stones or gravel', ON ver [n.] 'dam' < lE *uorio-, which derive in the first place from a verb for 'avert', Go. warjan, etc. This is not convincing, as it supposes a lengthened grade for Greek. ilPoC; [m.] with �plaKoc; of unknown meaning (Delos IV -lIP). � ?� oETYM Unexplained. �puyyoC; 1 [f.] name of a thistle-like plant, 'Eryngium' (Nie. et al.). � PG(s)� VAR Mostly � puyyLOV (Thphr.), also �puYYTJ (Plin.) and � puYYLTTJC; (PIu.). .DER �puYYlC; [f.] 'belonging to E. ' (Nic.). oETYM Formation like £'Ol.lyyoC; and 1tlauyyoc;; the suffix -Vyy- is much more frequent in athematic forms like cpapuy�, etc. Ace. to Stromberg 1940: 72, it derives from eap, �pOC; 'spring', as "spring flower". Clearly a Pre-Greek word. o

�puyyoC; 2 [m.] 'goat's beard' (Arist. HA 610b 29). � PG(S)� ETYM Although tlIe meaning 'goat's beard' is unexplained beside those of �puyyoc; 1, the word is clearly Pre-Greek. •

iJpwva [f] 'consecrated object' = L£pwvla (inscr. Thermi near Mytilene, IG l2(2), 242, cf. also 251) . ETYM For L£pwvla, a Lesbianized form. See Hodot ZPE 49 (1982): 187-9. •

ijpwc; [m.] 'lord, hero' (11.). � PG� .VAR Gen. -woc;, rarely -WVOC;, -WVl, -wn, ete. (details in Schwyzer: 479f., 557, 582). DIAL Mye. ti-ri-se-ro-e Itris-erohesl. .DER �PW'LOC;, �P4>oc; 'heroic' (PL, PI.) together with �pw"Lov, -WOV 'sanctuary of a hero' (lA); �PW'LKOC; 'id.' (Att., Arist.). Several feminine formations (cf. on �amA£uc;): 1. �pwtc; (PL); 2. �pwtVTJ, �pq,VTJ, �potva (Ar., inscr.); 3. �pw'Laaa, �p4>aaa (A. R., inscr.); 4. �pwaaaa (Creta); 5. �pUC; (Lilybaeum IP), probably an innovation (after 9�Auc; or YPTJUC;?); �pw'LaO"Tal, �pw'LaTal (-o'LaTal, -wa'ral) [pI.] 'adorer of heroes' (inscr. Iva); after the nouns in -aaT�C;, -laT�C;, see Fraenkel 1910: 175ff.; �pw'Lafl0C; 'adoration of heros' (Mytilene); the verb �pwt
'Hcrl060c; [m.] PN Hesiod (since PL). � ?� .DER'HmoO£loc; (Pl.). ETYM Solmsen 1901: 81 supposed a governing compound to lTJfll *FoO�V 'to start a song'. See on � auO�; further Knecht 1946: 48f A survey of the proposals is given by Meier-Briigger Glotta 68 (1990): 66-67. •

ijauxoc; [adj.] 'quiet, silent, slow' (Hes.). � ?� .VAR Also �auXloc; (cD 598), �auXlfl0C; (Pi. 0. 2, 32; analogical to �auXla, Arbenz 1933: 77), �auXaioC; (Att.; to �aux�)·

527 .DIAL DOL aaux- is not a hyperdorism, see Forssman 1966: 48ff. .DER �aux�, -fi [adv.] 'quiet, softly, secretly' (lA; Schwyzer: 550); �auXla, -ITJ 'rest' (a 22); �aUXa
ijHWV oVAR Ion. �aawv. =�Ka. iJiin: [pcl.] 'as, just like' (11.). � IE *h,e 'or'� o ETYM From �, �(F)E 'or' and *(H)ute, found in Skt. uta 'and, also'. See Schwyzer 1950: 564 and 576. Cf. � £UT£. "H
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528 ltXTJ [f.] 'sound, noise' (ll.). "'l IE *(s)ueh,t- 'sound'� VAR Dor. Ctxu. COMP As a second member e.g. in u\jI-T]X�C; 'with high neighing' (t11110C;, ll.); UVT T]X0C; 'sounding towards' (Ph.), to �X�, �X0C; or �X£w . DER �X�£lC; 'sounding, making noise' (ll.; with shortening �X££VTU Archil. 74, 8; see Schwyzer: 246). �Xw [f.] 'sound, noise' (Dor. Ctxw), also personified (h. Horn., Hes. Se., Pi., A.). �X0C; [m.] (secondarily [n.] , Schwyzer: 5l2) �X�, together with �XWOT]C; (Hp., Hell.); also as a PN FCixoC; (Arc.), short name like FCixuC; (Cor. Chalcid.). Verb �X£W, aor. �x�am, often with prefix, e.g. CtVT-, U11-, 'sound, rustle, give a sound' (Hes.); with CtVT-�XT]flu, -�XT]O'lC;, �X£TT]C;, -Ta. (CtX-) 'who sounds, cicada' (Hes.; also from �X0C;, Schwyzer: 500, Fraenkel 191O: 165), �XT]T�C; Hes. with �XT]TlK6C; 'sounding' (late), �X£lov 'drum' (Ph., PIu.). See also on � iuxw, � iuX� ' .ETYM �X� (from *FCiXu), �Xw, and secondary �XOC; (cf. K6fl110C;, TUpUX0C;) continue a root noun or an uncharacterized verb. These were replaced by innovations �X� and deverbative (or denominative?) �X£w. Beside it stands a primary zero grade reduplicated present FL-piX-w; see � iuxw. The forms �X�, �X£W have no exact parallels in other languages. The closest are Lat. viiglre 'wail' (though with lE *-g-) and a few Baltic and Germanic words with initial *sy-, e.g. Lith. svagiu, -eti 'to sound' (lE *_thJ_), OE swagan 'sound' (lE *-t- as in �X�) · •

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=

6Ulp6C; [m.l 'pivot of a door' (M 459, Q. S., Agath.), also 'axle of a chariot' (S. Fr. 596). "'l IE *dhuer- 'door'� ·COMP 8mpoouTm· ot EV T4J �uY4J OUKTlJAlOl, Ol' tiJv ot pUT�p£C; 'the rings on the yoke, whence the reins' (H.). .DER 8mpuloc; (Poll.). · .ETYM A technical term, which Brugmann IF 17 (1904-1905): 356£f. derived from *8FuP-l6-c; (thus lE *dhyr-j6-) as "Tiirganger", from � 8upu and itvm 'to go'. The form reconstructed for Greek would rather contain the suffix *-jo-, thus *dhur-io-. This remains uncertain. MoNw. (dial.) darre 'pivot of a door, small standard in the corner of a sledge' (Falk & Torp 1910: 178) is remotely related at best. 6UKOC; [m.] 'seat, chair' (Att.). "'l PG (s,v) � .VAR Epic Ion. Dor. 8WKOC; (since ll.), lengthened 86wKOC; (P 26, fl 318 verse-finally; see below) . COMP As a second member e.g. in aUV-8UKOC;, -8WKOC; 'who shares his chair with someone else' (S., E.) . DER Denominative verbs: 1. 8uaaw, epic 8uuaaw (only present stem) 'sit' (ll.) < *8uFUK-!W, see below; 80u�w for *80uaaw; 2. 8iXK£W, 8WK£W (also with prefix, e.g. O'UV-, EV-) 'sit' (post-Horn.) together with 8UKT]flu 'sitting' (S.), Ev8uKT]0'lC; 'sitting' (S.), Ev8uKT] 'ambush' (Pompeiopolis; deverbal), 8uK£10v 'seat' (Attica Iva; cf. CtpX£1ov, Chantraine 1933: 61). 3. 8UK£UW 'go to stool' (PIu., Artem.). On � 80u�w, see s.v. ETYM From 8UPUKOV' 8CiKOV � 8p6vov H., it appears that *8CiKO was contracted from *8u(F)UKOC;; 8WKOC; would then come from 86(F)iXKOC; (not from 8w(F)UKOC;, as per Frisk et al.), shortened *86(F)UKOC;; it yielded 86wKOC; after diectasis. Details on 8CiKOC;, 8WKOC; in Bjorck 1950: 349ff. Connection with *dheh,- (comparing 8wfl-6C; 'heap') as zero grade and a-grade is impossible because of *8uFuK-OC;. In accordance with Schulze 1892: 435, *8uFuKOC; has been explained as assimilated from *86FuKOC;, but this is most improbable. The word must be Pre-Greek, as was observed by Fur.: 342. A suffIx -UK- is frequent in Pre-Greek (Pre-Greek: SuffIxes); the variation *-uF-/ -oF- is normal in substrate words. •

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6uA.u!1oC; [m.] 'inside room at ilie back of a house' (as opposed to fltyupov, OWflU); room for women and bedroom, also a room for provisions (ll.; on the meaning Wace lHS 71 (1951): 203ff.), in mariners' language 'the lowest deck of a ship' (Timae., . Poll.). "'l PG(v)�

530

8aAaaaa

.COMP As a first member e.g. in 8aAaflTj-1t6AOe; [f.], late [m.] 'chamber maid, lady's maid; eunuch' (Od.; -Tj- metrically conditioned). 8aA
8aAUKp6e;

531

[n.] is found only in 8aAEwv [gen.pl.] (X 504) ; instead of it we find 8aAep6e; (ll.), like yAuKep6e; to yAUKUe;. 8aALa, -LTj 'flower, abundance', plur. 'festival' (ll., Hdt.; Scheller 1951: 39 with different analysis) with 8aALa�w [v.] 'to amuse oneself (PIu.). PN 8aATje; (-�e;), gen. 8aAew, 8aATjTOe;, etc. (Schwyzer: 461f.) . See also on � 8aAuma. 2. From the present: 8aAA6e; [m.] 'green twig, especially of the olive; sprout', also '(festive) gift' (p 224) together with 8aAALa [f.sg.] 'foliage' (Thphr.), 8aAALa [n.pl.] 'gifts' (pap.), 8aAAtvoe; 'consisting of 8aAAOL' (Rhodes). 8aAAw [f.] 'goddess of growth' (Iusi. apud Lycurg. 77, Paus. 9, 35, 2) . Secondary presents: 1. to the root aorist: 8aA-E8w (ll.; see Chantraine 1942: 327, Shipp 1967: 39) ; 2. to the perfect: 8TjAEW, 8aAEW, aor. 8TjA�aUL, 8aA- (ll.), together with EpL8TjA�e; 'richly growing' (ll., Hes.), etc. (but cf. EpL8aALe;· clooe; OEVOpOU 'kind of tree' H., erithales [n.] Plin. to 8aAOe;). Lengthened from 8TjA£W: TTjAe8aw, old only the ptc. TTjAe8awv (ll.; Chantraine 1942: 359) . ETYM Ascertained correspondences are found only in Albanian and Armenian: present Alb. dal 'to· sprout' < *dhal-n- (which may even be identical with 8aAAw, cf. on � �aAAw), aor. dol(l)a < lE *dheh21- as in TE8aAa, and the Arm. adjective dalar 'green, fresh', which has been compared directly with 8aAep6e;. The Celtic material (MW deillyau 'to emanate, proceed, etc.'), and the Germanic even more so (see Pok. 234) , is best considered separately. See LIV2 s.v. *dhalh,- (which cannot be the correct reconstruction, however). Clackson 1994: 118ff. argues concerning the comparison Arm. dalar : 8aAep6e; that -ar- is a productive suffix in Armenian and that 'the semantic development may be independent' . •

6aA1tW [v.] 'to warm', rarely intr. 'to be warm' (Od.). � PG� .VAR Aor. 8aA\IIUL. .COMP Also prefixed with ava-, EltL-, auv-, U1tO-, etc. DER 8aA1tOe; [n.] 'warmth' (lA) with oUa-8aA1t�e; 'with bad warmth, shivery' (P 549) ; or from 8aA1tW; 8aA1tWp� 'refreshment' (Hom.); 8aA\IILe; 'warming' (Hp.); 8aA1tv6e; 'warming' (Pi.; cf. Tep1tv6e;; Chantraine 1933: 193) ; 8aA1teLV� 'Iris' (Stromberg 1940: 82) ; PN 8aAltLOe; B 620. Lengthened ptc. pres. 8aA1tL6wv 'warm' (T 319, Arat. 1073; on the formation see Risch 274) . ETYM Connection with 8aAAw as 'make flourish' is improbable. The root is also found in � 8aAuKp6e;, *dhal-ukw-; the syncopated form, without -u-, yielded 8aA1tw. Thus Kuiper Lingua 21 (1968) : 270-275 and Fur.: 384, 391. On syncope in Pre-Greek, see Fur.: 378-385. •

•

6aAuKp6e; [adj.] 'warm, glowing' (Call. Fr. anon. 69, AP 5, 219) , in H. = hafl6v, Aafl1tp6v, �Aoaup6v, aVULOEe;, 1tavoupyov 'rash, splendid, hairy, shameless, knavish', with 8aAuKpEoVTUL· \IIeuoovTUL 'they are deceived' (H.). � PG� .DER 8aAuea8UL·
532

8UAumu

preceding syllable, after which -K- was retained. Although (as Frisk remarks) this is not convincing from an lE point of view, such mechanisms are well-known for substrate words. Both 8aAn- and 8UAUK- can be explained as from *tal-ukw-, while in 8UAUKP0<; we have retention of k after u. See on � 8aAnw. The form aAuKp0<; is unclear; see � aMu 1 'warmth'. 6UAiJO'lU [n.pl.] 'offerings of first fruits' (1 534, Theoc. 7, 3). � IE *dhh21- 'flourish, grow green'� DER 8uMmo<; ap1'o<; 'bread from the first corn' (Ath. 3, 114a; cf. on 8upy�ALU), 8UAUma<; 606<; 'the road to the Th.' (Theoc. 7, 31); patronynicon 8UAuma0'1<; (Ll 458). ETYM From 8aAAw, etc., first from an adjective *8UAU<;, -U (found only in 8uMwv [gen.pl.] and 8aA£Lu [f.], of oui<;, £Op1'�), as was observed by Solmsen 1901: 37 and Solmsen Glotta 1 (1909): 80. On the formation, see Fraenkel 1912: 124 and Chantraine 1933: 41f. On the Thalysia see Nilsson 1941(1): 468. •

•

6uflu [adv.] 'often' (ll.). � ?� .DER 8uJ..LaKL<; (: nOAAaKL<;) 'id.' (Pi.). 8uf.1Lva 'id.' (Pi., Hp.), adjective 8uf..lLvo<; 'crowded, close-set' (Call.; cf. nUKLva, -LVO<;) with 8uJ..L LvaKL<; (Hp.); also 8UJ..L£LVO<; after uineLvo<; (h. Mere. 44). Next to 8uJ..La stands the u-stem *8uJ..Lu<; (1'axu : -raxu<;) in 8uJ..Lte<; [pl.] 'close-set, crowded', 8uJ..L£LuL [f.] (Horn.; on the accent Schwyzer: 385); cf. also 8UJ..LU-KA�<; PN (BechteI 1917b: 197). Compar. 8uJ..Luv1'epm· nUKV01'epm (H.), cf. i8uv-ra-ra. Here also 8aJ..Lu pL<; (H.), probably after nuv�yupL<;, by which H. glosses it; also as a PN (B 595, inscr.); cf. Bechtel 1917a: 25f.; further Moil<; 8uJ..Lupou<;· 1'a<; Aewcpopou<; 'highways'; 8uJ..Lu pL�£L· a8poL�£L, auvaY£L 'brings together' (H.); also intr. (BCH 50, 401, Thespiae). Denominative of 8uJ..La: 8uJ..LL�w [v.] 'to frequent' (ll.; cf. Schwyzer: 736). ETYM It was previously assumed that 8uJ..L- a was a reduced grade beside � 8'1J..Lwv, � 8wJ..Lo <;, but this is impossible, since the latter two derive from 8'1- in 1'L-8'1-J..LL. This had a zero grade 8e- < *dhh,-, as in � 8tJ..Le8Au, � 8tJ..LL<;. Therefore, the etymology remains unknown. •

6Ufl�O<; [n.] 'amazement, fright' (ll.). � PG(v)� .COMP As a second member e.g. in a-8uJ..L��<; 'fearless, undaunted' (Ibyc., B.) with a8uJ..L� Lu, -L'1 'fearlessness' (Democr. 215); back-formation a8uJ..L� 0<; 'undaunted' (Democr. 216), also as a PN (Delphi); cf. £K8uJ..L� 0<; below; see Schwyzer: 469. .DER 8UJ..L �uAtO<; (Nonn.). Denominative verbs: 1. 8uJ..L�tw, -�om, also with prefixes like EK-, 'be amazed, be frightened' (ll.), Hell. also trans. 'amaze, frighten' (LXX), together with 8aJ..L �-'1m<;, -'1J..Lu (Aq.), £K8uJ..L� 0<; (Plb.). 2. 8uJ..L �uLvw intr. 'id.' (Pi.). 3. 8uJ..L �euw trans. 'id.', together with -eu1'�<; (Aq.). .ETYM Beside 8aJ..L �0<;, Greek has an archaic-looking perfect � 1't8'1nu 'I am perplexed' with the thematic root aorist 1'ucpeiv (-racpwv, 1'acpe; ll.); from the latter derives 1'acpo<; [n.] = 8aJ..L �0<; (Od., Ibyc.). Secondary to 1't8'1nu are 8�nw· Em8uJ..Lw, 8uuJ..La�w; also, � 8w'\l. However, a nasal did not voice a following stop in Greek; Barton Glotta 71 (1993): 1-9 incorrectly assumes a complicated series of developments; oJ..LcpuA6<; disproves the rule ND < NDh, and av8pwno<; is a Pre-Greek word; the rule has been rejected on several occasions. Moreover, there is no evidence

8avu1'0<;

533

for e-vocalism (viz. *dhembh-), as we would expect if the word were of lE origin, so the whole approach thus far has been wrong: 8aJ..L�0<; and 1't8'1nu cannot be genetically related. The group is further isolated; Go. af-dobn [ipv.] 'become speechless' cannot be connected. Just as doubtful is the connection with a Germ. group for 'hit', e.g. ME dabben 'hit softly', MoHG tappen. The variation 8un-/ -racp-/ 8uJ..L � - (with Pre-Greek prenasalization), to which *8uF- in 8uuJ..Lu, etc. also belong, cannot be lE. The rare form 8wn- is a variant of *8uun-. The whole group is of Pre Greek origin; thus already Kuiper 1956: 225 and Fur. passim. 6ufll� [?] . aAwn'1� 'fox' (H.). � ?� .ETYM Improbable hypotheSiS by von Blumenthal 1930: 36£f.; see WH S.v. 6uflvo<.; [m.] 'bush, shrub' (ll.). � PG� VAR Also [f.], after other tree names. .DER Diminutive 8uJ..LvLoKo<; [m.] (Dsc.), 8uJ..LvhL<; 'shrub-like' (Nic. Th. 883), 8uJ..Lvw0'1<; 'id.' (ThjJhr.), 8uJ..Lva<; = pL�u (EM). Beside it 8aJ..Lv'1 (-u) [f.] 'wine from pressed grapes (?)' (Herod. 6, 90, Gp.) . ETYM The word 8aJ..Lvo<; exists next to 8UJ..L LVO<; and 8uJ..La just as nUKvo<; next to nUKLvo<; and nUKu; the barytonesis is caused by the substantivization (cf. Schulze 1933a: 124'). For the meaning, cf. the explanation in H.: 8aJ..LvoL· ouotu Kul nUKVa o£vopu 'dense and thick trees'. Not, as per Alessio Studi etruschi 18 (1941): 414, related to Lat. tamnus; see WH S.v. With its ending in -uJ..Lv (0<;), the word seems Pre Greek; its meaning makes this quite possible. •

•

6uvu1'o<,; [m.] 'death' (ll.). � IE *dh(u)enh2- 'die'� .COMP Compounds like a-8avu1'0<; 'immortal' (ll.), 8uvu1''1-cpopo<; 'death-bringing' (A. ; -'1- metrically and analogically conditioned, Schwyzer 438f.) . .DER Adjectives: 8uvamJ..Lo <; 'bringing death, going to die' (lA; on the formation Arbenz 1933: 17 and 70f.; rarely 8uvu1'�mJ..Lo<;, op. cit. 78f.); also 8uvu1'w0'1<; (Hp.), 8UVU1'O£L<; (S., E.), 8uvu1'�mo<; (Afric.; after �L01'�mo<;, �p01'�OLO<;), 8uvunKo<; (D. S., PIu.), 8uvu1''1po<; (Eust.); 8uvuLOumu (sc. tepa) [pl.] 'festival for the dead' (Luc.; after yepoumo<;). Denominative verbs: 1. 8uvu1'oW 'kill, bring to death, sentence to death' (lA) with 8uva1'wm<;; 2. 8uvu1'aw 'like to die', also 'be dying' (Pl.); 3. 8uvunaw 'id.' (Luc.). Old perfect 1't8v'1KU 'I am dead', plur. 1't8vCtJ..Lev, ptc. 1'e8v'1w<;, 1'e8vew<;, Aeol. inf. n:8vCtK'1V, with the thematic root aorist £8uvov 'I died' (ll.), the fut. 8uvouJ..Lm (ll.) and a present 8V'1LOKW (inscr.), 8V�OKW (mss.), Aeol. 8vmoKw (Hdn. Gr. 2, 79); in prose mostly ano-8VnOKW; also with other prefixes, e.g. KU1'u-8vnOKW, -8uveiv, -1't8v'1KU (all ll.); on the function of the prefix see Schwyzer 1950: 268f. Verbal adjective 8v'11'o<; 'mortal' (ll.). Thence 8v�mJ..Lo <; (only Arg. to S. OT 7) with 8v'1mJ..Luiov 'cadaver' (LXX); in the same meaning also 8vaoLoLOv, 8V'10(e)LoLOv (Lesbos, Ael.; Schwyzer: 270). Verbal subst. 8v�m<; 'dying, mortality' (medic.), eu8v�mJ..Lo <; 'preparing a soft death' (A. Ag. 1294) from eu 8VnOKeLv; cf. eu8avu1'0<;, -1'tw, -oLu . ETYM The comparison with the Skt. aorist a-dhvanf-t 'he disappeared' and the ptc. dhvan-ta- 'dark' previously led to a reconstruction lE dhyenh2-, but this etymological connection is not certain. The Greek forms 8uv-(eiv) and 8avu-(1'0<;), 8va-(1'o<;) •

534

Scmra

point to a reconstruction * dhnh2-, * dhnh2-e- beside *dhnh2-C-, LIV2 therefore combines them under a root *dhenh2- 'sich in Lauf setzen, sich davonmachen', to which also belong Indo-Iranian forms like Ved. dhanvati 'flows', pra dhanvati (YV) 'dies', as well as ToA tsnantar [subj.] 'flow'. Semantically, this is possible, but not wholly convincing. , 8uma [f.] . flu1u, Kp�w:; 'fly (Cretan) (H.). � PG� ETYM Fur.: 388, etc. compares Aa:nU < *Aumu (glossed as flu1u, IIoAupp�vLOL H.), OcotT'l<; (Lye.), and Lat. tabanus 'horse-fly'. However, see � Sumw on La�te. •

8umw [v.] 'to bury' (11.). � IE? *dhembh- 'dig, bury'� VAR Aor. SU'I!UL, pass. TUCP�VUL, also -S�VUL, perf. pass. TESUflflUL. .COMP Also with prefrx, e.g. £v-, cruv-, KUTU-. DER TUCPO<; [m.] 'burying, tomb' (11.), TaCP� 'id.' (lA); derived from this the hypostases £v-, £1tL-TUCPLO<; 'ptng. to a burial' together with £VTaCPLU(W, £VTaCPLUcrT�<; (LXX, pap.); bmucpEw [v.] 'to attend a burial' (inscr.); Tacp�'io<; 'ptng. to a burial' (Od.), TacpEU<; 'grave-digger' (S.), TaCP(E)WV '(place) of a tomb' (inscr.), TUCPLKOV 'burial costs' (pap.). TUCPP0<; [f.] (on the genus see Schwyzer 1950: 341) 'ditch (for , fortifrcation, etc.) (11.) together with TUcppEUW 'make a ditch' (Att.), whence TUCPp du, TUcpp-EUflu, -EUm<;, -EUT�<;; rare TUCPP'l 'id.' (Ion.); TpUCPO<; (Tab!. Herael. I, 130). , Uncertain Sum
u· flv�flu (cod. flulu). Kp�TE<; 'monument (Cret.) (H.); see Latte Glotta 34 (1955): 196f. ETYM It has traditionally been compared with Arm. damb-an 'tomb', starting from lE *dh1jlbh_. Greek would also have generalized the zero grade SUTI-, Tacp- < *Sucp-, and the full grade *dhembh- would have been eliminated in both languages. However, Clackson 1994: 120f. doubts that the words are old. Armenian and Greek could well be borrowings; lE origin is uncertain. •

•

•

0apyqAla [n.pl.] Ionic-Attic festival before the harvest, connected with the cult of Apollo (Hippon., Archil.), also TUPY�ALU (Milete). � PG(v)� .DER 8UPY'lALWV (Tupy-) month name (lA), 8UPY�ALO<; (Tupy-) PN (Ion.). Beside it SUpY'lAO<;, ace. to Crates apud Ath. 3, 114a name of a bread, which was otherwise called SUAumo<; (lipTO<;) (s. SUAumu), also name of a pot (XUTpU) with cooked fruits, which was considered a symbol of fertility (Suid., H., EM 443, 19). .ETYM Pre-Greek origin is demonstrated by the variant forms with T-. 8upvu!1al => Sopo<; and SpEoflUL. 8upO'o<; [n.] 'confrdence, courage, audacity' (11.). � IE *dhers- 'bold'� VAR Att. Suppo<; (partly a reshaping of Hom. Supcro<;, ete. ace. to Leumann 1950: 115); Aeol. SEpcrO<;. .COMP E.g. EU-SUpcr�<; 'of good courage' (A.), SEpm-ETI�<; 'talking courageously' (B.; on ilie frrst member Schwyzer: 448). DER SupcruAEO<;, -pp- 'with confrdence, courageous' (11.; on the formation Chantraine 1933: 253f.), 8EpcrlT'l<; PN (Hom., etc.), SUpcr�EL<; 'courageous' (Call., Nonn.; innovation, see Schwyzer: 527); denominative verb SUpcrEW (-pp-), aor. Supcr�crUL 'be courageous' (11.; cf. Schwyzer: 724, Chantraine 1942: 349; hardly from •

•

------.

-�--�-�----'-

535 EuSUpcrEW as per Leumann l.c.) together with SapP'lTLKo<; (Arist.). Beside Supcro<;, SEpcrO<; we have the adjective SpucrU<; 'audacious, courageous, bold' (since 11.), often as a frrst member, e.g. SPUcruKupOLO<; 'with audacious heart' (11.), Rhod. 8UpcrU-�LO<;, Ther. 8hup(p)u-fluqho<; (more forms in Schwyzer: 284); thence SPUcrUT'l<; 'boldness' (lA), 8pucrw epithet of Athena (Lyc.), denominative verb Spacruvw, SupcrUvw, -pp 'encourage' (11.) with Supcruvo<; 'with confrdence' (11.; deverbal; cf. Schwyzer 491); compar. Spucrlwv (Alcm.), SPUcrUTEPO<;, superl. -UTUTO<; (Att.); see Seiler 1950: 55f. Cf. also � (lTucrSuAO<;. .ETYM An exact correspondence to Spucru<; would be Skt. dhr$u-, but the latter is only attested in grammarians; the typical form is dhr$1)u- 'bold' (RV), from dhr$1)oti [3sg.pres.] 'be audacious'. The s-stem SEpcrO<; (for which secondarily Supcro<;, Spucro<; by influence of SpucrU<;) has no parallel in Sanskrit. Greek has only the denominative verbs SupcrEw, Supcruvw, while other lE languages have primary formations: Skt. dhr$-1)-o-ti, perf. da-dhtir$a, Go. ga-dars 'dare, TOAflw', Lith. drlsti 'dare' (with infrxed nasal, cf. OPr. dyrsos [adj.] 'courageous, skillful'). 8uO'O'w 'sit'

.

•

VAR Suucrcrw. => SUKO<;.

8uO'O'wv 'quicker'

.

•

VAR Att. SUTTWV. => TaXu<;.

8au!1a [n.] 'wonder, astonishment' (11.). � PG� .VAR Hdt. et al. SWflu (mss. also Swuflu; see below). .COMP As a frrst member e.g. in SUUflUTO-TIOLO<; 'wonder-worker = juggler' (Pl., D.) . .DER SuuflUTO<; 'wonderful' (Hes. Se. 165, h. Ham., Pi.) with Suuflumo<; 'id.' (lA; Schwyzer: 466), from which SuuflumoT'l<; (Hp.); SUUflUTO£L<; 'id.' (Man.); 8uuflu<;, -UVTO<; (Hes.; Schwyzer: 526, Chantraine 1933: 269). Denominative verbs: 1. Suuflulvw 'wonder, admire' (S 108, h. Yen. 84) with Dor. 8WflUVTa<; (Phleius); 2. Suuflu(w 'id.' (11.; on the formation Schwyzer: 734) with SuuflucrT�<; 'admirer' and SUUflUcrTLKO<; (Arist.), Suuflacrflo<; 'admiration' (Hell.), SUUflUKTpOV probably 'money paid to see a conjurer's tricks' (Sophr. 120; cf. Chantraine 1933: 332); 3. SUUflUTl(oflUL' £KTIA�TTOflUL 'I am astonished' (H.). PN 8wflwV (Boeot.); cf. yvwflu : yvwflwV et al.; see Bechtel 1917b: 214. .ETYM The word Suuflu belongs to the group of SUfl�o<;, TES'lTIU, etc. with Pre-Greek labial! F (Fur.: 228-33). This also explains SWflu with UU/W, beside which (with "etymological" notation) there is also Swuflu in Hdt.; the variation cannot be explained in lE terms. Thus Kuiper 1956: 225 and Fur.: 236, 242. It is possible, though by no means certain, that SuuflU, etc. are verbal nouns of a word for 'see, observe' in � SEU 'looking at', SEuoflUL 'behold', etc. 8u'l!o<; [f.] name of a plant, 'fustic, Rhus Cotinus', used for dyeing yellow (Theocr.). � LW ?� .VAR Also SU'I!lu pl(u (Thphr.); SU'I!lu [f.] 'deadly carrot, Thapsia garganica' (Arist., Thphr.) . .DER SU'I!LVO<; 'yellow-colored' (Ar.). .ETYM Identical with the name of the peninsula Thapsos (on the eastern coast of Sicily), or derived from it See Stromberg 1940: 127.

T

Seu 9tu [f.] 'sight, aspect, spectacle' (lA). - eo) and the development giving Seaoflm are discussed in Szemerenyi SMEA 3 (1967): 71-72. They can be taken as denominatives, or alternatively as deverbatives (Schwyzer: 720) with Sell, Seu as back-formations (this direction seems to be indicated by the chronology of the attestations)? No lE cognates; the word is Pre-Greek, as is proven by the variations (see � Suuflu, � Safl�o�). Incorrectly, Szemerenyi Glotta 33 (1954): 256, who traces *Sa.Fu to lE * dh1]1S1diJ. 9£lAom:8ov

=>

elA61te80v.

9dvw [v.] 'to slay', also 'to kill' (ll.). -
=

T

SeAeflOV

537

present Seivw was connected (cf. Frisk) with Lith. geniu (inf. geneti) 'to prune branches' « lE *gwhen-jo), beside OCS zbnjr (inf. z�ti) 'to reap, mow'. However, as Derksen 2008 S.v. *z�ti II remarks, the Balto-Slavic words point to a root-final laryngeal. Arm. jnjem 'to wipe off, clean' could belong here phonetically as well, but differs in meaning. Connection with Alb. gjan 'to hunt, follow' is very doubtful. On the meaning of the lE root, see recently Garcia Ramon 1998: 139-154. 9ciov [n.] 'brimstone' (ll., lA). -
geAef10V [adj.] epithet of 1twfla 'drink' (A. Supp. lO27 [lyr.]) of unknown meaning, glossed by H. as OiKTpOV, �auxov 'pitiable, quiet', connected with � SeAw by Hdn. Gr. 1, 171. -
-8EAUflvo<;

.ETYM Unexplained. Cf. 8EATJfl(v)u ("rE KUL
•

•

6tAW => £8€AW. 6tf.l£6Aa [n.pL] 'fundaments, base', also metaph. (11.) . � IE *dhehl- 'put, make'� oDER Also 8EflELALU [n.pL] 'id.' (11.) , a metrically lengthened form of 8Efl€ALU, adjective 8Efl€ALO<; 'belonging to the fundaments', as a substantive (se. ;\[80<;) 'foundation stone' (Att.) with 8EflEALOW 'lay the foundation' (X.), 8EflEALwm<; 'fundament' (LXX). A poetical-archaizing back-formation is 8€flELAOV (AP) with the same meaning, -u (verse inscr. Adana). .ETYM Formations with 8AO- and AO- from a nominal m-stem. Cf. 8Eflou<; s.v. .- 8Eflow. On the formation of 8Efl€ALO<;, see also Frisk Eranos 41 (1943): 51ff. Cf. also .- 8Efl€PTJ, .- 8€flL<;. See also Rix 1994: 35-53. 6£fltP'1 [adj.] . �E�ULU, aEflv�, EvaTa8�<; 'firm, revered, well-based'; 8€flEpOV· aEflvov. a
•

539

.ETYM Beside 8€flEpO<; (or 8EflEpO<;) 'solid, firm' stands *8€flLaTo<; in 8EflL
6£f.lOW [v.] only aor. 8€flwaE in (v�u) . . .
1 540

8evap, -apoe;

6tvup, -upoe; [n.] 'palm of the hand' (also metaph.), 'sole of the foot' (ll.).
6EOrrpon:Oe; [m.] 'fortune-teller, seer', also as an adjective 'prophetic'.
1 -8Epfloe;

541

6EOu6qe; [adj.] 'god-fearing, devout' (Od.). � O£oe; 'fear'. The meaning 'like a god' (in late poets) arose from confusion with 8eo-ElO�e;. •

6t1lLuvoe; [adj.] . amoflEVOe; 'touching, [here:] set on fire' (H.).
542 8epflOTT]e; 'warmth, heat' (lA). 3. 8ePflwA� 'id.' (Hp.; Frisk Eranos 41 (1943): 52). 4· 8epfleAT]· � 8epflT] Suid. (Stromberg 1944: 79). 5. 8epflaacra = KUfllVOe; 'oven' (Hdn. Gr. 1, 267; formation unclear, cf. Schwyzer: 525f.). B. Adjectives: 1. 8epflwoT]e; 'lukewarm' (Aret.); HN 8ePflwowv, -OVTOe; (Boeotia, Pontos; see Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 2 (1950-1951): 236; 3, 162). 2. 8epflT]poe; epithet of TtOT�pLOV (H. s.v. KeAe�T]; to 8epflT] ?). C. Verbs: 1. 8epflETo ipf. 'became warm' (11.), 8epflETe [ipv.] (8 426; after it Ar. Ra. 1339); on the formation cf. Schwyzer 722f.; 2. 8ePfla(vw, aor. 8epfl�vaL 'warm up' (11.), often with prefix, e.g. £K-8epfla(vw 'heat up completely' (Hp., Arist.) with deverbal eK8epfloe; 'very hot' (Vett. Val.); from there 8epflavaLe; 'heating' (Arist.) with 8epflavTlKOe; 'suited to warm' (PI., Arist.), 8epflaa(a 'heating, warmth' (Hp., Arist.; cf. Schwyzer 469), 8epflacrfla 'warming cuff (medic.; see Chantraine 1933: 176), 8epflucrTpii (see 8epflu�w below); 8ePflavT�p "warmer", 'kettle for boiling water' (Poll.) with 8ePflavT�plOe; 'warming' (Hp., inscr.). 3. 8epflu�w 'id.' only aor.opt.med. 8epflucrcraLO (Nic. Al. 587) together with 8epflucrTpa [f.] 'furnace' (Call.; also to 8ePfla(vw); also written 8ePflaucrTpa, by confusion with 8epflaucrTp(e; (8epfl-), 'fire tongs' (Arist., H.), cf. TtUp-aucrTpa 'id.' (auav 'scoop fire'); also metaph. as the name of a dance (Poll., Ath.) with 8epflaucrTp(�w (Critias, Luc.); from 8epflucrTpa: 8epflacrTp(e; (8epfl-) = 8epflavT�p (Eup., LXX); the forms in -acrTp-, -aucrTp- are not well distinguished, cf. Schulze 1933a: 189; by dissimilation 8epflacrne; meaning unclear (Attica Iva) with 8epflucrnov (Aen. Tact.). .ETYM Inherited adjective, identical wiili Arm. jerm 'warm', Thraco-Phr. germo- (in TNs, e.g. rEpflT]), lE *gwher-mo-; also, in substantivized function, Alb. zjarm, zjarr 'heat'. With o-vocalism, originally substantival, lE *gwhor-mo- in Skt. gharma- [m.] 'heat', OPr. gorme 'id.'; secondarily, also adjectival in Av. garama-, Lat. formus, MoE warm. See � 8epoflaL, � 8epoe;. etpoflut [v.] 'to become warm, warm oneself (11.). � IE *gwher_ 'warm'� VAR Rarely act. 8epw 'to warm' (A. R., Nic.), only present stem except aor. pass. subj. 8epew (p 23; for *8ep�-w), fut.ptc. 8epcroflevoe; (T 507). .COMP As a second member e g. in £iAT]-8ep�e;, but see on � el'AT]. DER 8epoe; [n.] 'summer' (11.), 'harvest' (lA). Thence 8epaoe; 'belonging to the summer', fem. 8epda, -T] (scil.
•

8wTteaLoe;

543

other languages have different formations : Arm. jer-nu-m, aor. jer-ay 'warm oneself (Skt. ghr-t;o-ti 'lights, burns' [gramm.] ; cf. ghr-t;a- [m.] 'glow, heat'), OCS griW Sf, ISg. grejQ Sf 'to warm oneself (gorjQ, goreti 'burn'), etc. etate, [f.] 'situation, position, adoption, custom, etc.' (Alc., PL). � IE *dhehl- 'set, make'� .COMP Very frequently as a derivative of prefixed verbs, e.g. OLa-, crUv-, lmo-8eaLe; (from Ola-T(8T] fll, etc.). .DER -8eaLflOe; in Ttapa-, Ttepl-, £K-, clTto-8eaLflOe; (from Ttapa8eaLe;, etc.; cf. Arbenz 1933: 91f.). .ETYM Greek 8eaLe; corresponds to a Skt. formation which is found only in derivatives and compounds: -(d)hiti-, e.g. apihiti- = £Tt(8eaLe; (from api-dhii- = £m8T]-), upahiti- = lmo8eaLe; (from upa-dhii- = lmo-8T]-); cf. apihi-ta- = £Tt(8e-TOe;, upahi-ta- = lmo8e-TOe;; with Av. taroi-dHi- (-1- secondary) 'putting aside, etc.' from taro-dii- (= Skt. tirQ-dhii- 'id.', ptc. tirohi-ta-); also, late Lat. con-diti-o 'foundation' (after condi-tus, -tor from con-do). Additionally, one finds various full grade forms (lE *dhehl-ti- as opposed to *dhh1-ti-): Go. ga-deds 'putting, adoption' (du suniwe gadedai > 'ete; uL08w(av' Eph. 1, 5), missadejJs 'crime', OHG tiit, Av. -oiiiti in ni-oiii ti- (from ni-dii- 'lay down'), etc., Lith. diftis 'load', OCS blago-detb 'benediction', and probably also Lat. *fe-tis 'settlement, treaty' in feti-iilis 'war-messenger'. A verbal noun of � T(8T]fll; cf. also � 8wfloe; and other derivatives. etaKEAOe; [adj.] 'marvelous, wonderful' (11.). � IE *dheh1s- 'god-, holy'� .ETYM Compounded from *8w- 'god' (see � 8eoe;) and � KeAOflaL 'drive', thus properly 'moved by a god'. On the e-vocalism of the second member, see Schwyzer: 4493• Cf. � 8wTteaLoe;, � 8ecrcpaTOe;. eEafl0C; [m.] 'settled agreement, law, custom' ('V 196). � IE *dhh1-dhmo-? 'agreement, custom'� .VAR Dor. Te8floe;, Lacon. Arc. Locr. also 8e8floe; . .COMP E.g. 8wflo-8eTaL, ev8wfloe;. .DER 8ecrflloe;, Te8flLOe;, 8e8fllOe; 'lawful, customary' (lA, Dor., etc.); 8wflocrUvT] 'lawfulness' (AP) . .ETYM Synonymous Celtic words (OIr. deidmea, MW deddf [f.]) require a pre-form *dhedhmo- (-ii-). Reduplicated *dhe-dhh1-m-o- is impossible for Greek, because this would give **Te8efloe; vel sim. Rather, 8e- could be the same form of the root as in 8e-aLe; et aI., to which suffIxes -8fl- or -crfl- were added within Greek. In 8e8floe;, the result of Grassmann's Law was removed by influence of 8eaLe;. eEt1Tttmoc; [adj.] 'divine, superhuman, enormous, wonderful' (11.). � IE *dhh1s- 'god' and *sekw- 'speak'� .COMP As a first member, e.g. 8wm-oaee; (m)p, 11.; see on � oa(w) and as a PN. .DER Thence 8wTt(�w, aor. 8wTt(craL, -(�aL (Theoc.) 'prophesy, give an oracle' (Hdt., trag.) with 8wTt(crflaTa [pI.] (rarely [sg.]) 'oracle' (trag.), 8wmcrT�e; 'fortune-teller, prophet' (Man.). Also 8ecrme;, .lOe;, -lV, -lOa 'id.' (Od.). Here also 8wma( [pI.] town in Boeotia and other TNs.

8waaA[a

544

.ETYM Like e.g. afl�poaLo<; from afl�poTo<;, Sw1teaLo<; derives from *Sea-a1t-ETo<;, a compound of *Sw- 'god' (see � S£o<;) and the verb (£vl-)a1t£lv 'to proclaim' (see � £v(v)e1tw), with a suffix -ETO- (cf. a-a1t-ETo<;). Thus, it properly meant 'proclaimed by a god'. It is thought that Seam<; was from *Sea-a1t-l<;; however, Hamp MSS 43 (1984): 50f. explains that Swm- is the Caland form of SW1tWlO<;, and therefore arose by decomposition. 0EO'OUAlU [f.) 'Thessaly' (Hdt.). -
=

9EO
545

.ETYM The thematic root present Se(F)w (cf. S£u· Oeupo, TpeX£ 'Over here!, Run!' [H.)) is identical with Skt. dhavate 'stream, flow', except for the diathesis. Skt. dhavati 'run, stream' with lengthened grade has no counterpart in Greek; epic S£[T] and S£[nv have metrical lengthening, and the latter may stand for *S£(F)efl£v (cf. Chantraine 1942: 102; 346; 492). The Germanic word for 'dew' remains uncertain: OHG tou [m.), ON d9GG, gen. d9ggwar, PGm. *dawwa-, etc. < lE *dh6yo-, -a (would be Gr. *So(F)o<;, *So(F)�). The gloss aoo££· £1t£lYou 'hurry!' (H.) is also unclear. 9EW 2 [v.) 'to glow', only in 6MvTWV A£uKa S£OVTWV (Hes. Se. 146); thence by imitation VAn XAwpa ouan (Theoc. 25, 158) and 1to[T]v . . . XAwpa Seouaav (Epigr. Gr. 1046, 83). - S£(£)wpo<; with ' quantitative metathesis and hyphaeresis; also, S£Opo<; > S£upo<;, probably after -opo<; (as in E
9qyw [v.) 'to sharpen, whet; to excite' (11.). -
--

.DIAL Dor. eayw. .COMP Also with prefix, e.g. 1tapa-, auv-, tmo-. DER e'lYuv'l 'whetstone' (A., S.; H. also e�yavov) with e'lyav[T'l<; A[eo<; 'id.' (IG 14, 317, Sicily); e'lyaAeo<; 'sharp' (AP, Chantraine 1933: 253); in H. also e'lYuv£Ov, e'lYov· 6�u, �Kov'lllevov, UKOV'lTOV 'sharp, sharpened', e��L<;· p01t�, aTLYIl� TUX0<; 'decision ' [weight], point [of time], speed' . ETYM From lE *dheh,g-oH, with the Arm. instrument noun daku, gen. pl. dakuaf1 'axe', probably from an u-stem lE *dheh,g-u- 'sharp'. See Liden 1906: 55. LIV2 (following Clackson 1994: 116ff.) calls this connection with Arm. uncertain. •

•

OqK'1 [f.] 'case, chest; tomb' (lA). � IE *dheh,- 'set, make'� COMP Very frequently as a second member, both prefixed (8La-, tmo-, (JUV-, etc.) and with nominal first member (�L�ALO-, xaAKo-e�K'l). .DER Diminutive e'lK[OV (pap.) and e'lKaio<; 'for the tomb' (Hdt.); thence again several derivatives. ETYM Often connected with Skt. dhiika- [m.] 'container, etc.' (gramm.), but perhaps independent formations; see � T[e'lIlL. •

•

O'1AEW [v.] 'to flourish'. => eunw. O'1Aq [f.] 'mother's breast, nipple' (lA). � IE *dheh,- 'suck(le)'� .COMP As a second member e.g. in a-, £11 - , vEo-e'lAo<; (-e'lA�<;). .DER e'lAw· TpOCPO<;, T�e'l 'nurse, grandmother' (H., PIu.). Denominative verb e'lAU�W 'to suckle, suck' (lA, Dor.) with e�AaGlla, e'lAaGllo<; 'suck(l)ing' (PIu., pap.), e'lAuaTpLa 'wet-nurse' (S., Corn.); also e'lAallwv 'id.' (Sophr., Thespis), probably to e'lAu-am after TEAu-am : TEAa-llwv et al.; here e'lAaIlLvou· v£Oyvou 'new-born'; e�AavTo· £e�Aaaav 'they suckled' (H.; correct?); cf. Bechtel 1921, 1: 361. Uncertain e'lAov� 'wet-nurse' (PIu. 2, 278d) . ETYM A counterpart to e'lA� is *fela 'mother's breast' in Lat. jeliire 'to suckle', lE *dheh,-leh2• From similar pre-forms stem Latv. dfls 'son' < *dheh,-lo-, properly "suckling", and U feliuf [acc.pl.m.] 'sues lactantes, i.e. 'sucklings' (Untermann 2000: 271f.); Lith. dell 'leech'. Various languages have forms with an i-extension, which comes from tlIe present of the verbal root, *dhh,-i-: Lat. filius 'id.' < *d\e)h,i-l-io, Latv. dlle 'sucking calf (lE *dhhli-l-), Mlr. del 'nipple', OHG tila [f.] 'female breast'. Unclear is Arm. dayl, dal 'Biestmilch'; Hubschmann 1897: 437, Pedersen KZ 39 (1906): 406. On Lat. fellx 'fertile', see the comments in De Vaan 2008 s.v. Cf. � e�Au<; and � e�aem. •

OfjAU" [adj.] 'female', also metaph. (ll.). � IE *dheh,- 'suck(le)'� .VAR Fern. -£la, ntr. -u; also a fern. subst., cf. Chantraine 1942: 252. .COMP Compounds like e'lAu-yEv�<;, IlL�O-e'lAu<;. .DER e'lAu8p[a<; 'woman-like man' (Hdt., Arist.), from *e'lAU8pLOV (Chantraine 1933: 72); e'lAuKo<; 'womanly, womanish' (Arist., Hell.; cf. Chantraine 1956a: 165), e'lAw8'l<; 'womanish' (Ar.), e'lAwTL<; [f.] 'id.' (Prisc.); e'lAuT'l<; 'womanhood' (Arist.); denominative verb e'lAuvw 'make womanish' (Ion., Hell.). On the comparative e'lAUTEpO<; see Benveniste 1948: 117f.

---- - - -

547

.ETYM A formal counterpart to e�Au<; < lE *dhehl-lu-, except for the accent, is Skt. dhiiru- 'suckling'. The Skt. form may directly derive from the verb 'suck' (see � e�aem) with a suffIx -ru- or -lu-, while for the Greek form we may assume an intermediate nominal l-stem. Ofjlla .VAR e'lllwv. => T[e'lIlL. O'1v [pcl.] 'indeed, certainly, without a doubt', in � e'lv, OD e'lv et al. (ll.). � ?� .ETYM Unexplained. Oqp, -po" [m.] 'wild animal, beast of prey' (ll.). � IE *f!'ueh,r- 'wild animal� .DIAL Aeol. CP�P (Pi.) . .COMP E.g. e'lpo-cpovo<; 'killing wild beasts' (Thgn.), 8'lpE-cpova (Paus. 5, 3, 3; on the compositional vowel -E- see Schwyzer 438); EV-e'lP0<; 'full of wild beasts' (trag.), a e'lpo<; (Hdt., A.) 'without wild beasts', also 'without hunting' (from e�pa; Sommer 1948: 149f.). .DER e'lp[ov 'wild animal, hunted animal' (Od.; Wackernagel 1916: 218; originally diminutive); post-Horn. also 'animal', with several derivatives: diminutive e'lP[8Lov (Thphr.), e'lpacpLOv (Damocr. apud Gal.; Wackernagel Glotta 4 (1913): 243f.); e�pacpo<; 'spider' (Cyren. 62), probably a back-formation; e'lpLaKo<; 'regarding the animals' (medic.), e'lpLw8'l<; 'full of wild animals, animal-like' (lA); e'lpLOT'l<; 'animal being' (Arist); denominatives: 1. e'lpLoollm, -ow 'to turn into an animal' (Pl., Eub.) with e'lP[WGL<; (Luc.); beside it e'lP[wlla 'malignant ulcer' (medic.) from e'lp[ov 'id.'; 2. e'lpLu�ollm 'id.' (Corp. Herm. lO, 20). e�pELO<; 'ptng. to wild animals' (lA). Denominative verbs: 1. e'lpUW 'to hunt' (A.), perf. ptc. 1tEcp£lpUKOVTE<; (Thess.); thence e'lpaT�p, -UTWP (-P'lT-) 'hunter' (ll.) with e'lpaT�pLO<; (S.); also e'lPaT�<; 'id.' (Ar.) together with e'lpaTLKo<; (X.); e�palla 'hunting booty' (E.), e�paTPOV 'hunting device, net' (X.); e'lpUGLllo<; 'worth hunting, worth trying' (A. Pr. 858). Here also belongs the back-formation e�pa 'hunt, booty' (ll.) together with e'lpoaUv'l 'id.' (Opp., AP), e'lpOTL<;· e'lpEuTpLa (H.), after uypOTL<;. As a second member -e�pa<;, e.g. 6pVLeO-e�pa<; 'bird-catcher' (Ar., Arist.). 2. e'lpEUW 'to hunt' (T 465) together with e'lpEUT�<; 'hunter' (ll.), e'lpEUTLKO<; (Ar., X., Arist.), also e'lpEUT�p (Opp.), fern. e'lpEuTpLa (pap.), e�pEUlla 'catch' (S., E., Pl.), e�pEUGL<; 'hunt' (Ph). .ETYM Lat. ferus 'wild' underwent pretonic shortening from *fer6- (cf. Schrijver 1991: 343), which makes a reconstruction *f!'ueh,r- possible. The plural forms e�pE<;, e'lpwv have exact counterparts in Eastern Lith. zveres, zverij, < lE *f!'ueh,r-es, -om. Most BSl. forms were transferred into the i-stems: nom.sg. Lith. zveris, OCS zverb 'id.'. Also related is ToB serwe 'hunter' < *f!'ueh,r-uo-. Oq", 0'1T6" [m.] 'serf, bondsman; hired labourer' (Od.). � PG� .VAR Fern. e�aaa, Att. e�TTa (E., Posidipp.). Also eUTa<;· e�Ta<; (eUTa<;· eUTa<; 'sacrificers' cod.), mu<; 80UAOU<;. KU1tPLOL 'slaves (Cypr.)' (H.). .DER e'lTLKO<; 'of a serf (Lex. apud D., Arist.), e'lTEUW 'be a serf; work for wages' (ll.) with e'lTE[a 'wage-earning' (S., Isoc.), e'lTElOV 'wages' (Ath.). .ETYM Unexplained. Argumentation against connection with eew 'run' in Fraenkel 19lO: 872). Acc. to ABma�n Glotta 9 (1918): 96, it is a loanword from West Semitic.

ellcruupoe; See E. Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1930): 79f. on the meaning, etc. The original form was *tiit-, thus it was probably Pre-Greek. 6'1ouup6" [m.] 'treasury, warehouse, receptacle, treasure' (Hes.). -
•

6il06«l [v.inf.pres.] 'suck' (0 89). -
•

6ilT« [n.] the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet (Ar.). -
•

6[aooe; [m.] 'Bacchic revel; religious guild' (lA). -
549

.ETYM A loan from Semitic, Hebr. tebhiih, which itself is a loan from Egyptian db:t 'box'; see E. Masson 1967: 76. 6l�p6e; [adj.] meaning uncertain (only in Alexandrian poets); epithet of KUllple; (Call. Fr. 267), of L£fl[puflle; (Euph. 81), of wea X£Auvlle; (Nic. Al. 555), and of ocp[wv K�p 'snake-poison' (Nic. Th. 35). -
550 8Aa01W; [f.] 'shepherd's purse, Capsella bursa pastoris' (Hp.). � ?� .VAR Gen. -LO<;, -EW<;; 8A6.cnn [n.] (Dsc., Plin.). .DER 8AaGnloLOv (Ps.-Dsc.). .ETYM Unknown; folk-etymological derivation from 8AUW by Dsc. 2, 156 (see Stromberg 1940: 155). A neuter in -L is extremely rare in Greek. 8Aaw [v.] 'to crush, bruise' (ll.). � ?� VAR (Arist., Herod.), aor. 8A6.u(o)cu (ll.), pass. 8Auu8�vcu, fut. 8A6.uw (Hp.), perf. T£8AaGllcu (Alex., Theoc.). .COMP Also with prefix, e.g. ullcpL-, KUTa-, (JUV-. .DER 8AUGL<; 'crushing' (Arist.), 8A6.ullu 'bruising, bruise' (Arist.), 8AUUTO<; (Com.); 8AU
8Al�W [v.] 'to press, bruise' (p 221). � ?� vAR Aor. 8A:hvcu. .COMP Often with prefix, e.g. EK-, UUV-, EV-, uno-. DER 8".1'\1L<; 'pressure' (Arist.), also prefixed (£K-, etc.); 8AL1l1l0<; 'id.' (LXX, Aq.); uno 8ALIlllu 'what is pressed out, sap' (Hp.), also with £K-; (EK-)8AL�� 'pressure' (LXX, Gal.) together with 8AL�Epo<; (Paul. Aeg.), 8AL�woT]<; (Aq.); 8AL�lu<; = 8Auolu<; (Str.). .ETYM It has been proposed that it is cross between 8Auw and CPAl�w (also T p l�w ?) (Walde IF 19 (1906): 105, Giintert 1914: 149). •

•

8VnUKW 'die'. - 8UVUTO<;. 80a�w 1 'sit'. - 8uuuw. 80a�w 2 'move quickly'. - 8£w. 80[vTJ [f.] 'meal, banquet, feast' (lA, Dor., Hes. Se. 114). � PG?� VAR Dor. 801vu, Hell. 80ivu. .COMP 8OLVOOOT£W 'to host a banquet' (Crete P-IP), 8OLvuPlloUTPLU [f.] 'mistress of the banquet' (inscr.) . DER 80LVCtTLKO<; (v.l. -VT]T-) 'of a banquet' (X. Oik. 9, 7). Denominative verbs: l. 8OLVUW, -uollcu 'to entertain, feast' (0 36) together with 80[VCtllu 'entertainment, banquet' (E. [lyr.] , Posidon.), 8OLVUT�p 'host' (A. Ag. 1502) with 8OLVaT�PLOV = 801vT] (E. Rh. 515), 80LVUTWP 'host' (E.), -�TWP (AP), 8OLVUTU<; 'id.' (Kallatis P); on Doric U see Fraenkel 1912: 16£., Bjorck 1950: 140ff. 2. 8OLVU�W 'to entertain' (X., Ael.). 3. 80Lvlucu v.l. for 8OLV�UCU (Hdt. 1, 129) . ETYM Previously derived from *8WL-VU, and connected with � 8wu8cu . oUlvuu8cu, 8OLvuu8cu (A. Fr. 49), 8WTCU' Eu8T]VEiTCU, 80LVUTCU (H., also 8wuuu8cu, 8w8�vcu); 8wuoullE8u (Epich. 139), 8WUT�PLU' EUWXT]T�PLU (Alcm., H.); see Frisk. However, the verb has no etymology; Pre-Greek origin of the group (including � 8w<; 'jackal'?) seems possible. •

•

•

80AO<; [f.] 'round building with conical roof, rotunda', 'round bath' (Od.). � PG�

551

.VAR HelL also [m.]; see Schwyzer 1950: 324, 342• On UUAlU, 8UALO- see below. .DER Diminutive 80AlOLOV (Att.). 80Alu 'conical hat with broad brim' (Theoc. 15, 39), also 'chest with conical lid' (Poll.); cf. uUAlu (u- < 8-)- nA£Wu KUAu841 0 lloLov, ° Ent T�<; KEcpuA�<; cpopOUGLV ul AUKCUVCU. ol O£ 8 0Alu 'something plaited, like a basket, which Laconian women wear on the head; others: 8.' (H.); see also H. 8uALOnOLol, which Latte corrects to *8aAAoKonoLoL 80AwTo<; 'provided with 8., with conical form' (Procop.), 80ALKo<; 'id.' (Suid.) . .ETYM A technical word without explanation. The comparison with a European word for 'valley, etc.', e.g. Go. dales) [m., n.] 'cpupuY� �0 8uvo<;', ON dalr 'valley, ' arch', OCS doh ' �upu8pov, AUKKo<;', Ru. dol 'valley, lower part', MW dol [f.] 'valley', should be discarded. The connection with 8uAull0<; (e.g. MaaB RhM 77 (1928): 1ff.) makes more sense; the variation u/ 0 is typical of Pre-Greek. 80AO<; [m.] 'mud, dirt, ink of the cuttlefish' (Hp., Arist.; on the accent Schwyzer: 459), also adjectival 'troubled' (Ath.). � ?� .DER 80AEpo<; 'troubled' (lA), 80AwoT]<; 'id.' (Hp., Arist.), 80AOW 'make turbid, unclean' (lA) together with 80AWGL<; 'making turbid' (Arist., Gal.). .ETYM The word has been connected, as *8FoAo<;, with some Gm. terms for turbidness of the mind: primary verb OS for-dwelan 'neglect, forsake', OHG gi twelan 'be deafened, linger', with several verbal nouns (ON dV9l [f.] 'lingering', OS dwalm, OHG twalm 'stupefaction', Go. dwals 'stupid'). These may or may not be connected with a Celtic word for 'blind', e.g. OIr. dall. There is no indication, however, that these IE forms (more in Pok. 265) are cognate. Fur.: 391 compares 011.0<; 'the dark sap of the cuttlefish' (Hp.). 800<; 1 'quick'. - 8£w. 800<; 2 [adj.] 'sharp', in V�UOLGL E7tLnpo£T]KE GonGLV (0 299); cf. Str. 8, 3, 26 Gou<; O£ t'(PT]KE TU<; 'O�ElU<; KTA. (Bechtel 1914 s.v.); said of YOIlCPOL, o06vTE<;, nEAEKEL<;, �lcpo<; (Hell. and late: A. R., AP). � ?� .DER Factitive aorist E80wuu 'I made sharp' (L 327), pass. perf. ptc. TE80wll£vo<; (Nic., Opp.). .ETYM No certain connection; probably not related to Skt. dhiira 'cutting edge, blade , (of a sword) (compared by Schulze 1933a: 370). _

80po<; 'masculine seed'. -8pWUKW. 80pv�0<; [m.] 'noise, crying, tumult, confusion' (Pi., lA). � PG� .DER 8 0pu�woT]<; 'full (of) noise, etc.' (lA) and denominative 80pu�£w (also prefixed with uvu-, E7tL-) 'make noise, stir, confuse' (lA); 80pU�T]TLKO<; 'noisy' (Ar.) and 8opu �T]8pov plant name = A£OvTon£TaAov (Ps.-Dsc.); on naming motive Stromberg 1940: 80, on the formation ibd. 146. .ETYM Formation like OTO�O<;, KOVU�O<;, cpAolu�o<;, et al. (Chantraine 1933: 260). The reduplicated form Tov-80pu-�w (see Tichy 1983: 215f.), Tov8pu<; is comparable. Perhaps 8pU-AEW, 8pu-Ao<; also belong here; see also � 8p£0Ilcu. The variation 80pu� (from *tarup-?), Tov-8pu-, 8pu(A)- suggests a Pre-Greek word (cf. Fur.: 229, 381).

552

80u po<;

60iipo<; [adj.] 'rushing, impetuous, furious' (ll.) . � IE *dherh3- 'jump, mount'� .DER 80UpL<;, -LOO<; [f.] (Horn., H.), 80vpa<; (Nic., Lyc.; cf. Chantraine 1933: 354.); extended in 80UpLO<; 'id.' (trag.); also 80vpa10<;, 80vp�eL<; et al. (H.); denominative pte. 80vpwam [nom.pl.f.] 'rushing towards' (Lyc. 85), from 80vpaw + accus. ETYM From *8oP-Fo<;, either directly from the aorist 80pelv or as a transformation of an u-stem *8op-v-<; (cf. Ilavo<; < *Ilav-F-o<;, aTevo<; < *aTev-F-o<;, etc.). Not related to � u8upw, as per Persson 1891: 59. •

9pavo<; [m.] 'bench, supporting beam' (Att. and Hell. inscr., Ar.). � PG?� .DIAL Mye. ta-ra-nu Ithranus/. .DER Diminutive 8pav(ov 'id.' (Ar.) together with 8pav(oLOv (Ar.); 8pav(nj<; 'rower of the upper of the three rows' (Th., Ar.), see Morrison Class. Quart. 41 (1947): 128ff.; fern. 8pavlTL<; (K(lJ1tT]; Att.); 8pavLlLKo<; (Callix.); 8pav(a<; [m.] (Marcell. Sid.), 8pCivL<; or -(<; (Xenoer.) = �Lep(a<; 'swordfish', after the shape of the upper jaw, cf. Thompson 1947 s.v. Denominative verb 8paveuw 'to stretch to the tanner's board' (Ar. Eq. 369), also 8paveueTm· avvTp[�eTm 'was rubbed together' (H.), u8pavwTov, aaTpwTov 'bare' (H. = E. fr. 569); cf. avv-8pavow and � 8pavuaaw. 8p�vv<;, -vo<; [m.] 'footstool' (Horn.), cf. Hermann Gatt. Nachr. (1943): 8; Chantraine 1933: 118; Benveniste 1935: 56), also 8p�vv�, -VKO<; (Euph.), 8pCivv� (Corinn.) with a secondary K-enlargement; see Chantraine 1933: 383 . ETYM If vo- or vv- is a suffIx, we can connect the aorist inf. 8p�aaa8m, which is usually translated as 'to sit down' (only Philet. 14 [IV-lIP] : 8p�aaa8m nAaTaVa(n uno). This group of words is often connected with � 8povo<;, whence the assumption that 8pCivo<;, 8p�vv<; originally meant 'support'. Recently, De Lamberterie 2004: 236-253 has argued that 8povo<; is a younger form of *8opvo<; (Myc. to-no, Cypr. 8opva� H.). He assumes a root *dherh2- 'support, hold', found in Skt. dhar-, assuming *dhorh2-no for *8opvo<;, with loss of laryngeal by the Saussure Effect. This would mean that 8pCivo<;, 8p�vv<; derive from the zero grade of the root. The fact that the Indo-Iranian root is an it is problematic for this account, however. The existence of variants 8opv and 8pov- could also be an indication of Pre-Greek origin. See � 8pT]aKeuw. •

6pavuO'O'w [v.] 'to crush'. � ?� VAR Only aor. pte. 8pavu�avTe<; (Lye. 664); avv-8pCivow 'id.', only perf. pass. avvTe8pavwTm (E. Ba. 633; = avllnemwKe 'has dashed together' H.). .DER Cf. also 8paveueTm· avvTp(�eTm 'is rubbed together' (H.). .ETYM Connection with a hypothetical noun *8pava-avo-<; from 8pauw 'shatter' inspires little confidence (cf. Sommer 1905: 64f.). Acc. to Frisk, more probable is connection with 8paveuw 'stretch on the tanner's bench', which H. glosses as , avvTp(�eTm. One hypothesis posits the meaning change 'tan (torture) > 'crush', together with formal adaptation, perhaps to ulluaaw, vuaaw, etc. (Sommer 1905: 64f.). Thus also DELG. See � 8pCivo<;. •

9po.O'o<; VAR 8paau<;. => 8apao<;. •

553 6paO'O'w [v.no trouble, disturb' (Pi., Hp., Att.). � IE? *dhreh,t'- 'irritate'� .VAR Att. 8paHw; aor. 8pCi�m (A., E.), pass. t8paX8T] (S. Fr. 1055); perf. TETPT]Xa intr. 'be troubled, agitated' (ll.). .COMP Sometimes with prefixes tv-, uno-, tm-. .ETYM The form 8paaaw is a primary yod-present from *8pCiX-!w, beside the old perfect *TE-8pCiX-a. The rare aorists 8pCi�m and t8paX8T] could be innovations after the type npaaaw : npCi�m for older -rapa�m (like oallaam), from which the present � -rapaaaw was formed, which has the same disyllabic stem form as Tapax� and may be a denominative of it. The form -rapax� should not be explained as from * dhrh2et-, since ilie verbal forms point to a full grade *dhreh,t'-. Therefore, the only possibility seems to be *dhth,t'-, with secondary accent (see Rix 1976: 73f.), in spite of earlier objections (cf. Dev. 206ff.). The form � Tpaxu<; 'raw, hard' is a primary nominal formation. The words for 'dregs, sediment' (e.g. ON dregg [f.], OLith. driiges [pI.] , Alb. drii, Lat. fraces [f.pl.]) should be kept separate from 8paaaw. The same holds true for the Baltic group of Lith. driiges, dergti 'soil, defile, etc.'; the acute accent does not point to a laryngeal (with unattractive **dherh,t'- next to *dhreh,t'-), but rather to PIE *d(h)erg-, where the acute is a result of Winter's Law. A possible comparison is that with the Slavic group of OCS raz-draiiti 'incite, provoke', which (like Greek) could point to *dhreh,t'-. However, Derksen 2008 s.v. *driiiiti objects that the Slavic accent does not point to a laryngeal. Lit.: Tichy 1983: 171f. 6pq.na [f.] name of a small sea-fish (middle corn., Arist.). � ?� .DER Diminutive 8pq.H(OLOV (Anaxandr.). .ETYM Acc. to Stromberg 1943: 86, properly "the Thracian"; see � ep(t�. Otherwise, it could be a deformation of 8p(aaa (s.v. � 8p(�). 6paunaXo<; [f.] name of a plant, ephedra campulopoda (Thphr.). � ?� .ETYM Unknown. 6paunl<;, -l80<; [f.] name of a small bird (Arist. HA 592b). � ?� .ETYM Unknown. 9pauw [v.] 'to break in pieces, shatter, enfeeble' (lA). � ?� VAR Aor. 8pauam, pass. 8pava8�vm, perf. pass. TE8pavallm. .COMP Also with prefix, e.g. uno-, nepL-, avv-. .DER (uno-, aUv-)8pauaL<; 'breaking, etc.' (Arist.), acc. to H. also = a
•

6pt0!1«l [v.] 'to cry aloud, shriek, proclaim' (A., E., always of women). � IE? *dhreu-�

554

Sp�Voe;

VAR Only present except SpcU£TO (poet. inscr., Epid. IV"), artificially formed after SpcVflaL (A. Th. 78); on the imperfective aspect see Fournier 1946: 90 and 228. .COMP Very frequently as a second member, e.g. uno-spooe; 'with another man's voice, with foreign language' (Od.). .DER Spooe;, Att. Spove; [m.] 'noise, murmur, rumour' (� 437, Pi. N. 7, 81, Th., X.). Iterative deverbative (or denominative) verb Spoew 'cry, proclaim, speak' (trag.), with aor. Spo�O"aL; rarely with prefix ola-, npoO"- et al.; pass. SpoclO"SaL, SpoT]S�VaL 'be drowned, confused, frightened' (LXX, NT); from there (JUVSpOT]O"le; 'confusion, shyness' (S. E. M. 9, 169) . ETYM Beside the thematic root present Spe(F)oflaL, which points to IE *dhreu-o-, Armenian has an athematic root present erdnum, aor. erdu-ay 'swear', from QIE * dhru-neu-mi (cf. OLat. deico next to Gr. odKvufll). See Frisk 1944: 8ff., where relation with SapVUTaL as 'speak' (OT]AOl T�V OLu A6ywv EVTW�lV H.) is also considered. Non-IE words like Sopu�oe;, SpuAew, SpVAOe; must be kept separate. Pok. 255 contains much Greek material of non-IE origin. Cf. also � Sp�voe; and � TOVSOpU(w. •

•

8p�voc; [m.] 'dirge, lament, lamentation' (lA, 0 721; on the meaning Diehl RhM N.F. 89 (1940): 90 and 1l2). � PG?� .COMP Compounds like SpT]v-q.>86e; 'who sings a lament' (Alciphr.), together with SpT]v-q.>oew, -la (E., PIu.); EV-SpT]VOe; 'full oflament' (pap.) . DER SpT]vwoT]e; 'like a lament' (Pl.), Sp�vwfla = Sp�voe; (pap. ra, cf. Chantraine 1933: 18M.). Denominative verb SpT]vew, aor. SpT]v�O"aL 'start a lament, lament, wail for' (0 722), also prefixed, e.g. tm-, KaTa-, with several derivatives: Sp�vT]fla 'lament' (E.), SpT]VT]-T�e;, -T]T�p (A.) 'lamentation', also SpT]V�TWP (Man.); SpT]VT]TlKOe; (Arist.); tmSp�v-T]me; (PIu.). .ETYM In the first place, Sp�voe; should be connected within Greek with ablauting Spwva�· KT]
Sp�VU� .VAR Sp�VUe;, Sp�O"aO"SaL. => SpaVOe;. SP'1(JKEUW [v.] 'to perform or observe religious customs' (Hdt.), 'to worship' (LXX). � PG?� DER SpT]o"Kda, Ion. -T][T] 'holy service, religious practice' (Ion.), also Sp�o"Kwfla, -wme; 'id.' (HelL); SpT]o"KWT�e; 'worshipper' (late); deverbal Sp�o"KOe; 'fear of the gods' (Bp. Jac. 1, 26) with SpT]o"KWOT]e; 'id.' (Vett. Val.); Sp�o"Kla [n.pl.] 'religious customs' (POxy. 1380, 245, lIP, OCI 210, 9, Nubia IIIP). On the history of SpT]o"KcUW, -£la see van Herten 1934. .ETYM As Sp�o"KOe; is clearly deverbal, another starting point for SpT]o"KcUW must be found. Another O"K-present is found in the glosses Sp�o"KW' vow 'to think of and •

SpIoa�, -aKOe;

555

SpaO"KclV' avafllflv�o"KclV 'to remember' (H.); SpT]o"KcUW could be an enlargement of these. The glosses would point to Ionic origin for SPT]O"KcUW. Beside the present Sp�o"KW, we also find a gloss tvSp£iv,
8pia!1�0e; [m.] name of hymns sung at festivals for Dionysus (Cratin. 36), also said of the god (Trag. Adesp. 140 et al.); also a Hell. rendering of Lat. triumphus (Plb., D. S.). � PG� .DER Splafl� lKOe; = triumphiilis, Splafl�cu£lv = triumphiire. .ETYM Formation like � olSupafl�oe;, �'(afl�oe; and, like these, probably Pre-Greek. Since Sommer 1905: 58ff., it has often been connected with the numeral 'three' ("Dreischritt" vel sim.), which is impossible. Ace. to Sturtevant Class. Phil. 5 (1910): 323ff., it is from Spla(w, Splame;, by influence of'(afl�oe;. See also Theander Branos 15 (1915): l26'. FUr.191 connects it with Tpla(w 'to conquer'. 8ptYKOC; [m.] 'topmost course of stones in a wall, cornice, frieze', also metaph. (Od.), 'fence' (E., Ar.). � PG (v) � .VAR Mostly plur., late also Tplyxoe; (SIC 1231, 6 [Nicomedia III-IVP], H., sch.), Splyyoe; (v.l. PIu. 2, 85f.), Splyxoe; (v.l. Dse. 4, 85) . DER SplyKlov (Luc., App.), SplyKWOT]e; 'like a coping' (H.) sub aLflUO'lal; SplyKOW [v.] 'to provide with a S., crown, complete' (� 10 et al.) with SplYKwfla = SplyKoe; (J., PIu.), see Chantraine 1933: 18M. .ETYM A term of construction; see discussion on � y£iO"ov. The forms Tplyxoe; and Splyyoe; may show old variation or more recent developments. The form O"TplyxOe;· T£lXIOV, GTplKTOpLOV, O"Tc
8pi8a�, -aKOe; [f.] 'lettuce' (Epich., Ion., Hell.). � PG (v)�

eplva�, -aKOe; .DER epL8aKLVll 'id.' (Att., Hell.; Chantraine 1933: 204) together with -Iv le; [f.] (Stratt.), epL8aKIO"Ka (Alcm. 20; Chantraine 1933: 407), epL86.KLov (PIu.); also epL8aKlae; = flav8payopae; e�AUe; (Dsc., Chantraine 1933: 94) and the adjective epL8aK-llTe; [f.] (Nic.), -w81le; (Dsc.) 'lettuce-like'. Several by-forms: el8pa� (Arr., H.) together with eL8paKlvll (H.; metathesis of liquids, see Schwyzer: 258), epu8a� (pap.; after epUOV?), epo8a� (H.) together with e08pUKLOV (Choerob.) . ETYM Acc. to Nehring Glotta 14 (1925): 151, it is Pre-Greek. Because of the typical leaves, Stromberg 1940: 39 thinks of eplov 'fig-leaf, leaf in general' and compares 018a� 'unripe figs'. By folk-etymological association with -CPL- 'three' arose -C£lpaKlvll = epL8aKIVll (Hippon. 135). For the interchange 01 L, cf. -c0pvla· O'laqlUA� beside epLvla· uflnEAOe; (Fur.: 392). •

6plva�, -aKOC; [f.] 'three-pronged fork, trident' (Ar., Tab. Herael. 1, 5, Nic.).
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ept� [f.] 'hair', especially the bodily hair in opposition to KOflll, the well-groomed hair of the head (ll.).
•

epova

557

6plov [n.] 'fig leaf, secondarily also 'leaf in general; mostly as the name of a dish from eggs, milk, and honey in fig leaves (Ar.).
•

6pt'" [m.] 'woodworm' (Thphr., Men.).
6pOEW 'call, proclaim, speak'. - epeoflaL. 6pofl�oC; [m.] 'clump, clot, curd', especially of blood (lA).
9povo<;

558

'colorful embroideries' (9povo.· o.v9Tj, Ko.t Ta EK XPWllClTWV 1toLKIAllo.Ta); cf. Bechtel 1921, 1: 448; Bowra JHS 54 (1934): 73- � PG(V) � .COMP 1toLKLAO-9povo<; as an epithet of Aphrodite (Sapph. 1, 1), probably after 9povo. TIOLKIAo. (X 441); likewise xpuao-, 6.pyupo-9povo<; et aI., see Lawler Philological Quarterly 27 (1948): 80ff. .ETYM Many desperate attempts at finding an etymology: for example, Liden 1897: 67f., 95f. compared Alb. dre-ri, dre-ni [m.] 'deer' (PAlb. *drani- 'variegated'?, = Illyrian 0po.VI<; [corrected for 6.p-] . EAW:pO<; 'deer' [H.]), from lE *dhroni-. Solmsen KZ 35 (1897/98): 474f. compared 9povo. as 'herbs, flowers' with Ru. dern 'lawn, grass', etc. (rejected by Vasmer 1953 s.v. dern). Fur.: 189 compares TPOVo.· 6.yaAllo.To., � pallllo.To. o.V9LVo. 'statues, colorful stitchings' (H.), which proves Pre-Greek origin. 9povo<; [m.] 'throne, seat', also 'chair of state, judge's seat'. � PG?� .DIAL Myc. to-no /thornos/, to-ro-no-wo-ko Ithorno-worgos/. .COMP xpuao-9povo<; 'with golden throne' (n.). .DER Diminutives 9povl<; [f.] (Them.), 9POVLOV (EM, PtoI.); further 9povlTTj<; (cod. -n<;} TIpwnaTo<; 'principal' (H.); 9pOVLTLKO<; 'throne-like' (Sidyma); denominative verb 9povl�0llCl.l 'be placed on the throne' (LXX) together with 9povLaT�<; 'enthroner' (liter. pap.), 9povLall0<; 'enthronisation' (D. Chr.); also 9povwaL<; 'id.' (PI. Euthd. 277d; as a rite of the Corybantes), as iffrom *9poVOOllCl.l; cf. Chantraine 1933: 279. .ETYM The formation has been compared with that of KAOVO<;, which would belong to K£AOllCl.l; the root is assumed to be *dher- 'to hold, support', found in Skt. dhar-, perf. diidhtira. Within Greek, this root has been recognized in Ev9p£1v· cpuAaaa£Lv 'to guard' (H.) (see � 9pTjaK£uw). The original meaning 9povo<; would then be 'supporter, bearer'. A number of formal problems persist, however. First, a suffIx * -ono- does not seem to have existed in Indo-European or in Greek: there is no certain instance of IE *CC on-o- (as opposed to the normal thematic type *CoC-no-). Since Greek has only a few forms in nom. -ovo<; (next to the frequent types in -WV, gen. -wvo<; and -WV, gen. -ovo<;; see Chantraine 1933: 159ff.), derivation from *dher- with such a suffIx is improbable. No other words for 'chair' are derived from the root *dher-, nor does Greek have a certain derivative from this root (see Pok. 252f.). Secondly, the connection with � 9pavo<; 'bench' and 9pfjvu<; 'footstool' (see De Lamberterie 2004) is problematic, as there are no indications for a set root *dherh2- in PIE. Neither is there any indication that � 9pTjaK£uw has anything to do with 9povo<;. A related form within Greek is 90pvo.�· imOTIOOLOv. KUTIPLOL. � L£POV l\TIOAAWVO<; EV Tfj Ao.KwvLKfj 'footstool (Cypr.) or a sanctuary of Apollo in Laconia' (H.), for which one assumes metathesis from *9povo.�, which is perhaps derived from 9povo<;. Greek words in -ovo<; are suspected to be of Pre-Greek origin; cf. also Xpovo<; and Kpovo<; with a typical consonantal variation. This may be the case for 9povo<; as well. 91'00<; 'call, voice'

.

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vAR Att. 9pou<;. => 9p£0IlCl.l.

9puaUI<; [f.] 'wick', also the plant name 'plantain, Plantago crassifolia' (Thphr., Nic.), the leaves of which were used to make wicks (hence it was also called Auxvln<;, Stromberg 1940: 78 and 106). � PG (S) �

9puov

559

.DER From 9puaAAL<; or from the diminutive 9PUo.AAIOLOV (Luc.) as a back-formation 9pUo.AAOV [n.] 'shower of smut?' (Vett. VaI. 345, 22). .ETYM Cf. cpuao.AAI<;, aDKo.AAI<;; see Schwyzer: 484 and Chantraine 1933: 252 and 346. The suffIx occurs mostly wiili plants or birds, so the word is probably Pre-Greek. Cf. � 9puov. *OpuAIO'O'w [v.] 'to crush, smash'. � IE *dhreus- 'crumble'� .VAR Or *9puAI�w? Only in 9puAlX9Tj OE Il£TWTIOV ('I' 396), 9puAI�o.<; (Lyc. 487). .DER 9pUALWo. 'fragment' (Lye. 880). .ETYM May be analyzed as a denominative verb from *9pUAO<; 'fragment', which would belong to MW dryll 'fragment', Gallo-Rom. *drullia [pI.] 'waste', and go back to lE *dhrus-Io- vel sim. The primary verb is seen in Germanic, e.g. Go. driusan 'fall , down', properly *'crumble (down) ; Lat. frustum 'morsel' is probably derived from this verb, like Latv. druska 'morsel, crumb' with velar suffIx. It is doubtful whether 9pUA[A]£1' Tapaaa£L,.6xA£1 'agitates' (H.) belongs here; it may also be an occasional use of 9puA£1v 'brag, boast' (Frisk). Another hypothetical connection is with � 9po.uw (Bechtel 1914 s.v.), but then its vowel would remain unexplained, as one would expect *dhreh2-u-; one might also compare � 9pUTITW. 9pVAO<; [m.] 'murmer' (Batr., Orph., pap.). � IE ? *dhreu- 'murmur, drone, rumble' (or PG?) .� VAR Also 9pUAAO<;. .DER Further 9pUAEW (-AA-) [v.] 'to boast, brag' (Att.), also with OLo.- and other prefixes; TIOAu-9pUA(A)Tj-TO<; 'much discussed' (PI., Plb.), 9puATjllo. 'gossip, boast' (LXX); also 9puAl�w 'produce a false tone on the cithara' (h. Mere. 488; cod. 9PUo.A [would be metrically better] = 9PUAA- ?), together with 9puALall0<;, -LW0<; (D. H.). .ETYM While it seems most obvious to assume that 9pUAEW was derived from 9PUAO<;, both the dates and the frequency refute this. Rather, 9PUA£W was formed after the many (denominative, deverbative or primary) onomatopoeic verbs in -£w, e.g. KOllTI£W, K£Ao.O£W, �oll�£w, OOUTI£W, pOL�8£w (see Schwyzer: 726), from which the rare and late 9pUAO<; was a back-formation. It seems obvious that 9pUAEW is connected with 9p£0IlCl.l, 90pu�0<;, Tov90pu�w. It has been suggested that it is a zero grade derivative of lE dhreu- (Pok. 255), but this root is not well attested (though there is Gr. 9p£0IlCl.l). As Frisk remarks, it is questionable whether one should analyze an onomatopoeic word in such a purely grammatical way. The frequent notation -AA- may be an expressive gemination, but it may also point to Pre-Greek origin. Fur.: 237, 281 separates the word from the lE forms and connects it with 90pu�0<;, with variant *9puF-. •

Opuov [n.] 'reed, rush' (n.). � PG (s,v) � .COMP As a first member in 9PUO-TIWATj<; 'seller of reed' (pap.) . DER 9pUO£L<; 'rich in reeds' (Nie.), fem. 8puowao. place on the Alpheios (A 711), also called 8puov (B 592); 9puwoTj<; 'id.' (Str.); 9pD"ivo<; 'made of reeds', 9pULTL<; 'grown with reeds' (of y�, pap.). Fur. 135 adduces 9puaLo<; (EM 456, 31) and 9puaL<; (sch.
560

8pumw

.ETYM Formally, one may compare �puov, but further details are unclear. Sommer's connection (Sommer 1905: 60f.) with the Balto-Slavic group of OCS trbstb [f.] 'reed, cane', Lith. tr(i)usis 'id.' (which presupposes lE *truso-) is impossible because of the anlaut. The variants with -a- (see Fur. above) point to a Pre-Greek word, and this is not unexpected in the case of a plant name. 8PU1CTW [v.] 'to break in pieces, crumble, enfeeble, weaken', med. 'to be effeminate or prudish, be enervated' (lA).
=

•

8pwaKW [v.] 'to spring, leap upon, rush, dart' (ll.).
8uela

.ETYM The only plaUSible comparison is found in OIr. -dair* 'to leap upon', together with the nouns der 'young girl' « PCl. *dera) and MW -derig 'rutty'. The ablaut pattern is identical to that of � �AwaKw, 1l0A£1v, 1l0AoUllat. The root was *dherh3-, with *dhrh3- giving 8pw- before a consonant; 80p� contains an o-grade *dhorh3-; the forms with 8apv(w)- go back to an old nasal present *dhr-n-(e)h3- > *8apvw-lll, which was regularly transferred into the class of vu-presents. The form 80pVUIlat has analogical op for ap after e80pov (cf. Haroarson 1993a: 2l8) . The fut. 80pEollat may go back to *8£po - < *dherh3- with metathesis (Ruiperez Emerita 18 (1950): 386-407) ; the aorist may have its vocalism from here. 8uapo<; [m.] 'darnell, Lolium temulentum' (Ps.-Dsc.). 8uw 1. 8UYUTTJP, -Tp6<; [f.] 'daughter' (ll.).
8uda [f.] 'mortar' (Corn.), also 'oil-press' (pap.).
eueAAU reminiscent of the vessel name uyyciov. On the formation of eUEcr-TT]<';, see Chantraine 1933: 312f. eUEAAU [f.] 'thunderstorm, hurricane' (11., Arist.). � IE *dheuh2- 'storm, rage, dash'� .COMP eueAAo-1wu<.; (Nonn.) after ueAAo-rro(u)<.; (8 409) et al. .DER eueAAwoT]<'; (sch. S.) like ueAAwoT]<'; (sch. 11.). .ETYM From euw 'storm, rage, dash', perhaps based on � aeAAu, in which the suffIx in -1- was inherited. 9Ul]A� [f.] '(part of) a victim sacrificed in a burnt offering' (I 220). � IE ? *dheuh2'storm, dash'� .DER Lengthened form (Chantraine 1933: 18M.) eUT]A�IlUTU [pI.] (Thphr. Char. 10, 13; beside crTEllllum). Cf. further: 1. euaA�lluTU [pI.] 'id.' (Milete Va), lengthened from *euaAT] (type uyKaAT] : ayKo<,;) or after aAT]llu, rrul1taAT]llu? 2. eUA�IlUTU [pI.] 'sacrificial cake' (Corn., Thphr.), from an A-derivative to � euw. eUAEOllaL (Porph.) is a back-formation from euA�llum. .ETYM Formation like � yUIl
•

9ufluUo<.; [m.] name of a fish 'Thymallus vulgaris, Salmo thymallus' (Ael.). � PG(s)� .ETYM Formation in -UAAO<'; (Chantraine 1933: 317 compares KOpUO-UA(A)O<'; et al.), which has been connected with eUllov 'thyme' because of the scent (Stromberg 1943: 60f.; doubts in Thompson 1947 s.v.).-- However, as the suffix is Pre-Greek, it is improbable that the basic word was of inner-Greek formation. Via Lat. thymallus, the word was borrowed as Ital. temolo, etc.

eUIlOV 9UflUAW'\!, -wrro<.; [m.] probably 'piece of firewood, charcoal' (Corn., Luc. Lex. 24). � PG(S)� .ETYM Formation like utllaAw,\! 'mass of blood, blood clot' (Hp., pap.), vuKTaAw'\! , 'seeing in the night' = 'day-blind(ness) ; secondarily 'night-blind(ness)', based on which �llepaAw,\! was created. Since the present word has nothing to do with 'seeing', we are probably dealing with a Pre-Greek suffIx -AW'\!. Cf. also � UYXlAW'\!, � UiylAW,/" which no doubt derives from a Pre-Greek word as well. 9Ufl�pa [f.] name of a sweet-scented plant, 'savory, Satureia Thymbra' (corn., Thphr., Dsc.). � PG(v)� .VAR Also eUIl�pov (Thphr.) and eUIl�pUlU (Hp. apud Gal.; after other plant names in -UlU). By metathesis (or adaptation to epu-mw?): epull�T] (Gp.). .DER eUIl�pwoT]<'; 'like e. ' (Thphr.), eUIl�plTT]<'; oIvo<.; 'wine spiced with e. ' (Dsc.). .ETYM Hardly derived from eUllov, eUllo<,; 'thyme' (Stromberg 1940: 149), in which case the -�- could . be epenthetic between Il and p. Persson 1891: 564 proposed a derivation from TU
8UflOV [n.] 'thyme' (lA). � PG?� .VAR Rarely -0<'; [m.]. .COMP As a first member in eUIl-eAulu [f.] name of a plant, perhaps 'Daphne Cnidium' (Dsc., Plin.; cf. on eAulu) together with -uhT]<.; (oIvo<.;) 'wine spiced with e. ' (Dsc.); eUIl-o�-aAIlT] [f.] 'drink from thyme, vinegar and brine' (Dsc.). .DER eUlllOV crlllAu�, also 'large wart' (Hp., Dsc.; cf. Stromberg 1940: 97), eUlllTT]<'; 'spiced with e. ' (Ar., Dsc.), eUlllVOV (ilEAL) 'made of e.' (Colum., Apul.), eUlloa<.; 'rich =

in S.' (Choeril.), SUflwoT]<; 'S.-like' (Thphr.). Denominative verb SUfll(w 'taste S.' (sp. medic.), SUflLXSd<;. 1tLKpavSel<; 'bitter' (H.). .ETYM Primary derivative in -flo- from � Suw 2 'smoke', named after its scent (Stromberg 1940: 27)? This is doubtful. A variant of � Sufl0<; with short *u seems impossible in IE terms. As a local plant name, the word is liable to be of Pre-Greek origin. Cf. further the fish name � SUflaAAo<;. 8ufloC;; [m.] 'spirit, courage, anger, sense' (ll.); on meaning and use in Horn., ete. Marg 1938: 47ff.; also Magnien REGr. 40 (1927): 117ff. (criticism by Wahrmann Glotta 19 . (1931): 214f.). -
8uvvoC;; [m.] 'tunnyfish' (Orae. apud Hdt. 1, 62, A. Pers. 424, Arist.). -
8uvw 'rush in'. => Suw 1.

Supa 8uov [n.] name of a tree, the wood of which was burned for its good fragrance: 'arborvitae' (e 60, Hell.) , 'Callitris quadrivalvis'. DELG also gives 'Juniperus foetidissimus' (s.v. Suw 2). -
8uoC;; [n.] 'burnt offering', mostly in plur. SUT] (ll.). -
566

Elupuo<;

(Hell.; on the formation Chantraine 1933: 51), together with Elupeow 'cover with a shield' (Aq.); Elupe-rpu [pl.] ,(frame of a) door' (epic), together with ElUpe-rplKO<; (Chios); Elupwflu, often plur. -WflUTU 'doorway' (lA; cf. Chantraine 1933: 187); Elupwv, -wvo<; [m.] 'hall, antechamber' (S.). Adjective ElUPUlO<;, Aeol. Elupuo<; 'belonging to the door, standing before the door, outside, foreign' (trag., Hell.). Denominative verb Elupow 'to provide with doors' (Att.) together with Elupwm<; (Epid.), ElupWTO<; (Babr.). ElupuuAEw [v.] 'to sleep before the door' is from a compound with uUA�; *ElupawuTu· Ct
•

Eluw 2 (H.), but Latte states that the word is an invention of grammarians in order to explain Eluuuvo<;. Skt. dudhi- 'tempestuous' and several Gm. words (Pok. 264f.) are unrelated because of their meaning; therefore a separate lE pre-form *dhudh- can hardly be reconstructed. The variation u/I1u rather points to Pre-Greek origin (Fur.: 387, who refers to e.g. 'OOUU(U)eU<;. This would be understandable for a word of this meaning. OUI10A" [n.pl.] 'the sacred implements of Bacchic orgies' (Z 134), secondarily 'sacrifice' (Lyc.; influence of � Eluw 2). � PG� .ETYM The form Eluu-ElAu has been derived from � Eluw 1 by means of a suffIx -ElAo (Chantraine 1933: 375). This derivation does not seem adequate: it presupposes a much more general meaning than the very specific one of the present entry. It is rather be a loan, either from Anatolian or from Pre-Greek. Hardly related to Elupuo<; (as per Benveniste 1935: 203). Of,w 1 [v.] 'to rush in, storm, rage' (ll.). � ?� .VAR Also Elulw (Horn., h. Mere. 560; cf. Chantraine 1942: 51 and 372), Eluvw (ll.), ipf. also tEluveov (Hes.), aor. i:Elul1u (Call. Fr. 82). .COMP Rarely with prefix, e.g. Ctvu-, tmep-. .DER Elu(l)a<;, -aoo<; [f.] "the storming one", 'thyiade, Bacchante' (A., Tim.), also ElUlU [f.] (Str. 10, 3, 10 [and S. Ant. 1151, lyr.?]; cf. Fraenkel 191O: 95); 8UlU [n.] name of a festival of Dionysus in Elis (Paus. 6, 26, 1), 8UlO<; name of a Thessalian and Boeotian month (inscr.); 8uwvT] epithet of Semele (h. Horn., Sapph., Pi.); also Eluum· ElUlU and EluuTa8e<;· vUfl
Ouw 2 [v.] 'to offer by burning, sacrifice, slaughter' (ll.). � ?� .VAR Fut. Eluuw, aor. EluUaL (ll.), TuEl�VaL (Hdt.), perf. TEElUKU, TEEluflaL (Att.). .COMP Often with prefix; e.g. tK-, Kum-, 1tpO-, (JUV-.

T i

568

8uwpoe;

.DER Derivations partly show the older meaning of 'smoke, incense' (see below): 1. 8ufla 'sacrifice' (lA, etc.); 2. £K-, npo-8UOle; from EK-, npo-8uw (late); 3. 8uala see below on 8UTT]e;; 4 . .. 8uoe; [n.] with .. 8u£mT]e; et al. 'incense'; 5 . .. 8uov 'life-tree'; 6. BUT]TU [n.pl.] 'incense' (Aret.; on the formation cf. S.v. .. BUT]AT]); 7. 8u(e)la [f.] 'strong-smelling cedar, thuja' with 8UlOV [n.] 'resin' (Thphr.); to .. 8uoe;? 8. 8UTT]e; [m.] 'sacrificer' (Hell.; EK-8uTT]e; from EK-8uw E.); 8uLae; (Thess.), together with 8uTelov 'place for the sacrifice' (Aeschin.), 8UTlKOe; 'belonging to the sacrifice' (Hell., directly from 8uw), 8uala 'ceremonial offering' (h. eer.); from there 8UOlU�W 'sacrifice' with 8ualaafla, -aaT�plOe;, -OV; 9. 8UT�p [m.] 'id.' (trag.) together with 8UT�PlOV 'sacrificial animal' (E.), also 'altar', name of the constellation Ara (Arat.; , Scherer 1953: 192); 10. 8umae;· 6 tepeue; napa KpT]al 'priest (Cret.) (H.), fern. 8uaTUe;, -u80e; 'belonging to the sacrifice' (A., S.); 11. 8umpa [n.] = 8uflaLa (Cos); 12. 8uTT]plOle;· 8ufllaTT]plOle; 'censer' (H.); 13. 8uafllKOe; 'regarding the sacrifice' (£Loe;; Paros, Tenos). See also .. BUT]A�, .. 8ufl6e;; not in .. 8uflov, .. 8ufluAW'J!. Unclear 8ufl£AT] 'hearth, altar' (trag.), with 8ufleAlKOe;. .ETYM The verb was probably thematicized in Greek. We find a yod-present in Latin suf-fio 'fumigate', explained as from *-dhuH-ie/o-. Ragot RPh. 75 (2001): 144 connects Hitt. tubbaeJi 'to sigh' from *dhuh2-' which would be very far semantically. However, Kloekhorst 2008 S.v. tubbae-zi now asserts that the meaning is 'to produce smoke' in Hitt. as well (said ofvoleanoes). Tocharian has a verb twasastiir [3sg.med.] 'to ignite', which Hackstein 1995: 354 connects with our root. It is often supposed that 1. 8uw and 2. 8uw were originally identical. A semantic core like 'rush, rage, whirl, make dust, smoke' vel sim. has been assumed, but this is far from compelling. The different languages show a mass of formations and meanings which can no longer be neatly interpreted; see Pok. 261-267 (and 268-271) for all material. See also .. TU
T

8wa8m

.ETYM Formation in -lU (cf. aTwlu, aTo(l)u, etc.), often derived from Tl8T]fll as "the settled penalty" with o-grade of the root; a rather simplistic solution. eWKO� => 8oxoe;. ewr.uy�, -lyyO� [f] 'cord, string; bow-string' (Hdt., trag., etc.). � PG(s)� .DER Denominative 8wfllaael' vuaa£l, 8wfleu£l 'to pierce, fetter' (H.), 8Wfllx8de; (Anacr.). .ETYM Formation in -lyy-, which proves Pre-Greek origin. eW!-l6� [m.] 'heap' (A., Ar., Thphr.). � IE *dheh,- 'set, lay'� .DER Denominative 8wfleuam· auflf1l�m, auvayaydv 'mix together, gather together' (H.). .ETYM Probably identical with a Gm. word for 'judgement, opinion, situation, etc.', Go. doms, ON d6mr, OHG tuom. An old verbal noun of lE dheh,- 'set, lay' (see .. Tl8T]fll), thus it properly means 'setting', etc.; cf. .. 8£0le;, .. 8T]flwv. ewpa� [m.] 'cuirass' (ll.), 'trunk, chest' (Hp.). � PG� .VAR Ion. 8wpT]�, hyper-Aeol. plur. 8oppaKee; (Ale.). DIAL Myc. to-ra-ke [n.pl.] . COMP E.g. 8wpaKo-
•

ew�, ew6� [m., f.] 'jackal, Camis aureus' (ll., Hdt., Arist.); on the meaning (also a ferret?) see K6rner 1930: 17f � PG?� .COMP No compounds or derivatives . ETYM Several hypothetical explanations (see Frisk). Fraenkel IF 22 (1907-08): 396£f. interpreted it as "glutton", related to .. 8wa8m, .. 801vT]. Probably a loanword; perhaps Pre-Greek. •

eWCJeClL [v.] 'to eat'. � PG?� .DER 8wm�pla [pl.] euwXT]T�pla 'offer-food' (Alem., H.; cf. Kukula Phil. 66 (1907): 226£f., Bechtel l921, 2: 374). .ETYM Connected with .. 801vT]; Pre-Greek origin seems quite possible, however. =

570

*eWUUW

*6wO'O'w [v.] 'to make drunk, intoxicate', in ew�m· fl£euum, TIAfjpwum 'to intoxicate, make full', ea�m· fl£euum; T£eWYflEVOl· . . . fl£fl£euuflEVOl, T£eUYflEVOl· fl£fl£euuflEVOl (all H.), ewXe£k; (S. Fr. 173; contracted from ewpfjxe£Ie;? See Schwyzer: 161), etc.
•

6wl/!, 6wTIo<; [m.] 'flatterer', secondarily also as an adjective (lA).
•

I -l [pcl.] particle added to pronouns, mostly of demonstrative value.
'demonstrative pcl.� VAR Att. 68-1, OUTOU-I, VUV-I, etc.; also El. TO-I, Boeot. TUV-I, etc., rarely -LV. ETYM Comparable with the enclitics Skt. OAv. lm, 1, and -i in Hitt. asi, uni-, ini , 'that (one) ; perhaps-also seen in Lat. uti. Gothic has a deictic element -ei. •

•

1 [f.] 'she', anaphoric/reflexive pronoun (S. Fr. 471; also n 608?).
.ETYM Identical with Go. si, OIr. si, Skt. sI-m [acc.]. See Ruijgh 1996: 335-352.

'ia [f.] 'one and the same', also '(the) one' as opposed to 'the other' (11.); 'that one' (Gortyn).
ia [f.] 'cry, lament, voice' (Orac. apud Hdt. 1, 85, A., E. [lyr.l).
•

ialvw [v.] 'to (make) warm, delight, heal' (11.).
•

•

T

iaA£f..lOe;

572

(cf. Ved. i?a1:l-i, and perhaps also [EpOe;), which was based on primary i?-yati, i?-1:lati 'bring in quick movement' (with the root-noun i?- 'refreshment, comfort'). See van Brock 1961: 255ff. and Ramat Sprache 8 (1962): 4ff. Comprehensive suggestion by Garda Ramon; see on � iaoflUL. Cf. � [EpOe;. iaAEfloc; [m.] 'lament, dirge' (trag. [lyr.], Theoc.), 'tedious, dull person', also adjectival 'slow' (Hell.; cf. below).
laUw [v.] 'to send forth, stretch out' (11.; also Th. 5, 77, Dor.); intr. 'flee' (Hes. Th. 269).
'{afl�oc; [m.] name of a metrical foot and a verse, 'iambus, mocking verse' (Archil., Hdt., Att.).
'la!1VOl 'lower land, humid meadow'.

=>

E[aflEv�.

T

'IaTf£Toe;

573

lav6lVOC; [adj.] 'violet-colored' (Str., Plin., Aq., Srn.).
iao!1Ul [v.] 'to heal' (11.).
'IaovEC;

=>

"IwvEe;.

'Ia7tETOC; [m.] Iapetos (11.).
T

574

iamw

.ETYM The name was connected with the biblical Japheth, see e.g. West 1978: 134. The idea seems most improbable for a god thrown into Tartaros by Zeus. Further, the name is often connected with iamw as "the one thrown off' (8 479, Hes.), with 'IU1t£TlOV(OTj<; (Hes.). The interpretation seems improbable to me (it is a mere guess). It seems obvious that the name, of a pre-Olympian god, is Pre-Greek. A suffix -£TO<; is found in Pre Greek, Pre-Greek: Suffixes 42. Fur.: 1552 mentions a demon AU�£T6<; (which he compares with AUTt£TO<;' 6 AXlAA£U<; £v 'HTtdpcp H.); it is also found in TNs, cf. TavY£Tov, TaA£T6v. iUTtTW [v.] 'to shoot, send on, hurt, wound' (11.).
iUOlWVTJ plant name. => iUo flm. iUO"!1TJ [f.] 'jessamine, Jasminum officinale' (Aet.).
'(UOTtU;, -160c; [f.] 'jasper' (Pl., Thphr.), also the plant-name (Dse.), probably from the color (Stromberg 1940: 26).
•

iuuw [v.] 'to sleep, rest, spend the night' (11.).
•

T

-

-

--�--�----'---'--

'-. - --

575 development of *h2u- to Greek au- is unacceptable. There is also unreduplicated aV£l (Nie. Th. 263, 283). Cf. the related aorist � awa < *h2u-es-. The glosses al£<; and ai€uKovTO in H. are unclear; see Latte. See � aUA�. iuxw [v.] 'to cry aloud, shout, shriek, resound, roar' (ll.).
"

i�uvTJ [f.] 'water-bucket'.
i�TJp£C;, -£60c; [f.] plant-name, 'pepperwort, Lepidium' (Damocr. apud Gal., Aet. apud Ps.-Dsc.).
which is attested earlier (since Verg.). Given the form of the suffix, it was perhaps taken from there, in which case Celtic origin is possible (WH s.v.). Cf. also on � i�Tjp[C;. Fur.: 355 thinks the word comes from Greek and is of Pre-Greek origin, where £1 l is frequent. i�u [pcl.] Interjection or adverb (H., Photo from Telecl.).
•

'{yl'iu;;, -ewe; [f.] 'mortar' (Sol., Corn., AP).
'lYKpOe; [m.] . f.yKEcpaAoc; 'brain' (H.); also Hdn.
'lyVl)T£e; [pl.] 'auSly£v£LC;, native' (A. D., H.), also as a name of the old inhabitants of Rhodes (Simmias 11, H.).
iyvul) [f.] 'hollow of the knee, ham' (Il.).
=>

iKVUC;.

il'iav6e; [adj.] 'fair, good-looking' (Call. Fr. 535, H.).
,(8Loc;

577

.COMP i8avo -xp ooc; 'with beautiful colors' (Bp. Alex.). .ETYM Primary derivative of � i8£Lv; cf. mSavoc;, tKavoc; et al. (Chantraine 1933: 196f.). 'IMpvae; [m.] . 6 f.KToll[ac;, ot 8E �up�apov· ot 8E IlUVT£WC; oV0l-w, ot 8 E nOAlv T�C; Kap[ac; elVat ' 18upvTjV, Kat cmo TauTTjC; TOUC; IlUVT£lC; AEYWSat 'eunuch; barbarian; name of a diviner; name of a city of Karikos, whence the name of the diviners' (H.).
'(l'ilOe; [adj.] 'own, private' (Od.).
10lW

way' (Eust.). 2. iOIOTTJ�, -TJTO� [f.] 'specific character, peculiarity' (Pl., X.). 3. iOtKO� = '(Oto� (late). 4. iOloollat [v.] 'to make one's own, appropriate' (Pl.) with iOlwlla 'specific character, pecularity' (HelL), iOlW I, see Schwyzer: 256) . A different etymology connects it with Skt. vi 'separate', in which case Arg. hlOIO� would have its aspiration after eauTou, I::Ka0To�, etc. However, an equivalent of Skt. vi is not found elsewhere in Greek. •

tS(w [v.] 'to sweat' (u 204, Hp., corn.).
=

'{SIlWV 'knowing'. =- oloa. iSvoollat [v.] 'to bend oneself, double oneself up' (Hp.).
•

'{Spu; 'expert'. =- oloa. iSpiiw [v.] 'to make sit down, settle, establish, found' (11.).
iSpw<;, -WTO� [m., f.] 'sweat', also metaph. of other moisture (11.).
lEpa�, -aKO�

579

VAR Epic dat. -tV, ace. -w (cf. below). .COMP Rarely in compounds, e.g. lopwTo-TtOIEW (Arist.), oua-lopw� 'with bad sweat, having difficulty sweating' (Thphr.), also with transition to a thematic stem, e.g. Ku810pO� 'covered with sweat' (LXX). .DER Diminutive lopwTloV (Hp.); iOpW£l� 'sweaty' (B.), lopwoTJ� 'accompanied by sweating' (Hp.), lopwTlKo� 'sudorific' (Hp., Thphr.); iopwa (?) pl. 'smallpox' (Hp. Aph. 3, 21; reading uncertain) together with lopw-Tupla, -Tloe� 'id.' (medic.; cf. Stromberg 1944: 102) ; iopwlov 'sweat-towel' (pap.); iopoaUvat [pl.] 'efforts that cause sweat' (poet. inscr. Phrygia, imperial period). Denominative verbs: iopww 'sweat' (11.) together with lOpW
iSUlOL [m.pl.] iouol 'witnesses' (llupTupe�, auvlaTope�, Lex Solon. apud Ar. Fr. 222, Paus. Gr. fr. 151, H.), also oi Ta�
•

580

[epO';

'young hawk' (Eust.; like un-uSeU'; et al.; B06hardt 1942: 78f.); [epClKapLO'; 'falconer' (Cod. Cat. Astr.); [ePClKtTTj'; name of a stone, after its color (Plin., Gal.), [epaKLOV, also - tCl, -La.;, -hl'; plant-name, 'hawk-weed, Hieracium' (Ps.-Dsc.; on the unclear naming motive Stromberg 1940: 118). [epaK-£lO';, -woTj'; 'hawk-like' (late). .ETYM Though '(pTj� in Horn. shows no digamma (Chantraine 1942: 156), the glosses �elPClKe,;· [epClKe'; and �£lpaKTj · � aprrClKTlK� (H.) point to an original *FIpu�, with -UK- as in several other animal names. Ebel KZ 4 (1855): 164f. started from an adjective (or noun) *FIpo.;, which he connected with (F)teflCll. The secondary form [epCl� would then be folk-etymological based on [epO,;. Possible but uncertain; alternatively, the suffIx -UK- could point to Pre-Greek origin. [epO'; [adj.] "holy", 'dedicated to a god, divine', also used in a glorifying way: 'glorious,

excellent, strong, quick, etc.' (ll.). � IE *ish1ro- 'holy'� .VAR Dor. and NWGr. [clpO';, Ion. poet. IPO';, Aeol. Ipo.;. Substantivized: [ePOV [n.] 'consecrated area, temple' (post-Horn.), [epa [n.pl.] , rarely sing. 'votive offering, (animal) sacrifice' (ll.) . DIAL Myc. i-je-ro, i-je-re-u, i-je-re-ja, i-je-ro-wo-ko /(h)iero-worgos/. COMP As a first member in many compounds, not mentioned here . DER Dialectal forms are often not mentioned separately: 1. [epeU'; (11.), Arc. Cypr. [ep�,;, Ion. also [epeW'; (hardly taken from upXLepeW';, Sommer 1948: 129) [m.] 'who performs sacrifices (Ta [epa), sacrificer, priest' (on mg. and spread Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1930): 81f.). From [epeU';: a) several feminines (cf. on �Cl
•

'LTj f.lL connections with Italic and Germanic words like Osc. aisusis 'sacrifiis', Palign. aisis, U erus 'dis', OHG era 'honor'. Duchesne-Guillemin 1937: 333ff. supported the old comparison with Skt. i$ira- by pointing to the agreement between [ePOV flevo.; and Skt. i$irb:ta manasii [ins.]. See R. Schmitt 1967: 111-114 on this correspondence. Further literature: Wiilfing von Martitz Glotta 38 (1960): 272-307 and Wiilfing von Martitz Glotta 39 (1961): 24-43; Locher 1963. Formally, the Greek dialects show three different forms: Le po.;, [apo.;, IpO,;. Ramat Sprache 8 (1962): 4-28 connects it with Skt. i$1:tiiti 'set in movement', which means that the root contained a laryngeal. Garda Ramon 1992b: 183-205 assumed a pre-form *h1ish2-ro- because of the connection with � ivaw. He also assumed that the laryngeal was lost between *s and r. Lesbian Ipo.;, then, continues the regular pre-form *isro-, while Dor. Lapo.; and Att. (etc.) LepO'; replaced the suffIx with -apo- or -ePO-. On the meaning (against a)'lo,;, a)'vo.;), see Nilsson 1941(1): 61ff.; also, Bolkestein 1936, Palmer Eranos 53 (1955): 4ff., and Defradas RPh. 81 (1955): 208ff. L�W 'sit down'. => E i�lO';. lTj9EVEOU
as an artificial formation, BM 469, 49) together with a
i9ayEv�c; [adj.] 'born here, born in lawful matrimony' (� 203, Ion., A., Arist.).
.

VAR i8aLvw = EU
•

'l9flaTa [n.pl.] 'steps'. - Elfll. i90UAlC; [?] name of a fish (BCH 60, 28; Boeot., Ira).
'l9PlC; - e8ple;. 'l9u!l�OC; [m.] name of a bacchic song with dance; one who performs this dance (Poll. 4, 104, H., Phot.).
i9umlwv [adj.] 'flying straight (of a lance), (cD 169, verse-final).
*pieh2-� VAR Only accus. flEALT]V i8umLwva. .ETYM Analyzed as a compound of i8ue; and the zero grade of n£ToflUL, with ending after the nouns in -WV, -Lwv (KaTanuywv, oupavLwv, KUAAonooiwv), for older *i8u•

m-LOe; (type OflOYVlOe;). Hackstein Glotta 70 (1992) : 154-167 proposed a meaning 'striking straight' with zero grade *pih2- and analogical m-; see � m�aaw. 19vC; [adj.] 'straight, just' (ll.).
225'). Denominative LK£T£UW [v.] 'to be a suppliant' (IL) together with LK£T£la (Att.), also LK£Twfla (Th.), LK£TWaL<.; (Suid.) = lKwla; LK£TWTlKO<.; (sch.). .ETYM From � [KW, LK£u8at. Several details on the formation in Fraenkel 1910-1912 (see index); on the meaning, see van Herten 1934. LKf.lUf.l€VO<.; => aLXfl�. LKf.lU<.;, -u60<.; [f.] 'wetness, moisture, secretion' (P 392, Hdt.).
'

LKf.lUW 'winnow'. => ALKfluw. 'lKf.l£VO<'; [adj.] epithet of oupo<,; 'wind' (A 479, Od.).
'lKpta [n.pl.] 'half deck' (Horn., B.), 'platform, stage, benches' (Hdt., corn., inscr., etc., cf. Beare Class. Rev.53 (1939): 54f.); sing. 'mast' (Eust. 1533, 31 [?l).
LKTlVO<.; .VAR Probably \'- (Ar. Th. 395, Cratin. 323) . COMP LKpLO-nOL£w [v.] 'to build a platform' (Hell. inscr.); £n-LKpLOv [n.] 'yard-arm' (£ 254, 318, A. R.), properly a hypostasis 'what is on the 'iKpLa' ; as an adjective perhaps in Nic. Th. 198 . DER Denominative verb LKpLOW 'to provide with 'iKpLa, construct a platform' (Att. inscr., D. C.), whence LKpLwfla 'support, framework' and LKPLWT�p£<'; [pl.] 'uprights, flooring of a deck' (Att. inscr.; often written hLK-) . ETYM Technical term without etymology. On the meaning, see also Martin RPh. 83 (1957): 72-81. •

•

•

IKTUIVW => '(KTap 1. 'lKTUP 1 [adv., prep.] 'near, near by' (Hes., Alcm., A.), with gen. or dat.
•

'lKTUP 2 [n.] 'genital parts of a woman' (Hp. Mul. 2, 174).
'lKT£pO<'; [m.] 'jaundice' (Hp.), often plur.; also name of a bird, Lat. galgulus (Plin.), named after its color.
586 .VAR Also (secondary?) LKt[V (-k;), gen. -lvoe; (corn., Paus.), after oeA
'lKm;, -L�O" [f.] 'marten' (Ar., Arist.).
•

LKW [v.] 'to come, reach' (Horn., Pi. Dor. Arc.).
•

L\u£Lpa, LAao", LAap6", LAEW" => LAuaKoflat. LAUOK0!1aL [v.] 'to propitiate, appease, reconcile', intr. perf. and aor. pass. 'to be merciful' (ll.).
L\uaKOflat Paus. 8, 42, 6), LAa�oflat (A. R.); Aeol. perf. ipv. £AAa8l (gramm., B. 10, 8), plur. £AAcm (Call. Fr. l2l); besides LAa8l, LAaTe (Theoc., A. R.), LAT]8l (y 380, n 184), cf. below; subj. LA�Knm (

'lATJ [f.] 'band, troop', especially a division of the Spartan youth; troop of horses = Lat. turma (Pi., S., X.). -
•

secundum.

'lAla [n.pl.] . flopla (owpa cod.) YUVaLKela; 'tALOV· TO T�<; yuvalKO<; £ £'tAlYY0<; £[AlY�. ' •

"IAlO<; [f.] 'Ilios, the city of Troy' (ll.); -lOV only 0 71, always in tragedy (E.). - £lAtw 2. lU6<; [adj.] 'squinting' (Ar., Sophr.). -
•

•

'{AAW 1 'press together'.

==>

'lAAW 2 'turn'. ==> £lAtw 2.

£lAEw 1.

F1AO"l<; 'distress'.

==>

£lAEw 1.

tAU<;, -uo<; [f.] 'mud, slime, dregs, impurity' (Ion., ll., Arist.). -0�' (H., Poll.) and as an epithet of Demeter in Syracuse (Polem. Hist. 39). Adjective LfluAlO<;, in H. = 1tOAU<;, LKavo<;, VO<1Tlflo<; 'much, sufficient, abundant', etc., also a month name in Hierapytna (SGDI 5040, 4) . ETYM Popular terms of agriculture that rarely occur in literature. For the ending of LflaAlu, we should first compare o.pflaAlu 'distributed food, portion', CtXUpfllU 'heap of chaff,
•

l!1avIWPTJ [f.] 'well-rope' (Herod. 5, 11). -
590

LllaTlov

fetter' in DeU 409, 7? Cf. Brugmann IF 29 (1911-1912) : 214) . 3. Llluv-row 'provide with Lllavn:c;, i.e. bed-straps' in LlluVTwllEvTjv KAlvTjv (H. s.v. 1tU�o�), LIlUtOV (IlEAOC;, �
illUTlOV [n.] 'outer garment, dress, cloth', often plur. -LU (Att.). � IE *ues- 'clothe'� .VAR Ion. £LllaTlov (EIlUTlOLC; inscr. Ceos), Dor. �llaTlov (Cyrene IVa). .COMP As a first member e.g. in LlluTlo-mvATjC; 'cloth-seller' (Critias, pap.). .DER Diminutive LllaT1OLOV, -LOUPLOV (Ar.) and denominative LlluTl(w [v.] 'to clothe' (pap., NT), whence LlluTL
L"ulw 'to draw with a rope'. => Lilac;.

, 'l1l�T)P l(; [?] . eYXEAuc;. MTj8uIlvuiOl 'eel (Methymna) (H.). � PG?� .ETYM The ending is reminiscent of A£�TjP1C; 'snake-skin' (Muller 1926: 30) . Do we therefore have to read tll�TjP1C;? The word resembles some Balto-Slavic words for 'eel', e.g. Lith. ungurys, Ru. ugor'. A pre-form lE *HengW- has been reconstructed, with E > L before nasal (but this is not a

'(v

591

general rule in Greek) and Aeolic development of the labiovelar. No lE proto-form can be reconstructed for these words. The ending, which is also seen in AE�TjP1C;, rather points to a Pre-Greek word. On -Tjp-, see Pre-Greek: Suffrxes. If one assumes interchange initial A-/zero as well as prenasalization, the words could be identical. Note that El L is frequent in Pre-Greek. The relation to � eYXEAuc;, Lat. anguilla, etc. is unclear. *(F)lll�W? [v.] 'to yoke, harness (horses)'? � ?, PG?� , VAR Aor. '(1l"'UC;· (EU�UC;. 8ETTuAol 'having yoked (Thess.) (H.). .DER"IIl"'LoC;· IIoUPLOL. 'ivy' (H.). Note that the gloss "11l"'LoC; has -11"'-, although it is not an aorist. This could be a Pre-Greek variant. See Latte on yLIl�avaL. •

IIlt:POC; [m.] 'longing, yearning, love' (ll.). � IE? *seh2i-mr, *sh2i-men- 'bond'� .COMP £ Lilac;. '(v [pron.] . mh�v, U1JTOv. KU1tPLOL 'her, him (Cypr.)' (H.). � IE *h,i- 'he'� .ETYM Identical with OLat. im 'eum', from the lE demonstrative *h,i- seen in Lat. and Go. is, etc. See also � lVu, and on � IlLV, � VLV.

592

Lva

Lva [adv., conj.] 'where, to where' (Horn., also lA); as a final conjunction 'that, in order that, etc.' (11.).
, *Hish2-, *His-neh2-� .VAR -aoflat (also -£w, -OW gramm.), fut. med. iv�aoflat (Hp.). .caMP With prefix um:p-Lvaw 'empty excessively, vehemently' (Hp. apud Erot.) together with U1t£plVTjGLe; (Hp. Loc. Horn.) and U1t£pLVOe; 'excessively emptied, exhausted' (Hp. Epid. 6, 5, 15, Arist., Thphr.). .DER iVTjefloe; 'emptying, cleaning' (Hp. Loc. Horn.), '(vTjGLe; 'id.' (ibid., Pherecyd. Hist. VP). Uncertain £1tLvaw (comm. Arist. VIP); on � 1t£plVatOe; (-eoe;), etc. s.v. ETYM Assuming that 'send forth' was the original meaning and that the i- was long, ivaw was compared by Meister KZ 32 (1893): 136ff. (cf Brugmann-Delbruck 1897-1916 2:3, 301 and Bechtel I921(3): 304f.) with Skt. i$1Jati 'to bring in quick movement', also 'to spurt out' (cf. on � ialvw). This is followed by Garda Ramon 1986: 497-514, see on � iaoflaL. The reconstruction is taken over by LIV2 s.v. *h,eish2-. •

ivMHoflaL [v.] 'to appear, seem' (11., Att.).
•

'iv6oupoe; [m.] . a(maAa� 'mole' (H.).
IVlc; [m., f.] 'son, daughter' (A., E. [lyr.] , Lyc., Call., also Cypr. inscr.; cf. Leumann 1950: 27421).
t�oe;

593

.VAR Accus. -LV. .ETYM Ace. to Walde Glotta 13 (1924): 127ff., it is from *ev-YV-Le; with Cypr. LV < £v and assimilation to the nasal with compensatory lengthening like in ylvOflat. This would confirm the Achaean character of the word. aIr. ingen, Ogam inigena 'daughter' have also been compared, as well as veo-yv-oe; 'newly born'. Alternatively, we may compare the expressive forms '(vvoe; ((vvTjv, KOPTjV flLKpav, '(vvoue;' 1ta18ae; H.), Byz. and MoGr. VLVl 'child, pupil' (older litt. in Frisk). See now Masson REGr. 88 (1975): 1-5· '(VVOC; 1 'child' (H.)

.

•

ETYM See on �LVLe; 'son, daughter'.

'(VVOC; 2 [m.] '(young) mule', = ylvvoe; (Arist.); more on the mg. in H. s.v. and Meister KZ 32 (1893): 143ff., with a wrong etymology. eVTupov . i� [m.] name of a worm that damages the vine (Alcm. 43).
'(�aAoc; [m.] '(castrated) he-goat' (� 105, AP; on the mg. see MaaB RhM 74 (1925): 464.).
594

i�ve.;, -voe.;

with birdlime' (Artem., Poll.); from there i�WT�e.; 'birdcatcher' (LXX, Bion) together with i�wnKoe.;, also i�WT�P (Man.), fern. -ElnpLa (PIu.; TUXll i�EuTpLa = Fortuna viscata); 2. i�OOflaL 'be smeared with birdlime' (Thphr.). ·ETYM An old cultural word, identical with synonymous Lat. viscum (viscus). It has been compared with Germanic and Slavic names for the cherry (also used for preparing birdlime), e.g. OHG wihsela 'morello', Ru. visnja 'cherry'. DELG wonders whether the word is IE, but given the structure, it is rather a European loanword. i�ve.;, -toe.; [f.] 'waist, loins' (E 231 = K 544, Hp., Hell. poetry). -
lov6oe.; [m.] 'young, downy hair', usually 'eruption on the face which accompanies the first growth of the beard' (Hp., Arist., Phld.). - 'moustache' (IE *uendh-s-o- or *uondh-s-o-). The Greek word would have to represent a reduplicated formation *F(-Fov80e.;. The words have been interpreted as verbal nouns of IE *uendh- 'to wind'. For the meaning, cf. � '(ODAOe.; within Greek.

595 lOPKOe.; 'roe, gazelle'. = OOpKae.;. ioe.; 1 'one and the same'. =-'la. toe.; 2 [m.] 'arrow' (ll.), see Triimpy 1950: 67. -
.VAR Plur. io(, also ia (Y 68). .COMP As a first member e.g. in io-86KOe.; 'receiving arrows', of cpapETp'1 (Horn.), -'1 [f.] 'quiver' (A. R.); on � iOXEaLpa s.v. .ETYM Compared with Skt. i�u- [f., m.] , Av. isu- 'arrow' < *(H)isu-; Greek toe.; < *ihwo- must be a thematization of this word. Meier-Briigger MSS 49 (1988): 75-77 thinks that to. is the ntr.pl. of PGr. *ihu, and that ioe.; is a secondarily thematicized singular derived from it.

toe.; 3 [m.] 'poison' (Pi., trag., PIu.). -
4 [m.] 'rust' on iron, 'verdigris' on copper, bronze (Thgn., Hp., Pl., Theoc., SIG 284, 15 [Chios Iva]). -
toe.;

i6-rTJe.; [f.] 'will, decision' vel sim. (Horn), in 8EWV iOT'1n, etc. On the use in Homer see Krarup Class. et Med. 10 (1949): 13. -
T I

LOUAO<; a false split of 0'lLOT�TL (-TO<;) 'enmity' into o� iOT'lTL, -TO<;. The Boeot. PN 8£LO FloTo<; strongly speaks in favor of original *pOT'lTL. iOVAO<; [m.] 'down, first growth of the beard, etc.; corn sheaf; catkin'; also name of a centipede-like worm (A 319, A. rh. 534, Arist., Thphr.). "I: IE *uel- 'turn, wind'� oCOMP As a first member e.g. in iouA6-m:(o<; "with feet like an '(OUAO<;", also of a ship, i.e. 'with many rowers' (Lyc. 23). oDER iOUAl<; [f.] fishname 'Coris iulis' (Arist.), because it resembles a centipede (Stromberg 1943: 125; also Thompson 1947 s.v.), also called '(OUAO<; (Eratosth.); 'IouAw [f.] "goddess of the corn sheaf', i.e. Demeter (Semus 19); thence the back-formation '(OUAO<; 'song for Demeter' (ibid., Eratosth.), also KUAAlouAo<; (for KUAAL-louAo<;, Semus); iOUAW0'l<; 'like a centipede' (Arist.); denominative verb iouAI(w 'get down' (Tryph.). oETYM From reduplicated *FI-FoAvo<; (cf. �iov80<;), related to OVAO<; 'woolly, fuzzy' and � ElAtw 2 « *FeAvEW) 'turn, wind'. iOXtUlpU [adj.] epithet of Artemis, also used as a substantive (Horn.; Pi. P. 2, 9 [with shortening of the i-] , poet. inscr.), also of the
= lmwupL<; (Thphr. HP 4, 10, 1), a plant. "I: ?� oETYM Unknown.

il£vo<; [m.] 'furnace', also 'kitchen' and 'lantern' (lA). "I: IE? *sp-no-, *sep- 'boil, bake'� o DIAL Myc. i-po-no. oCOMP tl£vo-rrM80<; 'oven-maker' (Pl.) , "E 'Zeus in Chios' (H.). oDER Diminutive irrvlov (medic.); irrvwv (Delos IlIa), trrvLWv (Gortyn) 'kitchen'; irrvIT'l<; (lipTO<;) 'bread baked in an oven' (Hp.); irrvLO<; 'belonging to an oven', '(rrvLu' T
furnarius (gloss.). oETYM The form trrvo<; may have developed from *lrrvo<; (cf. "E
T lrrrro<;

597

aspiration). The same holds true for the forms with velar: Go. auhns, OSw. oghn, from PGm. *oxna-, *o3na- < *uxna-, *u3nti-. Neither is there any possibility to connect it with Skt. ukha- [m.], ukhCt [f.] 'pot, cooking-pot'. A new proposal, which seems the most promising to date, has been advanced by Vine 1999a: 5-30: derivation from the root *sep- of e'/fw as *s)-no-, with a secondary zero-grade yielding +. The formation, an adjective in -no- with active sense, must be old. 11£0<; [f., n.] 'press', of a fuller, or for medical purposes; 'weight (in a mouse-trap, etc.)' (Pi., Archil., Hp., Ar.). "I: ?� oVAR The primary aorist '('/fuu8m, with fut. '('/feTm (A 454 = IT 237, B 193), rather means 'to squeeze, oppress' than 'to damage' (
[1£1£0<; [m., f.] 'horse, mare' (11.), collective fern. 'cavalry' (lA). "I: IE *h,ekuo- 'horse'� oDIAL Myc. i-qo /hikkwos/, i-qi-ja /hikkwia/ 'chariot'. oCOMP Very frequent in compounds: bahuvrihis (AeUK-mrro<;), governing compounds (lrrrro-ouj..l-o<;, lrrrr-'lM-T'l<;), determinative compounds (lrrrro-TO�OT'l<;) ' compounds with transformed second member (lrrrro-rroTaj..lo<;, lrrrr-uypo<; for lrrrro<; rrOTU!lLo<;, liypLO<;, see Risch IF 59 (1949): 287; on lrrrro-Kopum�<; see � KOpU<;); with metrically conditioned lrrmo- for lrrrro- in lrrmo-xuIT'1<;, -xupj..l'l<; (epic). As a first member also augmentative, especially in plant-names (irrrro-Aurru80v et aI., Stromberg 1940: 30). oDER A. Substantives: diminutive lrrl£UpLOV (X.), irrrrluKo<; '(small) statue of a horse' (Samos Iva), etc., lrrrrlOLov as a fishname (Epich.; Stromberg 1943: 100). lrrrrOT'l<; [m.] 'horseman, chariot driver' (11.; in Homer always irrrrOTU), fern. lrrrroTL<; (Nonn.); irrrreu<; 'chariot fighter' (11.), 'horseman' (Sapph., A., Hdt.), 'knight' as a social class (Hdt., Ar., Arist.); thence irrrreuw, see below; also as a name of a comet like irrrrlu<; (Plin., Apul.; Scherer 1953: 107); irrrrwv 'stable' (Att. inscr., X.); irrrruK'l 'cheese of mare-milk' (Hp.), also a plant name (Stromberg 1940: 136; formation like epL8uK'l, UAWVUK'l et al.); lrrrrepo<; "horse-fever" (Ar., like '(KTepo<;, uoepo<;); irrrrocrUv'l 'art of driving, cavalry' (11.). B. Adjectives: irrrru<; [f.] 'belonging to a horse, status and census of the knights in Athens' (Hp., Arist.); lrrrr£Lo<; 'belonging to a horse' (11.); trrmo<; 'id.' (Ale., Pi., trag.), often as an epithet of gods (Poseidon, Athena, etc.); thence 'Irrmwv as a month name (Eretria); lrrmKo<; 'id.' (lA; Chantraine 1956a: 141); irrrrwo'l<; 'horse-like' (X.). C. Verbs: 1. lrrrru(oj..lm (also with a
.ETYM Derives from the inherited word for 'horse', represented in Skt. a5va-, Av. aspa-, Lat. equus, Venet. ekvon [acc.], Olr. ech, OE eoh, OLith. esva 'mare', ToB yakwe, as well as perhaps the Thracian PN BETwmo<; and Arm. es 'donkey'. All these forms derive from lE *h,ekuo-. According to Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. *ekku-, the Anatolian evidence (Hitt. phonetic complements in -us, -un, HLuw. asu-, Lye. esb-) points to an athematic stem *h,eku-. This form must have been thematicized in PIE to *h,ekuo- after the separation of Anatolian. From this form, we expect an outcome Gr. *bt1toe;, so one problem is the vocalism L-, for which Mycenaean origin has been suggested. A second problem is the initial aspiration. Connection with o.JKlJe; cannot be demonstrated. A form with geminate velar is found in '(KKOe; (EM 474, 12), "IKKoe; PN (Tarent., Epid.); see Lejeune 1972: 831• A recent discussion of the origin of the type brm:ue; is found in De Vaan JIES 37 (2009).

11tTUf.laL 'fly'. => 1t£TOflaL. *'l1tTOf.lUl 'press'. =>11toe;. 'lpTJV ·VAR Lp�v. => dp�v. Ipu;, - lcSOe; [f.] 'rainbow' (11.), also of the halo of the moon, ete. (Arist., Thphr., GaL), as a plant name 'purple Iris', etc. (Arist., Thphr.), see Stromberg 1940: 49; also name of a stone (Plin.). As a PN'lpI<;, .-180e;, -IV daughter of Thaumas and Elektra, messenger of the gods (11., Hes.). � PG (v) � .VAR Acc. -18a, -IV. DER '(pIVOe; (corn., Thphr., Plb.), -£Oe; (Nic.) 'made of the Iris'; Lpw8Tje; 'like a rainbow' (Arist.), ipine; [f.] name of a stone (Plin.), see Redard 1949: 55; denominative ipi�w [v.] 'to be iridescent' (PHolm. 7, 6). .ETYM Evidence for the original form Flpl<; comes both from an inscription from Corinth and from the epic metrics (see Chantraine 1942: 152). The name of the goddess is no doubt identical with the appellative. This appellative has been derived from the root *ueh,i- 'bend', which is also seen in � iT£a and �hu<;; a suffix -r- is also seen in the Germanic group of OE wir, ON virr 'metallic wire, twisted ornament' (Kretschmer Glotta 2 (1910): 354). Fur.: 356 compares epI8ae;· Ta.<; EV oupavq, '(pI8a<; (H.), and concludes to Pre-Greek origin; does Elple; (formerly explained as "E-Flpl<; with prothetic vowel, which is impossible for an lE word) point to the same? Against the traditional etymology, it must be said that a pre-form PIE *uh,i-r-i- is hard to motivate. •

le; 1 [f.] 'power, strength' (Horn., Hes.). � IE *uiH- 'strength'� VAR Accus. '(V(a) (3 times, only before vowel, see below), instr. lqll. .DER '(
•

�-----�-----�--'---'--

...

599 le; [f.] 'sinew, tendon' (Horn., Hp., Archil., Ar.), 'tendon of the neck' (P 522), 'muscle fibres, fibrin, fibre of plants, ribs of leaves' (PI., Arist., Thphr.); details on the botanical usage in Stromberg 1937: 129ff. � IE? *uiH- 'tensile force'� VAR Gen. LVO<;; mostly plur. lvE<;, dat. '(vEm, late [ulv, '(VaL<;. COMP u-, 1tOAu-"ivO<; 'without, with many lvE<;', ete. (Thphr.). .DER LVlov [n.] 'the tendons at the back of the head, the neck' (11., Hp., Arist.), cf. Kpavlov, and see Chantraine 1933: 59; [vw8Tje; 'sinewy, fibrous' (X., Arist., Thphr.); probably also Lvala· Mvaflle; 'power, capacity' (H., uncertain conj. Peripl. M. Rubr. 46); denominative verbs: [vow 'to provide with IVEe;, stengthen' (Hdn.), E�-IVOW 'remove the IVE<;, make powerless' (Lyc.), also E�-Ivl�w, -Ivla�w (Gal., Peripl. M. Rubr. et al.) . ETYM It is debatable whether '(<; 'sinew' (which seems to have had initial F-) is a concretization of '(e; 'strength', or if it was originally a separate word. We may compare the meaning 'tensile force' in Skt. vtiyas-, which also means 'power, etc.'. It is mostly assumed that the n-stem inflexion lva, IVEe;, etc. arose from an accus. (F)lva, with -a added like in Z�v-a. This is quite possible. Scheftelowitz IF 33 (191311914): 158f. assumed an independent word (F)k (F)lvoe; 'sinew' (cf. yie;· lfla<; 'strap' H.) from a verb 'bow, bend', seen in � hue;, �Iple;. •

•

•

'{m1f.ll [v.] 'I know'. � GR� .vAR lnf. puaflTjv (Gortyn). .ETYM A Doric innovation (Theoe., Cret., ete.) starting from the 3Pl. '(uavn = Att. '(uam, based on lO"TaVn : lUTCtfll. Rejected by Floyd KZ 90 (1976): 166-177. imine; [f.] name of a blue-caloring plant, 'woad, Isatis tinctoria' (Hp., Thphr., Samos Iva). � ?� .VAR Gen. -180e;, -IOe;, -EWe;. .DER LuaTw8Tje; 'woad-like' (Hp., Aret.). .ETYM Lat. vitrum 'id.' and OHG weit, OE wad 'woad' have been adduced, as well as MLat. waisda (Prellwitz 1905 s.v.); these seem too far off, but perhaps all these words are loans from a common source. The plant was probably named for its glass-like calor (see De Vaan 2008 s.v. vitrum). La9f.loe; [m.] 'small entry, spit of land, strait of earth or sea, neck', especially as a TN of the strait of Corinth (lA). � PG?� VAR Also fern., after � 680<;, etc. (cf. Schwyzer 1950: 342). .COMP As a second member with a suffix -10- in the hypostasis 1tap-lu9flla [n.pI., sg.] 'fauces, tonsils' (Hp., Arist.) . DER '(u9flloe; 'belonging to the Isthmos' (Pi., trag.), TO '(u9flLOV 'collar' (u 300), Ta. '(u9flla 'fauces' (Hp.); ,(u9flloV also metaph. from the neck of a flask (Cypr. word in Pamphil. apud Ath. 11, 472e; different Leumann 1950: 271); Tu"lu9flla name of the Corinthian games (Pi., Simon., Ar.) together with 'lu9flLO-vIKTje;, -VIKO<; 'winner at these games' (B.), 'Iu9fllaO"Tal 'spectators of the games' (title of a play of A.; like AnoAAwvlaO"Tal, etc., Chantraine 1933: 317); Lu9flla�w (Suid., H.), also 'lu9fllCtTaL (Delos IP); Lu9flIKoe;, -laKOe; 'belonging to the Isthmos, the Isthmian games' (Ar., •

•

.--�---� ---"';""'--'--��

laiKlov

600

Str.), la9llwoTj e; 'isthmos-like' (Th.). Denominative la91laivw = ua9llaivw, with '(a9 llu = lia91la 'panting' (H.), arose as a cross of 1a91l0e; with ua9llaivw. .ETYM Derivation from dill 'go' with a suffix -9110- has been assumed, by comparison with the by-forms 'I91l0e;, 'I91l0-viKa (inscr.) and '(-9Ila, Ela-i-9IlTj. In derivatives of this root, the meaning 'strait' is also found in ON eio [n.] 'strait of land', from IE *Hoi-dho- (or *Hoi-to-). However, the -a- is unexplained, and as a basic form *Hidhdhmo- cannot be accounted for. Chantraine 1933: 137 therefore assumes adaptation of a local loan; likewise, Fur.: 2949.

lalKlOV [n.] 'a dish of mince-meat' (Ath. 376 b, pap.). <'l LW Lat.� .DER '(mKOe; 'id.' (Alex. Aphr., Pr. 1, 22), lmKluploe; and lmKLOlluyapoe; 'butcher'. .ETYM From Lat. insicium '(OKaL [f.pl.] 'fungus growing on oaks and walnut-trees (Aet. 7, 91, Paul. Aeg. 6, 49). <'l PG(V)� VAR UaKat, uncertain reading Aet. 7, 9l. ETYM Unknown. If the variant is reliable (Fur.: 367), it would point to a Pre-Greek word. •

•

LOKAaL 'sheep-skin'. - '(�aAOe;. '(OKW [v.] 'to make like, imitate, think like, interchange' (Hom.), also 'to imitate, feign' er 203 with Aeywv; cf. Lat. simuliire), 'to suppose by mistake' (X 31, after T 203); thence 'to suppose' (Simon. 130). In Alexandrian poets (where also ISg. '(aKov, pte. '(aKwv) 'to speak, say' (Theoe., A. R., Lyc.). <'l IE *ueik- 'resemble'� VAR Only 3sg. ipf. '(aK£(v) and pte. laKovT£e;, laKouaa. .ETYM Probably from * F iK aK- w ; see on � £olKa, as well as Bechtel 1914 s.v. and Chantraine 1942: 317. •

-

'(ooe; [adj.] 'equal' in number, strength, size, status, etc. (ll.). <'l IE? *ueid- 'see, know'� VAR Epic [aoe;, fem. t"laTj (see below), Are. Cret. Boeot. FiaFoe; (H. yiayov· ,(aov). .COMP Very frequent as a first member, e.g. lao-9we; 'god-like' (ll.), hypostasis of '(aoe; 9£tp or a bahuvrihi 'having gods as equals' (Risch 1937: 186; cf. Sommer IF 55 (1937): 1952), lao-1t£OOV 'plain' (ll.), lao-1t£OOe; 'of the same level, as high as' (Hdt., Hp.; cf. Risch IF 59 (1949): 15), la-Tjyo piT) , -ia 'equal right to speak, political equality' (lA; a compound of '(aov uyopua9at); on � laocpapi(w s.v. As a second member e.g. in li(v)-laOe; 'unequal, unfair' (lA). DER laoTTje; 'equality' (PI., Arist.), lauKle; 'as often' (Pl.), laaxwe; 'in as many ways' (Arist.); denominative verbs: iau(w 'make, be equal' (ll.) with iaualloe; (Epicur.) and laQ(jTlKOe; (Eust.); 1aoollat, -ow 'to become (make) equal' (since Tj 212); laaio llat 'to be (made) equal' (Nic., Arat.) . ETYM Formally, FiaFoe; > epic [aOe; (on the digamma, cf. Chantraine 1942: 144; the apparent prothetic vowel in t-(F) iaTj is artificial; Beekes 1969: 65f.), Att. '(aoe;. The development corresponds to that in * llov Foe; > epic Ilouvoe;, Att. Ilovoe;, and *oAFoe; > epic ODAOe;, Att. OAOe;, etc. As IE * -sy- was not retained in Greek, the comparison with Skt. vi?u- 'to several sides' must be given up. Phonetically, a basic form *yit'yo- would do, but the •

•

•

[aTia

601

morphological connection to a zero grade * poa- from dooe; 'shape' (thus Brugmann-Delbruck 1897-1916 2:1, 205) is hypothetical. An ingenious but probably incorrect analysis as Ouw 'two' + thematization of a suffix -TU- by Meillet BSL 26 (1925): l2f. Extensive discussion by Ruijgh Minos 20-22 (1987): 533-544.

loocpapl�w [v.] 'to match oneself against, measure oneself with' (ll., Hes., Simon., Theoe.); 'to make equal' (Nic. rh. 572). <'l GR� VAR Only present. .ETYM With comparable meaning, there is also UVTlcp£pi(w 'to oppose somebody' (ll.), after uVTl-cpepw. The word atJTocpapi(av· aUTollaTeLv 'to act spontaneously' (H.) arose after the example of iaocpapi(w. This probably stands for * iaocp o p i(w = '(aa cpepav, from hypothetical *iao-cpopoe;, but the a-vocalism is unclear. Perhaps after an unknown example (type iao �ap�e;) ? However, note that the a is also found in cpapeTpa. •

'(00ao6aL . KATjpoua9cu 'to be appointed by lot' (H.). .ETYM See Bechtel l921, 1: 120 and Luther 1935: 70. See � a[aa. ionivw [v.] 'to arise, acquire'. <'l GR� VAR Hell. present for [aTTj III (Plb., pap., inscr.), formed to the inf. [aTUVat. .ETYM A parallel case is that of Cret. aTavuw 'install' (1tOAlV aTavuea9wv SGDI 5040, 66), which has been compared with Av. fra-stanuuanti 'they gain an advantage'. In reality, the Cypr. form is rather a thematic enlargement of a primary present of the type a'(vullat, probably after Tavuw et al. See Schwyzer: 696£., 698f. •

[O'T'lf.ll [v.] 'to make stand, set up, take position, bring to a standstill, etc.' (ll.). <'l IE *steh2- 'stand, set'� VAR Med. [aTallat 'to stand up, etc.', aor. aT�aat, aT�aUaeat, fut. aT�aw, aor. pass. aTa9�vat (Od.), fut. aTae�aollat (Att.); intr. aor. aT�Vat with fut. aT�aollat 'take a stand, arise', perf. £aTTjKa 'to stand'. .DIAL Dor. [aT(llll .COMP Very often with prefix, uva-, KaTa-, U1tO-, t�-, IlETa-, ete. .DER Several (partly inherited) derivations are � [aTOe;, � aTa91l0e;, � aTalllv£e;, � aTume;, � aTaT�p, � aT�ATj, � aT�llwv, � aTOU, etc. See also � aTullvoe;, � aTaupOe;. .ETYM The intr. athem. root aorist £aTTjv neatly corresponds to Skt. asthiim < PIE *h,e-steh2-m. Beside this, Greek innovated (already in Hom.) a transitive s-aorist £aTTjau, like £cpuaa beside £cpuv, etc. The intr. future aT�aollat was originally built from £aTTjv, but became associated with the s-aorist later. Also, the trans. reduplicated athematic present [aTTjlll is limited to Greek; one may compare T[9Tjlll, [Tjlll, �[�Tj lll. Both Indo-Iranian and Italo-Celtic have thematic formations: Skt. ti?thati 'stands', Lat. sistit (both < *-sth2-e-ti). The intr. perf. £aTTjKu, plur. £aTCtIl£V is old (leaving aside the enlargment in -K-), and together with Skt. tasthau, plur. tasthima, Lat. stetimus it continues an IE perfect formation. The verbal adjective aTaTOe; (ll.), also in Skt. sthita- 'standing', Lat. status, ON staor, ete. < PIE *Sth2-tO- is old as well. For more different IE formations, see LIV2 s.v. *steh2-. See also � LaTUVW. •

iOTla 'hearth'

.

•

VAR Ion. "[Tj. - £aTia.

602

iaToe;

iaT<>e; [m.] 'beam (of a loom), loom, tissue; mast' (11.).
iO'XlOV [n.] 'hip-joint, haunches' (11.).
.DER Diminutive iaxupLOV (Hero); iaXLaKoe; 'belonging to the hip' (Thphr.); iaXLue;, -uooe; [f.] (scil. voaoe;) 'pain in the hip' (Hp.) with iaXLa8LKoe; (medic.), as a plant name = AEUKuKav0a (Dse., as a remedy against iaXLue;, Stromberg 1937: 194); iax[ume; = iaXLue; (medic.; as if from *iaXLuw, see Schwyzer: 505 and 732); denominative verb iaXLu�w (iaXLUOOELV H.; Lacon.) 'bend the hip-joint' (Procop., Suid., Phot., H.; uncertain Gal. 18 [1] 786). .ETYM No etymology. If'(aXL' 6a
· ...

604 'to prove one's strength, exert oneself, proclaim emphatically, etc.' (Heraclit., Att.), also with prefIxes like 01-, Cl-rc-, uvr-, together with the desiderative ioxu p l- elw 'to venture to affIrm' (Hp.); 2. KaT-LOXUpeuoflUl 'to be violent' (Aq.). PN 'IaXUAOt; (inscr.). .ETYM The glosses (Lacon.) �laxuv, Ylaxuv· iaxuv (H., also Hdn. Gr. 1, 509) point to PGr. * paxut;, which was connected with Skt. vi-$ah- 'to have in one's power' by Brugmann IF 16 (1904): 493f. and Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-1916 2:1, 209. The latter word belongs to the root *seft- (s.v. aXelV, � exw) with a prefIx *ui- 'apart, asunder', but this prefIx does not exist in Greek, so the etymology fails. However, Myc. i-su ku-wo-do-to has no digamma, which means that the F- in the glosses may be secondary after * F lt; 'power' (thus Meillet BSL 27 (1927): 129ff., though with false explanation of the i- as "prothetic"). The connection with eX£lv seems rather improbable. On the u-stem (like TrAIl9ut;, VllOUt;, etc.), see Schwyzer: 463f. and Meid IF 63 (1958): 19, who assumes an abstract formation from an adjective * p- aX-ut; 'resisting' (-u- like in exu-pot;), which is not very convincing. Chantraine Bmerita 19 (1951): 134ff. considers connection with i�ut;, iaxlov. Pre-Greek origin seems quite possible.

ha!l6� [adj.] 'headlong, hasty, eager, bold, reckless' (Att.). � ?� .DER Also hll�' -ou [m.] 'id.' (Ar., Pl.), and hllTlKOt; = haflot; (Arist.); from in'tw? See � elfll. Further haflo-rllt; (PI., Plb.), haflla (LXX) 'vigour, effrontery', hafleu o flUl 'be h.' (Jul. Or. 7, 21OC; interpolated) . ETYM Mostly, '(-Tilt; is derived from iEVUl 'to go' (Chantraine 1933: 318) as "Draufganger" (thus already in antiquity, e.g. PI. Prt. 34ge, 359C), though most other oxytones in -aflot; are substantives (TroTafl0t;, etc.). Probably a word from the Attic popular language (incorrectly, Fraenkel 1912: 58f.). •

hea [f.] 'willow' (cD 350), also 'shield made of willow' (E., Ar.; cf. Triimpy 1950: 73). � IE *ueh,i- 'bend', *uh,i-tu-� vAR Epic Ion. hEll (- el- A. R. 4, 1428, with metrical lengthening?). .COMP Compound heo-
•

hov [n.] Thracian name for a kind of mushroom (Thphr. fr. 167, Plin. H.N. 19, 36). � PG(V) � .VAR OlJlTOV' TO lm' eVlwv OiTOV (H.). .ETYM Probably pTOV (thus DELG). Fur.: 110, 184 connects it with � U8vov, ihvov 'truffle' which has variants olovov, OITvov. Furnee is mistaken to assumes a prothetic 6-, since 6- and OU- just indicate F-> a bilabial [w] . So we have *wit- and *wid-n-, with a suffIx beginning with n-, and voicing before the nasal (cf. Fur.: 110 on aTrIKavot;, amyvot;; on the suffIxes with a nasal added after a consonant, see Pre-Greek: SuffIxes,

,'

.__�_.�_: _�_

T

T

-V-). Moreover, in ihvov, the I became u after the w, which itself disappeared before the u (so wit- > wut- > ut-). hplOV [n.] name of a cake (lA), made from sesame and honey acc. to Ath. 14, 646d. � ?� .VAR Usually plur.; long initial syllable in Ar. Aeh. 1092. .COMP hplo-m.lJAllt; (Poll.) 'seller ofhpLOv' . .DER hplv£Ot; 'like hplov' (AP). .ETYM Unknown; probably a loanword. , 'Luov [n.] . £v. Kp�Tet; 'one (Cret.) (H.). � ?� .ETYM See Latte 1953, who notes that Solmsen BB 17 (1891): 135 reads OITTov. hu�, -uo� [f.] 'felloe, rim of a shield', also metaph. 'shield' (ll.). � IE *ueh)- 'bend',

*uh,i-tu-� .ETYM Aeol. F ITUt; (gramm.; cf. also Chantraine 1942: 144) proves that the connection with hEa, olaot;, IPlt; is correct. It therefore properly means 'bend, curve' (whence fIrst 'willow'?), a derivative in -TU- from a verb 'bend, twist', seen in Lat. vieD 'to bind, twist', Skt. vyayati 'wind, wrap, envelop', ptc. vlta-, Lith. vyti, 1Sg. veju, ptc. vytas, Ru. vit', 1Sg. vju 'to turn, wind'. Greek F lTUt; corresponds exactly to Lat. vitus 'felloe' (also vitutus 'provided with a felloe', concluded from �ITWTOt; Bd. Diod.), but the latter is rather a loan (WH s.v.). Elsewhere, there are also traces of tu-derivatives, both in Greek and in Balto-Slavic: iTEa, olaot; next to OPr. witwan 'willow', OCS VetVb, Ru. vitvina 'twig, rod'.

iuyi] VAR ,(uYfla, iUYflot;. - iu�w. •

'(uy�, -yyo� [f.] name of a bird, 'lynx torquilla' (Arist., Ael.), which was bound to a turning wheel during incantations to win back a lost love; thence the meaning 'spell, charm' (Pi., Ar., X. [cf. Gow JHS 54 (1934): 1ff.] and Theocr. 2, 41 [cf. Kretschmer Glotta 26 (1938): 63]); also (mostly in plur.) name of certain Chaldaic gods (Procl., Dam.). � PG(s) � .DER'IuYYlot; month name in Thessaly (IG 9(2), 258: 5); to 'Iuyy1ll t;· 6 L110vuaot; (H.)? Cf. on iu�w; iUYYIKOt; 'belonging to the '(uyyet;' (Dam.). .ETYM Formation like Trwuy�, aTpIY�, aUpIY�, and other names of birds and musical instruments (Chantraine 1933: 3 and 398). It has been connected with iu�w, after the crying of the bird (e.g. Osthoff MU 4 (1881): 1852). However, it was without a doubt originally a loanword that was adapted to � iu�w by folk etymology. iu�w [v.] 'to cry aloud, howl' (ll.). � PG (v) � .VAR Aor. iU�Ul (Pi. P. 4, 237). Also UV- IU�W (Q. S.). Cf. U�LUKTOV (cod. -IlKTov)- e
,.

--.;."-.. I

606 With prenasalization iUYKTOV' -ropov 'piercing' and iuyyoopofluv, EK�OT]eELV. , BOlWTO[ 'to march out to aid (Boeot.) (H.), after �OT]OpOflELV; perhaps a mistake for iuyo-? Also 'IuYY[T]C;' L'110VUOOC; (H.), with the Thessalian month name'IuYYloC;; details in Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1930): 98. ETYM A verbalized interjection, cf. ii3 (Hdn. Gr. 1, 506); or is the latter a back formation from iu�w? We also find iou, iw, iav, but these may have had another initial. From the interjection also ''IuoC;, epithet of Dionysus (Lycaonia; cf. Robinson AJA 31 (1927): 26ff., Wahrmann Glotta 19 (1931): 161). See further � '(uy�. The forms U�[UKTOV (cod. -T]KTOV} Eep' oD OUK EY£VETO �o� U1tOAAUfl£v.ou (cf_ Latte ad loc.) and EK�IOU�et· epT]vu flETU Kpauy�c; (H.) point to *FLu�w (cf. Fur.: 277). With its prenasalization, the word is typically Pre-Greek; note the vocalism of -�LOU�et_ •

'lcpOlfloc; [adj.] 'powerful, strong, vigilant' (Horn., Theoc., D. P.). '(C; 1. 'lcpvov [n.] kind of lavender, 'Lavandula Spica' (Ar., Epich., Thphr.).
lxavaw [v.] 'to desire, try, crave' (Horn., Babr., Herod.).
lXOUC;, -UOC; [m.] 'fish' (ll.). -UOLOV; later -u (Schwyzer: 199 and Fraenkel I9l2: 177f.; different Chantraine 1933: 70). Other substantives: ixeua, Ion. -uT] 'dried fish (skin), fishery' (medic., pap.); iXeU�flaTa [pl.] (rarely Sing.) 'fish-scales' (Hp.); ixeuTa 'fishery' (Prod.); iXeuuov 'fish market' (Nesos; uncertain); iXeUOVEp. iXeuaywyo[ H.; cf. Schwyzer: 487.

,.

-.... : --

IXWP, -wpOC; Adjectives: iXeUOElC; 'rich in fish, consisting of fish' (Horn.); iXeuwoT]C; 'rich in fish, fish-like' (Hdt.); iXeuT]p0C; 'consisting of fish, scaly, polluted' (Ar., Ph.), iXeuT]p6. [f.] 'fish-taxes' (pap.); iXeu'iKOC; 'regarding fish, fish-like' (LXX), -IK� 'fish toll' (Magnesia, Ephesus); iXeuaKoc; 'id: (Aq., Srn., Thd.); iXeu'ivoC; 'id: (Ael.). Verbs: iXeu6.w 'fish', also intr. 'behave like a fish' (Od.), also iXeu6.�OflaL 'fish' (AP) . Cf. the derivatives of UAC; (CtAl-EUC;, -EUW, -E[a, etc.), which compete with the group of iXevc; . ETYM On the accent, see Schwyzer: 377f. and Berger MSS 3 (1953): 7. An old word for 'fish' in general, also found in Armenian and Baltic: Arm. jukn (acc. to Kortlandt, -k is a reflex of the laryngeal, like in mu-kn < *muH-n- beside flvC;), Lith. iuvis, iuvq [gen.pl.] , Latv. zuvs. For the "prothetic" vowel i-, cf. on � iKTLVOC; and � Xe£c;. The word is now reconstructed *dtuH-, the long vowel in the nom. being caused by a laryngeal. The western languages (Latin, Celtic, Germanic) had a different word for 'fish': Lat. piscis, 0Ir. iasc, MoHG Fisch. •

'(XAa [f.] name of a sea-fish.
•

608

'L'/I, hroc;

.DER ixwpwOT]C; 'serous' (Hp.). .ETYM Without an exact morphological parallel (cf. Schwyzer: 519 and 569, Chantraine 1942: 212), and probably a foreign word. Several unconvincing explanations have been proposed: a loan from Hitt. esbar (which is related to � Eap), e.g. Heubeck 1961: 81 and Neumann 1961: 18; comparison with iKfHiC; (Pisani RILomb. 73 (1939-40): 492ff.); or with lXap, ixavaw (Bolling Lang. 21 (1945): 49ff.), etc. All of these and other previous proposals are rejected by DELG, which continues by stating that the word is probably Indo-European; this is far from certain, of course. Acc. to Jouanna and Demont REA 83 (1981): 197-209, we should start from the technical, medical conception, and not from the poetic one.

I'/I, ht6" [m.] name of a worm that eats horn and wood, notably vines (

'(,/,0" [m.] a tree, 'cork-oak, Quercus Suber (?)' (Thphr. HP 3, 4, 2). UPlOl 'ivy (Thurii)' (H.). .ETYM Unknown. Some compare *(F)lfl�w.

LW [exclam.] 'alas!' (A.). i�, i�·LOC;. LWy� => E1tlwy aL LWK� [f.] 'rout, pursuit' (ll.).
"

•

•

•

'IovloC; (KoAnoc;) [m.] 'the Ionic Sea' (between Epirus and Italy). 5. 'Iav£loc; patronymic (Thess.). 6. iwvLaKoc; [m.] Ephesian name of the fish xpuao
Lwp6" [m.] mg. uncertain (A.D.). lVOV XWplOV, Kat TO o pOC;. Kat OlKOC;, Kat a TOUTOU
'(W'/', -(Ono" [m.] name of a small fish (Nic., Call. in Ath., Ael., Hdn. Gr. 1, 247).
K Ka [pd.] => Ke. Ka�aea => yapa80v. Ka�auJO� [m.] 'gluttonous fellow' (Cratin. 103), also PN (IG 5(2), 271: 9 [Mantinea Iva]). «! PG(V) � oVAR Also Kapaao<; (Poll. 6, 43 v.l.). oETYM In antiquity, the word was analyzed as a compound of Kapo<; and alaa, which is of course nonsense. For the ending, cf. Ayopmao<; (SGDI 3269, 12; 3386, 36; Schulze 1933a: 665). The meaning and structure of the word point to Pre-Greek origin. Fur.: 214 points to the v.l. Kapaao<;. If we combine these variants, we arrive at a Pre-Greek form *kamasY-. He further connects Kallaao<;· papa8pov 'abyss', which is possible but uncertain; the comparison with Kallaa�v 'fish' is even more uncertain. Ka�aUT)�, -ov [m.] 'workhorse, nag, tpyaTT)<; lmto<;' (PIu., AP, H.). «! LW Anat.� o DER KapaAA(e)LOV [n.] 'id.' (inscr. Callatis, H.), also metaph. = � TCpWTTJ TOU TplKAlVOU KAlVTJ' OU1 TO UVaKALTOV 'the first couch in a dining-room with three couches' (H.). Further KapaAAaTlOV « Lat. *caballatium) plant name, = KuvoyAwaaov (Ps.-Dsc.; cf. the plant names in lTCTCO-, Stri:imberg 1940: 30); KapaAACtplo<; (Teucros Astrol.) = Lat. caballiirius 'groom' (gloss.), KapaAAaplKo<; (IlUAO<;, TaTCTJ<; Edict. Diad.). oETYM The PN KapaAAa<; (IV", Rev. Arch. 1925, I 259) shows that the word is old in Greek. Like Lat. caballus, W PN Caballas, KapaAATJ<; (with technical and popular -TJ<;; Chantraine 1933: 30f.) is an Asiatic loan or a Wanderwort, perhaps originally an ethnicon like Wallach et al. It has been compared with Turk. kaval epithet of at 'horse', MoP kaval 'second dass horse of mixed blood', and further with Ru. kabyla 'mare'. Connection with the Anat. EN KapaAel<; (KaPTJA£e<; Hdt.) is uncertain, as is the appurtenance of KaPTJAo<;, KaATJpo<;, UTCWKOAUIlIl£vo<; TO aiOolov (H.), cf. on paKTJAo<;. Ka��aALK6� [adj.] 'good at throwing somebody to the ground', said of a fighter (Gal. Thras. 45). «! GR� o DER Compar. KappaAlKOTepO<; (PIu. Mar. 236e, M. Ant. 7, 52). oETYM Laconian for KaTapATJTlKo<;. Ka�apvOL [m.pl.] name of the priests of Demeter on Paros (IG 12(5), 292 [IIIP], H.). oDER Kapapvl<;, poetic name ofparos (St. Byz.).

612

.ETYM See KU�ElpOl -KU�cSUAO� => UUTOKU�OUAO<;. , KU�ElO� [adj.] . v£o�. I1uqllOl 'young (Paph.) (H.).
KU�ElpOl [m.p!'] name of chthonic gods, especially on Samothrace and Lemnos, as . well as in Boeotia (Pi., Hdt., inscr.). E and the l; before the v, the palatal character was neglected. See Beekes Mnem. 57 (2004): 465-477. See Hemberg 1950. •

•

KU�O� [m.] measure of grain: 4 �£aTal (LXX).
•

KUYKUIlOV [n.] name of the 'resin of an oriental tree' (Dsc.). (H.) and 1tOAU-KUYK�<; epithet of ohvu 'thirst' (A 642), perhaps formed to a present *KuYKOllat. .ETYM Words for 'hunger, pain' are traditionally connected with the group of KUYKUVO<;: the full grade primary verbs K£YKEl' 1tElvq. 'is hungry' (Phot.); from other lE languages: Lith. keiikti, 1Sg. keiikia 'to ache' (*'burns, withers'), secondary ON ha 'to tease, pain' < PGm. *hanhon, and the verbal nouns Lith. kanka 'pain', Go. huhrus 'hunger', denominative huggrjan 'to hunger'. If this comparison is correct and if we reconstruct a root *kenk-, the ablaut of KUYKUVO<;, etc. must be secondary. Schulze KZ 29 (1888): 269f. connects the glosses KUKl0�<;· ciTpo
613 hungry', KUKl0u· AlllTJpu (H.), the second member of which would belong to � u'(0w, i0ulvw; but if so, the first member could also be KUKO<;, as DELG s.v. notes. Because of the root structure (nasal and a-vocalism), the word is suspect of Pre Greek origin. The words compared mean 'hunger, pain', and not primarily 'arid, dry'.

KUYKEA(A)OL [m.p!' ] 'railings, barrier, starting gate' (pap., inscr., imperial period; sch.), also as a measure (Il£Tpq> TqJ KUYK£AAq>, etc.) in pap.
614

Hasammil(i/as), a Hattic god. Was it originally *Hat'milY? It is probably a derivation of Kadmos, though there is no tradition that confirms this.

KaS!1o� [m.] name of a hero, the founder of Thebes (Od.)
'purification', Ka8aPfl6c; 'atonement' (Hdt., trag.), Ka8apfla (often plur.) 'purification, refuse' (Att.); Ka8apT�C; 'purifyer, conciliator' (Hp., S.), -T�p 'id.' (Man., PIu.), -T�PlOC; (D. H.); Ka8apmoc; (to KaeapT�C;, Kaeapmc;, KaeapT6c;) 'purifying' (Hdt., trag.), KaeapTlK6c; 'id.' (Hp., Pl.). 2. Ka8apt�w 'to purify' (LXX), also with prefixes uno-, ola-, £K-, n£pl-, with Kaeaplafl6c; (LXX), Kaeaplmc; (pap.), etc. 3. Kaeap£uw 'to be pure' (Ar., PI.) with Ka8ap£umc; (H., EM); also Kaeapl-£uw (Paus., gramm.). 4. Ka8apl-6w 'to purify' (LXX). oETYM No etymology, see Frisk and DELG for unsuccessful older attempts. The variation a/o points to Pre-Greek origin (Fur.: 391 even connects it with ueap�c;, but this is doubtful). Alternatively, Peters 1993b: 95ff. takes up the old connection with Skt. sithira- 'loose', reconstructing *krth2-ro-, but this etymology needs too many ad hoc assumptions: independent dissimilatory loss of the first r in both branches, doubtful laryngeal aspiration *tH > e (nAaTUC; is a strong counterexample, and cannot be explained away by nAaTaflwv), and too complicated semantics.

KaO£lc:rToV [n.] . clooc;
Kat [conj.] 'also, even; and' (ll.). *KMl > Kac;, Kat (Ruijgh 1967a: §293). Also found in � KMtyvllToC;. Ace. to Klingenschmitt MSS 33 (1975), Kat, Arc. Cypr. Kac; 'also, even; and' and -Kac; in uvopa-Kac; may all derive from *kl';fs(-i). Katasa� [m.] 'pit or cavern at Sparta, into which people sentenced to death (or their bodies) were thrown' (Th. 1, 134, Paus. 4, 18,4, D. Chr. 80, 9).
Kal£m [f.] KaAafltVell. BOlWTot 'mint' (H.).
KaLKIUC;, -OU

·VAR KaLETUC; (without accentuation, Apollon. Lex. s.v. KT]Twwauv), KaLUTWV [gen.pl.] (Anon. Lond. 36, 57). Also KUluTu(C;). .ETYM Has been connected with KUlw, because of the burning taste (FraenkeI 191O: 62 A. 2, Bechtel 1921, 1: 306). The word is rather Pre-Greek, though a direct connection with � KaLaOac; is not evident. KUlKla<;, -ov [m.] 'northeast wind' (Ar., Arist.).
Kalvvf.lUl [v.] 'to overcome, surpass, excel' (Od.).
KUlVW [v.] 'to kill' (trag., Timocr. 1, 9, Theoc. 24, 92).
I

_

-

____________ ___ _ _ _ _

_ _c _ _ _ ___

� � � � � � � � � � � � � _ � � � � � � � � � � ___'____'__

KulpoC;

617

.DER KOVUL'
Kalm:TO<; [m.] . a�[vT] 'axe-head' (H.).
•

KaipO<; [m.] 'row of thrumbs (on the loom), to which the threads of the warp are attached' (Ael. Dion. Fr. 440, Phot. 304, EM); the exact construction remains unknown.
618

KULW

KULW [v.] 'to kindle', med.-pass. 'to burn' (ll.). Lat. eneaustum; the red purple with which the Roman emperors signed, from where Fr. enere); also lmOKUU-O'l<';, -O'TTj<';, -O'T �PlOV, -O'TPU, ete. .DER 1. Kuullu 'fIre, heat, glow' (ll.) with KuuIlUT-w8Tj<.; (Hp., Arist.), -Tjp6<.; (Str.), -LU<'; (Thphr.; of the sun) 'burning, glowing', KuuIlUTL(w 'burn, singe' (NT, PIu., Arr.). 2. KUUO'l<'; (EYKUUO'l<';, ete.) 'burning' (lA) together with (ty-, KaTU-)KUUO'lIl0<.; 'inflamable' (Pl., X.). 3. KUUO'O<'; [m.] 'causus, bilious remittent fever, etc.' (Hp., Arist.), from KUUO'aL, or rather with a suffIx -0'0- (Stromberg 1944: 87f.)? Thence KUUO'LU 'Macedonian hat against the sun', KUUO'WV 'id.', also 'heat, hot wind, etc.' (LXX, NT, medie.), KuuO'w8Tj<.; 'burning, hot' (Hp., Thphr.), KUUO'oOllaL, -ow 'to have causus, burn; to heaten' (medic., NT, pap.) together with KUUO'wllu 'heating' (Gal.). 4. KUU(O')T�p [m.] 'burner, burning iron' (Pi., Hp.), fern. gen. KuuO'mp�<.;, epithet of lluXTj<.; (ll.) or KUIlLVOU (Nie.), from *KUUO'T£lP U (Schwyzer: 474, Chantraine 1942: 192; , note the switch of accent); KUUT�PlOV 'branding iron, brand(mark) (LXX, D. S., Str.), diminutive KUUTTjPLOLOV (Gal.), denominative verb KUUTTjPlU(W 'to brand' (Str., NT). 5. KUUO'TTj<.; [m.] 'heater, etc.' (pap.). 6. KUUO'TpU [f.] 'place where corpses were burnt' (Str., inscr.). 7. KUUO'TlKO<';, rare KUUT- 'burning, inflamable' (Arist.). 8. Kuu81l0<,; 'scorching (of trees), fIrewood' (Thphr., pap.). Beside these formations there are older ones whose connection with KULW became less clear due to phonetic developments: � KUAOV 'wood', � KTjA£O<'; 'burning, blazing', � KTjw8Tj<.;, � KTjW£l<'; 'smelling', KTjUU mg. uncertain; 1tU PKaLo., 1tUPKULTj, adj. -lO<,;. ETYM All forms go back to a root KUU-, KUF-: KULW (whence Att. Ko.W) derives from a yod-present *KuF-1W, while the once enigmatic form E-KTj-U is now explained from ekahwa < *h,e-keh2u-s-m by Kiparsky Lang. 43 (1967): 627-8. This form is often incorrectly written with -£l-, as in K£LUVTO, ete. (see Chantraine 1942: 9), and in Att. K£UVTO<.; with quantitative metathesis. The full grade also occurs in epic KTjA£O<';, KTjw8Tj<.;, and in Delph. KTjUU, which shows a PGr. KTjF- beside KUF-. For an etymology, we have to rely on Baltic material: Lith. kiiles 'Brandpilze, Flugbrand, Staubbrand des Getreides', kuleti 'brandig werden', Latv. kula 'old, dry, grass of last year' (cf. Fraenkel 1955 s.v.). These would represent a zero grade ku- < *kHu-, beside a full grade *keh2us- continued in Greek EKTjFU, and zero grade *kh2Y in *KuF -1W, KUU - IlU. •

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KaKUAU [n.pl.] . T£LXTj. AiO'XUAO<'; NlO�n (Fr. 166) 'walls' (H.).
KUKl8�<.; [adj.] lhpo
�

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VAR Also KUKl8£<.;, KUKl8u (H.), KUKl8� (Theognost. Can. 109)· .ETYM Ace. to Collinder Eranos 67 (1969): 210, it is itacistic for KUK[ 0-] �8Tj<';. See � KUyKUVO<';.

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KUKKapTJ 1 [f.] 'three-legged pot' (corn.), acc. to Ath. 4, 169c = XUTpU.
KUKKaw [v.] 'to shit' (Ar. Nub. 1384, 1390), KUKKTj 'human ordure' (Ar. Pax 162). aKuKuAL<.;. KnKo<,; [adj.] 'bad, awful, worthless' (ll.).
620 �AU�T], cf. Frisk Branos 43 (1945): 221; as a second member in OToflu-KUKT] a disease of mouth and teeth (Str., Plin.). Denominative verbs: 1. KUKL(W 'to revile', -1(Oflm 'to behave badly, be a coward' (ll.), with KUKLcrfl0C; (Phld., Str.), KUKLmc; (Vett. Val.) 'scorn'; 2. KUKOW 'to revile, damage, ruin' (ll.) together with KUKwmc; 'maltreatment, damage' (lA), KUKWT�C; 'damager', KUKWTLKOC; 'damaging, harmful' (Ph., Vett. Val.); 3. KUKuvoflm 'to prove to be bad or cowardly', -UVW 'to damage' (E., Pl.). ETYM No clear etymology. Neo-Phrygian KUKO(U)V is a loan from Greek, acc. to Solmsen KZ 34 (1897): 524 and others. De Lamberterie (see DELG Supp.) compares OAv. kasu- 'small, slight', with grades of comparison kasiiah-, kasista- 'smallest'. However, if this is accepted, his reconstruction of a PIE root *kak- may be altered to *knk-. Another option is comparison with the root of Lith. kenkti 'to ache' < *kenk-, and the Germanic group of Go. huhrus 'hunger'. Alternatively, the word could be Pre-Greek. •

KaKTO<; [f.] 'a kind of thistle, cardoon, cactus' (Epich., Theophr., Theoc.). � PG?� ETYM Foreign word of unknown origin (cf. Stromberg 1937: 102). See Andre 1956 s.v. cactus. Lat. cactus was borrowed from the Greek. Fur.: 321, 371 thinks the -KT points to Pre-Greek and compares aKuKlu. •

KUKXUi)[aL ' icrxVO
KUAU�OUTOl [?] . £V T4J T�C; L'lEpEunooc; LEp4J ApTEflLOOC; <;t80flEvoL UflVOL 'songs sung of Artemis in the sanctuary ofD.' (H.). � ?� .ETYM On a suggestion by Laum, see Wahrmann Glotta 17 (1929): 242f. M. Schmidt suggests reading *KUAU�OLOLU; see � KUAUOLOLU. Latte reads -�GJTm. KUAU�V(jTa<; =>acrKuAu�OC;. KUAU�WTq<; =>acrKuAu�OC;. KUAUi)[U [f.] . PUKUVT] 'plane-tree' (H.). � ?� .ETYM Acc. to von Blumenthal 1930: 39, it belongs to KAUOUP0C;, KAUOOC; (?). KUAa�£l [v.] · 0YKouTm. AXmOL 'is elated (Achaian)' (H.). � ?� .ETYM Unknown. KaAu8o<; [m.] 'basket' (Ar., Arist.), also metaph. of various objects, e.g. 'capital of a pillar' (Callix.), 'reservoir of an oil-lamp' (Hero). � PG?� COMP As a first member e.g. in KUAU8T]-
621 KUAa"ivo<; [adj.] 'blue-green, bluish', of stones, earthenware, etc. (PSI 4, 396, 9 [lIP], Peripl. M. Rubr. 39 [cod. KUAAWVOC;], AP, Dsc.). � ?� .VAR Also KUAA-. .ETYM An adjective in -LVOC;, seemingly derived from KUAAmc; 'blue-green stone, turqUOise' (Plin. NH 37, 151), but this could also be a back-formation. Comparison with � KuAAmov 'cock's comb, the feathers of a cock' and � KuAaIc; 'hen' is improbable. KUAUt<; [f.] 'hen', msc. 'cock' (IG 42(1), 40: 5, 41: 6 Epid. [val). � ?� .VAR Only acc. -LOU. .ETYM No etymology. Mostly taken from � KUAEW. Bechtel 1921, 2: 51Of. posits *KUAUFLC;, a fern. of *KUAUFoC;, which would properly mean "the calling one", by comparison with Skt. u$a-�ala- 'cock', "who calls early" (see � �·LKUVOC;). However, we cannot obtain *KUAU- from � KUAEW, as the root ended in -h" Pagliaro Arch. glott. ital. 39 (1954): 145ff. identifies KUAaIc; 'hen' with KUAAU'LC; 'turquoise' (and with KUAa'LC;' TO Lmlov H.), KUAU'LVOC;, and perhaps with KUAAmov. Fur.: 125 fn. connects it with Lat. gal/us. KUAUfl[v8q [f.] name of an odoriferous plant (Hp., Ar., Arist.). � PG(s)� .VAR Also -flLV8u (Philum. Ven., Phot.), -flLV80c; (Nic. Th. 60) . DER KUAUflLV8LVT] 'id.' (medic.; after PT]TlvT], etc., Chantraine 1933: 204), KUAuflLv8ITT]C; (Dsc., of olvoC;), KUAUflLV8woT]C; 'full of K.' (Str., Apollon. Lex.) . KUAufllv8Loc; name of a frog (Ar. Batr. 224) . ETYM Unknown. The formal agreement with KUAUfl0C; and fllv8T] does not permit a conclusion. The assumption of a pre-form *KUAuflo-fllv8T] with dissimilation is unconvincing. A derivation KUAUfl-LV8oc; from KUAUfl0C; (Schwyzer: 526) and the assumption of a foreign word, with popular adaptation to KUAUfl0C; and flLV8T], remain hypothetical as well. Cf. Chantraine 1933: 370. A Pre-Greek word is most probable because of the suffIx and the meaning, •

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KUAU!1lVi)UP [?] . nAaTaVOC; �OOVLElC; (H.). � ?� .ETYM Unknown. KaAU!10<; [m.] 'reed, grass-stalk', often metaph. of objects made of reed, 'flute of reed, fishing rod, reed pen', etc. (h. Merc. 47 [cf. Zumbach 1955: 5] , Pi., lA); on the botanical mg. see Stromberg 1937: 100f. � IE *kolh2-m-, klh2-em- 'reed, straw'� .VAR KUAaflT] [f.] 'stalk or straw' (Horn., Hdt., X., Arist.). .COMP Especially in botanical terminology (Stromberg 1937: 1l2), e.g. flOVO-KUAUfl0C; 'with a single stalk' (Thphr.), KUAUflT]-
622

KUAavopoc;

KaAaf.llVoc; 'made of reed' (lA), KaAafl6£lC; 'of reed' (E. [lyr.l), KaAaflw0'lC; 'full of reed, reed-like' (Arist., Thphr.), KaAafllK6c; 'id.' (pap.). KaAafl600 [v.] 'to provide with reed, splint (a bone) with reed' (Gal.) together with KaAaflooT� 'fence of reed' (Eust., H.); KaAaflt�oo 'blow a reed flute' (Ath.). From KaAufl'l : KaAaflaia [f.] 'kind of grasshopper' (Theoe. 10, 18), KaAaflalov [n.] 'kind of cicade' (Paus. Gr., H.), cf. Gil Emerita 25 (1957): 315f. and Georgacas Glotta 31 (1951): 216), KaAafluOflat 'collect grain-stalks, gather ears (of corn)' (Cratin., LXX, PIu.) with KaAafl'lfla (Thd.). ETYM An old word for 'reed, straw', with cognate forms in Latin culmus, Germanic (e.g. OHG halm), Balto-Slavic (e.g. OPr. salme 'straw', Latv. salms , Ru. sol6ma, SCr. slilma). Except for KUAafloc;, -fl'l, all these forms can go back to lE *kolh2-mo-, kolh2meh2-. Therefore, KUAafl0C; has been explained as from *K6Aafloc; (comparing TIOLafl6C;, TIAOKafloc;) by vowel assimilation, but this unsatisfactory solution is unnecessary, as the proto-language may have had a paradigm *kolh2-m, *klh2-em-, i.e. an m-stem, which was thematicized in the separate branches. From KUAafloc;, Lat. calamus and Skt. kalama- 'writing reed', Arab. qalam > Osman. kalem > MoGr. KaAEfll were borrowed (Maidhof Glotta 10 (1920): 11). •

KUAavSpOe; [m.] 'kind oflark' (Dionys. Av. 3, 15).
KaAao(Sla [f.] . uywv E1TlTEAOUflEVOC; ApTEfllOl TIapa AUKoomv 'contest in honour of , Artemis (Laconian) (H.). KiiAOV. KaAuple; [m.] a small bird (Arist. HA 609a).
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KaAaup0'V' -OTIOe; [f.] name of a herdsman's staff, which was thrown to drive back the cattle to the herd ('I' 845, Antim., A. R.).
KaAEOO

623

.VAR Also KOAA6po�ov (Hipparch. Ptol.; written KOAAWpO�OV in BGU 59.13), = KOPUV'l 'staff (H., who has KOAAOp6�ov), see Fur.: 145f. .DER KaAaUp61Tlov (Artem.). Unclear is KaAaup6cplC;· �aKT'lplocp6poC; 'staff-bearer' (H.), at an alphabetically wrong position; Fur.: 146'8 suggests that it is a mistake for *KaAaUpOTIo-cpopic;. .ETYM Explained as an Aeolic compound KaAa-Fpo'V by Schwyzer: 224 and Chantraine 1942: 158, but with unexplained second member. The comparison of the first member with Skt. sala- 'stick' (cf. on � K�Aa) or with � KAaoo, KAaaat must be forgotten. It is a typical Pre-Greek word, containing a labialized phoneme rW, from a pre-form *kalarw-ap-, where the labial element was anticipated in KaAaUpOTI-, and colored the following *a into o. In KOAAOP-, the preceding *a was colored to 0 as well, and the first *a was assimilated to the following 0 or 00 (which may have been contracted from au). Compare � liAO� for the phenomena described here, which are typical of Pre-Greek loans. KaA£W [v.] 'to call, call by name, name' (11.).
present KaAtw may be an innovation after KaAtK�A'l. KaAT)�Oe; . UTrWKOAUflfl£voe; TO aioolov 'with cut off private parts' (H.). =>�aK'lAOe;, as well as Ka�aAA'le;. KUAla [f.] 'hut, barn, granary, nest' (Hes.).
KUAt6lU [n.pl.] ? . £vn:pa. KUTrPlOl 'entrails (Cypr.)' (H.).
KUAUJTpeW =>KaAtw. KuUa�te;, -t60e; [f.] name of a lascivious dance (Eup. 163, Phot.).
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KCtAov

625

KaAAalOV [n.] 'wattles' (Ar., Ael., Paus.), 'cock's crest' (Arist.), 'cock's tail feathers' (Ael. Dion.).
KaUu'':e;, -l60e; [f.] 'blue-green stone, turquoise' (Plin.). =>KaAuivoe;. KuUuptae; [m.] a kind of cod-fish (Archestr., Opp., H. s.v. Aa�[V'le;).
KuUl�avT£e; [?] . oflOla
KuUlEpew [v.] 'to bring KaAa tEpa', i.e. 'to sacrifice favorably' (lA); intr. impersonal (of a sacrifice) 'to be KaAa tEpa, work out well' (Hdt.).
KUAAlKUPlOl =>KlAAlKUplOl. KUUOV� VAR KaAAOe;, KaAAuvw. =>KaA6e;. •

KaAov [n.] 'wood, logs (for burning), timber' (h. Mere. U2, Hes. Op. 427, Ion. trag., Call., Cyrene), also 'wood for ships' = 'ship' (Lacon. in Ar. Lys. 1253, X. HG 1, 1,23, PIu. Ale. 28.).
T \

the diminutive KctA01to8Lov (Gal. 6, 364 [v.l. -ct1t -], Suid.); as technical expressions, KctA01tOU<; and KctA01to8Lov entered into Eastern languages, e.g. Arab. qalib, whence Osman. kalyp 'form, model' > MoGr. TO KctAOU1tl 'id.', MP kalapa8, MoP kalbud (Maidhof Glotta 10 (1920): 11; Bailey TPS 1933: 49). Of doubtful appurtenance is KctActp
Uct 'canal, water conduit' (Ambracian ace. to sch. Gen. lvouxo<; 'canal', ete., see Kretschmer Glotta 4 (1913): 335. oDER KUAlVO<; 'of wood' (Epich., Lye., A. R., Cyrene); diminutive (?) KUAlOV (-lov?} �UAaPlOV, �ctKTTlPl8Lov 'small piece of wood; small staff; KctAUPlOV (-U
} J

T

}

KUATlO<; a basis *KUA-VO<; or *KUA-10<; for KUAAO<; (and KctAAlwv, KUAAl<1TO<;, while KctAAl- may be analogical?), but this does not inspire confidence, as KUAAO<; seems to be a Greek innovation (cf. Chantraine 1933: 416f.), and there is no good explanation for KctAAl either. The assumption of expressive gemination (Chantraine Le.) is an ad hoc hypotheSiS and not a solution. Beside KctA-Fo<; (with an old suffIx *-wo-), one would expect KctAl- as a first member (is it retained in Ale. KUAlOV?), which Wackernagel KZ 61 (1934): 191ff. recognized in Skt. kaly-tl1:za- 'beautiful'. Pinault BSL 98 (2003) assumes that the original Skt. form was fern. kalyaIJt- 'with beautiful hips', the second part of the compound being Skt. aIJi- 'axle-pin, linch-pin'; 'part of the leg above the knee'. Schwyzer: 44i derives KctAA- from antevocalic *KctAb whence KctAAl- and (as a back-formation) KUAAO<;, etc. Differently, Risch 1937 (par. 62a): -AA is from a compar. *KUAAWV < *KctA1WV, whence KUAAl<1TO<;, ete. Similarly, Seiler 1950: 68ff.: a neuter comparative *KUAAOV < *KUA10V was interpreted as a positive, and resulted in a new comparative KUAAlOV, KctAAlwv (whence KUAAlaTo<;, ete.). K(U.7tTl [f.] 'trot' (Paus., PIu., Hippiatr.). -Ol?} lmoo�llctTct KOIAct, £V ok L1t1t£UOU<1l 'hollow sandals, in which horsemen rode' (H.). oETYM A Sicilian loanword from Lat. calceus (KctAIKlOL Plb. 30, 18, 3).

KUAU�TJ [f.] 'hut, cabin' (Hdt.); 'bridal bower' (A. R.); 'sleeping-tent' (PFlor. 335, 2). � PG(V)� VAR Also KUAU�O<; (Epigr. Gr. 260, Cyrene), KOAU�O<;· b!aUAl<; 'farmstead' (H.). DER KUAU�[T'l<; 'living in a hut'; KUAU�O-7tOlEOllat [v.] 'to make oneself a cabin' (Str.) . ETYM The variant KOAU�O<;, adduced by Fur.: 343, shows that the word is Pre-Greek. Pre-Greek has a rule U - U > 0 - u; see Fur.: 340. KaAUYE<; [?] . Ta ell�puu 'embryos' (H.). � PG� •

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.ETYM The structure of the word (KUA-UY-) is typically Pre-Greek. KUAUiilAU [?] . yEcpUpU 'bridge' (H.). � PG?� .ETYM Probably a Pre-Greek word. KUAUiiplOV [n.] 'a small cable' (BCH 29, 543, Delos IP). � PG?� .ETYM Unknown. Probably a Pre-Greek word. KaAu�, -UKO<; [f.] 'cup, calyx of a flower, husk, shell, pod, rosebud', also metaph. for the ornament of a woman (L: 401). � PG(S)� .COMP As a first member e.g. in KUAuKoaTEcpuvo<; 'crowned with buds' (B.). .DER Diminutive KUAUKlOV (Dsc., H.); KUAUKW0'l<; 'K.-like' (Thphr.), KUAUK£LO<; Ai80<; name of a stone found in the fish called aCtA7t'l (H.); also KaAU�l<;· Koallo<; n<; eK poowv 'an ornament made of roses', KUAU�£l<;· poowv KUAUKlU 'rosebuds' (H.), KUAUKWaL<; 'rosebud?' (Aq.), as if from *KuAuaaw, or *KUAUKOW; cf. the formations in Chantraine 1933: 288 and KUAUK[�£lV· uv8£lv 'to blossom' (H.). ETYM On the ending -u�, cf. Chantraine 1933: 383. The word resembles Skt. (class.) kalikii- 'bud', but must probably be kept separate; see Mayrhofer KEWA s.v. Cf. � KUAl� and � aKuAA[ov. Both root and suffIx look Pre-Greek (KUA-UK-). •

KUAU7tTW [v.] 'to cover, hide' (ll., lA). � PG(v)� VAR Aor. KUAU,/,at, perf. med. K£KCtAullllat, etc. .COMP Very often with prefix, e.g. uIlCPl-, KUTU-, 7t£Pl-, auv-, also with uvu-, U7tO-, eK in the mg. 'to open up, reveal'. DER 1. See � KUAU�'l; 2. KUAUCP� 'submerged land' with U7tOKCtAUCP0<; (UiylUA6<;, apoupu) 'land that can be cultivated after inundation' (pap.), 7t£plKUAUCP� 'envelopment' (Pl. Lg. 942d); on -�'l and -CP'l beside KUAU-7tTW Schwyzer: 332f. 3. (7tpO-, 7tUpU-, etc.) KCtAUllllu 'cover, veil, etc.' (ll.) with KUAuIlllCtnov (Ar.). 4. auYKaAUIlIl0<; 'cover' (Ar. Av. 1496). 5. ey-, KUTa-, Cl7tO-KCtAU,/,l<; 'cover, etc.' (Hell.); here, probably as an endearing name KUAU'/'W [f.] "one who covers" (Od.), properly a goddess of death acc. to Giintert 1919, see also Berard REGr.67 (1954): 503f. 6. KUAU7tT �P, -�po<; [m.] 'cover, tile' (Hp., Arist., Att.), KUAU7tT'l p[�w 'cover with tiles' (inscr.), fern. KUAU7tT£lPU 'veil' (AP); em-, ey-, UVUKUAU7tT�PlOV, -lU 'concealing; ceremony of unveiling' (Arist.). 7. KaAU7tTpU, -P'l [f.] 'veil, cover' (ll.). 8. eK KUAU7tTlKO<; 'revealing' (Stoic., S. E.) . ETYM The word has been compared to KPU7tTW for the formation. In Western European languages, a full grade thematic root present *kel-e/o- is found, e.g. in OIr. celim, Lat. *celo, -ere (in occulere), OHG helan 'to hold back, hide'. Further, with a •

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629 lengthened grade, deverbative Lat. celiire, 'to hide', and a zero grade yod-present in Germanic, e.g. Go. huijan 'to veil, conceal'. Cf. � KEAUCPO<;. However, in this way neither the Greek a-vocalism nor the element U + labial can be accounted for. In view of the variants, the root KUAU�/7t/cp- is clearly Pre-Greek. Cf. on � KUAU�'l which proves Pre-Greek origin in a different way. ' KaAXTJ [f.] 'murex, purple flower, Chrysanthemum coronarium' (Alcm., Nic., Str.), metaph. as a term of construction 'rosette of a capital' (Att., Hell., inscr.). � PG?� VAR With metathesis of aspiration XCtAK'l (Meisterhans 1900: lO3f.), also XCtAX'l· .DER Denominative verb KUAXU[VW 'to be purple' (Nic. Th. 641), originally medial, metaphorically trans. 'to ponder deeply' (e7to<;, S. Ant. 20), intr. 'to be unquiet, excited' (E. Herael. 40), 'to long for' (Lyc. 1457) . ETYM A loan of unknown origin. The poetic meaning 'to ponder, be excited' may have arisen after � 7tOpcpupu : � 7tOpcpupw, which were secondarily connected with each other. It cannot be decided whether the name of the seer KCtAXU<; belongs here as well. •

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KaAw<; [m.] 'reefing rope, cable, rope in general' (£ 260). � PG?� VAR Acc. -w, -wv; KCtAO<; (e 260 and Hdt.), Hell. plur. -We<;, -wu<;, -WaL .COMP KUAw-aTpocpo<; 'rope-twister' (PIu. Per. l2). .DER Diminutive KUAtiJOLOV, also KUAO[OlOV (corn., Th., inscr., pap.). .ETYM No etymology; probably a technical loan. The IE etymologies that have been proposed (see Frisk) are untenable. , KUflCtV [f.] . TOV uypov. Kp�Te<; 'field (Cretan) (H.). � ?� .DIAL Myc. ka-ma a plot of land, ka-ma-e-u 'tenant of a ka-ma' (see below). .ETYM Unknown. An interpretation Ikamasl has been proposed; see Lejeune RPh. 42 (1968): 233f. and Ruijgh Lingua 58 (1982): 208 . •

Kaflu�, -UKO<; [f., m.] 'pole to support the vine, bar, shaft of a spear' (L: 563). � PG(S)� .DER KUIlCtKlOV (sch.), KUIlCtKlvo<; 'made of one bar' (X.), KUlluK[u<; aho<; 'corn with a stalk that is too long' (Thphr.; cf. Stromberg 1937: 91) . .ETYM Formation like 86vu�, 7tlvu�, KA1Ilu�, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 377ff.). Several languages have similar words for 'bar, wood, stick, etc.', but they are all different: Skt. samyii 'stock, nail', Av. simii 'part of the harnass of the wagon for horses', Arm. sami k' [pl.] 'wood of the yoke', Gm., e.g. MHG hamel 'bar, bobbin'. Fur.: 221 compares ullCtKlov. KCtIlU� (H.), with alternation Klzero (see ibid. 391). The suffIx -UK- is highly frequent in Pre-Gr.eek. See � KUllua�v. KUflapu [f.] 'vault, vaulted room, wagon and bark with vaulted roof (Hdt., LXX, Str.). � LW?� .DIAL Ion. -P'l . DER KUIlCtPLOV (inscr.), KUlluP[u· KOlT(VV KUIlCtpu<; exwv 'having a vaulted chamber of beds' (H.), KUlluPlKo<; 'vaulted' (Ath. Mech.). Denominative verbs: 1. KUllupoW 'to provide with a vault' with KUIlCtPWaL<; 'vault' (Hell.), KUIlCtP-Wllu 'vault' (Str., Gal.), -WTO<; 'vaulted' (Str.), -wnKo<; 'used in vaulting' (pap.); 2. KUflUpeUW [v.] 'to accumulate, exert oneself (H.). Further •

Kcq.lapOe; 1 KaI-HipTJe;· oeaflTJe; 'package, bundle', Kaflupat· �WVat aTpaTlwTlKal 'belts for soldiers', Kaflaple;· Koafluplov yuvatKdov 'women's ornament' (H.); cf. below. .ETYM The form Kaflupa recalls Av. kamarii 'girdle', with a different meaning that is, however, found in the glosses KaflupTJ, Kaflaple; (H.). Lat. camurus, -a, -um 'curved (of horns), vaulted' has also been adduced. Comparisons with other languages remain uncertain: e.g. Skt. kmarati 'to be curved' (gramm.; see Mayrhofer KEWA s.v.), Gr. �KflEAEepov if from *KflEpEepOV (?), the Gm. word for 'heaven', e.g. Go. himins. It is rather a loan, perhaps from an eastern language (from Carian, acc. to sch. Orib. 46, 21, 7). From the Greek word, Lat. camera was borrowed; thence it was borrowed into Germanic and Balto-Slavic. See � KUfllVOe;. KUflUpOe; 1 [m.] name of a poisonous plant, kind of Aconitum (?), also = oEACPlvlov, 'larkspur' (Hp., Stratt., Nie., Dsc.).
•

KUflUPOC; 2 [adj.] = aacpaA�e; (Apollon. apud sch. Orib. 46, 21, 7).
KUflUO"�v, -IlVOC; [m.] name of an unknown fish (Emp., AP, Hdn. Gr., H.).
KUfllAOC; [m.] 'rope, cable' (sch. Ar. V. 1035, Suid.).
KUflflUpoC; 1 [m.] 'kind of crab' (Epich., Sophr., Rhinth., H.), on the mg. cf. Thompson 1947 s.v. Kuflapoe;.

',;11

KUflfloVlTJ [f.] 'perseverance, successful defense' (X 257, 'I' 661, API.), on the mg. see Triimpy 1950: 201f.
KUIlVW [v.] 'to toil, labor, build; to get tired, die, be in danger, be in need' (11.); the euph:mistic meaning 'to die' almost only in epic Ot KUllovn:<;, Att. Ot K£KIlTjKOT!::<; .
.VAR Fut. Ka.Il'\lW, aor. Ka.Il'\lat, pass. KUIlwaTLac;), -laTlKoc; 'exciting' (Vett. Val.). Also flETEWpEW = flETEwpL(oflm (Ph.) . .ETYM Derivation from *flET-adpw, flET-aLpw (Aeol. TCE8aLpw) 'to lift up', like auv6.opoC; 'coupled together' from auv-aELpw (cf. e�oxoc; to e�EXw, ete.). A hypostasis of flET' 6.£poC; 'located in the air', with analogical -0-, is unlikely. See � flET6.pmoc;. •

!1ETOTCT) [f.] 'metope', element between the triglyphs on the frieze of Dorian temples (Vitr.), codd. methope, -a like triumphus, sephulerum, etc. (cf. Leumann 1963-1979: 131). � GR� .VAR Accentuation not found in the mss. Also flEaoma [n.pl.] (Delph. IV", H.; fl[ . . . ] oma Att. inscr. Iva), cf. ecpomT]C; besiddTComT]C;. etc. (Schwyzer: 220) ' .ETYM Given other technical terms like flETa-KlOVlOV, flETa-aTUAlov 'space between the columns' (Att. and Hell. inscr.), flEaOplOC;, -ov 'what lies between boundaries, borderland between two countries' (Th., X.), flETomov must indicate a space between the oTCm. Ace. to Vitro 4, 2, 4, the OTC\lL were tignorum eubieula et asserum, i.e. omissions or indentations in the beams, in which the heads of the crossbeams were fitted in; these heads were covered with speCial planks, the so-called triglyphs. According to another view, rejected by Vitr., the oTCaL were originally openings for light, which certainly fits the meaning of OTC�, 'hatch, opening for light', better. Demangel BCH 55 (1931): 117ff. argues for the latter, seeing the triglyphs as a grid which was put before the OTCaL afterwards . The form flETOTCT] is clearly secondary to flETomov, and adapted to the simplex, perhaps because the metopes themselves seemed to be "openings in-between"; flETOTCT] 'opening between (the triglyphs)' would be a compound of the type TCEpL , KT]TCOC; 'garden around (the house) (Hell. and late pap.), cf. Risch IF 59 (1949): 252, or understood like flw-auAT] (see � flETauAoc;). !1ETPOV [n.] 'measure, goal, length, size; metre' (ll.). � IE *meh,- 'measure'� .COMP Many compounds, e.g. aUflflETpoC; 'with the same measure, measured, appropriate, symmetrical', O"UflflETp-La 'harmony, symmetry, ete.' (lA); TCEpL-flETpOC; , 'exceeding (the measure) (Od.); but 1rEpL-flETPOV (Hdt., Arist.), -oc; [f.] (scil. ypaflfl�) 'circumference', with verbal connotation after TCEpL080c; etc. (cf. TCEpl-flETpEW Lue.).

940

fl£TWTIOV

.DER Adjectives: 1. fl£TPlO<; 'moderate, suitable' (Hes.) with flETpl-OTT]<; 'moderation' (lA), -omJvT] 'poverty' (pap. VIP), -aKo<; 'moderate' (pap. VIP), -u(w 'to be moderate' (Att., Hell.) with -a(Jflo<; (Suid.); flETplEUETat (H. s.v. AayaphTETat). 2. flETplKO<; 'metrical, by measure' (Arist.). 3. flETpT]OOV [adv.] 'in metrical form' (Nonn.). 4. Verb: flETP£w 'to measure (out)" etc. (Horn.), very often with prefix, e.g. uva-, 8la-, Em-, EK-, UTIO-, OUV-; hence (often with prefix) fl£TP-T] Em eU(J[wv , TETaW£VO<; TIapa AiTwAOI<; 'who has been appOinted at a sacrifice (Aetolian) (H.). Backformations, e.g. 8lUflETpO<; (scil. ypaflfl�) [f.] 'diameter, diagonal, etc.' (Pl., Arist.), ETILflETPOV 'excess, addition' (Hell.). .ETYM Beside fl£TPOV, we find fl�Tpa [f.] 'areal measure', etc. (Cilicia) with an identical suffIx, but a different root grade; corresponding exactly with Skt. matra [f.] 'measure'. Also in EPWl-fl�TPT]V' T�V YEwflETpLav (H.), see on � £pa. It may go back to the root *meh1- seen in the athematic present Skt. ma-ti 'measures'. Greek shows a short vowel in fl£TPOV, as opposed to Skt. matram [n.] 'id.'; this derives from a vocalization of the zero grade *mh,-tro- > flETp- (rather than *1jlh,tr- > flT]Tp-). The latter would be the expected vocalization, if we assume that *NHC develops like *-CNHC- > Gr. CNT]/u/wC. However, contra Beekes 1969: 183, it seems that the *m- remained consonantal in initial position, see Beekes IF 93 (1988): 22-45. A derivation lE *med-tro- from *med- 'measure' is impossible, as it would have given *fl£
fl£Xpl [adv., prep.] 'as far as, until' (11.). VAR Also fl£Xpl<; (D 128, X., Hell.). •

� IE *me-fs-r-i 'until'�

941 .ETYM Identical wiili Arm. merj 'near, by', whence merjenam 'to approach' < anam; from lE *me-fs-r-i, containing the word for 'hand'. See � CiXpl.

*merji

flq [pcl.] 'not, iliat not' (11.). � IE *meh,� VAR Further flT]8£, flT]8d<;, flT]K£Tl, fl�TE, ete. .ETYM Old prohibitive negation, identical with Arm. mi, Skt. ma, Av. ma, OP and ToAB ma; lE *meh,; also to be included here is Alb. mo 'id.' < *meh, next to < *meh, kWe. See � OU. •

ma, mos

flq8Ea 1 [n.pl.] 'male genitals', of fl�80flat. flq810V [n.] plant name, 'Campanula lingulata' (Dsc.). � ?� .DER bnfl�Otov name of an unknown plant (Dse.). .ETYM Stromberg 1940: 122 supposes connection with fl�Oto<;· flaAaKo<; 'soft, delicate' (H.). flq80flal [v.] 'to deliberate, estimate, contrive, decide' (Horn.). � IE *meh,-, *med 'measure'� VAR Aor. fl�(Ja(Jeat (Horn.), fl�(JTO'
r

942 !111Ka0!1Ul [v.] 'to bleat', of sheep, also of a hare and of a horse; in the formular verse Kao' 0' £nw' EV KOVlnOl IlUKWV, of a horse, deer, boar, and also of a man (Phryn. PS, Procop., sch., H.). -
!1�KO" [n.] 'length' (Od.). -
•

!1!lKWV [f.] 'poppy, Papaver somniferum, poppy-head' (8 306), meatph. of poppy-like objects, e.g. 'ink-bag of the cuttle-fish' [m.] (Arist.). -
Il�AOV 1

943

.DER 1. name of poppy-like plants (Euphorbia, wild lettuce): Il'lKWV-LOV (Hp., Thphr.); also = 'opium' (Phld.), -l':; [f.] (Nic., inscr., pap.). -hl':; (Gal.), also name of a stone (Plin.), Redard 1949: 57. 2. IlllKwv-eLO':; [adj.] 'spiced with poppy' (Philostr.), ntr. 'opium' (S. E., sch.), -l':; [E] (Alcm.), -lKO':; 'poppy-like' (Thphr.). 3. Diminutive Il'lKWVUPlOV (Androm. apud Gal.) . .ETYM Formation like �A�XWV. It is clearly related to the Slavic and Germanic word for 'poppy': CS mah, Ru. mak (o-stem), and OHG maho, MHG mahen, man, and (with the reflex of Verner's Law) OHG mago, OSw. val-moghi (val- < *yalha 'torpidity'), etc. The Verner variants and the short vowel (as opposed to Gr. -a-) are notable and point to old ablaut. Kroonen 2009 reconstructs an ablauting n-stem for PGm., which is the same formation as Greek and points to an inherited lexical item. As the poppy originates from the Mediterranean according to botanists, it is often thought that we are dealing with a 'Wanderwort', which was borrowed into lndo European at PIE date. Fur.: 218 compares �'lKWVlOV · eioo.:; �OTUV'l':; and concludes to a Pre-Greek form, but this is improbable. !1!lAll [f.] 'chirurgical probe' (Hp., AP). -
!1�AOV 1 [n.] 'apple' (ll.), also of other stonefruits (Hp., Dsc.), '(seed-)capsule of a rose' (Thpr.), metaph. plur. 'breasts, cheeks, tonsils, apple-like beaker' (Ar., Theoc., . ) . -
944

fl�AOV 2

.DER A. Substantives: 1. flTjAeTj, -u 'apple-tree' (Od.); 2. flTjAI<;, fluAi<; [f.] = flTjA£U (Ibyc., Theoc.), 'yellow pigment' (PIu.), name of a distemper of asses, perhaps 'glanders' (Arist.); 3. flTjALTTj<; olvo<; 'apple-, quince-wine' (PIu., Dsc.); 4. flTjAluKU [n.pl.] name of cups shaped like apples (Delos lIP); 5.MTjA-lU8£<; [f.pl.] 'fruit-tree nymphs' (Poll.), like KPTjV-lU8£<;; 6. fl�AWepOV [n.] = lifl1t£AO<; A£UK� (Thphr., Dsc.), cf. 'i'IAwepov 'id.' from 'i'lAOW, 1t1JPWepOV = 1t1Jp£epov. B. Adjectives: 7. fl�AlVO<;, flUAlVO<; 'made of apples, apple-colored' (Sapph., Thphr.); 8. fl�A£lO<; 'concerning the apple' (Nic., A. R.); 9. flTjAW8Tj<; 'apple-like' (Gal.). , C. Verb: 10. flTjAI�W 'to resemble an apple (in color) (medic.). Perhaps the island name M�AO<;; see Heubeck Glotta 25 (1936): 271. ETYM Mediterranean word. From Greek sterhs Lat. malum, melum, with malinus 'apple-colored', melinus 'of quince-apples'; see WH s.v. 1. malus. The word was formerly connected with Hitt. mabla-, but this appears to have a different meaning 'grape, vine, twig of a vine', see Cuny REA 20 (1918): 364f. It can hardly be related to afluflu�u<;, as per Fur.: 212. •

flllAOV 2 [n.] 'small cattle, sheep and goats' (ll.). � IE? *meh,lo- 'small cattle'� VAR Mostly plur. -u. flTjAaTWV (Lyc. 106) after 1tpOPUTWV. .DIAL Also Dor. ·COMP Often as a first member, e.g. flTjAO-POTTj<;, Dor. -Ta<; 'shepherd' (Pi., E.), also -POT�p (L 529, h. Mere. 286) in verse-final - POT�pU<;, after the simplex; flTjAaTav· TOV 1tOlfl£vu. BOlWTOI (H.), haplological for flTjA-TjAUTUV or for flTjAOTaV after POTjAaTUV (Bechtel l921, 1: 307); on � flTjAOAOVeTj, see s.v. Rarely as a second member, only in a few bahuvrihis, e.g. 1tOAu-flTjAO<; 'with many sheep' (ll.); also in PNs, e.g. Boeot. IIlul fl£lAO<;. DER fl�A£lO<; 'pertaining to the small cattle' (Ion., E.), flTjAOTat· 1tOlfl£v£<; (H.), flTjAWT� [f.] 'sheepskin' (Philem. Corn., Hell.), like KTjPWT� etc., with MTjAW(JLO<; epithet of Zeus (Corc., Naxos), prop. "who is wrapped in a sheepskin" (Nilsson 1941(1): 395f.). .ETYM An old word for 'small cattle', which is well-attested in Celtic, e.g. OI r. mil [n.] 'small animal', and is sporadically found in WGm. too, e.g. in OLFr. mala 'cow', MoDu. maal 'young cow'. Opposed to these words, which may all go back on a pre form *meh,lo-, stands Arm. mal 'sheep' with a-vocalism, as well as Ukr. mal' [f.] 'small cattle, young sheep', Ru. (Crimea) malic 'kind of Crimea-sheep'. It seems obvious to connect these words with the Slavic adjective for 'small', e.g. OCS mal-b, Ru. malyj. One step further is the Gm. word for 'small, narrow' in Go. smals, etc., which is often used of small cattle, e.g. ON smali [m.] 'small animal', OHG smalaz fihu 'small cattle'. If we posit IE *(s)meh,l-, (s)moh,l- (OCS malb, etc.), and (s)mh,l (Arm. mal, Go. smals, etc.), it seems possible to bring together all words mentioned. For Arm. mal, Acaiyan 1977: 224 (approved in Clackson 1994: 23225°) proposes a loan from Arabic mal 'possession; sheep'. •

•

!l�V 1 [pcl.] confirming pcl., 'honestly, certainly; truly' (ll.). � IE *sme 'really, true'� VAR Dor. Aeol. fluv. •

fl�VlY�, -lYY0<;

945

.ETYM Commonly compared with the asseverating pcl. Skt. sma, sma, but ilie exact relation with this form and wiili · flU remains unclear. The particle � fl£v 'really, true', which is functionally identical and related in meaning, can hardly be separated from � fl�v. Like � 8� beside � 8£, fl�v must have undergone vowel shortening as a result of a weakening of its function; this shortening then entered Attic and the oilier dialectal areas from the epic and Ionic scientific language. See Leumann Mus. Helv. 6 (1949): 85ff.; extensively on fl�v Schwyzer 1950: 569f. See � flU. !lqv 2 [m.] 'month' (ll.), also 'moon-sickle (Ion., Ar., Att. inscr., Thphr.). � IE *meh,not, *meh,n-es-s 'moon, month'� VAR Also Att. fl£l<;, Dor. fl�<; El. fl£u<;; gen. flTjvo<;, Aeol. fl�vvo<;. ' .COMP flTjVO-£l8�<; 'formed like a moon-sickle' (lA), PN MTjvo-8wpo<;, also flTjvl upX0<;, -uPXTj<; [m.] 'monthly prefect' (pap. IVa). after TU�I-uPXo<; etc.; �AlTO-flTjvo<; 'missing the right month' (T 118; cf. s.v.), £1tl-fl�V-lO<; 'lasting a month, monthly' (lA). .DER fl�v-Tj 'month' (ll.), like U£A�VTj; -0.<; 'id.' (E.); flTjv-luKo<; [m.] 'moonsickle', especially of objects in the shape of a moon-sickle (Ar., Arist.); flTjv-lulo<; 'a month old, monthly' (Hp., LXX, pap.), -l£io<; 'monthly' (Hell. pap.), flTjv-ulo<; 'belonging to the month' (Orac. apud Lyd. Mens.; probably from fl�vTj); flTjvluUT£lu [f.] 'monthly achievement' (pap. IIIP), but cf. MTjvluuTul [m.pl.] 'adorers of M�v' (Rhodos); fl�VLOV [n.] (botanical) 'peony' (Ps.-Dsc.), from its astrological use, see Stromberg 1940: 133 . ETYM From the oblique cases (gen. fl�vv-o<; < *mensos, etc.), ari analogical nom. *mens arose, whence *mens by Osthoffs Law. By subsequent loss of the nasal and compensatory lengthening, fl£l<; and fl�<; developed. The new nom. fl�v arose by analogy with gen. flTjvo<;, etc. (after simplification of the -vv-), and El. fl£u<; is built on the model of ZTjvo<; : Z£u<;. Originally, a disyllabic nom. *menos- (with lengthened grade) or *menOt- (with alternating -t-) existed beside the obl. stem *flTjvu- < IE *mens-. Thence arose Lith. menuo 'moon, month', Go. menops 'month', etc. The disyllabiC form is also seen in Lith. menes-is 'month'. On monosyllabic *mens- are based boili Lat. mens-is (gen.pl. mensum) and Skt. mas- 'moon, month' < PIIr. *maHas- < *meh,ns-. The development of the calendrical meaning 'month' was accompanied by the creation of new expressions for 'moon' (U£A�VTj, lima, etc.). Original derivation from *meh, 'measure' (see � fl�Tl<;), from the role of the moon as a measure of time, is quite possible. •

•

!ll1vlY�, -lyyO<; [f.] 'skin, cuticle', especially 'cerebral membrane' (Hp., Arist., Gal.), also 'cuticle in the eye' (Emp., Arist.),'drum of the ear' (Arist.). � PG(s)� .COMP As a first member in flTjVlYYO-
However, fl�VlY� cannot be combined with them. The unexplained -v-, together with the suffIx -lyy-, clearly points to a Pre-Greek word. l1i1vu; [f.] 'wrath', especially of gods, but also of Achilles (ll.).
I1l1vUW [v.] 'to notify, betray, announce' (h. Mere.).
•

l1i1ov [n.] Name of an umbellate, 'bald money, spignel, Meum athamanticum' (Dse., Plin.).
•

l1i1plY� [?] uKav8a Ylvofl£v'l EV Toi<; Ep[Ol<; TWV npopaTwv 'thorns which grow in the fleece of cattle', i.e. 'bristles'? (H.).
947

KaL Toi<; aUX£aLv 6p8aL Tp[XE<; 'hairs which stand upright on the shank and neck of dogs' (H.); a kind of hairdress (Lye. 37, Poll. 2, 22) . ETYM In the sense of 'braids, cords', afl�plY� agrees with .. fl�PlV80<;. The occasional meaning 'rope, string' may have been caused by the similarity with fl�PlV80<;, fl'lpuw. The meaning 'EV Toi<; fl'lpoi<; . . . Tp[XE<;' is clearly a folk-etymological attempt to connect fl�ply� with fl'lp0<;. Fur.: 28978 separates the gloss as uKav8a from the other words. All of them are clearly of Pre-Greek origin, of account of the suffIx -lyy-, the prothetic a-, and the lack of possible cognates. •

l1�plveo<; [f.] 'cord, thread' (ll.).
I1l1puKa�w [v.] 'to ruminate' (Arist., Thphr.), - aoflaL .
fUlpUOflaL !1T] PU0!1Ul [v.] 'to draw up, furl, wind (Up)' (fl I70, Hes., Hp., X., Plb., Hero).
!1�TT] P [f.] 'mother' (Il.).
•

!1'1nC;;, -l0C;;, -lSOC;; [f.] 'measure, skill, craft' (Il.). On the concept of fl�n<;, see Detienne and Vernant 1974.
949 Denominative verb: aor. fl'lT(aua8aL, fut. fl'lT(aw8aL 'to ponder, deSign, devise' (Hom., Emp., A. R.); pres. fl'lT(oflaL (Pi. P. 2, 92); as a present, epic poetry uses fl'lnaw, -aoflaL (fl'lTlOWV, fl'lTlaUa8aL, ete.) for metrical reasons (after the type in -lUW), also prefIxed E1tl-, auv- (Hom., A. R.). Verbal noun fl'lTlflu-ra [pl.] (H. S.V. fl�TW, for fl�ow?). .ETYM An original verbal noun meaning *'measuring', fl�Tl<; is derived from the root *meh1- found in Skt. mimati 'measures', ete. The formation *meh1-ti- itself is found in an isolated Germanic word, OE mced [f.] 'measure', and is presupposed by the denominative Lat. metior 'to measure'. Another Greek formation is fl�TpU 'land-measure', ablauting with .. flETpOV, with the instrument suffIx * -tro-. Other languages also preserved isolated verbal nouns in various meanings, e.g. in Germanic: Go. mel 'time', OHG mal 'point of time, (time for) meal'. The unassibilated -Tl- (for -at-) must be explained as an archaic element of Aeolic (and perhaps Doric). See further .. fl�OOflaL. !1�TpU 1 'uterus'. =>fl�T'lp. !1�TPU 2 'land-measure, KA�pO<;'. =>flETpOV. !1�TPWC;; [m.] 'male relative of the mother, maternal uncle, grandfather' (Il.). UKO<; 'belonging to the service of Cybele' and fl'lTP4J�W 'to celebrate the Cybele-festivals' (late); fl'lTPW'lKO<; = fl'lTPlKO<; (Delos 11'). By-form fl�TPWV (Dor. fla-), -wvo<; [m.] (inscr. Asia Minor; originating from the ace. fl�TpWV). fl'lTpma (Dor. flu-, Ion. -l�) [f.] 'stepmother' (Il.) with fl'lTPUl-WO'l<; 'like a stepmother' (PIu.), -u�w 'to act as stepmother' (gloss.); jocular innovation fl'lTpUlO<; [m.] 'stepfather' (Theopomp. Com., Hyp.). .ETYM If fl'lTpma is connected with fl�TPW<; (following the communis opinio, but there is in fact no decisive evidence for this), we must start from a long -ou- > 0, of which -u- in fl'lTpula would be the zero grade (cf. Schwyzer: 479f.). Regular correspondences with fl'lTpUlU (probably for older *fl�TpUlU, gen. -ula<;, see Wackernagel KZ 33 (1895): 574" Schwyzer: 4698) are found in Arm. mawru, gen. mawrui « *matruyi-) 'stepmother, mother-in-law', and perhaps also (though further off) in OE modrige 'sister's mother' < PGm. *modruYion-. The formation would have to be of pre-Proto-Greek age. Cf. Kuiper 1942: 56£f. See .. fl�T'lP ' !1T] Xuv� [f.] 'expedient, contrivance, cunning; means, tool, machine, device' (lA, Dor.).
950 ·COMP flllxavo-nol6� 'machine-builder, engineer, machinist' (Att.), u-fl�xavo� (Dor. -a-) 'without any means, helpless; unmanagable, irresistible, impossible' (ll.), partly associated with flllxavaoflat; thence uflllxav-La, -Lll (l 295), -ew (Ion.). DER 1. Uncertain Maxa-veu� epithet of Zeus (Argos, Tanagra, Cos, since va), also a month name (Corcyra), Maxaveio� month name (Chakedon); Maxav-L� epithet of Athena (Cos), -LTl� epithet of Aphrodite and Athena (Megalopolis). 2. f.lTlxavlwTll� 'deviser, machinator', of Hermes (h. Merc. 436; after uyyeAl-wTll� etc.). 3. ' flllxavaplo� 'engineer' (pap.). 4. flllxav-6el� 'inventive' (S.), -lK6� 'id., pertaining to machines, mechanical', subst. 'engine builder' (X., Arist.). 5. flllxavwfla (Dor. fla-) [n.] 'apparatus, crane' (Thphr., Delphi), enla"tged from flllxav� (Chantraine 1933: 187). 6. Denominative verb flllxavaoflat (-aw) 'to devise (with ruse), realize, construct, manufacture artificially' (ll.), aor. flllxav�
ilia [f.] 'one'. =>ek I1lalvw [v.] 'to stain, soil, defile' especially 'to defile through bloodcrime' (ll.); in Hom. also a technical term for coloring or dying (L} 141-7), see Myc. below. <'!! P G?, lE? *smei� 'smear'�

951 .VAR Aor. fllUVat, fll�Vat, pass. fllav0�vat (ll.), fut. fllavw (Cyrene, Antipho), pass. fllav0� Ka0ap6v (H.). .DER flLafleLyvufll. I1lKp6� [adj.] 'small, short, little' (E 801, Y 29.6, trag., Att.). <'!! PG(V)� .VAR Also
952 crflLKp6<; is unexplained and (also) points to Pre-Greek origin. The connection with the comparative flElWV, assuming that the K was taken from the opposite flaKp6<;, fails because crflLKp6<; is clearly older: the latter cannot be combined with fl£lwV (which belongs to Skt. mindti 'reduce', etc., and has no s-mobile). Old alternation of suffixes in flLK-p6-<; : flLK-U-e6<; (Bloomfield Lang. 1 (1925): 94) is improbable. liL\u� 1 'taxus, bindweed'. vAR fllAO<;. =>crfllAa�. •

!1iAU� 2 [?] . �ALKla 'age-group' . EVLOL 8f: flEAAa�. KaL nap' 'Epfllnmp ev 8£Ol<; (Jr. 33) ayvo�cra<; ApT£flI8wpo<;· eKd yap fllM� ecrnv, 811Aol 8f: TOV 811flonK6v 'some have flEAAa�, among them Artemidorus on Hermip�us's "Gods" (Jr. 33), but wrongfully, as fllAa� is found there, and it means a kind pet-son' (H.). DELG adds that the gloss may be partly corrupt, referring to flEAAa� in H., i.e. flEA[A]aK£<;· V£WT£POL 'the younger ones' (corrected to fl£AA- by Salm.). � PG(v)� .ETYM Identical with � fllAa� 1 as a metaphor? Baunack Phil. 70 (1911): 461 supposes a cross of fldpa� (pronounced fllp-) and flEAAa� (?). The word is Pre-Greek on account of the variant seen in � flEAAa�. !1lA(A)6<; [adj.] . �pa8U<;, Xauvo<; 'slow, loose, spongy; frivolous' (H.), c£ apy6<; · flLAO<;, �pa8U<; and vWXEA£La 'slowness'· . . . . flLA6T11<; (-WTL<; cod.) (H.), VWX£A�<;· 6 flLA6<;, �pa8U<;, uXP11crTo<; 'useless; ineffective' (H.). � PG(v)� .DER PN MlAwv (inscr.). .ETYM Unexplained; cf. Latte Glatta 34 (1955): 191f. DELG compares � fllAa� 2. The variation AlAA points to a Pre-Greek word. Fur.: 226, 317 compares mlAo<; 'having an eye-disease through which the eye-lashes fall out', but this is not very convincing. !11A-ro<; [f.] 'ruddle, red earth, red color, cinnabar, vermillion, red lead' (Hdt., corn., Att. inscr.), also 'rust' in plants = epucrl�l1 (Paus. Gr.), and a taboo for 'blood' (PMag.). � PG� DIAL Myc. mi-ta-we-sa Imiltowessa/. .COMP flLA-rO-rtupn0<; 'with red-painted cheeks', of ships (Horn.), Efl-, crufl-flLA-rO<; 'painted red' (Dsc., Lebadea). .DER flLA-rUpLOV = 'blood' (PMag.), flLA-rdov 'vessel for storing fl.' (AP), fllA-r-£LO<; 'of fl.' (AP), -w811<; 'fl· -colored, rich in fl.' (Eub., corn., Str.), -IT11<; [m.] name of a red stone (Plin.), -6w 'to smear with fl.' (Hdt., Ar.). PN MLA-r£U<; (Epid.VP), or an appellative; MLA-r-Lu811<; (after LTp£\jIL-u811<;), MLA-rW [f.], etc. .ETYM A technical foreign word. The connection with flEAa<; 'black' is phonetically as well as morphologically impossible, and semantically uncompelling. The word is undoubtedly Pre-Greek. •

!1IA
953 !1l!1UIKUAOV [n.] 'fruit of the K6flapo<;' (corn., Thphr.), cf. Dawkins JHS 56 (1936): 1. � PG(V)� .VAR Also fl£flalKuAo<; (Gal.), flLfluKUAO<; (H.). .ETYM A foreign word, no doubt Pre-Greek (note the variations). For the ending, cf. UKUAO<; 'acorn' with comparable meaning. !11!1uPKu<;, -UO<; [f.] 'hare-soup, jugged hare', from the intestines with their blood (corn.). � PG� .ETYM The form fllflapKu<; seems to display reduplication. A tempting Similarity exists with a synonymous Germanic word: OE mearh 'sausage', MoNw. mar 'meat sausage from intestines', ON mQrr 'the fat inside a slaughtered animal', etc., PGm. *marhu- < IE *marku- or *m6rku-. If related, it would have to be a very old anatomical expression of cattle-breeders, cf. �VUcrTpOV 'fourth stomach of a ruminant', which is unlikely. Unrelated are Lat. murcus 'maimed' or Hitt. mark- 'to cut apart' < *merg-. Acc. to Neumann 1961: 85f., fllflapKu<; is a loan from Hitt. or another IE Anatolian language. I agree with Fur.: 36695 that the word cannot be IE. The reduplication is clearly Pre-Greek. !1l!1V�()"KW [v.] 'to remind (oneself), remember, heed, care for, make mention' (ll.). � IE *mneh2- 'remind'� .VAR Usually -oflm (-ncrKw, Schwyzer: 709f., Aeol. flLflvmcrKw [gramm.] , flv�crK£Tm Anacr.); fut. flv�crw, -oflm, aor. flv�crm (Dor. flvacrm), -acr8m, per£ med. flEflv11flm (Dor. -flva-, Aeol. -flvm-) with fut. fl£flv�croflm (all ll.), aor. pass. flv11cre�vm (8 418, Aeol. flvacr8�vm) with fut. flv11cr8�croflm (lA). Also pres. flvuoflm, flvwflm, flVWOVTO, flvw6fl£vo<;, etc. (ll.), 'to woo for one's bride, court' (Od.) 'to solicit' (Hdt., Pi.), npo-flvuoflm 'to court for' (S., Pl., X.); see below. ·COMP Often with prefix, especially uno-, ava-; also nap-, npocr-unofllflv�crKw, en-, cruv-, rtpo-avafllflv�crKW . .DER 1. flv�fla, Dor. Aeol. flvafla [n.] 'memorial, monument, tomb' (ll.) with flv11fl dov, Ion. -�·iov, Dor. flvafl- 'id.' (Dor., lA), cf. cr�fla : cr11fl£lov, etc., rare and late -unov, -UOlOV, -U
954 marriage' (Cod. Just.); 1tPOflV�cr'P-lct (1tpo-flvaoflctl) [f.] 'matchmaker' (E., Ar., Pl.), -L� 'id.' (X.). 8. flV�cr,WP 'mindful' (A.). 9. flV'lcr,� [f.] 'wooed and won, wedded' (Hom., A. R.), also 'worth remembering' (Sammelb. 6138), 1tOAU-flv�cr,'l (-o�) 'much wooed' (Od.), also 'mindful; remaining in memory' (Emp., A.); but A-flva.,O� (Gortyn); hence flV'lcr,£\JW (flvacr-) [v.] 'to woo a wife' (Od.), also 'to apply for a job' ; . with flv�m£uflct (E.), -ELct (Hell.) 'wooing'. 10. flv�flwv (flva-), -ovo� [m., f.] 'mmdful (Od.), often as the title of an office 'notary, registrator' (Halic., Crete, Arist.), rst derived from flV�flct, but also directly associated with the verb. Thence flv'lflo-cruv'l 'remembrance' (8 181), also the name of one of the Muses (h. Mere., Hes.); -cruvov [n.] 'id.' (Hdt., Th., Ar.); probably poetical; -Q� 'for remembrance' (LXX); besides Mvctflov-ct (Ar. Lys. 1248), cf. on EU'PPOV'l;' MV'lfl-W (Orph.) = MV'lflocruv'l. Denominative flv'lfloVEUW [v.] 'to remember' (lA), with flv'lflov£U-C1l�, -flct, etc. Adjective flv'lflov-lKO� 'for remembrance, with good memory' (Att.). 11. PNs like MV'lcrEU� (Pl.), short name of Mv�cr-ctpXO� (B06hardt 1942: 130), MVctcrLAA£l (Boeot.); MVctcrEct�; probably a Hellenisation of Sem. M'nasse = Mctvctcrcr'l. oETYM The above paradigm (including all formations derived from flva.-) is a Greek creation. A monosyllabic IE *mneh2- is represented in classical Skt. a-mnasi?u/:t [3Pl.aor.] 'they mentioned' (which recalls flv�crctl); further, in a-mna-ta- 'not mentioned' and mnayante 'are mentioned'. It is probable that this is a root extension of *men- 'to remember', but its function is unclear. Other cognate languages present nothing that could be compared directly with the Greek forms. It has been thought that flvaoflctl corresponds exactly to Skt. mnayate, so from *mneh2-ie/o-, but it was rather analogically formed to (e.g.) the aorist flv�crctcr9ctl; fllflv�crKW may also have been secondarily created, like e.g. KlKA�crKw or �l�pWcrKW. The meaning 'to woo a woman, court' developed from flvaoflctl 'to think of, be mindful of as a courteous expression; see Benveniste 1954: 13ff. The connection with yuv� < *gWn-h2- should be discarded. See � flctLVOflctl, � flEflOVct, � flEVO�.

�

fli!1o<; [m., f.] name of an actor, 'mime' (A. Fr. 57, 9, E. Rh. [lyr.] , D., Piu., pap.), kind of scenic sketch, founded by the Syracusan Sophron, 'mimus' (Arist.). � PG?� oCOMP fllflo-ypa'P0� 'mime-writer' (Hell.), Aoyo-fllflo� [m.] 'actor or writer of spoken mimes' (Hegesand. Hist.), CtPXL-fllflo� [m.] 'chief comedian' (Piu.); as a second member mostly verbal to fllflEOflctl, e.g. yUVctlKO-fllflo� 'imitating women' (trag.). , , . s.v. o DER fllfla�, -aOo� [f.] 'mimic player (female) (Ael.), fllflw [f.] ape (SUld. 1tL9'lKO�), fllfl(E)Lct [f.] 'farce' (Ph.), fllfllKO� 'regarding the flLflo�, mimic' (Hell.). Probably denominative fllflEOflctl, fllfl�cracr9ctl 'to imitate, mimic, copy (in art)' (h. Ap. 163), also with prefIx, e.g. Ct1tO-, £K-, with derivatives: (Ctvn-, Ct1tO-, £K-)flLfl'lC1l� 'imitation, artistic, especially dramatic presentation' (lA), (Ct1tO-) flLfl'lflct 'imitation, representation' (lA); (crufl-)fllfl'l'�<; [m.] 'imitator, artist' (lA), fllfl�'WP -opo� [m.] ' 'id.' (Man.); fllfl'l'lKO� 'able at imitation, imitating, mimetic' (PI., Arist.); fllfl'lA6� 'id.', also 'imitated' (Luc., Piu.), or 'referring to fliflO�' (Chantraine 1933: 242) , with fllfl'lAa�W (-L�W?) = fllflEOflctl (Ph.). . It oETYM Compared with fllflEOflctl, flLflo<; is attested only rarely and at a late date; still, "

.

is most likely that fllflEOflctl is a denominative built on the latter. The technical

fllvu9w

955

meaning of fl1flo� makes a loan probable. The connection with Skt. maya [f.] 'magic, etc.' is dated: the translation found in Frisk (following Schulze) as 'Zauber(bild), Truggestalt' is deceptive, as it focuses on the notion of 'image', which is not found in the earliest attestations of maya. It rather means 'magical power, skill, etc.'. flLflo� was borrowed as Lat. mfmus 'id.'. There is no etymology, and Pre-Greek origin is quite possible. !1lV [encl.pron.] 'eum, eam, id; se', anaphoric or reflexive pron. 3sg. (11.), late also 3Pl. � IE *h,i- 'he, who'� oVAR Also anaph. VlV 'id.' (Dor., trag., cf. Bj6rck 1950: 163). oDIAL Myc. -mi Imin/. oETYM Compare especially Cypr. � '(v 'id.' < *h,i-m (Lat. is, etc.). Not from a reduplicated form *im-im (as per Rix 1976: 186), which looks rather strange for indefInite pronouns. The initial nasal may have been taken from (the end of) the preceding word, as happened in OP dim and OPr. dim (reanalysis of the neuter ending *-od), e.g. in the ISg. aorist *(h,e)deiksY[! Him > *(e)deiksam im » *(e)deiksa mim > £o£l�a fllV. Cf. Beekes KZ 96 (1982-1983): 229-32.

!1lv6a� [f.] 'a kind of persian incense' (Amphis 27 Kock). � ?� oETYM Unknown.

!1lv6l<; [?] 'association for the maintenance of tombs' (Tit. As. Min. 11, 1, 62, [Telmessosl). � LW Lyc.?� oDER flEVOhctl 'members of such a SOCiety'. oETYM A local word, perhaps from Lycian mifiti. See Neumann 1961: 53f. and Laroche BSL 58 (1963) : 78'.

!1lVeT) [f.] 'mint' (lA, Thphr., Piu.); on the mg. Kretschmer Glotta 12 (1923): 105ff. � PG� oVAR Also flLv9a (Thphr.), flLV90�. oDIAL Myc. mi-ta. oETYM A foreign word, like Lat. menta. It is undoubtedly Pre-Greek, because of the variant ending -a. See � KctActflLV9'l. !1lVeO<; [m.] 'human ordure' (Mnesim. Com.). � PG?� oDER fllV9-ow [v.] 'to stain with fl.' (Ar.), metaph. 'to renounce utterly, abominate' (Hell., com.). oETYM Formation like ov90�, cr1tEAE90�, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 369); further unclear, but perhaps Pre-Greek. !1lVVeW [v.] 'to lessen, fade away', also trans. 'to reduce' (11.). � IE *mi-n(e)-u- 'lessen, diminish'� oVAR Also fllvuv9avw (PMieh.); ipf. -U9WKOV (£fllvu9£l Hp.), fut. fllvu9�crw, aor. -�crctl, perf. flEfllvu9'lKct (Hp.). oCOMP Rarely with 1tEPl-, C1UV-, Ct1tO-. oDER Medical terms: fllvu9-'lC1l� [f.] 'waning', -�flct,ct [pI.] 'what is lessening, dying members', -w9'l� 'weak, lessening' (Hp.), on the verbal derivation see Chantraine .

956

!llVUP1�W

1933: 431, -lKO� 'diminishing' (Cael. Aur.). Beside it fllvuv9a [adv.] 'for a short time' with !.llVUV9aOlo� 'lasting a short time' (11.) . ETYM Built after the synonym cp9lvu9w, either from a vu-present (corresponding to Lat. minuo, cf. *cp91vF-w) or from an adjective *fllVU� (cf. �apu9w : �apu�), which seems to have been preserved as a first member in a few compounds, though late and rarely attested: fllVU-WpO�, -WPlO� 'living a short time' (AP), fllVU�TjOV' 6AlyO�lov 'having a short life' (H.). The same adjective has been recognized in fllvuv9a, i.e. ace. *fllVUV + -9a e.g. after the opposite oTj9a. An lE adj. *minu- is also presupposed by Lat. minuo, and probably also by minus (secondarily s-stem), and is assumed for Gerl?anic (e.g. Go. minniza 'smaller' < *minyiza-) as well. If a suffIx -nu- is separated, :"flElWV, etc. may be compared. , fllVUp[�oo [v.] 'to whimper, whine, complain (in a low tone) (E 889, 0 719), 'to sing in a low tone, wharble, hum' (Ar., Pl., Arist.).
•

•

,.uPYa.�oop . TO AUKOCPoo� 'twilight' (H.).
•

fl[PYflCl [n.] (?) , £JtL TOU KaKOJtlVOU� KaL puJtapou KaL JtovTjpou 'filthy, dirty, bad' (H.).
,"UpYOUAOV [n.] fluao�, fllaafla 'defilement, stain' (H.).
!lla90�

957

.DER Perhaps the PN Mlpoov (see Latte)? .ETYM Unknown. !-llPUKeQV =>fluP1KTj. !-l[c:ryoo .ETYM See

� flElyvufll;

for fllay-ayK£la, see also ayKo� (�CtYK-).

!-llc:rtoo [v.] 'to hate, abhor' (Pi., lA).
958 of 'wages', Illa8o<; was replaced by O,/,WVlOV in the Hell. period (Chantraine 1956a: 25f.). !1lo"rUATJ .ETYM See � IlU
!1lOU, -uo<;, -EWe;; [n.] I. 'copper ore' found in Cyprus (Hp.); 2. 'ruffle, Tuber aestivum', growing near Cyrene (Thphr.), cf. Andre 1956 s.v. misy. � LW Anat.?� .ETYM Perhaps an adjective 'brilliant' borrowed from an Anatolian language; cf. Hitt. misriuant- 'brilliant', from the root *meis- (Skt. mi?ati 'to open the eyes'). See Neumann Kadmos 28 (1989): 94f. !1l0XOe;; [m.] I. 'stalk of a leaf, fruit or flower' (Thphr., Porph.); 2. name of a Thessalian instrument for field work, iaxupon:pov en T�<; OlK£AAT]<; 'even stronger than the 0.', . . . 0 llaAAov £i<; �u80<; Kanov 1tA£lW y�v 1t£pLTPE1t£l KaL KaTwTEpw8£v 'which, reaching deeper, turns around more earth, and from a greater depth' (Thphr.). Acc. to H. = 6 1tapa T(ji CPUAA'!> KOKKO<; 'the seed at the leaf, which can hardly be correct. Also difficult to understand is IllaKo<; = 'pod, shell' (Poll. 6, 94). Extensively on Illax0<; Stromberg 1937: 115f. � l. PG(V) ; 2. PG? (V) � .COMP li-Illax0<; 'without stalk' (Thphr.). ETYM Probably an agricultural term in origin, and transmitted to botany by the botanist Theophrastus. No etymology. The connection with IllaKaLO<;' K�1tO<; 'garden' (H.), which is also compared to Lith. miskas 'wood, forest', also 'wood for burning or building', is semantically void, unless one accepts a basic meaning 'trunk, bar' for the Lith. word. Fur.: 133 connects Illax0<; with IllaKo<; 'pod, shell', which means that the word is Pre Greek. However, he does not connect the stalk with the Thessalian tool. On the other hand, he may be right in connecting the latter with IllaKmo<; 'garden', where ax/aK also points to Pre-Greek origin. •

!1lTOe;; [m.] mg. uncertain, 'thread of the warp, chain' vel sim., also 'thread' in general, Lat. llcium (since 'If 762), see Bliimner 1875-1887: 141ff., where other interpretations are discussed. Cf. KaLa IllTOV 'uninterrupted' (Pherecr., Plb.). � ?� .COMP Often as a second member, e.g. A£1tTO-IlLTo<; 'with fine threads' (E.), 1tOAU IlLTo<; 'consisting of many threads, damask' (A., Cretin., Peripl. M. Rubr.).

959 .DER IlLTWOT]<; 'thread-like, made of threads' vel sim. (S. Ant. 1222), IllnvOL 'licinae' (gloss.), IllTT]pO<;, IlLTUPlOV (sch. E. Hec. 924), IllToollm, -waaa8m [v.] 'to hitch up threads' vel sim. (AP) , Illaaa8m(?) 'id.' (Pl. Corn.), IllTlaaa8m 'liciare' (gloss.). .ETYM Because of the uncertain meaning, all explanations are hypothetical. !1lTpa [f.] 'girdle bound with metal' (ll.), 'maiden's girdle' (Theoc., A. R., Call.), 'fillet, diadem' (Alcm., Hdt., E., Ar., Call.), 'victor's chaplet, wreath' (PL). � ?� .VAR lon. -PT] [f.] . .COMP IllTPT]-CPOpo<; (also -o-cp-) 'bearing a ll.' (Hdt., PIu.), aioAo-lllTPT]<; 'with glittering girdle' (E 707, Theoc.), on the ending -T]<; see Schwyzer: 451); li-lllTp0<; 'without girdle' (Call.). .DER IlLTP10V (gloss.), IllTPWOT]<; 'like a Il.' (An. Ox.), IllTpalov (cod. -EOV)- 1tOlK1Aov 'many-colored' (H.); IllTpoollm, -ow [v.] 'to put on or wear a Il., to dress with a ll.' (Str., Nonn.). .ETYM For comparison, one has thought of Skt. mitra- [n., m.] 'friend', properly 'friendship', Av. miBra- [m.] 'treaty, friend', as a personification 'Mithra' = OP MWra-, assuming an inherited word *mi-tro- with original meaning 'connection', from IE *mei- 'to bind, attach' (Pok. 710). The combination remains quite hypothetical, as long as a corresponding primary verb is not found (Ilr. may- 'to fix, establish'?). Extensive treatment of mitra- in Mayrhofer EWAia s.v. Given its technical meaning, Ilhpa (which is isolated in Greek) could very well be a loan, perhaps from an Indo-Iranian source. Or does the short -a (in the acc. IllTpav [LSJ) point to a Pre-Greek word? !1lTUAOe;; [adj.] Adjunct of a'(� (Theoc. 8, 86) of uncertain mg.; acc. to H. IllTUAOV' eaxaTov, v�mov. AaK£oa1Ilov£<; 'utmost, childish; foolish'. � ?� .VAR llunAov, eaxaTov, acp' oD KaL TOV V£WTaTOV 'utmost, whence (?) also the youngest'. 01 Of: KaL TO a1tO�alVOV KaL 6 v�mo<; KaL 6 VEO<; 'that which results, infant, young one' (H.); see Leumann Glotta 32 (1953): 217 . .ETYM Explained as 'hornless' and connected with IllaTuAAw, in which case IlUTlAO<; must have arisen by means of metathesis. However, as DELG remarks, the explanation may be due to a folk-etymology with Lat. mutilus by a later scholiast. Dissimilation from an original *IlUTUAO<; could be imagined (similar cases in Schwyzer: 258). The similarity with the PN MUTlA�VT] (also MlTUA-) is probably irrelevant (cf. WH s.v. mutulus) . !1lTUe;;, -uoe;; [f.] name of a substance used by bees (Arist.). � PG?� .ETYM Unexplained; it could very well be Pre-Greek. !1vii [f.] 'mina', weight and a sum of money = 100 drachmae (lA). � LW Sem.� .VAR Gen. -a<; (Ion. -�<;), etc., Ion. IlvEm [pl.]. .DER Diminutive Ilva06.pLOv (Diph. Corn.), probably for *IlV<;!O-UplOV from *IlvO-UPlOV : (�-8tov); Ilva-alo<;, Ilvalo<; 'weighing or worth a mina' (corn., X., Arist.), -'(alo<; 'id.' (Arist., Hell.), -'(£lOV [n.] golden coin = 1 silver mina (pap.); on -lalO<;, -lelO<; see Chantraine 1933: 49 and 53.

.ETYM A Semitic loanword. Cf. Hebr. mane, Akk. manu name of a weight. Borrowed from flva. was Lat. mina. Skt. mana- [f.], name of a golden ornament, remains far; but MoP man as a designation of a weight might belong here, too; see Mayrhofer EWAia 2: 308. Fur.: 380 connects flvafllflv�
/1VlOV [n.] 'seaweed' (Lyc., Nic., Agatharch., Str.), also flVlO<.; = cmuA6<.; 'soft' (Euph. 156 from EM and Hdn.).
/1VOOe;, /1voue; [m.] 'soft down' (on young birds) (Hp., Ar., AP).
/1v
/1oytw [v.] 'to toil, be distressed, suffer' (ll.).
134f. proposes that the word belongs to *megh2- 'big', but this is semantically not immediately convincing. A by-form with initial
/1Ol/1uaw .ETYM See fluaw (s.v.

� fluw)

and � flUAAOV.

/101/1UAAW .ETYM See flUAAW s.v. � flUA'l. /1oioe; =>GflOlOe;. /1oipu [f.] 'part, share, lot'. =>flelpoflat. /1oi-roe; [m.] 'Xapl<.;, thanks, favour' (Sophr. 168).
jlOlX0C; (Vett. Val.), probably back-formation from KaTajlOLxeuw (pap.). oDER A. Several feminine formations, mostly late: jlOLx-ac; (Aeschi n. Socr.), -aAic; (LXX, NT, HId.), also 'idolatrous woman' (NT), -�, -iC; (Ar. Byz.), -mva (Tz.); older jlOLxeuT pla (see below). B. Adjectives: jlOLX-iolOC; 'begotten in adultery' (Hecat., Hdt., Hyp.), after KoupiolOC;, see on � KOp'l; -lKOC; (Lue., PIu.), -lOC; (AP), -wo'lC; (Com. Adesp., Ptol.) 'adulterous'. C. Abstract formation: jlOLX0mJV'l = jlOLXda (Man.). D. I?enominativ�s: 1. jlOLXaw [v.] 'to seduce into adultery, be adulterous' (originally �onc: ?o�tyn -LW), of a man (the Lacedain o ian Callicratidas in X. HG 1, 6, 15), -aojlm Id. , of women and men (LXX, NT), :to�',be idolatrous' (LXX), 'to bastardize' (Ael.), after Lat. adulterare; 2. jlOlXeuw = -aw, also pass. 'to be seduced' (Xenoph., Att.), med. -euojlal 'to be adulterous' (Att. only of women, LXX also of men); 'to idolate' (LXX); jlolxeia 'adultery' (Att.), jlOLXeu-T�C; = jlOlX0C; (Man.), -Tpla [f.] (PI., PIu.); 3. jlOLx-aivw (Vett. Val.); 4. -a�w (Anon. apud Suid.) 'id.'. oETYM Often analyzed as an agent noun of � 6jleixw 'to urinate', as a vulgar expression. Borrowed as Lat. moechus. The initial laryngeal (*h3meit-) is usually assumed not to have vocalized before a resonant and an o-grade root (the Saussure Effect). Alternatively, it may be thought that the semantic connection of adultery with urinating is not specific enough, and that the etymology must be abandoned. IlOKPWV [?] jloKpwva· TOV 6 �uv. 'Epu8palOL 'sharp' (H.). � PG?� oETYM Latte Gnomo n 31 (1959): 32 corrects it to jloKWVa, after the Acarnanian name MOKWV; an adjective *jlOKWV would explain jlOKKWVHC;' rreplcppOVelC; 'very thoughtful; arrogant' (ms. jlOKKwvwatC;). Fur.: 341, 372 identifies jlOKPWV with ujlaKplimc; = ujlrreA6rrpaaov 'wild leek, Allium Ampeloprasum' (Ps-Dsc. 2, 150), but it remains unclear on which grounds. KaTajlOLX0C;

IlOAY0C; [m.] 'bag made of cowhide' (Ar. Eq. 963, D. C.), Tarentinian acc. to Poll. 10, 187. � LW Thrae.� oDER jlOAYlVOC; 'made of ox-hide' (Theodorid. apud Poll. 10, 187); jlOAY'lC;, -'lTOC; [m.] (like rrEv'lC;, rrAav'lC;, etc.) = jloX8'lPOC; (Crates Gramm. apud sch. Ar. Eq. 959), in the same mg. also jlOAY0C; (Suid.). oETYM Differs from a Germanic word for 'bag, pouch' only in the velar and accent:

OHG malaha, MHG malhe 'leather bag', ON malr 'bag' < lE *m6lko-. It has therefore been assumed that Gr. -Y- is due to borrowing, perhaps from Thracian (thus Pok. 747). Also, Go. balgs 'ballows, bag', Ir. bolg have been compared, in which case jlOAyOC; must have been phonetically influenced by UjlEAyW. Fur.: 126 assumes a pre-IE Wanderwort. Cf. Taillardat 1962: §§160 and 209, commenting on the meaning 'glutton, Kivmooc;'; cf. also Taillardat REGr. 64 (1951): lOff. IlOAEIV 'to go, come'. =>�AwaKW.

jlOAOUP°C; IlOAEUW [v.] 'to cut off and transplant the shoots of trees' (Lex. Att. apud Poll. 7, 146); jlOAOUHV' £YK01TTHV TaC; rrapacpuaoac; 'to engrave the offshoots' (H.). � IE? *melh3'come, appear', PG?� oETYM Probably built on *jlOAOC; or *jlOAeUC; 'runner', from the root of jlOAelV 'to go, come'; see � �Aw aKw . The form jlOAOUelV is explained as modelled on KOAOUHV. Perhaps, jlOAOUP0C; [m.] 'kind of snake', jloAoupiC;, -iooc; [f.] 'locust' (Nic.) should

also be included here? It may be asked, however, whether the variation -ou-l-eu- is not rather a Pre-Greek phenomenon. I do not believe in a variation jl/K as in jlOAeuwlKOAOUW (Fur.: 388). See � jlOAOUp0C;.

IlOAU; [adv.] 'hardly, barely' (trag., Att.). � ?� oVAR = jlOylC;. oETYM No etymology. Earlier proposals (see Solmsen 1909: 169ff.) are problematic: connection with jlWAOC; 'fight', if from earlier 'trouble', is formally doubtful because of the root vocalism; that with jlEnW 'to be about to do, hesitate, etc.', semantically uncompelling. See � jlOyEW.

[m.] scornful or ignominious qualification, referring to Odysseus, who has not yet been identified, by the goat-herd Melanthos and the beggar Iros (p 219, a 26; after this Lyc. 775); also of the head (KecpaA�) of a plant in unknown mg. (Nic. Th. 662). � PG (V)� oDIAL Mye. mo-ro-qo-ro ImologWrosl. oDER jlOA6�p-LOV [n.] 'the young of a swine' (Ael.), -h'lC; DC; 'id.' (Hippon.). PN MOAO�p0C; [m.] (Th. 4, 8, 9; Lacon.). oETYM Numerous doubtful proposals have been advanced. In antiquity: urro TOU jlOAelV Kat rrapayiv£
IlOAO�pOC;

'evergreen plant, asphodill, Asphodelus ramosus' or 'Scirpus holeschoenus' (Euph. 133, Nic. Al. 147). � ?� oETYM Unknown.

IlOA090upoc;

IlOAOUP0C; [?] unidentified snake (Nic. Th. 491). � ?� o ETYM It has been assumed that a word for a locust

=

6A6axOLvoc;,

is derived from this word: jloAoupiC;, -iooC; (Nic. Th. 416). Gow and Scholfield think that it is the snake jlOAOUpOC;, but Gil Fermindez 1959: 52 translates 'locust'. Hesychius has jlOAOUPlC;' aloolov 'private parts'· KOAO�� A6YX'l 'blunt spear(head)'- � jlOAlC; oupwv 'urinating with difficulty' (folk-etymology), and jloAoupioeC;' �aTpaxioeC; Kat TWV aTaXUWV Ta yovaTa 'little frogs, the knees of the offspring' (?); Suid. has jloAupiC;, jlOAupioeC;' jloAupioac; TaC; uKpioac; 'locusts' cpaaL No etymology.

!l0AOXTJ [f.] 'mallow'. =>flaA6.XTj. !loAm'! [f.] 'dance with song'. =>fl£A1tW. !l0AOOV [n.]? . a£Alvou KauAO<; Kal Qv80<; 'stalk and flower of the celery' . ot O£ T�V tJ1to oTjflo<;. AioAeL<; 'fat (Aeol.)' (H.).
oTjflo<; for o�fl0<;.

!l0Au�c5o� [m.] 'lead' (lA).
wed) ·

A connection with Lat. plumb um cannot be substantiated. The Latin word is rather related to Celt. *pl(o)udho-, as I have shown in Beekes MSS 59 (1999): 7-14; the Germanic word *laud- (E lead) was borrowed from Celtic. The Greek word cannot have come from the West (cf. also Basque berun 'lead'), as lead was much older in Greece. The Greek word has now been compared with Lyd. marivd a-, of which we now know that it meant 'dark' (as in E murky) ; its Hitt. equiva lent is dMarkuyaja 'chtonic deities'. marivda- would be an IE word from the root *mergW-, *morgWijo giving *marwida-, which may have become *marwda- with syncop e, which in turn

flovo<; might have become *marwida- by anaptyxis. For the semantics connecting 'lead' and 'dark', cf. Lat. plumbum nigrum. See Melchert 2004· !l0AUVW [v.] 'to defile, pollute, stain' (Att.). 0 before U m the following syllable, but there are too many counterexamples to such a rule. Numerous words for 'dark, dirty color' and 'dirt, defilement' are assembled un�er a root *mel(H)-, but only Skt. mala- [n.] 'dirt, defilement' is of interest he�e, WIth a derivative malavant- 'dirty', which formally matches the hydronym MoAO£L<;. Both Greek flOAUVW and MOAO£L<; may have been built on older *fl�AO<;, -ov 'dirt' (cf. aiaxuvw, aKATjpuvW, etc.), which corresponds with the Skt. word If we assume a preform *moIH-o-. Cf. Mayrhofer EWAia, s.v. mala-. . Alternatively, Fur.: 227 compares
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!l0va1to� [m.] Paeonic word for �ovaao<;, �OALV80<;, 'aurochs' (Arist.).
!lOV8UA£UW [v.] 'to stuff, fill, etc.' fl£vw. !l0vo� [adj.] 'alone'.
�

1'" ,

'hermit-like, monkish' (Just., pap. VIP); substantive flovaXlafl 6� 'monastic life'; flovax-6w 'to get lonely' (Aq.). 3. flouva� [adv.] 'lonely, alone' (Od., Arat.), flova�[a 'lonelyness' (sch., Eust.) from *flova�o� like Ol�O�, ete.; PN Mova� lO� (VP). 4. flOVlO�, flOUVlO� 'living alone, wild' (Call., AP), flov[a� [m.] 'lonely man' (Ael.). 5. flov[a, -['l 'lonelyness, celibacy' (Max.) , flOVOT'l� [f.] 'unity' (Sm., Iamb.) , 'singularity' (Alex. Aphr. in Metaph .). 6. flouvo8EV (Hdt. 1, 116; v.l. -08£vTa), flova-o 'lv (A. D., EM), flouva-86v (Opp.) 'lonely, alone'. 7. Verbs: flOVOOflaL (flouv) [v.] 'to be left alone', -ow 'to leave alone' (11.), with flOV-WaL� 'lonelyness' (Pl., Ph.), -WT'l� [m.] = flov[a� (Arist.), -wnKo� '(left) alone' (Ph.); flovaflE[pOflaL. flopYla<; [f.] . yaaTPl flapy[a� Kai uKpaT(a� 'gluttony, being without command; incontinence' (H.). « PG? (V) � .ETYM It has been suggested that this is the Aeolic equivalent of *flapy[a�. On the other hand, we may also be dealing with the Pre-Greek variati on a/o (Pre-Greek, sections 6.1 and 6.3). See � flapyo�. floPY°<; [m.] 'twined basket of a chariot, in which straw and chaff was transported' (Poll. 7, 1 16, H.); ace. to H. also aKunvov or �OElOV TEUXO� 'leathe r ware'. « PG?� DER flOPYEUW [v.] 'to transport in a floPYo �' (Poll. l.c.). Unclea r flOPYLOV' fl£TPOV y��, o Ean TIM8po v. Kai doo� UflTI£AOU 'land measu re, which equals a plethron; also a kind of vine' (H.). Chantraine reads flOpTlOV and connec ts flOpT�, without argumentation. .ETYM The connection with � OfloPyvufll or AfloPYo� would presuppose the operation of the Saussure's Law (loss of initial or root-final laryngeal in an o-grade root). However, the connection is semantically uncompelling and speculative. As a technical term, probably Pre-Greek. See � flapyo�. flopial [f.pl.] of EAaLaL, probably to be corrected in flopla( (Schell er 1951: 128 and 1324), name of holy olives in Athens (Ar., Lys., Arist.). Thence A8'lvQ Mop(a and ZEU� MOpLO � as protectors of olive culivation (S.). C£ Nilsson 1941(1) : 442. « ?� VAR Rarely sing. .ETYM Probably from flopo�, flOpLOV 'lot, share' (see � flE[POfl aL), as these trees formed the share due to the goddess in every plantation (Latte in PW 16: 302f.). Nilsson (l.c. fn. 4) refers to "den primitiven Rechtsbrauch , daB ein Baum dem gehort, der ihn gepflanzt hat, auf welchem Boden er auch wachst". Different •

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floPflW, -ou� explanation by Heubeck Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 1 (1949): 281 (with Brandenstein): a Pre-Greek word for 'olive', whence several PNs in Asia Minor and Greece were derived, e.g. Mupa (Lye.), MupaL (Thess.). flOPflUP0<; [m.] name of a sea-fish of the family of the breams (Sparidae), 'Pagellus mormyrus' (Arist., Archestr.); details in Thompson 1947 s.v. « PG?� . , .VAR With dissimilation floPfluAO� (Dorio apud Ath., Opp.); also fluPfl'l (EplCh. 6 �).

.ETYM According to Stromberg 1943: 76 "probably called after the sound, whlCh arises from its qUick movement in the water". The connection with flUPOflaL" fluP� . 'to flow trickle' (Stromberg l.c.) is not convincing. Connection WIth floPflUPW IS quite p;ssible, if the fish meant here would pro�erly be the 'bubble-bl0.wer'. Borrowed as Lat. murmillo 'gladiator with GaulIsh helm, on top of whIch was a fish' ,. see WH s.v.

floPfluPW [v.] 'to bubble up, foam', of water (11., late prose). « ONOM� VAR Present stem only; also flUPflupw (H.). .COMP Also with uva-, Em-. ETYM Onomatopoeic verb with intensive reduplication (Schwyzer: 64� and 2� 8, _ -are [v.] to Chantraine 1942: 376). Such formations are frequent: Lat. murmu �o, murmur' Skt. murmura- [m.] 'crackling fire', -a [f.] name of a flver, marmara 'roaring' Lith. murmeti, murm(l)enti 'to grumble, murmur', Arm. mrmr-am, -im < *murmur-am, -im) 'id.', etc. See � flupoflal. •

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:

floPflw, -ou<; [f.] 'bogey, spectre', also personified and as an interjection (Erinn. [?], Ar., X., Theoe., Lue.). « PG?� VAR Also -ovo�, -ova, ete. (Schwyzer: 479). .DER floPflWTO� 'frightful' (Lyc.); floPfl-Ua�OflaL [v.] 'to f�i�hten' (Call.), floPflu�av , TE� (Phryg. IVP), als? floPfluV£l and flOPflUP;l' OnvOTIOl£l sc�res (H.). Further the , , nouns floPflopo� and fluPflO�'
�

!10POW; [adj.] !10PO£VTa epithet of eplluTa 'ear-pendants' (2 183, a 298). -
'death' (Lat. Frisk.

mars, IE *mr-ti-) or 'mortal' (� 1l0pTOe;, � �poToe;) is rightly rejected by

!10PTOC; [adj.] = avSpW1tOe;, SVTJTOe; (H., Call. Fr. 271), rather llopTOe; (Latte). -
!10puaaw [v.] Only perf. ptc. 1l£lloPuXIlEvoe; (v.l. -Y-) 'defiled, blackened' (v 435, Nic., Q. S., Opp.), also 2Sg. aor. opt. 1l0pu�aLe; 'one should besmear' (Nic. Al. 144). -
possible. Possible Greek cognates are mentioned under � Ilopcpvoe;. Outside Greek, Slavic words for 'smear', etc. have been considered, e.g. Ru. maratb, maraju 'to smear, stain', etc. (but these have IE lengthened grade).

!10pcpq [f.] 'shape, form, beauty, grace' CS 170 and A 367), on the mg. cf. Treu 1955: 175f. -
970

ilop
-ETYM ailEp *gwhorm_ > form-. "'\

[adj.] epithet of utnoe; (.0 316), also n�me of a kind of eagle (Hes. Sc. 134, Arist., Lyc.), 'vulture' acc. to Suid.; cf. Thompson 1895 S.v. � ?� -VAR Accentuation after Hdn. Gr. 1, 173 (following Aristarchus); ilop
1l0
Il°O'X°C;

971 -COMP As a first member almost only in the sense 'calf, e.g. ilOaxO-Tpo 'shoot' seems strange (though not without parallels: DELG c?m��res E. �o sucker). Now, the Lithuanian word is mostly derived internally from megstl to knIt , so that a couple of options remain: . . IS 1) iloaXOe; 'calf and Arm. mozi are a Graeco-Armenian is�gloss *mosfo-, and 11th. unrelated. 2) Greek and Lith. are related as *mosto-, an� Arm. is � loan from Greek. 3) two etyma *mosfo- and *mosto- merged m Greek (Improbable). 1l00X0C; 2 [m.] 'musk' (Ad., Alex. Trall.). � LW Iran.� -DER iloaXl-rlle; = 6ailuAOe;, name of a sea-octopus that emits a strong odor (sch.

Opp.

H. 1, 307). , -ETYM From MoP musk 'id.', which is from Skt. mu?ka- [m.] 'testicle , b ecause 0f the shape of the gland; cf. iluaxov· TO av8pdov KUt YUVULK£lOV ilOPLOV 'the male and female genitals' (H.). Late Lat. muscus 'id.' with muscatus, -um also bel?ng here, possibly a borrOWing from Greek. All other European forms came from Latm.

Ilom [n.pl.] . �Up8LaVUL �aAuvo L 'acorns' (Dsc. 1, 106). � �G� -ETYM Fur.: 304 compares ilOO'TllVU Kapuu (a nut-beanng tree, Ath. uilWTOV = KuaTav£Lov 'chestnut' (Ageloch. apud Ath. 2 54d). So . : ilo(a)T- � a-ilWT- remains, which points to Pre-Greek ongm.

2, 52b); further, an interchange

1l0-rOC; [m.] 'lint pledget, lint, compress, tampon' (Hp., Dsc.). � PG?(V)� , (Q. S. -VAR Ta ilom [pl.] (Call., H.), like il�poe; : il�pu etc., gen. ilomwv final); ilOTOe; . . , KOLAOe; 'drainage tube' (Hp.).

4, 212; verse

1l0uLa

972

.COMP IlOTo-cpUAa� [m.], -CtKlOV [n.] 'bandage to retain a compress' (medic.), £11' 1l0TOC; 'provided or treated with 11. , also 'ulcerating' of wounds (medic. since Hp.), also metaph. (A. Ch. 471), cf. BechteI 1921(3): 294f. DER Diminutive 1l0TCtPlOV (Gal., EM), Lat. motarium; further lloT-Wlla [n.] 'lint dressing' (Hp., pap.), -T]lla [n.] 'linen, oakum' (pap.). Denominative 1l0TOW [v.] 'to stop up, pack', also with 8la-, £m-, m:pl-, whence (8la-, m:pl-)1l0TW-
�oTTia =>lloXeOC;. �ou(Ja [f.] 'Muse', goddess of song and poetry (usually in plural), also metaph. 'song, music, poetry' (lA, Il.). � IE? *men(s)-dhh,- whence *mondh-ih2, PG?� .DIAL Aeol. 1l01ua, Dor. Ilwua, Lacon. Ilwa (Ar.). .COMP Many compounds, e.g. 1l0UU-T]yETT]C;, Aeol. 1l00u-ayETac; [m.] 'who leads (the) Muses' Apollo (Pi., Att.), a-llouuoC; 'without Muses, uneducated, etc.' (lA), ulloU0La 'lack of education' (E., Pl.) . DER A. Substantives: 1. 1l0UU-elOV 'seat of the Muses, school for higher education, Museum' (Att.), Lat. museum, -tum, also 'varicolored sculpture of stones, mosaic'; thence late Gr. Ilouulov 'id.' (WH s.v.). 2. Mouua-"i
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AP). C. Verbs: 1. 1l0UUOOllat 'to be led and educated by the Muses' (Ar., Phld., PIu.), -OW 'to endow with music' (Ph.), £K- (E. Ba. 825), KaTa- (Jul.), 'to ornate with mosaics' (Tralles), with 1l0UUWT�C; 'mosaic-worker' (Syria VIP); probably a back-formation to Ilouulov (see above). 2. 1l0UU-L�0Ilat (E.), -Lu8w (Theoc.) 'to sing, play', with 1l0U
973

Ilua�, -UKOC;

So far, all explanations have started from the assumption that the word is IE, while it could also be of Pre-Greek origin (continuing *montY-a). poet.). �6X9oC; [m.] 'exertion, difficulty, distress, misery' (Hes. Se., Pi., trag., mostly � PG� .COMP Often as a second member, e.g. nOAU-1l0XeoC; 'of much labour' (trag., Arist.), TWV also as a technical expression (in construction) in npOIlOXe Ol' Ta npo�£�A T]lleVa IP). Delos TOLXwv 'the projecting parts of the_ walls' (H., also , . , , .DER 1. 1l0Xe-T]pO C; 'laborious, miserable, wor�hless, bad WIt 1l0Xe� p-la , bad condition' (lA), -oOllat [v.] 'to be troublesome (Aq.). 2. 1l0Xe-T]£lC; (NIC.), -w8T]C; (Vett. Val.) 'id.'. . also Verbs: 1. 1l0Xe-ew 'to exert oneself, subsist with difficulty' (poet. smce K 106), B since (poet. 'id.' 1l0Xe-i�w 2. (trag.); with £K-, etc., with 1l0Xe�llaTa [pl.] 'exertions' 1l0Xe 3· 95; 1967: Shipp 95, 1942: ine 273), a metrical variant of 1l0Xeew, see Chantra ow 'to tire' (Aq.) . ETYM For the sequence -Xe-, we may compare aXeoC;, 0XeOC;, �poXeOC; etc. When y/�e, compared with synonymous '- Iloyoc;, '- Iloyew, the ,words sho",: a vari:tion e expreSSIv an contams 1l0XeOC; which must be Pre-Greek. It is improbable that enlargement" -e- (Frisk). one Fur.: 319f., 388 connects 1l0uiaC;' q,
�

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�oXA6C; [m.] 'handle, lever, long or strong rod', often used to bar doors, 'crossbeam, -bar' (Od.). � PG(v) � .VAR 1l0KAOC; (Anacr. 88). , ' .DER Diminutive 1l0XA-iov (Com. Adesp., Luc.), -lUKOC; (Hp., Ar.), 1l0XA-lKOC; 'regarding the lever' (Hp., Ph. Bel.). . Verbs: 1. 1l0XA£UW 'to (re) move with a lever' (Ion. poet., also late prose), also �Ith uva-, £K-, whence 1l0XA-da 'removing with a lever, restoring with a lever' (� nst., mediC.), -£U
�u 2 [interj.] llullu imitation of a complaint (Ar. Eq. 10). � ONOM� .ETYM Cf. Schwentner 1924: 29 and 50f., and Lat. mu faeere. See '- Ilu�w, �ua�, -UKOC; [m.] '(sea) mussel' or its shell (medic., Plin.); 'spoon' (medic.), from 'shell'. � PG?(s), GR?�

974

.ETYM Formation like 6.a1tIluw. !1uyepo<; =>lluKap[<;. !1vMw [v.] 'to be humid, decay (due to moisture)L,(Ion. poet., Plb.). � PG? (v) � . VAR Aor. Iluo�aat (H.), perf. 1l£IluOTjKa (Dsc.) . .COMP Also with 1t£Pl-, Ola-. DER IlUo-aA£o<; 'soaked, dripping' (since A 54), Ola- (A. [lyr.l), -aA6£!<; 'id.' (AP); IlMo<; [m.] 'moisture, corruption' (Nic.) with IlU06£l<; = lluoaA£o<; (Nic.), IlUOwv, -wvo<; [m.] 'putrefaction of an ulcer' (Poll.). (Ola-)fluoTjat<; 'moisture, corruption' (medic.), lluOa[vw [v.] 'to moisten, make wet' (A. R., Nic.), also with Ola-. For � IlUOpo<;, which may be cognate, and � flu(w 'suck', which was wrongly connected. .ETYM It is doubtful whether Iluoo<; was the basis of the Greek group, as it is late and rare (see below). A verb or a noun may have served as a basis for lluoaMo<;, which is the earlier attestation (formation like IKllaA£o<;, 6.(aA£o<;, etc.); beside this adjective (probably with metrically lengthened u), the verb lluOa[vw may have its long vowel by analogy (after auaMo<; : aua[vw, etc., see Schulze 1892: 169ff.). lluMw is ambiguous too: it can be denominative from Iluoo<;, but it can also be understood as a deverbative formation (cf. Schwyzer: 719, also 682 on Ilaouw), in which case Iluoo<; would be a late back-formation. Comparable words outside Greek do not clarify the situation: Lith. maudyti 'to bathe' (full grade iterative), may have secondary d and is probably related to Latv. maut 'to submerge, swim'; Lith. mudrits 'lively' cannot be from lE *mud-, as the expected reflex of Winter's Law is missing (so it must derive from *mudh-). Further Skt. mudira- [m.] 'cloud' (class.), also 'frog' and 'lover' (lex.), where all meanings probably derive from mud- [f.] 'lust, joy', m6date 'to rejoice'. For the semantics, note Skt. madati 'to rejoice', beside � llaMw. Further, MoDu. mot 'fine rain' and other Germanic words are compared. Fur.: 249f., 259 connects Iluao<; and takes O/a to point to Pre-Greek origin. The variation of vocalic length may also point in the same direction. •

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!1U6LOV =>Ilu<;. !1u6o<; [adj.] iicpwvo<; (H.). � PG (v) � VAR Iluvoo<; (S. Fr. lO72, Lye. 1375, Call. Fr. 260), in lower Italy 'with small ears' (Rohlfs ByzZ 37 (1937): 58f.). ETYM The connection with lluvOo<; (see also on � IlUKO<;) immediately presents itself, and it would point to a Pre-Greek word (prenasalization). Connection with Arm. munj 'dumb' may seem obvious, but is unclear in the end (Clackson 1994: 45 lists. •

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975

munj < *mundjo- as 'somewhat dubious'); it could well be a substrate word. Pok. 751

does not help.

!1u6po<; [m.] 'metal or iron mass roasted in fIre, glowing stones (of a volcano)" etc. (Ion., A., S., Antiph., Arist.) on the mg. see Kagarow Eos 31 (1928): 195ff. � PG� .VAR alluopo<;· Olcmupo<; a[OTjp0<; 'red-hot iron' (H.). .COMP As a fIrst member in IlUOPOKTU1t£W 'to forge glowing iron' (A.), -KTU1tO<; (E.). .DER As a medical technical term, lluOp[-aat<; (Ion. -Tjat<;) [f.] 'broadening of the pupils' (Cels., Gal., Cael. Aur.), as if from *IlUOP-lUW "to glow like metal"; naming motive uncertain. ETYM If related to lluMw, which is formally proximate (IlUOpo<; : lluOaA£o<;; cf. Debrunner IF 23 (1908-1909): 5 and 9), IlUOpo<; originally denoted the molten, flowing metal mass as opposed to the hard iron. However, the technical meaning rather suggests a Pre-Greek word. This is confIrmed by the variant alluopo<;. •

!1ueAo<; [m.] 'marrow' (Il.). � PG?� .VAR Epic U with metrical lengthening. Late Greek has lluaA6<;, rejected by Phrynichos. .COMP Some compounds, e.g. 6.-IlU£AO<; 'without marrow' (Arist.) . DER IlU£A-O£!<; 'full of marrow' (Od.), -wOTj<; 'like marrow' (Arist.), -lVO<; 'soft as marrow' (AP); llu£A60llat [v.] 'to be changed into marrow, consist of marrow' (LXX) . ETYM For the formation, cf. 1tlIl£A� 'fat' with comparable meaning. Has been linked with Iluwv 'cluster of muscles' (see � Ilu<;), Marrow and muscles, both being soft, stand in opposition to the bone. The old word for 'marrow', seen in Skt. majjan-, OHG mark, etc. was replaced in Greek by IlU£AO<;, and in Latin by medulla. The word has no further etymology. Chantraine 1933: 244 is probably right that the word is Pre-Greek. Fur.: 350 adduces lluaAo<; as a Pre-Greek variant, but this may be recent and is unreliable. •

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!1U£w =>Iluw. !1u�w 1 [v.] 'to suck' (Hp., X.). � ONOM� VAR Aor. Ilu(�aat (I::,. 218), pres. also Ilu(-uw, -£w (Hero, late) . COMP Also with EK-, Ct1tO-. As a first member in IlU(-OUPl<; 'fellatrix' (Com. Adesp.). .DER (EK-)IlU(Tjat<;, EK-Ilu(-Tjell0<;' -Tjallo<; 'sucking' (medic.), IlU(TjT�<; [m.] 'caterpillar' (Sm.) . ETYM Properly "to do Ilu", because of the position of the lips when sucking, and basically identical with � IlU(W 2. The traditional connection with Iluouw is not obvious semantically. See for further details Tichy 1983: 103f., 143f. •

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!1u�w 2 [v.] 'to mutter, moan' (Hp., A., Ar., Arist.). � ONOM� .VAR Aor. Ilu�at (Men.), fut. Ilu�w (D. L.), perf. pte. 1l£IlU(OT£ (Antim.), after Hom. 1t£CPU(OT£<;. .COMP Also with E1tl- in E1t£llu�av -(I::,. 20), E1t£llu�aTo· E1tWT£Va�£v, E1tqoyyua£v 'groaned, muttered' (H.).

flu80<;

.DER fluYflo<; [m.] 'moan, sigh' (A., Arist.), also 'production of the sound fl' (D. T.); further fluXfl0<; 'id.' (w 416). .ETYM Properly "to say flU", an old onomatopoeic formation with several correspondences, like Lat. mugio 'to roar', Hitt. mugaeJi 'to evoke, invoke, entreat', OHG muckazzen 'to speak slowly', etc. See Tichy 1983: 150. A connection with � flu
fluiu [f.] 'fly' (ll.). � IE *mus-ih2� VAR Also fluu. COMP Some compounds, e.g. flU(l)O-
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fluKaofluL [v.] 'to low, bellow' (of cattle), metaph. 'to roar, crack' (almost only poet.). � IE *muH- 'bellow'� VAR Aor. flUKelV (ll.), flUK�
977

.COMP Also with prefIX, e.g. 6.fl
flUKUpl<; [?] . vuKTep[<; 'bat' (H.). � PG?� .ETYM The assumption of a taboo reshaping of vuKTepl<; based on flUKT�p, flU�u, fluKllTe<;, ete. is unconvincing. Latte thinks the gloss is corrupt (see DELG), but this cannot be maintained as there is no argument. Fur.: 122 compares fluyepo<; VUKTlKOpU� 'long-eared owl' (Cyran. 29), so the word could be Pre-Greek. flUKT) [f.] . � 8�Kll 'chest, box' (Suid.). � PG?, IE? *mu(H)k-n-� .VAR Cf. flUKWV·
YAR Gen. also -ou (Ion. -£w), plur. -cu . DER flUK�T-lVO<; 'made of mushrooms' (Luc.), flUKooflcu 'to become like a mushroom, become spongy' (medic.). .ETYM Traditionally taken to be a formation in -T](T)- from a noun possibly found in Lat. mucus 'snivel, mucus of the nose'; for the development of meaning, cf. Sin. glfva 'agaric' beside Lith. glefves 'slime'; for further details, see � flucrcroflcu. However, Fur.: 298 correctly remarks that the meanings of this word cannot all be explained by derivation from flucrcroflcu 'to snuff, blow one's nose'. He assumes a basic meaning 'prominent, extremity', as flUKT]<; may also mean 'stump of a felled olive tree' (inscr.). He connects the word with flucrKAOl· OL 1tUSfl£v£<; niJv �T]PWV crUKWV 'stalks of dried up fig trees' (H.), which implies that the word: is Pre-Greek (interchange K/crK). On the suffIx -T]<;, -T]TO<; in Pre-Greek, see Fur.: 172"8. •

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!1UKAO<; [adj.] 'lascivious, lewd' (Archil. 183 as a PN, Lyc. 771, H.), as epithet of ilie pack mule (Lye. 816), also name of the ass itself? (PTeb. 409, 7, IP; written flOlK-, reading very uncertain). Acc. to H., flUKAOl or flUKACU are 'black stripes at the neck and feet of the ass'; according to EM 594, 18 and sch. Lyc. 771, flUKAO<; is 'a fold on the ass's neck'. � PG(Y)� .YAR Cf. flucrKAOl (below). DER flUXAO<;, a Phocaean name of a stallion ass according to H., but also = crKOAlO<;, 6XWT�<;, ACtYVT]<;, flOlX0<;, uKpaT�<; 'twisted, someone lewd, lecherous, adulterer, not in control'; cf. also flucrKAOl· crKOAlO[ (H.). ETYM flUXAO<; has been reduced to a pre-form *flUKcrAO<; and identified with Lat. mulus 'mule', if from *mukslo-; a deviating formation is found in Alb. mushk 'mule' as well as in Slavic forms like ORu. m'bsh 'mule'. As the breeding of mules originates from Pontic Asia Minor (cf. on � 6vo<;), Frisk remarks that we are probably dealing with a Wanderwort. I do not agree with this: the variants (notably K/X, crK) are typical for Pre-Greek words (Pre-Greek section 5.5), and thus receive an easy explanation. Fur.: 29925 thinks that flUKAO<; is a separate word. •

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!1UKO<; [adj.] . a
979 Does flUplKU<; continue a Pre-Greek form *murY-k-? The other forms do not fit in easily; it is very unclear whether ilie words with flu(v)o- belong here. The form fluvoo<; may be a prenasalized variant beside fluoo<; (and must therefore be retained pace Latte, whose note is unclear to me). It seems that fluvapo<; is a misreading for *fluvopo<;. !1UKWV [?] . crwpo<;, ST]flwV (H.). =>flUKT]. !1UAaLKCt [n.pl.] a kind of figs (Ath. 3, 78a). � GR� .ETYM Perhaps from a place called MuAcu. !1UACt
C. Verbs, all rare: 1. fluAUXW only in fluAlowvw:; [pte.] 'gnashing with the teeth' (Hes.

Op. 530), on - lUW Schwyzer: 732; 2. flUAOOflat 'to be hardened, cicatrized' (Hp.). On itself stands flUAAW = �lVEW (Theoc. 4,58) with fluA(A)u<:; [f.] 'whore' (Phot., Suid.), flUAAO<:; [m.] 'cake in the form of the pudenda muliebria' (Ath. 14, 647a; Sicilian). oETYM The primary verbal noun fluA'l, secondary flUAO<:; (perhaps after 1.. 180<:; or QVo<:; uAET'l<:;), and the primary yod-present flUAAW are consistent in their u-vocalism, which is now explained by Vine 1999b: 565 as a raising *olj > ulj, comparing fluA'l. !1u!1u [n.] 'meat, cut up and mixed with blood, cheese, honey, vinegar and tasty herbs' (Corn. apud Ath. 14, 662 d).
flU P 10<:; oETYM Unexplained. See � flUTTWTO<:;. !1u!1up =>ufluflwv. !1vvup6<:;, !1vv�o<:; =>flUKO<:;. !1UVT\ [f.] 'pretext, 1tpoflUGGOflat. !1u�u 2 [f.] 'kind of plum-tree'.
as an explanation of IlUplUKle;; after EKaTovTUKle;); IlUPLOVTaO-lKOe; 'of the number ten thousand' (Theo Sm.), from *IlUpLOVTUe; after EKaToVTUe;. ETYM No etymology. •

'.l1)Pllll�' -l1Koe; [m.] 'ant', metaph. 'submarine rock' (lA, Lyc.), also as a proper name (Hdt.), also 'gauntlet with metal studs' (Poll.). For the mg. cf. lluPIl'lK(a 'ant-hill; throng of people'. � IE *morui- 'ant'� VAR Dor. (Theoc.) IlUPIlU�, -UKOe;. Also lluPlloe; (Lyc.), �uPlla�, �oPlla�, oPlllKae; (H.) . COMP Rare in compounds, e.g. IlUPIl'lKO-AEwv (LXX) and A£OVTO-lluPIl'l� (Hdn. Gr.), name of a fabulous animal. Cf. Risch IF 5if(1949): 256. DER 1. lluPIl'lK-lU [f.] 'ant-hill' (Arist., Thphr.), 'crowd' (Com. Adesp., H.), 'triller, arpeggio' (Pherecr.). 2. IlUPIl'lK-(a 'wart under the skin', or the irritation caused by it (Hp., Ph.), with lluPIl'lKluW [v.] 'to be afflicted with warts' (LXX), whence -(ame; (medic.). 3. lluPIl�K-(E)lov [n.] name of an ant-like spider (Nic., Plin.). 4· lluPIl'lK(ae; AWoe; 'stone with ant- or wart-like lumps on it' (Plin.), - xpuooe; 'gold dug out by IlUPIl'lKEe;' (HId.). 5. lluPIl'lKLne; (A(90e;) 'id.' (Plin.). 6. lluPIl'lK-wO'le; 'ant-like' (PIu.), -W£le; 'full of warts' (Marc. Sid.), metrically lengthened from -O£le;. 7. IlUPIl'lK« W as a medical expression 'to feel as though ants were running under the finger' i.e. 'to be quick and feeble' (of the pulse); 'to itch' (medic.). On itself stands lluPIl'lowv, �uvOlK(a TWV lluPIl�Kwv, a transformation of IlUPIl'l�' and lluPIl'lOOvEe;· o[ lluPIl'lKEe; uno D.wPlEwv (H.), a derivation from lluPlloe; (see above) after TEV9p'lowv and other insect names; cf. also Oep'lKWV and other names of habitation in -wv. .ETYM The suffIx is found in OKWA'l� 'worm, maggot', oep�� 'wasp', etc. Parallel forms with a velar suffIx (probably genetically unrelated to IlUPIl'l�) are Lat. formIca 'ant' and Skt. valmika- [m., n.] 'ant-hill'. The basic form was probably *morui-. It is found in various forms, most of which underwent some deformation, perhaps of tabooistic origin. Influence of *u( 0)rmoli- 'worm' may also be assumed. IE *morui- is directly continued in Av. maoiri-, OIr. moirb, ORu. morovij, etc.; IE *mour-, *meur- in e.g. ON maurr- [n.] < PGm. *maura-, OSw. myra [f.] < PGm. *meurion-. Other forms are Skt. vamra- [m.] (cf. also valmika- above) and �oPlla�, �uPlla�, where �- probably stands for F-; in oPlllKae;, a F- may have been lost. In Lat. formica, the f- may go back to m- by dissimilation (cf. on 1l0Pllw); it would then be close to lluPIl'l�. •

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llupollUl [v.] 'to shed tears, bewail' (ll.), later (Lyc., A. R.) also 'to flow' (of a river) and 'to drip' (of blood). � ONOM� VAR Only pres. and ipf. (3Pl. ipf. Ilupov Hes. Sc. 132), except for aor. llupaOeat (Mosch.). COMP Also with nEpl-, npoo-. ETYM If it originally refers to a murmuring sound, lluPOllat is onomatopoeic, and related to .. 1l0Pllupw. The connection with Lat. muria [f.] 'pickle', Lith. murti, 1Sg. murstu 'to become wet', etc. is not preferable. Probably derived from the same root is the seond member of aAl-llup�£le;, -Ilup�e;, an epic epithet of nOTalloe;, nETp'l, etc., although its proper meaning remains uncertain. •

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IlUpOV [n.] 'sweet-smelling oil, salve, perfume' (Archil., Lesb. lyr., lA). � ?� ·COMP Often as a first member, e.g. llupo-nwA'le; 'seller of salves' (Att.). IlUp-E'I'oe; [m.] 'preparer of unguents' (Critias, Arist.) . .DER 1. Substantives: diminutives IlUp- (OlOV (Ar.), -UeplOV (Arr.); Ilup(e; [f.] 'salve box' (Poll.), cf. anup(e;, also Ilupp(e; (Thphr.), see .. Iluppa; llupwlla [n.] = IlUpOV (Ar. Ec. 1117); Ilup(v'le; o[voe; (Hell., com., Ael.), beside Ilupp(v'le; (see .. Iluppa and .. IlUpTOe;). 2. Adjectives: Ilup-'lpoe; 'belonging to Ilupov' (A., Ar.), like EAat'l poe;; -O£le; 'full of salves, smelling like salves' (AP, Man.), -W0'le; 'salve-like' (sch.). 3. Verbs: Ilup« w (lA), 0lluP« w (Archil.) 'to salve, perfume'; lluPOOllat 'to be salved or perfumed' (Ar. Ec. 1117 [v.l. IlElluPlOllatl). .ETYM Evidently a culture word, Ilupov may be a loan (thus Chantraine 1933: 16) . Traditionally connected as IE (together with 0lluple; 'emery') with a Germano-Celtic etymon for 'smear, fat': OHG smero 'smear', OIr. smi(u)r 'marrow' (perhaps also in Lat. medulla if < *(s)meru-lo-). However, this comparison does not explain the Greek -U-. The isolated form 0lluP« w may rest on association with 0lluple;, 0llupva, but it may also be a variant. .. Ilupatva is also a Pre-Greek word on account of the variants in 011-, and probably unrelated. See also .. 0lluple;, .. 0llupva. =

Iluppa [f.] 'myrrh, sweet-smelling wood of the myrrh-plant' (Sapph., Thphr.). � LW Sem.� .DER Ilupp(e;, -(ooe; [f.] 'sweet cicely, Myrrhis odorata' (Dsc. 4, 115) beside Ilup(e; (Thphr. CP 6, 9, 3) from (or after?) Ilupov (cf. below). lluppLT'le; (-ne;) [m., f.] name of a stone (Plin., "myrrhae colorem habet"), and of a wine (Edict. Diocl.); also Ilupp(v'le; (scil. o[voe;; Hell. com.), if not from .. IlUpTOe; or .. Ilupov. .ETYM From Semitic, cf. Aram. mura, Hebr. mar, Arab. murr 'myrrh' (Lewy 1895: 42ff.); should .. IlUp(K'l also be included here? Borrowed as Lat. murra, murrina. According to Ath. 15, 688c, Iluppa stems from Ilupov. Iluppa was replaced by unrelated 0llupva, .. 0llupv'l, which had the same meaning; this may in turn be a back-formation from Lllupva(a [adj.] (properly 'Smyrnaean'), which arose as an epithet of Iluppa. Further details in Heubeck Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 1 (1949): 272f. '.l1JPOOC; [adj.] . KOeplVOe; tbTa EXWV 'basket with ears', oe; KaL CipplXOe; 'a kind of wicker basket' (H., Call. Fr. anon. 102). � PG? (V) � .ETYM Groselj Ziva Ant. 5 (1955): 112 compares Etr. murs 'urna'. Fur.: 65 accepts this, and further compares (213) �uppoe;· Kuv9apoe;. Tupp'lvo( 'dung beetle'; metaph. 'drinking cup' (H.). Probably Pre-Greek. IlUPTOC; [f.] 'myrtle, twig or spray of myrtle' (Pi., Simon.). � PG (V) � .VAR IlUPTOV [n.] = Ilupo(v'l (Archil. acc. to EM 324, 14), 'myrtleberry' (Att.), 'pudenda muliebria' (Ar.); on the difference in gender see Schwyzer 1950: 30 . .COMP Few compounds, e.g. llupTo-nwA'le; [m.] 'myrtle seller' (Sammelb. P), [EpO IlUpTOe; [f.] = Ilupo(v'l ayp(a (Ps.-Dsc.). .DER 1. llupmvOe; 'of myrtle' (Eub., Thphr.), Att. IlUpplVOe;, also llupnVOe;; Ilupa(v'l, Att. -pp- [f.] 'myrtle, -twig, -crown' (lA), llupmvo-£lO�e; (h. Merc. 81), llupmv-LT'le; (o[voe;) 'myrtle wine' (Dsc.), 'kind of stone' (Plin.), probably after the color, 'kind of

Euphorbia' (Dsc.), after the form of the leaves, acc. to Stromberg 1940: 43; - lVOC; 'of myrtle' (Dsc., Aet.), MUPP lV-OUC;, -OUVTOC; [m.], -ouna [f.] names of Attic demes, with -oumol [pl.] 'inhabitants of M.'; !lUPOWUTOV £AUlOV 'myrtle oil' (medic.); also !lUpTlVT] [f.] 'kind of olive, kind of pear-tree' (Nic.). 2. !lUPTlC;, - lOOC; [f. ] 'myrtle-berry' (Hell.), also !lupTla· !lupalvT], KaL !lupT1C; (H.), !luPTC:IC;, -aOoc; [f.] 'kind of pear-tree', etc. (Nic., Gal.). 3. !lupTloavov [n.] 'myrtle-like plant', etc. (Hp.), perhaps from !luPT1C;, cf. ep eu9 £-oavov 'madder', Stromberg 1940: 147f. 4. !lupTaA1c;· � 6�u!lupplVT], wc; AaKwvEC; 'butcher's broom (Lacon.)' (H.), like auK-aA1C; etc. (Stromberg 1940: 78). 5. !lUPT-lTT]C; = !lupmv-1TT]C; (Thphr., Nic.). 6. !lUPTEWV, -WVOC; [m.] 'murtetum' (gloss.), also !lupaEwv 'id.' (gloss.). 7. !lupTwml [f.pl.] 'vases decorated with myrtle twigs?' (vase-inscr., AmJArch 31, 349f.; like ��AWT� etc.). 8. !lUPTWV, -WVOC; [m.] 'weakling, debauchee' vel sim. (Luc. Lex.). 9. !luPT1Aw'l'· (q,ov n 'an animal' (H.); formation like aiylAw'l' etc. with a Pre-Greek suffrx. TNs and PNs like MUPTOC;, MUPTq,OC;, Mupmvoc;, Mupaoc;, MupT1AoC;, MupalAoc;, etc.; see Heubeck Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 1 (1949): 271. .ETYM Because of the phonetic Similarity and their semantic proximity, !lUPTOC;, !luppa, !lUplKT] are usually considered to be mutually cognate Semitic loans without further argumentation, as first stated by Lewy 1895: 42ff. (see especially Heubeck op. cit. 282, with further hypotheses). However, the variation !lUPT-/!lupa- points to Pre Greek origin (see Fur. 259) and should not be explained by assuming all sorts of cross-influence. Semitic origin is also rejected by DELG. Heubeck (l.c.) takes the group as coming from Asia Minor, which does not exclude that it is Pre-Greek. Lat. murtus, -um, as well as Arm. murt, MoP murd, were borrowed from !lUPTOC;, -ov. fluC;, flUO<; [m.] 'mouse, rat' (lA, etc.), metaph. of sea-animals: 'mussel, kind of whale', etc. (A. Fr. 34 [= 59 Mettel); details in Thompson 1947 s.v., on the naming motive see Stromberg 1943: 109f.; also 'muscle' (Hp., Arist.); cf. below.
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!luaa0!lUl .ETYM Old lE name of the mouse, retained in several language families: Lat. mus, mur-is, OHG mus, Skt. mfl$-. etc.; the acc. !luv must therefore be secondary for * !lua by influence of DV to DC;, DOC;, etc. The vocalic length was caused by a laryngeal, for which there are two indications: the accent of SCr. ml'S, and ToB mascitse 'mouse', with mas- < *mwas- <*muHs-. A variant with short vowel has been wrongly supposed in Skt. mu?ka- [m.] 'testicle'; cf. � !l0ax0 C; 2. The metaphorical meaning 'muscle' (after the mouse-like movement of certain muscles under the skin) can be observed in other languages too: beside Greek, also in Germanic (OHG and OE 'muscle of the upper arm'), Lat. musculus 'small mouse, muscle', Arm. mukn 'mouse, muscle'. Derivation from ilie verb for 'steal' in Skt. mu?- (pres. mU?/Jiiti, m6?ati) is purely hypothetic. On several plant names containing the word for 'mouse', see Amigues RPh. 74 (2000): 273f. flv(JO<; [n.] 'pollution, defilement, horrible sight' (Emp., trag., Hp.).
spout of a lamp' (Hes. Se. 267, Ion., Arist.), with several derivatives: diminutive flu�apLOv (M. Ant.); flU�w8T]C; 'slimy, full of slime' (Hp., Arist., Thphr.); flU�-wT�pec; [pl.] (Hdt., Hp.), -T]T�pec; (Gal.) 'nostrils' (cf. TponwT�p, KwnT]T�p, etc.); flu�-a(w, -aw 'to be slimy' (sch.); fishnames: flu�wv, -wvoc; [m.] 'kind of mullet' (Arist.), as a back-formation flu�oC; 'id.' (Ath.), cf. KOKKWV : KOKKOC;, etc. (but see below on the derivation); flU�lVOC; 'id.' (Hices. apud Ath.), like KOpUKTVOC;, ete. 3. cmoflu�-lC; 'snuffling' (PIu.), -[u 'mucus' (AB, H.). On � flUKT]C; 'mushroom', see s.v. -ETYM flUOOOflaL is a yod-present; Latin has a nasal present e-mungo 'to wipe the nose' (cf. 0X[(w beside Lat. scindo). Frisk explains flU�U as follows: in the same way as KV[0T] and KVIOU may go back to the s-stem s�pposed in Lat. nidor, flu�u could go back to an s-stem perhaps continued in Lat. m f:t cor [m.] 'mold, moistness' (Solmsen 1909: 238f.). He then asserts that flu�wv, flu�OC; can be derived directly from flu�U. For the sporadic forms with ofl- (oflUOOeTaL and 0flUKT�p H., 0flu�wV Arist. beside flu�wv), Frisk adduces a Celtic parallel in Gael. smile, smug 'mucus'. Further proposed cognates include Mlr. moeht 'weak' < *muk-to- (problematic, see . MatasoviC 2008 s.v. *muxto-), the Germanic group of ON mjukr, and Latv. mukls 'marshy'. To my mind, the forms flu�u, flu�OC;, flu�wV (the above derivation of which seems doubtful) beside flUK-, as well as the existence of variants with initial 0-, could also point to Pre-Greek origin. On flUOKOC;' fl[acrflu (H.), see � fluooC;. See � flu(w 2, � flUXEH(w. 1.l\)OTa�, -aKO!; [m.] 'upper lip, moustache' (Stratt., Eub., Theoc., LXX), a Doric and Laconian word (cf. Arist. Fr. 539). � PG (V) � -VAR fluTTuKec;' flUKU[ (cod. flUKaL). LlKeAoL "Iwvec; (leg. AaK-) nwywvu 'beard' (H.). On �UOTU� see below. -ETYM According to Ehrlich KZ 41 (1907): 288 and Giintert 1914: 128, a transformation of flaOTu� 'mouth' by influence of the rare � �UOTa� 'moustache' (Antiph.), which has itself been explained as an innovation. Frisk assumes a cross of flaoTu� and flUAAOV 'lip', which seems impobable. Both the variation fl-/�- and the variant fluTTuKec; point to Pre-Greek origin; see Fur.: 218, 304. flUOTllpLOV =>fluw. �UOTlAI1 [f.] 'piece of bread, scooped out as a spoon' (com. Ath., Aret., Poll.). � PG (s) � -DER Diminutive flUOTlAaplOV (Poll.), denominative flUOTlAaOflaL [v.] 'to gulp out soup wiili a flUOT[AT]' (Ar.). Further flUOTpOV [n.] 'id.' (Nic. Fr. 68,8 = Ath. 3,126b), also -OC; [m.] (Poll., Hero Mech.), also 'spoon, especially as a measure or dose' (medic., pap.), flUOTpO-9�KT] [f.] 'spoon-case' (pap.); diminutive flUOTP[ov (medic.). -ETYM Probably a Pre-Greek word because of its suffIx -IA-, which is frequent in these words. For the suffIx of flUOTlAT], one may compare (WfllAT], OTpO�LAT], flUPlAT], nE8lAov, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 249). For an Indo-European etymology, one would have to assume a nominal basis, e.g. *flUOTOV, -OC;, for which there is no furilier connection. The notation fllOTUA(A)T], -aoflaL is due to confusion with � fllOTUAAW. �UOTl� [adv.] uflu Tq, OKoTet 'at the time of darkness' (H.). � GR� .

-ETYM From fluw, with an adverbial suffIx, see Janda Spraehe 40 (1998): 21. �UTT6!; [?] TO YUVaLKelOV 'female genitals' (H.). � PG (v)� -ETYM Fur.: 218 compares �UTTOC;' TO YUVaLKUIOV ui8010v 'id.' (H.), which proves Pre Greek origin. See � flUKOC;. .

�UTTWT6!; [m.] 'dish, kind of paste', made of cheese, honey, garlic, ete. (Hippon., Anan., Hp., com., Thphr.). � PG (v) � -VAR Also -00- (Hp. Loe. Hom. 47), -0- (Call. fr. 282). -DER flUTTWTeuw [v.] 'to change into a fl., to hash up' (Ar.), flUOOWTeufluTU' apTufluTa 'condiments' (H.). -ETYM For the realia, cf. on flU flu. A formation in -WTOC;, probably denominal (cf. Chantraine 1933: 305f., Schwyzer: 503). In view of the variation -TT-/-OO-/-o-, the word is Pre-Greek. �uX6(�w [v.] 'to blow ilie nose, sniff; to ridicule' (Theoc., Plb., AP). � PG?� -VAR avu-flux9[(OflaL 'to sniff, sigh loudly' (A. Pr. 743); in H. also npoflux9[(et and eneflux9l0UV, the latter as an explanation of enEflu�uv. -DER fluX9l0floC; [m.] 'snorting, mocking' (Hp., E., Aq.); flUX9w8T]c; 'snorting' (Hp.), as if from * fluX90c; (cf. below). -ETYM An expressive present, related to � flUOOOflaL and � flu(w 'to moan, sigh'. Frisk suggests that the starting point for the present flUX9[(w may have been the aorist flU�aL, flU�u09aL, perhaps via an intermediary * fluX90 c; (see above), or alternatively after �pO�aL : �poX90c; : �poX9[(w. The element fluX9- could be Pre-Greek (not in Fur.). �uXA6!; =>flUKAOC;. �uX6!; [m.] 'the innermost place, interior, corner, hiding-place, storage room' (ll.); on the mg. in Homer see Wace lHS 71 (1951): 203ff. � PG?� -VAR fluxa [pl.] (Call. Del. 142). On flOXOl- see below. -COMP ema-fluxoc; 'with seven hiding-places' (Call.). -DER 1. flUXlOC; 'innermost' (poet. since Hes. Op. 523, late prose); several superlatives, all from flUXOC;: flUXO[TUTOC; (

OA[yO� [adj.] 'small, inferior' (ll.), 'little, few' (post-Hom.). � IE? *hjlig- 'little'� .COMP Often as a first member, e.g. oAly-apX-la [f.] 'rule of the few, oligarchy' (lA; after f.l0vapxla, see � f.lovo<;) together with oAlyapx-ew, -lKO<; (Att.); -'1<; [m.] (D. H.) On � oAlY'11teAtwv, see S.V., on oAlyo-opavewv see � opaw, on oAly-wp0<; see � wpa. DER Grades of comparison: oAlY-luTo<; (ll.), oAI�wv (11.), OAe(�WV (Att. inscr.; after f.lel�wv); OAlYOT'1<;, -'1TO<; [f.] 'small number' (Pl., Arist.), OAlyoof.lm, -ow 'to become small or faint-hearted, to diminish' (LXX); OAly-6.Kl<; 'seldom' (Ion.), -ax08ev 'from few places' (Hdt., Arist.), -axou 'in few places' (Pl., Arist.). Perhaps also oAlYlol' £100<; aKplowv. Tlve<; pl�lov, Of.lOlOV �OA�

OAlVOl [m.] . KPl8�<; oWf.loL KaL Alvo<; 1tapa Ku1tplol<; 'sheaves of barley, also A. (Cypr.)' (H.). � PG?� ETYM Fur.: 375 gives "ATvo<; (usually Alvov)". •

OAlVUW =£AlVUW. OAU1�O� [m.] 'penis coriaceus', = 'ofleather' (com., Herod.). � PG(s)� .ETYM Obscene word with a suffIx -�-. Chantraine (DELG) and others suggested that it was transformed from OAlU80<; after other familiar and vulgar words. However, as the suffIx shows, the word is rather Pre-Greek. OA1O'8itvw [v.] 'to slide, slip, glide' (Att.). � IE *h)idh -, *hjslidh - 'glide'� ·VAR -alvw (Arist., Hell.), aor. OAlU8-civ (ll.) , -�um (Hp., Hell.), -�vm (Nic.) , 2Sg. wAlu8a<; (epigr. 1"-IP), fut. OAlU8�uw (Hell.), perf. wAlu8'1Ka (Hp.). .COMP Often with prefix, e.g. a1t-, Ol-, £�-, KaT-, U1t-.

.DER 1. Verbal nouns: oAiu8-'1f.la [n.] 'fall, sprain' (Hp., Pl.), -'1at<; (also a1t-, KaT-, 1tepl-) [f.] 'slipping, spraining' (medic., PIu.); back-formation OAlU80<; [m.] 'lubricity' (Hp., Hell.), also the name of a slippery fish (Opp.). 2. Verbal adjectives: OAlU8-'1po<; 'slippery' (Pi., lA), -�el<; 'id.' (AP) , -avwTepa 'id.' [nom.sg.f.] (Gal.) , from *oAw8avo<;, but which accentuation? Further OAlU80<; 'id.' (Hdn. Gr. 1, 147), probably from OAlU80<; with shift of accent, -'1TlKO<; 'making slippery' (Hp.). On its own stands OAlU8p6.�w = OAlU86.vw (Epich., Hp. apud Gal. 19, 126) as if from *OAlU8po<;, cf. OAl�(p)6.�m from � OAl�pO<;. .ETYM All forms derive from the thematic root aorist OAlU8civ. A present in -6.vw (later -alvw) arose from this, which recalls -oap8elv : oap86.vw, aiu8eu8m : aiu86.vof.lm, and may (like these two) contain an enlarging element IE * _ dh _, with Gr. -u8- coming from * _ dh_ dh_. An alternative is to assume metathesis *hjslidh - > *h)isdh -; see Mayrhofer EWAia: II, 787. This pre-form may be compared with a verb for 'glide, slide' in Germanic and Baltic: e.g. OE sUdan (MoE slide), MHG stiten, Lith. slfsti, Isg.pret. slfdau (with secondary y beside slidits 'smooth, slippery'). There are also some isolated nouns in Slavic and Celtic: OCS sled'b, Ru. sled [m.] 'trace' < IE *sloidh -o-, Molr. slaod 'gliding mass'. Skt. sredhati 'to stumble, make a mistake' vel sim. may also belong here. See also � Aola8o<; 1. OAK� [f.] 'dragging, drawing, towing, inhalation, draught, drink, attraction, drawing down of the scales = weight' (lA). � IE *selk- 'draw'� .VAR oho<; [m.] "drawer", 'machine for hauling ships on land, strap' (Hdt., Th., S., E.), also 'track, furrow, ditch; orbit, coil' (E., Ar., Hell.), also the name of a spider (Dsc.); adjective oho<; 'drawing to oneself, attracting' (PI., Arist.), 'dragging on, leaning, tarrying' (Ph., HId.) . DER From oh�: 1. oh6.<;, -6.00<; [f.] 'towed ship, trading vessel' (Pi., lA) with ohaol-Ko<; (Arist.); 2. ohciov (-lov) [n.] 'large bowl or basin, out of which water is drawn' (com. and inscr. since Iva), after ayyciov, with ohlOtov (pap. IIIP); 3· ohel<;· 0'1 Ta af.l
OAAl�, -lKO� [f.] 'wooden cup for drinking' (Pamph. apud Ath. 11, 494f.). � ?� .ETYM Unknown. OAAUI.u, -flUl [v.] 'to ruin, destroy, lose', intr. med. 'to be ruined, be lost' (ll.). � IE *hjelh,- 'destroy'� .VAR Also -uw, -uof.lm (Archil.) , OAtKW, -of.lm (ll.); aor. oAeum, oAeu8m (ll.), pass. oAw8�vm (LXX), fut. oAtu(u)w (epic), oAtw (Ion.), OAW (Att.), oAeof.lm, OAouf.lm (ll.), perf. oAwAeKa (Att.), intr. oAwAa (11.).

.COMP Very often with prefIx, especially Cl1t- (thus exclusively in Att. prose), with £�an-, (JUvan-, npoaan-, etc.; also with Ol-, £�-, etc. As a simplex only epic. .DER 1. oA£8po<; [m.] 'destruction, ruin, loss, death' (ll.) with oAE8p-lo<; 'disastrous' (ll.), -laW 'to be on the verge of death' (Archig.), after other verbs of disease in -laW; (K)oA£8p-£uw, assimilated (£�-)oA08p-£uw 'to destroy' (LXX), together with -£Uat<;, -wfla, -£la (beside -La), -WT�<;; MoGr. �oA08p£uw. 2. Cl1tOA£-at<; [f.] 'loss' (Hippod. apud Stob.); as a fIrst member e.g. in oAw-�vwp 'destroying men' (Thgn. [?], Nonn.), wAwL-Kapno<; 'losing its fruit' (K 5lO, ete.; w- metri causa). 3. oA£-T�p, -�po<; [m.] 'destroyer, murderer' (l: 114, ete.), -T£lpa [f.] (Batr.), CtvOp-oAET£lpa (Hes., A.), oAE-TTj<; [m.] (Epigr. Gr.), CtVOp-oAETTj<; (poet. inscr.), OA£Tl<; [f.] (AP), nmo-oAETwp, -opo<; [m., f.] 'child-killer' (A. [lyr.]). On the PN 'OA£T
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OAOKATjP0<; 'entire'. =>KA�po<;. OAOKOT'TLVO<; [m.] name of a gold coin, Lat. solidus (pap. IV-VIP). � LW Lat.� .YAR Also -ov [n.] . and oAoKonov (BGU lO82).

01..0 0<; .ETYM From � oAo<; and Lat. (aurum) coctum pure gold' (with ct borrowed as TT); see Frisk.

=

oA6-xpuao<; 'consisting entirely of

OAOAU�W [v.] 'to cry out loudly; to call, shout with joy, moan (to the gods)" especially of women (mostly poet.). � ONOM� .YAR -UTTW (Men.), aor. oAoA-u�m (Od.), fut. -u�oflm (E.), -u�w (LXX). .COMP Also with prefix, especially Ctv-, £n-. DER oAoAuy-� [f.] (Z 301) with -aLa [f.] epithet of the vUKT£PL<; (epitaph), -flo<; [m.] (A.), -fla (E.) 'loud outcry', mostly of women invoking a god; -wv -ovo<; [f.] '. . 'quacking of a frog, etc.' (Arist., Ael., PIu.), also name of an unknow� ammal (bIrd), , Lat. acredula (Eub., Theoc., Arat.), see also Thompson 1895 s.v.; oAoAuK-Tpla [f.] 'professional wailing woman' (Pergam. Ira), -ToATj<; [m.] 'crier' (An. Ox.), cf. e.g. aKwmoATj<;, uAaKTEw. Backformations 01..01..0 1 [m.pl.] = O£lat-OaLflov£<; (Theopomp. Corn., Men.), oAoAu<; [m.] (acc. to Phot. = 0 yuvmKWOTj<; Kat KaTa8£O<; Kat �aKTjAo<; 'woman-like, superstitious and womanish'; Anaxandr., Men.) . ETYM Onomatopoeic reduplicated formation with the same ending as in LU(W, �ai3(w, etc. Similar formations, genetically cognate or of identical structure, are Lat. ululiire 'to howl', ulula [f.] 'owl', Skt. ululi- 'crying loudly', uZUka- [m.] 'owl', Lith. ulula (bangos) '(the waves) howl', all with u. Beside these stands oAoAu(w, with dissimilation o-u or perhaps ablauting to � £A£A£u; cf. Pok. 306 and 1105. See � oAocpupoflm. •

•

oAov90<; [m.] 'wild fIg'. =>oAuv80<;. oAoohpox0<; [m.] 'round piece of rock, boulder, large stone' (N 137, Democr. 162, Orae. apud Hdt. 5, 92 �). � IE *uel- 'turn', *dh ret- 'run'� .YAR Accent uncertain. Also oAoLTpox0<; (Hdt. 8, 52, Theoe. 22, 49), oAoLTpox0<; (X. An. 4, 2, 3). . .ETYM Probably properly 'circle-runner', a technical term for a round stone, whIch rolls downhill or is taken forth by a vehement stream. The fIrst element belongs to � £LAEw 'to roll, turn' and looks like a locative; acc. to Bechtel 1914 s.v., it derives from a noun *FoAoFo- 'whirl, rotation', closely connected with � dA£o<;; this is rejected by Shipp 1967: 49f. (who follows the ancients in connecting 01..0 0<; 'pernicious', assuming that -01- is metri causa) . OAOO<; [adj.] 'destructive, sinister, ominous' (ll.). � IE *h30Ih,-uo- 'destructive'� , , (A. .YAR Also 01..010<; (A 342, X 5, h. Ven. 224), OAWlo<; (Hes. Th. 591, Nonn.), oUAoo<; R.), vocative oAE (Alcm. 55), OA6£l<; (S. Tr. 521 [lyr.]). .COMP As a fIrst member in oAoo-cpPwv 'with destructive intent', ofuopo<;, AEwv, au<; KanpO<; (ll.), also 'crafty', of 'ATAa<;, AL�TTj<;, MLvw<; (Od.); also oAo-£pyo<;, -£py�<; 'having a destructive effect' (Nie., Man.) with loss of 0 (cf. Schwyzer: 252f.) . ETYM Derived from the root of oAEam, oA£8po<;, ete. (see � OUUfll), and traditionally explained as *oAo-Fo<; < *oA£-Fo<; with vowel assimilation (Schmidt KZ 32 (1893): 332f., 337). All formal va.riations are secondary: 01..010<; with 01 spell�ng lengthened 0 (Chantraine 1942: 168; cf. on � oLETea<;); oUAoo<; with metncal lengthening and/or after 01>1..0 <;; oAw'(o<; after oAocpw'(o<; ace. to Frisk, but corrected to •

oA6mw OAo[Lo<; by Nauck; OA6£L<; with poetical enlargement (Schwyzer: 528 with lit.); voc. oAE from *oAoE (or *oAe[F]E?) with loss of vowel by hyphaeresis(?); cf. W flEA£. Suggestions on the formation in Ruijgh Minos 20-22 (1987): 537 and Garcia Ram6n 2000: 69-71. OA01t'tW [v.] . A£1t[(£LV, T[AA£LV, KOAC11tmV 'to peel, pluck, peck' (H.). <'l PG(v)� VAR Aor. oA6'l'aL (Call., Euph., Nic.) 'to strip off, tear off, pluck'. .ETYM Can hardly be related to � AE1tW, � Ao1t6<;, etc., but rather a Pre-Greek variant of � oAou
01..0<; [adj.] 'complete, whole' (p 343 and W 118, Att., Hdt.), OUAe [voc.] 'salve' (w 402). \l" <'l IE *sol(H)-uo- 'whole'� .VAR oUAo<; (epic Ion.). COMP Often as a first member, almost only Hell. and late (instead of 1tUV-, see Leumann 1950: 105), e.g. oA6-KAllP0<; (see � KA�po<;), oAo-oX£P�<; (see � Emax£pw), � OAOK6TTLvo<;. ·DER oA6-Tll<;, -llTO<; [f.] 'wholeness' (Arist.), oA6OflaL [v.] 'to be constituted as a whole' together with OAWaL<; [f.] (Dam.), ouAtw in O&dOL£V' EV uy£[<;t
OAO<; [m.] name for a bleary liquid, from the juice of squids (Hp., Phryn. PS, Phot.), for blood (AP 15, 25, 1. 01..6<; ALPp6<; ipwv). <'l PG?� ·ETYM Unclear. A cross between 80A6<; and op6<;, as assumed by Frisk, is improbable. A Pre-Greek word is possible. OAO EmOX£pw. oAouPLSu<; [?] . £100<; K6YXll<; 'kind of mussel' (H.). <'l ?� ·VAR OAOUPOLaLV' o.VW T�<; 8upu<; aTp6
'OAUfl1to<;

1073

OAOU
oA0£A1to<;. 'OAU!l1to<; [m.] name of several mountain ranges in Greece and the Near East, especially at the borders of Thessaly and Macedonia; seat of Zeus and of the gods (ll.). <'l PG� ·VAR With metrical lengthening OUA-. Ruijgh 1967a: 173 points to a variant OUAUfl1t-, Myc. u-ru-p-. DER 'OAuflmo<; 'Olympic' (ll.), 'OAUfl1t[u [f.] region in Elis Pisatis with a famous temple of Zeus (Pi., lA; cf. von Wilamowitz 1931: 224) . .ETYM Probably originally an appellative 'mountain', and without a doubt Pre Greek. Report of the discussion in van Windekens 1952: 66ff. (see also van •

1074

oAuv00e;

Windekens BNF 6 (1955): 117). Cf. also Nilsson 1941(1): 353f. Perhaps Myc. u-ru-pi-ja (jo-) points to an original PG *u-, which is one of the phonemes that could be reflected as Gr. 0 (though the interpretation of the Myc. word is debated). Was the original word * Ulump(-) ? oAuv6oc; [m.] 'wild, unripe fig' (Hes. Fr. 160, 1, Hdt. 1, 193, Hp., Thphr., LXX). � PG(v)� VAR Also oAov00e;. .COMP As a first member in oAuv00-
•

OAUVOC; [?] . TO cmOTpLflfla Kat u1toKu0apfla 'what is rubbed or cleansed off (H.). � PG?� .ETYM Unknown. Is the word Pre-Greek? OAUPUl [f.pl.] kind of grain like �£Lal, usually translated as '(corn) of spelt', also as 'durra' (Egypt) (ll., Hdt., D., Thphr.). � PG(s)� VAR Rarely sg. .COMP As a first member e.g. in OAUPO-K01tOe; [m.] 'oAupm-beater, -baker' (pap. lIra). .DER OAUp-LVOe; 'containing oAupm, made of oAupm' (pap. lIra Gal.), -IT'le; (apTOe;) [m.] 'bread made of oAupm' (LXX). ETYM An isolated cultural term. By-forms like � £Aufloe; 2, � oAuv00e;, and � ouAal suggest that it is Pre-Greek. Cf. � axupa for the suffix. •

•

of.luc5oc; [m.] 'clamorous crowd, melee, turmoil, clash' (ll.). � ?� .DER ofla8£oo, -�0m [v.] 'to clamor, speak or shout all at once' (Od., A. R.). .ETYM For the formation, see perhaps K£Aa80e;, Xpofla80e;, etc. Usually connected with Skt. samad- [f.] 'battle' and connected with ofloe; = Skt. sama-, but this is rather improbable: samad- should be interpreted differently as sam-ad- (Mayrhofer EWAia 2: 703f.), and ofla80e; could belong to � 0flu�oo (although DELG rejects this comparison because of the semantics). 0f.lu�oo [v.] 'to growl, grumble', said of bears and panthers (Zenod.). � ONOM� .ETYM Probably onomatopoeic. Here also � ofla80e;. See � oflOe;. OflUAOC; [adj.] 'equal, level, smooth' (L 327). � IE *semh2-1- 'level, smooth'� .VAR Innovation 0flaA�e; 'id.' (Pl., X., Arist.). .COMP As a second member e.g. in uv-wflaAOe; 'unequal' (lA), with compositional lengthening. DER oflaA-OT'le;, -'lTOe; [f.] 'equality, even surface' (Pl., Arist.) , -£ue; [m.] 'leveller' (who levels the soil, pap. lIra). Denominative verbs: 1. oflaA-l�oo 'to level, make even' •

1075

(X., Arist.), also with 8L-, E�-, etc. Thence oflaA-L0floe; [m.] 'leveling' (LXX, S. E.), -L�Le;

[f.] 'leveling' (Delph., Didyma), -L0T�p£e; [m.pl.] 'instruments for leveling' (gloss.), -L0TPOV (H.); hardly to A10TpOV. 2. oflaA-uvoo [v.] 'to make equal, make even' (Hp., Pl., Arist.), also with OL-, 1tpO-, 0UV-; -UVTLKOe; 'emollient' (Gal.). 3. *uv-oflaA-ooo in UVOflUAoo-0Le; [f.] 'equalization' (Arist.). .ETYM The formation is like that of Lat. similis 'like', OIr. samail < *semh2-1-. The 0grade of oflaAOe; is often thought to have been imported from � ofloe;. Cf. also the 1stem in Lat. semel 'once' < *s(e)mli-, Go. simle 'one time' = 'once'. Arm. amol 'harnessed pair of cows' is probably unrelated. Of.lUpTEoo [v.] 'to meet, join' (Hom.). � IE *sm- 'together' + *h2er- 'join'� .DER oflapTfi 'together', see � CtflapT� . ETYM The identification of the frozen instrumental CtflapT� (ofl-) with Skt. (Ved.) sam-rta 'at the meeting, in battle' (e.g. Schwyzer: 433) is wrong, as the latter is the locative of sam-rti- 'coming together, battle'. The form with Ctfl(a)- must go back to *sm-h2er- containing the root *h2er- 'to jOin', while the probably more recent formation with ofl- derives from � ofloe;, oflou . See � ofl'lpoe;. •

0f.l�P0C; [m.] 'rain, shower, thunderstorm', also 'rainwater', metaph. 'water' (ll.). � PG?� .COMP As a first member e.g. in 0fl�Po-
.ETYM Unknown. 0!1ElXW [v.] 'urinate' (Hes. Op. 727; codd. ofllXelV, see below.). � IE *h3meit- 'urinate'� .VAR Aor. Oflel�m (Hippon. 55 A; codd. -L- or -'1-); ufll�m· oup�am 'to urinate' (H.). DER 0fle1Xflu-ra = oUP�flu-ru (A. Fr. 435 = 487 Mette; codd. -1-). ETYM The persistant itacistic notation is probably due to the popular character of the word. The old thematic root present oflelXw, which was ousted by the more decent verb oupew (after which oflLxew arose), corresponds exactly to Skt. mehati, Av. maezaiti and ON miga 'to urinate', while sigmatic oflel�m recalls Lat. mixi, perf. of meio 'to urinate' < *h3meit-ie!o-. Other present formations: Lat. mingo (innovation?), OLith. minzu, Arm. mizem (a4enominative from mez 'urine', where a reflex of the initial laryngeal is lacking, but see Martirosyan 2008: 542f.; alternatively, we are dealing with an Iranian loan), etc. Connection with � flOLXO� can be debated; the gloss with ufl- is unexplained. •

•

0!1'lyepiJ � [adj.] 'assembled' (ll., Pi.; v.L -up��). � GR� VAR Dor. ofliiy-. .ETYM From ofloU and UyelP£LV with formation of the second member after the adjectives in -��. Thus also 0fl�yUpL� [f.] 'meeting' (Y 142, Dor. OflUY-) after the simplex ayupL� (see � uyelpw) with contraction or compositional lengthening. •

0!1ilAl� [adj.] 'of the same age'. =>�AL�. o!1'lP£w [v.] only in wfl�p'1ae 'met' (Tt 468) and in the ptc. ofl'1peuam [f.pL] (= -ouam) 'meeting, agreeing' (Hes. Th. 39). � GR� .ETYM From � Ofl'1po�; cf. 0fl�P'1� 'united, (being) together ' (Nic. Al. 70), after the s stems. 0!1'l PO� [m.] 'pledge, hostage, bail, warrant' (lA). � GR� VAR Plur. also -u. .DER ofl'1peuw [v.] 'to serve as a hostage, guarantee, take as a pledge, take hostage' (Att. Rhet., E. Rh. 434, Antiph.), also with E�-, auv-; thence ofl'1P-elu [f.] (PI., Th., Plb.), -wflu [n.] (PIu.) 'pledge, hostage', E�ofl�pwm� [f.] 'taking of hostages' (PIu.). .ETYM Probably a compound of ofloU and up- in UpUpelV, etc.: properly "joined together, sbd. who is forced to accompany", with a development of meaning similar to that in Lat. obses (: obsideo) 'hostage, bail'. The original meaning is still found in � ofl'1pew and 0fl'1pe-rm�· 0flO\ll� CjlOL�, ofloyvwflomv 'who have the same vote/opinion' (H.); cf. also � oflup-rew and � aflup-r�. The word 0fl'1po� = 0 -ruCjlAo� (Lyc., H.) is probably an appellative use of the poet's name. On attempts to connect the name 'Ofl'1po� (Cret. 'Oflupo�) with the appellative, see the litt. in Frisk. •

o!1iAo� [m.] 'throng, band of warriors, crowd, turmoil of battle' (ll.). � PG(s)� vAR AeoL OflLAAO� (EM) could be hyperdialectaL .COMP As a second member in E�-oflLAo� 'standing beside the crowd, strange, uncommon' (S. [lyr.]), etc. .DER Denominative oflLAew (AeoL pres. ofllAAeL Ale.) [v.] 'to be together, associate with (friendly or adversely), keep company, converse' (ll.), also with prefIxes like •

1077 Ku8-, Ttpoa-, E�-; thence oflLA-lu, -1'1 [f.] 'company, intercourse, association, speech, sermon' (lA), formally from 0flLAO�; -'1flu [n.] 'association' (PL, E.), -'1-r�� (auv-) [m.] 'companion, adherent, student' (X., Luc.), fem. -�-rPLU (Philostr. VA), -'1-rLKO� 'sociable, affable, talkative' (Isoc., PIu.). oflLACtOov [adv.] 'in bands' (ll.), -'106v Hes . Se.), 'together with' (A. R., Opp.) . .ETYM Frisk argues for an analysis 0fl-IAo-� (related to 0flo�, etc.) with the rare suffIx -111.0- (as in a-rpo�LAo�, TteOLAov, etc.), taking 0flLAAO�, ofllAAeL to be hyper-Aeolisms. However, it rather seems that the word is Pre-Greek. SuffIxes with VC were frequent in Pre-Greek; the interchange -LA-o-/ -LAA-O- may represent a suffIx -ilY-o-. The form 0flIAo� recalls � aflLAAu (which seems to be Pre-Greek, as well). O!1lX£W =>oflelxw. 0!11XA'l [f.] 'fog' (ll., A., Ar., X.). � IE *h3mit-lh2- 'fog'� .VAR Att. 0- (secondary aspiration). .COMP UV-OflLXAO� 'without fog' (Arist.). .DER oflLXA-w0'1� 'hazy' (HelL), -�£L� 'id.' (Nonn.). Verbs -ooflm (HelL), -ulvw (Lyd.) 'to vaporize'. .ETYM Identical with a Balto-Slavic word for 'fog', e.g. Lith. miglil, OCS m'bgla [f.] , from IE *h3mit-lh2- (suffIxed like veCjleA'1). Beside this old I-formation, to which MoDu. (diaL) miggelen 'to mizzle' also belongs, stands a zero grade root noun in Skt. mih- [f.] 'fog' on the one hand, and a full grade o-stem on the other, e.g. Skt. megha [m.] 'cloud' < *h3moit-O-. It is sometimes assumed that � 6flelXw 'to urinate' and cognates (lE *h3meit-) are related, but this would mean that we have to reconstruct an original palatal for the current entry as well, which was then depalatalized before *1 (cf. Lith. klausyti � Ru. sl�sat' 'to listen' < *klouH-s- < *klouH-s-, the s- in the latter going back on restored *k). This is a problematic assumption, however, since lIr. *Hmait- seems to exclude a palataL Also probably related is Arm. meg 'mist, fog' < *h3meit-olh2-, which acc. to Martirosyan 2008 shows regular loss of the reflex of initial laryngeal before m (cf. Arm. magil 'claw' with secondary m next to Gr. ovu� 'nail'). Armenian dialectal material points to a verb *mglim 'to cloud', which parallels the formation of Gr. ofllXA'1. On � UflLx8uA6wau, see s.v. and also Ruijgh 1957: 145. O!1!1U, -U'TO� [n.] 'eye; look, sight, face', metaph. 'sun, light' (ll.). � IE *h3ekw- 'see'� .COMP As a fIrst member e.g. in 0flflu-r o-a-rep�� 'depriving sbd. of eyesight' (A. [lyr.]), 'deprived of eyesight, blind' (S., E. [lyr.]); often as a second member, e.g. fleAuv-oflflu-ro� 'with black eyes' (PL, Arist.) . DER Diminutive oflflu-rLOV [n.] (Arist., AP), = MoGr. flU-rL; further 0flflu-r£LO� 'belonging to the eyes' (S. Fr. 801), oflflu-row [v.] 'to provide with eyes, enlighten' (A., D. S.), E�- 'to deprive someone of his eyes' (E. Fr. 541), 'to open sbd.'s eyes, illuminate' (A., S., Ph., etc.), EV- 'to provide with eyes' (Ph.). .ETYM The usual form is oflflu, but there are also the rare forms OTtTtu-ru (Sapph.) and 08flU-ra (CalL, Nic., Hymn. Is.), which may, like oflflu, have arisen from *OTtflU by •

progressive assimilation and by differentiation (Frisk), respectively. Or is oeflaTa rather an artificial reshaping with -efla (Chantraine 1933: 175) ? If oflfla is a verbal noun in -fla from the root 01t- 'see' (.. o1tw1ta, O'/'OflUl), it must originally have meant 'look, glance', but it may also be an enlargement of the root noun seen in the dual o00e < *h3ekw -ih,. The form .. o
'of the same ancestry'. =>ylyvoflUl. 0llof(o<; [adj.] epithet of noAefl0<;, VelKO<;, e avaTo<;, y�pa<; (Horn.), traditionally (e.g. by H.) identified or connected with oflOlO<;, and explained as 'common to all, equalizing, impartial', which is supported by synonymous �uvo<; 'EvuaALo<; (L 309). � ?� .VAR On -oflo<; for -OlO<; cf. yeAoflo<; (s.v. .. y eMw). ETYM Acc. to an alternative interpretation by Anon. apud Apollon. Lex., however, it means KaKo<;, for which an etymological argument has been raised: ofloflo<; (with lenis) < *OflO LpO<; from *oflOL-FCt, or rather for *oflo-po<; from *oflO-FCt corresponding to Skt. amivii [f.] 'misery, vexation, suffering', amUi 'urge, press' (cf. on .. oflvulll). Uncertain.

0IlOYVlO<;

•

0IlOlO<;, 0IlOlO<; =>oflo<;.

[f.] 'threatening cry, reprimand, command' (Horn., Hes. Se.; also Emp. [-ewv] , Pi. [-aId A. Fr. 57, 5 = 71, 5 [ay]); 'attack, onset' (HelL), perhaps falsely deduced from IT 147? � IE? *h3emh3- 'seize' + *kleh,- 'call'� VAR Also o-? See below. .DER Further (probably as a denominative) the more usual ofloKA-aw , -ew (also 6-) 'to cry threateningly, call, urge', in 3sg.ipf. OfloKAa (L 156, 0 248), }pI. OflOKA-eoV, 1Pl.

0IlOKi\.�

•

1079

- eo flev (0 658, etc., w 173) , aor. 0flOKA�0Ul (Horn., S. El. 7l2), iterative ipf. 0 floKA� 0a0Ke (B 199). Thence OflOKA'1 -T�p, -�po<; [m.] 'shouter, warner' (M 273, 'I' 452), fern. -TeLpa (Lyc. 1337). .ETYM Since the elision in U1t' 0flOKA�<; (e.g. Hes. Se. 341) , KeKAn' 6 floKA� 0a<; (v.l. Y 365) points to original lenis, the connection with oflO<;, etc. was already doubted in antiquity. A counterpart for oflo- could be found in Skt. ama- [m.] 'violence, pressure, turbulence', Av. ama- [m.] 'attacking power, strength'; tllUs, 0flO-KA� would originally be a determinative compound meaning "attacking cry". The second member must belong to " KaJ\.£w < *klh,-eie/o- and may be a root-noun *kleh,-, but it can also be explained as an abstract * omo-klii- related to * omo-klo- (cf. on .. 11£00011'1), with loss of laryngeal like in veoyvo<;. The former interpretation seems to be excluded by 0 lloKAav (A.), but an artificial Dorism cannot be excluded. On the variation -aw : -ew in the verb, see Chantraine 1942: 361. 'to wipe (oneself), dry (oneself)', med. with £�- also 'to give sbd. a beating; to imprint'. � IE *h3merg- 'wipe off� VAR Aor. 0lloP�Ul, -MeUl (11.), fut. 6110P�W, -oIlUl, pass. aor. 0llopXe�vUl, perf. W flOpYflUl (Att., Arist.). .COMP In prose only with prefix, especially a1t-, £�_. .DER £�OIlOP�L<; [f.] 'stamp, imprint, impression' (Pl.), a1tollo PYfla [n.] 'which is wiped off (Eust.). .ETYM The Greek aor. 0lloP�Ul is probably secondary (with vocalism from the present 0lloPyvullL) for 0 llap�ov cmolla�ov 'wiped off (H.), which can be equated with the zero grade aor. Skt. amrk?at. Further connection within Greek with .. allepyw is conceivable (for the semantics, cf. Lat. verro 'to sweep' next to Hitt. uars j 'to reap, harvest, wipe'), but the variation in the initial vowel is unexplained (there is no sufficient reason to assume vowel assimilation). The initial vowel is absent in the late forms 1l0 p� - avTo, -allevoL (Q. S.), probably via reanalysis as a1to - ll-' ollo<; [adj.] 'common, one and the same, equal, similar, level' (11.). � IE *som-h2-o 'same, equal'� .COMP Very often as a first member, e.g. 0IlO-
0lloPyvulll, -Ilut [v.] •

·

[f.] 'food, corn', plur. 'cake of flour and honey, honeycombs' (Call., Nic., H., EM). � PG (V) �

0 1l1tV'1

1080 .vAR Also all1T'1 . DER all1TV(£)LO� 'ptng. to corn, nutritious, fruitful' (S. Fr. 246, HelL poet.), fem. 'OIl1TVLa epithet of Demeter (Call., Nonn.; after 1TowLa); 01l1TV£LOX£Lp· 1TAOUO"L0X£LP, 1TAOUO"LO� 'with rich hand, rich' (H.); 01l1TVLaKo� 'id.' (AP); 01l1TV'1POV uowp· TPO'PLlloV 'nutritious' (H.) . ETYM Traditionally connected with Skt. apnas- [n.] 'produce, property, possession', ON efni [n.] < PGm. *afnija- 'material, goods' (also ON efna, OE cefnan 'to carry out, work'), Hitt. bappin-ant- 'rich'. The inner nasal in Greek was explained by anticipation of the suffix, and all1T'1 by dissimilation from this form. These assumptions are ad hoc and therefore doubtful Frisk further states that 01l'PUV£LV· aU�£Lv,; (J£IlVUV£LV, £vLLlloT£POV 1TOLelV 'to strengthen, respect, honor' (H.) is unclear. However, ace. to Fur.: 161, it shows that we have a by-form oll'Puv-, and a Pre-Greek word. The word � a'P£vo� is unrelated. •

•

[m.] 'navel, navel string' (11.), very often metaph. of navel-shaped elevations: 'knob of the shield or yoke' (n.), 'centre' (a 50).
ofl
•

_

ofl
1081 [f.] 'unripe grape' ('1 125), also of olives (Poll.); metaph. of a young girl, an undeveloped nipple, ete. (poet.).
•

[n.pL] . o(Ja a1TO nvv [£pwv £K'PEpw9aL 6 vOllo� KWAu£L 'what the law forbids to carry away from shrines' (H.).
1082

ovaAa

oVAR Cf. 0lloupa· a£ll[oaAu.; tcp9�, Il£Al exouaa KaL allaullllv 'cooked flour containing honey and sesame' (H.); also 0lloP[Tct<; (Redard 1949: 90). oETYM Unknown. 6vaAa [f.] = CtvuAwlla, 'expenditure, cost' (Thess. lIP). � GR?� oETYM Backformation from CtvaAOw, perhaps influenced by oanuvll : oanavuw also oanav- oull£va, -waa after CtvaA- oull£va, -wa£l). See Fraenkel l912: 88.

(cf.

[n.] 'dream', especially 'fortune-telling dream, vision' (11.), as an adverb 'in a dream' (trag., Att.). � lE *hJen-r 'dream', *hJner-io-� oVAR Only nom. and acc.; further ovapoe; [mJ 'god of dreams, dream' (11.), -ov [n.] ; other case forms are ovdp-aTOe;, -an, -aTa, etc., 'vision, phantom' (Od.); thence the back-formation ovaap [n.] (Call., AP). Note Aeol. OVOlpOe; [m.] (Sapph.); Cret. . avmpov· OV£lpOV, avap· ovap (H.). o COMP E.g. ovapo-noAOe; [m.] 'interpreter of dreams' (ll.), £1J-OV£lpOe; 'having good dreams' (Str., Piu.). oDER 1. Diminutive ovap-uTLOv (sch.). 2. Adjectives oV£[p-£LOe; (0 809, Babr.), -�ae; (Orph.), -anKoe; (comm. Arist.) 'concerning dreams, pertaining to dreams', -WOlle; 'dream-like' (Philostr.). 3. Verbs: ovap-waaw, -WHW (£�-) 'to dream, have a seminal discharge while sleeping' (Hp., Plo, Arist.), with (£�-)oVdp-W�le; [f.] (Pl., medic.), -wwoe; [m.] (Arist.), -wKnKoe; (Arist., Thphr.); £�-ovapow 'id.' (Hp.); *£�OV£lP-lU�W in £�ovaplaalloe; [m.] (Diocl. Med.). oETYM ovap < *hJen-r and Lesb. OVOlpOe;, Cret. avmpov < *hJn-r-io- show gradation with ovapoe; < *h3n-er-jo- (with full grade of the suffIx; for the addition of *-io-, see � �AlOe;). The case forms ov£[p-ctlOe;, -an, etc. probably arose by a cross of *ovalOe;, etc. with OV£lpOe;; from ovdpaT- in turn arose the late and rare form ovaap for ovap. The neuter gender of ovapov (for ovapoe;) was influenced by dOWAOV, £vUnVlOV. The word is limited to Greek and two neighbouring languages, in both of which it only occurs with a suffix -jo-: Arm. anurj < *onor-jo- (cf. T£KllwP beside T£Kllap; Arm. a- < 0- is a regular development in a pretonic open syllable, like in anun to ovolla, etc.), and Alb. ttderre (Gheg), enderre (Tosk), the details of which are debated. Note also Cret. avmpoe;, of which the a- is unexplained (cf. Beekes Spraehe 18 (1972): l26). Through the rise of ovap and cognates, the meaning of old � unap shifted (s.v.).

ovap

[n.] 'utility, value, help, refreshment'; plur. -aTa 'refreshments, foods, valuables, gifts' (11.). � lE *hJneh2- 'help, be useful'� oETYM False writing for oVll(F)ap < *ovCt-Fap, a verbal noun of � ov[vlllll; perhaps influenced by CtAda-ra (s.v. � CtA£W), doap (s.v. � eow), etc.

oV£lap, -aTOe;

ovw50e; [n.] 'reproach, rebuke, abuse, disgrace' (11.). � lE *hJneid- 'revile'� oDER Thence ova8£[l1 [f.] 'id.' (Nic.), cf. on £A£YX£[l1 s.v. � £A£YXW, ov£[oaoe; 'baling, scolding' (Horn., AP), ovaodw [v.] 'to blame' (Thebais Fr. 3) < *-es-je!o-; mostly ovao[�w 'to make reproaches, abuse, scold', also with prefIxes like £�-, npoa-, with several derivatives: ovdo-lalla [n.] 'reproach, abuse' (Hdt.), -lalloe; (£�-) [m.] 'id.' (D. H., J.), -taT�p (E.), also KaT- (Man.), -laT�e; (Arist.) 'who reproaches',

oV[VllIII (£�-)ov£lolanKoe; 'abusive' (Hell.); on itself stands £n-ov£[O-lGLOe; 'deserving a reproach, worthy of blame' (Att.), probably for *£n-ovao�e; after other verbal adjectives in -laTOe;. oETYM OV£lOOe; is an old verbal noun, isolated in Greek. The basic primary verb, . was replaced by the denominative OV£lO[�W in Greek, is retained in other whIch languages: Skt. athem. nid-ana- 'reproved' [aor.ptc.) , beside which stand the passive formation nidya-mana- 'id.' and the nasal present nindati 'to reproach', Av. nais-m'i < *naid-s-mi 'I reproach', as well as Baltic forms like Lith. niedeti 'to despise', Latv. nfdet, ISg. nfdu 'to squint at, exclude, hate', which derive from a stative *hJneid-eh,-. ?erma�ic has a secondary formation in Go. ga-naitjan 'to revile', etc. Especially mterestmg for Greek, because of its prothetic vowel, is Arm. anieanem, aor. anici < *hJneid-s- (for Arm. a- < 0- in pretonic open syllable, cf. on � ovap).

ov90e; [m.] 'droppings, excrement of animals' ('If 775, � ?� oVAR Late also fern. after KonpOe;. oCOMP ov90-cpopoe; 'dungbearer' (pap. IVP). oETYM Unexplained. For older lit., see Frisk s.v.

777, A. Fr. 275 [= 478 Mettel).

6v9uA£UW [v.] 'to stuff, pad, fIll up with stuffIng', of food (corn. IV-lIP). � PG?(v)� oDER Ov9uA£uaae; [pl.] 'stuffed foods' (corn. IV-lIP); further 1l0V9UA£UW (rejected by Phryn. 334, sch.), 1l0v9uA£ua£Le; (Poll. 6, 60) 'id.'. oETYM Expression of culinary art without etymology. We may start from a noun *ov9uAll, -oe; like Ko pouAll , Kctv9uAll, KpWpUAOe;, etc. Frisk suggests that the initial Il in 1l0V9UA£UW was perhaps taken from � llaHull (With related meaning) or from 1l0Ayoe; 'bag' (less probable). Fur.: 246 explains the variation Il/zero from initial F-.

Probably a Pre-Greek word. OVlYAlV [?] dooe; orVOU 'kind of wine' (H.). � PG?(v)� oVAR'OvOYAlV (Alcm. 117 apud Ath. 1, 31d). oETYM Unknown. .

QV{VT)"U [v.] 'to be of use, help, avail' (ll.). � lE *hJneh2- 'help, be useful'� oVAR Aor. ov�aal, fut. ov�aw (11.), Dor. ovaa£l (Theoc.), med. ov[vallm (Att.), aor. ov�aaa9m (late), wV�Il11V, opt. ova(ll11v, epic Ctn-ov� Il11 V, -ovllTW (ll.), wvullllv, inf. ovaa9m (E., Pl.), fut. ov�aollm (Il.). oDIAL Myc. o-na-to /onaton/, o-na-te /onater/. oCOMP Often with Ctno- 'to benifIt, gain, enjoy, relish'. ;DER 1. 6vllap (written � 6vaap, s.v.); 2. 6vllme; [f.] (cp 402), 6vame; (Dor., etc.) , be�efIt, advantage, gain, enjoyment' with ov�mlloe; 'useful, benefIcial' (h. Mere.); 3. ?V� TWp, -opoe; [m.] PN (IT 604, etc.), Dor. OVUTWP (conj. Pi. O. 10, 9) 'helper', OVllTw P name of a plaster (medic.); 4. 'Ov�Tlle; [m.] PN (Eretria Iva); for the PNs in , O �l1m-, etc. see Bechtel 1917b: 348ff.; 5. oV�llwv = ov�mlloe; (Cat. Cod. Astr.). 6. Pnmary compar. forms: superl. ov�·la-TOe; 'most useful' (Ion., etc.), compar. ntr. OV�·lOV (Nic.), Dor. OVU·lOV (Dodona IlIa); reinterpreted as a positive, details in Leumann Mus. Helv. 2 (1945): 7ff.

OVlVVO�

ete. are .ETYM The full-grade medial aorist forms a1t-Ov�flT]v, -ovT]'TO, -ov�flevo�, el Kiimm as , noteworthy. They may have their vocalism from the s-aorist ov�aaL . from m vocahs old remarks in LIV2. In Euripides, WVCt'TO, ovua8aL may have the (cf. *h3nh2-, or have their -a- from the present OVLVUflaL, with productive short vowelafter ov�aw from laLaflaL : l0TT]fll) ' The late present OVLaKW (Ath. 2, 35C) was formed eup�aw : eupLaKw, ete. red by There are no obvious cognates. Skt. niitha- [n.] 'refuge, help' was compa but is *nii-, root Wackernagel I955(2): 946, and looks like a primary noun from a res ON further isolated (cf. Mayrhofer EWAia 2: 33f.). LIV2 s.v. *h3neh2- compa related in -nsthe unnum [IPl.] 'to love, grant' if from *h31J-nh2�111 e, but remarks that . ver, Moreo n. forms like Go. ansts 'favor' is difficult to explain with this reconstructIO t presen nasal d additional assumptions are needed to arrive from the assume formation at Greek OVLVUflaL. de' (Thphr. HP 4, 6, 8). OVlVVO<; [m.] name of a parasite in seaweed, 'kind of centipe
und ETYM To be analyzed as OV-lVVO�, ace. to Stromberg 1944: nf., thus a compo eek Pre-Gr a ly Probab able. improb most from � ovo� and �'(VVO� 2; however, this is word (not in Fur.). •

'OVOYALV •

ETYM See � OVlyAlV.

ovoyupo<; -avCtyupo�.

[m.] 'donkey-driver'. -KLVOU�. of speech = nomen ovoflu, -U'TO<; [n.] 'name' (ll.) , gramm. 'word' (Att.) , as a part (Arist.).
OVOKLVcStO<;

•

I

OVOflaL

,

1085

.ETYM Old word for 'name', directly comparable with Arm. an un < *onomn- < *anomn- (with 0 > u before m and a > 0 in pretonic open syllable); Arm. anun may represent both the zero grade *h3nh3-mn- (originally found in the oblique cases) and the full grade *h3neh3-mn from the nominative, but the Greek word must have the old zero grade. Further, OPhr. onoman, NPhr. ovofluV also have their initial 0- from *h3- (Kortlandt SCauc. 7 (1987): 63). The e in other languages has a different origin: Alb. emer (Gheg), emen (Tosk) may be a loan from Latin nomen, while in OPr. emmens [gen.sg.m.] < *h31Jh3-men-s, the initial e- is the reflex of a vocalic nasal (cf. also the group of OCS im�} Celtic (e.g. OIr. ainm) is derived from *anmen- < *h31Jh3-men-), and ToB nem, ToA nom points to *nem-, which perhaps derives from a preform *h3neh,-m- by dissimilation of the second h3• If the e- found in Laconian EVUflUKpU'TlOU� belongs here at all, it is not well explained, but it need not be due to (incidental) vowel assimilation; it may also be due to dissimilation of the ftrst laryngeal against the second (cf. on Tocharian). The Greek u-vocalism in ovuflu, vwvuflvo�, ete. is due to Cowgill's Law (see Vine 1999b) . All languages have generalized one of the two ablaut grades: Lat. nomen = Skt. nama < lE *h3neh3mn. In Germanic, Go. namo [n.] , ete. < lE *h3nh3mon goes back on a zero grade, while OFr. nomia, MHG be-nuomen, MoDu. noemen have the old full grade *h3neh3-; see Beekes Sprache 33 (1987): Iff. (against this, Stiiber Die Sprache 3911 (1997): 74-88, but unconvincing) . The Anatolian evidence is highly complicated (see Kloekhorst 2008): Hitt. liiman [n.] < *h3neh3-mn- (like Latin), with regular loss of the *h3- and then *n- > 1- by dissimilation; lamnija- [v.] 'name' from *h3nh3-mn-; but HLuw. a-ta4Is-ma-za (interpreted as !?laman=tSa/ in Kloekhorst KZ 117 (2004)) preserves the reflex of initial *h3-' Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. bannai- has also made it clear that the root of the word is *h3neh3-, as still preserved in the Hittite verb bannai- 'to sue, judge' and in Greek � OVOflaL. A denominative yod-present like ovofluivw is found in other branches, too: Go. namnjan 'to name', Hitt. lamnija-. The original n-stem is still clearly seen in vwvuflv-o� < *1J-h3nh3-mn-; avwvuflo� is younger.

OVOflUL [v.] 'to scold, blame, insult' (Hom., also Hdt.).
(Eust.). .ETYM All forms except WVU'TO (which is rather aor. then ipf.), OVU'TaL' a'TlflCt�£'TaL 'dishonors' (H.), and the debated form ouvw8e (0 241) are based on a root ovo-; thus, ovu- is not an old ablauting variant but a secondary deviation. The comparison with the Celtic group of Mlr. on 'shame', ani m 'blemish, fault' remains highly hypothetical, while that with the unreliable pte. (hapax) OAv. nadant- 'slandering, reviling' and with Skt. nindati 'to blame, revile' (as ni-nd-ati; but rather ni-n-d-ati,

1086

OVoe;

for which see � ova80e;) is based on the wrong assumption that ovocrcr-acr8Ul, -OflUl, and ovocr1'Oe; go back to *ov08-, instead of being analogicaL . Kloekhorst 2008 has recently convincingly argued for connection with Hitt. l:Janna-' 'to sue, judge' (3sg. l:Jannai, WL l:Jannanzi), which he retraces to *h3e-h3n6h3-ei, *h3eh3nh3-enti by regular soun� laws. For the semantics of �e Greek �or�, starting fro� the meaning 'to call, name , one may compare the Enghsh expresSlOn to call names . OVOC; [m., f.] 'ass, female ass' (A 558), often metaph., e.g. 'windlass, winch, the upper . millstone' (ovoe; CtA£1''le;), as a fishname (after the grey color, or after the large head as a sign of stupidity?), see Stromberg 1943: 100. , oVAR Myc. o-no lonos/. oCOMP Very often as a first member, e.g. in plantnames like ovo-8�pa, -Kup8LOV, -nop80v, ovocrfla (see Stromberg 1940: 138 and 61); on � oVLVVOe;, see S.V., �n ?v�ypoe; = ovoe; liypLOe; 'wild ass' see Risch IF 59 (1949): 286f.; as a second member m 'lflL-OVOe; [f., m.] 'mule' (11.), cf. Risch Le. 22f. oDER 1. Several diminutives, partly in metaph. mg.: oV-lcrKoe; [m.] (Hp., Ph. Bel.), -LOV (-lov?) [n.] (pap.), - 1<'5Lov (Ar.), -UpLOV (DiphiL Corn.), -apl<'5Lov (pap.), -v<'5Lv (?; pap. IVP). 2. Other substantives: oVle; [f.] 'donkey droppings' (lA); Mine; [f.] 'kind of marjoram, Origanum heracleoticum' (Nic., Dse., GaL); oVlae; [m.] 'kind of crKupoe;' (Ath.); OVElOV [n.] 'donkey stable' (Suid.). 3. Adjectives: ov-aoe; 'of a donkey' (Ar., Arist.), -LKOe; 'belonging to a donkey' (NT, pap., inscr.), -w8'le; 'donkey-like' (Arist.). 4. ovevw [v.] 'to draw with a windlass, draw up' (Th., Stratt.). On � oVWVLe;, see s.v. oETYM Doubtfully explained by Brugmann IF 22 (1907-1908): 197ff. from *osonos (which via *ohonos > *hoonos would have been reinterpreted as 6 ovoe;), which together with Lat. asinus is supposed to be a loan from a South Pontic language. Arm. es, gen. is-ay is rather from *h,ekuo-. Sum. ansu 'ass' was also compared (see Neumann IF 69 (1964): 61). Not related to Lat. onus 'burden' (Gregoire Byzantion 13 (1938): 287ff.), nor to Hebr. 'aton 'female ass'. Probably a Pre-Greek word. ovu� 1, -UX0C; [m.] 'nail, claw, hoof, often metaph. in several mgs. (11.).
1999b). Therefore, we may propose a u-stem *h3not-u- (for which OCS nogbtb 'hoof < *Hnotu-ti- has been compared), or reconstruct *h3nogwh-. The Greek form agrees with Arm. elungn 'nail', which is a secondary n-stem like ot-n 'foot' < acc. *pod-m (see � nove;). Kortlandt assumes tl1at *h3not- I *h3nt- yielded PArm. *onog I *ong, which were contaminated in *onong; this became *enong by dissimilation, which gave elungn, on which see Kortlandt 2003: 76. The other languages have a monosyllabic stem: either *h3nt- (Lat. unguis, OIr. ingen [f.]) or *h3not- (OHG nagal [m.] 'nail', BSL, e.g. Lith. nagas [m.] 'nail, claw'). I1r. has a voiceless aspirate, e.g. Skt. nakha- [m., n.] 'id.'. ovu� 2, -uX0C; [m.] name of a precious stone, 'onyx' (Ctes., LXX). Ctva�uple;. 6�£p[ac; [m.] name of a Sicilian cheese (Corn. Adesp. 880 from PolL 6, 48), acc. to H. TUpOe; CtxpeLOe; 'useless cheese'.
article to be assumed creates difficulties. 6�[va [f.] . epyaAElOV n yewpYLKoV, m8'lpoue; YOfl
.�

1088

6�ua, -11

.COMP 6�0-1tWAll<; [m.] 'vendor of wine vinegar' (Lib., Poll.), 6�-uAllll [f.] 'broth made of o�o<; and UAllll' (corn.), KU-r-O�O<; 'drenched with wine vinegar' (Posidipp. Corn.). .DER 1. Substantives: diminutive 6�(8l0V [n.] (pap.); 6�(<;, -(80<; [f.] 'vinegar flask' (corn., pap.); 6�[Vll<; (olvo<;) [m.] 'sour wine', also metaph. and as an epithet of men: 'sour, ill-tempered' (Hp., Ar., Thphr.), c£ e.g. KE)'XP [vll<;, £Aaq:>[vll<;; 6�aA[<;, -[80<; [f.] 'sorrel, Rumex' (Nic., Ps.-Dsc.) with 6�UA-ElO<; 'tartish' (Apollod. Car.), to *o�aAo<;; 6�l1A(<; [f.] plant name (Theognost.). 2. Adjectives: 6�-l1P6<; 'relating to wine vinegar, acetic' (S., Ar., medic.), -un6<; 'in salt' (Ar. Fr. 130), -w811<; 'like wine vinegar, sour' (�al.), -hl<; [f.] 'tasting like wine vinegar' (PHolm.). 3. 6�[(w [v.] 'to taste or smell like wine vinegar' (medic.). .ETYM From � 6�u<;, like �80<; to �8U<;, Ei'ipO<; to EUpU<;, etc.

[f.] 'beech, Fagus silvatica' (Xanth., Thphr.), 'spear shaft (made of beech wood), spear' (Archil., E.). � ?� VAR Secondarily 6�ea, -£la (but cf. below). .DER 6�u-6El<; 'made of beechwood', of £YX0<;, Mpu (ll.); hardly enlarged from 6�u<;, as per Bechtel 1914: 55; 6�u-'(vo<; (-f(vo<;) 'id.' (Thphr., Delos lIP). .ETYM On the variation 6�ua, -11, see Schwyzer: 189; late 6�ea after l-rea, Il11Aea, etc.; 6�£la after the adjective. Probably identical with the old IE word for 'ash', which got the meaning 'beech' in Albanian as well (cf. on � q:>l1y6<;). The Albanian, Armenian, and Germanic forms come closest to Greek: Alb. ah (from *ask- or *osk-), Arm. hac'i (from *askijo-?), ON askr, OHG asc (PGm. *aska-, *aski-). The suggestion that 6�ull was reshaped after 6�u<; is not strong, and the assumption of an old metathesis like in �uv, etc. is untenable (Sanchez Ruiperez Emerita 15 (1947): 67). The other languages have a deviating stem formation: e.g., Lith. uosis, Ru. jasen' < PIE *Heh3s- (see Derksen 2008 S.v. *asenb). Other European forms have a short initial vowel, e.g. Lat. ornus [£] 'mountain-ash' (if from *os-Vn-o-), OIr. uinnius [m.] 'ash-tree' < *osno-, and also the Gm., Arm., and Alb. forms mentioned above. This may be taken to point to ablaut *Heh3-s- / *Hh3-es-. The IE character of these words is far from sure, despite the tradition to compare them. The forms are unclear. The vocalic variation in Greek, which is not sufficiently explained by assuming the intervention of an adjective, may in prinCiple also point to a Pre-Greek word. The word � CtXEpwT<; is unrelated. Witczak Linguistica Baltica 1 (1992): 201-211 connects Arm. hac'i 'ash' with CtK-rea, while he connects � 6�ua with Arm. usi and hosi.

6�ua, -11 •

6�UyyLOV [n.] 'lard' (Dsc., Orib.). � LW Lat.?� VAR Also Ct�ouyy[a = Lat. axungia, Ct�OUYYlOV, Lat. oxingion (gloss.). .ETYM Borrowed from Lat. axungia. Fur.: 341 thinks that it is rather •

native Latin word.

6�upEY!l(a [f.] 'sour eructation of the stomach'. � GR� .VAR Also -[11 . COMP 6�upEYIll-w811<;' -uw (medic.), KPOllllu-O�upEYIl[a (Ar. Pax 529). •

a loan, not a

�. 01tEa<; .ETYM A compound of 6�u<; and £puYll6<; with a suffix -[a-, so from *6�U-EpUYll-[a with dissimilatory interchange of the vowels; cf. Stromberg 1944: 99.

[adj.] 'sharp, stinging'; 'sour, tartish' (of taste), 'shrill, loud' (of the voice), 'fierce, . acute, rapid', of emotion and movement (ll.). � ?� .COMP Very often as a first member, also with prefix, e.g. a1t-o�u<; 'pointed' (Hp., Dsc., Gal.), with back-formation from Ct1t-O�uvw. .DER � o�o<; [n.] 'wine vinegar'; 6�u-rll<; -l1-ro<; [f.] 'sharpness, sourness, acuteness', ' gramm. 'high-tonedness' (lA); 6�u<;, -u80<; [El 'dock, Rumex' (Plin., Gal.), cf. £Ilu<;,

6�u<;

KpOKU<;.

Denominative verbs: 1. 6�uvw 'to sharpen, whet, sour, heat' (lA), also with prefix (especially 1tap-), whence o�uv-rpa [n.pl.] 'wages for sharpening tools' (Hell. inscr.), 6 �ualla-ra [n.pl.] 'whetting, sharpening' (Delos IlIa), 1tapo�uaIl6<; [m.] 'irritation, embitterment' (Hp., D.), -VLLK6<; 'enlivening, irritating, embittering' (lA), -v-ra( [pl.] (H.; 6�uv-rll<; Hdn. 1, 77, 25). 2. £�o�ew 'to sharpen' (inscr. Delos), cf. Hellmann 1992: 67· .ETYM Without correspondences outside Greek. It has been compared with � OKPl<;, which is an a-grade of the root of � aKpo<; , but there are no further examples for u stem adjectives with o-vocalism. Alternatively, Narten 1986 reconstructs a root *h3ks on the strength of the comparison with Skt. ak?lJoti 'to mark the ear', but this is doubtful. See � 6�[va. [v.] 'to chase, oppress; to make follow, give as a companion, provide with, grant', med. 'to take as a companion' (ll.). � ?� VAR Aor. 61tua(a) at, -aa9at, fut. 61tua(a)w. .COMP Rarely with Ka-ra-, 1tEpl-, £m-. .ETYM From � £1tOllat (with epic Ionic psilosis), best taken as an iterative-intensive or causative with secondary dental inflection (*6mlw : 61tu(w). Derivation from a noun (*61t6<;, *61t�) is possible as well; see on � 61tuwv, and cf. also � 61tllM<;.

6ml�w •

61tUAALOI:; 'opal' = Lat. .ETYM See E-M.

opalus (late).

[adj.] Probably 'of the same paternal descent' (A 257, M 371). � GR� From copulative � 6 1 and 1tu-rPll 'paternal descent' (see � 1ta-r�p). Wackernagel 1955(1): 491f£, however, thinks it is Aeolic for 6-1tU-rPlO<; (Lyc. 452) 'having the same father', which is certainly possible.

o1ta-rpol:; .ETYM

6mlwv, -OVOI:; [m.] 'fellow, companion' (ll.). � GR, lE *sekw- 'follow'� .VAR 61tewv, -wvo<; (Hdt.). .DIAL Myc. PN o-qa-wo-ni /hokwawoni/ (Lejeune 1964: 87, Ruijgh 1967a: 256"3) . .ETYM The form *61tU-FWV 'belonging to the retinue' is derived from *61tu [f.] 'followers, retinue', a verbal noun from � £1tOllat. The psilosis is also found in � 61tu(w. Cf. synonymous KOlVWV, -uv < -uwv. See Ruijgh Minas 9 (1968): 109-155. 01tEal:;

[n.] 'awl' (Poll. 10, 141). � GR, lE *h3ekw- 'see'�

1090

orr�

.VAR Also v.I. -wp; dat.sg. imean (Hdt. 4, 70); l)J1eaTa' orr�na (H., um:a· Ta orrla91a

cod.).

DER Diminutives orr�T-lov [n.] (Hp., LXX; urr- in gloss.), -IOIOV [n.] (Poll. 7, 83); unclear Nicoch. 9. .ETYM Vine Glotta 72 (1994): 31-40 rejects Schwyzer's interpretation and assumes a stem in -ur/n-, also from *opa- 'hole'; this gives a substantive *opa-y[ / *opa-y1'Jt-. The word would properly mean 'hole-making thing' = 'awl', rather than 'provided with an eye'. The nominative would then yield orrwp, and was replaced by om:ae;. The form *om]aT- > *om:cn- gives orrTjT- by contraction. Vine adds a discussion of Myc. o-pa-wo-ta, ultimately rejecting the derivation from orr�. The form with urr- remains difficult; folk etyntblogy was assumed, e.g. by Frisk, and dialectal origin (cf. AeoI. urrlaaw = orrlaaw) may also be considered. orr� [f.] 'light opening, hatch, hole, hollow' (Ar., Arist.) , 'sight' (Cerc. 4, 23; beside clKOUa).
•

orrlJMe; [m.] 'attendant, companion' (h. Mere. 450, late prose).
with orruoTj01e; [f.] 'attendance' (Criton apud Stob.), OrrTjoTjT�p' auvoOoe;, clKOAOu90e; 'fellow, companion' (H.). .ETYM On omlwv, orraMe; in tragedy, see Bj6rck 1950: 109f. Since orrTjMe; can hardly be separated from synonymous orrawv, an analysis orrTj-Me; (orr-TjMe;?) has been considered. Such a formation is unknown, however, especially for an agent noun (but several in -Tjowv do exist). Meier-Briigger Glotta 69 (1991): 171f. therefore derives the word from an adverb *orrTjMv 'in company'; the substantive would have been derived from the verb orrTjOew. The connection with Hitt. bapati- 'servant, etc.' must be abandoned (see Tischler 1983f£: 163£).

[v.] 'to look after something, stare or peek at someone' (ll.).
orrim:uw •

1091 .DER omrrEUT�p, -�poe; [m.] 'sbd. who stares' (Man., Nonn.), omm�· £�arraTq

'deceives' (H.) .

.ETYM Because of the strong productivity of the verbs in -EUW, several nominal stems

can be considered as a basis. A verbal noun *orrLrr�, like orrwrr� and � £vLrr�, is most likely; thence the denominative omrrq and the second member -orrirra in compounds. The stem consists of a preverb om- (see � oma9Ev) and the zero grade of *h3ekw-, giving *opi-h3kw- > orrLrr-. [f.] 'revenge, punishment, retribution of the gods' (Horn., Hes.), 'help, assistance from the gods' (Pi. P. 8, 71); 'awe, obedience, solicitude' (Hdt., Pi., Mosch.).
OTIlC;

•

•

[adv., prep.] '(from) behind, at the back, after(wards)' (ll.).
OTIlG8EV

orrlTlWV [m.] a plant with a bulb, perhaps 'Bunium ferulaceum' (Thphr.).
(H.) beside hov a Thracian mushroom (Ath. 2, 62a v.I. ohov; iton Plin.), which he analyses as pointing to (O)FITOV. He further connects UOvov, o'(Ova. The variations point to a Pre-Greek word. orrA� [f.] 'the unsplit hoof of a horse' (A 536 = Y 501), 'the split hoof of oxen, cattle' (h. Mere., Hes., Pi., lA).
6nALa<; .ETYM Unexplained. The formally obvious connection with onAov is semantically hard to explain. Connection with anA� 'simple', with *sY[l- > 6-, could be envisaged, although the conditions of this development would remain unclear. ()1tAla<; [?] AOKPOt TOU<; Tonou<; £V 01<; ouvEAauvovTE<; apl8floUaL Ta npo�aTa Kat T<1 �oaK�flaTa 'the Locrians thus call the places where they drive together their catlle .

and count it' (H.). � ?� .ETYM The thesaurus suggests that in these places many traces of hoofs were seen; hardly the correct solution.

[n.] 'implement, tool, instrument, marine instruments', notably 'tackle, (heavy) weapons' (ll.). � I E *sep- 'care, prepare', *sop-lo".:; 'instrument'� VAR Mostly DnAa [pl.]. .COMP 6nAO-flaX-o<; 'who fights with heavy weapons', -EW, -La (Att.). Ev-onAo<; 'under arms, armed' (Tyrt., S., E.), enlarged tv-onAlo<; 'id.', also substantivized (scil. pu8flo<;) as the name of a military rhythm (PL); on � {J1tEpOnAo<;, see s.v. .DER 1. Diminutive 6nACtplOV (Hell.). 2. 'OnAfj-TE<; [pI.], gen. 'OnA�8wv name of one of the four oldest Ionian phylai (Hdt., Milete); -8- after nA�80<;, or by transfer of , aspiration? 3 · 0nAl-Tfj<; Dor. -Ta<; [m.] 'heavily armed (warrior) i.e. 'hoplite' (Pi., lA), fern. -Tl<; (Poll.), together with -TlKO<;, -TEUW, -TELa (Att.). 4. 0nA-lKo<; 'pertaining to arms' (Vett. Val.). 5· 'OnAEu<; [m.] PN (Hes. Se.). 6. 'OnAO-afllo<; [m.] epithet of Zeus in Arcadia (Arist., inscr. lIP), -aflLa [f.] epithet of Hera in Elis, etc. (Lyc.), -OflLa [f.] name of a phyle in Mantinea (Iva); formation unclear. 7. � 0nALa<;: AOKpOt TOU<; Tonou<;, £V 01<; ouvEAauvovTE<; apl8flOuaL Ta npo�aTa Kat Ta �oaK�flaTa (H.) is unclear. 8 . .. 6nAOTEp0<;. 9· Denominative verbs: a) onA£w = 0nAL�w only in wnAEOv � 73; b) 0nAl�W, -Oflat 'to prepare', of food and drinks, etc. (Horn.), 'to arm, equip (oneself)' (ll.), aor. 0nAla(a) at, -aa8al, -a8�vat, late perf. wnAlKa, often with prefix, e.g. £�-, tcp-, Ka8-. Thence OnA-laL<; [f.], -laflo<; [m.] 'arming, armament, equipment, equipage' (Att.), -lafla [n.] 'arm(s)' (E., Pl.), £�onAla-La [f.] 'equipment, position, muster, (military) review' (X., Ain. Tact., etc.), also t�onAaaLa [f.] 'id.' (Arist., inscr.), probably after OOKlflaaLa, YUflvaaLa, etc.; 0nAlO"T�<;, Dor. -Ta<; [m.] 'armed warrior', also attributive (Vett. Val., AP). c) DnAE-a8at 'to prepare', of OEinvov (T 172, '¥ 159), formation after the thematic root-presents (Schwyzer: 722f.), if not simply a mistake of the tradition for 0nAEia8at, as per Solmsen 1901: 90. On the use of DnAov and derivatives in Horn. see Triimpy 1950: 81ff. .ETYM Greek formation with suffix -A- and o-grade (Chantraine 1933: 240), from the inherited root of � £nw 'to care for, perpetrate'.

onAov •

[adj.] 'junior, youngest' always of persons, also applied to women (ll.). � GR� .ETYM appositional formation in -TEpO<;, like KOUpOTEpO<;, aypoTEpO<;, and opEaTEpo<;. According to a remarkable interpretation from antiquity, it properly means 'able to wear arms, sturdy', as opposed to the yEpOVTE<;. Extensive argumentation in Bechtel 1914 S.V.; cf. also Barone Boll.fil. class. 13 (1906-1907): 283.

onAon:po<;, -TaTO"

{)1tOKapnaaov =>Kapnaaov.

omLA(A)o<;

1093

[m.] 'plant juice', especially 'juice of the fig-tree used to curdle milk, fig curd' (E 902). � IE *sokwo- 'jUice, resin'� .COMP Some compounds like nOAu-ono<; 'juicy', ono-�aAaafloV [n.] 'the juice of a balm' (Thphr.) for om'><; �aAaafllO<; (alternative . explanation by Risch IF 59 (1949): 287), likewise ono-Kapna80v (Plin.), -KaAnaaOV (Gal.), see Thiselton-Dyer Journal of Phi!. 34 (1915): 305ff. .DER 1. omov [n.] 'poppy juice, opium' (Diocl. Fr. 94), with omKo<; 'made of opium' (pap. lI-IIlP); 2. onla<; (TUpO<;) [m.] 'cheese made of milk, curdled with fig juice' (E., Ar.); 3. omoofj<; (Hp., Arist.), onoEl<; (Nic.) 'juicy'; 4. as a TN 'Onou<; « -OEl<;), -OUVTO<; [m.] capital of the eastern Locrians (ll., inscr.) with 'Ono(u)vTlOl [m.pl.] , honovTLwv [gen.] (Th., inscr.); on the phonetics see Schwyzer: 253; also a HN, see Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforseh. 2 (1950-1951): 233; 5. onL�w 'to press out the juice, curdle with ono<;' (Arist., Thphr.), also with t�-; thence omaflo<; [m.] 'pressing out of juice' (Thphr., Hell. pap.), omafla [n.] 'pressed-out juice' (Dsc.) . ETYM The form ono<;, with Ionic psilosis for *6no<; (cf. honovTLwv), matches with a Balto-Slavic word for 'plant juice, etc.', e.g. OCS soh 'juice', Lith. sakai [pl.] 'resin' < lE *sokwo-. A by-form with initial *sy- is Lith. svekas, Latv. svakas, sv�ki 'resin, rubber'. Perhaps Alb. gjak 'blood' is also related (Demiraj 1997 s.v.). Lat. sucus, probably from *souko- or *seuko-, is clearly deviant.

ono"

•

onni�oflat, omavoflat, omo<; =>onwna, oaaE. omaw [v.] 'to fry, roast, bake' (Od.). �PG?(v)� .VAR omEuflEvo<; (Theoc.), aor. om�aat (ll.), omfj8�vat (Od.), perf. wmfjKa, -fjflat (Euphro or Ar.), fut. om�aoflat (Luc.). .COMP Also with prefix, e.g. £n-, £�-, KaT-, nap-. .DER omfjaL<; [f.] 'frying' (Milete Va, Hp., Arist.), with om�aLfl0<; 'fit for frying' (Eub.), om-�TElpa [f.] epithet of KafllVO<; (Call.), -fjT�pla (H. as an explanation of w,/,a, alphabetically wrong, so very doubtful); also omEUT�p [m.] 'smith', of Hephaistos (Coluth. 54 V-VIP) as if from *omEuw; cf. KafllvEUT�p, etc. As a second member in yaaTp-omfj<;, fern. -oml<; 'sausage fryer' (Delos IV-lIP). Backformation E�-omo<; 'well-done' (Hp.), from t�-omaw (lA). Further omo<; 'fried, roasted, baked' (Od.); with om-aAEo<; 'fried, roasted' (Horn., Ath.), enlarged from omo<; after auaAEo<;, etc.; omavo<; 'fried, fit for frying' (corn., Arist.), formed like e,/,avo<; with related mg. From omavo<; further OmaV-LOV 'kitchen' (corn., inscr.), -lKO<; 'fit for frying' (pap. IIIP), -Eu<; [m.] 'kitchen master' (pap.) with -Eiov (-�'iov) 'kitchen' (PIu., Luc., Hdn. Gr.); OmaVaPlO<;' assator, eoetarius (gloss.). Formally isolated is omaaLa [f.] 'roasting, kiln' vel sim. (PHolm. 9, 39 80<; Et<; omaaLav omiia8at), probably to omaw after 8EpflaaLa vel sim. .ETYM As to its formation, omaw is a verb in -TaW like apTaW, cpOlTaW, OUTaW, etc. It is commonly assumed that the verbal adjective omo<; (or rather Ta oma) forms its basis. Etymology unclear. Fur.: 263 compares o,/,ov 'any cooked dish' as a variant,

which seems a good possibility; the variation is Pre-Greek.

omlA(A)0" =>ocp8aAflo<;.

.1"' 1094

01tUlW

[v.] 'to marry, take as a wife', late also 'to have sexual intercourse with', pass. 'to get married', of women (11., also Cret. and late prose). On the mg. see Ruijgh 1957: I07f. (against Leumann 1950: 284) . � PG?� .VAR Also omJw (Arist., Cerc., Moer.), fut. om)ow (Ar. A eh. 255) . .DER 01tU<1lu<; [f.] 'marriage' (Cret.), with analogical -0-; from the present stem 01tUllrrU1 [pI.] 'spouses' (Herod.). 01tUOAat· yEyull'1KOTEC; 'married women' (H.); aor. subj. pass. o1tuu08WIlE8u (Lyr. A lex. A desp. 1, 52) as if from *01tUU�Ollat. .ETYM Hitt. bapus- 'penis' is not related: it was cited in this form and compared with 01tUlW by Watkins 1982, but actually has a quite different form bapusa(sS)-, and also a different meaning, viz. 'shaft, shin-bone'; see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. for details. The old comparison with Etr. puia 'wife' (Hammarst1'9m Glotta 11 (1921) : 212) is tempting; if correct, it is probably a Pre-Greek Mediterranean word. 01tW1tU [v.perf.] 'to watch, observe, view, contemplate' (11.). � IE *h3ekw- 'see'� VAR Innovated ipf. 01tW1tEOV (Orph.) and aor. 01tw1t�ou08at (Euph.). Further fut. o\jlollat (11.), which like the following forms often occurs with prefIxes like Cl1t-, �1t(l)-, KUT-, 1tpO-, U1t-, U1tEp-: aor. pass. ocp8�vat (lA) with fut. ocp8�00Ilat, perf. med. Wllllat (Att.). As a suppletive present to 01tW1tU, � opuw is used. ·DER 01tW1t-� [f.] 'observation, view, eyeball', plur. 'eyes' (Od., A. R.), -'1T�p [m.] 'scout' (h. Mere. 15) , -lU [n.pl.] (sdI. OOTEU) 'the bones of the eyes' (Hp.). Derivatives: 1. verbal adjective omoc; (Lue. Lex. 9, Ath.), earlier and more common as a derivation from prefIxed verbs, e.g. U1t-, ct1t-, KUT-, 1tpo-omoc; (1tpoDmoc;); thence U1t-, Cl1t-, KUT-01tT-EUW, U1to\jl-lu, ete.; 2. agent and instrument nouns: a) £1t-, KUT- (h. Mere. 372) , U1tEP-, Ol-om'1C;, etc., also £1t-, KUT-, U1tEP-, Ot-om-Euw (K 451) , OLOm�p (K 562) ; thence the Simplex omEuw (Ar. Av. 1061) ; b) om�p [m.] 'scout' (Od.), also with Ot-, £1t-, KUT-; thence om�p-lu [n.pl.] 'gifts upon seeing a person' (E., Call.); c) 01-, £'(0-, ev-, KUT-ompov [n.] (Ale., Pi., A.) with derivatives; 3. Adjectives : om-lKoc; 'ptng. to sight', -lK� [E] 'optics' (Arist.), older (PI.) OUV-, £1t-, U1tEp-OmlKoc;. 4. Action noun: o\jl [E], gen. 01tOC; 'eye, face, look' (Emp. 88, Antim. 65) , more frequent as a second member, e.g. olv-o\jl 'wine-colored' (Hom.); O\jllC; (e1t-, 1tpOO-, crUv-) [f.] 'sight, vision, view, appearance' (11.); o\jluvov [n.] 'appearance' (A. Ch. 534) . 5. For omlA(A)oC; [m.], see on � ocp8uAIlOC;. 6. Verbs: om-uvollat (LXX, HelL), -u�Ollat (LXX) 'to appear, become visible', probably after ui08uVOllat and uuyu�Ollat; omulvw (Eust.), like 1tumulvw, ete. .ETYM The verbal root is also found in YAv. aif3ii-axsaiia- 'to watch over' < *h3ekw-s(other interpretations in LIV2 s.v. *h3ekW-) and in Skt. tksate . 'to perceive' < *h3 i-h3 kw_ s-, which (like the Greek future) are originally desideratives. The root is also contained in � omc;, � OOOE, � 0llllu, and � w\jI. o1twpa [f.] 'end of the summer, beginning of autumn' (11.), 'harvest, fruit' (post Hom.), cf. on 8EpOC; S.v. � 8EPOIlUI. � IE *h1opi 'at, on' + *hos-rln- 'harvest-time, summer'� ·VAR Ion. -'1. Also 01tWpU; Lac. (Alem.) 01tUPU (see below). ·COMP As a fIrst member e.g. in 01tWpO-CPUAU� [m.] 'fruit watcher, garden watcher' (Arist.). . 01tUlW

•

1"'. OpUW

1095

.DER 1. 01tWP-lVOC; 'belonging to 01t.' (11.); 2. Ta 01twp-lulu [n.pl.] 'fruits' (Thphr.); 3. -llloC; 'fructiferous' (Anon. apud Suid.), after Kupmll0C;; 4. -lIlElOC; 'of fruit, belonging to fruit' (PLond.; uncertain); 5. -lKOC; 'belonging to 01t.', also name of a medicine against dysentery (Plin., Gp.); 6. '01tWPEUC; [m.] epithet of Zeus in Akraiphia (inscr.); ho1toplc; [f.] PN (Lacon. or Mess. inscr.), Hopora [f.] PN (Lat. inscr.). 7. 01tWPUPlOV = pomarium (gloss.). 8. Denominative verb 01tWP-l�W 'to reap (fruit), harvest in autumn' (lA) with -lolloC; [m.] 'vintage' (Aq.). Hypostasis IlEl-01tWpov (IlE8-) 'what comes after 01tWPU', cp8lV-01tWPOV 'when the 01t. ends', '(late) autumn' (lA), a verbal governing compound with them. enlargement. Thence IlEl-, cp8lV-01tWP-lVOC; (lA), ete. .ETYM The aspiration is not original and must have been taken from a word with closely related meaning, e.g. wpu. The form is a contraction from *op-ohara, yielding Lacon. 01tUPU; it consists of the preposition om- (see on � em and � oma8Ev) and a heteroclitic neuter *ohar < *h1os-r. The Greek word properly means 'the time following summer'. The oblique form *h1os-n- is continued in Balto-Slavic and Germanic as an n-stem, e.g. CS jesenb, Ru. osen' [f.] 'autumn', Go. asans [f.] 'harvest, summer', OHG aran, MoHG Ernte 'harvest'. opauytollUl [v.] 'to inspect closely' (Aesar. apud Stob. 1, 49, 27) . � GR� .ETYM Verbal dvandva-compound from opuw and uUYEOllat; cf. Wahrmann

19 (1931) : 178. On the topic in general, see Schwyzer: 645.

opaw [v.] 'to look, perceive, contemplate, see' (11.). � IE *uer- 'observe, note'� .VAR Ion. also OpEW (Hdt.), also oP'1at (� 343) , OP'1TO (A 56 and 198

Glotta

ace. to Zenodotus, uncertain accent), opftc;, -ft, -�v (Hp., Democr., Herod.), Aeol. oP'1lll (Sapph.), OP'1 (Theoe.); ipf. EWPWV (Att.), epic 3sg. opu, Ion. wpu (Hdt.), etc.; present also OpOVTat (� 104) with -VTO (y 471) , OpEl' cpUAaOOEl 'guards, watches' (H.); innovated perf. act. EOPUKU (Att., also EWp-), Ion. 0pwP'1Ka and wP'1KU (Herod.), Dor. ptc. wpuKulu (Epid.), med. Ewpullat (late Att.), aor. pass. opu8�vat (Arist., D. S.), plpf. also OpWPEl (\l' 112) . .COMP Highly frequent with prefIx, e.g. £cp- (£1t-), Ku8- (KUT-), 1tUp-, 1tpO-, <1UV-, U1tEp-. .DER Almost all derivatives are Hell. and late, as opposed to the older ones which derive from primary 01t- (see � 01tw1tu) and from � tOE1v: 1. opcnoc; 'visible' (Hp., Pl.), 1tpO-OpUTOC; 'which can be foreseen' (X. Cyr. 1, 6, 23) as against 1tpo-omOC; (1tpoDmoc;) 'foreseen, apparent' (lA); 2. 0pullU [n.] 'sight, spectacle, appearance' (X., Arist., LXX), also 1tUp- (Hell. and late), with opulluTl�Ollat (Aq.) against � ollllu, � clooc;; 3. opumc; [f.], also with 1tpO-, 1tUp-, U1tEP-, ete., 'sight, face, look, apparition', plur. also 'eyes' (Demad., Arist., Men.) as opposed to O\jllC;; ucpopumc; 'suspicion' (Plb.) for older U1to\jl[u; 4. OpUT�<; [m.] 'viewer' (LXX, PIu.) against om�p 'scout'; OpUT�p (H. as an explanation of om�p); 5. OpaLlKOC; 'able to see, provided with sight' (Arist., Ph.), with £cp- 'fIt for oversight' (X.), as against E1tOmlKOC; 'belonging to the E1tOm'1C;' (Pl.). 6. 0puTl�w [v.] 'to catch sight of, aim for' (medie. IVP). 7. See � oDpoC; [m.] 'watcher' and � E1tlOUpOC;.

6pya(w .ETYM The ipf. EWPWV < *�-F6pwv, with aspiration after opw, and the perf. MpaKa < *p:-F6paKa, also EWP- after the ipf., seem to point to an original F-, which has left a

trace neither in Homer nor epigraphically, and is also absent in Myc. o-ro-me-no. It remains uncertain whether the rough breathing is connected with the older F-. The presentic forms, from which all non-presentic forms are derived, including the verbal nouns, seem to require three different stems: 1. Fopii- in opa-w, whence perhaps regularly Ion. 6p£w; 2. FOPT]- in Aeol. OpT]fll, oPT], epic opT]aL, etc. (see above); 3. FOP- in OPOVTaL, -VTO, opn. Original *wora-je!o- can be either an iterative-intensive deverbative of the type TtoTaoflaL, which fits the meaning well, or be explained as a denominative from a feminine *wora, as found in cppoupa < *Ttpd'�ho pa < *Ttpo- Fo pa, and in Germanic, e.g. OHG wara [f.] 'attentiveness', wara neman 'observe', ToA war, ToB were 'flavor'. The Germanic and Tocharian words are usually reconstructed as verbal nouns *uor-eh2-, *uor-o-, respectively, but Hackstein 2002: 123-131 reconstructs the root as *syerh3-, and connects it with � EpuflaL. More difficult to judge, however, are Aeolic (F)6pT]fll and other seemingly athematic verbal forms. The forms 6pfte;, -ft, -�v may have been transformed from this by thematization. One may compare Lat. vereri 'to venerate', though it has an ablauting stem vowel. The primary thematic formation OPOVTaL, -VTO, to which perhaps also belongs OpEL (H.), is built on the root. It is attested in the formulaic expression £TtL 0' CtV£pEe; £
[v.] 'to soften, mold, tan'. =E6pYT].

[n.] 'implement, tool, instrument, sense organ, organ' (Hp., Ctes., Att., Arist.).
opyavov •

1097 .ETYM Formation like �6avov (from �£W, -�ooe;), oXavov (from EXW, 0xoe;, -oxoe;), TtA6KaVOv (from TtA£KW, TtA6KOe;), opKavT] (from OpK? e;, £pKO�), e;c. (Ch�ntrain: 1933: 198, Schwyzer: 489f.); similarly, opyavov stands beSide -o pyoe;, opyLa, EO Pya, �pyov. , or EpyOV. It is unclear whether it was derived directly from the verb or from -opyoe;

See � EPYOV and � EpOW.

opyae;, -a�oe; [f.]=6py�, 6pyaw. opyewv, -wvoe; [m.]=opYLa.

[f.] 'psychical drive, propensity, character, (strong) emotion, passion, wrath' (h. eer. 205, Hes. Op. 304); on the mg. see Marg 1938: 13f., cf. Diller Gnomon 15 (i939): 597.
opy� 1

.

,

•

•

,

,

OpyUlU .DER opyLa�, -aoo� [f.] 'belonging to 0., orgiastic' (Man.), opyLa�w 'to celebrate 0., to initiate into the 0.' (E., PI., Ph.), also with e�-, auv-, etc., with opyLua-1l6� [m.] 'celebration of the 0.', -T�� [m.] 'participant in the 0.' (Str., PIu.); '-TLK6� 'orgiastic, passionate' (Arist.). OpyEWV, also -(E)LWV, -wvo� [m.] 'member of a religious brotherhood' (h. Ap. 389, Att.), with 0PYEWVLK6� (inscr.), from OpyLU with suppression of -LU after other nouns in -EWV (see on this topic Chantraine 1933: 163f., Schwyzer: 521); positing a pre-form *opyo� is unnecessary. .ETYM Traditionally interpreted as a derivative from the root of epyov, epow, with 0vocalism like in � opyuvov, ete. Alternatively, is it related to opy� and opyaw? Chantraine 1933: 55 considers foreign origin Secause of the meaning. On history and meaning of 0PYLU, see van den Burg 1939. OpyUlU [f.] 'fathom' ('I' 327).
•

•

0pSELAOV =>T6poUAOV. 0pS, ? .ETYM Isolated in Greek. Taken as a verbal noun of Lat. ordior 'to begin a web, start', e.g. by Pok. 60, which seems doubtful. The form wpouAEuaallT]v, ellox9T]au 'was weary, ete.' (H.) also belongs here, which is from OpOUAEUW, deriving from *OpOUAO�, -UAT] with a formation like in KOVOUAO�, KOpOUAT], ete.; cf. TOAU1tEU£LV, which also means lloX9eiv. .

•

opEiivE�

=

avOpE� in the language of the Pythia (PIu. Mor. 406e). =>OpE(L)iivE�.

1099 opeyw, -ol1at [v.] 'to reach out (one's hand), hand over, stretch oneself, to stretch out for'.
OpE(l)ftVEI:; [m.pI.] ace. to PIu. 2, 406e = avopE� in the language of the oracle of the Pythian Apollo; cf. Ope(OVE�' avOpE� (H.). 'Opoll1taTa�. opeovTo [v.] 'they stirred, hurried' (B 398, 'I'212). -. An innovation (after the adjectives in -LO�) is opeaKLO� epithet of Dionysus (AP); the same holds for 0PWKEUW 'to live in the mountains' (Nic.). 0PEOXo.l:;, -o.SOI:; [f.] 'vine with grapes', = oaXT], -o� (Harp., H.).
1100

.ETYM The word is evidently related to � upuaxaOE<;, and as variants, both are of Pre Greek origin (Fur.: 348). OpEUC; [m., f.] 'mule', replaCing original Att. � fl[ovo<; (ll., Ar., Arist.).
•

OPEX6tw [v.] expressive epic poetic verb of unclear mg., in Horn. of �OE<; a
op8po<;

1101

.ETYM Traditionally connected with 6p80<;, but this is doubtful, since the latter has no initial h and the semantic connection with Artemis is not clear either. Ruijgh 1967a: §13031S has suggested that the epithet denotes Artemis as a goddess of growth and fertility; he derives (F)op8u[u from the IE root *uerdh-, Skt. vardh- 'to grow'. op66C; [adj.] 'upright, straight, right, true' (11.). *0- at an early date. See � op8po<; and � (F)op8u[u. •

op66Kpmpa =>KpULpU. op6poc; [m.] 'time before daybreak, time of the cock-crow, first dawn', later 'morning' (h. Mere. 98, Hes. Op. 577).
1102

6pLyavov

.DER 1. Adjectives Op9p-LOe; 'belonging to dawn, happening at dawn' (h. Merc. 143), 'Op9p[a [f.] name of a goddess (Schwenn RhM 86 (1937): 298); -LVOe; 'id.' (Arat., LXX, AP), cf. Ew9LVOe;, etc.; -[8toe; 'id.' (AP), cf. at8Loe;, etc.; grades of comparison 6p9pLa[ n:poe;, -TaTOe; (Hdn.), adverbial also 6p9p[-n:pov (pap.) after 1tpwT-, 6\11[-n:pov. 2. Verbs: a) 6p9p-£1JW, -OflaL 'to be sleepless or awake in the early morning' (E., Theoe.), back-formation 'Op9poe; [m.] name of a mythical dog (Hes. rh. 309), see Kretschmer Glotta 13 (1924): 270, with e1t- also 'to be out of bed early' (D. Chr., Luc.); b) -[(w 'id.' (LXX, Ev. Lue.) with (E1t-)op9pLafloe; [m.] (Aq, PIu.) . ETYM The best etymology proposes *h3r-dhro-, from the root *h3er- 'to rise' also found in Lat. ortus 'rise of a star', oriens 'sunrise'. Acc. to Frisk, the meaning 'time before daybreak, first light of the morning' w'buld seem to contradict this etymology, but it is unclear why. Frisk further adduced � 6p9ayop[aKOe; as proof for *Fop9p-, but the relevance of this word for the present entry is doubtfyl. At any rate, a direct comparison between op9poe; and OCS ran'b 'Op9pLOe;', Ru. rano 'early' as *urodh-no is useless, in view of the unmotivated lengthened grade in the reconstruction. •

oplyavov [n.] name of a sharp or bitter tasting herb, 'marjoram, organy, orIganum' (Epich., Hp., Ar., Arist.). - .YAR Also -oe; [f.]; also written 6pe[-; variant epLy- (pap. 11'). .COMP With determining first member: uypL-6p[yavov (Dse.), cf. Risch IF 59 (1949): 257, Tpay-6p[yavov (Nic., Dse.). .DER 6pLyav-[e; (-Le;) [f.] = flCt.pov, a kind of salve (Ps.-Dse.), -[T'le; (olvoe;) 'wine spiced with 6.' (Dsc.), -OeLe; 'belonging to 6.' (Nic.); -[wv [m.] name of a frog (Batr.), -[(w 'to be like 6.' (Dse.). .ETYM Unexplained word of foreign origin. Marjoram originates from Northern Africa. Was it folk-etymologically adapted to opoe; and yuvoe;? Incorrectly, Carnoy REGr. 71 (1958): 97f. OplVST)C; (lipTOC;) [m.] 'bread made of rice flour' (S. Fr. 609 from Ath. 3, 11oe, Poll. 6, 73). - .DER 6p[v8LOV a1tEpfla (Poll.); 6p[v8a· �v ot 1toAAol opu(av KaAOU .YAR Lesb. op[vvw (only Hd.n., -v- Ale.; see Hamm 1957: 36 and 131), aor. opivaL, -aa9aL, pass. opLv9�vaL. .COMP Also with auv-, e�-, uv-. .DER op[VT'le; [m.] 'exciter' (Theognost.). Uncertain is the appurtenance of the Corinthian horsename OpLFwV (Fraenkel Gnomon 22 (1950): 238). .ETYM The present OPLVW, whence the other forms derive, may either be from *OpL-V1W (a yod-present built on a nasal present, like KA[VW) or from *opi-vF-w (a thematicized vu-present).

OpKOe;

1103

Disyllabic *ori- is found also in Arm. ari [ipv.] 'stand up', aor. y-are-ay « *-ari-) 'I stood up', as well as in Lat. orior. These derive from an earlier i-present which is found in Anatolian: Hitt. arai) / ari- 'to arise, raise' < *h3r-oi-, *h3r-i-; cf. Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. This is an extension of the root *h3er- 'rise' seen in � OpVUflL. opKu6ouC; . ecp' iliv TU aUKa \IIUXOUEpKOe;. OpKOC; [m.] 'oath' (ll.), 'object to swear by', originally of the water of the Styx (B 755, Hes., h. Cer. 259). - .COMP 6pK-wflOT'le; [m.] 'who takes an oath' (Arc., Locr. inscr. VI-va) with 6PKWfloT-EW [v.] 'to take an oath' (trag., etc.), a compound of OpKOV ofloaaL with a suffIx -T'l-; eU-OpKOe; 'faithful to one's oath' (Hes.) with eUOpK-EW; £V-OpKOe; 'bound by oath' (Att.) with evopK-[(oflaL [v.] 'to bind by oath'; but £�OpKOe; 'sworn' (Pi.) is a back-formation from e�-opKoW, -OpK[(W; on � e1t[opKOe;, see s.v.; 1teVTOpK-[a [f.] "taking of five oaths", 'oath by five gods' (Locr. va), with a suffix -[a-. .DER 1. opKLa [pl.], rarely -LOV [n.] 'objects to swear by, oath pledge, animals sacrificed for an oath, oath, solemn treaty' (ll.), OpKLOe; 'belonging to an oath, sworn by' (Att., Leg. Gort.). 2. OpKLKOe; 'belonging to an oath' (Stoie.). 3. OpKOW [v.] 'to make one swear, put under oath' (lA), aor. -waaL, often with e�-, whence opKwflaTa [pl.] 'oath' (A.), 6pKWT�e; [m.] 'who makes swear, who puts one under oaili' (Att;), e�OpKW-
1104

0pKtmT£lV

proposed that OpKOC; = Lat. *sorcus or *surcus in surculus 'twig', in which case it could denote a staff which is raised when swearing; ollvufll 'to swear' would then properly mean 'to grasp', and OpKOV 0llocrat 'to grasp the staff (cf. on � ollvuIlL). See � epKoc;. 0pKunT£lv . TO lm£pKtmT£LV
opKiic;, -iivoc; [m.] 'tuna' (middle corn., Arist.). � PG(s)� VAR Later OpKUVOC; (Dorio and Hikes. [raj in Ath.) . DER opKuvdov [n.] mg. uncertain (Halicarn. va) . On the stem-formation see Schwyzer: 458 and 488. Also 0pKuaAoc; 'id.' (v.l. Xenocr. apud Orib.), like cpucraAoc;, etc. (Stromberg 1943: 127f.) . ETYM Unexplained loanword; cf. Thompson 1947 s.v. Probably Pre-Greek; note the suffix and the meaning. •

•

•

0Pl-u:VOC; [m.] 'shoot, stalk, stick, especially of cabbage and asparagus' (Diph. Siph. and Posidipp. [lIP] in Ath.). � ?� .vAR Plur. also -a; also op-. DER 0PIl£vo£LC; 'having a (long) stalk' (Nic.); E�-OPll£vL(w 'oPIl£va EK�aAA£lV, to put forth shoots' (S. Ichn. 275 [uncertain] , Nicostr. Corn., Phryn., Poll.). .ETYM Formally identical with the aor. ptc. of 0pvuIlL, which is semantically quite plausible. Cf. � epvoc;. •

OP!-lll [f.] 'onset, assault, onrush, outset, effort' (11.). � IE *sor-meh2- 'flow, stream' or *h3(0)r-sm- 'uprising'� COMP As a second member in EcpoPIl� 'onset, assault' (X 130, Th.), acpoPIl� 'starting point, resource, ete.' (lA), but these are back-form�ttons from ECP-, acp-oPllaw (cf. .. Chantraine 1933: 149). .DER Denominatives: 1. 0PllaLvw [v.]'to (re)consider, ponder' (11.), aor. -�vaL (rarely with ECP-, lm£p-); on the mg. as opposed to Il£PllllPL(W, etc. see Voigt 1934, later 'to put in violent motion, be eager' (A., Pi., B.); perhaps 0Pllavov· aV£
-

OPlloc; 2

1105

.ETYM Traditionally compared with Skt. sarma- [m.] 'flowing, streaming' (only RV 1, 80, 5), from a verbal root seen in Skt. si-sar-ti, sar-ati 'to flow, stream', also 'to hurry, drive, etc.', which is formally excellent and semantically possible. However, within Greek one might also compare 0pvullL 'stir' and propose a pre-form *or-sma- (a similar formation is perhaps continued in � o.Plla). The form £PIl�' e�oooc; 'way out' (H.), with a variant EPLllll 'id.', is difficult to assess. o!-llKac; =>Ilullll�· 0p!-livov [n.] 'sage, Salvia Horminum' (Thphr.). � PG(s)� .VAR Also -oc; [m.] ; also -lllV-. .ETYM Formation like cr£ALvov, KUIlLvov, Kapoalllvll, �oA�lvll ete. (Chantraine 1933: ' 204, Schwyzer: 491). Frisk mentions three options: a loan (like the first two words), a derivative from oPlloC; (though the semantics would need further argumentation), or one from 0PIl� 'assault, onrush' (Stromberg 1940: 93), as the plant was used as an aphrodisiac. However, the word is no doubt Pre-Greek, just like the other words with a suffix -lV- (not in Fur.). OP!-lOC; 1 [m.] 'chain, necklace, lace' (:2: 401); name of a dance in a ring (Lue.). � IE *sor mo- 'string'� .DER 1. Diminutive oPIl-LcrKoC; [m.] 'small necklace' (Att. inscr., LXX), 'signet-cord' (LXX, T.) together with -LcrKLOV name of a precious stone (Plin.); 2. -La [f.] 'fishing line' (Pl. Corn., Antiph., Arist.), 0PllLa-Tovoc; [m.] 'angler' (E. Hel. 1615); 3. oPIl-a8oc; [m.] 'string, chain' (w 8, Ar., Pl.), on the formation see Chantraine 1933: 367, although -a80c; seems to be Pre-Greek, cf. � yva80c;), with -a8LOv (Gal.), -a8L(w [v.] 'to string' (H., Suid.). 4. uCP-OPIlLOV [n.] ace. to Ael. Dion. Fr. 417 napa TOlC; naAatOlC; xpucrouv n KocrllapLov 'among the ancients, a little golden ornament'. .ETYM Old thematic derivative with a suffix -mo-, from the root seen in � dpw 1 'string'. Martirosyan 2010 s.v. connects it with Arm. orm 'wall', which is formally impeccable. OP!-lOC; 2 [m.] 'anchorage, road(stead), harbour', also metaph. (11.). � IE? *sor-mo 'string'� .COMP 0Pllo-cpuAa� 'harbour-master' (pap.); often as a second member, e.g. nav oPlloc; 'offering anchorage to all (ships)' (ALIl£V£C;, v 195), often as a PN (Sicily, ete.), oucr-oPlloC; 'with a bad harbour, inhospitable' (A., X.); often with preposition, partly as back-formations from the relevant verbs: e�-oPlloC; 'sailing out' (E.), to E�-OPIl£W, uCP-oPIl0C; 'at anchor, fit for anchoring' (Ph., Str.), also [m.] 'anchorage' (Arist., Str.), to uCP-oPIl£w, npocr-oPIl0C; [m.] 'id.' (Str.), to npocr-oPIl£w, -oPIlL(w. , .DER Two denominatives: 1. 0Pll£w 'to be at anchor (in the harbour) (lA), also with ECP-, E�-, ucp-, etc., with EcpoPllll
1106

°PV£OV

explanation of bt[V£LOV [cod. bt�VLOVl), 0PlllaTTjp[a [f.] 'rope for anchoring, attaching' (Ph., D. S.), 0PIl[aTpla [El "the anchoress" epithet of Isis (pap. lIP). .ETYM No certain etymology. Often connected with � OPIlTj 'impulse', but with various ways of argumentation for the semantics (details in Frisk). Connection with � E'ipw 'to string' is more promising, starting from an original meaning 'attachment' and identity with oPlloC; 'chain'. Comparison with � £Plla, in plur. 'supporting stones', has also been proposed (unclear). 0PVEOV [n.] 'bird' (N 64). -
acc.sg. also -lV, plur. also -£lC;, -1c; (trag., D.)" Dor. -lx0C;, etc. (Pi., Alcm., B., Theoc., : Cyrene), dat.pl. -[XWat and -l�l, whence nom sg. -l�, gen.pl. -[KWV (Hell. pap.). .COMP A few late compounds, e.g. opv£O-8Tjp£UTlK� [f.] 'the art of bird-catching' (Ath.). Often as a first member, e.g. 0pvl80-8�pac; [m.] 'bird-catcher' (Ar., Arist.), 0PVlXO-AOX0C; [m.] 'id.' (Pi.). Also as a second member, e.g. 8Ua-opvlC; 'with bad auspices' (A., E., Piu.), 1tOAU-OPVl80c; 'rich of birds' (E.). DER A: From 0pv£Ov: opv£-woTjC; 'bird-like' (Piu.), -WTTjC; [m.] 'bird-catcher' (Poll.), -aKoc; 'avian' (Tz.), -a�ollal 'to twitter' (Aq.), 'to hold one's head up high' ("watching the birds", Corn. Adesp.). B: From OpVlC;: 1. diminutives OpV[8-l0V (lA), -aplov (corn., Arist.), also OpV-U
1107 0PVUIlUl [v.] 'to stir, rise, rush away, hurry' especially 'to excite, incite, revive' (11.). -
*hJer- '(a)rise'�

VAR Aor. wpollTjv, -£TO, often older athem. WPTO, ptc. 0PIl£voC;, etc., fut. oPOUllat, OP£LTat, perf. opwpa; act. opvulll, also -uw, aor. wpaa, redupl. 3sg.
•

=

opo�oc; [m.] 'chickpea, Vicia Ervilia', plur. 'chickpea seeds' (Hp., D., Arist., Thphr.).

-
noS

Opo8a!lVOe;

(Ps.-Dsc.). 2. -fae; [m.] name of a kind of epE� lV80e; and a kind of A(�avOe; (Thphr., Dsc.). 3. -LTlle; [m.] (Af80e;), name of an opo�oe;-like stone (D. S.), -Lne; [f.] 'prepared xpuaoKoAAa' (Plin.). 4. -a� [f.] = YAuKuaf811 (Ps.-Dsc.), -aKXOe; af811e; [plo] 'fruit of the pomegranate' (Nic.), - uKXll ' �oTuvll Tle;. ol 8£ T�e; pOlae; TOUe; KapTCOUe; 'a plant; others: the fruit of the pomegranate tree' (H.). 5. -1l8pov [n.] plant name = imoKla8 fe; (Ps.-Dsc.), cf. 80pu�-, KOTC-1l8pov, etc., Chantraine 1933: 373f. 6. -lVOe; liAEUpOV 'meal of 0.' (Ph., Dsc.). 7. -laLoe; 'of the size of a op. ' (Dsc.). S. w po� la!lEvOl' K£xopTaa!lEvol UTCO TWV �owv (leg. opo�wv?) 'fed, fattened, of cows' (H.). ETYM Like epE � lV80e;, Lat. ervum, etc., an old substrate word, probably from the eastern Mediterranean area. In any case, opo�oe; need not have undergone assimilation from *£po�oe;, as per Schmidt KZ 32 (IS93): 325. For further details, see � epE� lv80e; . •

6p6c')a�voe; [m.] 'branch, twig' (Thphr., Call., Nic., AP). � PG (v) � .DER Diminutive o p 08a!lvfe; [f.] (Theoc.). ETYM Probably for Aeol. Fpo8a!lvoe; = � pu8a!lvoe;, with 0- as a graphic indication for F (cf. � opfv811e;). The form opa!lVOe; 'id.' (Nic., AP) is unclear; it is probably not a cross with 0p!l£voe;. •

6po6vvw [v.] 'to excite, incite, revive' (ll., also A. Pr. 202). � GR? � VAR Aor. O p 08UVUl. .COMP Also with e�-, u!lCP-. .ETYM Acc. to Frisk, a secondary formation from � epE8w, replacing earlier *Op08EW (after 8apauvw, 6-rpuvw, etc.), or directly from a lost noun *op080e;. Not assimilated from *ep08uvw; see Van Beek fthc.b. •

OpO�aL [v.] .VAR Only OPOVTUl, -VTO (epic). =>6puw. opov [?] . aK£UOe; Tl Y£WPYlKOV we; ' I aaLoe; (Jr. 5) 'an agricultural tool acc. to 1.' . . . !l�TCOl£ !lEVTOl TO opOV TCapu T£ A[axu A4> Kat TCapa M£vuv8p4> T�V TC£1taTll!lEvllv aTacpuAllv mE(oum (Harp. 139) so the piece of wood with which bunches of grapes are crushed; also for olives (Poll. 7, 150); cf. SEG n, 244. � ?� .ETYM Unknown. 6pOVllOV [n.] 'cuckoo-pint', name of a plant used as a remedy against jaundice (Archig. apud GaL). � PG� ETYM Acc. to Stromberg 1944: 51, from the PN 'OpovTlle;; naming motive unknown. Fur.: 345 refers to Gams in DKP 1: 602f., who connects it with lipov 'Natterwurz', a kind of shore-weed. •

6poe; [m.] 'the watery part of curdled milk, whey', also metaph. of other liquids (Od., Hp., PI., Arist.). � IE *ser- 'flow', *sor-o-� .COMP 0 PO -TCOTEW [v.] 'to drink whey', with -Lll [f.] (Hp.). DER Opw811e; 'whey-like' (Thphr.); e�op-L(W [v.] 'to press out the whey' (EM, H.). ETYM An oxytonized agent noun (like TpOcpOe;, etc.; see Chantraine 1933: 9f.) with Ionian psilosis, beside the action noun in Lat. serum [n.] 'id.', Skt. sara- 'flowing, •

•

opoe; liquid', from the verbal root

asarat.

n09

*ser- 'run, flow' retained in Skt. sisarti, sarati, aor.

opOe; [m.] 'border, boundary mark (pole, column, stone), term, limit, mark, appointment, definition' (Att.). � IE? *ueru- 'draw', *uoru-o-� .VAR OUpOe; (ll.). .DIAL Myc. wo-wo /worwos/, Corc. oPFoe;, Cret., Arg. dJpoe;, Heracl. opoe;. Brixhe REGr. 109 (1996): 640 adds (Sppoe; (Heracl. Pont.) < *hoPFoe;, also 6ppoe; (Chalcid., Megar.), cf. RPh. 71 (1997) 170 . .COMP As a first member, e.g. 6po-8w La [f.] 'the fixing of boundaries' (Hell. inscr., Act. Ap., pap.), like v0 !l0 - 8WLa, etc., formally from 6po -8ETll e; (gloss.), a composition of opov 8 £1v Ul with a suffIx -Tll-; often as a second member, e.g. 8L-WpOe; 'with two boundary stones' (Arc. Iva), u!lCP-OUplOV [n.] 'toll paid by the seller to the owner of the neighbouring estate as a fixation of the sale' (pap. IlIa, Rhod. inscr. Ira), U!lcpouplaa!l0e; [m.] (*U!lCPOUPl-U(W); on � £u8u w pLa, see s.v. .DER 1. op[a [n.pl.] (rarely sg.) 'borderline, border areas, etc.' (Hp., Att., Arc.); 2. 6pLa [f.] 'border' (Att. inscr.); 3. OplOe; 'belonging to the border' (Z£ue; op., PI., D.) = Lat. Terminus (D. H., PIu.); 4. 6plKOe; 'ptng. to definition' (Arist.); 5. 6p -aLa T£KLOVlK� = gruma, -laLoe; AL8oe; (gloss.); 6. 6pL(W (Ion. oup-) [v.] 'to border, demarcate, separate, determine, define' (lA), aor. -(aUl, often with prefix, e.g. 8l- (em-8l-, etc.), acp-, TC£Pl-, TCpoa-, with (acp-, TC£Pl-, 8t-)opla!la (also oup-) 'delimitation, border' (Hdt., E.), (ucp-, TC£Pl-, etc.) 6p la!lo e; 'delimitation, determination, etc.' (Att.), (8t-)oplme; (PI., Arist.), 6pla-T�e; [m.] 'land surveyor' (Att., Tab. Herael.), -nKOe; 'ptng. to delimitation or determination, limiting, defining' (Arist.). 7. On � op£ue;, see s.v. .ETYM In view of Mycenaean, all Greek forms must go back to FOPFoe;. This can be connected wih Lat. urvare (amb-) 'to mark out a boundary with a furrow' (Enn. apud Fest., Dig.); the basic noun is urvum 'curved part of a plough' (Varro) < *u(o)ru-o-, which may in principle continue the same formation as *FoPFoe;. Wi:hin Greek, further connection wih � epuw 'to draw' is probable. See � OUPOL, � OupOV 2. opoe; [n.] 'mountain, height'; also (in Egypt) 'desert' in contrast to the cultivated plain (ll.). � IE *h3er- 'rise', *h3er-s-� .VAR With metrical lengthening oup-we;, -£et, etc. (epic), also wp-we;, -£et (Theoc.). .DIAL Myc. o-re-a2 /oreha/. ·COMP As a first member: 1. with unenlarged stem i.a. in � O pWK4JOe;; 2. thematically enlarged in opw-aEAlvov [n.] 'mountain-parsley' (Thphr.); 3. often in loc.sg., e.g. 0p£l-8p0!l0e; 'going through the mountains' (Pi., E., Nonn.); thence i.a. opd-xahoe; [m.] 'mountain ore, brass' (h. Ham. 6, 9, Hes. Sc. 122), borrowed as Lat. orichalcum, folk-etymological auri-; also wp6-xahoe; (Peripl. M. Rubr., PGiss. 47, 6), perhaps w = Lat. au-; 4. in loc.pl., e.g. 0PWL-TpOcpOe; 'grown up in the mountains' (Hom.) . .DER 1. opEa-T£pOe; 'living in the mountains, consisting of mountains' (X 93); 2. Op£lOe; (epic lyr. oup-) 'mountainous' (h. Mere. 244) < *ores-jo-, fem. -£lUe; (AP), as a sub�tantive 'mountain-nymph' (Bion, Nonn.); 3. 0p£lVOe; < *ores-no- 'id.' (lA); 4. ,0pw-Tlle; [m.] PN (ll.), with 'OpwT-u811e;, opEm(£)lov [n.] = EAEVlOV (Dsc., Plin.);

1110

°POUW

O£C; 'aPEO-TaL [m.pl.] "highlanders", name of an Epeirotic people (Th.); 0P£OT-lU C; 0PWT-lU 508); er: (Schwyz OvUf.Lapvuf.LaL. opo£pE TOV £AE
� Op7tTJ� [m.] 'sprig, twig, (shaft of a) spear' (cD 38, Hes. Op. 468). � PG (S) •VAR Also a-; Dor. Aeol. -Ct�, -KOC;. .COMP £U-Op1t'l� 'with fair twigs' (Nonn.). The ETYM Formation like OKWA'l�' KUXA'l�' vup8'l�' etc. without a clear etymology. root the from n derivatio ting; comparison with Lith. vdrpa 'ear' is not very illumina , as an of Lat. sarpo 'to trim the vines', sarmentum 'osiers', � ap1t'l 'sickle' is unlikely of a sense the in ep1tw connects o-grade of this root is not attested elsewhere. Frisk slow movement over the ground: "crawler, sneaker". It is rather a Pre-Greek word, given the suffIx -CtK-. •

oppoe; [m.] 'rump, arse' (Ar.), 'end of the os sacrum' (Gal.). � IE *h1ers-, *h1ors 'bottom, arse'� .COMP As a first member in OPPO-1t1JY-lOV, Ion. opoo-, see � 1tuytl. As a second member in 1tUAlV-OpOOC; 'moving back' (r 33, Emp.); -pp- (Ar. Aeh. 1179); not in � a\jloppoc;. DER oppwo'lC; 'belonging to the rump' (Hp., Gal.), oppoXf.L0v, EOXUTOV, aKpov 'utmost, extremity' (H.), perhaps after � V£OXf.L0C;. .ETYM Old inherited expression for 'bottom, ass', avoided by the epic because of its vulgar status, and identical with the Germanic group of OHG ars, MoE arse, Arm. or, plur. or-k' (i-stem), and Hitt. arra- 'id.', all pointing to lE *Hors-o-, *Hors-i-. Regarding the color of the laryngeal, OIr. err 'tail' seems to point to original *h1ers h2- but, alternatively, the Celt. e-vocalism is a secondary development. In the latter case, the word could be understood as enlargement of an s-stem *h3er-(0)s 'elevation', and would thus be closely related to � apoc; 'mountain'. •

opo08up'l

1111

The intervocalic sequence * -rs- was probably retained in Greek when preceded by the accent (it subsequently became -pp- in Attic), but *s dropped with compensatory lengthening if the accent followed (cf. on � oupu). See � opo08up'l. oppwMw [v.] 'to shudder, fear, dread' (Att.). � GR?� .VAR Ion. appwoEw (Hp., Hdt.). .COMP Also with prefix, especially KUT-. •DER OppWOlU, appwol'l [f.] 'fear, dread' (Hdt., Th., E.). .ETYM Not definitively explained. The proposal by Breal MSL 8 (1894): 309 is semantically attractive: 0PPWOEW comes from appoc; 'ass' through *oppwo'lC; 'afraid, anxious', like in MoFr. eouard, Ital. eodardo from Lat. coda. However, this would amount to assuming that the Att. form with -pp- came into Ionic with substitution of app- for opp- (perhaps after appwoTEW, -lU?), which is hard to believe. Acc. to Schmidt KZ 25 (1881): 112, Att. opp- developed from older app- by assimilation to the folowing W; a better option seems folk-etymological influence of appoc; on original app-. Taillardat RPh. 71 (1997): 170 (also DELG Supp.) defends the old interpretation as TOV appov iopouv 'to shit in the pants' vel sim. The a- would be due to Ionic dissimilation of 0 - w. Fur.: 342 considers the word to be Pre-Greek, which would make the variation a-I 0understandable. opaoc'5uKVTJ [f.] name of an insect which eats the buds of plants (Arist. HA 552a). � GR� .ETYM See Gil Fermindez 1959: 140. The word probably contains � appoc; (-po-) and � oaKVW . opOoeUpTJ [f.] especially a side-door or side-opening at the back, leading from the men's hall in the AUUP'l to the rooms upstairs (X l26, 132, 333); see Wace JHS 71 (1951): 203ff., Berard REGr. 67 (1954): 18ff.; also sens. obsc. (Semon. 17). � IE *Hors-o- 'back' + *dhuer- 'door'� .DER With opoo-, we also find: OPOOA01tOC; epithet of Ares, who cuts the enemy into pieces (Anacr. 70 = 393 P), 0POOA01t£UW (metrical for -EW) [v.] 'to attack, revile' (h. Mere. 308, Max. 102), -EOf.LaL 'to be teased or disquieted' (A. Pers. 10); OPOOA01tOC; 'attacker' vel sim., properly = 6 AE1tWV TOV appov 'who thrashes the back', scil. TOU
1112

6pao[

However, there is no indication in our texts that the door is located above the ground, and the obscene use in Semon. (though in an unclear context) proves the connection with 6ppo�. opao[ [m.] ' TWV apvwv Ot eaxuTol Y£VOfl£VO l (H.) . .,,; ?� .ETYM The word resembles � epaaL, with different vocalism and with different inflexion. OPTaA[� [f.] 'hen' (Nic. Al. 294) . .,,; ?� .DER 6pnlAlXo� [m.] 'young bird' (A. Ag. 54, Ar. A eh . 871, AP, Opp.), 'young animal' (S. Fr. 793), 'chick' (Theoc.), -lX£U� [m.] �id.' (Nic. Al. 228: accus. -�u, metrical enlargement in verse-final ,position). Denominative aV-OPLaA[�W [v.] 'to prance, clap the wings like a hen (cock) vel sim. (Ar. Eq. 1344) . ETYM Popular formations in -[� and -lXO� (cf. allOov[�, K0'VlXO�, etc.; see Chantraine 1933: 344 and 403), or perhaps rather with -UA[� like in auK-UA[�, OOpK-UA[� (to OOPK u�), etc. It is assumed to be derived from a noun *6pLO� of unknown meaning. The obvious connection with OPVUflaL 'rise, come into movement' (cf. KOVl-OpTO�, 8£ OpTO�) does not mean much semantically. •

opn)� [m.] 'quail, Coturnix vulgaris' (Epich., lA); also as a plant-name = aT£A£
opva 1 [f.] 'intestine' (Epich.). "'; PG?(v)� VAR In H. also -ouu. ETYM Not certainly explained. The connection with Lat. arvina [f.] 'grease, fat, lard, especially around the intestines' is doubtful (see Pok. 782 and WH s.v.); E-M points out that the ending -ina recalls the Etr. ending -ena, -in (n) a. The variation -uul -ouu might point to a Pre-Greek word. •

•

6pua 2 [f.] name of an instrument used in a quarry (PCair. Zen. 759 [IlIa]). .ETYM See � 6pUHW. opu�a [f.] 'rice' (Aristobul. Hist., Megasth., Str.). "'; LW Eastern Iran.� .VAR OpU�OV [n.] (Thphr.).

6p
1113

.COMP 6pU�0-TP0
opu,..ayM� [m.] 'noise, din' (11.) . .,,; ?� .VAR 6puYflu8£�· 80pUPOl 'noise' (H.). .ETYM Expressive word with the same ending as K£AUOO�, Xpofluoo�, polpoo�, etc., and with a comparable meaning. Cf. � WPUOflaL and wpuYflo�, as well as epuydv, epuYflllAo� (Kretschmer KZ 38 (1905): 135); further details are unclear. opu,..o� · pWflo�. Ot 8£ 0puflPo� 'altar; others: 0.' (H.). "'; PG(v)� .ETYM Clearly a Pre-Greek word, due to the variations. opvaaw [v.] 'to dig (up, in, out), scrape, bury' (Horn.). "'; 1£? *hjreu-k- 'dig up, grub'� .VAR Att. -HW, late -Xw (Arat.), ipv. opuy£ (Seriphos); aor. 6pu�aL, fut. 6pu�w (Hom.), pass. aor. 6puX8�vaL, fut. 6pux8�aoflaL, perf. 6pwpuYflaL (lA), prefixed KUT wpuYflaL, act. 6pwpuxu (Att.), them. aor. 6puydv, pass. 6puy�vaL (late). .COMP Often with prefix, e.g. KUT-, 8L-, av-, 1t£Pl- . DER 1. back-formation opu�, -uyo� [m.] 'pickaxe' (AP), usually name of an Egyptian and,. Libyan (also Indian) gazelle or antelope (Arist., LXX), seemingly after the poiI�ted horns, but rather a folk-etymologically transformed loan; also name of a large fish (Str.). Prefixed compounds, e.g. KaT-WpU�, -uxo� 'buried, dug in, underground' (w by compositional lengthening), as a fern. noun 'grave, crypt' (trag.); dat.pl. KUTW PUX£WaL (AUWaL, A[80laL � 267, ( 185), probably metrical enlargement; Ol wpu�, -uxo� (late mostly -uyo�) [f.] 'ditch, channel, mine' (Ion., Th., Tab. Herael., pap.). 2. (Ol-, {m-)opuYflu [n.] 'hole, grave' (lA); 3. 6puYflo� [m.] 'id.' (Priene). 4. (8L-)opuX� [f.] (-wp-) 'digging' (D., Delos), also -y� (LXX). 5. (KUT-, e1t-, {m-)opu�l� [f.] 'id.' (Arist.). 6. 6pUKT� [f.] = opuYflu (Ph.). 7. 6pUK-T�p [m.] 'miner' (Zeno Stoic.), -Tll� [m.] 'digger, tool for digging' (Aesop., Str.); (8L-)OpU�Tp[� [f.] epithet of X£Awvll 'mine protection roof (Poliorc.). 8. 6puy£u�'fossorium (gloss.). .ETYM The basis of all verbal forms and derived nouns seems to be a stem 6puX-; the voiced stop in 6puy- and the present 6puxw are secondary. Thus, we can explain the primary yod-present 6puaaw from *hjrut-ie/o-. However, cognate forms appear to continue a root *hjruk-, e.g. the secondary nasal present Lat. runea, -are 'to weed out, root up', runea, -anis [m.] 'weeding hook', Latv. ruket 'to dig, scrape', Skt. lufieati 'pluck off (with 1- for lE *r) . Further cognates include Ir. rueht < *ruk-tu- 'swine', Alb. rrah 'excavation, reclaimed land' < *rouk-so- (Restelli RILo m b . 91 (1957): 475). Therefore, we have to assume that the aspirated stop, which is seen only in Greek, is analogical. It is possible that the root-final *k is a root extension; a root *h3reu- is perhaps found in � oupo[ [m.pl.] 'trench'. Connection with � opo� 'boundary' is impossible because of Myc. wo-wo, etc. •

opcpav6� [m.] 'orphaned, orphan', metaph. 'bereft, abandoned' (u 'orphaned, bereft'�

68). "'; 1£ *hjorbh-o

1114

Op
-COMP As a first member in op
lonely' (AP). 2. Substantive op
(Nic.); unclear op PGr. *erkwhno-, from which a feminine orgwhna- was created, with secondary o-grade (Schwebeablaut with *h,orgW-sno- is unattractive). Also compared with a Germanic adjective for dark shades of color, e.g. OHG erpf 'fuscus', OE eorp, earp 'dark-colored, blackish', from PGm. *erpa-; to this also belong names of the partridge (with different ablaut), e.g. OHG repa-huon, and Slavic words with nasal, e.g. Ru. rjab 'motley', CS jer�bb 'partridge'. Comparison with Arm. arjn 'dark brown' < QIE *argwhen-, *orgwhen- has been proposed as well (Scheftelowitz BB 29 (1905): 17). ToB erkent-, ToA arkant- 'b�ack' are unclear, as are ToB orkamo 'dark', ToA orkiim 'darkness'. All in all, neIther comparison is convincing.

op
name of a large seafish of the genus of the perches, 'Serranus gigas' or 'Polyprion cermum' (com., Arist.). <1. ?�

1115 -YAR Also -w<;, -w, -wv; secondary opOPXl<;. opXa<; 2 . TIEPI�oAo<;, aifla0PX0<;. 0PXE0!1Ul [v.) 'to dance', act. 'to make dance' (n., Ion., trag.). <1. IE ? *h,ert- 'mount(?)'� -YAR Aor. 0px�uau8aL (Od.). -COMP Also with prefixes like UTI-, KaL-, £�-. -DER 1. Action noun 0pX-Tj8fl6<; [m.) 'dance' (Hom., h. Ap.), -Tjufl6<; [m.) 'id.' (A.), -Tj
Hom.), -Tjfla (UTI-) [n.) 'id.' (Simon., S., Pl.). 2. Agent noun 0PX-Tju-r�p (ll.), -Tj
1116 6PXlAO� [m.] name of a small bird, probably 'wren' (Ar., Arist., Thphr.); details in Thompson 1895 S.v. � ?� .VAR On the accent Schwyzer: 485; also -IAO<; (mss.) . ETYM Formation like Kop8-, 1'POX-[AO<;, etc., perhaps from 0PX£OllaL because of the liveliness of the bird. Unclear. •

OPXI�, -EW� [m.] 'testicles' (lA); also the plant name 'orchid' (Thphr., Dsc.), after the shape of the root, and a kind of olive (Colum.), after the shape of the fruit (see Stromberg 1940: 37 and 55). � IE *h;(e!o)rt-i- 'testicle'� .VAR Ion. gen. -10<;, plur. mostly -£1<;, -1£<;. COMP opX[-nd5a [n.pl.] 'scrota, testicles' (Ar.), whence opXI-n£o[�w (Ar., H.); ev0PXI<; 'provided with testicles, uncastrated' (lidt., Luc.), also ev- opxo<; ('¥ 147, Hp.), £V-OPX'1<; also 'buck' (Ar., Arist., Theoc.), with substantivizing -'1<; (see Schwyzer: 451), _�<; (Milete VP), with shift to an s-stem (see Schwyzer: 513) . DER Diminutives opx[8ta [pl.n.] (Dsc.) and oPXa.<;, -6.00<; [f.] 'kind of olive' (Nic., Verg.) . ETYM An old inherited word, retained in several languages. Ignoring enlargements, 0PXI<; agrees with Arm. orjik' [pl.] 'testicles', gen. -woe' < IE *h;(o)rti-jo-, and with Alb. herdhe [f.] 'id.' < QIE *h3ert-ih, [du.] , Mlr. uirgge [f.] 'id.' < *Hortija-. Av. Jrni [m.du.] 'id.' points to a zero grade IE *Hrt-i-h" Beside the inherited i-stem in Hitt. arki- [c.] 'testicle' < *h3rt-i-, Hittite also has a verbal root arkArtJ , arV / ark 'to mount, cover, copulate' < *h3rt-, *hprt-, with loss of initial *h3 in front of *r and of *o (see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.). A derivative in -1- is found in Baltic, e.g. Lith. erzilas, dial. arz- [m.] 'stallion', where the vocalism of the former can be explained to be secondary by Rozwadowski's change (a recent overview of this effect is found in Derksen Baltu Filologija 11 (2002): 5-l2) · The material shows that we may safely reconstruct initial *h3- for PIE, which is also what the o-vocalism in most languages points to. In our reconstruction *h;(o)rt-i-, it is unknown what the exact original ablaut pattern looked like: Greek and Hittite may continue a zero grade, Avestan certainly attests to it, and Armenian may do so as well, if*h3e- yields Arm. ho- as opposed to *h30- > 0-, as per Kortlandt 2003: 42. •

•

•

OPXO� [m.] 'row of vines or fruit trees' ('1 127, w 341, Hes. Se. 296, B., Ar., X., Thphr.). � PG(v)� .VAR 0px0<; [m.] 'border of the eyelid, -rapao<;' (Poll. 2, 69); opXa.<;· n£p[�oAO<;, aLllaala. 'enclosure, wall' (H.), oPX6.0o<; a1'£Y'1<; (S. Fr. 8l2); oPX'1oov (Hdt. 7, 144) is explained by H. as ��'1oov 'from youth upwards', but usually as 'in a row, general'. .DER 0pXaLo<; [m.] 'ordered plantation, garden' ('1 112, W 222, AP), plur. 'rows of garden plants, fruit trees or vines' (3 123, E. Fr. 896, 2, Moschio Trag. 6, l2), metaph. OOOV1'WV, KIOVWV opxa1'o<; (AP, Ach. Tat.). With a suffIx -Il-: 0pXlla[' cppaYllo[, KaAallwv£<;, cpa.payy£<;, an�Auy� 'fences, reed beds, chasms, caves' (H.); 0PXllov<;, AOXIlWO£<; Kat 0P£IOV Xwp[OV OUK £n£pya�oll£vov 'bushy and mountaineous area, uncultivated land' (Lex.); in the same mg. oPXa.Il'1 (Poll. 7, 147).

omo<;

1117

.ETYM If the hapax opX'1oov is correctly understood as 'following the row', the meaning 'row' has to be accepted for opX0<;, as well. The word opxaLO<; was probably a collective abstract meaning 'order of rows (of plants)'. Thus, it seems hardly possible to combine the above words under a notion 'fence, enclosure', which hardly fits 0Pxo<;. Thus, the traditional connection with IE *uert- 'to turn, wind together, fence in' in Lith. verziit 'to fehce in, string', ON virgill 'snare', MoHG er-wurgen, etc. becomes unlikely for semantic r'easons; the same holds for the comparison with Lith. sergmi 'to preserve, watch over' (Fraenkel KZ 72 (1955): 193ff.). The connection of the TNs 'OPxoll£vO<; (older 'EPX-; cf. Schwyzer: 255) and Illyrian 'Opyoll£va[ (Krahe ZNF 7 (1931): 254 and Krahe ZNF 11: 81) is commonly accepted. As there is no IE etymology, it seems more probable that the word is Pre-Greek (note the agricultural meanings, and the name of the town with its variants). See � dpyw, � epxa1'o<;, and � oPXall0<;. o� 1 [pron.rel.] 'who, which' (n.). � IE *h,i-o- 'which'� .VAR � , o. .DER 01'£po<; 'who, which of the two' (Cret.), also oa-n<;, 0-1'£, oLo<;, oao<;, etc. .ETYM Inherited and identical with Skt. yas, ya, yad, Av. ya, ya, yat, OPhr. ios, NPhr. 10<;, from IE *Hi-o-s, Hi-eh2, Hi-o-d. Old too is 01'£po<; = Skt. yatara-, Av. yatara- 'id.'. The original function was not relative, but rather demonstrative (the pronominal stem *h,i-); see Gonda Lingua 4 (1954-1955): 1ff., Gonda 1956: 96£., 126, and Monteil 1963: 1-17. Thus, in the framework of the development of initial *j- versus *Hj-, 0<; testifies to PIE *Hj- > PGr. j-, PIE *j- > Gr. �-. o� 2 [pron.demonstr.] .VAR in Kat 0<;, etc. =>0

.

o� 3 [pron.poss.] 'suus'. =>£

.

O(JlO� [adj.] 'sanctioned or permitted', by the gods or by nature, 'pleaSing to the gods, just (= Lat. fas), devout, ritually pure' (Thgn., lA), cf. oa['1 below. On the mg. of oalO<;, -['1, see on � L£pO<; and also Terstegen 1941, Jeanmaire REGr. 58 (1945): 66ff., van der Valk REGr. 64 (1951): 417ff. � ?� .VAR Substantivized 1'0 omov, 1'a oma. .COMP As a second member in av-omo<; (lA), probably a bahuvrihi 'who is without 1'0 omov, � oa[a' (Frisk 1941: 1Of.), acp - omo<; = av-omo<; (Eg. inscr. P), see Stromberg 1946: 41. .DER oa[a, Ion. -['1 [f.] 'divine or natural law, law, holy custom, holy service' (Od.), probably for om[a (Frisk); omo-1''1<; [f.] 'divine obedience, piety' (Pl., X.). Denominative omo - ollaL, -w 'to purify (oneself), hallow' (lA), especially with acp-, also with Ka8- and £�-. Thence (a.cp-, Ka8-)oa[wm<; [f.] 'purification, hallowing' (D. H., Plu.), acpomwlla-ra· Ka8a.plla-ra, Ka8a.pma 'purifications' (H.), omw1'�p [m.] "purificator", name of a sacrificial animal in Delphi (Plu.). .ETYM There is no convincing etymology. Often explained as a derivative in -10from a participial form *s-o-to- be�ide alleged *seto- in £1'a.. aA'18� (see � £1'a.�w). However, the root for 'to be' is now established as *h,es-, and the type of formation assumed is untenable. The older connection with Skt. satya- 'true' < IE *h,s-nt-io-

1118 fails because there is no reflex of the laryngeal, and because of the vocalization *1} > 0, which is not found in this environment in any dialect. The derivation from *soto- (from a different root *set-, seen in � {(a�w and � {(eo<;) is defended by Pinault 1996: 43f.: *sotijo- 'conforme it l'ordre etabli, pieux'. Cf. Benveniste 1969:2: 198-202. A recent attempt by Willi JHS (2008): 153-172 is unconvincing (see on � voao<;). OO'��

=

6Ofl�.

-

O�w.

00'0" [pron.rel.] 'how great' (Il.).
OO'1tplOV [n.]. 'pulse, legumen' (lA).
•

•

•

oO'O'u [f.] '(prognostic) voice, rumour' (B 93).
•

•

00'0'£ [n.du.] 'both eyes' (Il.).
oO'O'o�at [v.] 'to look, forebode, presage' (Il.).
oa-r paKov OO'TaCP["

-

1119

QaTacpL<; .

OO'TEOV [n.] 'bone' (Il.), also 'stone of a fruit' (pap. lIP), see below.
•

OO'TAlY�, -lYYO" [f.] 'lock of hair, tendril, vine, curling flames, tentacle of an octopus' (Thphr., Call., A. R., Nic., Hdn. Gr.).
OO'TPUKOV [n.] 'hard shell of snails, mussels, turtles, etc.' (h. Mere., A., Hp., Arist.), 'earthen potsherd (for writing on, e.g. at a vote), earthen vessel' (Hp., Att.).
1120

O(rr peLOV, -eov

pieces' (A.), 'to become covered with a shell' (Lyc., Gal.), -OW 'to turn into a shell, harden' (Arist.), 'to cover with sherds' (Att. inscr. IV') . ETYM Traditionally (Schwyzer: 497, Chantraine 1933: 384) , it was assumed to be a formation in -aKO- derived from an r-stem oaT-p-, seen also in � oaTpeov. This r stem was assumed to interchange with the iln-stem in Skt. asthi, gen. asthnas (see � oaTeov). However, there is no alternation between *r/n and *i in lE, nor a suffIx * -1Jko- (as per DELG) leading to Gr. -aKO-. Therefore, the word must be Pre-Greek (not in Fur.). The suffIx -aKO- is also seen in � amaKOe; 'smooth lobster; hollow of the ear', which may be related as a Pre-Greek word, displa{:ing typical variations. The same holds ' for � ampayaAOe;. •

OOTpt:LOV, -t:OV [n.] 'oyster, mussel, sea-snail; purple dye' (A., Epich., Att.). � PG(s)� .COMP oaTpeLo-ypacp�e; 'painted with purple' (Eleg. apud PIu.), Aqlv-oaTpw [pl.] 'pond oysters' (Arist.) . , DER oaTp-fivoe; 'mussel-like, provided with a shell(?) (Pl.), -1voe; 'purple' (POxy. 109, 5; III--IVP), probably from Lat. ostr'inus 'id.' (since Varro), cf. below; -e(L)wolle; 'oyster-like' (Arist., Str.), -£LaKOe; 'belonging to oysters' (Zonar.), -hlle; [m.] kind of stone (Orph. L.) . ETYM The old etymology, which analyzes oaTpe(L)ov as a suffIx -e(L)o- added to a stem oaTp- 'bone', which is also assumed for oaTpaKov, is wrong, as there is no evidence for an Indo-European pre-form *ostr- meaning 'bone' (see on � oaTpaKov). Therefore, the word must be Pre-Greek. I assume that -e(L)- continues a Pre-Greek suffIx -ay- (Pre-Greek: SuffIxes s.v. -UL-/-e(L)-). For a word with this meaning, substrate origin is most likely in any case. It was borrowed as Lat. ostreum [n.] , ostre- [f.] (from oaTpw [n.pl.]), together with ostr-fnus (whence Gr. oaTp1voe;; see above), -eatus, -earius, etc.; thence MoHG Auster, etc. •

•

OOTpLf..LOV [n.] 'stable, fold' (Antim., H.), 'OmpLfla [pl.] name of a mountain (Lyc.).

� PG?� ETYM Improbable hypothesis by Bezzenberger BB 27 (1902) : 174, who reconstructs *h,odh-tro-, comparing the Germanic group of OS edor 'fence' < *h,edhro- and the Slavic group of OCS odrh 'bed' < *h,odhro-: both the Greek suffIxation and the formation in *-tro- remain unexplained. Acc. to Frisk, ompLflov belongs to •

� oaTpaKov, � ompeov, assuming a prior meaning *'protecting roof, for which he gives a parallel in Lat. lestudo 'tortoise', also 'protecting roof. Since there is no lE etymology, the word may be Pre-Greek, although there appears no further indication for this.

oOTpua, -ull [f.] name of a tree with hard, white wood, 'hop hornbeam, Ostrya carpinifolia' (Thphr., Plin.). �PG� .VAR Also oaTpUe;, -uoe; (or -ve;, -voe;?), and oaTpvTe;, -iooe;. .ETYM Frisk compares � oaTpeov, but the semantics are weak. The assumption of syllable dissimilation from *oaTpo-OpVe; is extremely doubtful. Heubeck 1961: 37 and

oacpii<;, -uoe;

1121

Neumann Glotta 37 (1958) : 106-112 consider oaTpVe; to be Pre-Greek. Indeed, the enlargements -ue;, -va, -vie; are typical for an adapted foreign word. Not in Fur. oocppaivof..LaL [v.] 'to catch scent of, smell' (lA). � IE *h3ed- 'smell' + *gWhreh,-� .VAR Aor. oacpp-ea8UL (Att.); wmppavTo (Hdt. 1, 80) , fut. oacpp-�aoflUL (Att.), also oacppav-8�vUL (Hp., Arist.), -8�aoflUL (LXX), younger present oacpP-uTUL (Paus., Luc.), aor. wacpp-�aavTo, -�81l (Arat., Ael.). Rare and late causative oacppaivw 'to give to smell, make smell' (Gal., Gp.), also with a1t-, avv-, 1tap-, etc. .COMP Rarely with 1tepL-, U1t-, KaT-. Compound Ka1tv-oacppavTIle; [m.] 'who smells smoke' (Com. Adesp., Alciphr.). .DER 1. oaCPP-Il CHe; [f.] 'olfactory sense or organ' (PI., Arist.), 2. -aaia [f.] 'smell, smelling' (LXX, Arr.), 3. -avme; [f.] 'olfactory sense' (Clearch.). 4. back-formation oacppUL [f.pl.] 'flavours, smell' (Ach. Tat.) with oacppaoLOv [n.] 'bunch of flowers' (Eust.). 5. oacpp-avT�pLOe; 'smelling, sniffing' (Ar.), 6. -avTLKOe; 'smelling, able to smell' (Arist.), -IlTLKOe; 'id.' (Gal., D. 1.); 7. -avTOe; (Arist.), -IlTOe; (S. E., Gal.) 'smellable'. .ETYM The triad oacppea8UL : oacpp�aoflUL : oaCPPIlToe; corresponds to aia8ea8UL : aia8�aoflUL : aia8IlTOe;, which is semantically related and much more frequent; oacppalvoflUL may have been built after this on the basis of examples like aALTea8UL : aALTalVoflUL, ��aoflUL : �alvw, 1tecp�a£TUL : cpalvw, etc.; oacppav8�vUL possibly after eucppav8�vUL, and wacppavTo (Hdt.) probably after �veIKavTo, etc. It is widely agreed that the initial syllable contains a zero grade s-stem from the root *h3ed- seen in � o�w, � 68fl� ' � oafl�. This s-stem also occurs in the suffix -wolle; (s.v. � o�w). Against further identification of oa-cppalvoflLUL with a-, eu-cppalvw (which belong to �cpp�v) speak the non-presentic forms oa-cppea8UL, -cpp�aaa8UL, for which no parallels exist in a-, eu-cppalvw. Brugmann's old connection (e.g. Brugmann IF 6 (1896) : 100ff.) with Skt. jighrati, ghrati 'to smell', ghrat:/a- [n.] 'scent, nose' is now followed by LIV2 S.V. *gWhreh,-. The verbal compound in Gr. oa-CPPIl- < *h3eds-gwhreh,- was compared with *mens-dheh,in Ilr. *manz-dha- by Schindler 1975: 266. Thus, all Greek forms derive from the future. Seebold 1980: 482 also connected OE breeo 'smell, breath', etc. , oocpUC;, -UOC; [f.] 'hips, loin(s) (lA). � PG(v)� .VAR Accented thus in Hdn. Gr.; the codd. often have -ve;. .COMP As a first element e.g. in oacpv-aAy�e; (A. Fr. 361 = III M., Hp.) 'suffering from a hip-disease (lumbago)" with -ew, -la (Hp.). .DER Diminutive oacpvoLOv [n.] (Theognost.) . ETYM For the formation, cf. i�ve;, vlloue;, etc. Often connected (but without serious argumentation) with om-eov, assuming different second members, e.g. cpD- as in i:cpvv, or acpv- as in acpvowv· iaxvpoe; . . . 'strong' (H.). Fur.: 375 adduces cpve; = oacpve; (AB 1096) , with Doric loss of initial a- before cp, pointing to a Pre-Greek prothetic vowel. He also accepts (op.cit. 393) the connection with '\IVUL 'loin-muscles' and �'\IOUL, which was suggested already by Prellwitz and is too obvious to be discarded. Thus the word is clearly Pre-Greek. •

1122

oaXTj 1

oaXTJ 1 [f.] 'scrotum' (Hp.). -
(Arist.), -EOV [n.] (Poll., H.). Also ayy£1ov 'bags, purses or a sack of

twins (sens. obsc.)' (H.). -COMP av-oax�v· avav8po<; 'unmanly' (H.). -ETYM Explained by Frisk as a metaphorical use of � oaXTj 2. DELG considers this possible, but uncertain. Improbable is derivation from a prefix 0- (see � 0- 2) and ax£1v (suggestion by DELG). The word may well be Pre-Greek.

2 [f.] in oaxm· KA�llaTa �OTPUWV YEIlOVTa 'branches full of bunches of grapes' (H., similar Harp.; unclear Nic. Al. 109). -
oO"X'l

on: [conj.] 'when, as', mostly temporal (lA, Arc., Cypr.). -
-Ka (cf. on � dTa, � �vlKa and Schwyzer: 629).

-Ta,

OTAO<; [m.] 'burden, load, suffering' (A. Th. 18, S. Tr. 7 sch.). -
-Tjlla [n.] 'distress' (H., Theognost.). -ETYM Taken as a verbal noun to TA�vm 'to bear, suffer', under the dubious assumption that the prothetic vowel 0- was rhythmically conditioned, or a prefix. However, this is no explanation, and moreover *tlh2-0- would give Gr. *TaAo-, so the etymology is wrong. The word is probably Pre-Greek.

OTOPOC;; [m.] 'noise, sharp sound' (Hes., A., S., Antim.). -
is the reduplicated interjection OTOTOI 'ah!, woe!' (trag.), with OTOTU�W 'to cry OTOTOI, lament' (A., Ar.); see Schwyzer: 716.

OT()O"TUUOV [n.] name of an unknown plant (Epich. 161 cited in Ath. 70f). -
oUyyla, oUyKla

1123

OTpaA£WC;; [adv.] 'swift, quick' (r 260, T 317, T 100, Hes. Sc. 410, Sapph. 44, 11, A. R. 1, 1210). -
also with prefix (always in prose), especially · EJ1l-. Hence OTPUV-TU<;, -UV [f.] 'incitement' (T 234f., Antim. 91), -TlKO<; 'inciting' (Eust.), -TEU<; [m.] name of a Lydian, together with -TEl8Tj<; (Y 383f., 389); EpyOTpU<;· KaTuaK01to<; Epywv 'labour inspector' (H.), a back-formation. -ETYM Like KAlvw < *KAl-v-!w, OTPUVW < *6Tpu-v-!W is an older nasal formation to which a presential yod-suffix was added. OTPTjP0<; is undoubtedly a recent formation in -Tjp0<; (on which, see Chantraine 1933: 231ff.); perhaps 6TpaAEo<; was formed to ClTpUVW after the model ElapaaAEo<; : Elapauvw. The variation in OTpUVW : oTpaAEw<; recalls that in Tpu
OTPUY'l ' -cpayoc;; =>TPUYTj· (npuvw =>oTpaA£w<;. OTT£UOllal =>oaaa. OV [pcl.] 'not' (ll.). -
*h2eiu- 'lifetime, long period'� OUK, OUX (ll.), OUKl (epiC), OUXl (trag., also Horn. and Att.

prose). -DIAL Myc. o-u-qe 'and not'. -ETYM Pre-Greek origin has been considered for a long time, until Cowgill Lang. 36 (1960): 347ff. connected the element with � aiwv and cognates, assuming a basic expression *ne h20iu kWid, where *ne is the sentence negative; it lost its meaning to the second element, a development which occurs more often. The syntagm would also explain Arm. oc' and Alb. as (cf. Kortlandt 2003: index). The other Greek forms are easily explained in this way: Horn. OU-Kl contains the IE indefinite pronoun *kwid and is the oldest form; thence OUK by elision and OUX with aspiration, if the latter was not elided from OU-Xl, containing the stressing particle IE *ti (Pok. 417f.), like val-Xl, �-Xl, etc. = Skt. hi (in na-hi 'since not', etc.), Av. zi. From oU8£ d<; arose oU8d<;, younger Att. and Koine ouEld<; 'nobody'; in the same way, ou8-allou, -allol, -allw<;, -allo<;, and -ulllvo<; arose from � *0.110-, ulla.

oval [excl.] 'alas!' (LXX). -
7, 1124

oMae;, -We;

.ETYM A loan from Latin by the Greeks of Sicily. oMae;, -EOe; [n.] 'ground, soil' (ll.). ;;�he earth' < *ueden-o-, Hitt. utne 'land' < *ud-n-i-, but then ou- remains unexplained! see � ou06e; 'threshold' for details. See Peters 1980a: 57f. for a discussion of all possible reconstructions. One also compared � £Oacpoe; 'ground, bottom'. •

•

[m.] 'threshold' (ll.).
ouMe; •

[m.] 'kind of felt-shoe made of goat hair' (Poll. 10, 50).
oMwv, -wvoe;

[n.] 'udder', also metaph. (ll.).
olieap, -a-roe; •

7 OUA�

1125

be explained in a different way, there is no need to reconstruct the internal laryngeal at all, since in Balto-Slavic, initial *HuC- merges with *uHC- (see Pronk fthe.c). [f.pl.] '(unground) barley corns, roasted and sprinkled between the horns of the sacrifIcial animal' (Ion. since Y 441); Lat. mola salsa.
oUAat

•

[m.] 'throng, crowd' (11.: oUAafloe; avopwv); metaph. of bees (Nic.); technical usage 'troop of cavalry' (Plb., PIu.).
oUAa�6e;

OiiAE

'salve' (w 402). =>OAOe;.

[f.] 'scarred wound, scar' (Od.).
oUAI1

1126

OUALo<;

like MW gweli [m.] 'wound', also 'blood' < *uellso- (vel sim.), OIr. fuil [f.] 'blood' < *uolH-i- are root-related. As a common basis for these nouns, the root *uelhj- 'to strike' must be assumed, as represented by Hitt. yalb-zi 'to hit', Lat. vello 'to pull out' and, within Greek (with change of meaning), � aAlaKoflUL 'to be caught'. The loss of laryngeal in *uolH-neh2> PGr. wolnii- can be attributed to the Saussure Effect; for an alternative, see Van Beek 2009 · oUAlo<; 'baneful'. =ouAo<; 3. oiiAov [n.] 'gums' (Hp., A., Pl., Arist.). -
•

OiiAO<; 1 'whole, entire'. =011.0<;. oii;\m; 2 [adj.] A. 'frizzy, shaggy, woolly, crinkly', of KoflT], AaxvT], xAaTva, TanT]T£<;, ete. (ll.), as a first member in ouA6-ElPL�, -KapT]vo<;, -Koflo<;, ete. (Od., Hdt., Alex., Arist.); also of plants like EAL�, aeALvov (Simon., Hdt.); B. Later, of �uAov, oevopov, ete. (Thphr.), also of the voice (PIu., AP), of movements (Call.) 'compact, dense, thick, nUKvo<;, auvwTpaflflevo<;'. - 'compact' (cf. � auaTpe
oiiAo<; 3 [adj.] 'baneful', epithet of Ares and Achilles, also Of'OV£LPO<; (ll.); of Eros (A. R.), also of X£lfla (Bion), of aToflLov (Nie.); probably also in oUAov K£KA�yovT£<; (P 756, 759; acc. to the sch. and McKenzie Class. Quart. 21 (1927): 206 'thick, loud, violent', to � ouAO<; 2). -
oupa

1127

god and connected with 011.0<; (whence An. 'OALO<; in Lindos; cf. on 011.0<;). On � oUAa
OiiAO<; 4 [m.] 'sheaf of corn', secondarily 'song to worship Demeter' (Ath. 14, 618d); OUAOL· opawaTa 'sheaves' (H.). -
OUVeKU, -KeV [reI. adv., conj.] 'wherefore, because of which, for the reason that' (ll.), as a preposition 'because of = EV£Ka (mostly Att. poetry, Herod.). - £K£LVOUV£Ka (vel sill.) by false division. oiivov

.VAR OUV£L . ETYM Ace. to Mayer Acme 14 (1961): 233ff., it was borrowed from Eg. wny (cf. Copt.

•

OU(£)LVL) 'to run'. See � £pLOUVT]<;.

, ovpa [f.] 'tail' (ll.), later often metaph. 'rear (guard) (X., Plb.). - Att. oppo<;). Note 0Ir. err [f.] 'tail' < lE *h,ers-h2-.

1128

oupavo<;

The form oupaxo<; is remarkable, with a suffIx that is probably Pre-Greek; here again there are the parallels with -ax-, -lX-, -uX- (cf. Chantraine 1933: 403). Even stranger is the form ouplax0<;, which has been considered to be a metrical licence (there is no other word in -lax0<;). One might suppose, therefore, that the preceding consonant was palatalized, i.e. -rsY-; cf. Beekes 2008. This might lead to the conclusion that the word for 'tail' is Pre-Greek (unless one concludes that oup(l)axo<; is not cognate with the tail-word). See � oppo<;. ovpavo<; [m.] 'heaven, sky' (n.), also personified (Hes.). � PG?, IE? *uors-o - 'rain'� VAR Dor. Boeot. wpavo<;, Aeol. wpavo<;, opavo<; (both probably for opp-, see below). .COMP Often as a first member, e.g. oupav(j�f1�K'1<; 'sky-high' (e 239); in hypostases ; like £7t-oupavLO<; 'in the sky' (ll.). .DER 1. Diminutive oupavlaKo<; [m.] 'tent-roof, palate' (Hell.), also name of a constellation (sch.); 2. oupav-LO<; 'heavenly' (Pi., lA), -1<; [f.] (AP); -la [f.] name of one of the Muses (Hes.); 3. Oupav-Iwve<; (ewI) [m.pl.] 'the heavenly (gods)' (Horn., Hes.), also 'the Titans' (E 898; from Oupavo<;); -10'1<;, Dor. -10a.<; 'son of Ouranos', plur. 'the Titans', also 'the heavenly' (Hes., Pi.); 4.0upav-la<; [f.] 'game to worship Ourania' (Sparta); 5. oupav-I�w or -1�OflUl 'to go up high' (A. Fr. 766 M.), -la�w 'to toss up high' (H. s.v. oupavlav), -ouaeUl 'to become deified' with -WaL<; (Eust.). .ETYM As the Aeolic variation wp-, 6p- probably stands for geminated 6pp-, the basis is likely to have been *(F)opaavo<;, accented like 6p
oupa�, -ayo<; [f.] Att. name of the bird TeTpl� (Arist.). � PG� .ETYM The suffIx occurs in Pre-Greek, and it has parallels with three Pre-Greek vowels: -uy- -ly- (with long vowel, as appears often in Pre-Greek); see Chantraine 1933: 397, and cf. �AaTU�. This means that the word is Pre-Greek and probably has nothing to do with the word for 'tail'. Cf. �oupa. ovptw [v.] 'to urinate' (Hes., lA). � IE *uers- 'urinate'� .VAR Ipf. £oupouv, aor. oup�aUl, fut. -�aw, -�aoflUl, perf. £ouP'1Ka.

oupo<; 2

1129

.COMP Also with prefixes like £v-, £�-, npoa-, KaT-. .DER (£�-, cm-)oup'1aL<; [f.] 'micturition', -'1T�p [m.], -�epa, Ion. -'1 'urethra', -'1fla

[n.] 'urine', -'1TlKO<; 'urinating frequently, promoting urine' (Hp., Arist.); also as back-formation oupov [n.] 'urine' (Hdt., Hp., Thphr.), together with ouaoupew [v.] 'to have difficulties with micturition', -la [f.] 'difficult micturition' (medic.) as if from *8Ua-oupo<;. From oupov or oupew: oupav'1 [f.] 'chamber-pot' (A. Fr., S. Fr.) = OUP'1T�p (Poll.). .ETYM Iterative formation *uors-eie!o- from the primary root present seen in Skt. var?ati 'to rain' < lE *uers-e/o- and YAv. aif3i.varasta- 'rained upon'. It is a euphemistic expression for � 6fl£lXw; cf. � oupavo<; and � epa'1' The cluster -rs- lost its s with compensatory lengthening when followed by the accent. Lat. ur'ina goes back to *uh,-r- (Skt. var- [n.] 'water', ON ur [n.] 'drizzle'), and therefore cannot be connected. See CEG 1 (RPh. 70, 1996): 117f. oupia [f.] name of a duck-like waterbird (Alex. Mynd. apud Ath. 9, 395e). �?� .ETYM Unclear. It cannot be combined with the word for 'water' in Lat. ur'ina, etc.; see on � oupew. ovpoi [m.pl.] 'trench or keel-furrow, through which ships are pulled into the sea' (only B 153). � IE *uo ru- o - 'drawer', *uerH-u- 'draw'� .ETYM Formerly, words mentioned s.v. � opo<; 'frontier, etc.' were connected, but also � 6puaaw 'to dig'. Recently, however, Garcia Ramon 2004 (see also DELG Supp.) has analyzed OUpOI as an agent noun *uoru-o- built on the same root as epuw 'to drag', illustrating the etymology with examples from Homeric phraseology. oupov 1 [n.] 'urine'. =>oupew. oupov 2 [n.] in oupov (-a) �fllOVOlLV (-vwv) (e 124, K 351) and OlaKou oupa ('¥ 431, OlaKoupa '¥ 523) as a measure oflength. � ?� .VAR Later only oupa (A. R. 2, 795). .ETYM Because the concrete meaning is unknown, the word has no certain explanation. Wackernagel 1955(2): 1082 supposed that oupa was originally a collective plural of oupo<; 'frontier, furrow' (or to OUpOI?, Frisk adds), from which the singular oupov was an innovation. Details in Bechtel 1914: 261f. oupo<; 1 [m.] 'fair wind' (ll.). � IE *hJer- 'arise'� .DER OUplO<; 'with a fair wind, favourable', also as an epithet of Zeus, � oupla (sc. nvo�) = oupo<; (lA); OUpl�W 'to carry with a fair wind' (trag.), OUplOW 'id.' (AP); often in hypostases like £noup-I�w 'id.', also intrans. 'to blow fairly, etc.' (Att.); cf. En-oupo<; 'blowing fairly' (S.). .ETYM May be derived from the root *hJer-, extended *hJer-u-, in � OpVUflUl, � 6pouw starting from a pre-form *orwo-. Att. OUplO<; must then be a Homerism or lonism. , oupo<; 2 [m.] 'watcher, guard(ian) (ll.); in Horn. almost only in oupo<; AXUlWV, epithet of Nestor. � IE *uer- 'observe'� .VAR Myc. wo-wo /worwos/.

1130

olipoC; 3

.COMP Cret. oupeuw [V. ] 'to watch, guard' with oupela [n.pl.] 'fortress' (IlIa), wpela (1"); opeU£lV' opOC;. olipoe; 4 [n.] 'mountain'. =>opOC;. ote; [n.] 'ear', metaph. 'handle' (11., lA). � IE *h2eus-, *h2e/ous-n- 'ear'� .VAR 0lov, � evwTlov. ETYM The nominatives olic;,
•

olnaw

1131

onOe;. The n-stem continued by these forms is also found in Arm. un-kn (with -kn after akn 'eye'; cf. on the Greek vocalism above) and in Gm., e.g. Go. auso, ausins. However, n-stems were highly productive in Germanic, which excludes them as evidence for the original flexion. To summarize, the Homeric instances may show a trace of an original root noun *h2ous (represented in Lith. gen.pl. ausij), while the rest of the Greek forms (including OAtt. OL:) may have been built on the n-stem *h20us-n-, which need not be inherited (though note the Armenian parallel). Other notable forms are the old duals Av. usi < lE *h2us-ih, with zero grade, OCS uS-l < lE *h2eus-ih" On the reconstruction of the initial laryngeal, see Beekes Sprache 18 (1972): 123f.; extensive treatment of olic; and derivative compounds in Szemerenyi SMEA 3 (1967): 47-88. Perhaps related are � CtKOUW, � CtKpoaoflaL. ouota [f.] 'property, homestead; being, presence, existence, reality, substance' (Att.). � IE *h,s-ont- 'being'� .VAR Ion. -IT], Dor. wala. COMP Often with prefIx (from lin-elfll, etc.), e.g. Ctn-, e�-, fleT-, nap-, auv-ouata, -IT] (mostly Att.). Coai'pounds e�-ouaLOC; 'bereft of property' (Ph.), lJ1Tep-OUaLoC; 'above being', fleT-OUaLOC; 'below being' (Them., comm. Arist., ete.). .DER oua-loLOv [n.] 'small property', -lOTT]C; [f.] 'nature'; -lWOT]C; 'substantial, real' (Epicur.), -laKoc; 'belonging to property'; verbs auv-ouaLa�w [v.] 'to be together', e� oUaLa�w 'to have power' (since IVa; oUaLa�w only PMag. Lond.), whence auVOUaL aaT�C; [m.] (PI., X.), -aaTlKOC; (Ar.) etc.; OUaL-OW, -OOflaL 'to provide (be provided) with substance', auv- 'to be connected to something' with (auv-)oualwaLC; (late). .ETYM Abstract formation in -la from the pte. toV, oliaa, OV (cf. the pair yepouala : y£pwv). On this was modeled Dor. wala, but also eaa[a on Dor. Aeol. eaaa [f.], eVTec; [pl.] (Pl. Cra. 401C); see also eaTw s.v. � dflL Suppositions on the formation in Collinge Glotta 49 (1971) . •

otoov [n.] 'ship's tackle, ropes' (Lyc. 20, Antim. 57 Wyss, H.), mostly plur. � ? � .ETYM von Wilamowitz Herm. 59 (1924): 273 compares aouaov (?). olmlw [v.] 'to harm, wound' (11., also trag.). � PG?� .VAR Present only ipv. OUTae (X 356); 3sg. OUT'!- (A. Ch. 640 [lyr.] conj. Hermann); more frequent is the present oUTa�w; aor. OUT-aaaL, -�aaL, -T]e�VaL, fut. -aaw, -�aw, pret. 3sg. oliTa, inf. OUT-aflev(aL), pte. -aflevoc;, perf. pass. oUTaaTal. .DER li-OUTOC;, CtV-OuTaToc; 'unwounded', ve-ouTaToc; 'newly wounded' (11.), later also -T]TOC; (Nie., Nonn.). CtV-OUTT]TI [adv.] 'without wounding, without wounds' (X 371, Q. S.). .ETYM Athematic oliT-a, -aflev(aL), -afl£voc;, which certainly function as aorists, should probably be considered to be the common basis of the above forms. Thence OUTae and (if correctly restored) OUT'!-, together with OUT-�aaL, -T]e�VaL, -�aw on the one hand, and the s-aorist OUT-aaaL, whence in turn -aaw, -a�w, -aaTaL. See Chantraine 1942: 356, 380, 41Of.; on the use in Horn., see Trumpy 1950: 92ff. Morphologically and etymologically unclear. Often connected with � wTelA� (oUTafl£vT]v WT£lA�V B 518, P 86) and with � aaw. Already Meister 1921: 229 had

r< "' !

1132

oun8avo<;

thought of Pre-Greek ongm, which seems to be the best solution, by the interpretation of <.lrr£LA� as a variant. A root of the shape *h3u(a)th2- (e.g. Peters 1980a: 60ff.) is impossible for PIE. oirrlC5av6� [adj.) 'worthless, insignificant' (ll., also A. rh. 361).
oirro� [pron.dem.) 'this, this one, that one, iste' (ll.).
•

. • •

ocpelAw [v.) 'to owe, be obliged, be due' (lA, also ll.).
<.·'' "' 1133 OCPEAAW 1 'to owe'. =>OcpdAW. OCPEAAW

2

[v.) 'to increase, enlarge, augment, advance' (epic, Pi., A., Theoe.).

*h3bhel- 'increase, aug):nent'�

VAR Aor. opt. 0CPEAA£[f;V (IT 651, � 334), beside which the ambivalent forms OcpEAAWatV (A 5lO), OcpeAA� (V) (B 420, Theoe. 25, l20), WcpeAAe (11 174) . .DIAL Myc. no-pe-re-a2 Inophelehal 'useless' [nom.pl.n.) < *1:J-h3bhel-es-h2. .COMP Also with £�- (0 18). .DER OcpeA-fla [n.) (5. Fr. lO79), -flo<; [m.) (inscr. Lydia) 'increase, advantage', -atflo<; 'advantageous, useful' (Call., Orph., Opp.), after XP�-, OV�-atfl0<;; also OcpEAAlflo<; 'id.' (Max.) with direct connection to OcpEAAW . OcpeAO<; [n.) 'promotion, use, advantage, gain' (ll.); as a second member in e.g. uv WcpeA�<; 'useless' (lA), replacing *VWcpeA�<; seen in Myc. (see above); secondary simplex ocpeA�<; (pap. lIP); 'OcpeAEa-T'l<; [m.) PN (ll.); 'OcpEA-av8po<; [m.) (VI") perhaps after AAE�-av8po<; (Sommer 1948: 198). Denominative (with w- from the compounds) WcpeAEW [v.) 'to be of use, help, support' (lA), whence -l'l, -la, secondary -£La [f.) 'use, help' (lA), -'lfla [n.) (trag.), -'lat<; [f.) (5.) 'benefit, use', -�atfl0<; [adj.) 'useful' (5., Ar.); much more common is WcpEAlflo<; 'id.' (Att.), probably from WcpeAtW, -la. More details in Leumann 1950: l2off. with an attempt to explain the lengthening of the initial vowel. Hamp Glotta 60 (1982): 229f. thinks that WcpeAEW was extracted from the negative compound Mye. no-pe-re-a2 /nopheleha/. .ETYM The old verbal noun OcpeAO<; is widespread in Greek. Beside it stands a yod present OCPEAAW < * OcpeA-1W, and an s-aorist OcpEAAeleV with Aeolic development of *ocpeA-a-. The form ocpeAo<; can be directly identified with Arm. *awel in awel-i 'more' and the denominative y-awel-um 'to add to', in ar-awel 'more' and ar-awel-um 'to increase': all are from an IE root *h3bhe1-. It is mostly agreed that � OCPEAAW 3 contains the same root as the present lemma, since Armenian also has this meaning; various scholars also believe that � OcpdAW derives from the same root as well (see e.g. De Lamberterie 1992, of which a summary is found in DELG Supp.) . However, opinions differ on the semantic scenario to be proposed for Greek (is 'increase' or 'sweep' primary?); see the discussion in Clackson 1994: 156-158. •

OCPEAAW 3 [v.) 'to sweep, broom' (Hippon. 51).
1134

.COMP Often as a second member, e.g. !l0v-o'-(m)-. Here the labiovelar could become a labial, but the labial element could also be ignored, which yielded OKT-. Aspiration was not phonemic in Pre-Greek, hence the variant 0
•

O
•

'

O
1135

several islands (Antim., Arist.), of a plant (Plin.); -laKo<; 'belonging to snakes', Ta OO
o
OHG brawa [f.] 'eyebrow', wint-prawa 'eyelash', which belong with OS braha 'id.' to OE brcew [m.] 'eyebrow', ON bra [f.] 'eyelash'. The root noun was extended as an n-stem in ON brun, while ToB piirwane [du.] may contain the regular dual ending in this language. An extension with dental is found in Av. bruuat-biiqm [dat.pl.f.], Mlr. bruad [gen.du.] , and in a�pof)'w;· o
•

6XEW, -toflaL [v.] 'to carry, bear, endure, sustain', 'to let mount or ride', 'to anchor' (Od., E. Hel. 277) ; more frequent in med. 'to drive, ride, swim, be at anchor' (ll.). � GR� .VAR Aor. and fut. (not in Att. prose) act. oX�-am (Call.), -aw (A., E.), med. -aaoBm, -aoflm (Horn.), pass. -e�vm (Hp.). .COMP Also with prefix, especially en-ox£oflm. DER 1. 0X-eTo<; [m.] (from 0X0<;?) 'canal, furrow' (Pi., lA) together with -eTEUW 'to conduct by a canal', whence -eTEla, -£TEUfla, ete.; 0XeT-'lY0<; 'drawing a canal' (<1> 257) ; 2. 0XeTAa' 0X�flaTa (H.); 3. 0X-'lf.la [n.] 'vehicle', also metaph. (Pi., lA) with -'lflaTLKo<;; 4. -'lOL<; [f.] 'driving, riding' (Hp., Pl.). .ETYM The middle is an iterative of .. EXW 2 'to carry, offer' (Schwyzer: 717) ; the meaning 'to drive, ride, transport' is old; cf. especially Lat. veho, ete. The rarer active forms can also be understood from this meaning, but in some instances, the •

1137 meaning of the active has shifted by influence of .. EXW 1 'to hold, possess, etc.': note 0x£ovTa<; o'((uv (T] 211) beside novov T' extfl£v Kat O'((UV (N 2, e 529) . See " OX0<;, .. OXAO<;. 6XOtw [v.] 'to cherish resentment, get angry or wrathful'. � GR� .VAR Only aor. ptc. oXe�aa<; and 3Pl. wXeT]aav (Horn.), fut. oXe�aw (Q. S.), 0xed· OT£vn, aTEvu(£L 'to wail, sigh, groan' (H.); cf. 0Xeiiaem· ano TOU oXeT]. ol yap OTtVOVT£<; eauTou<; fleTEWpl(OUOLV 'from oXe'l; for the wailing elevated themselves' (H.); enlarged oXe-i(w (Opp. H.), npoa-oXe-l(w, -iam, -LW, -WXeLKa (LXX) . DER OXeT]OL<;' eopu�o<;, Tupax0<; 'noise, agitation' (H.), npoaoXeLa-fla [n.] 'displeasement, object of indignation' (LXX), npoaoXeLafl0<;' npoaKpouOL<;, OELvonUena 'offence, exaggerated complaint' (H.), etc. .ETYM Probably a causative or iterative-intensive oHXeoflm, EXeW (see .. EXeO<;), like
OXOTJ [f.] 'high and rocky edge by the water, bank, shore' (ll.). � PG?(v)� .VAR Usually plur. -m. .DER oXeo<; [m.] 'height, hill' (Ion. since h. Ap. 17) , 'hunch, outgrowth, tubercle' (medic.) with oXe-T]p0<; 'hilly' (Hell.), -woT]<; 'full of outgrowth, tuberculous' (D. H., medic.). .ETYM Seems to display a suffIx like in flOXeo<;, �poXeo<;, ete., but the connection with EXW 'to hold' is semantically unconvincing. Cf. further .. EUOXeO<;, -two Fur.: 110, ete. compare aKT� 'promontory, edge', which would point to a Pre-Greek word with obvious variations . 0XOOlPOC; [m.] 'purple stripe or edge of a chiton' (Ar., Pherecr.); 'tuft neckband' (Att. inscr.); cf. Kretschmer Glotta 16 (1928) : 169. � PG� .ETYM Technical word with a suffIx -�- like in " Koaufl�o<;, " KoAAa�o<;, etc. Connection with oXe'l 'high edge' seems possible. Cf. also ol�o<; (Luc. Lex. 3)?; ace. to Poll. TOU TpaX�Aou TOU �OO<; TO KUAALOTOV 'the best part of the neck of a bovine'. No doubt a Pre-Greek word; cf. Fur.: 321. 6XA£UC; .VAR -£W, -i(w. =OXAO<;. 0XAOC; [m.] 1. '(orderless) crowd, multitude, throng', plur. 'crowd, people'; 2. 'disturbance, perturbation, annoyance' (Pi., lA). � IE *uof-(s)lo-, *uef- 'drive, ride, transport'� .COMP 0XAo-KpaTia [f.] 'mob-rule' (Plb., Piu.), a-oXAo<; 'without disturbances, not disturbing' (Hp.) . .DER Adjectives 1. 0XA-T]P0<; 'bothersome, annoying' (lA) with -'lpia [f.] (LXX); 2. -LKO<; 'belonging to the crowd, mobbish' (Hell.); 3. -WO'l<; 'annoying' (lA), 'popular, common' (Piu.). Substantives 4. 0XAEU<;' floXA6<;, OTpO
Denominative verbs 5. O;xAEW 'to put in (rolling) motion, roll away' (
YAR 0Xfla�w, 0Xfl0C;. =>£Xw 1. oXOC; [m.] 'cart, carriage, vehicle'. ';! IE *uof!'-o-, *uef!'- 'carry, drive'� YAR Gender: msc. (Pi. O. 6, 24 [OKX0C;, see below], Hdt., A., etc.), often plur. -Ol (since h. Cer.); also ntr. plur. 0XW, -Wepl (Horn., Pi.). .ETYM Old verbal noun from FEXW 'to carry' (see � £XW 2) , 0X£oflUl 'to drive', thus from *F6xoC; (on the loss of the F- in Horn., see Chantraine 1942: 125) , and identical [m.] 'wagon', lE *u6f!'0-. The e-vocalism expected in with Slav. words like OCS

ox!!a

•

•

VOZ7:>

an s-stem is preserved in £XWepl' uPflaow 'with carts' (H.); 0XW is modeled on 0X0C;, °X£oflUl. The forms *F6xoc; and [F]6xw correspond to Skt. vahas- [n.] 'vessel' (metaph. for the song of praise), vaha- [m.] 'draught animal', as well as 'vessel', Av. vaza- [m.] 'draught animal' (would be Gr. oXOC;). A derivation in -n- with the same meaning was formed in the Western languages: OIr. fen 'kind of wagon' < lE *uef!'-no-, OHG wagan 'wagon' < lE *uof!'-no-; a suffix *-t1o- is used in Lat. vehicu1um [n.] 'vessel', Skt. vahi-tra- [n.] 'ship', and appears also in 0XETAa· 0X�flaTa (H.). The geminate in OKX0C;, OKX£W (Pi.) is unexplained. Cf. � oX£w, � OXAOC;, and � YUlaoxoc;.

0XVT) =>0yxv'l' oxupOC; =>exup6c;.

*Oljl l [f.] 'voice, sound, word' (ll.). ';!IE *uekw- 'speak'.� .YAR Only in ona, -6c;, -L .COMP On � Eupuona, see s.v. DER On � o(ma [f.] , see s.v. •

L

L

OljlOV

1139

.ETYM A root noun from lE *uokw-s. Lat. vox has a long vowel, which must stem from the nom.sg. Skt. has vak, acc. vacam pointing to a paradigm *uokws, *uokw-m. Besides these, there is an s-stem in � £noc;. Cf. � evon�. oljl 2, onoc; [f.] 'eye, face'. =>onwna. oljlt [adv.] 'afterwards, after a long time, late (in the evening), too late' (ll.). ';!IE *h,e/op- 'on'� .YAR Oljll (Aeol., Lyr. Adesp. 57) . COMP Often Oljll- as a fIrst member (after aYXl-, � Pl-, etc.), e.g. Oljll-YOVOC; 'late arrival, younger' (ll., Hdt., Arist.); also oljl-, e.g. oljl-ap6-T'lC; [m.] 'who ploughs late' (Hes. Op. 490) . As a second member in an-OljlE (A. D.), KaT-oljlE (Alex. TraIl.) 'late (at night)', cf. KaT-omv, ano-npo, etc. .DER 1. oljll-alTEp0C;, -alTaTOC; (Att.), after naAalTEpoc;, etc. 2. Oljl-LOC; 'late' (Pi., Arist.) with OljllO-T'lC; [f.] (Thphr.), like npw'i-oc;; -lfloc; 'id.' (X., Hell.) , like npw'i-floc; (perhaps by reinterpretation of oljllfloc; 'visible' B 325) ; -LVOC; 'id.' (imperial period), after £W0l-v6C;, etc. 3. oljllxa· OljlE. Bu�avTlOl (H.), diminutive like oaa-lX0C;, etc. 4. oljl la [f.] 'evening' (lA). 5. Oljl-l�w 'to be late, be overdue' (Lys., X.) with -Lafl6c; [m.] 'delay' (D. H.). .ETYM The fInal accented -£ in OljlE is unexplained. The form Oljll recalls UljIl 'in a high place', but it must in fact have spread from compounds with *Oljll-. We can therefore assume a basic form *oljl, which recalls � liljl and is identical with Lat. ops 'towards' (beside op, ob), e.g. in o(b)s-tendo. •

oljllavoc; [m.] of A[00C;, a black stone (Peripl. M. Rubr. 5, Plin. HN 36, 196 ntr.pl. obsiana). ';! LW Lat.� .ETYM Acc. to Pliny, it is named after a person called Obsius, who discovered it. oljldovn:C; [m.pl.] 'wishing to see' (3 37) , desiderative ptc. to onwna, etc. ';!IE?� .ETYM Hypothesis by Wackernagel KZ 28 (1887) : 141f£: from OljlEL [OVTEC;, whence the Horn. ind. oljlelW and the other post-Horn. desideratives in -aElw; hardly probable, acc. to DELG. See Schwyzer: 789 and Chantraine 1942: 453; see also Lindeman BSL 60 (1965) : 4M.

OljllC;

•

YAR OljlOflUl. =>onwna.

oljlov [n.] 'side-dish, especially meat'; in Athens and other places especially 'fIsh' (ll.).

. ';! � IE �� .COMP oljlo -nOlo c; [m.] 'cook' (lA), EU-OljlOC; 'rich of side-food, especially fIsh'

(middle corn.). oljl-apTU-T�C; [m.] 'cook' with -TlKOC;, -ala (corn.), back-formation oljlapTuw (Hell.) . DER Diminutive oljlaplOV [n.] (corn., pap.), MoGr. ljIapl 'fIsh'; oljl-wv-'lC; [m.] 'buyer or trader of side-dishes' (Ar. Fr. 503) together with -la, -£W (Critias, Ar.), -lOV [n.] "meant for buying oljlov", 'cash salary, wages' (Hell.) together with -la�w, etc.; borrowed as Lat. opsonium [m.] 'si.d e-food', opsonare (to oljlwv£w) together with -ator, re-borrowed as oljlwvaTWp, cf. WH s.v. •

1140

O\jlOV

:

rom the .ETYM Convincing analysis by Taillardat in DELG Supp.: thematicized -. The o\jlov w�s adverb *o\jl, reconstructed for 6\j1£ 'late' and O\jlL, and seen in Lat. a �s or bread. ThIs a supplementary dish, which was always eaten on top of e.g. gram parallels from suggests the comparison with Myc. a-pi. Taillardat adduces other same sense of a Greek for the use of a preftx Em- with verbs for eating, expressing the supplementary meal.

IT miyaoa [f.] . aupa. Kat nayaaa( 'door' (H.).
•

miyoupo<; [m.] '(edible) crab, Cancer pagurus' (Ar., Arist.).
1142

TIu80e;

TIu8oC; [n.] 'incident, experience, misfortune; emotion, passion; state, condition'. =>TIUOXw. l£UlUV -avoc; [m.] 'choral song, hymn', especially for Apollo, 'paean'; also personified as 'divine physician' (Horn.); epithet of Apollo, 'physician, savior'; also name of a foot (Arist., Heph.).
_

•

•

�

�

�

�

�

� �

�

�

�

l£UmuAl] [f.] 1. 'fine flour, flour dust' (Ar. Nu. 262, Apollon. Med.), 2. 'shrewd person, crafty person' (Ar. Nu. 260).
�

�

•

�

�

�

�

� �

� �

�

�

�

l£U1c;, l£alMc; [m., f.] 'child, boy, son, slave, servant', more rarely 'girl, daughter' (11.).
TIaL
1143

.COMP TIaLo-aywyoe; [m.] 'children's attendant, schoolteacher', a-TIaLe; 'childless' (lA), etc. .DER A. Nouns. Several hypocoristic diminutives, partly replacing TIme;: 1. TIaLO-tOV [n.] (lA), - loTlle; [f.] 'childhood' (Aq.), - lwolle; 'childish' (D. H.). 2. diminutive TIaLO taKoe; [m.], more usually -taKll [f.] (Att.), - laKl-WpOe; [m.] (Sparta) 'guard of girls'?, - laKuplov (Hell.), - laK£loc; (IV'), - laK£lOV 'brothel' (Ath.). 3. TIaLO-UplOV (Att.) 'little boy', -aptaKOe; (HId.), -apt8tov (gloss.), -apl� flaTa· TIaL06.pla 'little boys' (H.), -aptwv (H.), -aplWolle; 'childish' (Pl., Arist.), -aplKOe; 'belonging to slaves' (pap. VIP), -aplEUoflaL [v.] 'to behave childishly' (Aristox.). 4. TIU·LAAOe; 'male child' (Tanagra). 5 . TIaLO-ta 'childhood' (Hp.), -lU 'child's play, pleasantry, pastime' (Att.); -lwolle; 'playful' (Ion Hist., Arist.). 6. TIatyvlov [adj.] 'playful', -tll [f.] 'play'. B. Adjectives: 1. TIaLO-VOe; 'in infancy, childish' (Od., epic). 2. TIatO-£lOe;, -£l0e;, -�·LOe; 'childlike' (Pi., trag., Pl.); Ta -�·La name of a festival (Delph. V--IV'). 3. TIaLO-lKOe; 'concerning the child, childlike'; Ta TIaLOlKU 'dear' (B., Att.). 4. TIaLOOVe;, -ovaaa 'having many children, pregnant' (Call., Hp.). C. Verbs: 1. TIat�w [v.] 'to behave like a child, play' (Od.), also with £v-, e.g. £flTIatK Tlle;, -y-floe;, -y-flov� (LXX, NT), KaTa-, auv-, etc., aor. TIalaaL, analogically also TIal�al (Crates Corn., Ctes., Hell.), TIalY-fla 'play' (E.),
1144

nUlw

'shakes, leaps, stirs up', OtucpuacY£Lv' olucpulv£lv 'to show through', numu000u0U' nUVTl CPaLVOIl£vTj (B 450) 'completely clear' (H.). � ?� VAR Only present stem. .caMP Rarely with £K-, n£pl-. .ETYM Probably a reduplicated intensive present, but the uncertain meaning does not allow us to establish an etymology. See Tichy 1983: 309ff. for further suggestions. •

nalw [v.] 'to strike, hew, thrust, hit, bump' (lA, Cret.; relatively rare in Attic prose). � IE *ph2u-ielo-� VAR Boeot. n�w (Hdn.), aor. nU10aL, pass. naL08�vaL, fut. nUl0w, -�0W, perf. � n£naLKU, -01lUl. .caMP Often with prefix, e.g. nupu-, aVTl-, £v-, auv-, lJ1t£p-. .DER nULllu [n.] 'impression' (Crete), nupUnUt01luTU [pl.] 'attacks of madness' (Oenom.), nupulnaLllu, nupuKon� 'frenzy' (H.); aVUnaL-0TOe; 'struck back', [m.] 'anapest' (com., Arist.); £llnaL-mOe; 'embossed, coined', -01lU [n.] 'embossment' (Delos 11"). -0TlK� T£XVTj 'the art of embossing' (Ath.); back-formations £llnaL-Oe;, np60naL-Oe; (to £11-, np00-nulw) 'bursting in, suddenly' (A.). .ETYM All Greek forms are based on the present nulw. Cognate forms: Lat. pavio, -ire 'to thump, pound, strike' « *ph2u-ie/o-), Lith. pjauti 'to cut' (3S. pjauna), Latv. plaut 'to mow, harvest' < *peh,u- (or *pjeh2-u-). LIV2 follows Hackstein 1992: 161 and reconstructs a pres. *pi(e)h2-u-ielo-, which would have lost the first *j due to dissimilation (LIV2) or simple phonetic loss (Hackstein). The development may have been *pih2u-j- > *ph2u-j-, the absence of laryngeal metathesis being due to the following *j instead of a stop. Perhaps connected with the group ofToB pyakar [JPl.] 'they struck down', Gr. � mUtW 'to hit', ToAB putk- 'to divide', Lat. putare 'to prune (trees)'. •

naA
•

nUAU00W

1145

[f.] 'aging' (Hp., LXX, Str.), -WllaTU [pl.] 'antiquity' (LXX). Compar. nUAul-T£poe;, -LaTOe; (Pi.), also nUAaL6-T£pOe; ('If 788), -TUTOe; (Pl.). .ETYM Formation like XUllul, nuput, except for the accent. A frozen case-form, perhaps originally a dative. The Mycenaean form precludes a labio-velar, and points to *plh2-ei; see Chadwick Glotta 54 (1976): 68-70. Thus, the earlier connection with � T�A£ 'far away, far' < *kw_ must be abandoned.

naAalw [v.] 'to wrestle, survive a wrestling match' (11.). � ?� VAR Aeol. -aLIlL, Boeot. -�w (Hdn. Gr.); aor. -UL0aL, -aL08�vaL, fut. -uI0w. .caMP Also np00-, KUTU-, 0UV-. .DER 1. IIuAulllwv, -ovoe; [m.] 'wrestler', only as the name of a sea-god and an epithet of Heracles (E., Call., Lye., inscr.); from 'wrestler' were derived nUAaLllov-£W [v.] 'wrestle' (Pi.) and nUAaL(0) 1l0-mJVTj 'art of wrestling' (Hom., Simon.). 2. nUAaL-0IlU 'wrestling, bout in wrestling, trick' (lA), 3. -me; [f.] 'prize fight' (Ptol.); 4. -m�e; 'wrestler', fighter' (8 246), -0TlK6e; 'belonging to wrestling, to the wrestler' (Arist.); 5. -0TPa. [f.] 'wrestling school, gymnasium, arena' (lA) with -0TptOtOV, -mpLT'le;, -0TplK6e;, -0TplULOe;. The noun nUATj [f.] 'wrestling, wrestling match' (11.) is a backformation, hence aVTI-nuAoe; [m.] 'rival, opponent' (Pi., lA), oU0-nuA�e; 'hard to beat' (Pi.; with transition to the s-stems) et al. Similarly, oLumlA-Tj [f.] (PIn.) from Otu-nUAUtW (Ar., Ph.). .ETYM One could derive 'wrestle' from 'rock, sway', and connect nUAulw with � nUAAw, for which a root *plh,- has been suggested. Gr. nUAulW may be a recent enlargement of a stem *nuAu- (cf. K£PUtW : K£PU-0aL), but there is no way to arrive at a sequence nUAu- from a preform *plh,-. Alternatively, one could connect nlAvUllaL 'to approach' < *plh2- (semantics: 'to make close contact' > 'wrestle'), and posit a zero-grade verbal formation *plh2-e- > nuAu-. However, since no synchronic traces of such a verbal stem remain, this remains hypothetical. •

naAnuAAw. 7taAaOow [v.] 'to besprinkle, stain, taint' (11.). � ?�

naAaaT� YAR Fut. inf. naAa�£flEV, perf. pte. nEnaAaW£VOe;, plpf. nE1t(lAaKTo. COMP £fl-naMaaOflaL 'to be tampered, be entangled' (Hdt., Th.), £flnaM�aL· £flnAe�aL 'to entwine' (H.), with £flnaAcfYflaTa [pl.] 'entanglements, embracements' (A. Supp. 296) . DER miAa�le; [f.] 'sprinkling' 'priming' (Epid. lIP). .ETYM Possibly connected with � nuAAw 'to swing', though this verb itself has no certain etymology. One would have to posit a Proto-Greek root *pal- with the suffIx -uaaw, also found e.g. in � aTaAUaaW, aifluaaw, et al.

•

•

•

=

naAaO"Ttl [f.] 'surface of the hand, breadth of four fingers' (lA).
•

naAEuw [v.] 'to act as a decoy, lure into, tempt' (Ar. Av., Ph., PIu.).
•

naATJ 1 [f.] 'wrestling match'. =>naAaLw. nUATJ 2 [f.] 'fine flour, fine dust' (Hp., medic., Pherecr.).
1147

.ETYM Has been derived from nUAAw 'to swing, rock' 'to sieve flour', which is conceivable but not compelling. Alternatively, one could connect nUAll with Lat. pollen 'flour, powder' < *pol(H)-, Gr. � nohoe;, Lat. puis, -IUs 'kind of porridge' < =

*polt-.

naAlv [adv.] 'backwards, reverse; again; anew' (11.).
naAloUpOe; [m.] plant name, 'Christ's thorn, Paliurus australis' (Thphr., Theocr.).
naAAlx[ap [n.] . nEflflunov n napa AUKwm 'small cake (Lacon.)' (H.).
oETYM DELG suggests a compound of nav and A£(Xw (after Bourguet 1927: 1481) , but it may rather be a Pre-Greek word. nUAA1JTU� [?] opyuv ov �uauv lo-r� p lov 'instrument of torture' (H.). oETYM From nav and � AUw?

mlAAw [v.] 'to sway, rock, draw lots', med. 'to vault', also 'to jump, hop'. Gr. nUAA-£/o- (with similar phonetics as in �UAAW), and a reduplicated aorist *pe plh,-e/o- > n£1tuA-£/o-. This analysis is possible in theory, but note that there is no independent evidence for nUAAw continuing a nasal present. Thus, everything remains uncertain. Alternatively, we could be dealing with a different, Proto-Greek stem *pal-, to which nUAuvw and nUAuaaw could belong as well. The appurtenance of nOA£llo<; is semantically uncompelling. The noun nUAo<; is probably deverbal, as the meaning suggests. See � nuAu(w. mIAflu�, -uc')o�, -uv [m.] 'king' (Hippon., A. Fr. 437 of a Trojan (N 792) .
=

623 M., Lyc., AP 15, 25) , also PN

mlAo<; [m.] 'lot'. =>nuAAw. naAo� [m.] 'gladiator'.
I I

1149

oETYM Either a direct derivative of � nUAll 2 'fine flour' or from an unattested u-stem

*pal-u- 'flour'.

nUfln�c')'1V [adv.] 'wholly, throughout', = nUllnuv (Thgn., A., S.). A£uaaw 'to look'. Fur. 161 eq��tes nUllcpuA6.w with numuA6.o llm 'to look around' (Lyc.), assuming Pre-Greek ongm.

�

1tUflcpl [adv.] nuVTu1tu
I1uv [m.] pastoral god from Arcadia (h. Hom., Pi., Hdt.).
oVAR Case forms I1u-vo<;, -Vl; I1uOVl (Arc. VP); plur. I1av£<; (Ar.).

'

oDER 1. Diminutive I1uvlaKo<; (Cic.); 2. IIUVlO<; 'belonging to Pan' (A. Fr. 98 = 143 M.), -l�V [n.] 'sanctuary of Pan' (Epid. lIP), -£lOV [n.] 'id.' (Str.), Ta IIUV£lU 'festival of Pan (Delos lIP), fem. IIUVlU<; (Nonn.); 3. I1UVlKO<; 'id.' (Hell.); 4. IIUVlUaTal m.pl.] 'worshippers of Pan' (Rhod., Perg.; like AnoAAwvlumu( etc.; IIUVlaTal conj. m Men. Dysc. 230) ; 5. nuv£uw 'to treat in the manner of Pan' (Heracl. Paradox.). oETY� Often �dentified with Skt. PU$an- [m.] 'god who protects and augments the herds , assummg an IE ablauting paradigm *peh2us- (> PGr. *pauh-on- > IIuv) / *ph2us- (> Skt. PU$-an-) , derived from PIE root *peh2- 'to protect'. Doubts by Mayrhofer E WA ia 2 s.v.

�

1tuvc')oup�, -c')oupu [f.] three-stringed lute (Euph. apud Ath. 183f., Poll.).
1150

mxvoc;

changed to navST]p by folk-etymological association with nav 'all' and S'lpaw 'to hunt'. See Fur.: 19033• nav6c; [m.] 'torch' (A. Ag. 284 [codd. cpav-], S. Fr. 184, E. Ion 195 and 1294 [codd. mav-], Men.). � PG? (v) � ETYM Unexplained. Fur.: 318 thinks the word may be Pre-Greek because of the variant with m-. navoi!S( (-El) [adv.] 'rushing in collectively or jointly, with the entire army' (Th., •

Pherecr., X.). � GR� VAR Also na00-. .DER -o(n (11., A. R.), -o(q. (E., X.) 'id.', also u8La�w [v.] 'to assemble' (Cyme; imperial period). ETYM Compound of nav and � OEUOllaL (aor.3sg. aUTO), with the adverbial suffIx -0(, etc. •

•

navu ==>naC;. rca� [adv.] 'enough, well' (Men., Diph., Herod.). � GR� .ETYM Probably from � n�yvu!-!l, nay�vUl, with adverbial -s like in � ana�. rca�a!la<; [m.] 'biscuit'. � ?� .DER na�alllTT]C; , na�alll8Lov (Gal.). .ETYM Allegedly from the name of a baker, rrcl�all0C; (Gal., Suid.). narcai [adv.] exclamation of pain and astonishment (lA). � ONOM� VAR On the accent see Hdn. Gr. 2, 933 · DER nanUla� (Ar., E., Luc.); redupl. nananana'i (Ar. Th. 1191) . ETYM Nursery word. •

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•

nanml [m.voc.] 'papa!' (� 57, etc.) � ONOM� VAR Accus. -av. COMP npo-nannoc; 'great-grandfather, proavus' (Att.), £nl-nannoc; 'greatgrandfather, abavus, forebear in general' (Jul., Lib., Poll.). .DER nannoc; 'grandfather, ancestor' (lA), 'down (on seeds, on the chin)', name of an unknown bird; nann-q,oc; 'ancestral' (Ar.), -lKOC; 'id.' (pap. lIP), -woT]C; 'fluffy' (Thphr.). Denominatives Ttann-a�w (E 408, Q. S.), -l�W (Ar.) [v.] 'to say papa, call papa', -aall0C; [m.] 'calling out "papa'" (Suid.); hypocoristic nann-la, -lOlOV (Ar.). Fully inflected: nanac;, -av, -q. (Hell.) . ETYM Reduplicated nursery word •

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•

nanpa�, -aKOC; [m., f. ] name of a fish in the Thracian lake Prasias (Hdt. 5, 16). � PG? (S) � .ETYM Has been connected with nEpKT] 'perch', m:pKvoc; 'spotted', or explained as onomatopoeic after the supposed sound of the fish; cf. �a�pa�£lv 'to chirp'. The word may be Pre-Greek (suffIx -aK-). rcama(vw [v.] 'to look around, glance at sth.' (ll.). � PG?�

mxpaUTa, -T
•

naniJpo<; [m., f.] 'papyrus shrub, linen, paper' (Thphr., Dsc., pap.). � LW� .DER Diminutive namJp-lOV [n.] (Dsc.), -(E)WV [m.] 'bed of papyrus' (Aq., inscr.); -lVOC; [adj.] 'made of papyrus' (Delos lP, PIu., pap.), -lKOC; 'id.' (pap.), -WOT]C; (Gal., sch.). .ETYM Loanword of unknown origin. Note that Pre-Greek has a suffIx -up- . napa [adv., prep.] 'besides, by; from, next to, alongside, against' (11.). � IE *prh2-, *preh2- 'beside, by'� .VAR With gen., dat., acc. Also napa, epic also napal (IIapUl-�aTaC; in dial. inscr.), non-lA mostly nap. .DIAL Myc. pa-ro. ETYM Discussion by Garda Ramon 1997: 47-62. For Indo-European, he distinguishes *prh2- 'at the front, beside', with a loco *preh2-i, also *pr- 'id.' and *pres in npE0�uc;. Beside these, there is also a gen.-abl. *prh2-es > napoc;, and finally, *pro and *pro-h, 'to the front'. The words napal, nap, and napa are synonymous; napal may derive from *preh2-i with analogical *pr-. The word napa lost the meaning 'forward' to npo. See � napoc;, � nEpa, � nEpl, � nplv, � npo, and � npoc;. •

napayavS'l<; [m.] 'garment with purple border' (Lyd. Mag. 1, 17; 2, 4). � LW OP� .VAR napaywoac; (cod. napaywyac;) 'a Parthian garment' (H.). .DER napayauolov (POxy. 1026, 12; VP; Ed. Diocl.) . .ETYM A loanword from Old Persian; see R. Schmitt Glotta 49 (1971): 107-110. napaS£looc; [m.] 'enclosed park with animals' (X.), 'garden' (LXX, Hell., pap., inscr.), 'garden of Eden' (LXX), 'abode of the blessed, paradise' (NT). � LW Pers.� .ETYM Loanword from Av. pairi-daeza- [m.] 'enclosure', MIran. *pardez, MoP piilez 'garden'. Iranian *daiia- is cognate with Gr. � n:lX0C;, from the lE root *dhei{!'-. napaKAauo(eupov 'lover's complaint sung at his mistresses's door, serenade' (PIu.). � GR� .ETYM Univerbation of napa-, KAaU01C;, and Supa (Leroy 1969: 223-237). napaaayy'l<; [m.] Persian lengtlI measure (Hdt., X.). � LW OP� .ETYM From OP; cf. MP frasang, MoP farsang. The view that napa0ayy'lC; was used in the meaning 'liyyEAoC;' is probably due to a misunderstanding (Pearson on S. fr. 520). napauTa, -Ta [adv.] 'immediately' (Aesch., D).

1152

.ETYM From nap' almx TCx npcrYfla-ra. nupu,!,lM�w [v.] 'to spatter' (Hippon. 92 M.). .ETYM Masson cites Coppola, who adduced '!'[OE<;' ,!,laoE<;, ,!,aKaoE<; 'drops, drops of rain' (H.). See ",!,[�OflaL. nupc5uKo<; [adj.] 'wet, damp' (Archil., Semon., Ar. Pax 1148); nap-ra�ov Hov cod} uypavov. AaKwvE<; 'wetting' (?) (H.). � PG(v)� VAR V.ll. nop-, -OOKO<; . ETYM The variations a/o and oh show that the word is Pre-Greek. Fur. 241 further adduces lipow 'to irrigate' < *Ct-Fapow (Kretschmer Glotta 3 (1910-1912): 29f, Neumann 1961: 91); he also compares BasqueY-orms. •

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mipc5uAl<;, -10<;, -£w<; [f.] 'panther, leopard' (11.); also name of a fish of prey (Ael., Opp.), of a bird, perhaps 'red-backed shrike, Lanius' (Arist. [-AO<;], H.). � LW?� .VAR Also nopo-. COMP napOaA�-
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nupnul [f.pl.] 'cheeks' (11.). � IE *h2eus- 'ear'� VAR Rarely sing. -la (trag.), for - lU (cf. Ctyula[ to sing. -lU)? Aeol. napauaL [pI.] (Theoc. 30, 4 [cod. -aUAaL<;] , Hdn.). Furthermore nap�'iov [n.] (also plur. -a) 'cheek(s), bridle' (Hom.; Ceos va?). DIAL Myc. pa-ra-wa-jo [du.] 'bridle'? .COMP KaAAl-napnO<; (-110<;, -ElO<;) 'having fair cheeks' (11.), flaAo-napauo<; (Aeol.) = AEuKo-napELO<; (Theoc., H.; literally 'having apple-colored cheeks'), Eu-napao<; = EU napElo<; (Pi.) . DER 1. nap11't<;, - [00<; (-n<;, -ftoo<;) [f.] 'cheek' (trag., AP); 2. napEla<; (-l1'ia<;), - Mo<; [f.] 'cheek, cheek band' (Hell. epic, medic.); 3. napE[a<; (O
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TIClpvo'!'

1153

nup�opo<; [m.] '(horse) in the same harness' (11.), metaph. 'walking beside the track, irrational', also 'outstretched, sprawling' (through false interpretation of ll 471?). � IE *h2uer- 'bind, connect, hang'� .VAR Also -aopo<; (A. Pr. 363; v.l. -�-), -apo<; (Theoc. 15, 8), -wpo<; (Tryph., AP). .DER A rhythmic byform is nap11oplo<; 'driven out of course', of a ship (A. R.), 'irrational' (AP). Thence nap11op[aL [f.pl.] 'side-traces' (ll.), metaphorically 'outlying reaches of a river' (Arat. 600); nap11P[a (for -l1op[a?} flwp[a 'folly' (H.). .ETYM Verbal noun of nap-adpw; see .. CtE[pW 2 . nup8tvo<; [El 'virgin, girl, young woman' (ll.). � IE? *psteno- 'breast'� VAR Also napaEvo<; (Ar.). .COMP nap8Ev-onLna (A 385), see .. omnEuw; KaAAl-nap8Evo<; 'having fair virgins, of a beautiful virgin' (E.). .DER A. Nominal: 1. Diminutive nap8Ev-[aK11, -laKaplov (Hdn. Gr., gloss.); 2. nap8EvLO<; (analogical -ElO<;, -�'io<;) 'vestal' (11.); 3. -lK� [El 'maiden' (11.), -lKO<; 'vestal' (LXX, D. S.); 4. -lOV, -lKOV, -[<; names of several plants, 'artemisia' et al. (Hp., Dsc.); 5. -w011<; 'vestal' (St. Byz.); 6. -lavo<; 'born under the sign of Virgo' (Astr.); 7. -[a<; [m.] 'son of a maiden' (Arist., Str.); 8. -wv (-EWV AP, etc.), -wvo<; [m.] 'bower', usually the name of the temple of Athene nap8Evo<; (Att.). 9. nap8Ev[a (-da), -[11 'virginity' (Sapph., Pi.). B. Verbs: 1. nap8EVEUOflaL, -w (also with Ctno-, Ota-, EK-) [v.] 'to be a maiden, treat as a maiden' (Ion., A., E.), -EUfla [n.] 'maiden's work, son of a maiden' (E.), -EUat<; [El = -[a (Luc.), -da 'id.' (E.). 2. CtnO-nap8Evow [v.] 'to deflower' (LXX) . ETYM Klingenschmitt 1974 proposed a reconstruction *p[-steno- 'having protruding breasts', with a development of *-rst- to -p8-. The -0'- in Ar. is the Laconian development of 8. Though one might expect *pro- or *pra-, the development to PGr. *parsteno- is considered acceptable. For *steno-, cf. Skt. stana-, Arm. stin; however, note that the original form was probably *psteno-, as proven by YAv. fltana- 'breast', araduua-flnl- 'having firm breasts' < * -pstn-ih2•

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IIupvaO'(o)6<; [m.] mountain chain in Phocis (Pi., Od., Hdt.). � PG(s,v)� .VAR Epic Ion. -110'(0')0<;. .ETYM Acc. to ancient sources (St. Byz., EM. sch. A. R.), the older name of the mountain was Aapvaaao<;. It clearly contains a Pre-Greek suffix; note the interchange aa/a. Beekes JIES 37 (2009): 191-197 explains the phoneme aa/n from Pre-Greek *k>'. mipvo,!, [m.] 'grasshopper' (Ar.). � PG(v)� .VAR Aeol. Boeot. (Str. 13, 1, 64) nopvo'!', also KOPVO'!' (Str. l.c.), gen. -ono<;. We also find the variants npavw· CtKp[OO<; £[00<; 'kind of grasshopper', and Kapvo<;· flEyaA11 CtKp[<; 'big grasshopper' (both H., see Fur.: 344, 388) . .DER llapvomo<; (-n[wv) A.nOAAWV (Paus., Str.), who protects against grasshoppers; Kopvon[wv, gen. -wvo<;, epithet of Heracles in Oitaia (Str.); thence the Aeolic month name llopvomo<;, -n[wv (Cyme, Str:). Also KopvwmOE<;' KwvwnE<; 'gnats, mosquitos' (H.).

1154

napoLf·da

.ETYM The formation is reminiscent of opuO\jt, aKo.Ao\jt, and other animal names; -onis a Pre-Greek suffIx. Given the vacillation in the form of the word, it is unlikely that n- and K- are due to a simple dissimilation. Probably the word had an initial labiovelar stop in Pre-Greek, the labial element of which could have been lost before o. The 0 itself may reflect a after a labiovelar. nupOllllu [f.] 'proverb, saying' (Att., etc.), also 'incidental remark' (Herod. 2, 61), 'comparison' (Ev. fa.). <,!! GR� .DER napoq..llwo'l<; 'proverbial' (PIu.), -laK6<; 'id.', also name of a meter (PIu., Heph.); - lo.(oflat, -w [v.] 'to speak in proverbs' (Pl., Arist.). .ETYM An abstract from no.p-Olflo<; 'by the J:oad, neighbor' or nap' OLflov, o'(fl'lv; semantically unclear. Traditionally derived from olflo<; 'course, way', e.g. by H.: 'proverb which is spoken along the road' (cf. no.polflo<; 'neighbor', napolflwaavT£<; 'turned aside from the road'). Alternatively, one could derive it from � o'(fl'l 'song, tale'; see Frisk s.v. mipoc; [adv., prep.] 'before, sooner, previously'; prep. (+ gen.) 'before' (ll.). <'!! IE *prh2os 'before, earlier'� .DER no.pOl-e£(V) 'in front of, beforehand' (ll.), -T£POC; 'former, earlier' (ll.) , -TaTOC; (A. R.). .ETYM An adverb that can be traced back to PIE, probably deriving from an earlier gen.sg. in *-05. Cognates: Skt. puras 'in front of, before' (beside pura 'earlier'), Av. para 'in front, earlier'. The forms in napOl- have a locatival origin. See � no.pa, � n£pl, � np6, � np6c;, etc. napwal [f.pl.] 'sorrel' (Phot., Arist.). <'!! GR?, ?� .VAR nap6av, napouav, napauav [acc.sg.] . .COMP flaAo-napouav [adj.] 'white and sorrel-colored'. DER napwaloc; [adj.] (Call. Artemis 91, if correct). .ETYM It is assumed that the word is an Aeolism, and was derived from the snake name napdac; (s.v. � nap£lal); see Hoffmann & Debrunner 1954(2): §76. However, the variation of the vowels remains unexplained. •

mipwv, -wvoc; [m.] 'light ship' (Plb.). <'!! ?� VAR -wv LSJ. .ETYM No etymology. •

nac; [adj.] 'whole, all, every' (ll.). <'!! IE *ph2-ent- 'all'� .VAR fem. naaa (Cret. Thess. Arc. no.vaa, Aeol. nalaa), ntr. nav (Dor. Aeol. n&.v), beside m'iv-, a-nav, etc. .DIAL Myc. pa-te /pantes/ [nom.pl.], pa-to /pantos/ [gen.sg.] , pa-sa /pansa/ [nom.sg.f.] , pa-si /pansi/ [dat.pl.] ; ku-su-pa /ksumpans/, to-so-pa /tosospans/. ·COMP Very often as a first member nav-, e.g. nav-�flap 'all day' (v 31); more rarely naVTO-, e.g. navTo- flla�<; 'all-hateful' (A.), navTo-Kpo.TWP, -opOC; [m.] 'the Almighty' (LXX; older nay-KpaT�C;, see on � Kpo.TO<;). .DER navT-olo<; [adj.] 'various, manifold' (ll.), -00an6<; 'id.' (since h. Cer.); -oaf 'in all directions' (ll.), -OT£ 'always' (Arist., Hell.) , -axn, -axou, -ax6e£v, -ax6a£, etc.

miaaw

1155

'(from) everywhere, every way' (lA). � no.yxu, no.v-u 'altogether, very' (Att., also Ion.). .ETYM Gr. nac; < *navT-<;, with analogical nav « n&.v « *no.vT). Furthermore, we find a-mic; 'the whole' < *sm-pant-. The Myc. forms prove initial *p- (rather than *kW_), and enable connection with ToA puk, pont-, ToB po, pont- 'all' (Adams 1999: 402). The -u in � no.yxu and no.vu is unexplained. no.aUa6ul [v.aor.] 'to acquire'

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VAR no.aoflat [fut.] . =>m:naflal.

nuamiA'l [f.] 'fine flour, etc.' = nal1to.A'l, no.A'l (Ar. V. 91 [metaphor for a very small measure] , H., Phot., Suid.). <'!! ?� .COMP naanaA'l-cpo.yoC; 'eating naano.A'l' (Hippon.). .DER no.anaAo<; 'millet', naanaA£T'lC; 'grinding millet' (Gal.); PN IIaanaAac;. .ETYM Formation and origin unknown. It seems obvious to connect nal1to.A'l, but the relation is unclear. miaauAoc; [m.] 'plug, pin, peg' (ll.). <'!! PG� VAR Att. no.naAo<;. .DER Diminutive naaaaA-LaKoc; (Hp.) and -IOV (H.); -£uw (often with npoa-, also with ola-, KaTa-) [v.] 'to pin, hang up' (Hdt., Att.); instrument noun -£lOV (Plb., EM); -60flat [v.] 'to be provided with a peg' (sch.), npoa-naaaaA6w [v.] 'to pin' (Thphr.). Gr. no.aaa�, -UKO<; [m.] 'no.aaaAo<;' (Megar., Ar. Ach. 763), with derivatives -o.KlOV, -aKL(w (H.); naaao.plo<;, aTaup6c; 'stake, pole' (H.). .ETYM This word is usually derived from PIE *ph2k- 'stiff, hard', but this is improbable: a pin has not become stiff (like a peg of ice); it has been fastened or fixed to a wall or a pillar. The suffix -aA- is Pre-Greek and cannot be IE; the same goes for the suffIx -UK-; cf. n6pnu�, KVW8a�, etc. Hence, no.aaaAoc; is probably Pre-Greek •

(*pakY-al-) .

miaaw [v.] 'to strew, sprinkle' (ll.), also 'to weave' images 'into' a piece of cloth. <'!! ?� .VAR Att. no.nw (Ar.) , aor. no.a-at, -aaeat, naae�Vat (Att.) , perf. med. n£naaflat (LXX, A. R.). .COMP Frequently with prefix, e.g. KaTa-, e1tl- (npo-£1tl-, nap-£1tl-, npoa-£1tl-), ev (auv-£v-, nap-£v-, npoa-£v-) . .DER naa-T6c; [adj.] 'strewn, sprinkled' (Hp.), xpua6-naaTo<; 'gold-stitched' (A.), KaTo.-naaTo<; 'bestrewn, decorated (with figures)' (Ar.); naaT6<; [m.] 'knitted curtain, blanket, bridal bed', also 'bridal chamber' (Hell.); naaT6w 'to build a bridal chamber' (Aq.); (KaTo.-, enL-, 010.-, aUfl-)no.afla [n.] '(medicinal) powder' (Thphr., medic.); no.aTpla [f.] 'embroiderer' (sch.). .ETYM With a similar form and meaning, we find n�- in n� Kat n�v ent TOU KaTo.naaa£ Kat KaTano.aa£lv (H.); note especially e1tln�v cpo.pflaKov (inscr. Epid.) beside e1tl . . . cpo.pflaKa no.aa£v (E 900). Under a reconstruction *kwh2t- (ignoring the *e to which the Epidauric form points), it would be possible to connect Lat. quatia 'to shake' and PCl. *kWati- 'chaff, husks', ' which is almost identical with the glosses n�Tw' nLTUpa 'husks of corn', n'lThat·

1156

rrumUe;, -uOoe;

rrrruplvol apTOl. AUKWV£e; 'bran-like breads (Lacon.)' (H.). Perhaps related is Lat. qualus 'wicker basket', if from 'sieve'. Semantically good, but phonetically very uncertain is the comparison with ToAB kiit"- 'to strew' (which points to a root *KeT- and is usually connected with � OX10VTHll). 1taOTae;, -a6oe; [f.], often [pl.] 'annex, porch, atrium', also 'inner room, bridal chamber' (through association with � rramoe; 'bridal chamber'; Ion., Delph.). rruoow. 1taoXW [v.] 'to experience, undergo, suffer' (Il.).
1taTUyoe; [m.] 'clatter, crash, rattle' (11.).
rrUT�p

1157

1taTaVIl [f.] '(flat) dish' (Sophr. 13, Poll.).
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1taT£AAa [f.] 'large cup' (Poll).
rraTEo�al [v.] 'to dine, enjoy, eat and drink' (Hdt.).
*peh2-.

1taTEW [v.] 'to step, tread, enter, tread underfoot', 'to despise' (poet. since PL), 'to tread grapes, grain' = 'to press, thresh' (LXX, pap.).
rraTllP [m.] 'father' (Il.).
TCUTOe; 1 .DIAL Mye. pa-te . COMP Many compounds, e.g. TCUTpO-
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miToc; 1 [m.] 'road, path'. =>TCUTew. miToc; 2 'nourishment, TpOTCaTeoflm. TCU'TOC; 3 [n.] Evouflu T�e; "Hpue; 'garment of Hera' (Call. Fr. 495, H.). � lE? *(s)pen 'spin'� ETYM Has been connected with PIE *(s)pen- 'to spin' (see on � TCevo flm), or explained as a back-formation of TCuTew as 'what is tread' = 'long garment reaching to the feet, train'. Neither is convincing. •

7tUUVl [?] mg. uncertain (Hipp. 79 M.). � ?� .VAR TCUUVl· fllKpOV· ot OE fleyu· � ayu80v 'small', others say 'big' or 'good'; TCUUVle;· aTCoxpeWe; 'sufficient'; TCUUVOV· fleyu (all H.). ETYM If the explanation as 'small' is correct, one might connect it with TCUUpOe;. •

TCUUpOC; [adj.] 'small, little', plur. 'few' (ll.). � lE? *peh2u-ro-� .VAR Fern. TCaUpUe; (Nic.). .DER Adv. TCUUpUKle;· OAlYUKle; 'seldom' (H.); TCuupuKle;· T�V TCeflTCTT]v 2:ufl08p�KEe; , KUAOUcnV 'the pinky finger (Samothr.) (H.); diminutive TCuuploLOe; (Hes. Dp. 133). .ETYM Cognate with Lat. parvus 'small'. With different suffIxes, Lat. pau-cus 'few', paul(T)us 'small, few' (basic form unclear). Without a suffIx, we find Att. TCUU-e; = � TCUle;.

1159 7tUUW, -ollUl [v.] 'to withhold, hold back, arrest, stop (trans.)', med. 'to cease, stop, run out' (ll.). � ?� VAR Aor. TCuuam, -ua8m, etc. .COMP Often with prefix, espeeia:lly Stvu- , KUTU-. DER 1. avu-, KUTU-, Otu-TCuuflu [n.] 'rest, ease, placation' (ll., Hes.), avuTCuuflu also 'fallow land', adj. -flaTlKOe; (pap.). 2. avu-, KUTU-, Olu-TCuucne; [f.] 'rest, ease, relaxation' (Pi., lA), rare TCuucne; (Hp., LXX). 3. TCuua-wA� (flETU-) [f.] 'id.' (B 386, T 201), probably derived from the aor. TCuuam. 4. TCUUAU (avu-) [f.] 'id.' (Hp., Att.). 5. TCuuaT�p, -�poe; (S.), TCUUaTWP, -opoe; (Isyll.) 'stopper, terminator', adj . TCUUaT�plOe; 'ending' (S.), with avu- 'fit for resting' (Hdt., X.). 6. avu-, KUTu-TCuuanKOe; 'giving rest, relaxing' (Phld., Ptol.). 7. TCUUcn- in governing compounds, e.g. TCuual-TCovoC; 'ending pain' (E., Ar.), TCuua-uvEfloe; 'calming the wind' (A.). .ETYM Unexplained. The form would allow for a PIE reconstruction *peh2-u-, as per LIV2 s.v., but tlIere are no certain cognates outside Greek. •

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7tU
7tUxvTJ [f.] 'hoar-frost, rime', also metaphorically, e.g. of clotted blood (� 476). � lE *pehJ/g- 'make compact, congeal'� .DER TCUXV-�Ele; (Nonn.), -woT]e; (Gp., Hymn. Is.) 'frosty'; -ooflm (also with TCEpl-) [v.] 'to become covered with rime', -ow 'to cover, (make) clot' (P 112) . .ETYM From earlier *TCuK-uv-a or *TCuy-av-a, related to the root of � TC�yvufll. A similar semantic development is shown by TCuyoe; 'hill; ice, hoar-frost' (see � TCUyT]). Compare vu� . . . TCT]yuAle; 'icy-cold' beside TCUXVT] (� 475f.). 7tUXUC; [adj.] 'thick, fat, well-fed, dense, stout' (ll.). � lE *bhfJ!!'-u- 'dense, thick'� .COMP TCuXu-flEp�e; 'consisting of thick parts, gross, massive' (Ti. Locr., Arist.); uTCep TCUXUe; 'too fat' (Hp.) . .DER 1. Compar. TCuaawv, only ace. -ovu (Od.), superl. TCUX-laTOe; (ll., Call.), -IWV (Arat.), -UTEpOe;, -UTUTOe; (lA). 2. TCUXETOe; (rather -ETOe; [mss.l) = TCUXUe; (8 187, \/f 191, Hp.); also as a ntr. noun (Nie., Opp.); 3. TCUXT]TEe;· TCAOUcnOl, TCUXEl<; 'wealtlIy, thick' (H., after TCevT]TEe;); PN I1uXT]e;, -T]TOe; [m.] (Th.). 4. TCUXUAWe; 'in large draughts' (Arist.). 5. TCUXOe; [n.] 'thickness, strength, force' (since l 324). 6. TCUXUTT]e; (-UT�e;?) 'thickness'. 7. Denominative TCUXUVW (sporadicaly with £m-, £K-, auv-, UTCEp-) [v.] 'to fatten, batten' (lA), TCuxuvcne; [f.] 'thickening', -nKOe; 'fattening' (medic.), -uafloe; [m.] (Hp.), -uaflu [n.] (Mt.). 8. TCuxwam [aor.] 'to fatten' (medic., Herm. 33, 343).

'" r

I

1160

rr£ap

.ETYM An old u-stem adjective, cognate with Skt. bahu- 'many, much, numerous', OAv. bazuuaite [dat.sg.m.] 'dense', Arm. bazum [adj.] 'much', Hitt. panku- [adj.] 'total'. rr£ap [n.] . rAauK(a<; Amapov 'radiant' (H.). � GR� ETYM A contamination of rrlap and (H£ap 'fat', or the result of a phonetic development ia > ea in some dialect. •

rrEM [prev.] 'after, with, amidst', = flETa (Aeol., Dor., Arc.). � IE *ped- 'foot'� ·COMP Ileoa-yehvLo<; [m.], a month name (Rhodes, etc.) = Att. METayetLVL
rrto'l [E] 'shackle, fetter' (11.). � IE *ped- 'foot'� \TAR Dor. -a, mostly plur. -at. COMP Often as a second member, especially in poetry and in late prose, e.g. [
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rrtoLAov [n.] 'sole under the foot, sandal', secondarily also of other footwear (11.; also Hdt. and PIu.). � IE? *ped- 'foot'� vAR Mostly plur. -a. ·DIAL Myc. pe-di-ro. ·COMP Often as a second member, e.g. xpuao-rr£oLAo<; 'with golden sandals' (Od.). ·ETYM Derived from *ped- 'foot' with a suffix -lAO-. The suffIx might be Pre-Greek. •

rrEoov [n.] 'soil, earth, ground' (11.). � IE *ped-o- [n.] 'trace, footstep'� ·VAR rr£oov-Oe (N 796) . ·COMP As a second member in oa-rreoov, Kpaa-rreoov, etc.; Efl-rreoo<; 'standing on the ground, firm' (epic poet., late prose), whence eflrre06w [v.] 'to confirm, consider inviolable' (Att., etc.); lirreoo<; 'flat' (Hdt., Th., X.) « *sm-pedo- 'having one surface'); as a first member e.g. in rreoo-�aflwv 'earth-walking' (A.). Adverbs rreo-oae, -o8ev, -01 (epic poet.). ·DER rreo(ov [n.] 'surface, plain, field' (11.); Cypr. rreo(ja 'plain', fern. after xwpa, y�? Thence: 1. rreoLa<;, -aoo<; [f.] 'flat, level, on the plain' (Pi., lA); 2. rreOLetVO<; (also rreoetvo<;, _o(vo<;) 'flat, level' (lA); 3. rreOtaKo<; 'belonging to the plain', plur. 'inhabitants of the plain of Attica' (Lys. Fr. 238 S., Arist., pap.); 4. rreOLel<; [m.pl.] 'id.' (PIu., D. L.); 5 · rreOtaaLo<; 'on the plain' (Str., Dsc.); 6. rreoLaaLflalo<; = campester (gloss.); 7. rreoLwo'1<; 'flat' (sch.); 8. IleoLw [f.] 'goddess of the plain' (Hera; Sicily).

" r }<"

I

1161

.ETYM Derived from *ped- 'foot'. Cognate forms from PIE *pedo-: Hitt. peda- [n.] 'place', Skt. pada- [n.] 'footstep, piece of ground', OAv. pada-, YAv. pa8a- [n.] 'footstep', Lat. oppidum 'fort', U pefum 'ground, place', Arm. het 'footprint', OPr. pedan 'ploughshare', Lith. peda, (dial.) pedas 'footprint', Latv. p?da 'foot-sole, footstep' < *ped-o-; ON fet 'step'. rrE�a [f.] 'instep', usually metaphorically 'foot-end, lower edge, border of a garment, coast, net, mountain range, etc.' (0 272, medic., Hell.). � IE *ped- 'foot'� .DER Independently of the simplex: upyupo-rre ON fit, gen. fit-jar 'web', and perhaps also in OHG fizza, MoHG Fitze 'winding, thread'. See � Tparre
rru [n.] name of the letter. � LW Sem.� VAR Later rrl. .ETYM Indeclinable; equal to Semitic pe. •

rrd60flal [v.] 'to trust, rely, obey, be persuaded' (11.) . � IE *bhidh- 'convince, trust'� VAR fut. rrdaoflat, aor. m8£a8at, rrem8£a8at, perf. rr£rroL8a (all 11.) , aor. pass. rreLa8�vat, fut. -8�aoflat, perf. rr£rreta-flat (Att.), med. rrdaaa8at (Hell.), aor. ptc. m8�aa<; (11.), fut. m8�aw (cp 369) ; act. rreL8w, rrdaw, rrem8elv with fut. rrem8�aw, rrelaat (all 11.), m8elv (Pi., A.), rr£rretKa (young Att.) 'to convince, persuade'. .COMP Also with prefix, e.g. uva-, em-, rrapa-, auv-. As a first member in governing compounds, e.g. rrd8apxo<; 'obedient to the authorities' (A.), PN Ileta(aTpaTo<;; as a second member in u-, eu-rr(e)L8�<; (Thgn., A., Att.), aor. urr(8'1ae (11.) , fut. um8�aw (K 129, 0 300) ; thence m8�aa<; and m8�aw . DER A. From the root aorist: 1. maTo<; 'faithful, reliable, credible' (11.), m
•

1162 believable, obedient' (lA), m8av-6TI1� -6w (PI., Arist.). 4. 1t(ouvo� 'relying on ' somebody or something' (mostly epic poet. ll.), probably after 8apouvo�. B. From the present: 1. IIEL8w [f.) '(goddess of) persuasion, conviction, obedience' (Hes.), th�nce Boeot. aor. £1t(8wm::, -aav (lIP)?; 2. 1tEl86� 'pesuading (easily), . persuasIve (Ep. Car.). 3. 1tEl8�f.lwv 'obedient, persuasive' (late epic). C. From the present or s-aor. (more recently): 1. miaa [f.) 'obedience', 2. -1tElaTO� as � second member ,in ,£1J-, ovaava-, Ctf.lETa-1tElaTO� etc. (Att.), as opposed to older ama-ro�. 3 · 1tElaTlKo� fit for persuasion, convincing' (PI., Arist.), -�PlO� 'id.' (E.). 4. 1t£ia�a [n.) 'co�victio�, confi ence' (PIu., Arr., S. E.), -f.l0v� [f.) 'id.' (Ep. Gal., pap.). 5 · 1tEl�l� (�apa-, KaT�-) [f.) conviction, etc. ' (Plot., Hdn., sch.). 6. 1tEla-r�p 'who . obeys (SUld.) 7. IIELanXI1 epithet of Aphrodit� (Delos). D. From the perfect: 1tE1tOL8-l1at� [f.) 'trust' (LXX, Phld.), -laY 'hope, expectation'. ·ETYM Present 1td80f.lat < PIE pres. or aor. subj. *bheidh-e/a-, aor. m8- < PIE aor. , t'dh-. Cognate WIt. h Lat. fit-da,- - er� < lE *bheidh-ela-, jldus 'faithful, reliable', *bh�t'dh=_/*bh . fides, -et trust, guarantee,,faedus, -ens. [n.) treaty, agreement'; Alb. be [f.) 'oath', bese [f.) 'fa!t�' indem 'to be con�inced, believe'; OCS beda 'distress, necessity' < *bhaidh � eh" bedttt to force, persuade , 1Sg. bezdp < *bhaidh-eie-. Probably also related to Go. beidan 'to wait', baidjan 'to force', O E bcidan, OHG beitten 'to demand'.

�

�

m:[vTJ [f.) 'hunger, famine' (0 407, Pl.).
�

�

1tdpw (Cret.), KaTa-1tELpaaw (Lys.). Thence 1tELp-aaf.l6� [m.) 'temptation' (LXX, NT), -aa-r�� [m.) 'tempter' (Ammon. Gramm.), -aa-rlK6� 'belonging to, fit for tempting, trying' (Arist.), cl1tdpaa-ro� 'unexperienced, untempted' (Hell.). 3. 1tElPI1T[�W (only present) [v.) 'to tempt, explore, assault' (ll.). .ETYM From PGr. *per-ja (AeoI. 1tEppa ace. to Choerob. An. Ox. 2, 252), from the root *per- 'to cross, pass'. See further � 1tdpw and � 1tEpaw. 1tEipap, -aTO� [n.) 'end, boundary, outcome, goal, decision' (ll.); epic also 'rope, cable'.
1tElptv6a [ace.sg.f.) 'basket on a cart' (0 131, n 190).
cm:opEW, - La. 2. TIop9fl6e; [m.] 'ferry, strait, sound, etc.' (lA), whence -9flLe;, -9flLOe;, -9flLK6e;, -9fl£ue;, -9fl£uw, -9fl£La, -9fl£10v, -9fl£ufla et aI. .ETYM Gr. TI£LPW < *per-je!o-, TI6poe; < *por-o-, TIop-9fl6e; < *por-dhmo-. The old meaning 'to carry over, ferry over' is still found in Greek in TI6poe;, TIop9fl6e;. Cognates are Skt. piparti [3sg.act.pres.], aor. par?- 'to bring across', Av. (jra)frii [lsg.subj.aor.act.] 'to cross', YAv. piiraiia- 'to bring, lead'; Go. faran 'to wander', farjan 'to ferry over'; Lat. portiire 'to carry, transport' (denominative). See also � TIop£lv and � TIEpv'lflL. TIEioflu [n.] 'rope, cable' (ll.).
TIEAUYOC; [n.] 'high seas, sea' (ll.).
1165

.COMP Late: TI£Aayo-op6floe; 'sailing on, flying over the sea' (Orph., PMag. Par.), £\) TI£Aay�e; 'lying by a fair sea' (Orph.) . DER TI£AaY-LOe; 'belonging to the sea' (trag., Th., X., Arist.; after aA-LOe;, 9aAaaa-LOe;), -LK6e; 'id.' (PIu.), -11"Le; [f.] 'id.' (AP); -aloe; epithet of Poseidon (Paus.). Verbs: TI£AayL�w (also with ev-) [v.] 'to form a sea, be flooded, be out in the open sea, sail the sea' (Hdt., X., Str.), -LafloL [pI.] 'experiences at sea' vel sim. (Alciphr.); -60flat 'to form a sea, overflow' (Ach. Tat.). .ETYM Frisk connects TIEAayoe; with � TIAa�, -aK6e; [f.] 'plain, plain of the sea, etc.', TIAaY-LOe; 'athwart, transverse, sloping, curved', and � TIEAavOe;. However, nothing confirms a connection of TIEAayoe; with the root *pelh2- 'to spread out', and the connection with TIAaY/K- is phonetically impossible. Thus, the word rather seems to be Pre-Greek. •

nEAuvoc; [m.] 'liquid flour dough, flour pulp, honey and oil', often presented as a sacrifice, 'sacificial cake' (A., E., PI., Att. inscr., Herod.); name of a weight or coin (Delph., Arg. V--IIIa), 6�0A6e; (Nic. Al. 488).
•

m:Aapyoc; [m.] 'stork' (Ar., PI. Ale. 1, 135d, Arist.); also ayyoe; LL K£pafl£OV 'kind of earthen vessel' (H.), after the form?
•

nEAac; [adv.] 'near, nearby' (Od.).
1166 Adverb 1tAT]crlov (ll.), Aeol. 1tAu-crLOV, Dor. 1tAO:rlOV 'near', adjective 1tAT]crlO<; 'standing nearby, neighbouring' (ll., epic Ion.); 1tAT]cr1t£AE80<;. 1t£A£8pov [n.]=>1tA£8pov. 1t£A£lU [f.] 'wild pigeon' (ll.). -
1t£AAU 1 (Plb., Str.), whence -Lcrflo<; (D. S.). The gloss 1t£A£KPU' U�lVT] 'axe' is obscure and may be late. Gr. 1t£AU� 'id.' (LXX, pap.) on the model of instrument names in -u�, whence 1t£AUK-LOV (Peripl. M. Rubr., pap.). -ETYM Compare Skt. parasu- [m.] 'axe, battle-axe', Oss. fcercet 'axe' (from Iranian into Tocharian: ToA porat, ToB peret 'axe') < QPIE *peleku-. These words have long been identified with Akk. pilakku, which however never means 'axe', but rather 'spindle'. Thus, this comparison must be given up. Fur.: 150f. points to �£A£KKO<;' Ocr1tpLOV TL Efl'P£P£<; Au8uptp fl£YE80<; Ep£�lV80u exov 'pulse resembling a A. with the size of a chick-pea' (H.). Further, compare his notes 39 and 40. He also assumes that the -KK- represents Pre-Greek gemination. 1t£AEKPU, too, may be a Pre-Greek formation, like 1t£AU�. 7t£A£fll�W [v.] 'to vibrate, shake', pass. 'to tremble' (ll.). � PG?� -VAR Aor. -l�aL, -LX8�vaL. -ETYM Denominative formation in -l�W, from an unknown noun, *1t£A£flU vel sim. Possible cognates are identified in Germanic, e.g. in the compounds Go. us-film-a 'frightened, appalled' (usfilmei 'fright, horror'), ON felms-fullr 'full of frightening', which would presuppose a noun PGm. *felma- 'fright'. If the suffIx was * -mo-, one could connect it to 1taAAW 'to sway, rock'. Another cognate may be � 1tOAEfl0<;' Fur.: 151 calls 1t£A£fl- "entschieden ungriechisch"; the suffIx -Efl- would be Pre-Greek. 7t£Al�v6<; [adj.] 'blue, dark color, pale, bloodshot' (Hp., Arist., Nic.; also Th. and com.?) � IE? *peli- 'pale, grey'� -VAR 1tEALTVO<; (Att. according to gramm.; perhaps to be restored in Th. 2, 49, Alex. 110, 17 et al.). -DER 1t£ALOV-�EL<; (Marc. Sid.), -UlO<; (Nonn.), whence -OTT]<; [f.] 'blue stain' (Aret., Gal.), -OOflaL [v. ] 'to turn blue, etc.' (Hp., Arist.), whence -wflu, -W
1t£Uu 1 [f.] 'milk pail', also 'drinking bowl, goblet' (IT 642, Hippon., Theoc., Nic.). � PG? (S, V)� -VAR Also -T] acc. to Arc. 108, 1. oDER 1t£AAl<;, -lOO<; [f.] 'id.' (Hippon., Hell. poetry); 1t£AL�, -LKO<; [f.] KUAL� or 1tpoxoT8Lov (Cratin.); -lKT], Aeol. -lKU [f.] = xou<;, A£KavT] 'a liquid measure 12 KOTUAaL; dish, pot or pan' (Poll.); 1t£AAlXVT] [f.] = 1t£AAU (Alcm., Hell. poetry; after =

=

1168

nEAAa 2

r

KUA-l�, - LXV'l; cf. further £ALK-'l from EAl�). m'AA'lT�p, -�po<; [m.] 'milk pail, drinking bowl' (Hell. authors in Ath. 11, 495e) , neAAavT�pa· Ctf!oAYEa 'milk pail' (H.) (to *neAAaLvw). .ETYM The comparison with Lat. peluis [f.] 'bowl, dish' or Skt. palavl [f.] 'kind of barrel, vessel', pari [f.] 'milk-pail' is unconvincing, and does not lead to a PIE reconstruction. Fur.: 134 posits a Pre-Greek word because of the vacillation -lK-, -UK (and -1..- , -AA-). rrEAAU 2 [f.] . AL90<; 'stone' (H.). <"!! PG(V)� VAR Cf.
•

m:Uopa.
n£A!1U [n.] 'sole of the foot or shoe' (Hippon., Hp., LXX, Hell.). <"!! IE ? *pel- 'hide'� .COMP As a second member in �a9u-, OL-, f!ovo-neAf!o<; (AP, Edict. Diael.). DER Kam-neAf!aToof!aL 'to be soled' (LXX), neAf!aTL(w 'to sole' (pap. VIP), 'to sleek the soles' (Anon. on EM 659, 43) . .ETYM For the formation PIE *pel-mn 'skin, hide', compare OS filmen, OFris. filmene, OS ceger-felma 'pellicle of an egg'. With n-suffIx: Lat. pellis < *pel-n-i- 'skin, hide', Lith. plene 'membrane', OPr. pleynis 'cerebral membrane', Ru. plena 'membrane' < *pl-en-(i)a-; OCS pelena 'band for swathing children', Ru. pelena 'shroud, (dial.) nappy', SIn. pl?na 'bandage' < *pel-en-h2-, OHG fel, -lies, OE fell, ON fjall [n.] 'hide' < PGm. *fel-n-. Perhaps � £pua[neAa<; [n.] name of a skin-disease belongs here as well. There is no corresponding primary verb. See also � nEAT'l, � enLnAoov, and � anoAu<;. •

rr£Ao!1at [v.] 'to stir' (in compounds), 'to become, take place, be' (ll.). <"!! IE *kwlh,- 'go round'� .VAR More rarely nEAw, aor.med. 2Sg. EnAw, 3sg. -TO, act. EnAe (M 11; v.l. �ev). .COMP Also with prefix (especially in aor.ptc. nepl-, e1tl-nAOf!evo<;). DER 1. nOAo<; [m.] 'axis, world axis, pole, vault of heaven, disc of the sundial, etc.' (lA); denominative ptc. 6 nOAeuwv (Cod. Astr., PMag. et al.). 2. -TIOAo<; in compounds like ai-noAo<;, � 8tKaO"noAo<;, LnnonoAo<; 'horse-breeding' (ll.), •

L

r

L

nEAwp VUKTl1tOAo<; 'travelling by night' (E. [lyr.]); TpLnoAo<; 'ploughed thrice' (Horn., Hes.); from the prefixed verbs are derived Ctf!TIEAeKu<; and nEAAa 1. rr£Awp [n.] 'monster, monstrosity' (Hom., Hes., h. Ap., Nonn.). <"!! ?�

1170 .VAR Plur. 1t£AWpU beside sing. 1t£AWPOV [n.] . DER Adj. 1t£AWp-Oe; (certainly first in Hes.), older and more usual -tOe; (ll.), 'monstrous, enormous'. Diminutive m:Awp-ie; (Xenocr. Med.), -ue; (Hell. and late poetry) [f.] 'kind of shell' . ETYM Old formation in -wp (to which perhaps the PN m:AUp'le; [Styra] belongs). Hesychius gives the variants T£AWP' 1tEAWPlOV, flUKpOV, fl£yu 'long, big' and TEAWptOe;. fl£yue;, 1tEAWptOe; 'big, monstrous' (H., also grave inscr. Memphis la). This suggests an original *kw_, and Aeolic origin for 1t£AWp. Frisk compares T£pUe; 'marvel, monster' and suggests that 1t£AWP arose from dissimilation of *kweror; however, the latter would not easily explain T£pUe; (from *kwerh2-s?), so this word is better left aside. Thus, 1t£AWP remains without etymology. •

•

1t£f11tEAOe; [adj.] 'old, old man' (Lye. 682, 826). Glossed by Gal. 6, 380 as 1tupa TO £K1t£fl1tw8Ul Eie; Al<'lou 1t0fl1t�V 'after the sending of a procession to Hades', 'id.' in Suid.; H. gives OTwfluAOV, ACtAOV, Ol of: Aluv Y'lPUA£OV 'wordy, loquacious; very old'.

� ?�

.ETYM Galen's explanation is a folk etymology based on the similarity with 1t£fl1tw. Blanc RPh. 7 2 (1998): 134 proposes reduplicated *1tEA-1tEA- > 1t£fl1tEAOe;, from the root for 'grey' seen in 1tEAlOVOe;, 1tEAlOe; (see also Blanc KZ 110 (1997): 233f.). 1tEfl1tW [v.] 'to send, dispatch, guide, accompany', med. (mostly with prefix) also 'to send for someone, fetch'. � ?� .VAR Aor. 1t£fl'\!Ul, fut. 1t£fl'\!w (Hom.), aor. pass. 1tEflCP8�VUl (Pi.), perf. 1t£1t0flcpu (lA), med. 1t£1tEflflUl (Att.). .COMP Very often with different prefixes, e.g. U1tO-, £K-, £1tl-, flElU-, 1tpo-. DER 1. 1t0fl1t� (uvu-, U1tO-, £K-, 1tpO-, etc.) [f.] 'conduct, escort, procession, pompa' (ll.). 2. 1tOfl1tOe; [m.] , also [f.] 'escort, messenger' (ll.), also adj. 'guiding, bringing a message' (A., Ael.); prefixed compounds, e.g. 1tP01tOfl1t-Oe; 'escort, escortess, guide (m./f.), guiding, escorting' (A., X.); as a second member in compounds, e.g. ,\!uxo 1tOfl1t-Oe; 'guide of souls' (E.). From 1. or 2. (not always discernable): a. 1tofl1t-aloe; 'guiding, leading' (Pi., trag.), U1tO- (LXX, Ph.); b. -lfloe; 'id.' (Pi., trag.), 'sent off (S.), also uvu-, OlU-, etc. (D. S., Luc.); c. -lKOe; 'belonging to the procession' (X., Hell. and late); d. -tOe; 'led' (Plot.); e. -iAOe; [m.] name of a fish that accompanies ships, 'Naucrates ductor' (Erinna, A. R.); f. 1tOfl1tEUW (1tpO-, oUfl-, £1tl-, OlU-) [v.] 'to escort, guide, partake in a procession' (ll.); thence 1t0fl1tW-
1tEf1
apud Aili. 3 09f. � ?�

1tEv8EpOe; *1t£f1
1tEVqC;, -qTOC; [adj.] 'poor'; as a msc. subst. 'poor man'. .DER 1tEVIU 'poverty'. => 1t£VOflUl. 1tEVOEPOC; [m.] 'father-in-law = father of the wife' (cf. EKUpOe;), also 'brother-in-law, son-in-law' (ll.). � IE *bhendh- 'bind'� .DER 1tEv8EpU, Ion. -� [f.] 'mother-in-law' (D., CalL), -lOEUe; 'son-in-law' (inscr. Asia Minor, imper. time.), -ioqe; 'id.' (pap. VIP; Schwyzer 510) ; -tOe; (Arat.), -lKOe; (Man.) 'belonging to the 1tEv8EpOe;' . .ETYM Inherited kinship term *bhetldh-er-o-, formally almost completely agreeing with Lith. bendras 'participant, sharer'; compare Skt. btindh-u- [m.] 'relative'.

1172

1t£VeOe;

Derived from 'to bind', hence literally "ally". The oxytone accentuation of m:VeEpOe; is after � f-KUpOe;. See � 1tEl1tCWXw. 1tEVOflaL [v.] 'to exert oneself, toil, work, prepare, provide' (ll.), 'to exert onself, (have to) do hard labor, be poor, lack sth.' (Sol., trag., Pl.). � IE *(s)penh,-� VAR Only pres. and ipf. .COMP Often with Ufl 'tense, strain' > 'exert oneself. •

•

•

1tEVTE [num.] 'five' (ll.). � IE *penkwe 'five'� VAR Aeol. 1t£fl1tE, Pamph. 1t£(v)oe. .COMP As a first member, beside 1tEVTE- and 1tEfl1tE-, we mostly find 1tEVTU- (ll.), after E1tTU-, OEKU-, TETpU-, etc. DER Ordinal 1t£fl1tToe; 'fifth', Are. 1t£l-moTOe; (after o£KO-roe;), Gortyn 1t£VTOe;, whence , 1tEfl1tTUIOe; 'belonging to the fifth (day), happening on the fifth (day) (� 257); 1tEVTUKLe; [adv.] (Pi.) beside 1tEV1tUKL (Sparta), 1tEfl1tTUKLe; (D. S.) 'five times'; collective 1tEfl1tUe; [f.] 'quintet' (Pl., X.) besides 1tEfl1tTUe; (Pl. Phd. 104a), 1tEVTUe; (Arist.)., whence 1tEVTUO-LOV [n.] 'quintet' (pap. II-IIIP), 1tEfl1tUO-LKOe; 'fivefold' (Dam.). Adverb 1t£VTa-XU (M 87), -xov, -xii , -xwe;; adjective 1tEVTa�Oe; 'fivefold' (Arist.); noun 1tEVTUXUo � Xelp 'the hand' (H.), cf. MoGr. Lae. 1tEVTOXTTj 'hand' (KOUKOUA£e; ApX· 27, 61 ff.). A denominative verb, probably from 1tEfl1tUe;, is 1tEfl1tU�OflaL, -w [v.] 'to count (by the five, with the five fingers)' (0 412, A.), with uvu- 'to estimate, calculate, think over' (Pl., PIu.) with 1tEfl1tu
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1t£1tEPL

1173

1tEVTTjKom�p, sec. -KOVT�p [m.] 'commander of a 1tEvTTjKomUe;' (Cos, Th., X., Att. inscr.). .ETYM Non-Aeolic 1t£VTE, whence Pamph. 1t£(V)OE, Aeol. 1t£fl1tE and the other IE words for 'five', e.g. Skt. panca, Lat. qUlnque, Lith. penki, Go. fimf, all go back to IE *penkwe. Similarly, Gr. 1t£fl1tTOe; < *penkW-to-, like Lat. qUlntus, Lith. penktas, Go. fimfta. The lengthening in 1tEvT�-KOVTa (PGr. *e) not only appears in Skt. pancii-sat [f.], but also in Arm. yi-sun (i < *e); the lengthening was caused by the glottal feature which resulted from the loss of *d in * dkomt- (see � EKaTOV; Kortlandt MSS 42 (1983): 97-104). A parallel development is found in Lat. quinquii-gintii 'fifty' (after quadrii-gintii 'forty'?). 1tEOC; [n.] 'penis' (Ar. Ach.). � IE *pes-os- n. 'penis'� .DER 1tWLoTje; 'with a swollen member' (Com. Adesp.), also 1tEWOTje; 'id.' (Lue. Lex.). .ETYM Identical with Skt. pasas- [n.] 'id.', cognate with Hitt. *peSan- / peSn- / pisen 'man, male' [e.] < *pes-on, *pes-(e)n-, Lat. penis 'tail, penis' < *pes-n-is. See � 1tofluT-Lou· T�V E1tLKATjpOV 'heiress' (H.); 1tUflWxoe;· 6 KUpLOe; 'lord' (H.), whence 1tUflWX£w 'to possess' (Tab. Herael.). 2. Efl1tCtme; (Core., Meg.), '(v1tCtme; (Arc.), E1t1tCtme; (Boeot.) [f.] 'acquisition', 1tame;· KT�me; 'possession' (H.). 3. 1tUfl-1tTj
1tEm:pl [n.] 'pepper' (Eub., Antiph., Arist.). � LW Orient.� .VAR Gen. -LOe;, -EWe;; also -Le;, -LOOe; [m.] . Rarely 1tL-.

1174 .COMP mm:po-yapov [n.] 'peppered fish broth', flaKpo-n£m:pl [n.] 'long pepper' (medic.) . DER -l�, -lOO� [f.] 'pepper tree' (Philostr. VA). Thence mm:pln� [f.] plant name 'siliquastrum' (Plin., etc.); m:m:pl�w [v.] 'to taste like pepper' (Dsc.). .ETYM Oriental LW, first from MInd. pippar'i (Skt. [epic d.] -l'i), further of unknown origin. •

ntnAo� [m.] 'woven doth, blanket' (Horn., trag.), usually 'female or male garment, women's skirt' (11.). � IE? *pel- 'fold'� COMP e.g. £u-m:nAo� (W- epic) 'having a beautiful garment' (11.). .DER n£nAwfla [n.] 'robe, garment' (trag.). "! .ETYM In theory, it could be a reduplicated formation n£-nA-o� of the root PIE *pl(H)- 'to fold', found e.g. in Gr. a-nA-o�, � anAoo� 'single, simple', 0l1tA60�, Ol1tAOU� 'double, twofold', 0Ir. diabul 'double'. Alternatively, the root might be *pl 'skin, hide'; see � n£Afla. Neither solution is compelling. •

nEnvu!1«L [v.perf.] 'to be prudent, dever, dear-minded', very often in ptc. n£1tvufl£vO� 'to be prudent, dever, dear-minded' (11., also late prose); also aor. pass. opt. 2Sg. nvue£I'1� (Nic.). � IE? *pneuH-� .COMP ufl-nvuTo 'regained consciousness'. ETYM The verb is generally derived from the root *pneu- of � nv£w 'to blow', but LIV2 posits a separate root *pneuH- to explain the length of nvu-. The appurtenance of Hitt. punuszi, punussanzi 'to ask' < *pnuH-s-, however, is difficult for reasons of both phonetics and semantics (see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.). •

nEnpw.«L 'it is destined by fate'. =>nop£lv. m:npLAo� =>n£pooflul. n£1tpwlwv [gen.pl.] perhaps the name of a phratry or deme (Erythrae, IV'). � ?� .ETYM Unknown. nEnwv, -ovoc;; [adj.] 'ripe', metaphorically 'soft, mild' (lA). � IE *pekw- 'cook'� VAR Horn. only voc. n£nov. n£nwv is used for msc. and fern., but fern. also n£n£lpa (Anacr., Hp., S., Ar.), new msc. n£n£lpo� (Hp., Thphr., LXX); compar. n£1ta[-T£po�, superl. -TaTO� (after n£1ta[vw?), also n£1t£lpO-T£pO�, -TaLO�. .DER n£na[vw (aor. n£nuv-m, -e�vm with -e�
nEp [pd.] enditic pd. of emphasis (11.). � IE *per 'going through?'� ETYM Identical in form and function with Lat. -per in nu-per, parum-per, etc.; see � n£pl. •

n£pooflm

1175

ntp« [adv.] , also [prep.] + gen. 'beyond, further, longer, more, past' (Att.). � IE *per 'beyond, across'� .COMP compar. n£pm-T£pw (Att.), -T£POV; adj. -T£pO� (Pi.) . DER n£pav, Ion. -'1v [adv., prep.] + gen. 'over, across, beyond, opposite to' (11.). adj. n£palo� 'ulterior', especially � n£pa[a (xwpa, y�) 'the country on the other side', also PN (Hdt., A. R, Plb., Str.). Thence 1. II£pah'1� [m.] 'inhabitant of the II£pala' (T.); 2. n£pmoe£v 'from the other side' (A. R, Arat.); 3. n£pmooflm, -ow (also with OLa-, etc.) 'to cross over, bring over' (since w 437), 'to accomplish' (Gort.), 'to end' (medic.), n£pa[w(JL� [f.] 'crossing' (Str., PIu.). Denominative verb n£paw (aor. -u
nEpac;;, -a.oc;; [n.] 'end, boundary'. =>n£lpap. nEpyouAOC;; =>
1tEp8w .ETYM A thematic present *perd-e/o- from the root *perd- 'to fart' of Skt. pardate, OHG jerzan, Lith. persti, ISg. perdiiu, Ru. perdet', Alb. pjerdh. See � O'lAfj1top8£w and � 1tEp8L�. 1tEp9w [v.] 'to destroy, devastate' (ll.).
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1tEpl [adv.] 'around, round; excessively, quite; by, at, concerning' (ll.). Skt. pari, Av. pairi 'around, about, among, etc.'; Lat. per 'through, across', per- 'very', -per 'through, during', Ven. per 'for' < *peri, Lith. per [prep.] 'over, around, through', OCS pre-, Ru. pere- 'over, through, very, exceedingly' < *per; OCS pred'b 'in front', Ru. pered(o) 'before, in front of [prep.] < *per-dhhJ-om; Go.jairra 'far'. See � 1tEp. •

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1t£PUiYVUTUl [v.] Meaning uncertain. Used of 0'1' 'voice' (IT 78), thence of �Xw 'echo' (Hes. Se. 279).
1tEPlWO'lOV, -la

1177

1t£p(VUlO':; (-£0':;) [m.] 'perinaeum, the space between the anus and the scrotum' (medic., Arist.), plur. 'male genitals' (Arist.). 'dry all around'. The same is also supposed for � acrKEA�<;. See � crKEnW. 1t£PlO'K£A�':; 2 [adj.] 1. 'going around the legs', in Ta 1tEPlcrKEA� 'trousers', sing. TO -E<; (LXX). 2. 'with the legs around', i.e. 'with the legs put apart' (sch.). 1tEpl. 1t£plO'T£pa [f.] 'pigeon' (lA).
1tt:plwmov, -la [adv.] 'excessive, immoderate', also + gen. (ll., Pi.).
m:pKVOe; -ETYM From 1tEpl, with the same suffIx as £TwmOe; 'fruitless', perhaps created after the latter. An intermediate form *1tEpl-O- can hardly be justified. Hence U1tEpWmOe; 'id.' (EM 665, 29) .

1tepKVO� [adj.] 'spotted, having dark spots', also the name of a kind of eagle (0 316, Hp., Arist.). � IE *perk- 'variegated, motley'� _DER £1tl-1tEpKVOe; 'somewhat spotted' (X.). 1tEpKOe; [m.] 'kind of eagle' (Arist.), 1tEpKT] [f.] 'redfin perch, Perca fluviatilis' (Emp., com., Arist.), -le;, -lOV, -lOlOV (com., pap., Dsc.); 1tEpKUe; [adj. f.], attribute of KlXAT], probably as a fish name (Eratosth.). Denominatives: a. 1tEPKU�W, -OllaL (also with U1tO -, £1tl-, £v-) [v.] 'to get dark spots, start ripening', act. also 'to darken' (T] l26, Thp��r., LXX); b. 1tEpKalVw, -OllaL (£ll-) [v.] 'id.' (E., H.); e. CmO -1tEpKOO llaL [v.] 'to become dark', of ripening grapes (S. Fr. 255, 6) . Here 1tEpKWllaTa' Ta £1tL TOU 1tpoaw1tou 1tO lKlAllaTa 'spots on the face' (H.). Furthermore: 1. with zero grade: 1tpaKvov, llEAava 'black' (H.); 2. with different full grade, probably secondary: 1tpEKVOV' 1tO lKlAOXPOOV EAa8ploa�. 1ttpVfl!-ll [v.] 'to sell' (ll.). � IE *perh2- 'sell'� _VAR 1tEpvallaL (ll.), aor. 1tEpaa(a)aL (ll., also Aeol. and Ion. inscr.), fut. inf. 1tEpUaV (
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TIEpa£
1179

late papyri, often in compounds like £AalO - , otvO-1tpU-TT]e;. 5. adj . 1tpaTlKOe; in -� 'sales tax', -OV 'sale on commission' (pap.). -ETYM The system 1tEp&aaL, 1tE1tPo.llaL, 1tpo.8�vaL points to a root *prh2-, with a root aorist and a nasal present *pr-n(e)-h2- (cf. LIV2). The forms 1tEpvT]lll, 1tEpvallaL must have analogical E for the original zero grade, which is preserved in 1t0PVUllEV' 1tWAELV 'to sell', 1t0PVUllEVaL' 1tWAOUllEVaL 'selling' (H.), which are probably Aeolic. There are no certain cognates of *perh2- outside Greek, since OIr. renaid, -ren 'to sell' may belong to a root *h2reiH- 'to count' (Schumacher 2004: 551f.) . See � 1tOpVT]. 1tepOVfI =>1t£lpw. 1ttp1tepo� [m.] 'dandy, boaster'; as an adj. 'vain, boastful' (Plb., Arr., S. E.). � LW Lat.� -DER 1tEP1tEp-6TT]e; [f.] 'boasting' (Chrysost.), -EUOllaL [v.] 'to be a windbag, boast' (1 Ep. Cor. 13, 4, M. Ant.); also £ll- (Arr.); -£la [f. ] (Clem. Al.); pW1t0-1tEp1t£p-�8pa [f.] 'empty boasting' (Corn. Adesp.). -ETYM A loanword from Lat. perperus 'perverse, wrong-headed', attested since Hellenistic times. 1tepc:rta (-ata, -ta, -dfl) [f.] name of an Egyptian tree, 'Cordia myxa', which originated from Persia (Hp., Hell.). � GR� -DER 1tEpaE"(VOe; 'belonging to the per sea tree' (pap.), 1tEpa(E)lov [n.] 'its fruit' (Thphr.); diminutive -lOlOV (pap.). -ETYM Named after its Persian origin; suffix like in llT]AEa, ete. 1tepc:reu� [m.] name of an unknown fish from the Red Sea (Ael. NA 3, 28) . � ?� -VAR Also 1tEpaOe; 'id.' (H.). -ETYM Unknown. IIepc:re
1180

nepU
from * -gWn-t-ih2 (to *gwh en_ 'to hit, strike'). Thus, the name refers to a female thresher of corn. The forms in -
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nEaKo� [n.] 'skin, rind' (Nic. Th. 549 ) ; nEaKewv· oEpflcnwv 'hides' (H.); a-nwK�� 'without a cover' (of To�a; S. Fr. 626; not quite certain).
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*pekY-). nEaaw [v.] 'to ripen, bake, cook, digest' (Il.). Skt. paeati, Lat. eaqua, W pab-, •

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1181 OCS pek9, Lith. kepu (with metathesis), Alb. pjek 'to cook, bake'. Nominal formations: n£flfla < *pekw-mn, apTo-Kono� < *-pakw-a- with metathesis; n£mpla presupposes a msc. *pekW-tr- 'baker'. See � nenwv. m:nlvvu!-u, -uw [v.] 'to spread out, unfold, open' (Att.).
1182

rrE-rpa, -T]

'ready to fly' (Ar.); d. uepm-rr6-rT]� and -rr6-rT]--ro� 'flying high' (Hes., AP, Norm.), from rronlollUl. DER 1. rro-r� [f.] 'flying, flight' (e 337, h. Mere. 544 [v.l. mepuywml); 2. m�m� [f.] 'id.' (A., Arist.), whence m�mllo� (Jul.); m�lla [n.] 'id.' (Suid.). 3. Adj . in -no-: a. mT]v6�, Dor. mav6� 'winged' (Pi., trag., Pl.); b. rremv6�, -T]v6� 'id.' (Thgn.; IIe-r�vT] Att. ship's name [inscr.] ; from rrE-r0IlUl); c. rre-re-T]v6�, -£lv6� 'id.' (Il.), with diectasis; d. rro-rav6� 'id.' (Pi., Epich., trag. [lyr.]; -T]v6� epic poetry in Pl. Phdr. 252b), probably modelled on rro-ruoIlUl. 4. Deverbative: rro-raollaL, -EoIlUl (also with ullcpL-, rrepL-, eK-, etc.) 'to fly, flap' (Il.); rrw-raollUl (also with eK-, em-, lmep-) 'id.' (M 287, h. Ap. 442, etc.); thence rrw-r�£l� 'flapping' (Nonn.), als� rrw-r�lla-ra [pl.] 'flight' (A. Eu. 250; : usually corrected to rro-r-). .ETYM The Greek root aorist ma-cr8Ul, e-ma--ro, ma-Ilevo�, with full grade in m� VUl, e-rr-ra-v, rr-r�-croIlUl, seems to require a root *peth2-, whereas most of the cognates in the other IE languages (Lat. peW 'to make for, reach', MW ehedee 'to fly' < PCl. * -fet-e!o-, 0Ir. en, W edn 'bird' < *fetno- [m.] ; Hitt. pattaii- / patti- 'to run, fly, flee', LUpattejant- 'fugitive', Skt. patati 'to fly, fall', Av. auuapasti- 'falling', pata- 'to fly', hqm.pata- 'to fall down', OP ud-pata- 'to fall down, become unfaithful') can or should be explained on the basis of *pet-. Hackstein 2002b: 140-143 argues that the root was originally *pet- in Greek as well. The pres. rrE-ra-IlUl may be analogical to ma-cr8Ul, after mEcr8Ul next to rrE-roIlUl. Gr. rro-rEollUl and Skt. patayati 'fly, hurry' agree in their formation, but rrw-raollUl is independent. See � rr-rep6v and � mEpu�. •

rrtTpa, -1'\ [f.] 'rock, rocky mountain range, cliff, ridge; rock cavern, cave' (Il.), 'boulder, stone' (Hell.). � PG� .COMP rre-rp-T]pecp�� 'covered with rocks' (A., E.), rre-rpo-�6AO� 'throwing rocks', whence -la (X., Plb.); lm6-rre-rpo� 'rocky' (Hdt., Thphr.) . DER rrE-rpo� [m., f.] 'boulder, stone' (Il.). Several adjectives in the meaning 'rocky, stony': rre-rp-alo� (poet. since 11 231), also as an epithet of Poseidon (Pi.), -�£l� (Il.), -LVO� (Ion. poet.), -woT]� (lA), -�PT]� (S.), -W£l� (Mare. Sid.). Diminutive -lOLOV (Arist.); adverb -T]86v (Lue.). rre-rpwv, -wvo� [m.] 'rocky place' (Priene na). Denominative rre-rp6oIlUl, -6w (also with Ka-ra-, urro-) [v.] 'to be stoned to death, turn / be turned into stone' (E., X., Lye.), rrE-rpwlla [n.] 'stoning' (E.), also 'heap of stones' (Paus.). Several plant names: rre-rp-lvT], -ala, -alov, -WVLOV, -l�, errl-rre-rpov, etc. ETYM We find rrE-rpo� 'stone' and its collective, rrE-rpa. There is no etymology. The suggestion by Meier-Briigger KZ 94 (1980): 122ff. that rrE-rpo� derives from *per-tro 'Instrument zum Hindurchkommen' is improbable. The word is probably Pre Greek; see Fur.: 272 etc. •

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rreu8o!1aL -rruv8avoIlUl. rreuKI'\ [f.] 'pine', especially 'Pinus Laricio' (Il.), metaphorically 'torch' (trag.). � IE *peuk- 'sting'� .DER rrwK-�£l�, Dor. -a£l� 'made of pine, belonging to the torch, stinging, sharp' (trag. [lyr.J , D. P., Opp.); -LVO� 'made of pine' (S., E., Plb.); -wv, -wvo� [m.] 'pine forest' (Hdn. Gr.); -la [f.] 'taste of pitch' (Tz.). rrwKaALllo�, epithet of cpPEve� (Il.),

rrT]y� also of rrparrloe�, Il�oea (Orae. apud D. 1., inscr.); rrwKeoav6�, epithet of rr6Aello� (K 8), of �EAellva, ucrrrl� (Orph.), of 8aAacrcra (Opp.); with oppositional accent, we find rrwKEoavov, the name of a bitter umbelliferous plant, 'sulphur weed' (Thphr.). .ETYM Similar names of pine and fir-trees are found in Baltic, Germanic, and Celtic: OPr. peuse [fJ « PIE *peuk-), Lith. pusis « *puk-), OHG fiuhta, Mlr. ochtaeh [f.] « *peuk-t-, *puk-t-). A by-form is found in � rruYIl�. If rreuK'l has the same origin as the second member of exe-rrwK��, rrepL-rrwK�� 'stinging, sharp', it can be derived from an adj. *rrwK6� 'sharp, stinging'. Gr. exe-rrwK�� may contain an s-stem *rreuKo� [n.] 'stinging, point'. From the same basis, we find the adjectives rrwKaALllo� and rrwKeoav6�, for which a meaning 'sharp, intrusive, stinging, bitter' must be posited. The A-suffIx also occurs in rrwKaAEov· �'lp6v 'dry', rrWKaAel-rUl· �'lpalve-rUl 'dries up' (H.). For Indo-Iranian cognates, see Morgenstierne NTS 13 (1942): 229 and Turner 1966 No. 8407 *posi. rre
.ETYM Since 'wells' are often denominated as being 'cold' (e.g. OCS studenbcb : studen'b, Lith. saltinis : saltas, Gr. v[�u [= v[ TI'l),-, zero grade *ph,g- > TIu)'-. Cognate verbal forms in other IE languages: Lat. pango, -ere 'to insert fIrmly, fIx' < *ph2-n-g-, Skt. pajra- 'solid, fIrm' with loss of the laryngeal by Lubotsky's Law (Lubotsky MSS 40 (1981) : 133-138) , pajas- [n.] 'side, surface?', Khot. paysa- 'surface', Lat. compages 'joint' (etc.), pagus 'district', pagina 'column'. •

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TITJMw [v.] 'to leap, jump; to beat' (of the heart or pulse) (ll.). � IE *ped- 'foot'� VAR Hyperdoric TIUO-; aor. TI'l0�craL. .COMP Very often with prefIx, e.g. uvu-, KUTa-, £K-, UTIO-. .DER (uvu-, £K-)TI�O-'lllu [n.] 'leap' (trag.), -'lcrL<; (uvu-, £K-, UTIO-, etc.) 'jumping, leaping' (lA), -'lElllo<; [m.] 'pulse beat' (Hp.), -'lT�<; (£TI-Elcr-) [m.] 'leaper' (Ptol., gloss.), -'lTlKO<; (£K-) 'fIt for jumping' (Arist.). Backformation Tp[-TI'l0o<; or -ov "three-jump", 'trot' (Hippiatr.). •

1185

.ETYM Deverbative or denominative formation on the basis of a form *ped-, which could be the lengthened grade of the root *ped- 'to tread, fall', whence *ped- 'foot' and several verbal forms derive, such as Skt. pad-ya-te 'falls, treads', OE fetan 'to fall'. The Greek verbal stem suggests a denominal formation, thus from a noun *ped-o-; see � TI'l86v 'blade of an oar'. TITJMv [ri.] 'blade of an oar' (Od., Hell. epiC). � IE *ped- 'foot'� .DER TI'lOCtAlOV [n.] 'rudder, fIn-rudder' (Od.), TI'lOUAl-WO'l<; 'like a fin-rudder', -WTO<; 'equipped with a rudder' (Arist.), -OOllaL [v.] 'to be equipped with a rudder' (Simp.). .ETYM From a preform *ped-o- 'sole' or 'footstep'. Often compared with Lith. peda, dial. also pedas, 'sole of the foot', but these have acute long e from *e before *d, according to Winter's Law. Thus, the long vowel in Greek was taken from the root noun *ped-, *ped-. Semantically, the use of 'foot' for 'rudder' can be explained by the flat form and low position of a ship's rudder. The verb TI'loaw must have been formed before *ped-o- 'sole' or 'footstep' acquired its nautical meaning. TITJM<; [m.] name of an unknown tree (Thphr. HP 5, 7, 6, EM 669, 40) . � ?� VAR Also TI� 00<; . .DER TI�&vo<;, old v.l. for
TITJlTI�)'VUlll. TITJAU!1UC;;, -u�OC;; [f.] '(young) tuna' (S. Fr. 503, Phryn. Com., Arist.). � PG (V) � .VAR Also TIUAull[<; (Cyran.). .DER -u8£[u [f.] 'catching tuna', -uociov [n.] 'site for catching tuna' (Str.). ·ETYM Stromberg 1943: 79ff. (also 128ff.) extensively argues for derivation from TI'lAO<; 'mud', after the habitat of the fIsh. Nevertheless, this is improbable; the word is no doubt Pre-Greek. TIqATJ�' -TJKOC;; [f.] 'helmet' (ll.). � PG(s)� ·ETYM Like so many other expressions for weapons and armor, it is probably a loanword or a Pre-Greek word; note the suffIx -'l� < -u�, which often occurs in Pre Greek words. TITJAlKOC;; [pron.adj.] 'how big?, how old?' (lA). � IE *kwo- 'how'� .ETYM An interrogative adjective *kweh2-l-i-, derived from the interrogative pronoun *kwo- 'which'. Compare demonstrative � T'lA[KO<; (Dor. TUA-) 'this big, this old', and relative � �A[KO<; 'how great, how old'. An identical formation (without a suffIx *-ko-) is found in Lat. qualis 'what kind of, talis 'such' and, with short initial vowel, OCS kolik'b 'how much'. The element *kweh2- 'to what extent' may continue the PIE nom.ace.pl.ntr. of the pronoun. See � TIOElEV.

1186 1t'lA6� [m.] 'loam, clay, mud, dung, bog' (lA). � PG ?� VAR Dor. 1t0.A6<; (Sophr., inscr.). .COMP e.g. 1t'lAO-CPOpEW [v.] 'to carry clay' (Ar.), UKp6-1t'lAO<; 'with mud on top' (Plb.). DER 1t�A-tVO� 'made of clay' (D., Arist.), -ulo<; 'made of clay; living in mud' (Man., Paus.), - �8'l<; 'loamy, muddy' (lA), -W£t<; 'id.' (Opp.); -60flat, -6w (rarely with m:pt-, etc.) [v.] to be covered with loam, burden with clay' (late), -wcn<; [f.] 'besmearing', -wflu [n.] 'mud' (Charis.). Denominative 1tpO-1t'lAUKI�W [v.], literally "to tread in the mud in front of oneself' = 'to taunt, insult' (Att.), probably formed directly from 1t'lA6<; after other verbs in -uK-I�w; thence -tafl6<; [m.] 'dishonor, reproach' (lA), -tcn<; 'J, [E] 'insulting' (Po.). .ETYM Without a convincing etymology. Pre-Greek? •

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1tijAU� [?] . puyCt<; 'fissure in the soil, crevice' (H.). � PG (v) � .ETYM See � a1t�AatOv. 1tijllu [n.] 'disaster, sorrow, distress' (11.). � IE? *peh,-� .COMP O en a� a second member, e.g. U-1t�flWV 'without disaster, undamaged' (ll.); thence 1t'lflWV baleful' (Orph.). Denominative 1t'lfluivw [v.] 'to do harm, damage' (11.). � DER 1t'lflov-� [f.] 'id.' (trag., treaty in Th. 5, 18), 1t'lflO- CillV'l [f.] 'id.' (A., E., Orph.), U1t'lflO- �V'l [f.] 'freedom from worries' (Thgn.) = U1t'lflov-I'l [f.] (Call.). ETYM Pnmary verbal noun in *pe-, as suggested by the vocalism of 1t�flU in Pi. and S. [lyr.] . Within ?reek, it ould be related to � TaAUI1tWpo<; 'enduring hardship'; see � s.v. In Indo-Iraman, Av. paman- [n.] name of a skin disease, Skt. piiman- [m.] 'kind of skin disease, scratch' could reflect *peh,-mn-. Formally, these forms could be connected with the root *peh,-i- 'to taunt', as reconstructed by LIV2 for Skt. p fyati 'to taunt, scold'.

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1tij, 1tijv 'to sprinkle'. =1tCtaaw. 1t'lVEAO'/l, -01tO� [m.] 'duck or wild goose with colored neck' (Ale., Ibyc., Ar., Arist.).

� PG(s)� vAR Aeol., Dor. 1to.v-. ETYM Formation like other animal names in -0'/1, such as 8pu0'/l, KEPK0'/l, 1tCtpvo'/l et al. The bird may have served as the base for the PN � II'lveA6m:tu. The stem is also found in II'lvEA-eW<; [m.], name of a Boeotian leader (11.). Because of its suffIx, the word may be Pre-Greek in origin. • •

1t11V'l [E] 'the thread of the woof, wound around the bobbin; woof (E., AP). � ?� .VAR 1t�vo<;· ucpuaflu 'woven robe, web' (H.). DER 1t'lv lov, Dor. �o.v- [n.] 'spool with thread' ('I' 762, Thphr., AP), also . �etaphon�,allY ?f a kind of puppet (Ar. Fr. 377, Arist.); II'lvht<; (IIo.v-), -ht80<; [f.] we �veress , epIthet ?f Athena (Ael., AP), IIuvIT'l<; [m.], PN of a Messenian (Hdt.). 1t'lVt�Oflat (Dor. 1tuvt-a80flat (Theoc.); also with uvu-, U1tO-, EK-) [v.] 'to reel (off)' . Anst., Thphr.), whence 1t�vtaflu [n.] 'reeled wool' (Ar. Ra. 1315 [parody of A.}, •

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1t'lp6<; .ETYM Has been connected with the verb � 1tEVOflat 'to spin', but this is impossible because of Doric -0.-. Lat. pannus 'piece of cloth, rag', Go. fana [m.] 'cloth, towel', OHG fano 'cloth', MoHG Fahne, OE fana 'banner' < *fan-on have a different meaning and short * -a- (and no PIE etymology). 1t'lVQK'l [f.] 'false hair, wig' (Luc. Dial. Mer. 5, 3 , etc., Phot., Poll.). � GR� DER 1t'lv'lKI�£tv· U1tUTCtV 'deceive' (H., Cratin. 319), also with 8tu- (Cratin. 282); 1t'lv'lKtaflCtTWV· cpeVUKtaflCtTwV 'cheatings' (H.). .ETYM As a wig may seem a bobbin of threads, the word has probably been derived from 1t�v'l on the model of cpeVCtK'l 'wig'. •

1t'lVLKU [adv.] 'when?' (Att.). � IE *kwo- 'who?'� .ETYM Formed from the interrogative pronoun, on the model of �vlKu 'when'. 1t'l6� [m.] 'kinsman by alliance' (ll.). � ?� VAR Dor. Aeol. 1t0.6<;. .DER 1tUWTat· ovyyeV£1<;, olK£lOt. ACtKWVe<; 'kinsmen, relatives (Lac.), (H.), perhaps after 1tUTptWTat. Also in the patronym IIoAu-mit8'l<; (Thgn.). Denominative 1tu60flat [v.] 'to become a kinsman' in 1tuw8£t<; (Ale.). Abstract 1t'loaUv'l [E] (A. R.). .ETYM Kinship term without certain connection. As PGr. *piiso- it has often been connected with Lat. piir, paris 'equal, matching' (perhaps from *parVs, *piis-i-), but this is formally not compelling; also, the etymology of the Latin word is disputed. Unrelated to � 1t'l·iaKo� 'son, offspring'. •

1tQpu [f.] 'leather bag, knapsack' (Od., Ar.). � PG?� .VAR Ion. -'l. .COMP 1t'lp6-8£TO<; (lflCt<;) 'binding a knapsack' or 'bound around the knapsack' (AP). .DER Diminutive 1t'lpI8tov [n.] (Ar., Men.); 1t'lP-I<; or -IV, gen. -lvo<; [f.] 'scrotum' (Nic.); enlarged -IVU [f.] (Gal.) = 1tepl-Vatov . ETYM Unexplained; cf. on � 8UAUKO<; and � aCtKKo<;. Fur.: 152 compares �'lpI8e<;· lJ1t08�flUTU, a. �fl£l<; Efl�Ct8£<; AEYOfleV 'sandals, which we call Efl�Ct8e<;' (H.) and 1tept �o.pI8e<; 'womens shoes'; he further mentions Lat. pero 'soldiers shoes' and pre Romance *barr- 'small vase' . , 1t'lPLU [f.] . A 1tEV8tot T�V xwpuv TOU uypou 'region of the field (Aspendos) (H.) . •

� ?� .ETYM The connection with Go. fera, OHG fiara [f.] 'side, region' is very doubtful. It is unknown whether the Thess. PN II'lpel'l (B 766) belongs here. 1t'lp6� [adj.] 'infirm, invalid', of the eyes 'blind', of the limbs 'lame', etc. (B 599, Semon., Hp., Luc.). � ?� .VAR Att. 1tijpo<; acc. to Hdn. Gr. 1, 190 . .COMP 1t'lpO-fleA�� 'crippled' (AP), a-1t'lpo<; 'unmaimed' (Hdt.), Efl-1t'lpo<; 'maimed, crippled' (Hdt. , Hp.), Efl1tUpo<;· Efl1tA'lKTO<; 'stunned' (H.); s-stem U1t'lP�� (A. R.), U1tUpE<;· UytE<;, U1t�PWTOV 'healthy, unimpaired' (H.) . DER 1t'lpw8'l<; (H. s.v. yut6<;), besid� voaw8'l<;. Denominative 1t'lp60flat, -6w (Dor. 1to.p-) [v.] 'to be maimed, maim' (lA, Gortyn), whence 1t�p-wcn<; [E] 'maiming' (lA), •

1188 -wfla [n.] 'id.', also 'maimed animal' (Arist., Gal.). Backformation mipoe; [n.] 'infirmity' (Ale.; uncertain). .ETYM Isolated. Cannot be connected with n� fla 'sorrow' because of the *a, as shown by Doric no.p-. 1t�Xu<; [m.] 'forearm, arm', as a measure 'cubit', and other metaphorical mgs. (ll.). � IE *bh ehJ:-u- 'lower arm, elbow'� VAR Dor. Aeol. mixve;, gen. -coe;, -ewe;. .COMP Ol-1tIlXVe; 'two cubits long' (lA). .DER 1. diminutive 1tIlXL(JKOe; [m.] (Anon. apud Suid.); 2. adjectives 1tllxv-aloe; (lA, 1taxv- Epich.), -LOe; (Mimn., A. R.) 'one cubitlc,m g'; 3. verbs: 1tIlXL
1tiap [n.] 'fat, tallow' (epic Ion. ll). � IE *piH-uer- 'fat'� .DIAL Myc. PN pi-we-ri-di, -si (?) .DER Adjective 1tLWV [m.], nlov [n.] , 1tLeLpa [f.] 'fat, fertile, rich' (ll.), whence mep6e;, map6e; 'id.' (Hp., Arist.); grades of comparison m6-TaTOe;, -TepOe; (Horn.), new positive 1tloe; (Epich., Nic.); m6TIle; [f.] 'fatness' (Hp., Arist.). Poetic m�eLe; 'id.' (AP). Denominative verb maLVW (aor. mo.vat, also with 8La-, KaTa-, etc.) 'to make fat, fatten, enrich' (PL, lA), 1tLa-(Jfla [n.] 'fattening food' (A.), 1tOTL-1tLaflfla [n.] , 'remaining fat (on the altar) (Cyrene), -(Jfl6e; [m.] 'fattening' (Ael.); -VT� pLOe; (Hp.), -vTLK6e; (Apoll. Lex.) 'making fat, fattening'. With A-suffix: maA€oe; 'fat' (Ion. poet.), rarely 1tLaAOe; 'id.' (probably reshaped after (JLaAOe; [Hp.]). Isolated: mfleA-� [f.] 'fat, lard' (lA), whence -w81le; 'fatty' (Hp., Arist.), -�e; 'id.' (Aq., Luc.). ETYM Gr. nlap derives from PIE *piH-ld[ [n.] 'fat'; the adjective nLwv, 1tLeLpa presupposes *nLFwv, *nLFep-!a from PIE *piH-uon, fern. -uer-ih2 'fat', which corresponds preCisely to Skt. p fvan-, fern. p fvarl- 'fat, swelling'. Further cognate forms: Skt. p fvas-, Av. pluuah- [n.] 'fat'. Gr. nlfleA� presupposes an earlier m (o)-stem *piH-m(o)- 'fat'; a cognate formation may be Av. paeman- 'mother's milk' [n.] < •

*pe/oiH-mn-. 1tlyyaAo<; [adj.] . (Jaupoe; 6 KaAouflevoe; xahLe; 'horse-mackerel' (H.). � ?� ETYM Has been compared with Skt. pingalti- 'reddish, brown-yellow', with a variant pifljtira-. Also in the gloss myyave6(J
1tic5a�, -aKo<; [m.] 'eruption, geyser' (epic Ion. poet. TI 825). � PG?� ·COMP 1toAv-nI8a� 'having many springs' (ll.). DER m8aK-ITLe; [f.] 'belonging to a spring' (Hp. Ep.), -6eLe; 'rich in springs' (E.), -w81le; 'id.' (PIu.). Also m8�w(Ja [f.] 'id.' (of "1811, A 183); m8vALe; (cod. nIl8-} 1tETpa; •

1tL90e; £� �e; Mwp pEel 'a rock from which water flows' (H.). Verbs: mMw (also with 8La-) [v.] 'to spring, spout up' (Arist.); m8Uw (also with o.va-, o.no-, 8La-) 'id.' (Hp., Arist., Thphr.); nL8v
1tl60<; [m.] 'large, mostly earthen vessel for storing wine, which is open at the top' (ll.). � PG(v)� .DIAL Myc. qe-to. .COMP m9-oLY-La [n.] 'ceremony for the opening of vessels' (PIu.).

mKEpLov .DER m8aKvTj (Thasos va), also in Att. mss., beside q>LOCtKVTj (A., D., Thphr., Moer.), Dor. mTUpOV 'butter' (Hp.). � ?� .ETYM Phrygian, according to Erotian. 73,13. 7tlKp6� [adj.] 'sharp, pointed, piercing, bitter, painful' (ll.), on the meaning see Treu 1955: 78 and 273. � IE *pik-ro- 'motley, painted'� .COMP mKp6-xoAO� 'full of bitter gall' (Hp.), YAuKu-mKpo� 'bittersweet' (Sapph.), see Risch IF 59 (1949): 32. .DER 1. Abstract: mKp-6TTj� [f.] 'sharpness, bitterness, etc.' (lA), -la [f.] 'id.' (D., Arist., Hell.). 2. plant name: mKp-a�, -l�, -IOLOV (Arist., Thphr., Ps.-Dsc.), see Stromberg 1940: 63; -a� [f.] also of the soil 'acid' (pap. lIra); -IOLO� as an adjective 'somewhat bitter' (Ath.). 3. Verbs: mKp-alvoflaL 'to become bitter, embitter', -alvw 'to make bitter' (lA), also with EK-, EV-, 1tapa-, etc.; thence -a
*pisla-). 1ttAU [f.] 'mortar' (POxy. 1890, 12). � LW Lat.� .DER mAapLOv (medic.) 'eye-salve'. .ETYM Loanword from Lat. pila. 1ttAVUf.lal =>1tEAa�. 1ttAO<; [m.] KOXAL6� 'screw' (H.). � ?� .ETYM Unknown. .

1tiAO<; [m.] 'felt, felt hat', also 'felt shoe, felt blanket, etc.' (K 265); as a plant name 'touchwood, Polyporus igniarius', also 'lotus bud' (Thphr.). � ?� .COMP KpaTal-mAo� 'with hard felt' (A. Fr. 430 = 624 M.). .DER 1. Diminutives: mA-lov (Arist., Hell.), -IOLOV (Att.) , -apLOv (medic.), -1
1191 (Att., Hell.), also with prefix, especially
7tlf.lEA� =>1tlap. 1ttf.l1tA'lf.ll, -uf.lal [v.] 'to fill, make full', intr. 'to fill oneself, become or be full' (n.) . � IE *pleh,- 'fill'� .VAR -aVETaL [3sg.] (1 679), rare -aw, -EW (Hp.), also 1tA�8w (intr., late also tr.; n . , epic poet.). Aor. 1tA�-
1192 Hell.); see Ruijgh 1957: 110; thence TtAT]-8uw [v.] 'to be full, become full, increase', -8uVOflaL, -8uvw 'to belong to the mass, agree with it, augment oneself; to make full, augment' (A., Arist., LXX, NT); hence -8uaflo� [m.] 'increase' (Procl., Simp.), -8UVTlKO� 'plural' (gramm.); 5. TtAT]8-wpa, Ion. -T] [f] 'fullness', medic. 'plethora, full blooded' (Ion. Hell.); on the secondary barytonesis see Wackernagel and Debrunner Phil. 95 (1942): 181f. Thence TtAT]8-wplaw [v.] 'to suffer from Tt.', -WPlKO� 'plethoric' (Gal.), -wp£w 'to be full' (Suid.). .ETYM The conjugation has parallels in e.g. Indo-Iranian, viz. 3sg. aor. E-TtAT]a-£ = Skt. ri-priis < *e-pleh,-s-t; 3sg.pres. Tt1fl-TtAT]-0"l = Av. ham-pii-friii-ti 'fills up' < *pe/i pleh,-ti, but the zero grade Ipl.pres. Ttlfl-TtAa-f.L£v cannot regularly be from lE *pi-plh, me, because this should have become **TtlflTtJi:T]fl£V (the ablaut was restored). Some nominal suffIxations can be dated back to the parent language: e.g. TtA�-PT]�, Arm. lir 'fullness', Lat. plerus 'for the greater part', pler'i-que 'most' < *pleh,-r-; TtA�fla < *pleh,mn is echoed by the Lat. gloss pleminiibantur· replebantur. The theta as a suffIx occurs in a number of presumably young formations, viz. TtA�-80�, TtA�-8-w, Tt£-TtAT]8a (cf. �pi-80� : �pl-8w : �£-�pl-8a), but TtAT]8u� is comparable with Lat. plebes < *pleh,-dh uh,- (on the original inflection, see Pok. 799f., Schrijver 1991: 380f., Kortlandt 1997b: 160, and De Vaan 2008: 471). See � TtOAU�. 7tl!17tpll1-U [v.] 'to blow (up), fan, kindle, burn up' (ll.). �IE *prh,- 'blow, blaze'� .VAR Inf. -avaL (lA), also -aw (X., Plb.), ipf £v-£TtpT]80v (I 589), fut. Ttp�aw, aor. Ttp�aaL (ll.), pass. aor. TtpT]a8�vaL, perf. Tt£TtPT]aflaL, -T]flaL (lA, also Epid.), perf. act. Tt£TtpT]Ka (Hp.). .COMP Often with prefix, especially £v-. DER 1. TtpT]aT�p, -�po� [m.] 'heavy gale, hurricane accompanied by a stroke of lightning' (Hes.), also 'bellows, jugular' and name of a snake that causes inflammation (Arist., Ds.), with TtpT]aTT]pla�W [v.] 'to ignite as if by lightning' (Hdn. Epim.); £flTtpT]aT�� [m.] 'incendiary' (Aq., Ptol.). 2. TtP�O"l� (mostly Efl-) [f] 'blowing up, ignition, inflammation' (lA, Aret.); 3. £flTtpT]aflo� [m.] 'ignition, inflammation' (Hell.); 4. Ttp�afla [n.], -flov� [f] 'id.' (Gal., Hippiatr.); TtapaTtp�(a)flaTa [n.pl.] 'inflammations on the legs of horses' (pap.). 5. TtpT]aTlKO� 'blowing up' (Hp. apud Gal.). Also 6. TtPT]owv, -ovo� [f.] 'inflammatory swelling' (Nic., Aret.) and, with a suffIx -fl-, TtpT]flalvw [v.] 'to blow intensively' (Ar. Nu. 336 [lyr.] , Herod.), TtpT]flovaw 'to snore, roar' vel sim. (Herod.), as if from *Ttp�fla, *TtPT]flov�. As a second member in �ou-TtpT]aTl�, gen. -l(SO� or -£w� [f.] "inflammatress of cows", name of a poisonous insect (Hp.); for the formation cf. on �ou-�pwaTl�. ETYM The verb TtlflTtPT]fll, mflTtpavaL, Ttp�aw, Ttp�aaL, TtpT]a8�vaL, also Ttp�8w forms a sub-class with � TtlflTtAT]fll, mflTtAaVaL, etc. It seems to have been heavily influenced by it. Directly related is Hitt. parai-i 'to blow, inflate, ignite' < *prh,-(o)i- (Kloekhorst 2008: 631), but it is hardly related to Skt. prothati 'to cough, sneeze', pru$1)oti 'to sprinkle', ONfrusa,frysa, etc. (see Pok. 809). •

•

TtlVa�, -aKo" [m.] 'wooden plank, dish, writing table, public statement, chart, painting' (ll.). � PG(S)�

1193

mVUTO�

.COMP Some compounds, e.g. mvaKo-8�KT] [f.] 'collection of paintings' (Str.), A£lXO Ttlva� [m.] 'dish-licker' as a jocular name (Batr.) . DER Diminutives: mvaK-lov (Att.), - l� (corn.), -lOLov (Hp., Arist.), -laKo� (corn.), -laKLOv (Antiph.). Other derivatives: mvaK-l-Ko� 'belonging to the board' (Vett. Val.), -laio� 'as thick (large) as a Ttlva�' (Hippiatr.), -WO"l� [f.] 'timber-, tab1ework' (PIu.); -lo-a� [m.] 'salesman of mvaKlo£�' (Hdn. Gr.); -T]oov 'like planks' (Ar.) . ETYM The word belongs in technical contexts, like other formations with the productive -aK- suffIx; cf. Kafla�, KAifla�, aTupa�, Ttuvoa� (Chantraine 1933: 377f.). It may perhaps be akin to the Slavic group of CS pbnb, Ru. pen' [m.] 'tree-stump, bobbin, stem' (but doubts in Derksen 2008: 427). The parallel suffIxation of Skt. pfniika- [n.] 'staff, stick' is coincidental in any case. The word is probably Pre-Greek, in view of the suffIx. •

•

7tlVT] [f.] 'pen shell', late also 'pearl shell, pearl' (corn., Arist., pap.). � PG(v)� .VAR Younger Ttiva (codd. predominantly have -vv- instead of -v- in pap. and inscr.). .COMP Few compounds, e.g. mvo-T�pT]� [m.] "pen shell guard", name of a kind of crayfish (S., Ar., Arist.), aAT]8lvo-mvo� 'consisting of real pearls' (pap. IIP). .DER mv-apLOv 'pearl shell, pearl' (pap.), - lKOV 'pearl' with -lKlo� 'of pearls' (Peripl. M. Rubr.), - lVO� 'belonging to the TtlvT]' with Al80� = 'pearlshell' (LXX), -WTlOV 'earring made of pearls' (pap. IIlP); probably haplological for *mv- [£v] WTlOv. .ETYM Perhaps from Hebr. pcnin 'coral' (Lewy KZ 55 (1928): 28), but in view of the variation v/vv, it is more probably Pre-Greek (not in Fur.). Ttivov [n.] 'beer' (Arist.). � PG?� .ETYM Probably a foreign word, perhaps adapted to TtlVW (cf. Schwyzer: 6938)

•

7tlVO" [m.] 'dirt', on clothes, on the body, in the hair, 'grease in wool' (trag., Paul. Aeg.), 'coating, patina on bronze or metals', metaph. of archaic style (D. H., PIu.). � IE? *kwin- 'dirt', PG?� .COMP As a second member (with transition to the s-stems) in a-mv�� 'without dirt, clean' (Ath.), oua-, KaKo-mv�� 'badly begrimed' (S., Ar.); opposite El)-mv�� 'neat, beautiful, plain' (Cratin., E., Cic.). .DER mvapo� 'dirty' (corn., E., inser. Delos), mvap-oTT]� [f.] (Eust.), -OOflaL in Tt£mvapwfl£va (Suid.); mV-T]po� (Hp. apud Erot.), -O£l� (Hp., A. R., AP), -woT]� (Hp., E., Lye.) with -wola· aKa8apala 'uncleanness' (H.). Denominative: mv-ooflaL in Tt£mvw-fl£vo� 'dirty, etc.' (Hell. poet., D. H., Cic., PIu.), amVOUTaL' aTtOpUTtOUTaL 'is cleaned' (H.); -aw in mvwv (Ar. Lys. 279), after pUTtwv . .ETYM The connection with Lat. caenum 'mud' is phonetically impossible (De Vaan 2008: 81), but the linkage with Lat. inquiniire 'to soil' and Latv. sv'init 'id.' < *kwein (?) seems tenable. Further, hardly related to MoSw. dial. hven [f.] 'swamp' < *hwaino- (cf. Nw. dial. kvein 'blade of grass'). mvuO'Kw, mvuTll =>mvuTo�. mvu.o" [adj.] 'intelligent, sensible, reasonable, prudent, rational' (Od.). � PG(v)�

1194

rrlvw

VAR Variant forms are TrVUTO�· eflcppwv,
•

rrLvw [v.] 'to drink' (11.). � IE *peh3-, ph3-i- 'drink'� ·VAR Pres. Aeol. and Dor. (Call. Cer. 95) rrwvw, fut. rrloflaL, aor. emov, mciv (all Horn.; later rrciv), ipv. m9l (corn. et al.), Aeol. rrw9l, pass. £rro9'lv with fut. rr09�
rr1rrTW

1195

by Leumann Mus. Helv. 2 (1945): 12? Superl. rroTl
J[lrraAL� [f.] . � rrupu Tlm XUAKl�, rrup' EVlOl� Oe rr£pv'lfll. rrImw [v.] 'to fall (off), drop down, fall out' (11.). � IE *petH- 'fly, fall'�

r 1tLmO, -OUe; .VAR Fut. m:aEollUl (epic Ion.), -oullUl (Att.), aor. 1tETelV, £1tETOV (Dor. Aeol.), 1tWELV, £1tWOV (lA), perf. ptc. acc. 1tETIT-E(lJT', -EWTae; (epic), nom. -T]we; (Ion.), which may also be from TIT�aaw, 1tETIT-We; (trag.); ind. 1tETITWKa, ptc. -WKWe; (Att.). ·COMP Very often with prefIx, e.g. Eia-, £K-, £11-, £m-, KaTa-, IlETa-, 1tEPL-, 1tpO-, aull-, U1tO-. .DER 1. 1tCn-lloe; [m.] 'fate, destiny, (fate of) death' (11., epic poet.). 2. TITW-IlU [n.] , often prefIxed (oVll-, etc.) in different senses, 'fall, which has fallen, corpse' (Att. A., Hell.), whence diminutive -Ilunov (inscr. Asia Minor), -llaTLe; [f.] 'tumbling cup' (Mosch. apud Ath.), -llanKOe; 'inclined towards falling, etc.' (Hell.), -llaTL�W 'to bring down' (Hell.) with -Ilanalloe; [m.] 'falling sickness' (Ptol.). 3. TITw-me; (oVll-, etc.) [f.] 'fall' (Hp., Att.), i.a. 'throw of the die', whenc'll as a grammatical term '(in)flectional form, case form' (Arist.), with -mlloe; 'brought down' (A.), perhaps after uAwmlloe;; -nKOe; (IlETa-, etc.) 'inflectable' (gramm.). 4. 1tEa-Oe; [n.] 'corpse' (E. [lyr.]), -T]lla [n.] 'fall, which has fallen down, corpse' (trag.), see Chantraine 1933: 184; -wlla [n.] 'plunge' (vase inscr.), after TITwlla. 5. -1tET�e; i.a. in 1tEPL-1tET�e; 'falling down, blundering into something', 1tpO-1tET�e; 'ready, rash', with 1tEPL-, 1tPO-1tET-Eta [f.] (lA); also in compounds like EU-1tET�e; 'turning out well, convenient, fortunate', with -ELa [f.] (lA); � OLL-1tET�e; S.V. 6. -TITWe; in a-TITWe;, -WTOe; 'not falling' (Pi., Pl.); also -TITT]e; in aTITT]e; (inscr. Olympia)? On � 1toTaIlOe;, see s.v. ETYM The derivational history of the different formations poses many problems. The formation 1tLTITW represents PIE *pi-pt-e!a- or *pi-pth,-e!a- (latter form in LIV2 s.v. *peth,-), but the origin of the vowel length (noted by Hdn. Gr. 2, 377) is unclear. Influence from PLTITW is usually assumed. The Schwebeablaut of 1tET- with the roots TITW-, TITT]- in 1tE-TITW-Ka, TITW-Ila, -me;, 1tE-TITT]-We; (*peth,- : *pte!ah,-?) is problematic, but does not have to be old; it may be a secondary innovation within Greek. The same is probably true for the n-present 1tLT-VW (also -vw), which has an anaptyctic L, like other n-presents (e.g. � 1tLTVT]IlL). The -a- in the lA aorist and future is unexpected, and its origin is unclear. The whole system seems to be a specifIc Greek development of the old lE verb also found in 1tETOIlUl 'to fly', Skt. patati 'to fly, fall'. Further details s.v. � 1tETOIlUl; cf. also � TIT�aaw and � 1tLTUAOe; (the latter hardly belongs here). •

1tl1tW, -ou� [f.] 'woodpecker, Picus maior and minor' (Arist. [v.ll. 1tL1tOe;, 1tL1tpa, etc.], Lyc.).
mOyl�, -lc5o� [f.] '" = 1tU�Le; 'box, of box-wood' (IG 11(2), 287: B 50; 54 [Delos lIP]).
1tLauyyoe;

1197

1tlOeU [n.pl.] 'humid prairies' (11.).
1tlOOU [f.] 'pitch' (11.).
mOT1tEL80IlUl. 1tl(j1JyyO� [m.] 'shoemaker' (Sapph., Alex. Aet., Herod., com. apud Poll.). pLa 'female shoemaker (H.). Cf. 1tETTUKLa [no pl.] 'small pieces of leather' (Moer.). .ETYM A Pre-Greek word (Fur.: 357), as revealed by the suffIx -uyy-.

r 7t[aUVoe; 7tlm:[80 flat. 7tlT£aaUpee;. 7tLTEUW 'to drench, give water'. =>7t[VW. 7tLTnlKlOv [n.] 'writing table, leaflet, note, letter, label, etc.', also 'list of members, society' (Dinol., Plb., Hell., pap. and inscr.).
7tLTupa [n.pl.] 'husks of corn, bran', also metaph. = 'bran-like rash, sediment' (Hp., D., Thphr.). OL apTOL (H.), which are connected with 7t�V, � 7tuaaw. Because of its -L-, 7tLTUpU cannot be combined with these, unless we assume substrate origin. The same is suggested by the suffrx -up- (Fur.: 262). Cf. � muov. 7tLTUe;, -uoe; [f.] 'pine, fir, spruce' (Horn., Hdt., Thphr.).
, .

r 7tAUYYWV

1199

-oue;, -OUVTOe; [m.] name of a town on the Black Sea (Str.), -eLU [f.] town in Mysia (B 829), -uaaoe; [f.] town in Pisidia (Str.); cf. von Blumenthal ZONF 13 (1937): 155 and 158 . ETYM 7t[TUe; resembles Lat. plnus [f.] 'fir, pine' and Alb. pishe 'fir, pine', both with an unclear basis and, on the other hand, Skt. p itudaru-, putudru- [m.] tree name (extensive treatment in Mayrhofer EWAia 2: 137f.). Benveniste BSL 51 (1955): 29ff. argued against the procedure of collecting all kinds of phonetically similar forms that should be kept separate semantically (e.g. � 7t[wv, � 7t[vw, � 7tLTUe;, etc.). Fur.: 260 compares the toponyms IILoUTj = IILTuTj (St. Byz.) and concludes that the word is Pre-Greek; not very certain. •

7tLq>auoKw

=>

q>uoe; .

7tlq>LY� [?] name of an unknown bird (Arist., Ant. Lib., EM), acc. to H. = Kopu8uAAOe; 'lark'; also 7tlq>UAA[e; (after Kopu-8uAAle;?) (H.). L�, -q>Tj� . .ETYM Probably an onomatopoeia, and as such comparable to � 7tl7t(7t)l(w, � 7tl7tW; the suffrxation is reminiscent of instances such as aUA7tly�, 7t£p8t�, etc., and the morphological variation between -L� and -LY� strongly points to Pre-Greek origin. For further details, cf. Chantraine 1933: 397ff., 382 and Thompson 1895 s.v. � 7tlq>uAAle;. •

7tlq>prU.LL [v.] 'to let in, bring in, out, or through', intr. 'to intrude, come in, etc.' (corn., E., also Th., D., Arist., Plb.). pUvat (Arist.), beside -q>p£w in ela-£q>pouv (D.), -eq>pouflTjv (E.). Otherwise only future and aorist forms, always with prefix, especially da- (E7t eLa- , etc.) and EK-, but also 8LU- and Ct7tO-: ela-, EK-, 8tu-q>p�aw; Ct7tO-, da-, E� £q>pTjau, EK-q>pTja8�vat; also (E7t-) £La- , E�-£q>PTjKU with subj. E7t-W-q>pw, ptc. E7t-£La q>pele;, inf. ela-q>p�vat (for -q>pelvat? H.), ipv. EK-q>pee; (Ar. V. 162 with Buttmann; codd. EKq>epe); to this ipf. E�-eq>ploflev (Ar. V. 125), for -eq>pleflev? .ETYM The verb primarily occurs in the future and aorist, presentic formations being scant and secondary. Thus, da-£q>pouv, -eq>pouflTjv is modeled after the type Eq>lAouv, the hapax Ea-7tlq>puvUL after iaTUVat, 7tl(fl)7tAuVat, etc. This infinitive, then, can hardly be based on a conjectured IPl. *7t[-q>pu-flev corresponding to Skt. bibhrmas (pace e.g. Pok. 128). Most probably, the verb is to be analyzed as from *7tpO-'LTjflL, the aspiration being taken on by the initial 7t after the loss of 0 (cf. on � q>poupoe;). This process probably took place in the aorist forms: -q>p�aw, -£-q>PTjKU continuing -7tp(0)-�aw, -7tp(0)-�KU. Hence, the reduplicated present developed. 7tlWV YAR Fern. 7t[£LpU. •

=>

7tlup.

7tAayyoe; [m.] name ofa kind of eagle (Arist.; v.l. 7tAUVOe;), plancus (Plin.).
l200

DER 1tAaYYOVLOV [n.) 'kind of ointment' (Polem. Hist. apud Ath. 15, 690e, Sosib., Poll.) . ETYM Etymology unknown. According to Polem., 1tAayyovLOv was named after the discoverer IIAayywv; Frisk wonders whether the noun 1tAayywv has the same origin, but on the whole, the semantic gap between 'wax figure' and 'salve' is hardly big enough to justify etymological separation of the two words. •

•

1tAuytO� [adj.) 'oblique, athwart, sloping; crooked', Ta 1tAayLa 'the sides, flanks' (Pi., lA). The sense 'horizontal', misleadingly given as the first mg. by Frisk, must derive from 'transverse'.
1tAa4Sap6<; [adj.) 'damp, watery, spongy, soft, flaccid, tasteless' (Hp., A. R., Dsc.).
1tAaM tuw [v.) 'to babble' vel sim. (Lacon.); cf. 1tAaoL]l' flaTa't�£L, ao pap£unaL 'to speak folly, act pompous' (H.).
1tAavuoflaL, -uw

1201

.VAR Only inf. 1tAao8L�v and ipv. 1tAaoolll (Ar. Lys. 171 and 990) . .ETYM Perhaps modeled after verbs in -LUW designating diseases (Schwyzer: 732), but at any rate onomatopoeic; cf. MLG pladderen 'to babble'. 1tAU�W, -Oflat [v.) 'to make devious, repel, dissuade from the right path, bewilder', med.pass. 'to become devious, go astray, wander about' (ll.). *1tAa.yy-. Frisk points at the formal agreement between 1tAuy�aL, 1tAaYKTo<;, and Lat. pliinxi, •

•

pliinctus.

, However, the semantics of the Latin verb are different, 'to beat (the breast) > 'to bewail', and it is probably rather related to � 1tA�aaw. It is not evident at all that the meaning 'to drive off course' derives from 'to beat'; rather, 1tA�aaW and 1tAU�W influenced each other both semantically and formally. Van Beek (p.c.) suggests that 1tAU�W is related to ufl1tAaKlaKw as a Pre-Greek word *(a)mplank-, to which 1tAUYLO<; may perhaps also be connected.

1tAu8avov [n.) 'cake mold or form' (Theoc., Nic.).
1202

.COMP Also with m:pl-, U1tO-, etc. DER 1. 1tAaV-T]f.lu [n.] 'straying, going astray' (A., S.), -T]0lC; [f.] 'leading astray, suggesting' (Th.), U1tO- 'wandering' (PI., LXX); a very common back-formation is 2. 1tAaVT] [E] 'extravagating, (pointless) wandering about, odyssey, mistake' (lA); 3. 1tAo.VT]C;, -T]TOC; [m.] 'who wanders around, wanderer', also 'wandering star, planet' (Scherer 1953: 40f.), medic. 'unstable temperature', [adj.] 'wandering' (lA); thence enlarged 1tAUV-�TT]C;, Dor. -o.LaC; [m.] 'id.' (trag., etc.), -�1'lC; [f.] (Lyc.) with -T]1'lKOC; 'infiltrating, misleading' (Str., sch.), -T]T£UW [v.] 'to wander about' (AB). From 1tAUVo.W probably also the back-formation 4. 1tAaVOC; [m.] = 1tAo.VT], also 'tramp, vagabond, deceiver', as an adjective 'errant, misleading' (trag., PI.) , with 1tAUV-WOT]C; 'inconstant, irregular, sliding a,*ay' (medic.), -lOC; 'wandering about' (AP); also U1t01tAUV-OC;, -LUC;; 1t£pl1tAaV-LOC;, -LT] (AP et al.). 5. Opaque formation 1tAU-VUnw 'to wander about' (Ar. Av. 3); 6. As a second member very often -1tAUV�C; and -1tAUVOC;, -1tAaVOC;, e.g. U-1tAUV�C; (uaT�p) 'fixed star' (PI., Arist.), CtAL-1tAUVOC; 'wandering the sea' (Opp.), AUO-1tAo.VOC; 'leading the people astray' 0.). .ETYM Uncertain etymology. Perhaps a thematization of a nasal present *pl-neh2-ti, *pl-nh2-enti > **1tAUVUOl, **1tAUVUVOl, corresponding to the lE root *pleh2- 'broad, flat' (cf. Lat. planus), but the semantics are highly problematic. Borrowed as Lat. planus [m.] 'tramp', planetae [f.pl.] 'planets, etc.', implano, -are 'to seduce' (= 1tAUVo.W). The meaning strongly recalls � 1tAa�W, but it is hard to think of a formal connection. •

1tAo.�, -UKOC; [f.] 'plane, plain, surface of a sea, a mountain' (Pi., trag.), 'flat stone, board, table' (Hell.). - .COMP As a second member probably in � O[1tAU� (see s.v. and Fraenkel 191O: 374), and TpL-1tAU�. .DER 1. Diminutive 1tAUK-LOV [n.] (Troezen IVa), -LC;· KAlVLOlOV 'small couch' (H.). 2. -o.c; [f.] 'floor of a wine cellar' (pap. lIP). 3. -[TUC; o.pTOC; 'flat cake' (Sophr.), -hlC; [f.] 'kind of calamine or alum' (GaL). 4. Adjective -£pOC; 'flat' (Theoc.), -O£lC; 'id.' (D. P.), -lVOC; 'made of marble slabs' (inscr.), -woT]C; 'overdrawn with panes, a crust' (Arist.). 5. 1tAUK-OUC;, -OUVl'OC; (from -onc;) [m.] '(flat) cake' (com., etc.), with -OUVT-lOV, -lKOC;. -lVOC;, -6.C;, etc. 6. 1tAUK-OW [v.] 'to cover with slabs of marble' (Syria), with -WOlC; [E] (Asia Minor), -WT� [f.] 'kind of calamine' (Dsc.). 7. TN: IIAo.KoC; [m.] part of Mount Ida (11.), with tm01tAo.K-lOC; (Z 397), -OC; (Str.); IIAUKLT] [f.] name of a Pelasgian colony on the Propontis (Hdt.), with 1tAUKlUVOV [n.] a kind of eyesalve (Aet.). ·ETYM Apparently from a root noun *plk-s; cf. (with different vocalism) Latv. plakt 'to become flat', plaka [E] 'low lying place, plain', ON jlaga [E] 'thin layer, flatness' < *plok-eh2-; possibly directly related to a Germanic root noun with lengthened grade: ON jl6, pI. jlrer [f.] 'layer, stratum' < *plok-s, *plok-es; perhaps also OHG jluoh, MoHG Fliiche, Swi. Fluh [f.] 'rockwall'. From 1tAUKOUC;, -OUVTOC; came Lat. placenta 'a kind of flat cake' (phonetic details unclear). Beside *plk-, we also find *plg- in � 1tAa:yLOC;, *pldh - in � 1tAo.aaW, and *plh2- in � 1tUAo.f.lT]. It is uncertain whether any of these is related. The connection with � 1tEAUYOC; is doubtful.

1tAaa1'lY�, -lyyOC;

1203

-1tAUOlO� .VAR in Ol-, TPl-, 1tOAAU-1tAo.atOC; etc., late Att. Hell. -1tAUaLwv. =>Ol1tAo.atOC;. 1tAU(JO"W [v.] 'to knead, form, moId, shape (a soft mass); to think up, imagine, pretend' (Hes.). - .VAR Att. -nw, fut. 1tAo.aW, aor. 1tAo.a(a)m (Hes.), pass. 1tAua8�vm, perf. 1tE1tAuaf.lm (lA), act. 1tE1tAUKU (Hell.). .COMP Very often with prefix in different senses, e.g. KULa-1tAo.aaW 'to spread, besmear', Ef.l-1tAo.aaW 'to smear, stop up' (cf. below). .DER Action nouns: 1. 1tAo.af.lu [n.] 'forming, formation, fiction' (lA) with -f.laLLUC; [m.] 'fictional', -f.laLwoT]C; 'id.' (Arist.), -f.lU1'lKOC; 'id.' (S. E.); Ef.l-, E1t[-, KUTo.-1tAaGf.lU [n.] 'plaster' (medic.). 2. 1tAaatC; (UVo.-, KUTo.-, etc.) [f.] 'forming, formation, figuration' (Hp., Arist.). 3· UVU-1tAaGf.lOC; [m.] 'figuration' (PIu.), f.l£TUc1tAUa-f.l0c; [m.] 'transformation' (gramm.), etc. 4. KULa-1tAUaTUC; [f.] 'besmearing' (Hdt. 4, 175). Agent and instrument nouns: 5. 1tAo.aTT]C; [m.] 'former, molder, maker' (Pl.), often in synthetic compounds, e.g. KT]pO-1tAaaTT]C; [m.] 'modeller in wax' (PI.) , with -EW (Hp.), etc.; 1tAaa-TlC; (Ael.), -mpu (Orph., API.), -TPlU (Theol.Ar.). 6. 1tAaaTpOV [n.] 'earring' (Att. inscr., etc.), Ef.l1tAUa-Tpov [n.], -TpOC; [f.] 'ointment' or 'plaster' (Dsc., Gal., pap.). Adjectives: 7· 1tAUaTOC; 'formed, shaped, thought up' (Hes.), Ef.l1tAUa-l'OV [n.] , -TOC; [f.] 'ointment, plaster' (Hp.); 1tAUaT� [E] 'clay wall' (pap.) with 1t£Pl-, aDf.l-TtAUaT£Uw [v.] 'to surround, construct with 1t.', 1tAUaL£UT�C; [m.] 'builder of a Tt.' (pap.). 8. 1tAUaTlKoC; (Ttpoa-, EV-, uvu-) 'suitable for forming, plastic' (Pl.). Directly from the verbal root 9. 1tAa8-uvov [n.] 'cake mold or form' (Theoc., Nic.), 1tAa8UVLLaC; o.f.lUAOC; 'cake baked in a moId' (Philox. 3, 17; not quite certain); 1tAu8o. [E] 'image, £LKWV' (Dor. in PIu.); synthetic compounds like Kopo-1tAa80C; [m.] 'one who forms feminine figures, doll modeller' (PI., Isoc.). .ETYM From *1tAu8-1W < QIE *pldh -ie/o-. The stem *pldh - cannot be Indo-European, however, because roots with both plain stops and voiced aspirates were not allowed. It has been considered an inner-Greek innovation, comparable to formations such as 1tA�-8w, �pL-8w, etc. (Schwyzer: 703). However, since the verb shows no traces of a laryngeal, it cannot be (directly) related to the group of *pelh2- 'broad', e.g. 1tUAaf.lT], OHG folma 'palm of the hand' < *pelh2-m, *plh2-m-6s, *plh2-em-m, Lat. planus 'flat' < *plh2-no-, etc. (pace e.g. Pok. 805ff.). Perhaps, however, this root became conflated with that of Gr. 1tAaLUC;, Skt. prthu- 'flat' < *plth2-u-. From Ef.l1tAUaTpOv was borrowed Lat. emplastrum, whence MoFr. emplatre, etc.; also, MLat. plastrum 'plaster', MoFr. platre, OHG pjlastar, etc. The word may well be Pre-Greek, both due to the lack of etymology and in view of the anomalous root structure. 1tAU(JTlY�, -lyyO� [f.] 'scales' (Att.), also 'disk of the kottabos-standard' (Critias, Hermipp.), metaph. 'oyster shell' (Opp.), 'horse-collar', which hangs from the wood of the yoke, like the scales from ilie weigh-bridge (E. Rh. 303), also (plur.) 'surgical splints' (Hippiatr.). -
1204 oETYM From a stem nAum- (the hapax nA�mly-ye� points to a root variant *nAo.aT with a long vowel, but the evidentiality of this form is limited) plus the suffix -lYY (Chantraine 1933: 398ff., Schwyzer: 498). The etymological base of :he w�rd is not clear. Formally there is no reason to disconnect the word from � nAuaaw to knead, mold' < *pldh -ie/o-, but this linkage is not evident on the semantic side. The same holds true for the connection with lE *plth2- as in nA(m)� 'flat'. In view of the suffix -lyy-, it therefore seems better to assume a Pre-Greek origin (not in Furnee). , nAuTuytw, -ijOUl [v.] 'to rattle, crash, clap (one's hands) ('¥ 102 aD!lTIAaTaYllaev [v.l. -nuT-] , Hell. poet.). � PG?� oCOMP Also with auv-, uno-, etc. \l., oDER nAuTaY-llflu [n.] 'bang' (Theoc.). Also rCAuTUy-� [f.] 'rattle, steed' (Hellanic., Pherecyd., Arist., A. R.), -wv 'id.' (sch. Theoc.), -WVLOV [n.] 'broad petal of the poppy or anemone' (Theoc.), -wv[au�' (moAIlKu8[au� KUL '\Iocp�au� 'having declaimed in a hollow voice, made a noise' (H.). Cf. nAuTaaaw = -UyEW (Suid.). oETYM It has been suggested that the verb (onomatopoeia?) is a conflation of � nuTuyEw and nA�aaw (Giintert 1914: 12of.), but this is questionable. The word may well be Pre-Greek (not in Fur.). See � nAuTuy[(W. ni\.a:mvo!:; [f.] 'plane tree' (Ar., Pl., Thphr.). � PG?� oVAR Lat. platanista [m.] name of a great dolphin in the Ganges (Plin.); cf.

Thompson 1947 s.v. nAuTuvlaT��. oDER nAuTuv-WV, -wvo� [m.] 'plane grove' (Dsc.), -lOV [n.] 'kind of apple, like the plane's fruit' (Diph. Siph.). Also early nAuTavlaTo� [f.] 'id.' (B 307 and 310, Hdt., Theoc.) with -laTou�, -OUVTO� [m.] 'plane grove' (Thgn.), Lacon. -laTa� (-laTa�?), dat. -lmq. 'id.' (Paus.), -[aTlvo� attribute of an apple (Gal.). . oETYM The word has been derived from �nAUT1)� (etc.), under the assumption that the tree was named after its broad leaves or flat patches of bark (Stromberg 1940: 39? Chantraine 1933: 199f.). This etymology must be rejected in view of the opaque derivation of the oldest attested form nAuTavlmo�. Instead, we may assume that the name of this Asiatic and South-East European tree was borrowed from Pre-Greek, and only secondarily became associated with � nAUT1)�.

ni\.(iTu�, -UKO!:; [m.] Alexandrian name of the fish KopuKlvo�, 'Sciaena nigra, brown

meagre' (Ath. 7, 309a). � PG� o DER nAuTaKlov [n.] 'id.' (pap. II-I1IP). oETYM Frisk refers to Athenaeus's comment that the fish was named after its considerable size, i.e. "cmo TOU neplEXoVTO�", and therefore connects it to � nAUT1)�. Since, however, -UK- is one of the most common Pre-Greek suffixes, the word is probably Pre-Greek as well. Furthermore, there is nAaT[muKo� (-KO�) [m.], according to Dorio apud Ath. 3, u8c the greatest kind of the fish called flui\.i\.o�; however, according to Parmeno ibd. 7: 308f., it is synonymous with aunEpoll� and KOpUKlvo�; metaph. = TO YUVaLKeLOV utOolov (H., Phot.).

nAan!:;, -ll)O!:; [f.] 'wife' (Ar., Lyc.). =>nEAu�, neAa(w.

ni\.E8pov

1205

nAUTUYl�W [v.] 'to slosh the water with one's wings; to splash', also metaphorically of

idle noise (A., Eub.). � PG�

oETYM Distortion of nAumytw (*-y[(w) under the influence of nAaTU� or otherwise

TITepuy( w.

nAUTl'!:; 1 [adj.] 'wide, broad, flat, level' (11.). � IE *pleth2- 'broad'� oCOMP Often as a first member, e.g. nAuTu-cpui\.i\.o� 'broad-leaved' (Arist., Thphr.). oDER nAuTuTIl� [f.] 'width, breadth' (Hp., X.); nAaTUVW [v.] 'to widen,

make broad'

(X., Arist.), also with OlU-, £v- etc., with nACtT-uaflu (-Uflflu) [n.] 'dish, brick, etc.'

(Herod., Hero, pap.), -uaflo� [m.] 'broadening' (Arist., LXX). Also nAUTeLO V [n.] 'board, table' (Plb.), after the instrument nouns in -elov; from nAUTeLU (Xdp, cpwv� etc.): nAuTela(w [v.] 'to blow with the flat of the hand' (Pherecr.), 'to pronou nce broadly' (Theoc.). Several additional formations: nAaTo� [n.] 'width, breadth, size' (Simon., Emp., Hdt., Ar.) with a-nAuT�� 'without breadth' (Arist.); nAuT-lKO� (v.l. -UKO�) 'concerning the width, breadth, exhaustive, extensive' (Vett. Val., comm. Arist.); cf. yev-lKo � to yEVO�. nAumflwv, -wvo� [m.] 'flat stone, ledge of rock, flat beach, etc.' (h. Mere. 128, Hell.), with -uflwoll� 'flat' (Arist.). nACtTIl [f.] 'blade of an oar, oar', metonymic 'ship', also 'shoulder blade' (trag., Arist.), usually Wflo-nACtTIl (Hp.); nACtTIl�, Dor. -o.� [m.] 'pedestal of a gravestone' (inscr. Asia Minor, cf. YUIl� nopKIl�); nAaTlY�' T�� Kwnll� ' TO UKpOV 'the end of a handle' (H.). TN IIACtTaLU (B 504 et al.), usually plur. -U[ [f.] (lA) town in Boeotia, with -aL[�, -aLeL�, etc.; change of accent like in � UyUlU : -aC oETYM Identical to Skt. prthU-, Av. p
ovTo� (Hom.; cf. A. Pers. 875) the 'broad Hellespont' as the 'salty Hellespont', because the epithet 'broad' was perceived as inapproprate. In Hdt. 7, 35, the Hellespont is charact erized as 80Aepo� Te KaL aAflupo� nOTaflo� 'muddy and salty river' (Heubeck Glotta 37 (1958): 258ff.).

nAtOpov [n.] measure of length of 100 feet, square measure of 10000 square feet (lA);

later (PIu.) = Lat. iugerum; also 'race-track' (Syrac.). � PG� oVAR ntAe8pov (Hom., also Delph. and Corc.). oCOMP As a second member in e.g. a-nEAe8po� 'immeasurable' (Hom., Nonn.), 0( nAe8po� 'measuring two nA.', -ov [n.] 'length or area of a nA.' (Hell.). -[a [f.] 'id.' (Corc.). oDER nAe8p- lalo� 'measuring one n;\" (X., Pl.). -lOV [n.] designa tion of part of the Gymnasia in Olympia (Paus., Luc.), -[(w [v.] 'to measure, spread oneself over sth.' vel sim. (Thphr. Char. 23, 2), also £K- (Gal.), with -laflu = 0poflllflu (H., Phot.).

1206

7tAdwv

ETYM Etymology unclear, in spite of attempts to derive the word from 7tlf.l7tAT]f.ll 'to fill' or 7tEAOflat 'to turn'. On the variation 7tEA£8pov : 7tAE8pov, cf. S �hwyzer: 259 and Szemerenyi 1964: 214f., who takes 7tAE8pov as a Greek syncope of 7t£A£8pov. Fur.: 152 adduces �AE8pov (inscr. Thespiae, LSJ 1414), a form that further complicates the issue. In all likelihood, a foreign word (Hermann IF 34: 340).

•

:

7tAelWV [adj.] compar. 'more, longer, larger' (Horn.).
,

�

?

,

�

?

7tA£lWV, -wvo<; [m.] used by hellenistic poets in the sense of 'ye�r' (cf H.: 7tA£lWV 6 ; . £vlauTo<;. a7tO TOU 7to.VTa<; TOU<; Kap7tOu<; T�<; y�<; OUfl7tAT]pOua8at �ear, from ltS getting full with all the fruits of the earth'); the meaning in Hes. lS unclear, cf. Troxler 1964: 18M. (Hes. Op. 617, Call. Jov. 89, Lyc. 201, AP 6, 93, IG 9(1), 880: 16 verse inscr.).
7tAEKW [v.] 'to braid, knit, wind, twine' (ll.).
_

7tA£UflWV, -ovo<;

1207

7tAaK�aoflat, perf. 7tE7tAOxa (Hp., Att.), also 7tE7tA£Xa (Hp.), -£Ka (Call.), med.-pa ss. 7tE7tA£Wat (lA). .COMP Often with prefix, especially 7t£Pl-, £V(l)-, OUV-. .DER A. With e-grade: 1. 7tAeKTO<; (aUfl-, etJ-, etc.) 'braided, knit' (ll.). 2. 7tA£KT� [f.] 'Winding, knitwear, rope, fish trap' (A., E., Pl.). 3. 7tA£KTo.VT] [f.] 'wattling, sling, winding' (lA); enlargement of 7tA£KT� after Op£7to.vT] , etc., like �OTo.VT] to �OTOV (Schwyzer: 490), with -o.VlOV (Eub.), denominative verbs -avo.oflat (A.), -avooflat (Hp.) 'to be twined around'. 4. 7tAEWa (Efl-, aUfl-, etc.) [n.] 'plait, wattling, etc.' (lA) with -flo.TLOV (Arist.), -flaT£uw8at· £fl7tAEKW8at (H.). 5. 7tAEKO<; [n.] 'wattling , basketwork' (Ar.). 6. 7tAE�l<; (7t£PI-, Efl-, aUfl-) [f.] 'braiding, twining around, etc.' (PI., Arist.) with -£IOtov (Suid.), (1t£Pl-, OUfl-)1tA£KllKO<; 'belonging to braiding, etc.' (Pl.). 7. 1tAEKTpa [n.pl.] 'wattling' (Samos IV'). 8. 1tAEKWfla = opo.Wa (sch.). 9. £fl1tAEK-T T]<;, [f.] -Tpla 'braider [m.!f.] of hair' (gloss., EM). 10. (1t£Pl-, £fl-)1tAEYOT]V 'entwine d, interwoven' (Hell.). 11. afl
Epim.).

B. With o-grade: 1. 1tAOKO<; [m.] 'twine, lock, wreath, collar' (Pi., trag.); adjective s Oto.-, aUfl- (AP, Nonn.) from ola-, OUfl-1tAEKW; 1tAOKlOV [n.] 'necklace' (Hell. inscr. et al.), £fl- 'hair-slide, etc.' (Hell.), also plur. = EOpT� rrapa A8T]valol<; 'festival , (Athenian) (H.); 1tAOK-lflo<; 'suited for braiding' (Thphr.), see Stromberg 1937: 171, Ota7tAOK- lvO<; 'braided' (Str.), 1t£pL1tAOK-o.OT]V 'in a close embrace' (AP); 1tAOK-I(o flat [v.] 'to let one's hair be braided' (Hp.). 2. 1tAOK� [f.] (Epich., Arist.) 'plait, fabric, intertwining, complication, etc.', very frequently from preflxed compounds (1t£Pl-, £fl-, KaTa-, aUfl-, etc.) in different senses (lA). From 1tAOK� or 1tAOKO<; : 1tAOKo.<; [f.] 'hair plait, lock' (Pherecr.), after Y£V£lo.<;, etc.; 1tAOK£U<; [m.] 'hair braider' (Epich., Hp.). 3. 1tAOKaflo<; [m.] 'lock of hair' (epic poet. since 3176) with -1<;, -ioo<; [f.] 'id.' (Hell.), perhaps by decomposition from £U1tAOKo.fllOe<; AXatat (Od.) after £uKv�fllO £<; AXatOI beside KVT]flt<; (Leumann 1950: 122f.); 1tAOKafla· Ta 1t£plOaTW v£upa 'the sinews around the bones' (H.), -wow· TOV ODAOV �oaTpuxov 'the curling lock of hair' (H.). 4. 1tAOKaVOv [n.] 'braiding, knitwear, etc.' (PI., X.); after �oavov, opyavov, etc. 5. 1tAOXfl0<;, mostly plur. -ot [m.] 'locks of hair' (P 52, A. R., AP), with a suffIx -smo (Schwyzer: 493). .ETYM The thematic root present 1tAEKW < *plek-e/o- has no parallels in other IE languages, where we usually find the extended root *plek-t-; cf. Lat. plecto = OHG flehtan 'to braid', OCS plesti 'ouppo.m£lv', Ru. plesti 'to twine'. The original root is still found in isolated formations, e.g. Skt. prasna- [m.] 'turban, headband' < *plok no-, OHG flahs, OE fleax [n.] 'flax' < *plok-so- (parallelism with the rare s-stem 1tAEKO<; is probably COincidental). 1tA£OV£KT£W, 1tA£Ov£�ta, etc. =>1tA£tWV. , 1tA£V!lWV, -ovo<; [m.] 'lunges) (ll.) , metaph. 'jellyfish' (PI., Arist.).
*pleu-mon

1208

nAWpo.

.COMP Isolated compounds, e.g. nAwflo-pPwy�<,; 'with a rupture in the lung' (Hp.), aAL-nAeuflwv [m.] 'jellyfish' (Marcell. Sid.). DER nAwflov-wOll<.; (also nv-) 'lung-like' (Arist.), -[a [f.] 'inflammation of the lungs, pneumonia' (Cam. Adesp., medic.), much more common is the hypostasis nepL nAwflov-[a, -[11 'id.' (lA), nAeuflov-[<.; [f.] 'id.' (Hp.). Professional short-form nAeufl0<.; [m.] 'lung-sickness', with nAwfl-o.w, v.l. -ow 'to suffer from lung-sickness' (Hp., Gal.). .ETYM Gr. nAeuflwv is closely related to Skt. kloman- [m., n.] 'the right lung', [pl.] 'the lungs' < *kCw) leu-mon-, Lat. pulmo 'lung' < *pul-mon- (with metathesis), but the correspondences all contain minor irregul<\I.ities. The root *pleu- must be the starting point, as it reappears in OCS pijusta, Lith. plaiiCiai [pl.] 'lungs' < *pleu-t-ieh2, and seems to be old. Perhaps related to � nA£w. •

nAEupa. [f.] 'rib(s), side of the body', metaph. 'side of an area, of a geometrical figure, flank of an army' (ll.). � ?� .VAR Usually plur. -at; also -OV [n.], usually plur. -0.. .COMP Very often as a second member, e.g. nep[-nAwp0<'; 'going around the ribs, covering the sides' (E. [lyr.l). DER Diminutive nAeup-[a [pl.] (Hp., Delph. inscr.), -Lo.<,; [f.] 'side of an area' (Tab. Herael.), after ne8L-o.<.;, etc.; cf. Chantraine 1933: 354; -Lalo<.; 'situated at the sides' (Boeot. inscr.), -LKO<'; 'belonging to the ribs' (sch.); -[-rll<.; [m.] 'connected to the ribs', designation of a bone of the spine (Poll.), -lLL<.; (voao<.;) [f.] 'pleurisy' (Hp., Ar.), also as a plant name = aKopOLOv (Ps.-Dsc.), because of its effects, cf. Redard 1949: 75; -wfla-ra [n.pl.] = nAwpo. (A.), a poetic enlargement, see Chantraine 1933: 186; -Laflo<,; [m.] meaning unclear, 'dam'? (pap.); nAeup-wv, -wvo<,; [m.] Aetol. TN (B 639, etc.), see Krahe ZNF 8 (1932): 159. Hypostasis napa-nAwp-[8La [n.pl.] 'side armors' (X., Arr.). .ETYM No clear etymology. Hardly related to nAo.� < *plk- (pace Benveniste 1935: 112f.) or naAaflll < *plh2-em-eh2- via *nA�-Fap (pace Frisk 2, 559). •

nAEw [v.] 'to travel by sea, sail, navigate', with prefix also 'to swim, flow' (ll.). � IE *pleu- 'sail, flow'� .VAR Aor. nAeUaaL (Att.), fut. nAeu-aoflaL (ll.), -aouflaL (Att.), -aw (Hell.), perf. nenAwKa (S.), pass. nenAeuaflaL (later Att.), nAw-aEl�VaL, -aEl�aoflaL (Arr.). .COMP Very often with prefix, e.g. ava-, Ka-ra-, em- . DER nA6o<.;, contracted nAou<.; (avo.-, en[-, nep[-, ete.) [m.] 'navigation, seafaring', also 'traveling time, traveling wind' (lA); compounds, e.g. d\-nAoo<,; 'good for sailing, having a fair voyage' (Erinn., Theoc.) with -[11, -La [f.] (ll., epic poet.), nep[-nAou<.; [adj.] 'possible to sail around' (Th.), 'sailing around' (AP), also 'encasing' (Hp.; cf. entnAoov). From nA6o<.;: 1. the old inherited io-derivative nAolov [n.] 'craft, ship' (lA), with nAOL o.PLOV (Ar., X.), -aptOLOV (pap.); 2. nA6'lflo<.; 'navigable' (Att.), often written nAw·lfl0<.; after nAww, ete. (cf. Arbenz 48f.); 3. nAowOll<'; 'swimming, flowing', i.e. 'not fixed, mobile' (Hp.), see Stromberg 1944: 25. 4. nAo·lKo<.; 'id.' (Suid.); but 5. nAo't(w [v.] 'to commit navigation' (Hell.) rather for older deverbative nAw't(w (see � nAww). •

1209 From nA€w stems the rare form nAeum<.; (simplex only in H. S.v. veum<.;), i.a. in entnAwm<.; [f.] 'attack at sea' (Th. 7, 36 beside avo.Kpoum<.; ; otherwise entnAou<.;). On� � nAou-ro<.; s.v. .ETYM The primary thematic root present nA€(F)w is a PIE formation; cf. Skt. pldvate 'to swim, flow', OCS pluti 'to flow, sail', Lat. pluit 'it rains', etc. < *pleu-e!o-. The future nAeuaoflaL also has parallels outside Greek, such as Skt. plo$yati and aIr. lui'd, -lU 'to drink' < *pleu-s-; further, nAolov « *nA6FLov) match es ON fley [n.] 'ship' < *flauja- < *plou-io-, and nA6o<.;, nAou<.; corresponds to Ru. plov 'ship, barge', ToB plewe [m.] 'ship' < *plouo-. See also � nAuvw. nAEWv 'more'. =>nAdwv. 1tAEWC;; 'full'

.

VAR nA�Elo<.; 'multitude'. =>ntflnAllflL.

•

1tA'1yq =>nA�aaw. 1tA'1f1f1EAqC;; [adj.] 'out of tune, faulty' (Democr., Att.). � GR� .DER nAllflfleA-€w [v.] 'to fail, commit an offense', -£La [f. ] 'fault, offense, mistake' (Att.). .ETYM Compound of nA�v 'without' and fl€AO<.; 'tune ', the opposite of eflfleA�<,;. Cf. � nA�v and � fl€AO<.; . 1tAqf1V'1 [f.] 'nave, drum' (ll., Hes. Se., Hp., A. R.). � GR?� ·COMP nAllflvo-8e-rov [n.] 'hoop with which the spoke s are attached to the nave' (Poll.). .ETYM Traditionally associated with ntflnAllflL (cf. H. ano -rou nAllPouaElaL uno -rou li�ovo<.;"), but this is popular etymology. Preferably derived from *kwlh, -mneh2 'part that turns about the axle' 0Naanders 1992: 594), i.e. from the root of � n€AOflaL. 1tA'1f1UptC;;, -tl)oC;; [f.] 'rise of the sea, flood' (L 486, Ion. poet., Hell.) . � PG? (S, V)� VAR Ace. also -LV (cf. below); -flfl- (mss.). .DER nAllflu p-w [v.] 'to overflow, make flow' (Archil., B., Call.) with nA�flupa [f.] = nAllflu P[<.; (Hell.); byform nAllflu P-€w 'id: (Hp., PIu.), like KUp-W beside -€w, etc. (Schwyzer: 721); thence -tll, -[a [f.] (Aret., sch.). .ETYM IIAllfl-Upt<.; may have been derived from nA�fll l 'flood-tide', like aAfl-Upt<.; from UAflll, whence the yod-present nAllflupw with additional derivatives; the vowel length of this verb could have spread back to the primary noun nAllflV pt<.;. Note, however, that the forms with double -fl- are problemati c. This, in combination with occurrence of the suffIx -up-, may point to Pre-Greek origin. 1tAqV [prep.] with gen. 'except', adv. and conj. 'excep t, aside from, save that, however' (El 207). � IE *pelh2- 'near'� VAR Dor. Aeol. nAo.v. ·ETYM Like the antonym � O�v, the frozen accus. from a root noun *nA�<'; < *plh2-s, *plh2-m, related to � n€Aa<.; and cognates. Probably origin ally 'close, near', then 'aside, except' (see Schwyzer 1950: 542f.). . "

•

•

1tAQP'1C;; 'full'. =>n[flnAllflL.

1210 1tA'l,O'lOV 'near'. =>1tEAU<;. 1tAtlO'(JW [v.] 'to strike, slap, thrust, hit', pass. 'to be beaten, thrust, hit, struck' (EK- 'to startle', E1tl- usually 'to criticize, scold', 1tUpU- in pass. 'to become crazy', etc.).
(AP).

Adjectives, mostly as a second member: 7. -1tAfJ� e.g. 1tUpU1tA��, -yo<; 'stricken ' sideways' (E 418), 'crazy' (lA), 'paralyzed' (Hp.) with -fJYlu, -fJYLKO<; (Hp.), olmp o 1tA�� 'stung by a gadfly' (trag.); 1tA�� as a simplex only as a deSignation of a bandage (Sor.); 8. -1tAfJKTO<;, e.g. U1t01tAfJKTO<; 'stirred by strikes' with -fJ�lfJ, -lu (lA); 9. EK-, KaTU-1tAUY�<; 'startled' (Plb., Luc.). 10. 1tAfJKTLKO<; 'striking, hitting' (Pl.), EK1tAfJKn KO<; (Th.), etc. Verb: 11. 1tAfJKTI�OflaL 'to fIght' (
1tAlKLOV [n.] 'kind of tart, pie' (Chrysipp. Tyan. apud Ath. 647e).
1tAOUTO<;

1211

1tAlV60� [f.] 'brick, air-brick', metaph. 'square building-stone, metal ingot, abacus' (lA). 1tAEW. 1tA6Kal1o� =>1tAEKW. 1tAOVTO� [m.] 'riches, wealth' (ll.), also personifIed (Hes.), cf. IIAOlJ-rWV below.
1212

1tAUVW

[m.] god of riches, i.e. of the corn provisions buried in the earth (trag.); on the motive of designation see Nilsson 1941(1): 471ff.; according to H. EU1tAOUTOV KUVOUV' 1tAOUTOV yap EAeyov T�V £K TWV KpL9wv KUt TWV 1tUpWV 1tEpLOUaiuv, '1tA. was called the surplus of barley and wheat'. 6. IIAouTEue; 'id.' (Mosch., AP). .ETYM Derivative from 1tA£W, i.e. *plou-to- 'flow, multitude', with the suffIx -to- as in e.g. �ioToe;, vomoe;, etc. 1tAUVW [v.] 'to wash, clean' (cf. � AOUW, � vL�w).
�1tAWW.

1tAWC)'(JElV [V.] .
[v.] 'to swim' (ll., epic Ion.), aor. also 'to sail, go by sea', beside 1tA£W as a pres.; on 1tAWW beside 1tA£W see Bechte1 1921(3): 196ff., 208.
1tAWW

•

1tV£W

1213

.D�R P :obably, all derivatives are Ionic (cf. Fraenkel 1912: 3f.). AdJectlves: 1. 1tAW-TOe; (1tpoa-, EK-) 'swimming, navigable' (K 3 Hp. , Hdt" Ans' t.) . (Demetr. WIt. h -Tle; ' [E]. ' raft' vel SIm. Astrol.), -n:uoflUL [v.] 'to be' navigated, cruised' (P,rb.); 2. 1tAW-TlKOe; 'seafar!ng' (Hell.); 3. -aLflOe; 'navigable, seaworthy' (S., . DI��eman.), rather from 1tAWaUL than from *1tAWaLe;; likewise 1tAw'ifloe; alongside 1tAOLfloe;. �u?st�ntives: 4. KUn'mAWaLe; [f.] 'home-coming by sea' (Herod.); 5. 1tAWT�p [m.] . �ailor ..(;are m E., Ar., Pl., often in Arist., etc.), 'swimmer' (Opp., Nonn.); 6. 1tAW uo�e;, -Lu8t:e; (Thphr.), -L8t:e; (A. R.) [f.pl.] 'swimming, flowing'; also 7. 1tAWe;, pl. 1tAWTEe; �ame of a �sh, = KWTpEUe; (but cf. Thompson 1947 s.v. 1tAWTU); but O�KPU1t�WELV �T 122) IS not a denominative from *OUKpU-1tAWe;, but modeled after OUKpU XEWV, XEOuau and built as a univerbation; cf. Leumann 1950: 36. Verb: 8. 1t�w�T�w (-tP�w) 'to go by sea' (Hes., Th.), with -'LaLe; [f.] 'seafaring' (Just.). .ETYM Wlthm Greek, the derivation of 1tAWW, with its -W-, is not clear, but etymological separation from 1tA£W < *pleu-e/o- seems unattractive. The formation has a close parallel in Germanic, e.g. ON jl6a, OE jlowan 'to flow' < PGm. *jloan- < PIE *plou- �,:ith * -ou- > *-0- like in Go. sauil [ssil] 'sun' < *seh2u-el-), whence Go. , jlodus [m.] nver (�te.) 7he apparent lengthened grade is also found in Slavic, e.g. . OCS plavatt, Ru. plavat; to swim (to and fro)'. See � 1tA£W and � 1tAUVW. 1tV£U�WV 'lung'. =>1tAEUflwv. 1tV£W [v.] ':0 blm;, breathe, respire, smell' (ll.).
�

. _ 1tvEy-aoflUL (lA), -aouflUL (Ar., Anst.), -aw (Hell.), perf. 1t£1tVEUKU (Att.), pass. 1tvEUa-9�vUL (Thphr.), -9�aoflUL (Aret.). .COMP Ve� often with prefIx, e.g. uvu-, U1tO-, Eia-, £K-, £v-, £1tl-, 1tpoa-. :DER 1. 1tv0'l, Dor. 1tVo(L)a, epic 1tVOL� [f.] 'wind, breeze, breath' (ll.), also uvu-, OLU-, EK--, etc., ete. Epic -Ol- metrically conditioned after 1tVELW, see Wyatt 1969: 166-168. Very ofte� as a seco�d ,member, e.g. �8U- (aou-)1tVOOe;, -1tVOUe; 'with a pleasant wind, bre�th, (PI., S., E.), �1tl-1tvoo�, -1t;0�e; 'ins�ired' with £1tL1tVOlU [f.] 'inspiration' (A., , . UVU-, U1tO-, , etc.; also UVU1tv6'LKoe; 'concerning Pl.), -1tVOlU also beSIde -1tv0'l m OLUbreathing' (Ptol.). 2. 1tVEUflU (a�-' 1tpoa-) � n.] 'wind, breeze, ?reath, ghost' (Pi., lA) with 1tVEUfla-TlOv . (H,ell.), - :nKOe; . ,concernmg the wmd, ete. (Arist.), -TlOe; 'bringing wind' (Arat.), , -T�O'le; h� e wmd, or breath, windy' (Hp., Arist.), -Tiue; [m.] 'asthmatic' (Hp.) with -TLUW �v.] to �asp (�ch.); 1tVEUflU-TOW, -T60flUL [v.] 'to blow up, (cause to) vaporize' (AnaXlpp., Anst.) WIth -TWaLe;, -TWTlKOe;; 1tVEUflU-Ti�w (U1tO-) [v.] 'to fan by blowing' (Antig., H.) with -TLafloe;. 3. 1tVEUaLe; [f.] 'blowing', more usual in compounds, e.g. UVa1tVEU-aLe; 'inhalation respite' (11)- 4. With secondary -a-, and a suffIx -T- like in a-1tVEUa-TOe;, -Ti, -Tiu; �vEUa-T,LKoe; ,belo�ging to breathing' (Gal.), more generally uvu- (Arist.) etc.; -Tlaw to gas� �H� ., A:ISt.). 5. �'(a1t�- 'l Aoe;, -�Aue; 'loving, lover' (Call., Theoc., EM), from , ELa-1tVEW to msplre (love) , WIth analogICal -'lAOe;; cf. Chantraine 1933: 242.

1214

1tVlYW

.ETYM The verb and its derivatives appear to have been regularized to a large extent. The only isolated forms are epic ufl1tvue, etc. 'take breath' = 'recover from'. The appurtenance of the perfect 1t£1tVUflaL, -fl£vo<,; 'to be mentally active, animated, be sedate' is doubtful, and � mvu-r6<.; and cognates are certainly unrelated. Schulze 1892: 322ff. also separated ufl1tvue and 1t£1tVUflaL from 1tv£w. From other languages, only some Germanic formations can be compared: ON fnysa 'to sniff, OE fneosan 'to sneeze', which may go back on lE * -eu-; however, beside them stand several variants, e.g. ON fnasa, OHG fnehan, and the whole group may be onomatopoeic in origin. Cf. also � 1tOl1tVUW and � 1tVlyW. ... ., ' 1tVIYw [v.] 'to limit one's breath, asphyxiate by squeezing, water or vapor, to choke, drown, be drowned', also 'to muffle, smother' (Epich., Sophr., lA); on the meaning 'to drown, be drowned' see Schulze Berl.Ak.Sb. 1918: 320f£
•

1ton [f.] 'grass, herb, grass plot', late also '(time of the) hay harvest, summer' (ll., Att.).
•

•

1tOe£W

1215

grass' (Str.); 4· -uaflo<.; [m.] 'weeding, clearing of weeds' (Thphr.), -aa-rPlU [f.] , 'weeder (fem.) (Archipp.), -aa-rplOV [n.] 'weeding tool' (Poll.), from 1tOa(w = 'to weed, clear of weeds' (only as a conj. in Philem. Com. 116, 4). On supposed Boeot. *1tuu<.; 'meadow', see Finley Glotta 33 (1954): 311. ETYM PGr. *poiwa- is formally identical to Lith. pieva [f.] 'meadow' < *poiH-ueh2- or *poHi-ueh2-. Connection with the root of 1tOlfl�V cannot be shown. The deviating 1tOlVa· 1tOLU. AaKWVe<.; (H.) may be due to conflation with KOlVa· X6p-ro<.; (H.). •

1toc')n1To� [adj.] 'native of where?, whence ?' (Hdt., Att.); also 'of what sort?' (D.); in this meaning Hell. TCo-ru1t6<.; (with -r from 1to-repo <.;, 1t6-re, etc.). KaKUAU. 1TOSEV [interr.adv.] 'whence, from where?' (ll.).
1216

nOL

.ETYM Formally, n08£w directly corresponds to OIr. gUidid 'to pray'= PIE *gWhodh_ eie-, which is an iterative formation. Additionally, Balto-Slavic has a nasal present in Lith. pa-si-gendit, -gesti 'to long for, miss', OCS z�dati 'to desire, long for' < *gWh endh _. The related aorist � 8£crcracr8m can be compared to the OIr. s-subj. IPl. -gessam < *gWh edh _s_. In Indo-Iranian, the root is found in YAv. jaioiiemi 'to ask for'. The development *gWh _ > b-, needed to account for the Gm. group of Go. bidjan 'to pray', is controversial. On the concept of n680�, see now Weiss HSPh. 98 (1998): 31-61. nOl [prep.] .DIAL Arg., Phoc., LoCf. .ETYM See � noTL nOlEW [v.] 'to do, make, produce (also of poetry), act', med. also 'to choose, deem, appraise' (11.). - Skt. cin6ti (Frisk, DELG), is rejected by LIV2. On the meaning of nOL£W and other verba faciendi, see Braun Stud. ital. fil. class.N. S. 15 (1938): 243ff.; also, Valesio Quaderni dell'Istituto di Glottologia (Bologna) 5 (1960): 97ff. •

nOlKlAo,,; [adj.] 'varicolored, wrought in many colors (stitched, knitted, woven), manifold, versatile, cunning' (11.). -
nOLV�

1217

the lark's eggs (Arist.), Thompson 1895 s.v.; 3. -£U� [m.] 'embroiderer, stitcher' (Alex. Corn.). 4. Denominative verb nOLK-lAAw 'to make varicolored, work artfully, etc.', also with 8La-, KaTa- etc., whence -LAfla [n.] 'varicolored work, stitching, etc.' (11.), -LAfl6� [m.] 'elaboration, decoration' (Epicur., PIu.), - LAcrL� [f.] 'id.' (Pl.); -Lh�� [m.] 'embroiderer, stitcher' (Aeschin., Arist.), fern. -lhpLa (Str.) , -LhLK6� 'belonging to stitching' (LXX, etc.); nOLK-LAOw [v.] 'to stitch' (A. Fr. 304 = 609 Mette); - LA£UOflaL [v.] 'to be artful, versatile' (Vett. Val.). .ETYM The suffixation - lAo� (cf. K6iAO�, vauTlAo�, 6pl'lAo�, etc.) implies a root *noLK-, which is directly comparable to Skt. pesa- [m.] 'ornament', Av. paesa- [m.] 'leprosy', Lith. paisas [m.] 'smut, dust-spot' < PIE *poik-o-; the same formation (also as an adjective) occurs in Skt. puru-pesa-, Av. paesa- 'leprous', Go. filu-faihs 'noAunolKLAo�' . These derive from the verbal root *pik-, seen in OCS pbsati 'to write', n-present Skt. pi1J1sati 'to carve, cut, ornament', Lat. pingo 'to stitch with a needle, paint' (through nasalized coda *pi"g'- from *pik-n-). Cf. � 1tLKp6� 'cutting in, stitching'. The forms n£LK6v· 1tLKp6v, n£uK£8av6v (H.) and � nll'l'aAo� are uncertain. nOl!-ulv, -EVO"; [m.] 'herdsman, shepherd', metaph. 'guardian, leader, master' (11.). - Skt. pa ti 'to keep, protect', whence also go-pa- [m.] 'cowherd'. The frequent i-extension seems to imply the pre-existence of an i-present, 3sg. *ph2-ei-ti, 3Pl. *ph2-i-enti; from this verb probably derives Skt. nr-pay-(i)ya- 'protecting men', nt-pHi- [f.] 'protection of men' . Cf. � nwfla 1. nOlv� [f.] 'ransom, fine, penalty,_ vengeance' (11., epic poet.). -
1218

noloe;

-COMP E.g. nOlv-TjAan:w 'to pursue with vengeance' (see � EAauvw), v�-nOlVOe; 'unpunished, unavenged' (Od.); on � anOlva s.v. -DER 1. nOl[vj [ov [n.] nOlv� (Delph. Iva), like m:o-iov, xwp-iov, etc.; 2. adjectives noiv-lIl0e; 'avenging' (S.), -aloe; 'punishing, avenging' (late); 3. verbs nOlv-aoflaL 'to avenge oneself (E.) with -aTwp (A., E.), -�TWP (Nonn.), -TjT�p (Opp.) 'avenger'; fern. -�ne; 'avengeress' (AP); -i(oflaL in aor. -i�aa9aL 'to exact a penalty' (Are. VP). 4. nOlvwflam· nflwp�flaTa 'vengeances' (H.), after flia9wfla, KE
noioc; [interrog. pron.] 'of what kind?' (ll.). �IE *kwo- 'who ?'� -YAR Ion. Koloe;. -ETYM From interrogative *kwo- 'who?' (see � no9Ev) with suffIxal -oloe;; see � Toloe;. nOl1tvuw [v.] 'to snort, pant, bustle about panting, be bustling' (epic since ll.). � GR� -YAR Thence aor. nol1tvUaaL. -DER Dat.pl. [n] Ol1tVUTp[o] lm (Antim. in PMilan. 17, 43 in unknown meaning, cf. ed. ad loc.); explained by H. as anouoaiOle; 'earnest'. In nol1tVUoe;· 9Epanwv 'attendant' (H.), the ending is corrupt. -ETYM Reduplicated intensive formation nOl-nvuw (Schwyzer: 647) from � 1tVEW, � nEnvuflal. Cf. � nOlnEKw. nOA£lloC; [m.] 'battle, war' (ll.). � PG (Y) � -YAR Epic also mOAEfloe;. -DIAL Myc. e-u-ru-po-to-re-mo-jo IEuru-ptolemoiol. -COMP E.g. nOAEfl-apXOe; [m.] "warlord", name of an offIcial (lA, Dor.),
nOAle;

1219

war' (Th.). 2. nOAEfli(w (also mOA-) 'to fight' (ll., epic), metrical for -EW, see Chantraine 1942: 95; thence -laT�e; [m.] 'fighter, warrior' (ll., epic), fern. -iaTpla (Heraclit. Bp.), -laTpie; (Tz.), -laT�pLOe; 'belonging to warriors' (lA). 3. nOAEfl-oOflaL 'to become enemies' (Hdt., Th., X.), also with EK-, etc., whence EKnoAEfl-wme; [f.] 'becoming of enemies' (PIu.). 4. Desiderative nOAEflTjae[w 'to wish for war' (Th., D. C.). PNs, e.g. TIoAEflwv, whence the plantname nOAEflwvlOV (Dsc.), see Stromberg 1940: 135; TITOAEflaloe;. -ETYM The alternation between initial nT- and n- (see Schwyzer: 325 with literature, as well as Triimpy 1950: 131 ff., Ruijgh 1957: 75f., and Merlingen 1956: 55f.), although echoed by � noAle; < PIE *tpolh,-i-, must have been adopted from Pre-Greek (Fur.: 317). Formally, the word has been linked with nEAEfll(W 'to shake, tremble', and more distantly to nanw, but this is semantically unattractive. nOAloc; [adj.] 'whitish-grey', especially of hair, also of foaming seas (ll., epic, also HelL). � IE? *pol-io- 'grey'� -COMP E.g. nOALO-Kpom
1220

7tOAO<;

.DER 1. With a secondary suffix 7tTOAI-£8pov [n.] (epic 11.); cf. flEAU8pov, 8Efl£8AU, eo£8Aov (Schwyzer: 533) . 2. Diminutive 7tOAIXVT] [f.], often as a TN (lA), with -IXVlOV (Att.); 7tOAI8tOV (l) [n.] (Str.). 3. IIOAl£lJ<; (-T]u<;) [m.] 'city guardian' (Thera before Va, Arist., Hell.); fern. IIOAlo.<; (lA, Arg.). 4. 7tOAl-rT]<; (epic, Sapph., Att.) 'citizen, townsman', 7tOAl-a-Ta<;, -�-TT]<; [m.] (Dor. Aeo!., B 806, Ion.), after OLKlo.-TU<;, -l�-TT]<;, etc., fern. -hl<; (S., E., Pl.); hence 7tOAlT-lKO<; 'civic, political' (Hdt. 7, 103, Att.); -£uOflat, -£uw [v.] 'to be a citizen, take part in state affairs' (Att., etc.), 7tOAlUT£UW (Gortyn), whence -£Iu, Ion. -T]IT], -EUflu (Hdt., Att.); also 7tOAlTlUfl0<; 'administration' (D. 1.), see Chantraine 1933: 143. 5. Denominative 7tOAl�W 'to found (a city), cultivate a place by founding a city' (epic Ion., X.), aor. - IU(U)at, also prefixed (rare and late) with ev-, auv-, etc. Thence 7tOA-lUflu 'fourl'dation (of a city)' (Ion. poet., Th.), -lUflo.TlOV (Hell.), -lufl0<; 'foundation of a city' (D. H., Lyd.), -lUT�<; 'founder of a city' (rejected in Poll. 9, 6 ) . ETYM Together with the variant 7tTOAl<; (= Arc. IITOAl<;, name of the castle in Mantinea; Thess. ot HOAIUPXOl with assimilation) from PIE *tpolH-, to which correspond the zero-grades Skt. p ar, gen. purab [f.], Lith. pills [f.] < *plH-. The two forms suggest that PIE had an ablauting root noun (cf. Pok. 798-801) . Original meaning 'hill top'; cf. the s-stem *pelH-s, *plH-es-os supported by OIr. all [n.] 'cliff, ONfjall [n.] 'mountain'. •

7tOAO<; [m.] =>7tEAoflat. 7toho<; [m.] 'flour porridge' (Alcm., Epich., PIu.). � ?� .COMP 7tOATO-7tOlEW 'to make into 7t.' (Orib.). DER Diminutive 7tOho.plOV [n.] (Dsc.), adjective 7tohwoT]<; 'porridge-like' (Erot.). .ETYM The form *pol-to- is reminiscent of � 7to.AT] 'fine flour' < *plH-eh2- and , � 7tEAUVOe; 'liquid substance (of flour) < *pelh2-no-. Outside Greek, it has been compared with Lat. puls, -tis [f.], which is reconstructed as *pol(H)-t- with the Saussure Effect, and sometimes with pollen [n.] 'flour, powder' < *polH-n- (cf. De Vaan 2008: 474) . The Saussure Effect would need to be invoked in order to connect the Greek as *pol(h2)-to-. The situation is obscured, however, because the nominal formations may have been derived relatively recently from the verb � 7tUAAW. A final alternative would be that 7tohoe; is a substrate word, related to e.g. 7tuAo.8T] 'cake of conserved fruits' and 7tAo.8uvov 'cake mold' (suggested by Van Beek 2009) . •

7tOAU<; [adj.] 'much, many, often' (11.). � IE *p(e)lh,-u- 'many'� .VAR 7tOAA�, 7tOAU, Ion. poet. alo 7tOAAOe;, 7tOAAOV. COMP Highly productive as a first member, e.g. 7tOAU-Tp07tOe; 'much-wandering, much-turned, wily', of Odysseus, Hermes and others (Od., h. Mere.), 'many-shaped' (Th.). On the Homeric compounds in 7tOAU- see Stanford Class. Phil. 45 (1950) : 108ff. Beside this, we rarely find 7tOAAU-, e.g. 7tOAAU-7tACtmOe;, -7tA�mOe; 'manifold' (lA), like O£KU-7tAo.mOe;, 7tOAAo.-Kle; etc.; see also Ol-7tAo.mOe;. Compar. and superl. � 7tA£lWV, 7tAEWV, 7tA£1moe; (from *pleh,-is-to-), s.v.; innovation 7tOAlmOe; (Tab. Herael.), see Seiler 1950: 61. •

7t07tU�W

1221

.DER 7tOAAOTT]e; [f.] 'plurality' (Damasc.), 7tOAA-OmOe; "the manieth", 'one of many, small' (Att.), after £LKOUTOe; etc.; -o.Kle; 'often' (11.), epic and lyr. also -Kl; after O£Ko.-Kle; etc.; explanation uncertain . ETYM The a-grade in 7tOAUe;, -u < *polh,-u- is flanked by a zero grade in Skt. puru 'many' < lE *pJh,-u- and an e-grade in e.g. 0Ir. il, Go. filu 'many' < *pelh,-u-. The geminated stem 7tOAAO- is not certainly explained; it is mostly assumed that it contains the same suffIx as in fl£yuA-. The adjective is an old derivative of the verbal root 'to fill' as in � 7tlfl7tAT]fll. •

7tOAq>OL [m.pl.] farinaceous food, 'wire noodles' (corn.). � ?� VAR Also sg. -oe;. .COMP 7tOA
7to!17t� =>7tEfl7tw. 7tO!17tEfl7tEvoflat. 7tOVTO<; [m.] 'sea' (11., epic), often in names, e.g. 6 EU�£lvoe; 7tOVTOe; 'the Black Sea', for which also (6) IIOVTOe; (lA), also as a name of the southern coast of the Black Sea and a state in that area (App. et al.). � IE *pont-eh,-, *p1Jt-h,- 'path'� .COMP E.g. 7tOVTO-7tOpOe; 'crossing the sea' (11., epiC), with 7tOVT07tOP-EW , -£uw [v.] 'to cross the sea' (Od.), on the formation see Chantraine 1942: 62, 95 and 368) ; on �'EAA�U7toVTOe; see s.v. .DER 1. 7tOVT-lOe; 'belonging to the sea' (h. Horn., Pi.), fern. -lo.e; (PL); 2. -lKOe; 'from Pontos' (lA); 3. -IAOe; [m.] name of a mollusc (Arist.), cf. VUUT-IAOe;; 4· -cue; [m.] name of a Phaeacian (8 113) ; 5. 7tOVT-I�W [v.] (A., S.), elsewhere with KUTU- (Att., NT) 'to sink into the sea', whence 7tOVTIUflUTa [n.pl.] 'oblations sunk into the sea' (E.), KUTU7tOVT- lUfloe; [m.] 'the drowning' (Isoc., LXX), - lUT�e; [m.] 'one who throws into the sea, who lets drown' (Att.); 6. KUTU-7tOVT-OW 'id.' (lA); 7tOVT-ooflat 'to form a sea' (Q. S.), -ow = - I�W (Nic. Dam.), with -wme; [f.] (Tz.). .ETYM Together with � 7to.Toe;, 7tOVTOe; represents an old lE *h,-stem with ablaut of a the root, viz. *pont-eh,-s, gen. *pnt-h,-os; cf. Skt. panthiib, gen. pathab, Av. pant , gen. pa8o, Lat. pons, gen. pontis [m.] 'bridge, passage', Arm. hun 'ford', OCS pptb [m.] 'road', OPr. pintis 'id.', etc. In Germanic, the root is mainly verbal; cf. Go. finpan 'to find', etc. < *pent-e!o-. See � 7tUTEW . 7t07tUVOV =>7tEUUW. 7t07tOl interjection of surprise, disagreement, etc. (11., epic). � PG� .VAR Epic w 7t07tOl. Also 7t07tU� (A. Eu. 143) . ETYM Creation like � 7tU7taL, � �U�UI, -o.�. On the reinterpretation of W 7t07tOl (also
7t07tU�W [v.] 'to click with the tongue'; as a calling signal, etc. (corn., Thphr., Theoc.). � PG�

1222

1topeLV

VAR Dor. -uaow. .DER 1t01t1t-uaIlOe; [m.] (X., PIu.), -ualla [n.] , (Dexipp. in Cat., Juv.) 'the clicking'; enlarged in 1t01t1tu-Aulaow 'id.' (Theoc.), cf. �O Il�UA LU(W (see �OIl�Oe;). ETYM Onomatopoeia with reduplication. •

•

1t0P£LV [aor.] 'to provide, donate, offer, grant' (ll., epic). � IE *perh3- 'give'� .VAR 1tE1t PWTUL [perf.] 'it is given or decided (by fate)" ptc. 1t£1tpWIlEVOe; (ll., epic); ptc. 1tpWTOe; (Hdn. Gr.). .ETYM Morphologically similar to e.g. lloAeLv : IlEIl�AwKa < *melh3-. The verb is derived from the root *perh3- which is also found in Skt. pur-dhi [ipv.] 'give!' < ' *prh3-dh i. Because of the color of the larynge'+l, the verb cannot be related to 1tepuw, 1telpW 'to penetrate' < *perh2-(I)e/o-, nor to 1tEP'Y'lIlL 'to sell' < *pr-neh2-mi. 1top6tw =>1tEp8w. 7top6!1o<; =>1telpw. 1tOPI<;, -to<; [f.] 'calf, heifer', metaph. 'young girl' (epic since K 410); also 1tOpTa� [f.] 'id.' (P 4) modeled after OEA
1tOpKTJ<; [m.] 'ring around the shaft of a spear, holding the metal spearhead' (Z 320 = 8 495). � ?� .DER 1tOpKWO'le; 'like a 1t.' (Eust.). .ETYM Suffixation like in YU'le;, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 30, Schwyzer: 461), but no further etymology. Cf. �1tOpKOe; and � 1tOp1t'l. 7tOPKO<; [m.] 'kind of fishing-net' (Pl., corn.) � ?� .DER 1t0pK£Ue; [m.] 'net-fisher' (Lyc.). .ETYM Etymology unc�rtain: if connected with Arm. ors 'hunting, hunting-booty', it derives from PIE *pork-o- (Patrubany KZ 37 (1904): 428)' Doubts on the meaning of the Arm. word in Clackson 1994: 164. Cf. � 1tOpK'le;. 7tOpvTJ [f.] 'prostitute, whore' (lA). � IE *perh2- 'sell'� . �OMP E.g. �opvo-�oaKoe; [m.] 'procurer', with -ew, -la, -£lOV (Herod., Att.); 1tOpVO AUTae; [m.] (mscr. Tarentum), see Parlangeli Glotta 40 (1962): 50. .DER 1. Diminutive 1t0PV-IOLOV [n.] (corn.); 2. -LKOe; 'belonging to harlots' (Aesch., LXX); 3· -£lOV [n.] 'brothel' (Ar., Antipho), 4. -oauv'l [f.] 'prostitution' (Man.); 5. -euoIlUL, -euw [v.] 'to live like a harlot; to prostitute', also metaph. 'to practise idolatry' (NT), with -ela, -WaLe;, -wlla, -euTpLa (lA). From 1tOpv'l also 1tOpVOe; [m.]. 'lover-boy, lover' (Att., LXX, NT).

1top
1223

.ETYM Linked to � 1tepv'lIlL 'to sell', and hence derived from *porh2-neh2-. The loss of laryngeal is mostly ascribed to Saussure's Law (loss of laryngeal after o-grade); for a different interpretation (loss between liquid and nasal), see Van Beek 2009 . 1tOpO<; [m.] =>m:lpw. 7tOp1tTJ [f.] 'clasp' (ll.). � PG (v)� .DER 1tOp1tIOV, -uw, -'llla, -OOIlUL, -wlla; with a suffix -UK-: 1tOp1tU�, -UKOe; [m.] 'ring or loop on the inner (bulging) side of a shield' (B., S., E. Ar.), 'part of the headgear of a horse' (E. Rh. 385) with -UKL(o IlUL (Ar.); originally a Doric expression, see Chantraine 1933: 381, Bjorck 1950: 296£. .ETYM Neither a reduplicated formation from 1t£lpW, nor a creation *pork-ueh2- from 1tOpK'le; makes sense (pace e.g. WP 2, 39). Fur.: 163 connects 1tOp· 1tepOVn 'buckle' (H.), and concludes iliat the word is Pre-Greek on account of the variation 1t/
1topqnJPW

1224

'purple taxes (pap. 11'). 9. 1t0PcpuPWflUTa' nov Tal<; ewl<; TuetvTwV XOLPWV Ta KptU 'the meat of pigs offered to the gods' (H.). 10. 1t0pcpuP-L(w 'to make purple' (Arist., Thphr.), also with e1tL-, imo-. 11. TNs like I1opcpup- L<;, -ewv. .ETYM There are no Indo-European connections; probably a loanword from a Mediterranean language. On 1tOpcpupu, -up£O<;, -upw, see Vieillefond REGr. 51 (1938): 403ff.; further, Castrignano Maia 5 (1952): 18ff., Gipper Glotta 42 (1964): 39ff., and Tichy 1983: 280ff. Borrowed as Lat. purpura, whence MoE purple, ete. 1tOpcpupw [v.] 1. 'to surge, boil', of the sea (3 16, Arat., A. R.), metaph. of the heart (Od., A. R., Q. S.); 2. 'to dye purple, redden' (Hell.), 'to paint red' (Nonn.). � ?� vAR Only pres. and ipf. {i, .COMP With 1tepl- (Man.). .DER 1tOpcpup£O<; (Aeol. -10<;) 'boiling, whirly', of the sea (Hom., Alc.); to be kept apart from 1tOpcpup£O<; 'purple'. .ETYM Reduplicated formation like .- floPflupw (s.v. with lit.); for 1tOPcpup£O<;, cf. flUPflCtp£O<; from .- fluPfluLpw. Traditionally compared to Skt. jar-bhurlti 'to have convulsions, sprawl' from the primary verb bhurdti 'id.' (see further on .- cpupw). In the sense 'to dye purple', 1tOpcpupw was adapted to 1tOpcpupu. Discussion in Tichy 1983: 280ff. •

1tOI:; [prep.] '- 1tOTL, '- 1tpO<;. � IE *pos 'near, after', *poti� .VAR Before vowel also 1tO- (Arc. Cypr., Phr., Pisid.). .ETYM Traditionally thought to be identical in origin with Lith. pas 'by, near', OCS po 'behind, after' < *pos, which would also be present in Lat. post < *posti, Alb. pas 'behind, after', ete. However, DELG is quite explicit in its rejection of this comparison, arguing that all Greek variants 1tOT-, 1to<;, 1tO- must be expained from *poti > Myc. po-si. =

1tocr6T) [f.] 'penis' (Ar. Nu. 1014), also 'foreskin' (medie.). � PG(v)� VAR Cf. CtKpOPUO'TLU below. .DER Diminutive 1tOaelOV [n.] (Hp., Ar.); -LU [f.] 'foreskin' (Ph.), metaph. 'stye on the eyelid' (medic.); perhaps shortened from CtKpo-1toae-LU (Scheller 1951: 432); -WV, -wvo<; [m.] 'provided with a 1t.', vulgar designation of a boy (Ar. Pax 1300; meaning unclear in Lue. Lex. l2); also PNs like -Lwv, -UAO<;; perhaps also Boaewv (Halicarn.), O. Masson Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 10 (1975): 162. Furthermore 1toae-UALwv (Dor. inscr. around 200a), with a familiar enlargement -A-; see Taillardat RPh. 87 (1961): 249f.; - uAlaKo<; = -WV (Ar. Th. 291; conj . Dindorf, accepted by Taillardat l.c.). Compound CtKpo-1toae-lU [f.] (Hp., Arist.) -lOV [n.] (Poll., Ruf.) 'foreskin'; for this CtKpopuaTlu [f.] 'id.', coIl. 'the uncircumcized people' = 'heathendom' (LXX, NT), formerly assumed to contain a folk-etymological euphemism after puw (EM 53, 47, Blass & Debrunner 1959 §l20, 4). .ETYM Traditionally connected with .- m:o<; < *peso-, but the required derivation *pos-dhh,-o- is rather articifial. If CtKpo-puaTlu is not analogical, the word must be Pre-Greek in view of the variation. This explanation is increasingly attractive in view of the semantic field. Note that the derivation from *gWh osdh -eh2- (Szemerenyi Archiv. •

1225

Linguist. 5 (1953): 13ff.) is wrong, because root was *�osd-; cf. OSw. kvaster [m.] 'twig, brush', OIr. bot [m.] 'tail, penis' < *gWosd-o-. 1tOGLI:; I, -lO� [m.] 'husband, spouse, consort' (ll., epic poet.), cf. Chantraine REGr. 5960 (1946-1947): 219ff.). � IE *poti- 'lord (of the house), husband'� .ETYM Old and widespread designation of the lord of the house and the husband: Skt. pdti-, Av. paiti- 'lord, ruler, husband', Lith. pats 'husband' (for older patts), ToA pats, ToB petso [obl.] 'husband', Lat. potis 'capable, powerful', all from IE *poti-. The word is often used as a second member of a compound or with a gen., e.g. '- OW1tOTT]<;, Skt. vis-pati- 'lord of the house', Lith. vieS-pats 'Lord-(god), (cf. on .- oIKo<;), Lat. hos-pes 'guest, host', Ru. gos-pod' 'Lord, god', Go. bruf;-faf;s 'bridegroom' . The meaning 'lord, husband' is usually explained (see Benveniste Word 10 (1954): 256, following Pedersen) from an older meaning 'self in Lith. pats (and in Av. *xvae paiti-) and in the particle Lith. pat 'self, even', Hitt. =pat 'the same, also, even, etc.'; however, the Hittite particle probably derives from *-bh od (see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.). This interpretation is extensively criticized and rejected by Szemerenyi 1964: 337ff. See .- 1tOTVlU and .- I1oaetOwv. 1tOGLI:; 2 'drink, beverage'. =>1tlVW. 1tocro� [interr. pron.] 'how great?, how much?, how many?' (Att.). � IE *kWoti- 'how much'� VAR Ion. (Hdt.) Koao<;. .COMP Epic 1toaa-�flup 'in how many days?' (.0 657). .DER 1tOao-TT]<; [f.] 'quantity' (Arist.), 1toa-wOT]<; 'quantitative' (comm. Arist.), -lvou [adv.] (X.), see Schwyzer: 627, -CtKl(<;) 'how often?' (Pl., Call.), -ow [v.] 'to calculate the quantity, to count up' (Thphr.); also 1tOaTo<; "the how-manieth?" (w 288, Att.), dissimilated from *1toa(a)o-aTo<;, and accented after 1toao<;; hence 1toO'T-ulo<; 'on what day?' (X.), after oeuTep-ulo<;, ete. Indefinite 1toao<; (Att., Hell.), 1tOaTo<; (late) . .ETYM From *1tOT!-O<;, an adjective formed from IE *kWoti, found in Skt. kdti, Lat. quot 'how many?'. See further on .-1tOeev and '- Toao<;. •

1(OTUivlOI:; [adj.] 'new, fresh, unexpected, unheard of (Pi., B., trag., also Hp.), ace. to Eust. and Phot., Doric for 1tpoacpaTo<;. � GR� .VAR 1tOTaLVl = 1tpoacpCtTw<; (Zonar.). .ETYM Can hardly be separated from 1tPOTULVIOV' 1tpO fllKOU, 1taAaLOV (H.) and .- 1tPOTaLVl 'in front' (E. Rh. 523), Boeot. 1tpOTT]vl 'earlier'. As this stands for 1tpO TaLVl (scil. �fltpaL), 1tOTaLVl, -VlO<; must go back to an adverbial *1tOTL TaLVl with haplology. 7tOTU!10� [m.] 'river' (ll.). � ?� .COMP E.g. 1tOTUflO-CPUAU� [m.] 'river-guard' (pap.), KUAAl-1tOTUfl0<; 'with fair rivers' (E. [lyr.l) . DER 1. Diminutives 1tOTCtfl-lOV [n.] (corn., Str.), -laKo<; [m.] (Str.). Further substantives: 2. 1toTafl-eu<; [m.] designation of the east wind in Tripolis (Arist.), 3· -lTT]<; [m.] 'river-worker' (pap.). Adjectives: 4. -lO<; 'belonging to the river' (Pi., Hdt., trag., etc.), -laLO<; 'id.' (Arist. [v.l. -10<;] , Ruf.); -�'LO<; (Nonn.), fern. -T]'I<; (A. R., Nic.) •

1226 'id.', both metrically conditioned. 5 -WO'l� 'river-like' (Eun.); 6. -'lv� [f.] epithet of M�T'lP the river goddess (inscr. Pisidia), cf. Schwyzer: 490. 7. Adverb -'lMv 'like a ' river, in streams' (Luc., Aret.); 8. Verb -OOflUl 'to form a river' (Aq.). 9. nickname ITOTaflLAAa [m.] (Sophr.), see Schwyzer: 561. .ETYM Formation like oUAaflo�, TCAoKaflo�, etc. Combined with TClmw, ETC£TOV 'to fall' in previous centuries, thus originally "waterfall" vel sim., referring to a river sweeping away things in a mountainous area. Etymological comparison with the epithet 8LlTC£T�� (IT 174, 0 477) is difficult. The analysis faces the problem that the root-final laryngeal was *h" and thus cannot explain the suffix vocalism -afl-. Others have connected TCoTaflo� to TC£TavvuflL in the sense of "extension", and supposed identity with the Germanic group TC£TOflUl. TCOn: [interr. adv.] 'when ?', indefinite TCOT£, TCOT£ 'at some time' (ll., Att., Arc., Cypr.).
•

TCOn:pO� [pron. adj.] 'who or which of either?' (ll.).
TCOTl [prev., prep.] 'towards, by' (ll., epic poet., Dor.).
7tOTVlU [f.] 'lady, mistress', especially of goddesses (ll., epic poet.).
•

•

T(01)�, TCoM�

1227

(Poll.) 'wail', -acrT�� [m.] 'lamenter' (Phld.); also -a�oflUl in TCoTvLa�ou· £lJXOU, TCapaKaA£L 'pray, call' (H.). TN ITOTvLal [f.pl.] Boeotian town name (Paus.), called and after the ITOTVLUl (Demeter and Kore); hence the adjective IToTv- La� (A. et al.) the PN -£U� (Paus.) . ', ETYM Identical with Skt. pdtni [f.] 'mistress, goddess', Av. pa8ni- [f.] 'mistress *p6ti OLith. vies-patni [f.] 'lady, mistress': lE *p6tnih2• This is the old feminine of IE 'lord, husband' in TCO
TCoii =>TCOe£V. 7tOUKPl� [f.] 'river perch, Perca fluviatilis' (inscr. Acraiphia before 224-210 BC). TCWpO�. 7tOU�, 7toM� [m.] 'foot', also metaph. in several mgs. (ll.).
1228

npayopLT'l<;

also with prefrx, e.g. £fl-n08-L(w 'to bind the feet' (Hdt., A.), but usually 'to hinder, obstruct' (Att.), from � Efln08wv, Eflno8lo<; (see above); uva-n08-L(w 'to make to step back, to call back, go back' (lA); 10. n08-ow, -OOflUl 'to tighten the sail sheet, be provided with feet' (Lyc. et al.), whence -WTO<;. .ETYM The old word for 'foot' was a consonant stem *pod-. In most languages, it was either preserved as such, or enlarged: e.g. Arm. ot-k' [pl.] = no8£<;, otn [nom.acc.sg.] acc. no8a < lE *p6d-'11. The a-grade appears also in Hitt. pat- / pat-, CLuw. pata/i 'foot'. A lengthened grade is found in Gm., e.g. ONfMr, OEfet [pl.] < PGm. *!8t-iz < lE *pod-es. An innovation after the u-stems is Go. fotus, acc. fa tu < lE *pod-'11 ' An e grade is attested in Lat. pes, ped-is, while the. original color of Skt. pat, acc. pad-am, "', gen. pad-as cannot be deduced. ToA pe, ToB paiyye 'foot' contain an enlargement, but are diffrcult to analyze precisely (see Adams 1999 s.v. paiyye). The appurtenance of Lith. padas 'sole of the foot, threshing-floor, etc.', Ru. pod 'bottom, ground, plank-bed' is hardly possible in view of Winter's Law (see Derksen 2008 S.V. pod'b). All this seems to point to old static ablaut lE *ped- : pod-. In Greek, the e-grade is retained in a series of derivations: � n£8'l, � n£(a, � n£(o<;, � n£80v, � n£8tAov, � n£86.; further, an old zero grade is found in � £1tl�8a. The originally lengthened grade of the nom.sg. is found in Greek only in nw<; (Dor. apud H.). It was replaced by Dor. no<;, Horn. TpL-no<; after the oblique forms; Att. nou<; recalls 80u<;, etc., but has no certain explanation. =

npayoph'l<; [m.] 'kind of wine' (H.). -
npaflv£LO<; [adj.] 'qualifrcation of wine' (Horn.). -
=

npuv�<; =>np'lv�<;. npuvw [?] uKpi80<; d80<; 'kind of locust' (H.). -
npiio<;, -ov [adj.] 'soft, gentle, mild' (Pi., Att.). -
npcwaw

1229

.COMP Also as a frrst member (mostly late), e.g. npau-fl'lTl<; 'mild-tempered' (Pi.); on � np£ufl£v�<; see s.v. .DER npa-oT'l<; (Att.), -UT'l<; (LXX) [f.] 'mild temper'; npauvw, Ion. np'luvw 'to make mild, soothe' (Hes., h. Merc. 417) , also with KaTa- (rarely uno-, 8ta-, etc.); thence npu-uvm<; [f.] (np�-), npa-uafl0<; [m.] 'the soothing', -UVTlKO<; 'soothing' (Arist., medic.), -UVT�<; [m.] (EM). .ETYM The a-stem npao<; may have developed from the older u-stem npau<;, probably through the adv. npuw<;, which was contracted from npaEw<;, belonging to npau<;; extensive treatment in Egli 1954: 1Ooff. The subscript l in np9.o<; is secondary, probably from Nwv. The form npau<; is regularly derived form *pr(e)h2-i-u- by Hamp MSS 43 (1984) : 52f.; see Pok. 844· npanLS£<; [f.pl.] 'midriff, mostly as a seat of intelligence and of emotions, 'sense, mind' (ll., epic poet.). -
npaaov [n.] 'leek, Allium porrum', also of a kind of seaweed, like leek (corn., Thphr.). -
1230

npaT�Vlov

KaKo-npuy-€w (Att.); analogical oucr-, KaKo-npuy�<; (Vett. Val., H.), not from npuyoc;; also Eu-npa�-La, Ion. -npTj�-LTj [f.] , after npu�lC;, npu�at. .DER Action nouns: 1. npu�l<;, np��l<; (also with Ola-, KaTa-, etc.) [f.] 'realization, accomplishment, advancement, act, exaction' (11.), with npa�-ELOtov [n.] diminutive (EM), -qlO<; 'realizable' (Cyprus II-IIIP), 'recoverable' (Delos I-lIP), also npaKTlfloc; (from Dor. *npUKTl<; or after npaKTl-Ko<;?) 'liable to a monetary penalty' (Delphi 11'). Further compounds npo-npa�-La [f.] 'precedence in negotiation' (Acarnan. inscr. V Iva), imEp-npa�-lov [n.] 'over-exaction, blackmailing' (Mylasa VP), cf. also 10. below. 2. npuYfla (post-Horn.), Ion. np�Xfla « -Kcrfl-; inscr.), np�Yfla (Hdt.) [n.] 'performed act, fact, business', plur. 'facts, affairs of state, etc.'; as a second member in a-, nOAu npaYflwv, etc.; hence npaYfla-TlOV, -TlKOC;, -TLCfl:;, -TU<;, -TWOTj<;, -TEUOflat, with -TEUfla, -TELa, -TElWOTjC;, -TEUT�C;, -TEU-TlKO<;. 3 · npuyo<; [n.] poetic replacement for the worn-out word npuYfla (Pi., trag.). 4. npaKTu<; (Dor.) = npu�l<; (EM). Agent nouns: 5. npaKT�p, npTjKT�p, -�pOC; [m.] 'executor, tradesman' (Horn.), 'exactor' (Hell.) with -T�PlOC; 'effective, decisive' (A.). 6. npaKTwp, -opoC; [m.] 'executor, avenger' (A., S., Antiph.), 'exactor, tax official' (Att., pap.) with -TOP-lKOC;, -ELOC;, -EUW with -dov, -£la (-La?). 7. Eicr-, £K-npaKTTj<; [m.] 'collector, tax official' (Aq.). 8. npTj�wv = ayo paLo c;, i.e. 'notary' (Sicil.; Theognost.); probably from np��lC; (Schwyzer: 517). 9. Adjective npaKTlKOC; 'concerning action, skilled, practical' (Att.). .ETYM All forms go back to a common stem npuK- or npuy-, which is a K enlargement of a zero grade npu- (DELG compares £pU-K-W). Frisk connected this with the root *perh2- 'to sell' in n€npuflat, 1tlnpacrKOflat (see � n€pvTjfll), but semantically, connection with � n€pu, � nELpw (root *per-) is much more likely, given the oldest meaning 'to travel, fare', etc. Further details are obscure. For the function of the velar, nA�crcrw : nATjy�, Tfl�yw : TEflvw, etc. have been adduced. It is deSignated as terminative by Schwyzer: 7025• npaT�VLOV [n.] deSignation of goats of a certain age (Ar. Byz., H., Phot.). � ?� .YAR Also npo-, and npTjT�V, £1tlnpTjT�v -�vo<; [ in.] . .ETYM Unknown. Anatolian, acc. to Solmsen 1909: 140f. npE!lvov [n.] 'tree-stump, trunk, stub', also 'bole', metaph. of a column, etc. (h. Mere.). On the mg. see Stromberg 1937: 98f. � PG?(Y)� YAR Also -OC; [m.] . .COMP As a second member i.a. in aUTo-npEflvoc; 'together with the trunk, root and branch, entirely' (A., S.). .DER npEflvla· Ta. nax0<; £XOVTa �uAa 'wood having thickness' (H.); npEflv-wOTj<; 'stump-like' (Thphr.), -L�W [v.] 'to pull up, remove the stump' (Test. apud D. et al.), £K- (D. et al.), -lacrat· £KPl�Wcrat 'to root out' (H.). .ETYM Unexplained. Fur.: 65 assumes that it is a variant of � npuflvo<;, and considers the words to be Pre-Greek. •

npEnw [v.] 'to draw attention, be comspicuous, distinguish oneself, excel', also (mostly impersonal npEnEl) 'it is fitting, appropriate' (11.+). � IE *prep- 'be conspicuous, appear' or *kwrep-�

1231 YAR Rare fut. and aor. npE'\I-w, -at (A., Pl.). .COMP Often with prefix, e.g. Ola-, flETa-, £v-, £1tl-. .DER npEn-wOTj<; (Att.), -OVTW<; (Pi., Att.) 'fitting, appropriate', npm-Toc; (also E\J-) 'drawing attention' (A. et al.); often from the prefixed compounds, e.g. flETa-, Ota-, £K-npEn-�c;, also EU-, apl-npEn-�c; 'striking, excelling, pre-eminent, etc.' (11.), whence EUnpEn-Ela (Att.), -EW, -L�W (Aq.), etc. Further npEnwv, -OVTOC; [m.] name of a fish (Opp., Ael.), properly "fit (for eating)" (Stromberg 1943: 33)? On � Swnpono<;, see s.v. ETYM Identical with Arm. erewim 'become visible, appear', traditionally reconstructed as *prep-. An old independent formation is Arm. eres, plur. eres-k' 'face, appearance' < lE *prep-s-. Celtic too seems to have maintained a derivation from this verb in OIr. rieht 'form, shape', W rhith 'species' < lE *prp-tu-. The connection of OHG furben 'to purify, clean' is quite uncertain. For Armenian erewim etc., a reconstruction *kwrep- is just as possible as *prep (Clackson 1994: 165f.), and it has been argued that there was in fact one root *kwrep-, not two roots * krp- and *prep- (cf. Schindler BSL 67 (1972): 67, DELG Supp.). This would mean that the group of Skt. krpa [ins.] 'beauty', Lat. corpus 'body', etc. is related to Gr. npEnw. •

•

npE(J�u<; [m.] 'old man, elder' (poet. Pi., trag.), 'president' (Sparta); plur. npEcr�El<; mostly 'ambassador, messenger' (Att., Dor. inscr.); further npEO"�-�E<; (Hes. Se. 245), -Eumv (Lyc.), dual -� (Att.); cf. below on npEO"�Euw. � IE *pres-gWeu-, *preis-gWeu 'who goes in front'� .YAR Gen. (rare) -EWC;, -w<;, acc. -UV, voc. -U. .DIAL Myc. pe-re-ku-ta (PY An 172.2) Ipresgu-I or Iprei(s)gu-I, pe-re-ku-wa-na-ka (PY Va 15.2) Ipreigu-wanaksl (cf. Hackstein 2002: 109). .COMP As a first member in npEO"�u-yEv�C; 'first-born' (11.), etc. .DER 1. Grades of comparison: npEO"�U-TEpOC; 'old, venerable', -Tamc; 'the oldest, most venerable' (11.), also -TEPlOV 'council of elders' (NT); also npEcr�lmo<; 'most venerable' (h. Horn., A., S., etc.) after KpaTlaTOC;, KUOtmoc;, with a cross npEO"�LaT aTOC; (Nic.). 2. Feminines: npEa�a (SEa) 'the venerable', of Hera and others (11., epic), reminding of nOTVa (SEa); npEa�Ea fl�TTjP (poetic inscr. Caria 11-1'), metrically conditioned; npEa�Elpa, of SEWV, etc. (h. Ven., etc.), after nLElpa, -avElpa, etc.; npEO"�TjTc;, of Tlfl� (h. Horn.), after �amATjT<;, etc., cf. npEO"��EC; above. 3. npEO"�-�·iov [n.] 'gift of honor' (8 289), -ELov 'privilege (of age)' (Att., HelL). 4. -£la , [f.] 'right, privilege (of age) (A., Pl.), usually 'embassy' (Att.), to npEO"�Euw. 5. npEO"�UTTjC; [m.] 'the old, aged one' (lA), enlargement of npEa�u<; after nOALTTjC;, etc., with fern. -UTlC;, -UTlKOC; [adj.] 'senile' (Att., etc.). 6. npEO"�tTTjC;, -TjTOC; [f.], Dor. -Tac;. -TaTOC; ,(higher) age' (inscr. Messene 1', etc.), after VEOTTj<;. 7. npEa�lC; [f.] 'age, rank', only in KaTa. npEa�lv (h. Mer:e., PI., etc.); after KaTa. Ta�lv, etc. 8. npEa�oc; [n.] '(object of) veneration', affeJ·�KuOOC;, KpaToc;, etc. 9. npEO"�-EUW [v.] 'to be the eldest, have precedence, be ambassador', trans. 'to attend, venerate like a npEa�uc;', med. 'to send ambassadors', also with napa-, auv-, ano-, etc. Thence -EUT�C; [m.] 'ambassador, messenger' (Att.), singulative to npEa�ElC;. Also npEO"�-EUTlKO<;, -EUTElpa, -EUTEUW, -EUfla, -EUm<;; partly also npEO"�ELa (see 4. above) and, as a back-

1232 formation, 1tPW�£uow [dat.pl.] (Lyc.). 10. Shortened names like rrpeo�wv (to 1tpeO�£lpa, perhaps after 1te1t£lpa : 1te1twv), rrpeo�o<;, ete., see Bechtel 1917b: 385. On the different spellings and formations see Lejeune 1955-1996: 239ff. ETYM Beside the above forms, Doric (especially Cretan) and NWGr. have several by-forms with y instead of � and with a different initial syllable: Cret. 1tpEiyu<;, 1tpdyLo-ro<; with compar. 1tpdywv, also 1tp£ly-£UW, whence -w-ru<;, -�'la, -£la; also, Locr. 1tp£lya [f.] 'council of elders'; 1tpwyw-ru<;, 1tp£yy-; later 1tP�yLO-rO<; with -LO-r£UW (Cos); 1tpwyea 1tpw�da (Argos); 1tPLOY£(L)£<; (Boeot.) is perhaps itacistic for 1tp£lO-; also o1tepyu<;· 1tpeo�u<; and 1tepyouv· 1tpeo�£l<; (H.). See Garcia Ramon Emerita 53 (1985): 51-80 for a discussion of all dialectal forms. The common basis is probably 1tpwy- (with v;oiced 0; cf. Delph. 1tp£��w-ru<;); thence the other forms arose, but the phonetic developments are uncertain in detail. The interchange � : y may point to an original IE labiovelar *gw. The preceding syllable, which should probably be taken as the first member of a compound, is generally assumed to contain a frozen adverb 1tpe<; 'in front' (see � 1tpo<;). The origin of the final syllable is debated. It has been compared with Skt. puro-gawi- 'leader', of which the second member is derived from a root *gWeu- 'go' (a variant of *gWem-), so it originally means "who goes in front". Some recognize this root variant in Lith. zmogits 'man' < "going on the earth" (Fraenkel). The connection with the Arm. u stem erec" gen. eric'-u 'elder, priest' is tempting. It may derive from *preisgWu-, and is usually connected with Lat. prlscus 'ancient, of old'. It may also be assumed that 1tp£lO- is an old element, identical in origin with Lat. *prls, in prlmus < *pris-mo- and in prls-tinus. De Lamberterie 1990: 909ff. comments extensively on the formation, meaning, and use of the Greek term. Clackson 1994: 165 is critical about the formal side of the Greco-Armenian comparison (claiming that *_sgW_ would have to give Arm. -c instead of -c'-). See � flw(0)TlYU(<;). •

=

1tp£u!-u:v�<; [adj.] 'gentle, merciful, pleasing, welcome' (A., E.).
•

1tp'1YoP£wv, -wvo<; [m.] 'crop of a bird' (Ar., H., Poll.). 1tlfl1tpllflL. •

1tplV

1233

1tpiie!lU [n.] . 1tOAU1tOOO<; K£
1tP'1T�V =>1tpa-r�vLOv. 1tp'1wv =>1tpwv. 1tpLUaeaL [v.] 'to buy' (Od.).
1tPLV [adv., conj.] 'before, previously' (ll.).
r I

1234

nplVo<;

.VAR Rarely as a prep. with gen.; Horn. also nplv, Gort. np£lv (once beside frequent nplv), Locr.
npivo<; [f., m.] 'holm-oak, kermes oak, Quercus ilex, coccifera' (Hes.).
•

nplw [v.] 'to saw', medic. 'to trephine', aMvm<; npl£lv 'to gnash one's teeth', (60Ct�) npl£lv 'to bite (with one's teeth), grasp', pass. metaph. 'to experience a biting pain' (lA).
•

r 1235 onomatopoeic. The w-forms are probably due to contamination, perhaps by TETPWf.L£VO<;, liTpWTO<;, TPWW, Tpwf.La. npo [adv., prefix, prep.] 'forth, forward, before, for' (ll.).
npoaAq<; [adj.] of a terrain (xwpo<;), over which the water flows down quickly, 'sloping, sudden' vel sim. (
criticism of diverging views. In the secondary sense of 'sheep', TtpO�aLOV has replaced older Ol<;. In view of the dat.pl. Ttpo�aO"l (Hdn.) instead of TtpO�a1'Ol<; (Hes.), the plural Ttpo�a-ra is considered to be old (Risch 1937: 196, Benveniste BSL 45 (1949): 91ff., Egli 1954: 41ff.); Georgacas Glotta 6 (1958): 178ff. opposes this idea, and remarks that participles in -1'0- do not necessarily have a passive sense in Greek (a1'a1'o<;, TtAW1'o<;). Note, however, that the attestation of Ttpo�aO"l is very weak. TtpO�O(jKlC;;, -l�OC;; [f.] 'elephant's trunk' (Arist., Hell.), also metaph. of the proboscis of an insect and of the two tentacles of the ten-armed squid (Arist.). � GR� .ETYM Formation like aYKaAL<;, emyouvL<;, KOn,l<;, and other names of body parts and instruments, probably directly from �oaKw rather than from the rare form �oaKo<; (cf. Chantraine 1933: 338). For the use of the prefIx, compare TtPO-ooflo<; 'front room', etc. With a different accentuation, there is also TtpO�oaKo<; (-0<;) [m.] 'assistant herdsman' (Hdt. 1, 113); cf. TtpOOouAo<;. Borrowed as Lat. proboscis, promuscis. TtpO�aVIC;; [adv.] . Ttpon:pov 'before' (H.). � ?� .ETYM Unknown. TtpOT)pomoc;; [adj.] name of a festival before ploughing (Att.). � GR� VAR In IIpofjpoaLa (scil. £Op1'�, 9uaLa) [f.J , -la (tEpa) [n.pl.] . .DIAL Epid. IIpapa1'LO<; (inscr.), also -1'PlO<;. .DER TtpOfjpOO"lOl 9£OL, -La Llfjfl�1'fj P (PIu.). .ETYM Hypostatic formation from TtpO apo1'ou (with compositional lengthening). With crasis and dissimilation: TtAfjpoaLa [f.] (Att. inscr.); see Schwyzer: 258 and 402, Lejeune 1972: 3232. •

TtpOtK'tT)C;; =>TtpOL�. TtpOL�) TtpOlKOC;; [f.] 'gift, present' (v 15, p 413, both gen., on which see below), 'dowry' (Att.), see Sommer 1948: 94; also late pap. as an archaizing term in juridical jargon. � IE *seiHk- 'stretch forth the hand'� .VAR Used adverbially: acc. TtpOiKa 'gratuitous, for free' (Att.), probably also gen. TtpOlKO<; (v 15). .COMP li-TtpOlKO<; 'without dowry' (Att.); see Sommer l.c . DER Diminutive TtPOlK-LOlOV [n.] (PIu.); adj. -Lolo<; 'forming a gift' (Ph.), -lflaio<; 'id.' (pap. VIP), 'gratuitous' (D. C.), -lO<; 'gratuitous' (AP); verb -L(w 'to provide with a dowry' (D. S., Ph. et al.). Also TtpO-TK1'fj<; [m.] 'beggar' (p 352 and 449), -TaaoflaL 'to ask, beg for a gift' (Archil. 130). Cf. also the fut. Ka-ra-TtpoT�OflaL in OD Ka-raTtpoT�£1'aL 'he will not get away unpunished', etc. (lA corn.). .ETYM An archaic word that became extinct, but was later revived. Formation like Ttpoa-cpu�, so TtpO-'L� (Ttpo'LKa with dieresis is Ion., ace. to EM 495, 33), from a prefIxed verb which is also the basis of TtpOTK1'fj<;. The yod-present Ttpo-TaaoflaL can be either primary or denominative from TtpOL�. Original mg.: "reaching out (of the hand), presentation", related to Lith. siekti, ISg. siekiu 'to reach out, etc.'; TtPOTK-1'fj<; originally means 'who reaches out his hand'; cf. •

1237 Ttp01'ELVW xcipa Kal TtpoTaaoflaL (Archil. 130). See further .- [KW and LlV2 s.v. *seik- for further cognates from Baltic, Tocharian, and Umbrian. TtpOKa [adv.] 'instantly, suddenly' (Hp., A. R.). � IE *pro-k- 'in front'� VAR Ttp01'E (Hdt., Call.). oETYM Temporal formation like aD1'LKa, 1'fjvLKa, 1'OKa; clearly derived from '- TtpO '(be)fore, forward'. The velar suffIx has correspondences in OCS proh 'remaining', Lat. reci-procus 'returning on the same road' from *'directed backward and forward'), proc-eres 'chiefs, nobles', procul 'far away'. The fInal -a is ambiguous: perhaps after ufla, nixa, ete. or the ntr.pl. ending? The suffIxation with -1'E is parallelled by eTtEL1'E, aU1'E, ete. •

TtpOKWVla [n.pl.] with or without liAcpl-ra, flour of barley (Hp., Att. inscr.); see the TLG. � ?� .ETYM Unknown. TtpOflO:Aayyec;; [m: pl.] a group of flatterers and spies on Cyprus (Clearch. fr. 19 Wehrli). � ?� .ETYM Indigenous term without etymology. The association with flaAaaaw points to folk etymology (DELG) . TtPOflT)9�C;; [adj.] 'forethinking, cautious' (lA). � IE? *men(s)-dh hl- 'direct the mind to'� .DER 1. TtPOfl�9-£la (Att.), also -La (trag.), Ion. -Lfj, Dor. -flu9£la [f.] 'caution, foreSight'; 2. IIpoflfj9-EU<;, Dor. -flu9-, [m.] "the forethinking one", 'Prometheus' (Hes., Pi.), secondary appellative (A.); to this as an opposite'Emflfj9Eu<; (cf. B06hardt 1942: 95f.); with -ElO<; 'belonging to Pr.' (Nic., AP), 1'a IIpofl�9-Ela 'festival of Pr.' (Att.), -lKW<; 'in a way worthy of Pr.' (Ar.), at the same time connected with Ttpoflfj9�<;; 3. Ttpoflfj9-€oflaL 'to be forethinking, cautious' (lA), also -EUOflaL 'id.' (Alex. Aphr.) with -£UllKO<; TtPOflfj9�<; (Eust.); on TtPOfl�9waL (ipv. aor.?, Archil.?) see Maas KZ 60 (1932): 286. .ETYM From TtpO and *fl�90<;, *flii90<;, which may be semantically associated with fla9civ. Since the latter is compared with flEV9�pfj and Go. mundon sis, etc., analogical ablaut must be assumed for Ttpoflfj9�<;, perhaps after fl�80flaL or fl�ll<;. This remains a bit doubtful. =

TtPOflvT)(j'tlvOI [adj.] 'one by one, one after another' (cp 230), -aL (A 233). � GR� .. .ETYM Formation like aYXla1'-ivo<; (from liYXla-ra), £vOlva (from £voov); see M �ia�IF 62 (1956): 274'3• From a noun like *TtpOflvfjall<; 'wooing' (from Ttpo-flvaoflaL 'woo for sbd.'), thus the original meaning is 'belonging to wooing', after the ancient custom to present several women one after another. See Hoffmann RhM 56 (1901): 474f. The hypothesis of Forssman KZ 79 (1965): 26ff. is to be rejected (cf. on '- TtPUflvO<;). TtPOflOC;; [m.] 'protagonist' (Horn.), 'leader, commander' (trag.). � IE *promo- 'first'� .ETYM Usually connected with U promom 'primum', Go. and ON fram 'forward', and identifIed as an old superlative of lE *pro in TtpO, etc. The hapax '- Ttpaflo<;, if not corrupt, has been compared to Go. fruma 'fIrst'. Since the word only means 'champion' in Horn., we have to consider the possibility that TtPOflo<; was shortened

rrpovwrr�<; from rrpoflaxo<; (already suggested by Aristarchus); the meaning 'leader' would be due to a misunderstanding of the epic word. The hapax ayoi rrpoflvOl (A. Supp. 904 [lyr.]) presents metrical difficulties, but may be due to an error in the tradition; differently, Forssman KZ 79 (1965): nff. (see on � rrpuflvo<;). rrpovw1t11<; [adj.] 'inclined, stooping, downcast, weak' (A., E.), on the mg. Muller Mnem. 55 (1927): 101ff. � ?� oDER rrpovwmo<; 'outside, in front of the house', -ra rrpovwma, -ro rrpovwmov 'front, facade of a house' (E.), �PWE<; rrpovwmOl 'Lares compitales' (D. H.); see on � vwrrtoflaL with vEvwrrTj-raL. . oETYM Formally, vwrrtoflaL is comparable to d'�verbatives such as rrwAEoflaL, wetw. It may have given rise to rrpovwrr�<;, rrpovwmo<;, but rrpovwma is also reminiscent of the synonym Evwma; therefore, it has been suggested (Eust., Bechtel 1914 s.v. varrTj) that rrpovwma is from *rrpo-Evwma. At any rate, rrpovwrr�<; and vwrrtoflaL cannot be connected witlI varrTj 'woodland, glen' (Bechtel l.c.) with ablaut as in KwrrTj : Kamw, as suggested by Frisk.

rrpo�, rrpoKo<; [f.] 'roe- or deer-like animal' (p 295, Archil., Arist. et al.). � IE *perk 'spotted, motley'� oVAR Also rrpoKa<;, -aoo<; [f.] (h. Yen. 71), like 80pKa<;, KEfla<;. oETYM Animal names of the same type as yAau�, yu,/" a'(�, etc.; see � rrEpKvo<;. rrpoolllLOV =>o'(flTj. rrporrllAuKlrrTjAo<;. rrpo<; [adv., prep.] 'furthermore, thereto; from, by, at, to, towards, in face of (epic lA, Aeol.). � IE *proti 'against'� oVAR With gen. (abl.), dat. (loc.), acc. Epic also rrpon, rrpo-r(, with metathesis rrop-r( (Cret.), with e-vocalism rrEp-r' (Pamph.), rrpt<; (Aeol. acc. to gramm.), see also on � rrptu�u<;. oETYM The form rrpo-rl is identical to Skt. pniti 'to, against', except for the missing effect of Brugmann's Law. This points to *preti, which is perhaps found in Pamph. rrEp-r'. See also Lat. pretium 'price, worth' < *preti-o-, "the opposite equivalent", OCS protiv7J 'against' < lE *proti-. The usual forms rrpo<; (and rrpE<;) have arisen by assibilation of * - tj- in antevocalic position; note that final -0<; is also found in rrapo<; and rro<;. An older form pres is found in Messap. prespolis (Pisani Sprache 7 (1961): 103; meaning unknown; ace. to Pisani 'lord of the house, (house) priest'). Beside rrpo-rU rrpo<;, Greek has � rro-rl, � rro<;. Further connection with rrpo is conceivable; cf. on � rrpouw. rrpo(J(lv-rll<; [adj.] 'ascending steeply, inclined, craggy, rough, adverse, hostile' (Pi., lA). � GR� oETYM Adjectival hypostasis of the adverb rrpou-av-ra (Dicaearch.) 'upwards, up the mountain'; like £v-av-ra from a noun 'front', which is also seen in the frozen case forms � av-ra, � av-rl, � av-rTjv. Likewise in av-av-ra 'up a mountain', with avav-rTj<; 'uphill', and Ka-rav-ra 'downwards, downhill', with Ka-rav-rTj<; 'going down'.

rrpouw

l239

rrpoallvq<; [adj.] 'favorable, gentile, sweet' (Emp., Anacr.). � IE? *h2en-os- 'face'� oDIAL Dor. rrpouav�<;. oDER rrpou�vEla (Hp.), rrpouTjvEUOflaL ualvw 'to flatter' (H.). oETYM Like � arrTjv�<; and � rrpTjv�<;, derived from a word for 'face', which itself is of uncertain etymology. =

npoa9£(v) [adv., prep.] 'ahead, before, formerly, yore; in front of (ll., lA) � IE, GR� o VAR With gen.; also rrpouea (Dor. Aeol.) , which gave rrpoeea (Cret.); rrpoa-ra (Delph.). oCOMP Also combined with other adverbs or prepositions, e.g. £fl-rrpOUeE(V) 'in front (of), before' (lA), -ea (Dor., Aeo1.), with EflrrpoUe-lO<; 'in the front', especially of body parts (Hdt., Att., Arist.), -18lo<; 'id.' (A. D., pap.), Errl-rrpoueEv 'close before, near' Att., Hell.) with EmrrpOue-tw [v.] 'to be in the way, in front of it, to hinder, to cover' (Hp., Hell.), urro-rrpOUeE 'just before' (Hp.) with urrarrpoue-l8to<; 'older inhabitant' (Locr.). oDER rrpOUe-lO<; 'in the front', especially of body parts (Hdt. v.l., trag., Arist.; cf. EflrrpoUelO<; above), - (8l0<; 'id.' (Nonn.), rrpouT-( lO<; = rrpoue-(8to<; 'earlier, the former' (EL). oETYM Formation in -eE(V), -ea, which in view of the meaning and spread can hardly be derived from rrpo<; (Kretschmer Glotta 1 (1909): 55), but rather from rrpo with analogical -u- (rrpO-eEV, however, only in Greg. Cor.). The example cannot have been omUeEV, as this stands for earlier omeEV itself, and probably took -u- from rrpOUeEV. Therefore, more probably after £K-rOU-eE(V), £V-rOU-eE(V), or from rrpou(u)w? Extensive discussion in Lejeune 1939: 333ff. rrpOK�80<;. rrpoacpu-ro<; [adj . ] 'undecomposed', of a corpse (.0 757 £pU�El<; Kai rr., Hdt.), 'fresh', of plants, victuals, water etc. (Hp., Arist., Hell.), metaph. 'fresh' 'which happened lately, recently; following immediately', of actions, emotions, etc. (A. [lyr.] , Lys., D., Arist.). � GR� oETYM Acc. to Phot., it means vEwa-ri aVnpTjflEVO<; 'recently deceased', an interpretation which seems to give the best solution: the second member belongs to rrEcpvuv, cpovo<;, � eElvw 'to hit, kill', with the same second member as in ApTjT-, apEl cpa-ro<;, fluA�-cpa-ro<;, 68uv�-cpa-ro<;. DELG observes that it may have been a hunting or fishing term, as it is used for flesh in Hp. Acut. 49 and in Men. 397. The development of meaning to 'recent' became possible after the second member had become opaque (cf. apElcpa-ro<;, which also means 'martial' in trag.). The first element cannot be a verbal prefix (as if from *rrpou-edvw), and has not received a good explanation yet (Frisk's suggestion 'close to' does not really make sense). =

rrpoaw [adv.] 'forward, onward, further', etc (ll.). � IE *pro-ti-o- 'against'� oVAR Epic also rrpouuw. Compar. rrpouw--rtpw, --ra-rw, adv. rrpoUW-eEV 'from far away' (Ion. poet.), rrpoUUOeEV ('¥ 533), after other adverbs in -OeEV (epic Ion. poet.). oETYM Contains the same formation as orr(u(u)w, derived from *pro with a suffix *-tjo-, or perhaps a thematic entension of *proti > rrpon. See also � rropuw, � rroppw.

npoawnov

1240

np0
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•

=

np0TalVl [adv.] 'ahead, in front of (E. Rh. 523). � GR� .VAR Boeot. inscr. npoTllvl 'earlier'; npoTalVLov· npo IlLKpOU and naAaLOV 'for a small [time] ; old' (H.; text uncertain) .ETYM Acc. to Bechtel 1921, 1: 309f., it derives from npo TaL-vl (locatival; sdl. � 1l£PaL), with a suffIx -VL added to the pronoun; cf. also nOTalVLOV (Schwyzer: 612). See � nOTalVLOe;. npon:poc; [pron. adj.] 'front, former', usually of time 'earlier' (11.). � IE *pro-tero 'further'� .VAR Adv. npoTEpoV 'earlier' (post-Horn.), npoT£pw 'further (forward), sooner' (epiC since 11.), -waE 'forward' (h. Horn., A. R.), -W8E(V) 'from before, from earlier on' (Theognost., EM); npOTEPll-yEv�e; 'born earlier, elder' (Antim.), after apX11-yEv�e;, etc. DER � npoTEp-ala (sdl. �Il£pa) 'the preceding day' (lA), cf. U
npon, npoTl =>npoe;.

1241 npoT!111
npoXuv'l [f.] 'pretext' (Call. Cer. 73,fr. 26). � GR� VAR Dor. -d. .ETYM Archaic or dialectal formation with unclear history. Acc. to Eust. 1109, 39, derived from a verb npoxalvw, which is further unattested and translated as npo
npoXElpOC; [adj.] 'at hand, ready, easy, usual' (lA). � GR�

1242

n:poXVU

.DER n:poX£IP-lov (-ov) [n.] 'handbag' (pap.), -6rTje; [f.] 'readiness' (Hell.), n:pOX£lP l�0!lm, -l�w [v.] 'to provide (oneself) with, put at disposal, choose' (Att., Hell.), whence -lOle; [f.] 'provision, accomplishment', -l
n:pOXWVUl [f.pl.] 'buttocks, coccyx' (Archipp. 41).
n:pUAEEe;, -EWV [m.pl.] 'heavily armed foot-soldiers' (11., Hes. Se. 193, Gortyn), metaph. of birds (Opp.); n:pOUAeOl' n:£�ole; On:AITClle; 'hoplites on foot' (H.). [£pd (H.). From n:pUAle; comes *n:pUA£UW 'to perform a n:.', whence n:PUA£U
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1243 [no pl.] 'stern cables' (Hom., AP); probably analogically built to n:pu!lvTj (Chantraine 1933: 42, Schwyzer: 466); 3· -aloe; 'id.' (A. R); 4. -£ue; [m.] PN (8 m, Nonn.). .ETYM Often connected with n:po, assuming U for 0 by Cowgill's Law (e.g. Forssman KZ 79 (1965): 11ff.), but this is semantically unconvincing, because n:pu!lvoe; indicates not the most foward, but the hindmost part. For the suffIx -!lv-, one compares Skt. ni-mna- [n.] 'depression, depth', adj. 'lying deep'. The connection with OCS krbma 'back part of a ship' is wrong; cf. Vasmer 1953 s.v. karma. Cf. also n:p0!lvoe; and � n:p0!lVTj
npwTJv [adv.] 'lately, the day before yesterday' (11.). Tjv (11.), n:pwv (Call.fr., Herod.), Dor. n:pwav, n:poav, n:pav (Theoc.); on the phonetics Schwyzer: 250 . ·COMP As a first member in n:p4JTjpOTTje; [m.] 'early plougher' (Hes.), like 6,\,-apOTTje; (see � 6,\,£); often in Thphr., e.g. n:pw't-Kapn:Oe; 'with early fruit', compar. n:pw'lKapn:oT£poe; (see Stromberg 1937: 162£). .DER Also n:PWl (11.), Att. n:P4> (n:pq>, n:pw'O 'early, in the morning'. Compar. forms: n:pw't- (n:P4>-)T£pOe;, -TaTOe;, usually -aIT£poe;, -aITaToe; (lA), after n:aAaiT£poe; etc. Other derivatives: n:pw'loe;, n:pq>oe; 'a� an early time' (0 470), n:pw'ta [f.] 'early time, mor�ing' (Ariste�s, NT), after 6,\,la; in Attic replaced by n:pw-'l!loe; (X., Arist., pap. and lllSCr.), to O,\,l!lOe; (Arbenz 1933: 76); also n:pO-'L!l0e; after n:po; Hell. -'lvoe;

1244

npwKtOe;

(Chantraine 1933: 200f.); npw·#t [adv.] 'the day before yesterday' (B 303), to npwT]v after x8l�a, 'very early' (Theoc. 18, 9), to npw"t; npw"l8Ev 'from early in the morning' (LXX) . ETYM Both npwT]v and npwT presuppose an adverb *npw, which is confirmed by OHG fruo 'early', Lat. pro 'for, before', Av. fra 'forward, in front', and less directly by Skt. pratdr 'early, in the morning' beside Av. fra = � npo. It is perhaps an old instrumental *pro-h,. The form npwT]v, -av may have been influenced by petrified accusatives, like o�v, OCtv, nA�v, nAav, aKIl�v. Similarly, npw-T seems to have been modelled after locatives like � P l, n£pu(Jl, aVT!. This npwT served as the basis for the adjective npw·l-Oe; ( OHG , fruoji 'early'), which, interpreted as npw-·lOe;, gave rise to npw-·llloe;, -lVOe; (see above). •

=

npwKT6� [m.] 'rump, anus' (Hippon., Ar.). <:! IE *pre!oh2kt- 'buttock'� .DER npwKTI�w 'paedico' (Ar.). .ETYM Closely related to Arm. erastan-k' [pl.] 'buttock', an ,:ction noun in -an-, from lE *preh,kt-. This means that Greek derives from *proh2kt- (Beekes in Kortlandt , 2003: 191). The earlier reconstruction as *p(e)rh3kt- (see the discussion in Clackson 1994: 166f.) does not abide by the rules for lE root structure. Skt. p[$tha- 'back' and related forms are more easily derived from *pr-sth2-o-, and are therefore unrelated. npwv [m.] 'protruding rocks, mountain top' (11.) . <:! ?� VAR npwvoe; or npwvoe;, plur. npwv£e;, also npwOVEe; (epic poet. since 11.) , also npT]wv (Hes. Se. 437, Hell.), npEwv (AP), - wvoe;, -ovoe; . ETYM Starting from the later attestation npT]wv (whence np£wv, npwv), the plur. npw ov£e; , -ae; could be explained as a diectasis of npwVEe;; this would point to original *npT]Fwv or *npaFwv (Schwyzer: 377). On the other hand, if we assume a pre-form *npwFwv, npwOVEe; becomes regular, but npT]wv must then either be due to false analysis, or an old ablaut variant of npwv. A reconstruction *npwFwv is strongly supported by � nptPpa 'prow, bow of a ship', which can hardly be dealt with separately. This goes back to *prh3-ur-ih2, beside *prh3-uon- giving npwv; the adjective is probably derived from the forebear of Skt. p u rva- 'frontmost, earlier'. Fur.: 331 wonders whether npouvoe;· �ouvoue; is a variant, or a contamination of npwv and �ouvoe;. •

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7tPW�, npwK6� [f.] 'dewdrop' (Theoc., Call.). <:! IE *prok- 'drop, sprinkle'� VAR Only plur. npwKEe;. .ETYM Formation like KAW,\" pwnEe;, TPW�, etc. (see Chantraine 1933: 2, Schwyzer: 424); thus, originally an agent noun "dripper, sprinkler" from a lost verb for 'sprinkle', which left traces in several derived adjectives, e.g. � nEpKVOe;. For a parallel of 'sprinkle' beside 'drop', cf. especially Skt. pf$an- 'spotted, speckled', p[$ata- [m.] 'spotted gazelle' 01ed.), 'drop of water' (epic class.). •

7tp4ipa [f.] 'forepart of a ship, prow, bow' (1l 230: gen. np4>PT]e;, attributive to vT]Oe;). <:! IE *prh3-u(e)r-ih2 'forepart of a ship'� VAR Ion. np4>PT], secondary after npullvT]. •

nTalw

1245

.COMP Often as a second member, e.g. Kuavo-nptppoe; 'dark-bowed' (Hom., B.), -np4>pElOe; (y 299, verse-final enlargement), -npw·lpa [E] (Simon. 241), explanation uncertain. .DER np4>p-a8E(v), -T]8E(V) 'from the bow, at the bow' (Pi., Th.); -EUe; [m.] 'officer in command at ilie bow' (X., D., Arist.), also PN (8 113); -UTT]e; [m.] 'id.' (S., X.), to npuIlV�TT]e;, KU�EpV�TT]e; (Fraenkel 1912: 206) with -aTlKOe; 'concerning the prow' (pap., Poll.), -aTEUW [v.] 'to be in command at ilie bow' (Att., Hell.); -�(Jla [n.pl.] 'uppermost points on starboard' (EM: npullv� (Jla); ptc. aor. nptppuaavTEe;. KpoT�aavTEe;. � oe IlETaCPOpa anD TWV VEWV KaL T�<; Eipwlae; 'making rattle, striking; a metaphor from [the terminology of] ships and rowers' (H.), cf. Men. Sicyon. 421 Kassel. .ETYM Apparently contracted from *npwFap-la or *npwFEP-la. The expected msc. *npwFwv (cf. nlwv : nlElpa) is attested as � npwv. Discussion in Peters 1980a: 190f., who argues that a suffix -Elpa is expected on the basis of nlElpa, n£nElpa, and that it would yield the main attestation nptPpa. Actually, *npwFEp-la would have to result in npwpa instead (which is also attested, but only as a weaker variant in the mss. and pap.). However, in this case, nptPpa can hardly be explained, as there is no basis for a pre-form in *-apla. Therefore, Peters argues that -tp- was introduced, like in the presents in -naKW, -4>aKw. It is improbable that Kuavo-npw·lpav (Simon. 241) preserves an old uncontracted form *npwElpav (Hdn. 2, 410); see Peters l.c. Apart from the suffix -n-, related *npw-Fwv is formally comparable to Skt. p urva 'foremost, earlier', ToB parwe 'first', OCS pnJV'b 'first' < *prh3-uo-. Borrowed as Lat. prora, proreta (from Ion. *nptpp�TT]<;); see WH s.v.

7tPWTO� [adj.] 'foremost, first' (11.) . <:! IE *prh3-to- (?) 'first'� VAR Dor., Boeot. npcnoe;. .COMP Very productive in compounding, e.g. npwTo-yovoe; 'first-born' (epic poet. •

H.).

.DER 1. Superlative npwT-la-ra [adv.] 'first of all', -laLOe; (epic poet. H.), Dor. (Thera) npanaLOe; 'the very first' (Seiler 1950: 105). 2. npWT-ElOV [n.] 'first prize, first rank' (Att.); -ElOe; 'of the first rank'. 3. -EUW 'to be first' (Att.) with ilie back-for mation npwTEUe; epithet to AaOe; (Tim. Pers. 248). Several short names, e.g. IIpWT-EU e; [m.] Seagod (Od., etc.), -T£ae;, -Tlwv, IIpaT-lvae;, -UAOe;, etc. (Bechtel 1917b: 387). On IIpwTwl-Aaoe;, -AEWe; (H., etc.), see Risch 1937: §71a. .ETYM Related to Skt. p ur-va-, Av. paur-uua- < *prh3-uo -, and Lith. pir-mas < *prh3mo-, but with a suffix -to- as in TpIToe;, T£-rapTOe;, etc. Dor. npcnoe; is problematic, because it seems to continue *prh2-to- with a different laryngeal; in spite of DELG, the two forms cannot be unified under *prH-. The postulated reconstruction *npo aTOe;, which similarly could explain npwmC;, but not npaTOe;, cannot have develop ed out of *prH- in a regular way. Cf. Beekes 1969: 214f. 7tTalW Iv.] 'to nudge, crash into, stuI)1ble, err, have bad luck' (lA); rarely trans. 'to knock over' (PL fr. 205, LXX). <:! PG?, IE? *pi(e)h2-u-ielo- 'strike'�

rnUKU VAR Aor. muiaat, fut. mUlaw, also perf. (later Att., Hell.) £TtTatKU, pass. (late) mata9fjvat, Ematallat. COMP Also with prefIx, especially Ttpoa-. .DER muiallu (Ttpoa-) [n.] 'push, fault, misfortune, defeat' (lA, Thgn.), Ttpoamatal<:; [f.] 'push, stumble, collision' (D. H.). ETYM Rhyming formations like TtUlW, PUlW, and also -KVUlW may have influenced TtTalW (and vice versa); for the onset, cf. � mlaaw, � m�aaw. The word may well be Pre-Greek. Alternatively, Hackstein Glotta 70 (1992): 154-167 (see also on � m�aaw) reconstructs a present *pi(e)h2-u-ie!o- on the basis of mUlw, Lith. pjauti 'to cut', and Lat. pavio 'to pound, strike'. ,

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TtTUKU [acc.sg.f.] 'hare' (A. Ag. 137 [lyr.]). <'l PG?��E? *pieh2-k- 'duck away, shy'� VAR The nom. is unattested. DER mUK-Lt:;, -LOOt:; [f.] 'id: (Corn. Adesp. 1127), -Lall0t:; [m.] 'shyness' (ibd. 1128: *mUKl
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TtTUKaVU 'boat mat' used in boats called KUVVU (Poll. 10, 166). <'l PG?� .DIAL LSJ gives mUKuAu or TtTUVUKU. ETYM No etymology; possibly Pre-Greek. •

TtTUpvuf1al [v.] 'to sneeze' (Hp., X.). <'l ONOM� VAR Rare and late TtTUpvETat, mUlpw, TtTElPW, mEpollat; them. aor. mupuv (since p 541), ptc. also TtTUpElt:; (Hp., Arist.), mupuvTEt:; (Arist.; uncertain). .DER mup-Ilot:; [m.] 'the sneezing' (lA) with -IlLKOt:; 'causing to sneeze', -IlLK� [f.] 'sneezewort' (Dsc., Gal.), see Stromberg 1940: 85; mopot:; 'id: (Hdn. Gr. 1, 191) . ETYM Onomatopoeic word, probably related to Lat. sternuo 'id:, OIr. sreod 'sneezing'; however, the reconstruction of a root *pster- remains hypothetical. Arm. p 'rngam, p 'rnc'em 'to sneeze' is probably onomatopoeic; see Clackson 1994: 99� An aspirate is found in the gloss cmo
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TtTEAUt:; [m.] 'wild boar' (Lyc. 833, verse-fInal). <'lPG?� , VAR Also mEAeu· aUt:; UTtO AUKWVWV 'boar (Lac.) (H.). .ETYM The ending is the same as in EAe
mEpVT]

1247

(Holthausen IF 62 (1956): 152) is arbitrary. The word may well be Pre-Greek (note initial m-). TtTEAEU [f.] 'elm tree' (ll.). <'l PG(v)� VAR Ion. -ET], Epid. TtEA£U. .DIAL Myc. pte-re-wa . .DER mEA£ -Lvot:; 'of an elm' (Att. and Del. inscr., Thphr.), -wv, -wvot:; [m.] 'elm grove' (gloss.). IhEAEot:; [m.] town in Thessaly, etc. (B 697 et al.). .ETYM The suffIx -eu is frequent in tree-names (cf. IlT]Aeu, heu). The word mEAut:; 'boar' is formally close, but the semantics are far off (Stromberg 1940: 140 adduces MoHG Eberesche to prove that boars may live in elm-woods). Lat. populus 'poplar' cannot be related, since it deviates strongly in form and meaning; phonetically closer is Lat. tilia 'lime-tree'. For the variation m-: Tt-, cf. TtOAEIl0t:; and TtOALt:;. Arm. t'eli 'elm' may have been borrowed from mEAEu (Solta Sprache 3 (1956): 22i' argued for old etymological relationship), or both may have been borrowed from a common source, like Lat. tilia (which was borrowed into Greek in TLAlat· U'(YELPOL 'black poplars' [H.]); see Clackson 1994: 169. Fur.: 226 assumes that it is a variant of IlEAlT] 'ash'; he concludes that the word is Pre-Greek. •

TtTEPLt:;, -ew� [f.] 'fern, bracken' (Hell.). <'l GR� VAR Also - It:;, -lOOt:;. .COMP As a second member in opu(o)-mEplt:; [f.] 'oak fern' (Dsc., H.), 9T]Au-mEpk; [f.] 'female fern' (Thphr., Dsc.). With the same meaning mepLov (also with 9T]AU-) [n.] (Ps.-Dsc., Alex. Trall.); see Stromberg 1940: 40f. .ETYM The original meaning must have been "feather plant", as it is related to � TtTEpOV; it was named after the form of the leaves (cf. MoHG Federkraut 'water milfoil'). Likewise, MoHG Farn (OHG Jar(a)n, etc.) 'fern' can be equated with Skt. panJa-, Av. parana- [n.] 'wing, feather, leaf. Alb. Jier 'fern' may be related as well, possibly as a loanword, acc. to Mann Lang. 28 (1952): 40. •

TtTEPV'l [f.] 'heel', also metaphorically of the lower part of several objects, etc. (epic Ion. poet., Arist., Hell.). <'l IE *tpersneh2 'heel'� .VAR Secondarily -vu (LXX). .COMP Some compounds, e.g. mEpVO-KOTtlt:; [f.] 'heel-pusher', nickname (middle and new com.; see Wackernagel l916: 196); *UTtO-mEpvot:; 'under the heel' in UTtOmEpv-lt:;, -lOOt:; [f.] 'base, underlay' (Ph., Hero Bel.). .DER mEpv-lt:;, -lOOt:; [f.] 'foot of a bowl' (middle com.), -l
mepov original cluster, probably *tp-, i.e. *tpersn- (see Lubotsky 2006). On late mEpvu 'ham', see � 1tEpVU. 7tn:pOV [n.] 'feather, wing, pinion', also metaphorically of feather- and wing-like objects (ll.). "l IE *pet- 'fly'� .COMP mepo-
from mepov. ETYM The word for 'feather' or 'wing' is derived from the verb for 'fly', represented in Greek by � 1tETOflat, mEu9at. A good formal correspondence to mep-ov < *pt-er is not found in the other languages: Skt. pdtr-a- [n.] 'wing, feather', Lat. acci-piter, -tris 'hawk', OHG fedara, ON fjpor [f.] 'feather', etc. all go back to lE *petr- (which in Greek is represented in U1t01teTPI01WV ove(pwv 'winged dreams', Alcm. 23, 49). Some connect Arm. t'er 'side' as if from *pter- (comparing t'ir 'flight' < *pter- and t'r-Cim [v.] 'to fly', aor. t'r-eay), but this is semantically dubious. A heteroclitic stem is found in Hitt. pattar (also pittar) [n.], gen.pl. -an-as. An n-stem is seen in Lat. penna [f.] 'feather, wing' "< *pet-n-h2 et al. As for mEpu�, no convincing parallel for the suffIx -uy- can be found in Greek (OpTU� and other bird names are too far off); connection with various words in other lE languages has been suggested (see Frisk), but these are all unconvincing. The old connection between mepov and Ru. per6 [n.] 'feather', etc. cannot be substantiated; the Slavic words have cognates in Skt. partza- [n.] 'wing, feather, leaf, etc., Lith. sparnas [m] 'wing, paddle(?), leaf, ToB paruwa [pl.] 'feathers', and others, from a root *(s)per-. •

1tT�!la VAR 1tT'lVO<;, m�(Jl<;. =>1tETOflUI. •

1tT�(f(JW [v.] 'to duck (for fright)' (lA); sigm. aor. rarely trans. 'to frighten, drive away' (3 40, Thgn.). "I PG?, IE? *pieh2-k- 'duck (away), shy'� .VAR Also mwuuw (ll., epic poet.), Aeol. (Alc.?) mu(w, fut. m��w (Att.), aor. m��at (ll.), Dor. m6.�at (Pi.), also them. aor. ptc. KUTu-muKwv (A. Eu. 252), perf. £m'lXu

1tT1UUW

1249

(Att.), £m'lKu (LXX with v.l. -Xu, late); also epic forms ptc. perf. 1tem'lw<; (B 3l2, � 354, etc.), 3du.aor. KUTa-m�T'lv (8 136). .COMP Also with prefIx, especially KUTU- and U1tO-. .DER m��I<; [f.] 'fright' (LXX), enlargement mwuKu(w 'to duck, have fear' (L1 372) after similar uAuuKu(w (to UAUUKW, uAuuuw), �AaaKu(w; perhaps from *mwuKw; the v.l. mWKu(w must be after mw�. Cf. Schwyzer: 708, Chantraine RPh. 57 (1931): l25, Chantraine 1942: 338 . .ETYM The epic forms 1tem'lw<;, KUTum�T'lv show that there was a root variant without velar. A further cognate is � 1tTOEW. The comparison with Arm. t'ak'-Cim, aor. t'ak'-eay 'to hide oneself (Pedersen KZ 39 (1906): 342f.) is discussed by Clackson 1994: 169f. Photius gives meKu<;· mu�. The root is extensively discussed by Hackstein Glotta 70 (1992): 136-165. According to him, ToB pyiik-tsi 'to strike down' is related, which requires a reconstruction of the root as *pieh2(k)- (he thus rejects a root *pteh2-k-). Greek has both *ptii- and *ptiik- in 1tem'lw<; and m��at, respectively (from the latter, m�uuw was derived; another present is 1tTWUUW). Also cognate are 1tTOo.V < *pjoh2-eje/o- and mUlw 'to hit' < *pjeh2-u- and, from other lE languages, Lith. piauti 'to cut, mow, harvest, torment' and perhaps Lat. paviO from *pjeh2-u- (with loss of *j after initial p- or by dissimilation against the second -j-). There are two problems with this reconstruction: fIrst, the semantic connection between Tocharian 'to strike down' and Greek 'to frighten' is not evident, and second, it neglects the evidence of mwxo<; 'beggar', which is clearly related and shows a substrate alternation. 7tT1AOV [n.] 'fluff, down, insect wing', metaphorically 'leaf, etc.' (lA). "I PG(v)� .COMP Some compounds, e.g. mlAO-vwTO<; 'with a fluffy back' (AP), TeTPU-1tTlAo<; 'with four fluffy feathers' (Ar.). .DER 1. 1tTlA-wTo<; 'provided with mlAu' (Arist., Att. inscr.); 2. -OOflat, -OW [v.] 'to be equipped with m.; to equip with m.' (late), whence -W(Jl<; [f.] 'emergence of fluff (Ael.), also of a disease of the eyelid and eyelashes (Gal.); mlAo<; 'disease of the eyelids' (LXX, Gal.) is a back-formation on these words, whereas mlAAo<; = lippus (gloss.) has expressive gemination; 3. -wuuw [v.] 'to have a disease of the eyelids (lashes)' (Archyt.). .ETYM The word mlAov was connected with mEu9at by Frisk, with a "hypocoristic" suffIx -11..0 - (Chantraine 1933: 248f.). On Dor. \l'lAov (Paus. 3, 19, 6), see Bechte1 1921, 2: 319f. Fur.: 263 takes the alternation mlAov / \l'lAov as evidence for a Pre-Greek word, and he further compares Lat. pilus. In support of this, one may note that an lE pre-form *pth2-ilo- does not look convincing. 7tTlCJCJW [v.] 'to shell, grind grains by stamping' (lA). "l IE *(t)pis- 'stamp, smash'� VAR Att. also 1tT1UW; aor. mluat, pass. 1tTlu9�vat, perf. mid. £mluflat. .COMP Rarely with prefIx, like 1tepI- and KaTU-. .DER 1tTlU-uv'l [f.] (-uvov [n.] Nic.) 'peeled barley, barley groats' (Hp., com., pap.); -flo<; [m.] 'winnowing' (com.), - flU [n.] 'peeled barley' (Str.; 1tepm[Tj (ufluTU [pl.] sch.; Jacobsohn KZ 42 (1909): 276), -1<; [f.] 'skin' (Gal.), -TIKO<; 'fIt for shelling' (com.). •

rtLOEW .ETYM The word rtLtaaw is an old agricultural term, retained in several languages, though exact matches of the Greek forms in m- are not found. Note the correspondences a.-rrna--ro<.; 'unstamped' (Hp.) with Skt. pi$-ta-, Lat. pis-tus 'smashed'. All other nominal and verbal forms are based on mla- as well, except for the present mtaaw, which was formed analogically after TtACtaaW, TtCtaaw, etc. Nasal presents are found in Skt. pi-na-$ti 'to crush' (perf. pipe$a, pipi$e), Lat. p'i-n-so 'to pound' (with secondary perf. p'ins(u)'i, next to pis-tor 'pounder, miller', ete.); BaIt. and Slav. have secondary formations, e.g. Lith. paisau, -yti 'chop off ears of corn' (beside primary pisu, -ti 'to copulate'), Ru. pixat' 'to thrust, stamp' (next to primary pseno 'millet' from *pbSen'b [ptc.] 'stamped) On Greek m- against p- elsewhere, cf. *'1 on � 7tT£pVl1. TtTOfW [v.] 'to frighten, scare', pass. 'to become shy, scared, passionately excited' (Thgn.). � ?� .VAR epic mOlEw (mOlwflUl Thgn. 1018), fut. mOl�aw (AP), aor. mO(l)�aUl (a 340); emoUla' (Sapph. 22, 14), emoaa£v (31, 6 codd., c£ Hamm 1957: §49b3), mostly pass. mO(l)llEl�vUl (X 298); emoCtElT]<.; (E. fA 586 [lyr.]), perf. emo(l)T]flUl (Hes. Op. 447). .COMP Also with prefIx, e.g. ola-, eK-. DER 1. mo(t)T]-CJl<'; [f.] 'excitement, passion' (Pl., Ph., NT); 2. mota (epic -T], rarely mOT], -a) [f.] 'fright, passion' (Hell.), mOl-wOT]<'; (Hp.), -aAEo<,; (Opp.) 'scared, frightened'. ETYM The verb mOEw is a secondary formation, probably an iterative-intensive of the primary verb retained in Ka-ram�-rllv, Tt£mT]w<,; (see on m�aaw). It goes back to older *mW-EW (cf. mw�); mOlEW and other forms are derived from it by metrical lengthening (cf. e.g. OAOlO<'; and 1tV0l�). Next to TtLOEW, we fInd the rare moCtw (see above), like for example TtOVCtw next to TtOVEW (see TtEvoflUl). The old combination with Lat. paveD 'to tremble' (Froehde KZ 22 (1874): 259ff.) is accepted by Merlingen 1956: 56, starting from lE *tpou-. However, see Hackstein Glotta 70 (1992): 154-167, who reconstructs *ptoh2-eielo-; see also on � Tt-r�aaw. •

•

TtTOAl£6pov ETYM See � TtOAl<';, and further Ruijgh 1957: 77f. •

TtT6p60� [m.] 'sprout, shoot, young twig, branch' ( 128). � PG?(V)� VAR Also TtOpElo<.;· mopElo<.; (H.). .COMP Rare and late as a second element, e.g.
TtTUOV [n.] 'winnowing shovel' (N 588, A., S. in Fr., Theoe.). � PG?(v)�

rrn)(mw, -OflUl

1251

VAR Att. mEov, ace. to Ael. Dion. et al. .DER Diminutive muCtplov [n.] (Hdn., EM) and otmuov· KUTtplOl flE-rpOV, ol of: -ro �fllflEOlflvOV 'measure (Cypr.), half a flEOlflvo<.;' (H.). .ETYM Traditionally (e.g. Curtius 1858: 498) compared with Skt. pavate, punati 'to purify', e.g. of corn, and also with OHG fowen < PGm. *fawjan- 'to sieve, purify corn' (Pok. 827), which supposes a secondary m-. If an old full grade is accepted for mEOV (only mentioned by grammarians, who label it Attic), muov could be secondary after muw. However, the variation u/£ seems rather to point to Pre-Greek origin (Fur.: 314). •

TtllJpO!lUl [v.] 'to get scared, become shy' (Hp., D. S., Ep. Phil., PIu.); CtTto-mupw 'to scare' (gloss.). � ?� .VAR Aor. mup�vUl (late) . COMP Also with Ka-ra-. .DER mupnKo<,; 'fearful, scared' (Arist., Str.), mupflo<.; as an explanation of mota (H., Phot.) . ETYM Unexplained. The initial agrees with m�aaw, mOllEl�vUl, which is also close in meaning (this connection is mentioned in Persson 1912(1): 429' and Merlingen 1956: 56), while the ending recalls the semantic group OOUPOflUl, flupoflUl, etc. However, mupoflUl can hardly be a contamination of the two, contrary to what Frisk proposed. •

•

Ttll)(J(JW, -0!lUl [v.] 'to plead, fold (up)', med. 'to fold around oneself (ll.). � PG?� .VAR Fut. mu�w, -OflUl, aor. mu�Ul, -aaElUl, pass. muxEl�vUl, muy�vUl, perf. TtEmuYflUl, emuYflUl. .COMP Often with prefIx, e.g. Ctva-, m:pl-, Ttpoa-. .DER 1. mUK-ro<.; 'folded' (Z 169 etc.), TtUK-r� [f.] (Cod. Inst.), TtUK-r-t<.; [f.] (AP, Gal.), -tOY [n.] (sch., Suid.) 'tablet' (dissimilated from m-, see Schwyzer: 260); 2. mUYfla (Ttpoa-, m:pt-, ete.) [n.] 'fold, loop of a garment, compress' (E 315, E., Arist., medic.), with (Ttpoa-)muYflCt-r-LOV [n.] 'compress' (medic.); 3. mU�l<'; (also CtvCt-, 8tCt-, etc.) [f.] 'folding, fold' (Hp., Arist.). Further muX-£<'; [pl.] , ace. -a<.;, dat.sg. -t (Horn.), acc. -a (E. [lyr.]) [f.]; with enlargement mux-�, mostly plur. -at [f.] (post-Horn. poet.) 'fold, ply, layer', metaph . 'gorge, valley'; it also functions as verbal noun to muaaw, especially to the prefIxed compounds (e.g. Ctvamux� to Ctva-muaaw); as a second member in Ot-, -rpt-, TtOAU mux0<.; (ll.) , see Sommer 1948: 65£), with transfer to the s-stems in Tt£pl-mux�<.; 'folding around' (S.), 8t-mux�<.; (Arist.), etc. From mux� are derived: 1. muX-t<.;, -too<,; (UTtO-) [El 'layer, joint' (PIu.); 2. -lOV [n.] 'folded table, etc.' (Hdn. Gr., pap.), -lO<'; mUK-ro<.; (EM); 3. -woT]<'; 'fold-like, ply-like' (Arist.); 4. Ihux-ta [f.] name of an island near Corcyra (Th.). .ETYM Beside muaaw, there are also relatively rare forms with -H- (ola-Tt-ruHw Pl. Lg. 858e, Ttpoa-ava- Arist.). Therefore, the -aa- is perhaps rather a Ionism than a strategy to avoid the co-occurrence of -r and H in mUHw (Schwyzer: 319'; cf. 7552). As an old yod-present, Tt-ruaaw goes back to *muX-lw. It can be considered a denominative from muX-£<';' =

1252

1tTUW

The etymology is unclear: the connection with Skt. pyuk�1Ja- (only in the compound pyuk�1Ja-ve�tita-), which stems from Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-1916 1: 277, is highly questionable (see Mayrhofer EWAia 2: 173). Fur.: 318 considers the word Pre-Greek, which may well be correct, although his connection with 1tUKVO<;, etc. is not convincing. 1tTtw [v.] 'to spew, spit' (Hom.). � IE *tspi(e)uH- 'spew, spit'� ·VAR Aor. mu-uat (Hom.), pass. mu-u8�vat, -�Vat (Hp.), fut. muu-w, -Oflat (lA), perf. EmuKu (late). ·COMP Often with prefix, e.g. Ct1tO-, £K-, EV-. ·DER 1. Ct1tO-, Kuni-muuTo<; 'worth spitting J}pon, abominable' (Anacr., trag., also Att. prose); 2. mU1tl1tTw. •

1t'tW�, -KO<; [m.] 'hare' (P 676, Thphr., Theoe.), attributive to AUYWO<; (X 310, Babr.), of Orestes seeking refuge (A. Eu. 326), of a coward (Lye. 944). � PG?, IE? *pteh2-k- 'duck away, shy'� .COMP As a second member in 1tOAU-mW� 'with many hares', a-mw� 'without hares' (Call., Hdn. Gr.). .DER mWKa<;, -aoo<; [f.] epithet of U'l8ULat (Hom. Epigr.), of KU1t£LP0<; (Simm.), as a substantive referring to birds (S. Ph. 1093). .ETYM The original meaning must have been "who ducks away, the shy one", an agent noun beside mwuuw, m�uuw; this meaning still filters through in mWKa<; and

1253 is also possible for mw� in certain attestations (e.g. X 310). A broader use of mw� is also suggested by the various explanations in H.: mWK£<;' OeLAol, Auywol, oopKao£<;, EAU1tT�UUW. 1tTWX0<; [m., f.] 'beggar', also [adj.] 'begging, poor' (Od.). � PG? (v) , IE? *pteh2-(k-) 'duck away, shy'� .COMP Some compounds, e.g. mWXO-1tOLO<; 'drawing beggarly characters' (Ar.) , 'making beggars' (PIu.), tJ1t€p-mwxo<; 'very poor' (Arist.), see Sommer 1948: 1703• .DER mWX-LKo<; 'beggarly' (Att.), -£lov [n.] 'almshouse' (Cod. lust.), -£uw [v.] 'to beg' (Od.) with -du, Ion. TjTTj [f.] 'beggary' (lA), -l�w 'to make a beggar' (LXX). .ETYM 1tTWX0<; is a formation in a velar like � 1tTW�, � mwauw (see s.v. and on � mo€w). It seems that its aspiration cannot be explained in an lE framework (there is no direct connection with the much later perfect EmTjXu). Since it is highly probable that mw�, mWKo<; 'hare' is related, we are dealing with a typical Pre-Greek alternation K/ X. -

1tunvo<; =>Kuuflo<;. nunp =>1tuo<;. 1tvYIl [f.] 'behind, rump' (Archil.). � PG?� .COMP Several compounds, e.g. 1tUYO-UTOAO<; 'decorating the rump' (Hes.), see Martinazzoli Par. del pass. 15 (1960): 209ff., KUTa-1tuy0<; (H., Phot.) with -1tUYOT£P0<;, -1tUYOTUTO<; (Sophr., Epigr. Cr.), and -1tuywv, -wvo<; [m.] 'voluptuous, lewd' (Arist.); [f.] KUTa-1tUyatvu (Att. amphora), see Fraenkel Clotta 34 (1955): 42ff. with literature); on the insect name 1tUyo-AUfl1tl<; (Arist.), see Stromberg 1944: 13f. .DER 1. Diminutives 1tuY-lov [n.] (Tab. Defix.), -lOLov [n.] (Ar.); 2. substantive 1tuy alOV [n.] 'buttocks' (Hp., Arist.), -£wv, -wvo<; [m.] 'buttocks, arse' (Hippon. 92), after K£V£WV, cf. Masson ad loc.; 3. adverb -Tj06v 'with the tail foremost, rump to rump' (Arist.), -LuTl '?' (Hippon. 92), cf. Masson ad loc.; 4. -l�w [v.] 'to inculate, sodomize' (Ar.) with -Luflu (Theoc.). Hypostasis Efl-1tuY-LU [n.pl.] 'buttocks, region of the buttocks' (pap. 1") . ETYM A slang word, completely avoided in epic poetry and higher literature (Wackernagel 1916: 225f.). It has no convincing etymology. Connection with Skt. puga- 'multitude, mass', etc. is phonetically fine, but tlIe semantics are not compelling (see Mayrhofer EWAia s.v. and below on 1tuvvo<;). Holthausen IF 20 (1906-1907): 329 connects 1tU�, �1tuYfl� like MoHG Steifi 'rump' beside stoj3en 'to ' bump', which in turn is formally difficult because of the long vowel of 1tvy�. Differently, Bezzenberger BB 27 (1902): 176f. (to � 1tU!lUTO<;, ete.; s.v.). Connections with Germanic by Holthausen KZ 74 (1956): 244 are to be rejected. The word 1tuy� could well be Pre-Greek , due to the-variation u / U, but it is not mentioned by Fur. •

1254 7tVY!11l [f.] 'fist, fist-fight' (11.); as measure oflength, 'the distance from the elbow to the knuckles', equivalent to 18 OUKtuAOl (Thphr., Poll.). 'to sting with clenched fist and knuckles stretched out forward', i.e. 'to box'. The word pug- 'fist' could be a suffudess agent noun, originally * "the stinger, the boxer". The meaning 'to sting' can still be seen in Lat. pugio 'dagger'. The same meaning is found in � 1teUK'l but this word is probably ' not related, since it has a voiceless stop K. -

=

7tVcSapl�w [v.] 'to fling with the foot, hoof (App. Prov.), ace. to EM AaKTI�elV, ace. to H. = TO fl� avexw8al TlVOe;, aAA' a1to1t'lQa.v, xaAenalVetV 'to leap off, be angry'; with a1to- (Ar. Eq. 697), 8ta- (Com. Adesp.), both with u (metrically conditioned?).
1255 mld.oc; [f.] 'water-trough' (with soaked corn? See T 553, where grain is washed), 'bath tub' (Hp., corn., pap.), 'coffin' (Hell.), cf. Schulze 1892: 515 and Schulze 1933a: 380'.
•

7tV£Tla =>1tUoe;. 7tv8fl1lV, -evoc; [m.] 'bottom of a vessel, the sea, etc.', 'ground, base, underlay, foot (e.g. of a cup), plant, i.e. root-end, stick, stem' (epic since 11., also Hell. and late prose), 'the lowest number (base) of an arithmetic series' (Pl., etc.). n, *bud-n- became *butt- > bot(t)- according to Kluge's Law (seen in OE botem > MoE bottom), ON botn; we also find evidence for PGm. *bup- (OHG bodam, OS bothme, ME bothme). The developments in Germanic, including the forms with p, have now been explained in detail by Kroonen ABiiG 61 (2006): 17-25. Metathesis occurred in Lat.fundus 'bottom, etc.', Mlr. bond, bonn 'sole, basis' < *bhundho- < PIE *bhudhno-. On � 1tuvoa�, see s.v. •

7tu80flUl [v.] 'to putrify, decay' (11.).
·ETYM Beside the 9-enlargement in 1tu-90flUl, -9w (cf. �p[-9w, 1tA�-9w, etc.; Schwyzer: 703), which can also underlie 1t\Jaw and 1t\JaUl, Sankrit has a yod-present p uyati 'to rot' with a back-formation p uya- [m., n.] 'festering, pus' (thus p uya- is not identical with 1t\Jov). Baltic has a nasal present Lith. punu and puvu (Le. Plivu) 'id.'; in Germanic, we find an isolated ptc. ON fuinn 'rotten'. The nouns 1t\JOV and 1t\JOC; go back to an unextended primary verb; they have their closest agreements in Arm. hu, gen. huoy (o-stem) 'festering blood', and in Lat. pus [n.] (from *puH-os). Further related are e.g. Lat. puteo 'to rot', puter, -tris, -tre 'rotten', Go. fuls 'rotten'. Here also belongs � 1tUOC; 2 'beestings', s.v. 1t\'Ka [adv.] 'dense, solid', metaph. 'careful, sensjple' (Horn.).
1tUKT� VAR Also , -T[OV, -·dC;. =>1tTlJaaw. •

1tUA£WV, -£wvo<; [m.] 'wreath' (Alcm., Call.fr., Pamphil. apud Ath.).
1t\Jv8a�, -aKOC;

1257

the head' is adduced, and from Celtic Mlr. ulcha 'beard', ul-fota 'with long beard'. However, Mayrhofer EWAia 2: 151 doubts the connection between the Greek and the Sanskrit words, and the whole remains rather uncertain. In fact, the suffIx -lYYEC; may even point to a Pre-Greek origin for iliis etymon. 1t1JA'l [f.] 'wing of a door, gate', mostly plur. 'door, gate', especially of town gates, gates of a camp and the like (11.); 'entrance, access, bottleneck, etc.', also as a TN (PL, Emp., lA).
1tUVSUVOflat word [Kretschmer Glotta 22 (1934) : 115ff.; cf. on � 1t1JPYoC;], or a borrowing from Macedonian [Pisani Rev. Int. et. balk. 3 (1937) : 18ff.]) are not convincing. The suffIx -UK- is typical for Pre-Greek words; of course, the suffIx may have been taken over from Pre-Greek words, but this seems to have occurred only rarely (the word is not di�cussed by Fu�.). If an inherited Indo-European form was adapted to Pre-Greek, thIS could explam 1t- and -vo-, and the connection with Lat. fundus, etc. could be upheld. 1tvv8uVOflat [v.] 'to find out, learn, ask, inquire, investigate' (n.); act. m:uSw, m:u
.

1tu6C; 2

1259

1tUVVO<; [m.] · 6 1tpwK-r6C; 'anus' (H.). � PG?� .VAR Besides 1tOUVLU�£LV· 1tatOtKOLC; XP�
1tU� =>1tuYfl�. 1tU�o<; [f.] 'box tree, box wood' (Arist., Hell.). � LW Italy� .DIAL Myc. pu-ko-so (cf. Scardigli Minos 6:2 (1960) : If.) .COMP Few compounds, e.g. 1tUpU-1tU�OC; 'inlaid with 1t.' (Cratin.) . .DER 1. 1tU�-IOV [n.] 'writing-table (made of 1t.)' (corn.); 2. -1C; [f.] 'box (made of 1t.)' (Hell.); 3. -IOLov [n.] diminutive of 1tU�IOV and 1tU�IC; (Ar., pap.); 4. 1tU�-LVOC; [adj.] 'made of 1t., 1t.-colored' (.0 269, Att.); 5. -IV£OC; [adj.] 'id.' (AP); 6. -WOT]C; [adj.] '1t. like', of the color (Dse.); 7. -(E)WV, -(E)WVOC; 'box tree grove' (gramm.); 8. -l�w [v.] 'to be 1t.-colored' (medic.); 9. rru�ouC;, -ouv-rOC; [m.] river and town in Lucania, in Latin Buxentum (Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 2 (1950-1951) : 233 with literature); perhaps also 10. rru�I-rT]C; [m.] river near Trapezus in Asia Minor (Arr., etc.), see Redard 1949: 175· .ETYM Unconvincing attempts by Scardigli Sprache 6 (1959) : 22off. (extensive treatment with literature), who derives it from Asia Minor (but ultimately from IE *bhHu- 'grow'; cf. � 1tUSoflat. •

1tii6<; 2 [m.] 'animal milk, first milk after birth' (corn.). � IE? *puH- 'rot, pus'� .VAR Also 1tUOV (Emp.), 1t1JUp (Ael. Dion.), 1tUUC; (H.) 'id.'. .DER Besides we find 1tUE-rlu, with contraction 1\u-r lu, and with vowel metathesis 1tL-ruu [f.] 'clotted milk, rennet' (Arist., Hell.), from *1tue-r6C;, which relates to 1tu6C; like 1tuye-r6c; to 1tuy0C;, etc. (thus Schwyzer: 501; differently Scheller 1951: 52) . .ETYM Connection with Skt. pU$yati 'to thrive' < *pu-s- 'swell' is improbable. Probably originally identical with 1tUOV, 1tUOC; 'pus' (s.v. � 1tUSOflat), but with gender and accent after 6p6c; or -rup6c;, which belong to the same semantic field. The by forms 1tUUP and 1tUUC; (if their tradition is correct) may have been formed after eup, 1tLUP, and UAUC;, Kpeuc; respectively. Both the substance and its properties (smell, fermentation, etc.) may have caused the transference of meaning from 'pus' to 'milk':

1260

nU1tTra�

expressions for 'congeal, getting sour, ferment', and also for 'rotting', affect each other now and then: Skt. sara- [m.] 'sour cream', also saras- [n.] 'skin on cooked milk', from the verb 'to break' in Skt. sp;ati, � KEpa"f�w, with a ptc. slr/;a- 'rotten, spoiled'. However, the other example given by Frisk, Lat. caries 'decay', Lat. colostra 'beesting', probably does not belong to that root (cf. De Vaan 2008 s.v.). nunnu� [excl.] exclamation of admiration (PI., Corn. Adesp.).
•

nu l', 1t1)p6� [n.] 'fire' (11.).
•

l261 .ETYM The word nup, nup-oc:; was originally a heteroclitic rln-stem, still inflected this way in Hitt. pabbur, gen. pabbuenas < PIE *peh2-ur, gen. ph2-uen-s. Traces of this formation can still be seen in Germanic: Go. fon, gen. fun-ins and ON funi are built on *ph2uen-s, while OHG fuir, fiur, MoHG Feuer, and ON furr, ffrr are from PGm. *fur(-i)- < *pHur. Armenian preserves hur, gen. hr-oy 'fire' < *pHur-o- with secondary thematization, beside hn-oe' 'fireplace, furnace' < *pHun-. In Tocharian, we find ToA por and ToB puwar, pwiir. Italic has U pir [nom.acc.] < *pur, abl. pure < *pur-ed, and perhaps Lat. purigo 'to clear, clean' if < *pur-ago-. Lat. purus may or may not be related. The ablaut was eliminated in Greek; the change in the quantity of u is secondary. nvpuKTEW [v.] 'to harden in fire, burn to coal' (l 328, Nic. rh. 688).
ni>pu�[�, -[SO� [f.] 1. 'pyramid' (Hdt. et al.); 2. 'kind of cake of roasted wheat-grains preserved in honey' (Ephipp.), mostly nupaflouc:;, -OUVTOC:; [m.] (Ar., Ephipp., Call. et al.), also nupafloL [m.pl.] (Artem.); acc. to H. nupafloc:; also = XOpTOC:; 'food'.
1262

1!tJ PYoC;

1tUpyoC; [m.] 'tower, wall-tower', also the fortification wall itself (Il.), metaph. 'closed division of warriors, column' (Il.), 'siege tower' (X.), 'farm-building' (LXX, pap., NT). UpKOp· oxupwflu 'stronghold' (H.) attest a variant fot"1J1 with different stops; the same variation is found in the TNs IIupyoC; (Elis, in Hdt. 4, 148 and Str.) and
TtUpTJV =>TtUpOC;. 1tUPlTJKTJC; [adj.] 'with a fiery point', i.e. 'provided with a glowing top' (TtUpl�KW flOXAOV l 387).
TtUpOC; 'cultivated grain'. aAAOl XOPTOC;, aAAol fluy[oU 'food; cake'; TtU pvu· opu
1tUpp0C; called pure because the grains could easily be separated from the husks. This is possible, but not compelling. 1tUppOC; [adj.] 'blazing red, tawny', especially of hair (of the head) (lA, poet.).
•

•

1tUpOOC; [adj.] 'fIrebrand, torch'. muw. 1tUTLVq =>�UTlVIl. 1tW [pd.] 'ever, still' (ll.), enditic, almost always after negation: OU1tW, 1l�1tW, OD mimoT£, Dor. (Epich.) OD mV1tOKa, post-Homo also in negating questions Tl 1tW, etc.
1tWAEW

l265

.ETYM A fIxed instrumental, identical to OP ka (confIrming pd.); cf. also Go. lve 'anyhow', from a PIE instrumental *kwo-h" kWe-h" formed from the pronominal stem *kwo-; see � 1tOe£v. 1twywv, -WVOC; [m.] 'whisker, chin-beard' (lA).
1twAto�at [v.] 'to go to and fro, go somewhere frequently'. =>1t£AOllaL. 1tWAEW [v.] 'to offer for sale, sell' (lA).
1266

1tWAo<;

1tWAO<; [m., f.] 'young horse, foal, filly' (11.), secondarily also of other young animals (Arist., etc.), poetically also 'horse' in general, metaph. 'young girl, youth, etc.' (Anacr., A., E.). � IE *polH-, plH- 'foal'� VAR Myc. po-ro. COMP Compound 1tWAo-oa�v'l <; [m.] 'foal-tamer; horsebreaker' (X.) with 1twA08u�v£w (S., E., X.), etc.; AWKO-1tWAo<; 'with white foals' (Pi., trag.). DER 1. Diminutives 1tWA-lOV [n.] (Att., Arist., etc.), - ap Lov (Pl. apud D. L., etc.); 2. adjectives -LKO<; 'belonging to, concerning foals' (S., E., Arc., etc., inscr.), 'virginal' (A. [lyr.]), see Chantraine 1956a: 116ff.; -£LO<; 'id.' (Suid.); 3. IIwAw [f.] epithet of Artemis in Thasos (Nilsson 1941(1): 4833); 4. Denominative 1tWA-£UW [v.] 'to break in a young horse' (X.), with -£lu, -W
•

•

•

1tWAU1tO<; (-U1to<;) [m.] 'sea polyp, cuttlefish', metaphorically 'nose polyp' (Hp., Thphr., etc.); also substantivized adjective La 1toAu1t08u 'many-footed', of insects (Arist.). � PG(S)� .VAR Plur. -OL (Semon., Epich., Hp. [v.l.]), also 1tWAu\j!, -U1to<; (Diph. Siphn., Dsc., Poll.), 1tOAu\j!, -u1to<; (Paul. Aeg.); more usual is 1tOUAU1tOU<;, -1t080<; (£ 432), acc. -1tOUV (Ion. Trag.), also gen. -1tOU, etc. (Thgn., etc.), 1tOAU1tOU<;, -1t080<; (Arist.). .DIAL Myc. po-ru-po-de. .DER Diminutive 1tWAU1tLOV [n.] (Hp.). ETYM The word 1tWAU1to<; is a Mediterranean word of unknown origin. The form with w, confirmed by the borrowing Lat. polypus, -i (since Plaut.), is clearly the oldest; it is the basis for the folk-etymological formations 1tOUAU- and 1tOAU- after 1tOAu<; and 1tou<; (Fraenkel 1912: 164\ with older literature; Specht KZ 59 (1932): 129). Note, however, that the inflexion with 1t08- is already attested in Mycenaean and in Homer. The word is not treated by Fur. •

1tWIlU 1 [n.] 'lid, cover' of a chest, pot, tube, etc. (11., epic Ion., Arist., Hell.). � IE *peh2'guard, protect'� .DER 1tw�-anov [n.], diminutive (Sor.); -U1'lu<; [m.] 'kind of snail' (Dsc.), and two denominatives: 1. 1tw�a�w [v.] 'to cover, close with a lid' (Arist., Hero, etc.), also with £1tL-, 1t£PL-, etc., with £1tL1tW�ao�o<; (Eust.) and the back-formation £1t I1tW�U 'lid' (Gal.), £1tL1tW�U1'LKO<; (sch.); 2. 1tW�U1'I�W 'id.' (Arist., Thphr., etc.), mostly £1tL-, 1t£PL-, Ct1tO-, with £1tL1tw�an
1tWU� .ETYM 1tW�U is an old verbal noun from lE *poh2-mn beside *poh2-tro-m [n.] , reflected in Skt. p a tram 'case, barrel' (if related, this word was certainly influenced by *peh3- 'to drink'), and in the Germanic group of Go. fodr 'sheath, cover', MoHG Futter 'lining' (of cloth). The primary verb is retained in Skt. pa ti 'to guard, protect' < IE *peh2-; see also � 1tO L�� V.

1t(l)IlU 2 'drink'. =>1tlvw .

1tWllaplOV [n.] 'orchard' (pap. [IIIP]). � LW Lat.� .DER 1tw�uph'l<; 'merchant of fruits' (pap. [VIP]); -maau (VIP). .ETYM Borrowed from Lat. pomiirium. 1twpew VAR 1tWP'l1'u<;. =>1tWpo<;, 1'UAUI1tWp0<;. •

1tWp0<; [m.] 'tuff (Arist., Thphr., Hell. inscr., etc.), in Anatolia 'stone- or chalk formation, concretion, stone in the bladder, kidney, etc.' (Hp., Arist., etc.). � PG?(v)� VAR Also 1tOUpo<; (inscr. Delphi), 1tOpo<; (Thphr. Lap. 7, Gal. 6, 57). .COMP As a first member in e.g. 1tW p-o�
.

1tWpo<; => LaAU I1tWpo<;. 1tw<; [interr. adv.] 'how?', 1tW<; [indef.] 'somehow' (11.). � IE *kwo_ 'which?'� VAR Ion. KW<;, KW<; (Hdt., etc.). .ETYM The form 1tw<; is a frozen ablative from the pronominal stem 1tO-, Ion. KO from IE *kwo-; see � 1to8£v and � W<; 1. •

1tW1'aOIlUl =>1t£1'O �a L. 1tWU =>1tOL��V. 1tWU� [f.] name of an unknown bird, cf. 1twu�· 1tou'><; 0PVL<;. 6 l\PLaL01'£A'l<; £V 1'<)) 1t£pl �wv (H.); attempts at an identification in Thompson 1895 s.v.
1268

nw u�

.ETYM In spite of the fact that the meaning is unknown, the word must be Pre-Greek; cf. especially the variation

p pa VAR Before vowel 1"'. =>upa. •

pii [adv.] 'easily' (Alcm., S. Fr. 1086, Ion. Trag.).
•

•

pii a plant name. =>p�ov. pa�aTn:lv [v.] . UVW KUL KaTw �a8[(£lv' TlvEC; 8E TUTtT£lV KaL ",o
pa�cSoc; [f.] 'twig, rod, staff, magic wand; line, stripe, groove' (11.).
1270 .COMP Compounds like pa�8-ofJxo<; [m.] 'staff-bearer', name of an official (Ar., Th., Hell.), TIoAu-ppa�80<; 'having many stripes' (Arist.). .DER 1. Diminutive pa�8-(ov [n.] (Arist., Thphr.); 2. pa�8-WT6<; 'having rods, streaks, grooves' (X., Arist.), -wfla (H.) as an explanation of
paytl [f.] 'tore, chink, gap, cleft' (Hp.). � PG?� VAR Also with 8ta-; more usual pay-a<;, -Ct80<; [f.] 'id.' (Hell.). .DER Diminutive pay-Ct8lov [n.] (Celsus); further pay-8T]v 'torrential, fierce, vehement' [adv.] (PIu.), pay8-alo<; 'id.' (com., Arist.) , -at6TT]<; [f.] (Poll.); for the meaning cf. paya (paya cod) UKfl�' �(a, 6Pfl� 'point or prime, force, impulse' (H.) (see also Erot. on pay�). ETYM The words pay�, etc. are sometimes seen as derivatives of pay�vat, � p�yVUfll, but pay�vat is analogical. The word may instead be Pre-Greek. Note also pay8-ato<; with the problematic cluster -1'8-, which can hardly be taken from pay8T]v. •

•

pac5aflvo<; [m.] 'branch, twig, shoot' (LXX, Suid., H.). � PG(s,v) � .VAR Also p68aflvo<; (H.) and pa8aflov· KauAOv, �Aa
pac5lv6<; [adj.] 'taper, bendable, slender' (epic since 'I' 583). � PG (V) � VAR �pCt8lVO<; (Sapph.); p08av6<; epithet of 80vaKEu<; (2: 576; v.ll. pa8tv6<;, pa8aA6<;); poMv-T] [f.] 'weft thread' (Batr.), to which -(�w [v.] (sch.), -l
1271

Aaxavwv KT]TIOUpO( 'watchers of vegetable gardens' (H.) remain s unclear (rejected by Bechtel 1921, 2: 420). Other forms that have been heSitantly adduced are Skt. avrada nta [3Pl.ipf.] 'loosened, became mellow' (hap. leg. RV 2, 24, 3; see LIV2 s.v. *yred-) , Go. wraton 'TIOpEUWeat, 8lo<'l£UElV', ON rata 'id.'; also, Lith. randil, rasti 'find' (see Fraenkel 1955 s.v.). However, all these proposals remain hypothetical (detail s in Bechtel 1914 s.v. TIEPlPP'18�<;). The variation *yrad- / yrod- shows that pa8lv6 <; is a Pre-Greek word. pac5l�, -lKO<; [m.] 'branch, twig' (Nic.), 'palm leaf (D. S.). � PG (V) � .ETYM A formal match is found between pa8l� and Lat. radiX 'root', if they reflect *wrad-. Lat. ramus 'branch, twig', which may go back to *wrad -mo- or *wra-mo-, is semantically closer. Go. waurts, etc. can probably be compa red as well. Cf. also on � pa8aflvo<;, where the short a certainly does not reflect a PIE *urh2d-, since this would �ave yielded long a. instead. The pre-form *wrad- / wrad-, suggested by these forms, IS probably non-Indo-European. Cf. also � p(�a. p4c5LO<; => po. . pa�w [v.] 'to growl, grouch', originally of a dog; secondarily also of men (Cratin. 25). � ONOM� .ETYM Perhaps of onomatopoeic origin; cf. � upa�w and � pu�w. See also � pwxw. pa8ayo<; =>paeaTIuy(�w . pa8a,.uy�, -lyyO<; [f.J, mostly [pl.] 'drop' (A 536 = Y 501, Hes., Pi.); also 'dust particle' (KOV(T]<; p. 'I' 502), 'spot' (Opp.). � PG(S) � .DER paeafll�w [v.] 'to besprinkle' (Opp., Nonn.; like po.. -

1272 paL�ia� [?] . U(�flLO� 8�flo� 'deme that has impunity' (H.).
pal�6� [adj.] 'crooked, bent inward', especially oflegs (Arist; , Nic.).
paivw [v.] 'to besprinkle, spray, strew' (ll.).
=

�

[f.] 'sprinkling' (PI., pap.); 6. un6-p(p)avElpov = unoppaVT�pLOv (Anaphe, Pnene); 7· pUGfla [n.] 'sprinkling, spray' (HelL). , . . . . .ETYM The stem pattern of pa[vw is based on a stem pav- whIch, If mhented, represents the zero grade of IE *yren- or *sren-. Previous etrn;0logical attemft� have been: Solmsen KZ 37 (1904): 59 off. (connecting a Slavic verb to let fall, shed , m Ru. ronit', Cz. roniti, Pol. ronic, etc., which may - but need not - go back to *yron-); Szemerenyi KZ 73 (1956): 74 (connecting Hitt. burnai- 'to besprinkle', but this has to be read as harnai-; see Kloekhorst 2008); connection with � paEluflLY� (improbable). None of these etymological attempts accounts for the variation v and 8 (in t�e perfect), which is a well-known Pre-Greek phenomenon (Kuiper 1956: 216). ThIS proves that the verb is Pre-Greek.

paiw [v.] 'to smash, break to pieces, shatter' (ll., epic).
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1273 .DER paLm�p, -�po� 'hammer', both [f.] (L 477; after GaK[GflaTa (H.) to pUKf] (: *cmo-ppaK[(£LV); 3. adjective pUK-LVO� (Hell. inscr.), -O£L� (AP), -w8f]� (D. c., AP) 'tattered, wrinkled'; 4. uncertain (corrupt according to Debrunner IF 23 (1908-1909): 14) paKwAEov, pUKO� 'rag' (H.), cf. pwyaAEo�, etc.; 5. denominative paK-ooflaL [v.] 'to become ragged, wrinkled' (Hp., PIu.), to which -WCJL� [f.] 'wrinkling, wrinkledness' (Sor.). PUKW, -f] corresponds to Aeol. �pUK-W (Sapph. 57), -f] (Theoc. 28, 11), but in the sense of '(long) ladies' garments', cf. also �pUKO�' KUAaflo�, lflunov nOAvT£AE� 'expensive garment' (H.). Other formations are: �puKaAov· ponaAov 'staff, rod', �puKnov· 8pEnavov, KAa8£uT�pLOV 'sickle, pruning knife' (H.), dissimilated from * -TpOV; without dissimilation pUKnpov 'chopping-knife' (Poll.), v.l. puX- (after pUXL�), with -np[(w [v.] 'to split, cut through' (PI. Corn.). .ETYM The deviating meaning 'ladies' garments' casts doubt on the appurtenance of �pUKW, -O�. The other words can easily be connected with pUKO� (i.e. from *FPUKO�), with �puKaAov formed after ponaAov, GKl'naAov; �puKn(p)ov seems to be a primary instrument noun which, just like pUKO�, presupposes a primary verb (for instance *paKdv). Evident morphological cognates lack outside Greek. The traditional comparison with Skt. vrscati 'to hew, fell (trees), split', with yupa-vrask-a- 'post-cutter' and the ptc. Vrk-fJa- 'hewn, felled' fails to give one too, since it is probably related to Skt. varj 'to turn around, avert' < *h2uerg-. lE *uresk-, *urosk-, which we may reconstruct, has a variant in the Slavic word for 'rumple' (cf. paKo�, also 'rumple'), e.g. CS vraska < *yorsk-a. ToA wraske 'disease' is phonologically and semantically far-fetched. For this lE *uresk-, uersk-, one could reconstruct an older *urek-sk- or *uerk-sk-, which enables us to establish connections with yrk-, the pre-form of paKo�. A pre-form lE * yrk- may also be found in the Indo-Iranian word for 'tree' (originally 'felled tree'), Skt. Vrk$a-, Av. varJsa- [m.] , lE * yrk-s- o -, beside *yrk- os- in pUKO� (see Liden in WP. 1, 286). Everything remains highly uncertain. The word could well be Pre-Greek. paKTllplO� .VAR paKTpLa. =>paGGw . paKT6� =>p�yVUflL.

1274 pa��a� =>paL�la�. pa�vo� [f.] 'briar, rhamnus' (Eup., Hell. and late). � PG?� DER 'Pa!lvou�, -OUVTO� [m.] name of an Att. deme, with -OU0LO� [adj.] (Att.). .ETYM The form pa!lvo� may have developed from *pa�vo�, and thus belong

. wIth � pa�oo� and cognates; see s.v. with literature. It is quite possibly a Pre-
pavl� .VAR pavT�p. =>palvw.

[f.] 'winegrape, -berry', secondarily also 'berry' in general, metaph. 'kind of spider', plur. 'fingertips' (Att., Hell. and late). � PG(v)� .VAR LXX also [m.] . pw�, pwy6� (Archil., LXX, Nic.). .COMP As a first member in payo-£lo�� 'grape-like' (medic.) . .DER paY-lov [n.] diminutive (Philum. , etc.), -lKO� 'belonging to the grape', -WOTj� ,, 'grape-like' (Thphr.), -l�W 'to pick grapes' (Theoc.). ETYM The form pa� is reminiscent of pa!laTa (this may, come from *paW-) �oaTpuXla, aTacpuAl�. MaK£06v£� 'bunch of grapes (Maced.) (H.), as ,:ell as of .La:. raeemus 'stalk of a cluster of grapes, grapes'. The word is further Isolated; It IS probably a Mediterranean word (cf. Schwyzer: 425 with literature, also 310). The lE etymologies that have been proposed should all be rejected (WH s.v.; als.o incorrectly, Carnoy REGr. 69 (1956): 286 and Carnoy Ant. class. 27 (1958): 326). It IS most probable that pa� is of Pre-Greek origin (Fur.: 126); pw� would then be a Pre-

pa�) pay6�

•

1275

pa1tTW

Greek variant. Demiraj 1997: 196 adduces Alb. rrush 'resin', which is identical to Rrush, the old name of Ragusa; if related, this would rather suggest a substrate origin of the word. pa1tl�w) -o�at [v.] 'to beat with a stick, a rod, by hand', pass. 'to be beaten' (lA). � PG?� VAR Aor. pass. pamae�VaL, act. pa1tlaaL, perf. ptc. pass. p£pama!l£va. .COMP Rarely with prefix, e.g. £m- (also 'to reproach'). .DER pa1t-la!la [n.] 'stroke, slap in the face, box on the ears' (Antiph., NT, Luc.), •

-la!l6� [m.] 'id.' (Corn., Sor.); £mppa1t-l�l� [f.] 'reproach' (Ion. Hist.), -la!l6� 'id.' (Plb.). Besides, as a second member, -pam� in xpua6-ppam�, voc. -l 'with a golden rod', epithet of Hermes (Od., h. Mere., Pi.), £i3-ppam� (Ep!l��) 'with a beautiful rod' (Nonn.); pa1tl� as simplex = pa�oo� only H., Photo .ETYM As the Simplex pa1tl� may have been extracted from xpua6-ppam�, where -l� can be explained as a compound suffix (cf. aV-aAK-l�, L 1t OUp- l�), the direct basis of pa1tl�w is uncertain. It may have been formed from a noun (*pa'V, *pa1t-�, vel sim.), 1t

-

but it can also be a transformation of a primary verb (cf. the examples in Schwyzer: 735f.). Formally, pa1tl�w could be a zero grade formation of pe1tw, p61taAOV; it would have indicated, if deverbative, a sweeping movement (of a rod, the hand, etc.). See further � pe1tw; cf. � PW'V 1, � pa�oo�, � pa!lvo�, and also � pa1tTw. Alternatively, a Pre-Greek origin is a serious option for this etymon, as well.

pa1tL� kind of shoe. � PG(v)� .ETYM The variation with ap1tl� (Fur. 392) points to Pre-Greek origin. See � ap1tl�. pa1tTw [v.] 'to sew (together), stitch, instigate' (ll.). � ?� .VAR Aor. pa'VaL (ll.), them. aor. eppacpov (Nonn.), pass.

pacp�vaL, fut. pa'Vw, perf. pass. eppa!l !laL (lA), plpf. act. £ppacp�K£l (X. Eph.). .DIAL Myc. ra-pte(-re) may stand for *pa1tT�p [m.] (see Morpurgo Davies 1963 s.v. with literature; differently Heubeck IF 64 (1958-1959): 119ff.); also Myc. e-ra-pe-me na /(h)e-hrapmena/ 'stitched'. Myc. wa-ra-pi-si-ro, which was thought to stand for Fpa'VlAo�, can no longer be connected, since erapemena shows that the verb had no initial F-. .COMP Often with prefix, e.g. auv-, KaTa-, £v-. .DER 1. Action nouns: pacp� (also auv-, Ka-ra-, etc.) [f.] 'hem, seam' (X 186), here and below, -cp- is analogical; pa!l!la [n.] 'id.' (Pi., lA); 2. Agent nouns: pacp£u� [m.] 'sewer, stitcher, instigator' (A., PolL), acc. to BofShardt 1942: 40 from pacp�; pa1tTTj� [m.] 'stitcher' with -TlK6� (late), fern. pa1tTpla (Eust.), with 1t£Pl- [m.] of a priestess in Piraeus (inscr.); pa1tT�p 'id.', see above on Myc.; OlKo-ppacp-o� [m.] 'hack lawyer' (D. Chr. et al.), with -ppacpew [v.] 'to instigate a lawsuit' (Ar.), -ppacpla (Man.); 3 . instrument nouns pacpl�, -loo� [f.] 'sewing needle' (Hp., Archipp., HelL), pacplo-£u� [m.] , -£la [f.] 'stitcher', -£UT�� [m.] 'id.', -£uT6� (LXX), -Ci� [m.] 'id.' (pap. IVP); cf. BofShardt 1942: 40; pacpl� also fish name = �£A6vTj (Arist., Opp.), see Stromberg 1943: 37; beside it pa1tl� as a fish name (Epich 51 v.l.), = KPTj1tl� (H., EM), see on � ap1tl�; 4. verbal adj. pa1tT6� 'stitched, sewn together' (w 228f.); 5. 'Pa'Vw [f.] name of a goddess or nymph (Phaleron IV"). On � pa'V
p anu c;

1276

.ETYM Since Myc. e-ra-pe-me-na shows that pamw does not go back to a form with initial h the older etymology with Baltic (Lith. verpti, ISg. verpiit 'to spin', Lith. verpti (virpti), virpeti 'to tremble, shudder, vibrate', Latv. virpet 'to spin with a spindle; shudder', verpt 'to spin, turn round about') must be abandoned. Cf. further � penw, � pefl�oflm. panvc; VAR paq:>uc;. => p a
paaaU) [v.] 'to beat, smash, thrust, stamp' (also of dancers), intr. 'to strike, dash' (HelL).
•

p�a-rwv'1 =>pa. *pa-rav'1 [f.] 'stirring spoon, scoop', only in (Dor.) pa-ravav· -ropuvTjv 'stirrer, ladle' and �pa-ravav -ropUVTjV.'HAiiOl (H.).
1277 paac;; cf. Photo p a
·

pa
•

paXlC;, -tOc; [f., m.] 'spine, back', often metaphorically 'ridge, etc.' (1 208).
a With transformation of the stem: 4. PUX-£TPOV = PUXL<; (H.), also designation of Fraenkel (cf. �LPOV certain part of it (Poll., Phot.), perhaps after aYKL(1lpOV, oepLpov, Clotta 4 (1913): 43, Schwyzer: 532), -£Tpl(W = paXl(W (Poll.); besides, we find PUK ELpOV, etc. (see � pUKO<;?); 5. paxu<;· XWPlOV aUvoevo pov KaL flELewpov 'thickly · wooded place on high ground' (H., Phot.), after O£LpU<;, aTCLAu<;, etc., with paxCtOT]v ; (Halaesa 'id.?' EnL L�<; puxew<; 'on the spine' (H.); 6. gen.sg. LOU paxa, from paxa<;

Roman times). Besides, paxo<; (also paxo<;; codd. also puX0<;, probably after PUXL<;), Ion. PT]Xo<; [f.] 'briar, thorn hedge, (thorny) sprig' (Hdt., S., X., Thphr.), EU-PPT]X0<;' PT]XWOT]<; 'thorny' (Nic.); denominative paxwam [v.] :.to cover with sprigs' (Att. [307-6a]) . For the meaning 'briar, spine, back', cf. e.g. aKav'9a, Lat. spina, etc. Unclear is puxvo<; [n.] (pap. IV-VIP), 'cloak' vel sim.? .ETYM The word PUXL<; was compared with Lith. razis 'stubble' (beside more usual razas 'stubble, [fork]tooth, barren twig'), from a preform *uraf -i-; the initial y- is confirmed in Greek by 6p�xou (where 6- stands for F-)- L�<; aiflama<; 'wall' (H.). A full or lengthened grade *uraf- was seen in pax0<;' PT]Xo<; (e.g. Pok. u80). However, since Fpiix-/Fp ax- cannot be derived from an lE form (the ablaut in the above reconstructions being impossible), it may instead be Pre-Greek.

R� pa'/1
ptyKW [v.] 'to snore, snort' (A., E., com., Arist. v.l.). �PG?� .VAR peyxw (Hp., Arist., Herod., Hell. and late); note the variants peyx-, pOXfl-, and pWXfl- · COMP Rarely with uno-, uno-, napa-. DER peyK-o<; (also -X-) [n.] 'snore' with -woT]<; 'snore-like', pey�L<; [f.] 'id.' (Hp.); pOyKL�V' peYKeLv. 'Enlxapfl 0<; (H.) (after the verbs of disease in -LUW); POYXU(£LV (H.) as an explanation of PUYXLU(£LV, whence poyx-aaflo<; = peyxo<; (GaL), -aaL�<; = nasator (gloss.); poyx-aAl(w 'to snore' (gloss.), after yapyaAl(w, etc.; also pOYX0<; (Cael. Aur.), pWXfl0<; = peyxo<; (Erot.); pWYflo<;, pOXfl0<;' pOYfl o<; 'to hiss' (late medic.); pwxw 'to hiss, chatter one's teeth' (Sor., H.) . ETYM The etymon is clearly onomatopoeic; cf. � puyxo<;. Although the variation is certainly due in part to the onomatopoeic character of the word, many of the alternations would also fit a Pre-Greek origin. The Celtic forms compared in Frisk (Olr. srennim 'to snort', Mlr. snHmm 'snoring') may derive from *sret-n-. •

•

•

pt�w 1 [v.] 'to act, perform', especially of a sacrifice, 'to sacrifice' (11., epic). � IE *uerg 'work'� VAR Fut. pe�w, aor. pe�m, pass. pex0�vm. •

p£00<;

1279

.DIAL Myc. wo-ze [3sg.pres.] Iworzei/, seeAura Jorro 1985-1993(2): 45l. .COMP Rarely with ETCL-, KaLa-, etc. .DER Verbal adjective a-peK-Lo<; 'undone' (T 150, Simon.), agent noun peKL�p, -�po<; [m.] 'doer' (Hes., Man.), -L�PLO<; 'effective' (Ion Hist.), [f.] -mpa (Man.); peKLT]<; [m.] 'id.' (PIu., Aret.), -nKo<; 'capable of sth.' (Porph.), also peKLa<; 'sacrificer' (Tauromenion; Rom. times); nappeKLT]<;' nuvLa npuHwv EnL KaKtP 'doing all for mischief (H.); cf. Fraenkel 1910: 150 and 175; on pe(w with derivatives, see Kretschmer Clotta 18 (1929): 85f. .ETYM Next to (F)epyov with full grade, lE had a zero grade yod-present *urg-ie-ti (Av. varaziiamahl, etc.), of which the Greek representative *Fpu(w (= Myc. wo-ze) was replaced by the full grade EpOW < *FepY-lw (after Fepyov). This form was substituted by the secondary full grade Fpey-, with a different position of the liquid, at first in the aor. and fut. pe�m, pe�w, then also in the pres. pe(w, the verbal adj. a pep)eKLo<;, etc. (cf. Schwyzer: 7162 with literature). On traces of the same full grade in Albanian and Celtic, cf. Pok. u68 with literature (cf. also Bader 1965: Iff.; on EpOW and pe(w, Hamp MSS 45 (1985): lO6-lO9). See further � EpOW and � EpyOV. pt�w 2 [v.] 'to color, pumeLV' (Epich. 107, Phot., EM). � IE *sreg- 'paint'.� VAR Aor. pe�m. .DER peyo<; (ML1tOpqmpov, Anacr.), more usual p�yo<; [n.] 'blanket, carpet' (Hom.) = LO pamov aLpwfla (Et. Orion.), LO nopcpupouv m:pLpoAmov (EM); peYfla-ra (nOLKlAa, Ibyc.); xpuaopaye<;· xpuaopacpe<; 'gold-embroidered' (H.); agent noun = 'pacpeu<;, colorer': peyeu<; (EM v.l. beside pay-, PT]Y-), pT]yeu<; (sch., H.), poyeu<; (inscr. Sparta, H.); see B06hardt 1942: 83. .ETYM This etymon can hardly be separated from Skt. rajyati 'to paint oneself, get red, get excited', raga- [m.] 'painting, paint, excitement'. In view of the lack of an initial vowel in Greek, we have to consider a reconstruction *sreg-. The stem form PT]Y- is problematic, however. •

I'

pt90<; [n.] 'face, countenance' (S. Ant. 529, E. HF 1205 [both anap.], Theoc. 29, 16, Lyc. U37), 'body' (Lyc. 173), meaning uncertain (Sapph. 22, 3); plur. 'faces' (A. R. 2, 68), 'limb' (Theoc. 23, 39); older meaning unclear (EK pe0ewv n 856 X 362, X 68); cf. pe0ewv· anACtYXvwv, fl£AWV, aWfluLwv 'innards, limbs, bodies' (H.); the sch. on X 68 proposes 'face, mouth', also 'nostrils', the last of which is preferred by Leumann 1950: 218ff. (with older literature) because of the plur. Cf. Snell 1948: 24-6, who demonstrates the transition from the literal meaning, namely a body part, to the more general mg. 'body'. � ?� .COMP As a first member in Aeol. pe00-flaAloa<;, literally 'with face-apples', acc. to sch. X 68 = etmpoawnou<;. .ETYM Since the meaning 'face, countenance', given as Aeolic by grammarians, is certain, we have to depart from this when explaining the word. Both an older epic meaning 'mouth' and 'figure, body' seem possible (cf. e.g. Lat. os 'mouth, face', jacies 'figure, face'); the pI. could have been formed after fleA£a, m�0£a, aLepva, VWLa, etc. On the meaning in Hom., cf. Vivante Arch. glott. ita/. 40 (1955): 41t An original , meaning 'nostril(s) fits well, and the transition to 'face' or 'body' is unproblematic. =

peiu, pEU

1280

The form pE80<; has no convincing etymology. The lack of the F - (�-) in Aeol. pE80<; makes a connection with Skt. vardhati 'to grow' difficult. Fraenkel's suggestion to connect � Pl<; and � PEW (Frisk Glotta 32 (1975): 31ff.; also, Treu 1955: 1904) is neither morphologically nor semantically convincing. p£ia, pta

=-

pa .

P£lTOC; [m.?] an unidentified object from Delos (BCH 54, 1930, 121). � ?� .ETYM Unknown. p£AaTwp(a 'receipt' (POxy. 3125). � LW Lat.� .ETYM Formed from a borrowing from Lat. r{lator 'registrator'. ptf.l�Of.lat [v.] 'to go about, wander, roam around, act at random' (Hell. and late). � PG(v)� VAR Only pres. except P£f.l(p8�vat· PEfl�w8at (H.). .COMP Rarely with Cl7ro-, etc. .DER PEfl �w8T]<; 'walking about, aimless, idle' (Plb., PIu.), with the back-formation PEfl�O<; [m.] 'wandering about' (PIu., Aret.), adj. PEfl�o<; (late), fem. -u<; (LXX v.l.). Extensions: PEfl�-EU W (also KU-rU-) = PEfl�oflat, -ucrflo<; [m.] 'roaming' (LXX; * - u
'

•

ptTIW [v.] 'to decline, descend', especially of the balance, 'to sway down, turn out, gain the upper hand', with prefix also trans. 'to lower, let tilt' (ll.). � ?� .VAR Rare fut. pE\I!W and aor. pE\I!at (lA).

pEW

1281

.COMP Also with prefix, e.g. eTCL-, aVLL-, KU-rU-. DER 1. pOTI� [f.] 'lowering, tilting (of the scales), swing' (Ale., lA), to which (among others) av-rl-ppOTIO<; 'equipoising, counterweighing' (Att.), with aVLLppOTI- lT] (v.l. -�) [f.] 'counterweight' (Hp.); 2. TIEpl-ppE\I!l<; [f.] 'tilting' (Hp.); 3. POTIUAOV [n.] 'bludgeon, mace' (ll.), wiili POTIUA-lOV [n.] (Hell. inscr. and pap.), -w-ro<; 'equipped with a club-like rounding' (D. C.), -w8T]<; '(pulsing) like a club', of the pulse, -W
ptw [v.] 'to flow, stream', also metaphorically, 'to stream off, fall off, of hair, ripe fruits, etc. (ll.). � IE *sreu- 'flow, stream'� .VAR Aor. pu�vat (y 455), Dor. eppua, fut. pu�croflat, perf. eppuT]Ku (Att.); fut. PEucro flat (Thgn., com., Hp.), pwcroU flat (Arist.), pEUcrW (AP), aor. PEUcrat (Ar., [anap.], Hp., HelL). .COMP Very often with prefix, e.g. aTIo-, 8lU-, eK-, KU-rU-, TIEpl-, UTIO- . .DER Many derivatives, also from prefixed compounds: A. with full grade 1. pEE8pov (ll., epic Ion.), pEl8pov (Att.) [n.] 'stream, river, water'; 2. 'Pei-ro<; [m.] name of a stream or brook (Eleusis Va, Th., Paus.), see Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 5 (1954): 89; 3· PEuflu [n.] 'current, stream' (lA), cf. Porzig 1942: 267f., 'stream, rheumatism' (medic.), with -flU-rLOV, -flu-rw8T]<;, -flULLKO<;, - flU-rl
C. With zero grade: 1. pUTO� 'streaming, pouring out, flowing strongly' (trag., etc.; with cq..lcp [-, m:p[- since Od.); PUTOV [n.] 'drinking horn' (Att., Hell.); 2. puOl� (eK-, etc.) [f.] 'flowing, flow' (lA); 3. � pufla peufla (late) s.v.; 4. pua�, "aKO� [m.] 'strong current, rllshing stream, stream of lava' (Th., Pl., Arist., etc.), probably Sicil. (Bjorck 1950: 61 and 285); cf. puay� (cod. po[-} cpapay� 'cleft, chasm' (H.); 5. pUo.X£TO� [m.] 'multitude of people' (Lac.; Ar. Lys. 170), expressive enlargement of pua� after 6X£TO�, auPCP£TO�? 6. pua� [f.] (also [m., n.]) 'fluid, falling off (Arist., Thphr., etc.), also an epithet of iX8u� or a designation of certain fishes that live in swarms and follow the currents (Arist., etc.), see Stromberg 1943: 50f., Thompson 1947 s.v., also 'flow', with puaOlKo�, 'suffering flux, etc.' (medic.); 7. pu06v (0 426), PU0'lV (Crates, \/, etc.) 'flooding, abounding'. On � pu8flo�, see S.V.; on pUTpO�, poa (pOla), pou� as plant names see � poa. .ETYM The thematic present pew « *p£Fw; cf. pOFo�, etc. above) agrees with Skt. sravati 'flow' < lE *sreu-e-ti. There are other exact morphological matches as well, but their age is uncertain because of the strong productivity of the relevant categories. Examples are: poo� = Skt. srava- [m.] 'flowing' (cf. OCS o-strav", Ru. , 6strav 'island', from *'surrounded by stream[s] ); po� = Lith. srava [f.] 'flowing, flow of blood, menstruation' (cf. Skt. giri-sravii- [f.] 'mountain brook'); pUOl� = Skt. sruti [f.] 'way, street'; pUTO� = Skt. sruta- 'flowing' (cf. Lith. srittos [f.pl.] (dial. -ta [sg.]) 'liquid manure, [animal] urine'); (Eu)-ppe��, related to Skt. (madhu)-sravas- [m.] 'dripping of honey', plant name (lex.). The neuter peufla (lE *sreu-mn) is mirrored by a corresponding masculine in Balto-Slavic, e.g. Lith. sraumuo, gen. -mens 'rapid' (lE *srou-mon-). An m-suffix is also found in Germanic, e.g. ON straumr 'stream' (lE *srou-mo-), in Celtic, e.g. OIr. sruaim 'stream', and in Alb. rryme 'stream' (Mann Lang. 28 (1952): 37). Genetic connection between the Dor. aor. E-ppUa and the Lith. pret. pa-sritvo 'flowed' < *-iit (Schwyzer: 743) seems unlikely. Also formally identical are the futures peuaoflm (-aw) and Skt. sro$yati. Apart from that, the Greek and Sanskrit, as well as the Baltic verbal systems go different ways. Cf. � pwoflal. =

pqyvu,"u [v.] 'to tear (up), break (to pieces), burst' (Il.). � IE *ureh,g- 'break'� .VAR Fut. p��w, aor. p��m (all Il.), perf. med. epP'lY-flm (8 137), act. (intr.) eppwya (Archil., Hp., trag.), ptc. EpP'lye1a (Tab. Herael.), trans. epP'lxa (Hell.), aor. pass. pay�vm (Il.), with fut. pay�aoflm (A., etc.), p'lx8�vm (late); new pres. p�aaw, p�TTW (Hp., Hell.; to p��m, p��w). .COMP Often with prefix, e.g. Ctno-, 8La-, EK-, KaTa-, nepl-. As a first member in verbal governing compounds P'l�(l)-, e.g. P'l�-�vwp epithet of Achilles, 'breaking the (rows of) men' (Horn.) with -'lvop['l (� 217), cf. Sommer 1948: 180; Jernstedt Idg. lb. , 14: 151 connects p�aaw 'to throw (down) . DER A. With e-grade: 1. p�Yfl a (eK-, mJv-) [n.] 'tore, cleft, breach' (lA) with p'lYfl aT['l� -T
p�OV Act.); 5. p�KT'l� [m.] "the disruptor", designation of a certain form of earthquake (Arist., Lyd.); 6. FP'lyaA£ov (cod. Tp-} OleppwyoTa 'broken through' (H.); cf. below B 4; 7. aup'lKTo� = a-FP'lKTO� 'unbroken' (Hdn. Gr.). B. With o-grade: 1. pw� [f.] only pwya� [acc.pl.] (X 143) 'tore' = 'narrow passage' (cf. Wace lHS 71 (1951): 203ff.), further in prefixed compounds, e.g. Ctnoppw� 'torn off, fern. 'torn-off piece, outflow' (Il., epic poet.); 2. 8Lappwy� [f.] 'gap, interspace' (Hp.); pwya[· p��£l� (H.); 3. pwya�, -aOo� 'torn up, cleft' (Hell. poetry.); 4. pwyaA£o� 'torn up, full of holes' (Horn.); 5. pwYfl� [f.] 'breach, tore' (Hp., Arist.) with pWYflaT['l� (Hp. apud Gal.; cf. A 1); pWXflO� [m.] 'tore, cleft, gap' ('I' 420, Hell.), containing a suffix -aflo- (Schwyzer: 493), -flat [pl.] 'id.' (Marc. Sid.). C. With zero grade: 1. pay� (8La-), paya�, payo'lv, payoalo� (s.v. � pay�); 2. payo� [n.] 'rag, shred' (pap. lIP), payo£l� (Nic.) after � paKo�, -O£l�; 3. neplppay�� 'broken all around' (AP), from nepl-ppay�vm. .ETYM The form p�yVUfll < *FP�yvufll (cf. FP��l�, FP'lyaA£o�) corresponds semantically and phonologically with the primary stem in Arm. ergic-anem, aor. ergic-i with the usual caus. ergic-uc'anem 'to tear apart, break'. Phonetically adequate, but semantically less convincing, is the comparison (since Meillet MSL 9 (1896): 142) with a Balto-Slavic verb for 'to beat, etc.' in Lith. reiti 'to cut, incise, beat', OCS rezati 'Kom£lv', Ru. rezat' 'to cut, slaughter', etc. It seems impossible to connect � paaaw in view of the different laryngeal. Forms with pay- must contain a secondary zero grade, since *urh,g- would give FP'lY-. pi]yo� -p£(w 2. pi]!1a VAR p�Ol�, p�Tpa, etc. =>e'lpw 2, p�TWp. •

*pqv [m.] 'sheep, lamb' (A. R.). � GR� .VAR p�va [acc.] (Nic.), p�veaOl [dat.pl.] (A. R.). .COMP As a second member, e.g. in nOAu-pp'lv-e� [nom.pl.] (I 154 = 296), thematic extension in nOAu-pp'lV-o-� [nom.sg.] (A 257) 'rich in sheep'; lmo-pp'lv-o-v [acc.sg.] (K 216) 'having a lamb underneath, suckling a lamb'. As a first member in P'lvo cpopeu� [m.] 'bearer of sheep fleece' (AP), see Bo:Bhardt 1942: 29; extracted from there P'lVlKO� 'from the sheep', P�Vl�, -lKO� [f.] 'sheep fleece' (Hp.). .DER Several glosses in H.: p�vw· npo�aTa 'cattle' (cf. KT�VW); p5.va· apva 'lambs, sheep' (Elean?), puma· apva. KunplOl (does it stand for FP'lv-?); probably also Tpavov (if for *FP-} £�afl'lVlalOV npo�aTov 'six-month-old cattle' (but then the a remains unexplained). The island name 'P�v£la (near Delos) may be related, too. .ETYM The above forms differ only in ablaut from � Ctp�V < Fap�v; as a basis, one would best assume a formation *urh1-en > Ctp�V, zero grade *urh1-n- > (-p)P'lv-. Lat. reno (mentioned by Frisk) should remain separate. The forms p�VWal and p�va (Hell. epic) may well have been built after nOAu-PP'lV and other compounds, but this explanation does not seem to fit Hippocratic P'lVlKO� and p�Vl�, nor the glosses in Hesychius (cf. Sommer 1948: 66£f.; Ruijgh 1957: 161; Schwyzer: 568). pi]ov [n.] 'rhubarb' (Gal.).

.VAR Also pu (Dsc.). .ETYM The word would come from the river called Rha (i.e. the Wolga; Amm. Marcell. 22, 8, 28). Cf. Andre 1956 s.v. rhii and reum. PTJ0"6� apx6c; ? (Epich. 205, cited by Phot., Suid.).
pqO"O"w =>p�yvufll. PTJ'TIVTJ [f.] 'resin, fir resin' (Hp., Arist., Thphr.), on the neuter gender cf. �OUTUpOV.
pq'TWP, -�po� [ �.] 'speaker, annunciator' (S., E.), especially 'orator in public, public speaker (Att.) , master speaker, discourse artist' (late).
.

pqmvov [n.] name of a plant (Gp. 12, 1, 1).
,

)

Further the perfect epplya 'freeze, congeal, shudder', aor. ply�aat (ll., epic), fut. ply�aw (E 351), pres. plyew (PL); rarely with a1to - , E1tl-, KaTa-. Primary comparative p[YLOV 'colder, ghastlier, more terrible' (Horn., Hes., Semon.), superlative p[YlaTa (E 873), -oc;, -ov (A. R., Nic.). Further adjectives: 1. plyeoavoc; 'ghastly, terrible' (T 325, A. R., Opp.), to PlYOC; after an unknown example, or from *plyeowv (Chantraine 1933: 362)? 2. plyaAEoc; 'id.' (Emp.); to PlYOC; like apyaAeoc; to aAyoc;; 3. PlYllAOC; (KaTa-) 'id.' (� 226, Hes. Se., Nic., Nonn. Ap), from eplya, plyew; 4. PlywOllC; 'causing a shivering fit' (Hp., Gal.), from PlYOC;; 5. 'PlY!lOC; [m.] name of a Thracian (Y 485); to PlYOC; like 8epfloc; to 8epoc;? .ETYM The proportion epplya : PlYOC; is matched by yeY118a : y�80C;, AEA118a : Dor. Au80C;, or (ablauting) yeyova : YEvOC;, etc. The pair p[YLOV : PlYOC; has a parallel in aAYlov : aAY0C;, Kepolov : Kepooc; (Schwyzer: 539). The form PlYOC; corresponds exactly to Lat. frigus [n.] 'cold, frost, shivering', from IE *sriHg-os [n.] . The form plyew in turn is identical to Lat. frigeo, but this identity may be due to parallel innovations. pl�a [f.] 'root', also metaphorically 'origin, stem, base' (ll.).
pIKV6� [adj.] 'bent, crooked, shrivelled (of age, dryness, cold), stiff (epic poet. since h.Ap.); plKvo
l286 .DER plKV-�£l(; 'id.', enlarged form (Nic.); -OTT]<; = KUfl1tUA6tTj<; 'crookedness' (H.); -WOTj<; 'shrivelled' (Hp., AP); plKVOOflat [v.] 'to shrivel, contract, contort' (S., Arist., Opp.), rarely with KULa-, OlU-, whence PLKVWOl<; [f.] 'shrivelling, wrinkledness' (Hp.). Further POlKO<; 'crooked, bow-legged' (Archil., Hp., Arist.) and plKa�Elat (H.) as an explanation (beside aTpo�eLTat) of pl�lKa�ElUl. .ETYM The pair plK-VO<; : pOlK-O<; can be compared with e.g. 1tlK-pO<; : 1tOlK-LAO<;. The form POlKO<; matches Lith. raisas (also ra/sas) 'limping, lame' (for the semantic difference, cf. KUnO<; 'crooked, crippled'), Germanic words like ME wrah 'wrong, stubborn', NDu. wreeg 'stiff, and (as far as the form is concerned) also Av. uruuaesa [m.] 'vortex, etc.'; all these words reflect lE *uroiko- [m.] 'turn, curvature' vel sim., [adj.] 'twisted, crooked'. An e-grade vari�1Jt *ureiko- is attested in MLG wrlch 'forbidden, distorted, fIxed, stiff, etc.'. Corresponding primary verbs are the zero grade yod-present in Av. uruuisiia- 'to , turn (around) ; a full grade root-present in OE wreon < PGm. *wrlhan < lE *ureik with pret. wrah < PGm. *wraih < lE *uroik- 'to envelop' (for the meaning, cf. � eiAUW and � eiA£W 2), and a zero grade root present in Lith. risti, 1Sg. risu 'to bind'. Within Greek, the hapax legomenon plKa�Elat (H.) is a denominative or deverbative; the form pl�lKa�Elat, if transmitted correctly, must be an expressive enlargement (cf. Baunack Phil. 70 (1911): 370). pll1�al = 0-10Tj. pll1Ku, etc., but the root is unclear. Since a sequence -lflCP- cannot have been inherited, the l has been analyzed as from e before nasal (see Schwyzer: 275). PGr. *wrenkwh a (vel sim.) has been connected with Lith. rangus 'dexterous, flexible', rangiuos, rangtis 'to hasten', rengiuos, rengtis 'to prepare oneself, be prepared', under a reconstruction PIE *urengwh -. It must be said that the connection between Baltic and the Germanic group of OE wringan 'to wind, wring', OHG ringan 'to make an effort, fIght' (thus e.g. LIV2 s.v. *yrengh-) is much more attractive. In sum, although there are parallels for e > l, the proposal is quite shaky. pm:o"Tqp [m.] probably 'halter' (P. Tebt. 886, 68 [IP]). -
•

pLmw [n.] 'fIling, swarf (Hp., Herod.), (OtU-)pLVTjOl<; [f.] 'fIling' (Gal.); b) plVL�W [v.] 'id.' (pap. lIIP), whence PIVl<1flU [n.] 'swarf (Ctes., medic.) . ETYM The meaning 'fIle' is original, and 'shark' is derived from it (see above); Stromberg 1943: 86. plVO<; 'skin' especially denotes a fIne, soft cowhide. Frisk saw a primary formation with a suffIx -v- in pLVTj from a verb that is not directly attested in Greek, but only in the derived Germanic verb evidenced by OS wrltan 'to tear apart, scratch, write', OE wrltan 'to dig in, scratch, write'. This root etymology must be rejected, since the Greek form requires *uriH-, whereas for the Germanic words, *urei- without laryngeal must be reconstructed (see on � plVO<;). •

PlVO<; [f.] 'skin of man and animal, hide; (esp.) cow skin, cow hide; shield made of cow hide' (epic 11.; cf. Leumann 1950: 314f.). -
1288

ple;, plv6e;

VAR Also p17tTEW (lA since v 78), iterative pret. Pl7tTCl
•

•

pie;, pivoe; [f.] 'nose', of man and animal, plur. piVEe; 'nostrils, nose' (ll.). -
•

•

pioKoe; [m.] 'chest, box' to preserve adornment and money (Antiph., Hell.). -
p600v of the change u > i. The word was borrowed as Lat. riscus (note the synonymous rhyming word fiscus, of debated origin). pi"" pi1toe; [f.] 'willow rod, wickerwork, wattled mat, wattle' (Od., Hdt., Ar.). -
•

pO�LAAOe; [?] . �ctatAlaKOe; 6pVle; (H.). -pctOtv6e;.

\..

pMov [n.] 'rose' (h. Cer.). � LW Iran.?� VAR Aeol. �p600v . .DIAL Mye. wo-do-we Iwordo-wen/, epithet of oil (Chadwick and Baumbach Glotta 41 (1963): 243; Lejeune 1958-1963: 26). .COMP E.g. pOOO-ouKTUAOe; 'rosy-fingered', epithet of'Hwe; (Horn.), �pOOO-OUKTUAOe; of the moon (Sapph.), cf. Leumann 1950: 189; Kuv6-ppooov [n.] 'dog rose, Rosa canina' (Thphr.), see Stromberg 1940: 30 and 98. .DER 1. POO-Ect, -Efj, -� [f.] 'rose tree' (Archil.); 2. -(E)WV, -(E)WVOe; [m.] 'bed of roses' CAP, pap.) with -WVla [f.] 'bed of roses, rose garden, rose tree' (Hecat.); 3· -lfj [f.] 'bed of roses' (Mycale IV'); 4. -6£1e; 'of roses' ('1' 186, B., E. [lyr.l), -£Oe; 'id, roselike' (poet. h. Cer.), -lVOe; 'of roses' (Anacr.); on the adjectives see S. Schmid 1950: 47\ Zumbach 1955: 14, and Forderer Gnomon 30 (1958): 96; 5. -aplov [n.] 'rose ornament' (pap.), -le;, -IOOe; [f.] 'rose pastille' (Dse.); 6 . -LTfje; [m.] 'rose wine' (Dsc.), -hle; [f.] name of a stone, because of the color (Plin.); 7. -ouvTlct [f.] 'dish flavoured with roses' (Ath.), as if from * poooue;; 8. -I(W [v.] 'to cover with roses', of a tomb, with -lCYfl6e;, -Iatct [pl.] = •

1290 Lat. Rosalia (Asia Minor), also 'to make smell like roses' (Thphr., Alex. Aphr.), intr. 'to resemble a rose' (Dsc.); 9. Perhaps also the name of the island 'Pooo<; (Georgacas Beitr. z. Namenforseh. 6 (1955): 155)? .ETYM On the basis of Aeol. Ppooov, we can reconstruct PGr. FPooov. The word is certainly borrowed from the East, probably like Arm. yard 'rose' from OIran. *yrda (cf. MoP gul 'id.'; Schwyzer: 344'; on Aram. wardef and Arab. ward 'id.', Arab. warada 'bloom', waruda 'be red', cf. Mayrhofer Arch. Orbis 18 (1950): 74; Mayrhofer Spraehe 7 (1961): 185). Lat. rosa was probably borrowed from Greek, but the details are unlear (see WH s.v.). p060<; [m.] 'roar (of waves, of oars)" metapho1ifcally 'noise' in general (Hes., A. Opp.); 'path, trail' (Nie.; Boeot. ace. to PIu. in Hes. 13). � PG(V)� VAR See below. .COMP Often as a second member, e.g. UAt- p p090<; 'roared around by the sea' (trag., Mosch.), TaXU-PP090l AOYOl 'quickly rushing words' (A.); 1taAl-pp09l0<; 'rushing back' (Od., Hell. epic). On � e1ttpp090<;, see s.v. DER p09LO<;, [f] -la<; 'roaring, clamorous' (epic e 412, also late prose), mostly -lOV [n.sg.] and -la [n.pl.] 'roaring wave(s), breaking(s), high-tide; loud stroke of the oar', metaphorically 'noise, bluster, rush' (poet. Pi., trag. [mostly lyr.] , also late prose). From p090<; are derived (probably denominative, cf. Schwyzer: 726) p09EW [v.] 'to roar, clamour' (A., S.), also with e1tl-, 8ta-; oflo-, KaKo- p p09EW = oflo-, KaKo-AoYEW (Hp., S., E., Ar.); from p09LOV: p09l-a(w [v.] 'to make a rushing sound (with the oar)' (com.). .ETYM This etymon has no convincing etymology. Segmentation as *sr-edh - (to ser 'stream') makes little sense. In view of the variation attested in the gloss pa9ayo <; = p090<; (sch. Nie. Th. 194, H.) and pa9a- = p090-1tuyt(w, we have to assume that p090<; is a Pre-Greek word. On � pa9ayo <;, see � pa9a1tuyt(w. •

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pol�60<; [m.] 'buzzing, whistling, hissing noise', of arrows, winds (S., Ar.). � PG� .DER Besides pOlPOtw [v.] 'to buzz (ete.); make buzz' (A., Q. S., AP) , also with U1tO-, e1tl-; prefixed also of birds, 'to squawk, caw' (S., Thphr., Nonn.); POtpollfla [n.] = pOIPOO<; (S.), -1l
pol�o<; [m.] 'buzzing, rushing, humming', of arrows, wings, water, etc. (epic IT 361, Hell.). � PG� .VAR [f.] in l 315; cf. Schwyzer 1950: 34'. COMP As a second member in UAt-ppOl(O<; 'roared around by the sea' (Nonn.). DER 1. Adjective POl(-WOIl<; (medic.), -�£l<; (Hell. inscr., Nonn.), -alo<; (Orae. Chald.) 'buzzing, rushing, humming, ete.'; 2. adverb -1l06v (Nie., Lye., 2. Ep. Pet.) , -Il0a (Nic.) 'with rushing, with humming'; 3. pOl(EW [v.] 'to buzz, hum, hiss, rush; make •

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pO
1291

buzz, etc.' (epic K 502, Hell.), also with e1tl-, uva-, etc.; thence POt(-llfla [n.] (Ar.), -1lplKVO<;. pOIl�O<; =>PEflPOflUl. pOllo<; [?] . aKw AIl� ev �UAOl<; (Arc. apud H.). � ?� VAR Cod. -o�, which probably intruded from the following entry. ETYM Frisk tried to connect the Indo-European word for worm; cf. Lat. vermis, Go. waurms 'worm', ORu. vermie 'locust, worms' (all < PIE * urm -), Lith. varmas 'gnat' < PIE *uorm- (Pok. 1152). However, this is based on diffIcult assumptions: either POflo<; is a dialectal form for *paflo<;, which would reflect PGr. *wrmo- (allegedly seen in the Boeot. PN FapfllX0<;) or a non-dialectal form *FPoflo<; has a wrong a-grade for IE ' •

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*uorm-.

pOfll�a [?] iioo<; CtKOVTtOU (H.). � PG?� .ETYM The ending -l�a is compared with ao pvl�a by Fur.: 360; the word may be PreGreek. .

pOIlq>a(a [f.] a large broad sword, used by the Thracians ace. to Phylarch. and PIu. Aem. 18 (LXX, NT, J., etc.); also = 'VUKTept<;, bat' (Cyran.). � ?� .ETYM The origin is unclear; as so many weapon terms, it was perhaps borrowed from Thracian. However, the formation may be Greek, as -ata is also found in Kepata, KafllVata, aUAata, and other instrument names and concrete objects. The word pOfl
POIlq>t:l<; =>po flPE1tW. pou<; [m., f.] 'sumach, Rhus coriatia' (Dse.). � ?� .ETYM Etymology unknown; the connection with pEW is wrong (Andre Latomus 15 (1956): 304ff.). pouo(o)eo<;, pOUOlO<; [adj.] 'reddish', especially as a designation of the red faction in the Circus (Lyd., late inscr.); also OL p ouaaaTo l (Lyd.). � LW Lat.� .DER poua[(w [v.] 'to be reddish' (Gp.) . .ETYM Borrowed from Lat. russeus, russiitus. poq>iw [v.] 'to slurp, gulp', also nasalized pUfl
1292 .VAR Fut. pOCP�pew. pu�8iw [v.] 'to slurp in, up'; KUTapup8�
pu�6v [n.] = TO bUKU/lTIE<; TIUpa TOl<; AioAeu
1293 puyxo<; [n.] 'snout of a pig, snout, beak' (Stesich., com., Arist., Theoc.). -
pu�w [v.] 'to growl, grumble', of a dog (Hermipp., Poll.), also 'to screak', of a falcon (Poll.). -
pu6,..6<; [m.] 'regular movement, beat, rhythm, measure, consistence, proportion, form' (lA, Archil., Thgn., A.), defined as � T�<; KLv�
pUKaVTJ [f.] 'plane' (AP 6, 204). -
1294 has no initial vowel, a genetic relation with the Lat. word can be excluded. A Pre Greek origin is certainly a possibility for this word. pU!1u 1 [n.] 'tow, towing rope' (Plb., D. H.). .DER pUIl'l 'pull, press', pUIl0C; 'tension wood, pole of a chariot', PU tpuw. PU!1U 2 [n.] 'protection' . DER pU epullaL. •

PV!1'l [f.] 'street, alley' (since IV'). ETYM From pUIl'l 'tow, press' (s.v. � pUIlU 1), with a semantic development to a more concrete meaning, i.e. 'where the crowd presses'. See � tpUw. •

PV!1!1U =>punoc;. PU!10UAKEW [v.] 'to pull the towing rope, tow, take in tow' (Hell.). � GR� .ETYM A technical term of the nautical language, PUIlOUAKEW may derive from * pu ll OUAKOC; 'who draws by a line; who tows a boat', or directly from pUllun £AK£lV 'draw the tow-line' after other verbs in -OAKEW, e.g. V£WAKEW (to V£WAKOC;, vuuv £AK£lV), nAlvEloUAKEW (to nAlvEloUAKOC;); cf. Schwyzer: 726. The first member is pUllu 'tow line', rather than pUIl0C; 'pole (of a chariot)" as argued by Georgacas Glotta 6 (1958): 180f. Borrowed into Latin as remulcum [n.] 'tow-rope' (since Caes.), -lire 'to take in tow' (Non.).

PVO!1UL =>epullul. punoc; [m.] 'filth, uncleanliness (e.g. in the ear)' (Semon., Att.), metaphorically 'sealing wax' (Ar. Lys. 1198). � ?� .VAR punu [n.pl.] 'filthy clothes, laundry' (� 93); punoc; [n.] 'whey' (Hp. Mul. 1, 64), after Alnoc;, etc. .COMP puno-KovoUAOC; 'having filthy knuckles' (corn.), �1l1-ppunoc; 'half dirty' (Hp.). .DER 1. Adjectives: pun-o£lC; 'dirty' (Nic., AP), -wo'lC; 'id.' (Dsc., Vett. Val.); on punupoc; see below. 2. Verbs: a) pun-aw (epic lengthening to -ow, -OWVTU) 'to be dirty' (Od., Ar., etc.; because of the meaning hardly with Chantraine 1942: 357 from punu, rather from punoc; with analogical -aw); b) pun-oollaL (p£punwIlEvoc; � 59), also with KUTa-, 'to be smudged' (Hp., Hell. inscr.), -ow 'to smudge' (late); c) PUTtT-OllaL, -w, also with ano-, etc., 'to clean (oneself), wash (oneself)' (Ar., Antiph., Arist.) with PUTtT-lKOC; 'apt for washing' (Pl. Ti., Arist., etc.), -�PlOV = KUEluPT�PlOV (Suid.), PU'!'lC; (Ctno-) [f.] 'cleaning, washing' (Pl. Ti.). Besides, punupoc; 'dirty' (lA) with -IU [f.] 'filth, dirty convictions' (Critias, late), -OT'lC; [f.] 'id.' (Ath.); punulvw, also with KUTU-, etc., 'to besmudge, dishonor' (Att.) with punuallu [n.] 'filth' (Apollon. Lex.) as 1l1uallu: Illulvw.

PUTOC;

1295

.ETYM No convincing etymology. The word punupoc; may have been formed from punulvw after the synonymous pair IllUpOC; : !1lulvw, but it remains uncertain whether it was an old rln-stem (Benveniste 1935: 19), or built analogically from punoc;. The seemingly primary PUTtT0llaL, -w can be secondary to punoc; after TUTtTW : Tunoc;, etc. (possibly also influenced by synonymous VlTtTOllaL, -w). The connection with the Slav. word for 'scab, itch, crust of a wound', e.g. OCS strup1J, Ru. strup < IE *sroupo- or *sreupo-.

punnunai [interj.] 'cry of Athenian rowers' (Ar.). � ONOM� VAR Also pununul (AB) . ETYM An onomatopoeia. •

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pVO"LOV =>epullaL. pVO"LC; =>PEW. pUOOC; [adj.] 'shrivelled, shrunk, wrinkled' (1 503). � ?� .VAR In the manuscripts, variants with -aa- are attested. On pi'nlC;, -100C;, see below. COMP Some compounds, e.g. ev-puaoc; 'somewhat wrinkled' (Dsc.), see Stromberg 1946: 128 . DER 1. pua-uAEoc; 'id.' (Nic.), see UUUAEOC;, etc.; 2. -WO'lC; 'with a wrinkled appearance' (AP, etc.); 3. -OT'lC; [f.] 'wrinkledness' (PIu.); 4. pualAAuc;, Ta.C; pUTlOUC; 'wrinkles' (H.), cf. Chantraine 1933: 252, Schwyzer: 485; 5. pua-oollaL, -ow 'to shrivel, wrinkle (oneself)' (Arist.), with -W
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pUT� [f.] 'rue, Ruta graveolens' (Nic., Ps.-Dsc.); acc. to sch. Nic. Th. 523, Peloponnesian for n�yuvov; cf. pUTa· . . . n�yuvov AWKOV 'white rue' (H.). � PG?� .ETYM The etymology is unexplained; Osthoff MU 5 (1890): 76ff. connected Lat. rumex 'sorrel' (cf. WH s.v.). Lat. ruta is probably borrowed from Greek (Krogmann WuS 19 (1938): 133 considers both to be independent loans from a Mediterranean language); English rue is borrowed from French rue, which continues the same Latin word. PUTOC; [adj.] only in PUTOl
·ETYM The connection with � £pvw 'to draw' is formally possible, but not semantically evident; Schulze's suggestion (Q. 318) to connect Lat. ruta (caesa) 'dug out (and felled)' must be dismissed because the latter derives from ruo 'to dig' < *HreuH- (cf. De Vaan 2008 s.v.). According to Deroy REGr. 67 (1954): Iff., it is of Pre-Greek origin and cognate with Lat. rudera (which would be Etruscan; cf. Chamoux REGr. 65 (1952): 284). tnhpo� [n.] 'plant with pricking extremities, Echinops Viscosus' (Thphr.). � ?� .ETYM Stromberg 1940: 52 derived the word from PEW, which is a mere guess. pw [n.] name of the letter p (Ar., Pl., etc.). � LW Sem.� " VAR Indeclinable. .DER pWTUKl(£LV TqJ P aTOLX£l4> auv£xw<; xp�a9Ul (Suid.) after *iWLU-Ki(£lV in iWLUKlaflo<; (see on iWTU); pW�lKO<; [adj.] 'unable to pronounce the p' (D. L.), after aunu �lKO<;, TP l� lKO<;, etc. ETYM Borrowed from Sem. ros (beside reS); see Schwyzer: 140. •

=

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PW�l()U� [m.] name of seven-year-old Spartans (A£�£L<;'H p o86Tou). � ?� .ETYM The formation is the same as that of the patronyms in -lOU<; (Schwyzer: 509), but the root is unexplained. PW()lyyt:� [?] . TtAr]Yul u
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pwewvt:� [m.pl.] 'nostrils' (Nic., D. H., Str., etc.), rarely -wv [sg.] (Heracl. apud Gal., etc.); pw9uv£<;· flUKT�p£<; 'nostrils' (H.). � PG?� .ETYM The formation is the same as in Ttwywv, yva9wv, etc., but the root is unknown. Usually, po90<; 'roaring' is connected, which presupposes an original meaning 'snorer, rattler' (Pok. 1002); Fraenkel Glotta 32 (1953): 31ff. recalls p£90<;. Alternatively, one could consider a Pre-Greek origin for this word. pWKoflUl [v.] . o PY l(o flUl, AUTtOUflUl 'to be distressed' (H.). � ?� .ETYM Perhaps related to � p wxw, S.V. pWVVUfll [v.] 'to strengthen, invigorate'; med. 'to be(come) strong; insist on sth., be determined' (Pherecyd., Hp.). � ?� .VAR Also pres. -uw (Ti. Loer., etc.), aor. pwaUl (Hdt., Att.), pass. pwa9�vUl, fut. pwaw (Att.), very often perf. med. with pres. meaning eppwflUl (Att.). .COMP Also with £1tl-, avu-. DER pW-flT] [f.] 'strength, vigour, power' with -flUA£o<; 'strong' (lA), - aL<; (£Ttl-, ava-) [f.] 'strengthening', -aTlKo<; 'strengthening, strong' (late), -aT�plov· TtUpOPflT]T�pLOV 'stimulation' (Phot.), -aLU� [m.] 'hold, support, bearer' (Tz.), li-ppwa-ro<; 'weak, indisposed', with appwa-r-iu, -£w, -T]flu, etc. (lA); pwpo<;· a
1297 .ETYM The regular stem formation with generalized p w(a)- cannot be old; in any case, the present is an innovation (literature in Schwyzer: 697). The form pwaKofl£vw<; 'with power' (Hp.) indicates a newly built present *pwaKoflul. A connection with � pWOflUl seems possible. Alternatively, Rikov Glotta 66 (1988): 124f. has proposed a connection with Skt. sara-: pWflT], pWaL<; would continue *srh3-, whereas the Skt. could derive from a secondary an it root. PW� 1 'tore'. =>p�yvufl l. pw� 2 'grape'. =>pa�. PWOflUl [v.] 'to move intensively or with effort, brisk about; dance' (11.). � IE *srh3-ie/O 'move violently' vel sim.� .VAR Almost exclusively 3Pl.ipf. and aor.: pWOVTO, £P PW OVTO, £ppwauvTo (11., epic); further, also epic (late and rare) PW£lO (Nic.), pwov9' ( -TUl, D. P.), pwaovTUl (Call.), £TtlppWaUl (AP) . ·COMP Often with £1tl- (rare and late avu-, auv-) . ETYM The words pwaUl, eppwflUl, and pWVVUfll can perhaps be connected; PEW, on the other hand, is rather not related (Schwyzer: 349 and 722); on pwaKofl£VW<;, see � pWVVUfll. Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. sarbije/aJi follows a proposal of Cop (1955a: 398) to connect pWOflUl to the Hittite word, the meaning of which is not completely certain, but must be something like 'to attack'. The Hittite and the Greek suggest a preform =

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*srhde/o-. pWTtO� [m.] 'odds and ends, tinsel, trumpery' (A., D., Arist.). � ?� ·COMP As a first member in PWTtO-TtWAT]<; [m.] 'seller of petty wares' (LXX, H.). .DER PWTt-lKO<; 'belonging to tinsel, false, worthless' (Plb., PIu., AP), -£U£LV' PWTtOTtWAelV 'to deal in petty wares' (H.); also -i(w (Ion Trag.; meaning unclear)? .ETYM No etymology; perhaps related to � PW\(!. PWXflO� =>P�yvufll. pwxw [v.] 'to hiss, rattle' (Sor.). � ?� .VAR PWX£LV' � pUX£ lV TOI<; MouaL 'to bite with or grind the teeth' (H.); pWXfl0<; [m.] (v.ll. pwy-, poX-, poy-) 'hissing' (medic.) . ETYM These are all sound-imitating words; cf. � pa(w. •

PW\(! 1 [f.] . �OTaVT] cmUA� 'a delicate grass' (H.). � PG?� .VAR Plur. pWTt£<; [f.] 'brushwood, low shrub wood, shrubbery, bush' (Od., Lib.) . DER pWTt - �'lU [pl.] (11.), -lOV [n.] (D. C.), - 0.<; [f.] (Opp.), -u� [m.] (Suid.) 'id.'; -�£L<; 'overgrown with bush' (Q. S.) . ETYM The word PW\(! may be related to � PUTtl(W , xpuao-ppu1tl<; (with � pa�oo<;, � paflvo<;), and also to � p£TtW, � P£fl�oflUl, but connections outside Greek are not found. The word may be of Pre-Greek origin. •

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2 [?] Egyptian word for 'ship'; cf. .TtAOIOV TtUTtVPlVOV, {) KUA£lLU l AiyuTtna-rl PW\(! (UPZ 81: 11 7 [Ptol.]); also PWflaL<; 'id.' (pap.); miswritten in p WVl� l<;' TtOLUfllU<; v£w<; £100<; 'kind of river ship' (H.), see Liden Glotta 42, 149 with literature. � LW Eg.�

PW\(!

-ETYM Borrowed from Eg. rms 'ship' (see also Schwyzer: 277).

�.

au [interr. pron.] = Tlvu, in ao. Ilo.v = Tl Il�v 'how so?' (Megar. in Ar. A ch . 757, 784).
1300 OU�UTLOI:; [m.] . dooe; �u p �aEWe; de; KaAAwmaflov . . . LLvee; oe -ro yuvaLKdov 'kind of shaving for ornamentation; female genitals' (H.). � PG? (s) � .VAR Also -TL'le; (Phot.), -na [f.] (Corn. Adesp.). .ETYM Although there is a certain similarity with � �UL-rOe; . YUVaLKOe; aioolov 'female genitals' (H.), that connection remains uncertain. Cf. also aa�ap[Xle; and aaKaV' -ro -r�e; YUVaLKOe; (H.); compare further the literature on aa�ap[Xle;, and see Kretschmer Glotta 13 (1924): 271, Sommer 1948: 192, and s.v. � aa[vw. For aa�unoe;, Pre-Greek origin is certainly worth considering. ouyapll:;, -lOI:;, -£Wl:; [f.] 'axe, battle axe', used by Scythians, Persians and other peoples (Hdt., X., etc.); acc. to H. = rrEi\.eKlov fl<:rO{oaLOflov 'little one-edged axe'; called afl

oay� [f.]=>aanw. oay�v'l [f.] 'large fishing net, trawl' (LXX, NT, Babr., Piu., etc.). � PG� VAR Cypr. (fyava (H.), see Bechtel l921, 1: 412. .COMP As a first member e.g. in aaY'lv o- �oi\.oe; [m.] 'who casts a net' (AP). DER aaY'lvaloe; [adj.] 'belonging to the net' (AP); aaY'lv-EvW [v.] 'to catch with the net', mostly metaphorically, e.g. of soldiers that catch everything alive as they form a line and sweep over a country (Hdt., Pl., Str., Luc., etc.), with -EVe; [m.] 'net fisher' (D. S., Piu., AP, etc.), back-formation (B06hardt 1942: 76), -£u-r�e; (Piu., AP), -£u-r�p (AP) 'id.'; -£la [f.] 'catch by net' (Piu., Him.) . ETYM The ending of aay� v'l recalls Ctrr�v'l dp�v'l etc. The connection with aanw ' ' (Pok. 1098) is semantically insufficiently founded. Because of the Cypr. by-form and the attractive connection with � aayoupov with a different suffix, the etymon is without a doubt Pre-Greek (foreign origin was suggested already by Schwyzer: 490, 322, Lamer IF 48 (1930): 231, and Chantraine 1956a: lO). The word was borrowed into Latin as sagena. •

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ouyol:; [m.] 'woollen cloak, soldier's cloak', e.g. used by Gauls, Hispanics (Plb., D. S., App., etc.). � LW Celt.� .ETYM The word aayoe; was borrowed from Lat. sagus, -urn 'id.', in turn a loan word from Celtic (see WH s.v.). ouyoupov [n.] . yupyae lov 'net' (H.); LST gives 'net for suspending substances in fluids', but see also their Supp. � ?� ETYM Because of the probable etymological connection with � aay�v 'l aay ou p ov is ' likely to be of Pre-Greek origin. •

aa8tplov [n.] a marine quadruped, not further defined (Arist. HA 594b). � PG� .VAR aae p[ov (v.l.) . ETYM Fur.: 190 supposes that the word denotes a beaver, and compares aa-rvplov, probably 'sorex moschatus' (Arist. l.c., 32); according to H., (4)ov -r£lparrOUV � •

aaipw 1

1301

i\.lflvalov 'four-footed water-animal'. He further adduces Basquesatefo 'field-mouse' and sator 'mole'. It is possible that aae pa�·
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1302

*crU[poo 2

, . The .ETYM The word cru[poo is commonly connected with mJpoo 'draw, drag (along) al analogic (with
� (j(ip� 'flesh' < *turk-). A full grade thematic present *tuer-e/o- is found in Germanic, e.g. OHG dweran 'turn around quickly, stir', OE pweran 'id.', and in Indic: Ved. (KS) tvarate 'to hurry'. Connection within Greek with 6Tpuvoo 'to encourage' (see � OTpUA£ooC;) is highly improbable, as the existence of a prefIx 0- is doubtful. and Perhaps nominal derivations like zero grade Lat. turma 'troop, squadron', turba, related. not � mJPPT], � TUpPT] belong here, as well. The w��d � TOpUVT] is

*cruipw 2 'to show one's teeth'. =>cr£crT]pu.

same', aUKKo<; [m.] 'bag (made of goat hair); sieve; burlap, a large cloak made of the
primary ptc. hair, .ETYM The word crCtKKOC; is a loan from Semitic; cf. Hebr. (Phoen.) saq 'cloth of it calls 73ff. (1952): 68 bag, mourning-dress' (Lewy 1895: 87; Bertoldi ZRPh. Greek. from d Mediterranean). Lat. saccus (cf. also MoE sack) , etc. are borrowe

aUKvo<; [m.] 'broken, leaky' (rc[80l). =>cruXVOC;. mlKo<; [n.] 'shield (made of leather); long shield, tower shield' (Hom., also A., etc.), cf. on � o.crrc[c;. crCtTToo. aUKXup, -upo<; [n.] 'sugar' (Gal.).
crCtAOC;

1303

from Indic and, through Arab. sukkar, it also reached e.g. MoE and Du.: sugar and suiker, respectively. Lat. saccharum was borrowed from Greek crCtKXupOV. aUAuy£w, cruACtKoov, etc. =>crCtAOC;. aUAu'l�£lV [v.] = 8pT]VELV (Anacr. 167), = Komw8at (H.); cruAu'icr-' KooKUTOC; 'wailing' (H.).
aUAulllv6f1 [f.] 'spider' (Byzant.).
1304

aaAOU
aaAaYEw = aaACWaW, aaA£UW (Opp., Orac. apud Luc.), aaAay�· �o� 'shout' (H.); cf. 1ta-raYEw, 1ta-ruaaw. .ETYM Originally, aUAo<; was a technical nautical term. Fur.: 256 connects � 8uAaaaa I *auAaaaa and (UAT) , (UAO<; 'tornado, whirlpool', and concludes that the word is Pre-Greek. Already the velar suffixes, and especially the variation they display, prove Pre-Greek origin for this word: -ay-, -aK-, -ayK-; cf. � aT)Aayy£u<;. Lat. salus, salum were possibly borrowed from Greek. aUAOU0l0V [n.] 'pot, measure' (POxy. 3060) cf. Mayser-Schmoll l970 I, 1: 79. �PG (V) � VAR Also -W
•

aUAoc; [adj.] 'foolish' (H. s.v. ua8A6<;, sch. Ar. Nu. 397). � PG� VAR Also oaA6<; (Cyr.) and *(aA6<;; the latter is seen in the derivative (aAa(vw (H., EM 406, 43), see Fur.: 255 . ETYM Cf. Lat. dallvus, from *OUAaLO<;. The variation in the initial (a-/(-/O-) proves Pre-Greek origin; the root can be reconstructed as *tYal-. •

•

auA1tTJ [f.] sea fish, 'Box salpa' (Epich., Arist., etc.). � PG(V) � VAR Also -T)<; [m.] (Archipp.), -0<; (Arist. v.L), aup1tT) [f.] (Arist.); also aUAmy� (Arist.), folk-etymological transformation. .ETYM The variation piA is typical for Pre-Greek (Fur.: 387; see also Neumann 1961: 42). Cf. also Lat. salpa (Plin., Ov.), ItaL salpa, sarpa, Fr., MoE saupe (cf. Hubschmid 1963: 13f.; Thompson 1947 s.v.). •

aUA1tly�, -tyyoc; [m.] 'trumpet' (I 219). � PG(S) � .DER aaA1t((w [v.] 'to blow the trumpet, trumpet' (lA), dialectical innovations -(aaw, -h-rw, - (Mw, aor. aaA1t-(y�aL (<1> 388), -(aaL (LXX etc.), fut. -law (NT), -LW (LXX), perf. med. awuAm(y)K-raL, -l0laL (late), rarely with Em- etc.; aaAmyK-r�<; (Th., X. et aL), -lK-r�<; (Att. etc., inscr.), -l0l�<; (HelL and late) [m.] 'trumpet player', -laflo<; [m.] -lafla [n.] (Thd., PolL) 'trumpet call', -lallKo<; 'belonging to the trumpet' (PolL). Further derivatives: aaA1t(yY-lOV [n.] 'pipe' (GaL), -w-ro<; 'trumpet-shaped' (Teos). ETYM For the formation, aUPlY� and
aUflu�, -UKOC; [m.] 'bulrush, mat of bulrush' (com. va). � PG(s) � .DER -UKlOV [n.], a female ornament (Cam. Adesp.). .ETYM Formation like olaa�, etc. (see on � olao<;), but further unexplained. Belardi Doxa 3 (1950): 219 rightly rejects a connection with pre-lE *sam- 'water, sea, swamp' (?) by Alessio Studi etruschi 19 (1946-1947): 152. The suffIx is Pre-Greek (not in Fur.). aUfl�uKTJ [f.] 'triangular instrument with four strings' (Arist., etc.), metaph. 'scaling ladder' (Plb., etc.), on the semantic motivation, see Ath. 14, 634a. � LW Sem.?� VAR Also (- (H.). •

aavoapUKT)

1305

.DER aUfl�UK-l0l�<;, fem. -(a-rpla 'sambuca-player' (HelL poet., PIu.), after Kleapla-r�<;, -(a-rpla. .ETYM An Oriental loan word of unknown source; see E. Masson 1967: 91ff. (with . treatment and criticism of earlier views, for example on Hebr. sebaka extensIve 'lattice'). On the secondary nasalization, see Schwyzer: 231f. with litt. Borrowed into Lat. as sambuca (WH s.v.). aUfloc; [f.] 'hill' (Str. 8, 3, 19; 10, 2, 17); also the island names IUflo<;, IUflT). � PG� .ETYM Without a doubt Pre-Greek, as argued by Fick 1905: 54 and 112. Likewise, but with a different interpretation (connected to aaufllv80<;), Alessio Stud. ital. fil. class. N. S. 20 (1956): 121ff. The lE etymology by Persson 1912(1): 471 can be rejected. aUfl'V�pu [f.] an oriental sword (J. AJ. 20, 2, 3). � LW Iran.� VAR aafl'V� paL· a1tu8aL �ap�aplKct( 'broad blades of the barbarians' (Suid.) . .ETYM An Oriental loanword; cf. MoP samslr. •

aUfl'V(o)uxov [n.] 'marjoram' (Nic., Dsc., Paus. et al.), on the meaning see Andrews Class. Phil. 56 (1961): 78. � ?� .DER aafl'V(0)UX-lVO<; 'made of a.' (Dsc., GaL et al.), -((w 'to be like a., season with a.' (Dsc.) . .ETYM Foreign word of unknown origin (the plant was especially at home in North Africa). Borrowed into Lat. as sampsuc(h)um, -us (WH s.v. sambucus; see Hester Lingua 13 (1965): 364). auv the Doric variant of the Ion. letter a(Wa (Hdt. 1, 139). � LW Sem.� .COMP aafl-
=

auv�uAoV [n.] 'sandal(s)' (h. Mere.); name of a flat fish (Matro), see Strpmbe rg 1943: i 37. � PG� VAR Also aUfl�aAov (Eumel., Sapph., AP) . .COMP aavoaA08�KT) 'sandal case' (Men., Delos IP); aafl�aA-ouXT), -ouX[<; [f.] 'sandal chest' (Herod.), -[aKa [n.pL] (Hippon. 18 = 32 Masson; see below). .DER aavOUA-loV (lA), -[aKov (Ar.); also -[<;, -[00<; [f.J, a kind of date (Plin.), -woT)<; 'sandal-like' (sch.). .ETYM For the alternation vO � fl� compare Kop[afl�Aov � Kop(avopov, which may ' also be the result of different adaptations of a foreign word (already Schwyzer: 303; see also Kronasser 1962-198 7: I 91). Compare further aayyuplo<; (H.; s.v. � aKu-r£u<; ) and -r(ayyaplo<; (-ra-) [m.] 'manufacturer of Parthian -r(ayyaL' (pap. VIP). Lat. sandalium, MoFr. sandale, MoP $andal, etc. were borrowed from Greek. Fur.: 153, 389 also mentions aEfl1taoa· u1too�flalct (H.), perhaps to be read *aEfl1taAa? auv�upuKTJ [f.] 'sandarac, red arsenJc sulphide, realgar, red orpiment' (Hp., Arist., Thphr. etc.), 'bee-bread' (Arist.). � PG(v) � .VAR Also -uXT) . •

1306

aavcu� 1, -UKOC;

.COMP aaVCapaK-OUpyLOV [n.] 'sandarac pit' (Str.). .DER aavcapaKlvoc; 'sandarac-colored, bright red' (Hdt. etc.), aavcapaK[�oo 'to be sandarac-colored' (Dsc.) . ETYM Long taken to be an Oriental loanword from an unknown source. Uhlenbeck PBBeitr. 19 (1894) : 327ff. implausibly derived it from OInd. *candra-raga- 'moon colored' (Cuendet adapted this to *candana-raga- 'sand-colored', which is likewise hypothetical; see Mayrhofer KEWA s.v. candana1;). LSJ mentions Assyr. sindu ar�u 'green paint', 'yellow sulphide of arsenic'. The variation K/X could also point to Pre Greek origin. Cf. on aavcu�. •

auvov� 1, -VKOe;; [f.] designation of a bright re� colorant, a bright red mineral color, a red transparent fabric, etc. (Str. 11, 14, 9 [con{ ] , Dsc., Gal. etc.); also a women's cloth. For an extensive discussion of the meaning, see Flobert RPh. 90 (1964) : 228ff.
aav[e;;, -[ooe;; [f.] 'board, plank, wooden scaffold, etc.', plur. also 'tablets used for writing, writing boards' (Att.), 'planks of a gate, wing of a door' (epic).
oavvuKlOv [n.] 'a kind of cup' (Philem. 87) .
oavvae;; [m.] epithet and personal name, 'floopoC;, stupid person' (Cratin., cf. Clark Class. Rev. 69 (1955) : 245f.; Colophon). lOTIi\T]KTOC;' atcOlOTIi\T]KTOC; 'struck with shame'(?) (H.); aavvacac;· TaC; ayp[ac; alyac; 'wild goats' (H.) (formally patronymicon of *aavvoc; vel sim.); probably also eaa8vupl�£V' nKai\i\£v 'was flattering' (H.) for eaav(v)-. •

aapaTIOUC;, -TIOCOC;

1307

.ETYM The names are based, at least in part, on the meaning 'shame'. Frisk and DELG derive it from � aa[voo; cf. also extensively O. Masson 1962: 165f. Borrowed as Lat. sanna 'grimace', sannio 'buffoon' (WH s.v.). oavTovlKOV [n.] 'a variety of wormwood from the Santones in Gaul'. a�TIoflm. OamJAAElV [v.] . aa[v£lv. 'Piv8oov (Fr. 24) 'to fawn (Rhinthon)' (H.).
oapapapa [n.pl.] 'a pantalon worn by the Scythians' (Antiph. 201) .
(1954) :100-118) .

oupapoe;; =>aapoov. oapuTIOVe;;, -1tOOOe;; [m., f.] 'splayfooted'.
� ''
oupyUVTj

1308

.ETYM If the first element oupu- is not in some way formed from � ou(pw 1, we might also consider Pre-Greek origin (final -J10u(� could have been adapted secondarily). oupyuv'l [f.] 'plaited basket' (since IVa).
=

oupyoC;; [m.] name of a fish, 'Sargus Rondeletii' (corn., Arist. etc.).
sardlna.

ETYM Probably originally 'the Sardian fish', derived from Sardus 'Sardian, Sardinian', Lup8w Sardinia, named after the place of origin (Stromberg 1943: 86; on the realia, Thompson 1947 s.v.). •

=

OUp�UVlOv [n.] of 1l£l8ulv, Y£AaV 'to laugh', OUpMVLO<; yEAW<; 'sneering laughter' (u 292, Pl., Plh., etc.); as a v.l. and late also -OVLOV, -OVLO<; (also -w-) after LupMvLO<; 'Sardinian'; oupM�wv· Ilnu J1LKp(U<; Y£AWV 'laughing with bitterness' (Phot., Suid.).
!

��. -;::�:r''·

1309 OUp�OVEC;;, -ovwv [f.pl.] 'the rope sustaining the upper edge of a standing hunting net' (Poll., H.). o(oupov. oupiou [f.] 'Macedonian lance' (Thphr., Plb.); Lat. sarls(s)a.
=

oUPIlU [n.] 'chasm, abyss'
Oup�, OUPKOC;; [f.] 'flesh, piece(s) of meat' (ll.).
1310

(J(ipwv

'coffin' (inscr.), Lat. LW sarcophagus, OHG sarch, etc.; a-aapKo� 'without flesh, thin' (lA); on -
•

•

O"UpWVl�, -l6o� [f.] 'old hollow oak' (Call. !ov. 22 etc., H.), also with -0-: aopwvl�. EAUTT] naAaLU 'old silver fir' (H.); c£ opuflo� �6pwv (Paus. 8, 23, 8). -
O"uTpan'l�, -ou [m.] 'satrap', governor of the Persian king (since X.). -
(J(lTUpO� inscriptions �aTp-, E�a(l)Tp-, E�aL8p- (also aaop-) represent the OP initial xs- (and partly also the internal dental) in a more exact way, but they are also partly due to folk etymology: E�aTp- must have its initial E- from E�- (Schwyzer: 206 and 329); conversely, the explanation of the aL-diphthong by Kretschmer Sprache 2 (19501952): 70 is hardly convincing. Cf. also Skt. k$atrapa-, etc. (Schmitt ZDMG 117 (1967): 131). aaTTW [v.] 'to stuff, compress, pack, load, equip' (lA, Cret.). -
=

O"aTupo� [m.] 'Satyr', mostly plur. as a deSignation of mythical beings, which belong to the company of Dionysus and are often represented as (male) goats (since Hes. Fr. 198, 2); metaphorically of apes with a tail (Paus., Ael.). -
crUUUOaL

1312

.ETYM The etymology of mirupoe; is unknown. A number of hypotheses have been proposed, but none of them makes sense: from a word *cr�v 'penis' and a second member 'swell' (see � crulvw), by Solmsen IF 30 (1912): 36£f.; a strengthening prefIx cru- and the same element 'swell' (Brugmann IF 39 (1917-1921): 114ff.); from \jI�v with a suffix -TU-pO-e; (Groselj Ziva Ant. 2 (1952): 215ff.); borrowed from Illyrian, going back to *seh1- 'sow' and cognate with Lat. sator (Krahe 1955: 37ff.); borrowed from Illyrian, but ultimately from *seh2- 'satiate', identical with Lat. satur (Kerenyi Studi e materiali di storia delle religioni 9 (1933): 151 ff., Kerenyi Rev. Int. et. balk. 2 (19341936): 21). Yet for such a mythical word, Pre-Greek origin seems likely in the fIrst place, and this idea is even corroborated by the suffix -up·� . Cf. � LlA'lvoe; and � TlTupoe;. crauiiSm cruuOOl· Afleplue; TOVe; cr£lA£lvove; oihw KUAelcr8aL CP'lmv uno MUKe06vwv (H.).
.

oauKpov [adj.] . u�pov, EAucppov, oxpov 'delicate, light, highest'; cruuKpono8ee;· u�pono8ee; 'delicate-footed' (H.). On the combination of suffixes -KP-, see Chantraine 1933: 225, Schwyzer: 496.
crauAoc; [adj.] Poetical adjective of unclear and varying meaning, referring to walking and movement (Treu 1955: 253 and 295): cruuAu �ulvelv h. Mere. 28 (of a tortoise), Anacr. 168 (Bacchantes), Semon. 18 (horse), crUUAaL Bucrcruploee; (Anacr. 55), explained by H. with KOUCPU, �cruxu, TpucpepCt 'light, quiet, dainty' and with u�pov, KOUCPOV, aKpov, Tpucpepov 'delicate, light, highest, dainty'; ace. to sch. Ar. V. 1169 = TO CPUUAOV KUL OleppU'lKOe;, so 'light, dainty, delicate, prancing' vel sim.?
cruucru�

1313

.ETYM The word cruuAoe; rhymes with cpuuAoe;; the words have possibly influenced each other (other barytone adjectives in -Aoe; are flCtXAOe;, KTlAoe;, £wAoe;). Moreover, we fInd cruuvCt (cruuvu?)- unuM 'weak' (H.) with a suffix -v-. It is difficult to offer an etymological explanation (cf. on � cruupu), fIrst and foremost because of the unclear meaning. The word cruuAoe; presumably belongs to a group of Pre-Greek words (see � cruuKOe;). oauvlov [n.] designation of a javelin used by foreign peoples (Men., Str., D. S.), 'penis' (Cratin. 443).
oavpa [f.] 'lizard' (A. Fr. 92 M., Hdt., Arist., Theoc.), also cruAUflCtVOpu (Thphr.), metaphorically as a plant name KCtpoufloV (Nic.), 'penis of a boy' (AP), 'plaited case made of palm bark, used in setting dislocated fIngers' (medic.). Also cruupoe; [m.] 'id.' (Hdt. [v.l.] , Hp., Epich., Arist., Nic.); metaphorically as a fIsh name = TpCtxoupoe; (Alex., Arist., Gal.), after the color (cf. Stromberg 1943: 121).
=

oavoa� [acc.pl.] a leguminous plant (Com. Adesp.).
1314

craucrapov

and connected with � crauKOv. The word craucrapov is clearly onomatopoeic, however, in view of the meaning. Fur.: 30132 is without a doubt correct in connecting crW
(J(i
(Jaxvo<; [adj.] 'tender, mellow', of KpEa (GaL).
(J(iw =>cr�ew. (J�tVVUfll [v.] 'to quench, extinguish', pass. 'to be extinguished, become extinct' (lA).
1315 [adj.] 'id.' (Arist., etc.); a-cr�wTo<; [adj.] 'unextinguishable' (Horn. et al.), cr�£crTO<; (Nonn.), fern. 'unslaked lime' (scil. TiTavo<;) (Dsc., PIu.), also a.cr�WT�PLOL and -W· cr[£] �Ecr£L<;. .ETYM The root of all these forms is cr�w-, as found in cr�Ecr-craL and a-cr�w-TO<;. On the basis of the aorist cr�Ecr(cr)aL, the other forms were created: cr�EvvuflL < *cr�Ecr-VU flL, cr�EcrW, cr�we�VaL, Ecr�WflaL. Later on, the secondary aorist Ecr�TjV, cr��VaL was created after EcrTTjV, £KaTjv, £aYTjv, etc., and then cr��croflaL, Ecr�TjKa were formed after this. The form KaTa-cr�wcraL falls outside this system. It could be interpreted as an iterative (*cr�o�craL), for which we could compare �oacrov, �oacr£L<; as attested in H. The glosses with �- may indicate that cr�Ecr- < PIE *sgWes- developed into cr8w dialectally. If correct, this *sgWes- may be compared with e.g. Skt. jasate 'is extinguished', jasayati 'to exhaust', Lith. gesti 'to be extinguished, go out', caus. gesyti 'to extinguish, put out', OCS u-gasiti, 1Sg. u-gas9 'to extinguish' < PIE *gWos-, Go. qist 'destruction', ToAB kiis- 'to extinguish'. However, Hitt. kist_ari 'to be extinguished, perish' is incompatable with the labiovelar in cr�EVVUflL. If we posit a pure velar g, which is possible for all other languages, cr�EVVUflaL and Go. qist must be separated. The initial cr- in Greek is aberrant; cf. e.g. Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-1916 1: 590 and Schmidt Spraehe 22 (1976) : 40-49, who assumes that cr�- is metathesized from *�cr-, the regular outcome of an aorist *gWse-. This seems unneccesarily complicated. (J�tV(V)lOV [n.] 'fibrous spathe of a male date-palm' (pap.).
(Jt�0!lat [v.] 'to shy, feel ashamed' (� 242) , post-Horn. 'to be in awe, honor, worship', 1 especially with regard to the gods.
=

aeiv adjective m:mo<; 'venerable' (A. Pr. 812, late prose), mostly in compounds, a-, m:pL-, 9£0-a£mo<;, etc. (trag.); a£m-lKo<;, -£uw (H.). Agent noun 9£0-aemwp [m.] 'worshipper of gods' (E. Hipp. 1364 [anap.l). ae�£po<;· £ua£��<;, OLKatO<; (H.). See also � a£llvo<; and � ao�ew. .ETYM Traditionally compared with Skt. tyajati 'to desert, leave alone, abandon' < *tiegW-e/o-. Although this seems semantically remote at first sight, the fact that the causative � ao�ew < *tiogW-eie- means 'to scare away, chase away' indicates that ae�ollat originally may have meant 'to run away, flee' vel sim. Formal Greco-Aryan matches like a£mo<; - tyakta-, 9£O-aemwp - tyaktar-, ae�u<; - tyajas- are rather due to parallel development than to common inheritance. The origin of the -u- in the s stem ae�u<; is unclear, but perhaps analogicaY': .ETYM Onomatopoeic. oupa. [f.] 'cord, rope, snare, lasso' (11.). .vAR Ion. -p� (Dor. aTJpa. gramm.). .COMP aapu-- (wa-r�p 'girdle' (H.), with -£- for -a-?; aapaBtov [n.] (Eust.). .ETYM Usually connected with Lith. tverti, ISg. tveriu 'to grasp, fence in' and reconstructed as *tuer-ieh2-, lit. 'seizing' (cf. also � aopo<;). Note that the acute accentuation in Lithuanian points to the presence of a laryngeal, *tuerH-, which means that aapa should reflect *tuerH-ieh2- (with loss of laryngeal before *j according to Pinault's Law; Pinault 1982). Connection with dpw 'to put in order, connect', Lat. sera 'to link, connect' would be better semantically, but would leave the Gr. a- unexplained. Hitt. tiirije/a-zi 'to harness' is unrelated (thus e.g. Risch apud Mayrhofer Sprache 10 (1964): 197 and Mayrhofer IF 70 (1965-1966): 253), and rather belongs to Skt. dhur- 'yoke, pole of a carriage' and Gr. � 9atpo<; (cf. Kloekhorst 2008: 900). •

�t:lp�V -fjvo<; [f.] 'Siren(s)', mythical destructive bird-like creatures (woman-birds), who in the Odyssey attract sailors on passing ships with their beautiful chant, and then kill them (Od.); also a designation of various seductive women and creatures (Alcm., E., Aeschin., etc.); a designation of a wild kind of bees (Arist. et al.); see Gil Fernandez 1959: 214f. .VAR LlP- (Att. vase-inscr.); see Kretschmer Glotta 10 (1920): 61f. Often pI. -�v£<;, gen. duo -�VOllV (Od.). By-forms L£lPTJV-LO£<; (Dor. LTJPTJV-) [pI.] (Alcm. et al.), -awv [gen.pl.] (Epich. 123, verse-final).

a£Lw .COMP Has been assumed as a first member in Myc. se-re-mo-ka-ra-o-re, -a-pi (Miihlestein Glotta 36 (1958):152ff.); but well-founded doubts by Risch SMEA 1 (1966): 53 ff. SeeAura Jorro 1985-1993: 255. .DER Lap�v(£)lO<; 'like a siren' (LXX, HId.). .ETYM Formally, it is possible to compare aapa as "the ensnaring one" or L£LPlO<;, as a personification of the mid-day blaze and mid-day magic; see Solmsen 1909: 126£f. In favor of Pre-Greek / Mediterranean origin is e.g. Chantraine 1933: 167; further hypotheses in Brandenstein 1954a: 56£. Fur.: 172 takes the name of the wild bees as Pre-Greek. �t:lpLO<; [m.] 'Sirius, the dog star' (Hes.), also appositive or attributive LdplO<; o.aT�p (Hes. Op. 417), as an epithet of stars (Ibyc. et al.) and of the sun (Archil. et al.), 'glowing, burning, desiccating'; also an epithet of the vii£<; (Tim. Pers. 192), probably reinterpreted as 'devastating, destroying' (cf. von Wilamowitz ad loc.). .DER aaplo£l<; 'scorching, glowing' (�AlO<;, o.TIl0<;, Opp., Nonn.); aapl-aw [v.] 'to glow, scorch' (6�eu a£lplaa, of LdpLO<;, Arat. 331), also 'to get a heat stroke , (aapLuat<;) (medic.); further aap-uLvw [v.] 'to scorch, parch' (Oros apud EM), -ow (o.no-), also -ew (-£ow) 'to desiccate, drain, filtrate' (medic., pap.; cf. Lagercrantz 1913: ad loc.), whence -wllu, -Wat<; (late); aap-a(w 'to strike', of lightning (Ael. Dion.). Further some designations for a thin, transparent (summer) garment: aapov, a£Lplov, a£Lplvu, aap�v (Harp., Phot., Hes.); cf. Solmsen 1909: 128. Artificial back formation a£Lp, aapo<;· 6 �AlO<; KUL LdplO<; (Suid.). .ETYM Assuming an original meaning 'sparkling, flickering', L£LPlO<; has been connected with � a£Lw, which is compared to a verb 'to be excited, sparkle, gleam' in Skt. tvi�-, whence tvi�- 'excitement, gleam', tve�a- 'tempestuous, sparkling', and especially Av. Bf3isra- 'glitter'. The basis for the Greek form would then be *tueis-ro or, if a£l-stands for al- (Gotze KZ 51 (1923): 151f.) *tuis-ro- (like the Av«(stan word). , Fur.: 262 compares TLPlO<;' gepou<;. Kp�T£<; 'summer (Cretan) (H.); if correct, the word could be Pre-Greek. Ot:lp6w =>L£LPlO<;. Ot:lW [v.] 'to shake, agitate, sway', med. and pass. also 'to quake, shiver'. .VAR Epic £1tl-aa£LW (see below), aor. aeiaat (11.), them. aor. ptc. acc. atovm (Anacr.), pass. a£la9�vat, fut. adaw (lA), perf. med. aeaaallat (Pi., etc.), act. aea£lKu (Hell. and late). .COMP Often with prefix, e.g. o.VU-, Kum-, o.no-, OlU-, £v-, £1tl-. Seldomly found in compounds, e.g. aaa-ax9£lu [f.] i.e. 'the casting off of burdens, i.e. of debts', designation of a law of Solon (Arist., PIu.); on oopu-aaoo<;, see � 86pu and Schwyzer: 4504. DER a£L-at<; (o.no-, KUTa-, etc.) [f.] �shaking' (medic.), -all0<; (o.VU-, Btu-, etc.) [m.] 'shock, earthquake, extortion' (lA), whence -allwoTJ<; 'like an earthquake' (late), -allu (nupa-, Bta-, etc.) [f.] 'shaking' (LXX), 'extortion' (pap.), whence -alluTLu<; [m.] •

1318

aEAaYEoflUl, -EW

'concerning an earthquake' (D. 1., PIu.); -a-rpov [n.] 'rattle' (taken over in Latin as sistrum), -aTpOe; [m.] plant name 'Rhinantlms maior' (Arist., PIu.), -awv, -awvoe; [m.] a kind of vase, "shaker" (middle corn.), formation like in Kauawv, cf. Kalw; -aTTje; [m.] a kind of earthquake (Lyd.), -aTOe; 'shaken' (Ar.), 'rattling', used of ear pendants (Delos III-IP). .ETYM Because of its aberrant vocalization, the zero grade ptc. mOVTa must be interpreted as an aorist. Except for this form and nominal -(a)aooe;, all forms show the stem aa(a)-. The geminate -aa- in epic bn-aaEiw, £-aaElovTo must go back to an original consonant group, which means that aEiw can be connected with Skt. tve?ati 'to excite; (med.) to be excited, inflame, sparkle' (cf. Mayrhofer EWAia 1: 686), which points to a reconstruction *tueis-e!a\ In Avestan, besides 8f3aesa 'fears' < *tueis- we also find forms without -s-, viz. 8f3aiiah- [n.] , 8f3iiii [f.] 'fright, danger' < *tuei-as-, *tui-eh2-. Also possibly related is .. LElpLOe;. o£AaytOf.lal, -tw =>aEAae;. otAac;, -aoc; [n.] 'light, glow, beam' (11., epic poet., Arist., etc.); on the use in Horn. see Graz 1965: 310ff.
•

a£AJ1VTj [f.] 'moon' (11.).
•

aEAle;, - looe;

1319

.DER aEATjv-alTj, Dor. aEAavala [f.] = aEA�vTj (11., epic poet.), like A8TjvalTj (cf. Schwyzer: 469); -lOV [n.] 'phase of the moon, contour of the moon, etc.' (Arist., Thphr.), plant name -lne;; -aplov [n.] designation of moon-shaped ornaments, -le; [f.] 'id.', -laKoe; [m.] 'id.' (late), -lTTje; (A180e;) [m.] "moonstone", 'selenite' (Dsc. et al.), also fern. -hle; (Redard 1949: 60), 'moon dweller, etc.' (Luc., Ath. et al.), -lEla [no pl.] 'moon festival' (pap. IP; Mayser 1906-1938, I: 3: 95), -aloe; 'moonlit, concerning the moon' (Orac. apud Hdt., A. R.), -laKOe; 'belonging to the moon' (PIu. et al.), after �Al-aKoe;; -la�oflUl (Ev. Matt., Vett. Val.), also - (l)a�w, -law (Man.), 'to be moonstruck, i.e. to be epileptic', whence -laafloe; [m.] 'epilepsy' (Vett. Val.). .ETYM This etymon derives from *aEAaa-vu, a derivative in -vu from .. aEAae; 'light, glow, beam'. The formation may be compared with the PIE word for 'moon', *1(a)uksneh2-, as attested in e.g. Lat. lUna 'moon' (compare " Auxvoe;). o£Aivov [n.] 'celery, Apium graveolens' (11.), also metaph. 'vagina' (Phot.); on the meaning, cf. Andrews Class. Phil. 44 (1949): 91ff. MoHG Petersilie; see Stromberg 1940: 33· .DER aEAiv-lvoe; 'of celery' (late, rare), - lTTje; oivoe;, -UTOV [n.] = Lat. apiiitum, LEAlvoue;, -OUVTOe; [m., f.] HN and TN, -ouvnoe; 'of S.' (Megar., Th., Str.), -oumoe; (Thphr.) 'id.' (on the formation see Schwyzer: 528 and 466), -ouala· Kpafl�Tje; clooe; 'kind of cabbage' (H., Eudem. apud Ath.). .ETYM Probably a foreign word like " KufllVOV, .. pTjTlvTj. Stromberg 1940: 37 proposed a connection with aEAfla 'deckplank', aEAie; 'crossbeam', after the coarse, hollow stalk. Note that Fur.: 351 suggests a connection with Myc. sa-ri-nu-wa-te, which would point to a form *aaAlvov, indicating Pre-Greek origin. I

o£A1C;, -£«50C; [f.] 'crossbeam of a building or ship, cross-piece, transverse wall, transverse row of benches or seats in a theatre, cross stripe or column in a papyrus roll' (Att. inscr., Hell. and late inscr. and pap., LXX, Plb., AP).
1320 Schmidt 1875: 78 compared these words with OHG swelli [n.] , MoHG Sehwelle 'till, threshold' < PGm. *swalja-, and ON sui, OHG sui, etc. 'pillar' < PGm. *suljo-, but phonetically this etymology is unconvincing, since *sy- does not yield Gk. CJ-. Frisk (s.v.) instead connects CJDqlU with OE selma, sealma, OS selmo [m.] 'basis of a bed', but this too is phonetically impossible. If the gloss E!qlU-ra· . . . CJUVlowflu-ra 'planking' (H.) is cognate, the alternation between m�Aflu and EAflU may point to Pre-Greek origin. OEU(�O!1UL [v.] '/I£AAt�w8at· nVEe; 8E CJ£AAt�£l· aAu�ov£U£l 'make false pretentions' (H.). In Phryn. Corn. 10 'to imitate Aeschines, son of Sellos', on which see DELG. � ?� .ETYM Unclear. =

OEA!1a =>CJ£Ate;. OE!1EAOe;; [m.] Lacon. for KOXAtUe; 'snail with a spiral shell' (Apollas apud Ath. 2, 63d) . � ?� .DER CJ£fl£AOlptOat· 01 avEU K£AU
CJE!1(SUALe;;, -LOe;; [f.] 'finest wheat flour, fine flour' (Hp., corn., etc.). � LW Sem.� .VAR Gen. also -ewe;, -IOOe; . DER CJ£fl106.A-Iov (also -IV) [n.] 'id.', -t-e'le; ap-eoe; (Hp., pap., etc.), see Redard 1949: 90f. ETYM Loanword from Semitic; cf. Syr. s'midii and Assyr. samidu 'fine flour' (Lewy KZ 58 (1931) : 28f.) , whence also Lat. simila 'id.', etc. are derived. The Greek word was the source for Georg. semi(n)da/i 'wheat'. •

•

OE!1v6e;; [adj.] 'venerable, honored, holy, noble', also 'haughty, proud' (h. Cer.). � IE

*tiegW-no-� COMP Many compounds, e.g. CJ£flvo- fluvne; [m.] 'venerable seer' (S.), a-CJ£flvoe; •

'unworthy, ignoble' (Arist., etc.). .DER CJ£flv-o-e'le; [f.] 'dignity, nobility, pride' (Att.), -dov [n.] 'holy building' (Ph.), after apxdov etc.; -uVOflat, -uvw [v.] 'to exalt oneself, be proud; to make venerable, exalt, praise' (Hdt., Att.) , also with a1to-, EJtl-, lm£p-, etc.; formation after 8pucrUvOflat, -uvw, ulCJxuVOflat, etc.; back-formations lm£p-, E1tt-CJ£flvoe; (late), cf. Stromberg 1946: 98; -ow -uvw (Hdt.), with derivative -wflu [n.] 'dignity, majesty' (Epicur.). .ETYM This word reflects *CJ£pvoe; < *tiegW-no-, an original verbal adjective from � CJ£POflat 'to shy, feel ashamed; to be in awe, honor'. =

OEPYO( = EAU
1321 CJEpiq>oe;; =>CJ£pq>oe;. , oEp6e;; [adv.] . x8£e;. 'HA£"iol 'yesterday (Elean) (H.). � IE *dh/ies 'yesterday'� .ETYM Perhaps from *)(,\w-oe;, related to Skt. hyas 'yesterday' < PIE *dh/ies, with Elean rhotacism and -oe; after VUKTOe;, etc. Cf. � x8£e;. OEpq>Oe;; [m.] 'small winged insect, gnat, winged ant' (Ar. et al.). � PG (v)� .VAR Also crUpq>oe;· 8'lpiOtov flIKpOV, 01tolov Efl1tie; 'small animal, a kind of gnat' (H.), CJ£plq>Oe; [m.] , -t
oEoEplvoe;; [?] a fish. � ?� .ETYM See Thompson 1947 s.v. OEO'lpa [v.] 'to show one's teeth, to grin' (lA), also 'to gape', of a wound (Hp.), an isolated perf. with pres. meaning. .VAR Ptc. CJW'lpwe;, Dor. CJwupwe;, epic CJwo.pulu [f.] (Hes. Se. 268) . .DER See on � CJ�puy�. ETYM As an old perfect, the verb looks inherited, but no cognates in (the other IE languages are known. Sometimes � CJuPflu 'chasm, abyss' is regarded as cognate . •

OEOlAOe;; [m.] 'land slug' (Ath. 2, 63C, Dsc. 2, 9, H. [cod. -CJ'lA-l). � ?� .VAR Also CJW£AI-ra [acc. [ (Dsc. l.c.); compare �CJ£fl£AOe; 'id.' (Ath. 2, 63d [Lacon.] , H.). .ETYM Unexplained. CJEU0!1UL [v.] 'to charge in, huddle, hurry, hasten, chase', act. 'to chase (away), rush, incite' (ll., epic poet., also Hp., Aret. [as CJu8�, EcrU8'll). � IE *kieu- 'start to move'� VAR Also (B., Hell. epic) act. CJ£uw; aor. ECJCJufl'lv, ECJeJU-eO, CJu-eo; ECJ(CJ)u8'lv, crU8'lv, CJu81; also CJ£uu-eo, ECJCJ£UUV-eo, act. £CJCJEUU, CJ£DU, perf. ECJeJUflat, ptc. ECJCJufl£voe; (cf. Chantraine 1942: 190 on the accentuation), 3Pl. CJ£crUuv-eat (H.), verbal adj . E1tt CJeJU-eoe;; also CJODflat, CJODV-eat, ipv. CJOD, inf. CJoDCJ8at (trag.), Dor. CJowfl'lv, CJwflat, etc. (H.), perf. ptc. ECJCJ0'lfl£vOV (H.), act. 3sg. CJO£I (B.), a deverbative derived from CJOFODflat < *CJoF-£oflat, cf. Wackernagel KZ 25 (1881) : 277; with lengthened grade CJwov-eo, CJwofl£voue; (A. R.); CJ£D-eat (S. Tr. 645 [lyr.l) . .COMP With prefixes, especially EJtl-. •

1322 .DER As a second member in compounds: aUTo-(J
-

OEUTAOV =T£uTAov. m'J6w [v.] 'to sieve, sift' (Hp., Dsc., Hell. and late pap.). � IE *kieh2- 'sieve'� VAR Aor. (J�(Jat, (J'1(J8�vat, perf. (Je(J'1(Jflat, verbal adj. (J'1(JTO<;. .COMP Also with Ola-, KaTa-, etc. .DER (J�m<; (Suid.), (Jum<; (Delph.) [f.] 'sieving', (J�(JTpa· KO(JKlva 'sieve' (H.), whence (J'1(JTPlOlOV [n.] (pap. lIP). .ETYM This verb seems to be a 8-present (compare 7tA�8w, and especially the synonym �8ew) to a root 0'1- < (Ju-, which is attested as such in 3Pl. pres. milm (Hdt. 1, 200), aor. (J�(Jat, etc., and (with analogical -(J-) (J'1(J8�vat, which all point to a verb *(Jaw (cf. EM (J(il). This is related to Att. Ota-TTaw (EM nil), from *kieh2-. See � OtaTTaw for further discussion. •

OlJKO<; [m.] 'enclosure, fence, pen, stable, enclosed sacred space' (11.). � PG?� VAR Dor. (Epid.) (JaKO<;. COMP (J'1KO-KOPO<; [m.] 'stableman' (p 224, etc.). DER (J'1K-i<; (Ar.), -UA'1, -UAAa (Ael. Dion., H., Phot.) [f.] 'house-slave', -iT'1<; (Dor. (JaK-) [m.] (up�v, £pl
•

•

1323 and late pap. and inscr.); -WT�p [m.] 'balance beam' (H.); CtVTl(J�K-wm<; [f.] 'counterweight, equalization' (Hdt., Plot.), with backformation uVTi-(J'1KO<; 'equalizing' (Eust.); (JaKw(J£' KaTeKA£l(J£v 'enclosed' (H.), Ct7to(J'1Kw(Ja<;' w<; £V (J'1K{il KaTaKA£i(Ja<; 'like "having enclosed in a pen'" (H.) . ETYM Since Bezzenberger BB 12 (1887): 240, commonly connected with � (JaTTw 'to stuff through a preform *tyako-, which in laryngeal terms would be *tueh2k-os. Yet (JaTTW would then reflect *tyak-jo, which cannot be explained in laryngeal terms (*tuh2k- should have yielded *TUK-). Perhaps the alternation rather points to Pre Greek origin. •

OlJAaYYEu<;, -ew<; [m.] 'gold refiner, gold washer' (Agatharch.). � PG� .ETYM For *(JaAayy£u<; (from (JaAay�; see � (JaAo<;), with -'1- after � (J�pay�? oi'j!1a [n.] 'sign, symbol, trait, omen, mark, character, feature, gravestone' (11.). � ?� VAR Dor. (J(xfla. COMP E.g. (J'1flaT-ouPY0<; [m.] 'mark maker' (A.); often as a second member with regular transition into the o-stems, e.g. a-(J'1flo<;, Dor. a-
•

•

=

mn-. O�!1EPOV =T�fl£pov . olJ!1u�a [f.] 'Judas-tree, Cercis siliquastrum' (Thph.). � ?� .ETYM Unknown. OlJ7tla [f.] 'squid' (Hippon., Epich., Ar., Arist.). � PG?� VAR Ion. -i'1' .DER Diminutives (J'17t-lOLOV (Hp., com., Arist.), -ioaPlOV [n.] (Philyll.), -la<; [f.] 'squid' (Nic.), -lOV or -£tOY [n.] 'Os sepiae, bone of the cuttlefish, pounce' (Arist.). •

1324 .ETYM The formation of this word is unclear. Normally, words in -La are abstracts, which does not match this word's meaning. A connection with a�7t0flat 'to rot' is semantically possible (perhaps referring to the ink that smells as if it is rotten), but formally problematic, as a'17tLa occurs in Epich. (61 and 84) with -'1-, whereas a�7t0flat has Doric forms with -0.-. If the forms of Epich. are corrupt or lonicisms, the connection would be possible. However, it may be more likely that a'17tLa is a Pre-Greek word (not mentioned in Fur.). The word was taken over in Latin as sepia. (JQ1lOllat [v.] 'to rot, become rotten', act. 'to make rot' (11.). � IE? *Kieh2p- (vel sim.) 'rot', PG?� VAR Perf. aea'17ta, aor. amt�vat (11.), fut. aCw;r�aoflat (Hp., Pl.), also act. a�7tw (lA), non-present forms are rare: fut. a�\jIw (A. Fr. 275 = 478 M.), aor. a�\jIat (Ael.). .COMP Also with prefIxes, especially Ct7tO-, KaTa-, OLa-. .DER a'1m:owv, -Mvo<; [f.] 'decomposition', plur. 'rotting juices' (Hp., Antipho Soph., Pl.), formation like T'1K£OWV, etc.; also a designation of snakes, since their bites cause putrescence (Nic., Ael.), like T£P'10WV, etc. (cf. Chantraine 1933: 360f.); thence derivatives -oovwo'1<;, -00VLK6<; (medic.); a�\jIL<; (Ct7t6-, aUv-, etc.), Dor. (Ti. Locr.) ao.\jIL<; [f.] 'decomposition, fermentation' (Emp., Hp., Arist.), a�\jI, a'17t6<; [f.] 'festering sore' (Hp., Dsc.), [m.] 'snake (also lizard), the bite of which causes intense thirst' (Arist., Nic.), a�1t'1 [f.] 'decomposition' (Aq.), a'11t0-1toL6<; a'11tnK6<; (Alex. Aphr.), a'11t£Tou· a'11t£Mvo<; 'decay' (H.), a'11t-T6<; 'rotten' (Arist.), 'causing rot' (Dsc. et al.), earlier and more frequent a-a'11t-To<; 'not rotting' (Hp., X., Arist., Thphr.), -TLK6<; 'causing rot' (Hp., Arist.), -T�PLO<; 'id.' (Hp.), a'11t-£1JW a�1tw (Man.) (rather enlarged from a�1tw than derived from a�1t'1). With a different ablaut grade: aa1tp6<; 'rotting, rotten, rancid', 'matured' of wine (lA), also aa1tpLa<; olvo<; (Hermipp.); aa1tp-6T'1<; [f.] 'decomposition' (PI., Arist., etc.), -L�Oflat (Hp.), -UVOflat (Nic.), -60flat (sch.) 'to rot', -L�W 'to make rot' (LXX). .ETYM The alternation a'11t-/aa1t- has been taken to point to lE origin (so *tueh2p-, *tieh2p-, or *kieh2p-; the last is chosen in LIV2 s.v. *Kjeh2p-), but no cognates are known. However, *Kih2p-ro- does not yield aa1tp6<;, so we either have to assume a secondary zero grade (which is unlikely), or we have to accept that the verb is of Pre Greek origin. Older connections with Skt. kyaku- [n.] 'mushroom' and Lith. siupti 'to putrefy' must be rejected. See on � a'11tLa. •

=

=

a� pay�, -yyo� [f., m.] 'cave hollowed out by water, hollow rock' (S., PI., Arist.), also used of cavities and pores of the body (medic.), metaph. = emSuflLa 'desire' (H.). � PG(S)� VAR Also a�payyo<;. .DER a'1puYY-LOV [n.] washing place in Piraeus (Att.), -wo'1<; 'full of a.' (medic., Paus.), -60flat, -6w 'to be hollow, make porous' (late). .ETYM Formally similar to synonymous
(Jqpull�o� [?] . £loo<; KavSupou 'a kind of beetle' (H.). � PG(v)�

aSevo<;

1325

.ETYM Stromberg 1944: 23 considered this to be Laconian for S� pa
(Jq(Jullov [n.] 'seed and fruit of the sesame plant', also referring to the plant itself (lA). � Lw Sem.� .VAR Also -0<; [m.], -'1 [f.] 'id.' (Gp.). Dor. auaaflov, Lac. auaflov. DIAL Myc. sa-sa-ma [pl.] . .COMP A s a fIrst element e.g. a'1aaflO-1tWA'1<; [m.] 'sesame merchant' (Att. inscr.). .DER a'1aafl-L<;, -LOO<; [f.] 'dish made of roasted sesame seeds and honey' (Stesich., corn.), -� (-ea Hdn.) [f.] 'id.' (corn.), -LOV [n.] 'id.' (Hdn.), -h'1<; [m.] 'sesame cake' (Poll., Ath.), -In<; (y�) [f.] 'planted with a.' (Hell. pap.), see Redard 1949: 91 and 109; -6£L<;, -ou<; [adj.] 'made of a.', msc. 'sesame cake' (Hp., Ar.), -LVO<; 'made of a.' (X., Hell. pap., Str., etc.), -alo<; 'id.' (Luc.), -LK6<; 'concerning a.' (pap.), -wq'1<; 'sesame like' (Thphr.), -OUVTLO<; 'made of a.' (sch.), -£uw 'to sow a.', whence -£fa [f.] (Hell. pap.). .ETYM Loanword from Semitic; cf. Akk. sammassamu 'sesame', Aram. sumsema, etc. (Lewy 1895: 28f.), with a formation like Kupoaflov, �uAaaflov, etc. Taken over in Latin as sesamum, sesuma. •

(JllTaVlO�, (Jfjn:� =>T�T£<;. (J6evo� [n.] 'strength, power, ability, might' (almost only epic poet. 11.). � ?� .COMP Very frequent as a second member, e.g. Ct-aS£v�<; 'without strength, strengthless' (Pi., lA), whence CtaSev-£La, -ew, -'1fla, -6w, -WaL<;, -LK6<; (Arist.) and the secondary simplex as£v�<;· Laxup6<;, KapT£p6<; 'powerful, strong' (H.); also as a fIrst member, e.g. as£vo- �Aa��<; 'damaging the strength' (Opp.), after
aL
alyaAOele;

1327

with RuCS tyti 'to become fat' (Bechtel 1914 s.v.) is formally difficult, as the latter reflects *teuh2- (Skt. tavi- 'to be strong', Gr. � TaUe; 'great, many', � awe; 'safe and sound'). The word is probably of Pre-Greek origin. Ol��V'1 [f.] 'hunting spear, javelin' (Alex., D. S., AP). -
1328

atYUACPO[

*a[YUAo<; (like e.g. CteTwflu to U£TO<;). Etymology unclear. Older, unconvincing attempts in Frisk s.v. OlYUACPO[ [m.] . ot acpWVot KUt ot ayplot Tlhnye<; 'wild cicadas that do not make any sound' (H.).
O[Yl(JTPOV [n.] 'chest' (Eust. 956, 6; 1604, 10).
o[Y!1U [n.] indecl. name of the letter (PI., Arist., etc.).
a[(w

1329

oi�'1 [f.] 'pomegranate (tree)' (Emp., Hp., Thphr.; Nic. also 1 by metrical lengthening); also the name of a Boeotian water-plant = vuflcpu[u (Thphr., Nic.).
o[�w [v.] 'to hiss' (l 394, corn., Arist.).
1330 .COMP Rarely with £m-, OLa-. DER 0lYf10e; [m.] (Arist., Phld., Piu.), Olalloe; [m.] (Suid.), aL�le; [f.] (Arist.) 'hissing'; also � aLYf1a? ETYM Onomatopoeic, just like Lat. sibilo, etc. Cf. Schwyzer KZ 58 (1931) : 186ff. •

•

oLKa · ve;. AaKWVEe; (H.). =>uUe; and aLypUl. oLK£pa [n.] a kind of fermented drink (LXX). <'!\ LW Sem.� .ETYM Loanword from Semitic; cf. Hebr. sekar. OiKlV(V)U;, -l6oC; [f.] 'dance of the satyrs' (S.fr. 772, E. Cyd. 37, D. H.). =>KT]KLe;, KT] KLW.
OlKX0C; [adj.] 'disgusted, piCky, especially concerning food' (Arist., Piu., Ath.). <'!\ ?� , .COMP a-OlKXO e; 'not piCky concerning food, not easily causing satiety (of food) (Piu.), see Frisk 1941: 16. .DER aLKX-Oe; [n.] 'disgust, tedium' (Srn.), formed like e.g. llaKpOe; [n.] from llaKpOe;, cf. Schwyzer: 512; -0-rT]<; [f.] 'id.' (Eust.), -aLvw, -aLvollUl [v.] 'to feel disgust or tedium, to detest' (Call., Plb., Arr.), whence -av-ro<; 'provoking disgust' (M. Ant.), -aaLa, -aalloe; (gloss.), OlKXa(O IlEVOe; aKwmollEVOe; 'being mocked' (H.). .ETYM The cluster -KX- makes an lE origin unlikely. Further unclear. ·

OLAP'1 [f.] d80<; 7tElllla-roe; <£K> Kpl8�e;, aT]aallT]e; Kal ll�KWVOe; 'a kind of cake made of barley, sesame and poppy' (H.). <'!\ PG?� .ETYM Neumann 1961: 98 compares this word to Hitt. Silu1:Ja- 'a kind of cake', which may have variants in Siluya- and siliya-. If cognate, it is clearly a loanword or a Pre Greek word. Yet the - �- of aLA�T] is difficult to reconcile with the Hittite forms. .

aLAoUpOe;

1331

OtA'17tOp6EW [v.] 'to behave with vulgar arrogance' (Sophr. 164, Posidon. 36 J., H., Phot.). <'!\ ?� .VAR Dor. OlAa-, aor. -�aUl. .DER OlAT]7to p8 La [f.] CLuc. Lex. 21) . .ETYM The element -7tOP<')£w is clearly cognate with � 7tEp80IlUl 'to fart'; compare also MoGr. -rOlAT]7tOup8w 'to spring, leap, kick with tlIe heel (of young horses); to fart' and -rOlAT]7tOVpOLalla 'farting (of horses)'. The first element, OlAT]-, is of unclear origin. On the basis of the toponym rrOp800lA� VT] (an island), it has been suggested that OlAT]- must belong with � LlAT] VOe;. OiAlYVOV [n.] 'winter wheat', Lat. sitigo (pap. 11-VIP) . <,!\ LW Lat.� .VAR Also aEA-, - LOV. .DER OlAlyv (l)- aplo<; [m.] 'baker or seller of a.', also OlAlylvap loe; = Lat. sitiginarius (ibid.); a LAlYVle; (m�A-) [f.] 'flour made of a.' (Chrysipp. Tyan., Gal., etc.), -L-rT]<; (ap-roe;) 'bread made of a.' (Gal., inscr. Ephesus I-lIP) , -lae; [m.] 'id.' (Eust.) . .ETYM Loanword from Lat. silIgo, -inis [f.] with transformation to the 0-, lO-, and l stems. oiUoC; [m.] 'satire, satirical poem' (Str., Ael., D. L. et al.). <'!\ ?� .COMP OlAAo-ypacpoe; [m.] 'poet of a.' (Ath., Jul.) . DER OlAA-aLvw (rarely with 8la- , Ka-ra-, £m-) 'to mock, ridicule' (Hp., Herod., Ael., Luc.), -ow (8La-) 'id.' (Corn. Adesp., Gal., D. C.), PNs e.g. LLAAOe;, -a�, -EVe;. .ETYM Unclear origin. According to Solmsen IF 30 (1912) , it is derived by hypocoristic gemination from a preform *aLAOe; (= Lat. silus 'pug-nosed'), besides aL Iloe; 'snub-nosed', through the meaning 'with a turned-up nose > mocker' (L lA- T]VOe; would belong here as well, tlIen). Kretschmer Glotta 4 (1913) : 351ff. rather derives alAAoe; from LlAT]VOe;, referring to CtVaOlAAOe; 'having erect hair, with which Satyrs are often depicted' (compare also OlAAEa· -rplxwlla 'hair growth' H.). Both etymologies are formally unattractive. The interpretation of the hapax alAAoe; 'squinting' in Luc. Lex. 3 is unclear: the word is preceded by oe;, and may therefore be a C0;rupt spelling for IAAOe; 'squinting', but compare also OlAAOW, which according to Photo (from Archipp. 52) = -roue; ocp8aAlloue; �pElla 7tapacpEp£lv 'to gently turn away the eyes'. •

OLUUPOV [n.] an edible thistle (Dsc., Ruf. apud Orib., H.). <'!\ ?� .DER aLAAu �a [pI.] 'fringes, tassels' (Poll., H.), alAAu�o<; 'strip of parchment or paper attached to scrolls' (Cic. Att.), OlAAu�l(lv (cod. sisl-ub-. OLAOUP0C; [m.] a big river fish, probably 'catfish' or 'sturgeon', Lat. silurus (mid. corn., Hell. pap., Str., etc.). <'!\ PG (s) � .DER OlAouplalloe; [m.] 'serving a a.' (Diph.).

1332

alAcpTj

oETYM In the older literature, it is derived from oupa 'tail' and an unclear first element (compare lleAav- oupo<; for the formation), the first element being connected by Solmsen IF 30 (1912): 9ff. with *no'-. oDER mfl-OTTj<; [f.] 'snub-nosedness, upward bending' (PL, X.), no-; thence -W

1333

oETYM Oxytone adjectives in -flo<; are rare (Chantraine 1933: 151), but note that e.g. 8Epflo<; and oOXfl0<; are both of lE origin. The word 'flattened (nose)', from the root *tieh2- 'to strike', which he also assumes for a�fla 'sign, mark' < *tieh2-mn "what is carved", aWfla 'corpse' < *ti6h2-mn "the killed one" and aho<; 'grain, food' < * tih2-t6- "threshed", and which is attested as such in Hitt. zab-i / zabb 'to hit, beat' < *tiah2- (cf. Kloekhorst 2008: 1019). This construction seems highly improbable in view of the wide range of attested meanings, and the fact that a meaning 'strike' is not attested in Greek. Moreover, neuters in * -mn do not regularly take the a-grade, so aWfla must be left out in any case. Older connections with Germanic words like OHG sWlnan, ON svina 'to disappear, decrease' or MHG sWlmen 'to stagger, be suspended', ON svima 'to float, stagger, swoon' (Pok. 1041) are formally impossible (*sy- does not yield Gr. a-) and semantically remote. In conclusion, alflo<; is most likely Pre-Greek, although there are no further indications for this. It was taken over in Latin as slmus 'id.'. O"IIlO<; [m.] a fish (Opp., Ath.). oDER Diminutive Gr. v£ii pov 'sinew'). Gr. VCt1tU is taken over in Latin as napus 'turnip' (Plin.) and alvam(<;) as sinapi(s) 'mustard', from which Go. sina(s), OHG senj'mustard', etc., have been borrowed. O"lv6wv, -ovo<; [f.] 'fine woven clotlI, fine linen, garment; blanket, etc. made thereof (Hdt., Th., trag., Hell. and late). <"!! LW Sem. (Anat.?)� oCOMP
OWIOV

1334

of a. ' (Hell. and late), also attributive (n:Aallwv, xnwv (Poll., Phot.), -LU�W 'to cover in a. ' (pap.). -ETYM Possibly a loanword from Semitic, e.g. Hebr. siidin 'linen undercloth, kind of shirt' (Lewy 1895: 84£, E. Masson 1967: 25f.), although the formal connection is rather weak. Taken over in Latin as sindan 'id.'.
=

=

olvoflal [v.] 'to rob, pillage, destroy, damage' (Od., epic, Sapph., Ion., X., Hell. and late, also Argos, Crete, Herakleia; Hdt., Hp. also -EOllaL; not in Att.). � ?� -VAR Very rarely attested in aorist: £alvavTo (Hdt.), £1tWIVaTO (Nic.), 1tpOaIVavT£�· �Aa",aVT£� 'disabling, hindering' (H.). -DIAL Rarely with £m-, KaTa-, 1tpo-. -COMP (JLv-6owv, -6oou�, -OVTO� [m.] a fish (Arist., Dorio), folk-etymological for auv-6owv (see Stromberg 1943: 45). Unclear however is (JLVUIlWPO� 'harmful, baneful, wicked, mischievous, sweet-toothed, lustful' vel sim., with -la, -EW, -£ulla (Ion., corn., Arist. et al.); because of its short L, it is not derived from the verb, but from the noun alvo�. -DER alvo� [n.] 'damage, harm, disaster' (Ion., A., Arist.), whence a-(JLv�� 'unharmed, harmless' (A 1l0, Sapph., Ion., A., PI., X., Hell. and late), with opposite £m-(JLv�� (Thphr.), alvT'l� [m.] 'destroyer, robber', mostly of beasts of prey, 'thief (n., Hell. and late epic), alvTwp [m.] 'id.' (Crete IV", AP), LIVlL£� [m.pl.] EN of the old population of Lemnos (Horn. et al.) (appurtenance uncertain, according to Kretschmer Glatta 30 (1943): 117 lit. "the robbers" and to be distinguished from tlIe Thracian LLVTOL), LIVL�, -LOO� [m.] PN of a mythical robber (B., E., X.), also appellative 'robber, destroyer' (A. Ag. 217, Call., Lyc.), (JLvap6� 'damaged' (Hp.), formation like pu1tap6�, etc.; (JLV6T'l� [f.] 'damage, flaw' (gloss.), £malvLO�· £1tI�OUAO� alvollaL (Man., Vett. Val.), whence (JLVWTLK6� 'treacherous' (H.), (JLv6w (1tpo-) 'harmful' (late), alvopwv = 1tov'lp6� 'toilsome' (Phot.), also 'slave born of a slave' (Seleucus apud Ath.), also PN, (JLVOpwv· 1tov'lpwv, �AamLKwv 'toilsome, hurtful, mischievous' (H.). -ETYM Because of its long -L-, the present alvollaL is best regarded as a yad-formation *alv-l0llaL (the present (JLVEOllaL must be secondary, for which cf. Schwyzer: 721;.on the unclear form alVOVTaL Sapph. 26, 4, see Hamm 1957: §217a). If it is of IE origin, alvollaL must contain a presential -v-, just as KAIVW and KpIVW, which spread not only to the aorist forms (quite possible in view of their rarity), but also to nominal derivatives like alvo�, alvT'l�' etc. (which is more problematic). Assuming a preform *TP-V-l£io-, the verb has been connected with OE jJWinan, etc. 'to become weak, =

alaapov

1335

disappear' (Wood Mad. Phil. 5 (1907): 268), but these should rather be derived from the root *dhgWh ei_, together with dwinan 'id.', Gr. " cpelvw 'to decline, decay'. Further etymology unclear. OlVWV, -WVO� [m.] 'stone parsley, Sisum amomum' (Dsc., Plin.), alvwv uypLO� 1t£UKEOaVov 'sulphurwort' (Ps.-Dsc.). � ?� -VAR V.l. alawv. -ETYM According to Dsc. 3, 55, this plant is at home in Syria (cf. Andre 1956 s.v. sinon). Origin unexplained.

=

OlOV [n.] name of several marsh- or meadow-plants, 'Sium' (Speus. apud Ath., Theoc., Dsc.), also identified with (JLmJll�PLOV and uV'laaov (Dsc., Ps.-Dsc.). � ?� -DIAL Myc. TN si-ja-wa-te /sijo-wontei/. -ETYM Unexplained. See CEG 3 RPh. 72 (1998): 138. =

ol1taA6� =>(JLcpA6�. Ol1t1tlOV =>aTU1t1t£loV.
OlpatOV [n.] 'boiled wine' (Antiph., Alex. Nic.); also as adjective: alPaLo� oIvo�. � ?� -ETYM Perhaps derived from a£Lp6w (see .. L£lpLO�). Fur.: 255 considers;tlIis word to be Pre-Greek because of the element -aLOV.
OlOUPOV [n.] 'Pastinaca sativa' (Epich., Diocl. Fr., Dsc.). � ?� -VAR -LOV [n.] piece of jewelry (corn. after Poll. 5, 101, H., Phot.). -ETYM The word recalls uaapov 'hazelwort', �ouaapov 'axe-weed'. Stromberg 1940: 157f. interprets alaapov as a reduplication of aupov as attested in Call. Del. 225, but this is semantically improbable (cf. Frisk s.v.). WH s.v. siser compares mipL [n.] (Thphr.), a kind of rush. Unclear.

GlO'Vfl�PlOV [n.] 'bergamot mint, Mentha aquatica' (corn., Arist., Thphr., Dsc.), 'watercress, Nasturtium officinale' (Dsc., Plin.), (metaph.) a piece of jewelry (corn. after Poll.). � PG?� DER O'tO'u fl� P- oV [n.] 'id.' (Nic., AP, back-formation), -lVO� 'made of a.' (Antiph., Thphr.). .ETYM Etymology unclear. Stromberg 1940: 158' regards the word as a reduplicated formation from .. evfl�pa, a sweet-scented plant, with dialectal development of e > a. Sometimes seen as a variant of " O"laup[YXLOV [n.] 'barbary nut, Iris sisyrinchium'. Probably a Pre-Greek word. •

GlaVpu [f.] 'thick, villous cloak (made of goat �r), fleece cloak' (Ar.). � PG (s) � VAR ataupva (also -vTj, cf. Solmsen 1909: 259) , -vo� [m.] (H.), also -o� and a[au� (H.). .COMP E.g. O"laupvo-
•

O'UroPlYXlOV [n.] 'barbary nut, Iris sisyrinchium' (Thphr.). � PG?� .ETYM Etymology unclear. Stromberg 1940: 158' regards the word as a reduplicated formation from .. au plY� 'quill, flute, syrinx' with a X-suffix. Sometimes connected with .. O"laV fl� PlOV 'bergamot mint, watercress'. Probably a Pre-Greek word. O'lO'WV =>a[vwv. O'LTAU [f.] 'pail' (Ulp., Alex. TralL). � LW Lat.� .ETYM Borrowed from Lat. situla. O'Ito� [m.] 'corn (especially wheat), bread, food' (ll.) , see Moritz Class. Quart. 49 (1955) : 135ff. for the semantics. � ?� .VAR Plur. aha [n.] . .DIAL Myc. si-to. .COMP Numerous compounds, e.g. O"lT-aywyo� 'conveying corn' (Hdt., Th.), O"lT TjpeO"lov [n.] 'provision of grain, (money for) victualling, pay' (X., D., HelL and late), aUa-O"lTO� [m.] 'table companion, messmate' (Thgn., etc.), whence auaatT-la [pL], -ta, -lKO�, -ew, -TjO"l�. .DER O"lTta [n.pL], rare -tOY [sg.] 'bread, fare, provision', also 'corn' (lA prose, corn.), diminutive O"lT-UPLOV [n.] 'corn, bread' (Hp., pap.), -av[a� (TtUpo�) [m.] 'kind of wheat' (Thphr.), formation like Kpleav[a�; -wflaTa [pL] 'provision' (pap. lIP, cf. Chantraine 1933: 186£.) , -WV, -wvo� [m.] 'granary, cornfield' (PIu. et aL), -w [f.] epithet of Demeter (HelL and late), aLT-Tjpo� (Hp., Arist., etc.), -lKO� (Hell. and late), -lVO� (late) 'concerning the corn', -ala [n.pL] 'corn-rents' (Olymos), -woTj� 'cornlike', O"lTWOTj [n.pL] 'corn' (Thphr., etc.), O"lT-eoflUl [v.] 'to feed' (w 209 [ O"lTeaKovTol ), also with KaTa-, etc.; thence -TjO"l� [f.] '(public) maintenance' (lA); also -£vw, - £UO flUl [v.] 'to feed, supply' (Hdt., Hell. and late), whence -£UTO� (X., etc.), -£UO"l�, - £UO"lflO�, -£UT��, -£La (HelL and late); -L�w, -L�oflUl 'id.', often with £1tl-, whence £1tl-O"lT-laflo� 'victualling' (X., D., etc.).

aL
1337

.ETYM Often explained as a loanword from other lE languages, e.g. from Ru. Zito 'corn', OPr. geits 'bread' (Wiedemann BB 27 (1902) : 213) or from Go. lvaiteis 'wheat', etc. (Meyer 1892: 512) , or as a substrate word (taken with e.g. Basque zitu 'corn, harvest' or Sum. zid 'flour'). Nevertheless, the word looks lE, and Janda 2005 has suggested to reconstruct it as a substantivization of an adjective *aLTo- 'threshed' derived from *tih2-to-, literally "struck", a * - to-ptc. from a PIE verbal root *tieh2- 'to strike, hit' as attested in Hitt. ziib-i / zabb- 'to hit, beat' < *tioh2- (cf. Kloekhorst 2008: 1019) . This root *tieh2- would also be visible in .. a� fla 'sign, mark' < *tieh2-mn "what is carved", .. awfla 'corpse' < *tioh2-mn "the killed one", and .. aLflo� 'snub-nosed' < *tih2-mo- "flattened". As explained under .. alflo�, this etymology is of doubtful value. O'LTTa [interj.] cry of herdsmen (Theoc.). � PG� .VAR Also "'LHa (sch.); similar ",uHa (E. Cye. 49, Luc., AP);
O'lcpupo" (O'd-) [m.] 'topsail, topgallant sail' (Arr.), 'curtain in the theatre' (Ephesus). � PG (v) � VAR Also alTtapO� (v.I. Arr. Epict. 3, 2, 18) . .ETYM Technical word without etymology. The variations O"l
mcpAOC; O'l
•

O'lmcpAOC; and alcpwv.
• •

O'lwmiw [v.] 'to be silent, keep secret', also 'to silence' (Hom.). � PG(V)�

.VAR Aor. -�aaL (ll.), fut. -�aoflm (Att.), -�aw (Aeschin., Hell. and late), perf. aEmwnT]Ku, pass. mwnT]9�vm, -T]9�aoflm (Att.); also awnuw in oluawnuaoflm, awwnuflevov (Pi.), £lJaWnlu, �auXlu 'rest, quiet' (H.). .COMP Also with KU-rU-, OlU-, nupu-, etc. DER mwn-� [f.] 'silence' (Pi., Att.) , often attested in dat.sg. -ft 'in silence, silently' (also Hom.); -T]AOC; (E., Arist., Call., etc.), -T]p0C; (X., AP) 'silent', -11mC; [f.] (also uno-, nupu-, uno -) 'taciturnity' (Rhet. et al.). .ETYM Although superficially resembling myuw, my�, � alyu, a connection is unlikely. Because of the alternation mwn- / awn-, an IE origin is improbable (connections with e.g. Go. sweiban 'to stop, suspend' (see references in Frisk s.v.) < *syjop- are unconvincing. It is rather of Pre-Greek origin, reflecting *sYop- or *sYup (cf. Beekes 2008). •

aKuAu9upw

1339

*aKao-lw. Usually reconstructed as *sk1JcgLje!o- and connected wiili Skt. khanjati 'to limp', OHG hinkan 'to limp' < *(s)kencgL e-, ON skakkr 'limping' (thus Frisk s.v., LIV2 s.v. *(s)kencgL). Alternatively, one could assume a connection with Skt. skandati 'to jump', Lat. scan do 'to ascend', OIr. sceinnid 'to jump' < *skend- 'to jump', which would mean that aKu�w reflects *sk1Jd-je!o-. 'western', and when referring to hands, 'shaded hand' > 'improper hand = left hand'. Cf. also the rhyming word � Amoc; 'left'. aKlu.

1340 O"KUAAW. O"KUAtU<; [m.] 'fruit shell of the KUKTO<;' (Thphr.).

*skl-je/o- > *O"KUA-1W. In the latter case, we could assume that an original *skl-ne-h2/j- first yielded *o"KaAva-/*O"KaAVw-, on the basis of which a thematicized *o"KuAv-£Io- was formed (similarly in � �UAAW; note, however, that the latter derives from a root in *-h1, and that a nasal present from a root *skelh1- would •

•

oxuvoaAov

1341

be easier for o"KUAAW). It is unnecessary to assume that O"KUAAW reflects a laryngeal less root *skel-, pace LIV2. The derivatives of O"KUAAW all show a stem O"KaA- with single -A-, but this need not reflect an old situation; compare O"KOAO,/,.
1342 since we are dealing with a technical term, it is not unlikely that it is of Pre-Greek origin, or alternatively a loan from another Indo-European language. o"KUVSl�, -IKOl:; [f.] 'wild chervil, Scandix pecten Veneris' (Ar., And., Thphr., Dse.). -
•

o"Kav6apl�£lv =>aKlv8ap( £lv. O"KanepSa [f.] a game at the Dionysia, during which two young men sitting with their backs to each other try to lift up the other using a cord running through a pole (Poll. 9, 116, H.). -
•

O"KU7t£TOl:; [m.] 'digging' (Megara). -
O"KU7tTW [v.] 'to dig, dig out, work the earth', with KaTa- 'to inter, bury', usually 'to demolish, raze to the ground, destroy' (h. Mere., Pi.). -
�

aKapoafluaaw

1343

'buried' (S.), aKacp-lu [f.] 'ditch, grave' (Halaesa P), aKacp-eUe; [m.] 'digger' (E., Archipp., Hell. and late), also 'dish, aKacpTjcpOpoe;' (Corn. Adesp.), aKacp-euw [v.] 'to empty in a trough' (Ctes., PIu.), whence -euate; (Eun.); further -Wate;, -£la [f.] 'the digging' (Suid.), -eLOV [n.] 'shovel', also 'bowl, cup' (= -tOY; late Att. HelL), -e(Otov (Hdn. Bpim .), -WT�e; = fossor (gloss.), aKacp-TjTOe; [m.] 'the digging' (Thphr., Hell. and late inscr.), -TjTpOl [pI.] 'id.' (pap. IP); NWGr. (Delphi, Troezen, ete.) aKUneTOe; [m.] 'grave, tomb', Megara aKuneOOe; after 06.neOov, neOov (Solmsen 1909:196); also KUneTOe; 'id.' (n., Hp.), also 'spade' (Gortyn)?, uncertain aKaneTWate; 'the digging' (Troezen). 8. aKacpaAOe;' aVTATjT�p 'one who draws water' (H.), like nuaaaAOe; ete.; an A-suffIx also in aKacpAeUe; = aKacpeUe; (Athens Iva)? 9. aKan-uvTj [f.] 'shovel, spade' (Theoc., AP), also 'excavation' (Thphr.), with -av�TTje; [m.] 'digger' (Zonar.), -aveue; [m.] 'id.' (Lyc., Phld., Str.), -aveuw [v.] 'to dig up' (inscr. Magnesia, Phld. Rh.). 10. aKuflfla [n.] 'the digging, ditch, place dug up' (PI. Lg., Hell. and late). 11. nep(aKa'l'le; [f.] 'the digging up' (pap. VIP, Gp.). 12. aKam�p, -�poe; [m.] 'digger' (Margites, X. apud Poll.), see Fraenkel 191O: 107; 2, 55, Benveniste 1948: 39; fem. -T£Lpa (AP). 13. TN L:Kam� VATj (Thrace; Hdt. et al.) with L:KamTjauAlKoe; (Att. inscr.), -(TTje; [m.] (St. Byz.); on the formation see Schwyzer: 452. .ETYM The basis of the above forms is either aKan- (with aKacp- analogically after 8unTw: TUcpOe;, Tacp�Vat) or aKacp- (with aKan- before voiceless consonant, and analogically before vowel). In the case of aKan-, the relic Lat. scapulae, U seapla [acc.sg.] 'shoulder-blade' has been compared, assuming that it originally meant 'shovel' as a primary agent noun (cf. aKucpaAOe; above). In the case of aKacp-, aKumw could formally correspond to a verb for 'plane, scratch, etc.' in Lat. seaM, OHG seaban, Lith. skabiu (beside skobiu, skobti) 'to scoop out with a chisel, vel sim.', to which the Slavic group of Ru. sk6bel ' 'plane-iron', etc. is connected. Semantically, aKucpTj, aKucpOe;, etc. fit better with 'to plane, scoop out' than with 'to dig' (extensive treatment in Solmsen 1909: 196£f.), but such words may of course easily change their meaning. Frisk's discussion of aKumw, referring to Pok. 930ff., is highly dated. We\now know, for example, that PIE did not have an ablaut e � a, so the words with -e- (e.g. � KonTw, � aKenapVOe;) must be omitted. Connection with � aK�mw and � aK(nwv is formally and semantically unfeasible. The same holds for that with Lith. skobti, ISg. skobiu, as Greek has no form with long a (in other words, there is no trace of ablaut). It seems that the forms KUneTOe; and � aKUneTOe; may be Pre-Greek, and well as other forms with aKan-, like aKucpaAOe; and the strange aKacpAeUe;. The other forms seem to be based on *skabh -, as in Lat. seabo and OHG seaban. I suggest that this root is a loan from a European substrate language . *o"Kapa�alol:; =>Kupa�Oe;. O"KapSaf.LvO"O"w [v.] 'to blink, twinkle' (Hp., E., X., Arist.). -
1344 [adv.]) 'not blinking, without blinking' (Ar., X, Luc.), U-
•

•

1345 (anlaut uncertain), Liili. kedinti [f.] 'splinter', Latv. skadrs 'easy to split', ME scateren, MoE scatter, Mlr. scaindrim 'to split in two'. Cf. � 'reserved, exercising restraint' > 'careful'.
O"KEAOe; eaKAllKa is widely attested, the other stems were ousted by forms of the verbs �l1palvw and aualvw 'id.'. Although the verb looks Indo-European and could be projected back to a pre-form *skelh,-, good verbal comparanda are lacking. Nominal cognates may be MoHG schal 'faint, vapid', LG 'dry, barren', ME schalowe 'faint, tired, shallow' (E shallow) < PGm. *skala- and, without initial *s-, LG hal(l)- 'dry, meager', MoHG hellig 'tired, exhausted (by thirst)" and possibly Latv. killss 'meager', killst, ISg. killstu 'to dry up'. The adjective aKAllCPpoe; 'slender, weak, small, thin' (PI., Theopomp. Corn.; also Arist.) has been influenced in form and meaning by eAacppOe;.
•

•

1347 metathesis from *aKEpTr-aVOe;, connected with MoHG Scherbe, schurfen, etc. < *sker p- (thus Niedermann IF 37 (1916/1917): 149f.), are unconvincing as well. Both formally and semantically (instrument names), the word is much more likely to be of Pre-Greek origin. eVL xwpq> (Od.) or 'visible all around', perhaps to aK£7tT0flat; 3· governing compound aKETr-WVlOV [n.] 'storehouse' (pap. IIIP). Derivatives from aKETra�w: aKETr-aafla [n.] 'cover' (PI., Arist., etc.), -aate; [f.] (LXX), -aafloe; [m.] (EM) 'cover'; -aaT�e; [m.] 'screener, protector' (LXX), -aaTlKOe; (Arist., etc.), -aaT�pLOe; (D. S., D. H., etc.) 'covering, protecting', -aaTpov [n.] 'cover, veil' (Srn.), (7tapa-)aKETr- Ompa [f.] 'bandage' (Gal.). .ETYM Although aKE7tW seems primary at first sight, it is attested only late, which may indicate that it should rather be interpreted as a back-formation from the denominative verb aKETra�W (Schwyzer: 684) or from aKETrll, aKE7tae; (cf. the semantically close aTEyw beside aTEYll). Only the epic verbal adj. TrEplaKETrTOe; would contradict this hypothesis, but this form is used only in a standing expression in the Odyssey and may be better connected with the verb � aKETrToflat, as are later " attestations (Arat., Call. etc.). Although the stem looks lE and could be projected back to a pre-form *skep-, no good cognates are known. Only some Balto-Slavic forms like Lith. kepure, Ru. cepec 'cap, hood' may be connected, although these reflect an s-less stem *kep-. •

O"Kepaepoc; 'missing the goal' (Emp.); aKon:-lfloC; 'purposive, appropriate' (late); as a second member, e.g. o[wvo-aKon:oc; [m.] 'bird-watcher' with -ew, -(a, -lKOC;, -dov (E., Hell. and late). 2. prefix compounds: en:(-, Kani-, n:po-aKon:oc; [m.] 'spy, supervisor, foresighted, etc.' (Horn., Pi., lA). 3. aKon:� (KaTa-, em- etc.) [f.] 'spying, watch-tower' (Att., etc.) with aKomlw (Ar. Fr. 854). 4. aKoma, Ion. -l� [f.] 'watch-place (on a mountain, on a fortress), mountain summit, watch-tower' (epic Ion. poet., 11., also Hell. and late prose), with aKon:-l�TTjC; [m.] 'summit dweller' = IIav (Paus.), -la�w (an:o-) 'to spy, look out' (epic 11.), -laoflaL 'to perceive' (11.; only with Ola-). 5. aKon:ew, -eoflaL iterative-intensive to aKen:TOflaL (Pi., lA), non-presentic forms aKon: �aaL, -�aaa8aL, -�aw, -�aoflaL, eaKon:TjflaL (late). 6. aKom:uw (KaTa-, an:o-, em-), probably secondary for aKon:ew (X., LXX, pa'P., etc.), with aKon:-WO"lC;, -WT�C; (Aq.), -£la [n.pl.] (Procl.). See also � aKon:£Aoc; and � aKw'i'. oETYM The old yod-present aKe7tToflaL must derive from *an:eK-!oflaL with metathesis and be identical to Lat. specio, Av. spasiieiti, and (apart from initial s-) Skt. pasyati 'to see'. The aor. aKe'i'aa8aL can in the same way be identified with Lat. spex! and Skt. aspa�t�. The old root noun as found in Skt. spas-, Av. spas- 'spy', Lat. haru-spex, etc. < *spek- is not attested as such in Greek, and seems to have been replaced by aKon:oC;; cf. the cognate formulae Skt. su ryam . . . spasam and Horn. 'HeAlov . . . aKon:ov 'Sun, the spy'. The noun aKon:� « *spok-eh2 agrees, except for the accent, with ON spa [f.] 'prophesy' < PGm. *spaho < lE *spok-eh2•

oKEpa
aK£pp6Uw [v.] 'to vilify, slander' (Ar. Eq. 821, H.; ipv.).
1349

aKTjv(n:TW

Secondary verbal formation aKw-a�w, -a�OflaL expressing different nuances, e.g. 'to equip, arm, dress, prepare, etc.' (lA since h. Merc.), with aor. aK£U-aaaL, -aaaa8aL, very frequent with prefix, n:apa-, KaTa-, em-, etc. Derived from these, mostly with prefixes: aK£U-aO"l<;, -aO"lflo<;, -aa(a, -aafla, -aaTo<;, -aaT�<;, -aaTl-Ko<;; also n:apaaKw �, etc. Denominative verbs em-, KaTa-aKW-OW (cf. em-, KaTa-aKw�) -a�w (Argos, Crete, Delphi etc.), aKwoua8aL £TOlfla�w8aL 'to prepare for oneself (H.). oETYM The preservation of the w-diphthong before a vowel is hard to explain in .an Ionic-Attic word. No good cognates are known. Connection with Lith. sauti, 1Sg. sauju 'to shoot, shove', Ru. sovtit' 'to shove, sting, push', etc. < *keuH- is semantically unlikely. =

=

OKT\Vq [f.] '(roof of a) tent, booth, banquet; stage (building), scene' (lA, Dor.).
1350 -ETYM Popular expressive contamination of aK�TITW and the words discussed s.v. � KvhV, especially KVL1tUV' a£I£LV 'to shake' and aKVlTIT£LV' vuaa£LV 'to prick' (H.). DELG objects that the words quoted do not fit the meaning. Cf. � aKTJplTIToflaL. OK�TITO!lal [v.] 'to support oneself, lean, pretend something, use as a pretention', act. 'to throw down, sling', intr. 'to throw oneself down, fall down' (lA), e1tl-aK�TITW also 'to impose, command', med. (Att. juridical language) 'to object, prosecute, raise a complaint'. � EUR?� -VAR Act. aK�TITW, fut. aK�'/Iw, aor. aK�'/IaL, pass. aKTJepe�VaL, perf. eTI-eaKTJepu, pass. eTI-eaKTJflflul. Fut. aK�'/I0flaL, aor. aK�'/IuaeaL. -COMP Frequent with prefix (almost only acq,,: KUTU-, e1tl-, aTIo-, ev-. -DER aK�'/IlC; [f.] 'excuse, pretention, pretext' (lA), eTIlaKTJ'/IlC; [f.] 'objection, complaint' (Att.); aTIoaKTJflflu, aTIep£Laflu 'prop' (H.) (A. Fr. 18 = 265 M.), eTIlaKTJflflu = eTIlaKTJ'/IlC; (Lex. Rhet. Cant.). Beside this, several expressions for 'stick, etc.': 1. aKUTIOC;' KAo.80c;, KUt uV£floC; TIOlOC; 'branch, a certain wind' (H.); for the latter meaning, cf. aKTJTITOC; below. 2. aKTJTI-o.VTJ [f.] (AB) with -o.VlOV [n.] 'stick, scepter' (N 59, L 247, Call. Fr. anon. 48, AP), aKUTIo.VlOV' �uKTTJPlu, UAAOl aKlTIWVU 'staff, crutch' (H.). 3. aKUTITOV [n.] (Dor.) 'id.' (Pi.), lA aK�TITOV in aKTJTIT-OUXOC; 'stick-, scepter-bearer' = 'ruler' (Horn. etc.), with the Persians and other Asiatic peoples who have a high office at the court (Semon., X., etc.), with -IU [f.] (A. etc.). 4. aK�TITpOV [n.] 'id.' (ll., epic poet.); like �o.KTpOV, etc. Semantically more remote: 5. aKTJTITOC; [m.] 'thunderbolt, lightning, suddenly breaking storm' (trag., X., D., Arist. etc.); cf. epPUKTOC;, aTp£TITOc;. -ETYM The root of all these words is aKUTI-, with the system aK�TITW < *skap-ie/o-, aK�'/IaL, aKUTIOC; comparable to e.g. KOTITW, KO'/laL, KOTIOC; and TUTITW, TU'/IaL, TUTIOC;. The noun aKUTIOC; can be equated with Lat. scapus 'shaft, stalk' and Alb. shkop 'stick, scepter', pointing to *skeh2p-o-. Zero-grade forms may be attested in the Germanic words for 'shaft, spear, lance', OHG skaft [m.], ON skapt [n.], etc. < *skh2p-. Although formally the words could certainly be of lE origin, the distribution of forms and the semantics rather point to a European substrate origin. OKTJPLTITO!lal [v.] 'to support oneself, uphold oneself (Od., Nic., Ph.), act. (secondary, Wackernagel l916: 131) aKTJplTITW 'to support, uphold' (A. R.). � ?� -VAR Only pres. -COMP Also with 8lU- (AP), e1tl- (H. S.v. e1tlaK�TITw). -ETYM Expressive cross of aK�TIToflaL and aTTJPI�uaeaL, eaT�plKTaL (pres. aTTJpl(oflaL, -w first in tragedy). Cf. � aKTJvlTITw. OKln [f.] 'shade' (Od.), also 'variegated hem or edging of a dress' (Hell. inscr. and pap., Men.), see Wilhelm Glotta 14 (1925): 82f. � IE *skeh2-ih2, gen. skh2-ieh2-s 'shadow'� -VAR Ion. -l�. -COMP E.g. aKta-Tpoepew, -eoflaL (Ion. aKlTJ-), Att., etc. also -Tpaepew, -eoflaL (to aKlUTpUep�C; like £lJTPUep�C; etc.; to TpUep�VaL) 'to live (raise) in the shadow or indoors, to grow up pampered' (lA), after � ou-KoAew etc., see Schwyzer: 726; �UeU-aKloc; 'with deep shadow, deeply shaded' (h. Merc. etc.), KUTo.-, eTII-aKlOC; etc. beside KUTa-, e1tl-

1351

aKlo.(W; on 80Alxo-aKloc;, see 80AlX0C; (acc. to a different interpretation, it means 'with long ash', see Treu 1955: 119f.). -DER 1. aKlo.C;, -o.80c; [f.] 'shade roof, tent-roof, pavilion', also name of a eOAOC; in Athens, etc. (Eup., Theoc., Att. inscr.). 2. aKlo.8-l0V [n.] 'sunscreen' (corn., Thphr.). 3. -laKTJ [f.] 'id.' (Anacr.). 4. aKI-aLvu [f.] (Arist.), -aLVIC; [f.] (Gal.; v.l. aKlvlC;), -u8£uc; [m.] (Hell. and late) fish name (after the dark color, Stromberg 1943: 27, see also aKlaLvu, Thompson 1947); to this aKluelC; 'id.' (Epich.), perhaps from the island name LKlueOC; (Stromberg l.c.). 5. aKl-o£lC; 'rich in shadows, casting shade, shaded' (ll., epic poet.); -o.£LC; (Hdn.; also Pi. Pae. 6, 17?). 6. aKl-£poC;, also -upoC; 'id.' (especially epic poet. since A 480, see Schwyzer: 482, Chantraine 1933: 230). 7. aKl-w8TJC; 'shadowy, dark' (Hp., E., Arist.). 8. aKl-uKoC; 'provided with shade' (WpOA6ylOV Pergam. Ira; Hdn.). 9. aKl-wToC; 'provided with a hem (aKlu) ' (Peripl. M. Rubr., pap.). Denominative verb aKlUW (Od., Hell. and late epic), aKlu(w (lA) 'to shade, overshadow, shroud in darkness', forms: aKlUaaL (
oKlc')apov [adj.] apaLov 'thin' (H.). � PG (v) � -ETYM Fur.: 368 connects a-Kl8voc;, which has a- instead of a-. This looks like a Pre Greek variation. .

OKlc')nCVTJ, oKLvc')aepoc; =>KI8uepoc;. OKlc')VTJfll =>aK£8uvvufll. oKLUa [f.] 'squill' (Thgn., Hippon., Arist., etc.). � PG?�

1352 .DER aKlAA-lTlle;, of olvoe; (Ps.-Afric., Colum.), see Redard 1949: 99; -mKOe;, of o�oe; (Dsc. et al.), -lVOe; 'made of a.' (Dsc. et al.), -<.00I1e; 'a.-like' (Thphr. etc.). ETYM Unexplained foreign word, probably Pre-Greek (*skilYa?). Borrowed as Lat. scilla. •

OKlflO:AL�W [v.] 'to jeer, flout' (Ar. Ach. 444, Pax 549, D. L. 7, 17); acc. to gramm. (Moer., Phryn., H.) = KaTaoaKTuAl(W; acc. to sch. Ar. Pax ad loc. 'to hold up the middle finger' (sens. obsc.). -
aKLVU�, -aKoc; [m.] designation or epithet of the hare, Aaywoe; (Nic.).
1353 .ETYM Often compared with � Klvoa�, although this is semantically rather gratuitious (the meaning of aKlva� is unclear). If connected, the variation between aKlV- 1 KlVO-, as well as the presence of the suffIx -aK-, points to a Pre-Greek origin. OKLVUP [n.] 'body' (Nic. Th. 694). KloacpOe;. OKlVOU,/,OC; [m.] name of a four-stringed musical instrument with thorn-like appendices (middle corn. etc.), also designation for a senseless word (Artem., S. E. etc.); name of an ivy-like plant (Clitatch.; cf. Dawkins lHS 56 (1936): 9f.).
1354

OKlVeapL(W

.ETYM A foreign word like Kleapa, �ap�LTOe;, and many other instrument names. It is of Pre-Greek origin, in view of the interchange o-/zero. oKlv6apl�w ==>oKlv8apoe;. OKlV6o<; [m.] 'jumper, swimmer' (Thphr H. P. 4, 6, 9); translated as naufragus by Pliny. � ?� .ETYM Unknown. OKlOUP0<; [m.] 'squirrel' (Opp., Plin.). � PG?� .ETYM The interpretation of this word as a bahuvrihi compound of oKla and ou pa, "who generates shade with his tail" (thus e�g. Frisk), looks like a folk etymology rather than a serious explanation. The suffix -'ou p oe; could point to Pre-Greek origin (from -arW-o-?) . Borrowed as MLat. *scuriolus, which is the source of MoFr. ecureuil, MoE squirl, etc. OKl7rWV, -WVO<; [m.] 'staff, stick', also 'crutch' (Hdt. 4, 172, Cratin. [lyr.] , Ar. [anap.], E. [anap.], Call., AP, Hp., Epid. Iva). � ?� .VAR v.ll. OK�1tWV (after OK�1tTpOV?), OKLfl1tWV (after OKLfl1tTOflUl?). .COMP As a first member e.g. in Ct-OKL1tWV 'staffless' (AP) . ETYM Ionic poetic word, built like KUCPWV, MAWV, and other tool names (Chantraine 1933: 161f.), and almost identical with Lat. sc'ipio, -onis [m.] 'staff (as a sign of power and dignity, like OK�1tTpOV). The further similarity with oKll1tavlov, OK�1tTpOV, and cognates (see � OK�1tTOflUl) has been observed for a long time; however, the forms cannot be combined under one pre-form. It is unlikely that � OKLfl1tTOflUl is a denominative nasal present (like OK�1tT0flUl from OKCt1tOe;); for a different explanation, see s.v. Further, connection is considered with , the semantically unclear oKoI1toe;' � e�ox� TWV �UAWV, eq> wv dat ot KEpaflOl (H.), probably of the supporting beams on which the tiles rest. Connection with OK�1tTpOV, etc. seems impossible (DELG refers to Benveniste 1935: 167 and to Szemerenyi 1980: 133). It is unclear how to assess the similarity of the Latin form. •

oKlpa
=

OKlpOV [n.] a white parasol or canopy, which was carried at processions from the Acropolis to a place called LKlpov (LKLpOV) (later a suburb of Athens) on the holy road to Eleusis in honor of Athena Skiras and other deities (Lysimachid., sch. Ar. Ec.

1355 18); plur. LKLpa name of a women's festival in honor of Demeter, Kore and Athena Polias (Ar., inscr. et al.). � ?� .COMP As a first member in LKlpo-
oKlpTaw [v.] 'to jump, hop' (especially epic poet. Y 226, 228, also late p[ose), -EW (Opp.). � ?� VAR Only pres. and ipf. .COMP Also with prefix (mostly late), e.g. Ctva-, em-, KaTa-. DER OKLPT-llfla [n.] 'jump' (A., E. et al.), -llate; [f.] 'the jum�ing' (PIu.), -llefloe; [m.] , 'id.', -llT�e; [m.] 'jumper, dancer' (Mosch., Orph. etc.), -llTlKoe; (PIu., Corn.); LKlpT�e; [m.] name of a satyr (backfomation; AP, Nonn. etc.), -TWV, -TWVOe; [ m.] 'one who IS •

•

exalted' (Eun.). . . ETYM Iterative-intensive formation in -Taw from � oKaLpw < *skr-le/O-. The -l- IS thought to be a secondary prop vowel, but this makes the etymology formally less certain. •

OKA'lPO<;, OKA'lOKEAAOflUl. OKVl1tO<;, OKVl'/' ==>KVL,/,.

,

" �'

1356

=

"

O'KOt()Oe; [m.] OiKOVofloe;, Tafliae;, etc., designation of a Macedonian official (Hdn. Gr., Poll., H.), epithet of Dionysus (Men.); KOl�.
I

,

�' /

'

1357

-DER
O'KOfl�POC; [m.] 'mackerel' (Epich., Ar., Arist. etc.). � PG?� -DER Diminutive Kovu�a. O'K01t£AOC; [m.] 'cliff, rock, mountain peak' (mostly epic poet. B 396) , 'watch-tower' (pap.), -ov [n.] 'earthen wall, hill' (LXX). � ?� -DER
aKOnEW, aKOnla, aKOnO� OKonEW, OKOma, OKono� -aKEnT0f.lUl. OKopaK[�W -KOpa�. oKop6iva.o�al [v.] 'to stretch (drowsily), yawn' (Hp., Ar., Poll.). � ?� VAR Ion. -E0f.lUl. .DER aKopo[v-Tjf.la [n.] (KOpO- v.l. Erot.), -Tjaf.l0� [m.] (Hp., GaL). .ETYM Presumably from a non-attested noun *aKopolvOV, -O�. A more primary form is probably represented by aKopM�£lV' amla8Ul (H.). Hardly related to � Kopoa�, � KpaOaW; no further etymology. •

oKop6uATj -KOpOUATj.

'-',

OKOpO�UAO� [m.] Kav8apo� 'dung-beetle' (H.). � PG(v)� ETYM Clearly connected with � Kapa�O�. The word therefore seems to continue *aKap(aW-uA-, with 0 from a before U in the next syllable. •

oKopo6ov [n.] 'garlic, Allium sativum' (Milete VI', Ion., corn., Thphr. et al.). �PG?� VAR Hell. and late also aKopoov (see Schwyzer: 259); there is also aKopaoov (inscr. Cyrene), which may be secondary. .COMP A number of compounds, e.g. aKOPOO-aAf.lTj [f.] 'salty garlic-broth' (corn.), cf. Risch IF 59 (1949): 58; o
oKopn[o� [m.] 'scorpion' (A. Fr. 169 368M.); often metaph. as epithet of a fish (corn., Arist. et al.), after the poisonous stings, see Stromberg 1943: 124f., Thompson 1947 S.V.; also aKopn-Ulva, -[�, on which see below; of a plant (Thphr.), see Stromberg 1937: 50f.; of a constellation (Cleostrat., HelL), see Scherer 1953: 170; a war machine for firing arrows (Hero et al.), whence aKopn[�w (see below); of a stone (Orph.), also aKopnlTl�, -[TTj�. � PG (v)� .COMP As a first member e.g. in aKopn[-oupo� (-ov) plant name (Dsc.). .DER 1. Substantives: aKopn-[ov [n.] plant name (Dsc.), -[OlOV [n.] 'small slinging machine' (Plb., LXX), -[� [f.] (Arist.), -Ulva [f.] (Ath.) fish name (see above); -LTl� [f.], -[TTj� [m.] name of a stone (Plin., late pap.), after the color and shape, Redard 1949: 61); -lWV, -lWVO� [m.] month name in Alexandria (Ptol.). 2. Adjectives: aKopn-lwoTj� 'resembling the a. ' (Arist., Ph. et al.), -�'io� , -£l0� 'belonging to the a. ' (Orph., Man.), -lO£l� 'id.' (Nic.), -laKo� 'id.' (medic.), -lavo� 'born under the sign a. ' (Astr.). 3. Verbs: aKopn-[�w 'to scatter' (Hecat. [?], Hell. and late), also with ola- etc., -la[v0f.lUl =

1359 'to be enraged' (Procop.), aKOpmOUTal' aypla[v£TUl, ep£8[�£TUl 'gets angry, is provoked' (H.). .ETYM The scorpion is widely distributed in the southern parts of Europe, but there are isolated populations as far north as the Isle of Sheppy in Great Britain. The Indo Europeans, whose homeland was probably located to the North of the Black Sea, did not have a word for the scorpion, and the Greeks must therefore have adopted it from a different language when they arrived in the Mediterranean. Acc. to Fur. (see his index), � Kapa�o�, Kapaf.l�LO�, � *aKapa�alo�, � K£paf.l�U�, K£paf.l�TjAOV, KTjpa
-�

1360 the opposite *haiou-, originally 'appearance in the light' in Go. haidus 'art, manner', etc). Beside these, we find Celtic forms with an apparent lengthened grade, e.g. OIr. scath [n.] 'shadow'. We may reconstruct either lE *skoto-, -tu (Greek and Germanic) beside *skoto- (Celtic), or an ablauting root noun *sk(e)h3t- (MatasoviC 2008 S.v. *skato-). Cf. also on � aK[(i. aKpl�AhlJ<; [m.] 'cheesecake' (Chrysipp. Tyan. apud Ath. 14, 647d). � LW Lat.> ETYM From Lat. scriblUa [m.] 'id.', which itself seems to have been taken from Greek (*<1Tp£�Ah'1e; : <1Tp£�A6e;?); see WH s.v. and Redard 1949: 91. •

.VAR Backformation aKuoflaLVoe;· aKu8pW1t6e; 'sad- or angry-looking' (H.). COMP With Ct1tO- (L 65). .DER aKu�oflaL 'id.' (Horn.), also with E1tl-, aor. opt. E1tlaKUaaaLTO ('1 306), ind. E1tlaKUaaL (EM) 'id.'; act. aKU�OU<1lV' �aux� imocp8tYYOVTaL, wa1t£p KUV£e; 'speak quietly in an undertone, like dogs' (H.); aKU�o.W 'id.' (Poll.). Perhaps also PN LKuopoe; (Delos IV'); cf. Bechtel 1917b: 501. With a suffIx -8po - or -po-: aKu8p6e; 'grumpy, murky, gloomy' (Men., Arat.) , whence aKu8p-o.�w [v.] 'to be grumpy, murky' (E. El. 830), -[wv [m.] PN (Tanagra IV'); on aKu8pa�· fl£lpa�, £cp'1�oe; 'young boy, adolescent' (H.), see aKup8o.Aloe;. Especially in aKu8p-w1t6e; 'with a gloomy look' (Hp., Att.; cf. Sommer 1948: 7 and 9), whence -W1t6T'1e; [f.] (Hp.), -W1to.�W [v.] 'to look gloomy, etc.', -W1t(l(Jfl6e; [f.] (PIu.). -ETYM Like in EplOfla[vw beside Ep[�W, aKuofla[vw beside aKu�oflaL has its -fl- from 1t'1fla[vw, 8£Pfla[vw, etc. For aKu8p6e;, there is no reason to assume a pre-form *aKuo-8poe; (whence *aKua-8p6e; and, with dissimilation, aKu8p6e;). There is no certain etymology. Lith. (pra-)skusti, ISg. -skundu, pret. -skudau 'to become nervous, tired, begin to feel pain', Latv. skundet 'to grumble, commiserate, blame, grudge', etc. (Pok. 955) cannot be related, as ilie accentuation points to * _ dh _. •

-DER aKU�o.W (Ctva-, EK-) [v.] 'to be in heat', of dogs, horses et al. (Cratin., Arist. et al.) with -'1<1le; [f.] (Ar. Byz.). oETYM Unexplained. The word could be Pre-Greek (note the meaning), from a pre form PG *skuf:Ya.

aKuofla[vw. aKuAu�) -iiKO<; [f., m.] 'doggy, puppy' (Od.), also 'whelp, cub' in general (E. [lyr.] , Nic., Luc. et al.); metaph. 'collar, neckband' (PI. Corn., Plb.). � PG?> -COMP Also as a first member e.g. in aKuAaKo-Tp6cpoe; 'breeding dogs', with -[a, -lK6e; (late). -DER 1. Diminutive aKuAuK-lov [n.] (lA). 2. Fern. -aLva (AP), -'1 (Orph.). 3 . Substantive -LTle; [f.] 'protectress of cubs', epithet of Artemis (Orph.), see Redard 1949: 212; -£ue; [m.] = aKuAa� (Opp.), rather metrical enlargement than back formation from -£uw (cf. B06hardt 1942: 71 and Kretschmer Clotta 11 (1921): 228). 4. Adjective -£LOe; 'of puppies' (Hp., S. E.); -w0'1e; (X.), -wTlK6e; 'belonging to a puppy' (Ph.), analogical enlargement. 5. Verb -£uw act. 'to mate, copulate', of dogs (X., Arr.), pass. 'to be raised' (Str., Max. Tyr.), with -Eta [f.] 'dog-breeding' (PIu., PolL), -wfla [n.] 'offspring' (Epigr. apud PIu., AP), -WT�e; [m.] 'dog-breeder' (Him.). .ETYM Words for young animals often end in -a� (cf. fl£1pa�, otAcpa�, 1t6pTa�; see Chantraine 1933: 377ff.). Therefore, aKuAa� could be related to aKuAlov [n.] name of a shark (Arist.) and to aKuAAa fish name (Nic. Fr. 137 Schn.); see Solmsen 1909: 20'; forms with a geminate are aKuA(A)oe; = aKuAa�, KUWV (EM, H.), aKuAAle;' KA'1flaTle; (H., Stromberg 1940: 31), and KUAAa· aKuAa� (KuAAae;· KUAa� cod.). 'HA£lol (H.). LKuAA'1, Att. LKuAAa ("the bitch"), name of the well-known sea-monster (Od.), is perhaps related. There are no certain cognates outside Greek. Arm. c'ul, gen. c'l-u 'young bull', from lE *skul- or *skol-, was compared by Meillet BSL 26 (1925): 20f. Comparison with Lith. skalikas 'barking dog' (from skalyti 'to bark hunting') and kale 'bitch' go back to *(s)kol-. Schwyzer KZ 37 (1904): 150 pointed at aKU�OU<1lV (H.) and aKuofla[vw (does this contain a root *sku-? Cf. � aKuflvoe;). In view of the lack of an etymology, the word could well be Pre-Greek. -VAR Aor. aKuA-aL, pass. -�VaL (-'18�vaL Eust.); fut. -�aoflaL, perf. med. £aKuAflaL. With metathesis �uAAw8aL if 'aKuAAw8aL' (SIC 56, 3; Argos V'; cf. Schwyzer: 329). -COMP Rarely with Ct1tO-, E1tl-, 1tpO-, (JUV-. -DER aKuA-fl6e; [m.] 'bothering, tribulation' (Hell. and late), 'rending, mangling' (sch.), -flw0'1e; 'troublesome' (Vett. Val.); -fla (twice with K6fl'1e;) [n.] 'hair plucked out' (AP), cf. £aKUATaL (K6fl'1) 'is tousled' (AP); aKuA<1le;' 8ufl6e;, ao.Aoe;, Tapax� 'spirit, a tossing motion, disorder' (H.), -TlK6e; 'vexatious' (Vett. Val.). Further aKuAoe; [n.] (plo aKuAa in Nic. Th. 422) 'stripped hide, skin' (Call., Theoc., AP; cf. 8Epfla to 8Epw), 'nutshell' (Nic.); as a first member in aKuAo-8E'V'1e; [m.] 'tanner' (Ar.), -6e; 'id.' (D.). Also aKuAoe; [n.] (Herod. 3, 68 with U after aKuTOe;, if not a misspelling). See � KoaKUAflo.Tla 'cuttings of leather'. -ETYM Together with its derivations, aKuAAw is especially known from the later colloquial language and in the metaphorical meaning 'to pester, etc.'. Through adaptation to � aKuAa, the aor. aKuAaL may have obtained the meaning 'harass,

aKUAU plunder' (but see s.v.). Only pres. aKuAAovTm 'they are stripped of their flesh', of warriors drowned by fish (A. Pers. 577 [lyr.l), and aKuAo-O£'\IT]<; (Ar.) are attested early. Traditionally connected with the group of � aKaAAw (see s.v. and Pok. 923f.) , where U in aKuAAw was supposed to be a reduced vowel (Schwyzer: 351) . This scenario is impossible, but Vine 1999b: 565ff. regards aKuAAw as an o-grade formation *skol

je!o-. aKuAu [n.pl.] 'war-booty, especially weapons', also -ov 'spoil, booty' (S., E., Th. et al.). -1 PG?� .DER *aKuAulo<; in aKuAulu<;, Ta aKUAU KUL ��

Lys.) .

ETYM Formation like vT]
nor an o-grade, the etymology is incorrect. There is no better etymology, but Pre Greek origin is probable (note the variant without a-).
suffIx, see Chantraine 1933: 186), -wv, -wvo<; [m.] , meaning unclear (GaL). aKu�lcpoV' aKucpov (H.) is doubtful. ETYM No etymology. The form aKucpo<; is similar to aKucp0<;, -'l (see � aKU1tTw), but the vocalism is unexplained. Fur.: 176 compares KU�O<;' . , . IIUcplOl 8£ 1'0 1'pU�AlOV 'a drinking vessel' (H.), etc., which could be a Pre-Greek variant. •

OKWA'l� 1, -TJKO� [m.] 'worm, larva' (N 564). -
OKWATJ� 2. [?] · 1'0 KUAlOfl£VOV KUflU 'wave rolling along' (H., PI. com., Phryn.). KUL <1110 1'�<; UAW 1'0 Olv'l8tv KUL auvux8tv £1<; AlKfl'l1'OV 'from the threshing-floor, what is whirled and put together into winnowing' (H.). -
OKWAO� [m.] 'pointed pole' (N 564), 'thorn, prickle' (Ar. et al.). -
•

•

OKW1tTW [v.] 'to mock, jest, flout, taunt' (h.Cer. 203). -
•

•

'mocker' (Ar. et al.), -'lAO<; 'mocking' (Zonar.). On aKw11£uflu, aKw11[u<;, names of dances, see � aKw'1'. .ETYM An unexplained formation that must be recent in the prehistory of Greek. The root may be that of � aKe1tToflaL 'to look about' or � aKU1tTW 'to dig', but neither is immediately obvious. Perhaps the verb is related to � aKw'1' 'little horned owl'. OKWP [n.] 'muck, excrement' (Epich., Ar., Stratt.). -
OKwpvucptav [f.] = 1'0 aKuvouAOV < "EXUPfl0<;>, £V M'la[v· £V ot TpluKumv 1'a omw0'l , xpeu 'trap, stumbling-block; bony meat (if to be read as Ta oa-rWo'l Kpeu) (H.). -
o"uipay()o� [f., m.] 'emerald' (Hdt., PI., etc.). -
I I

aflapaYEW we also For the Greek reflex afl-, cf. LflEp8l<; beside OP Bardiya, etc. (Schwyzer: 311); attested is which <;, flapay80 have to reckon with influence of aflapayEw. The form borrowed only later, may have been borrowed from Indic. From Greek, in turn, were taken, was zumrud Osman. Lat. smaragdus and Pers. and Arab. zumurrud, whence s.v. Aia EW which was again borrowed as Ru. izumrud. Cf. Mayrhofer Hp. Mul. o!Jupuytw [v.] 'to drone, roar, thunder', of the sea, thunder, etc. (epic n., also 2, 154). � PG(V» .VAR Aor· -fiaal. . , ,dromng . , COMP As a second member (directly referring to the verb) m Epl-aflapayo<; aq payo<; loudly', of ZEU<; (Hes.), later also of 8aAaa , etc.; also n:OAU-" �apu-, aAl-afla , flapaaaw (EM), w aflapaaa 693), Th. (Hes. 'id.' [v.] (w etc. (Opp., Nonn.). aflapay[ (Erot.). . (Hom. .DER aflapay-� [f.] 'the droning' (Opp.), -0<; [m.] name of a chthomc god •

, , . , aflapaYEw is an onomatopoeic formatIOn lIke AaAaYEw, n:aTaYEW, acpapaYEoflUl, pa8aYEw, etc., beside which we fin� AaAay�, �aTU,Yo<;, acpapayo227<;, pa8ayo<;, etc.; aflapaaaw is formed like e.g. n:aTaaaw and pa8aaaw. Fur.:words two considers acpapayo<; to be a variant (with interchange 'Ill fl), and takes the 1914: 159). Giintert (pace EoflUl acpapaY to d unrelate is it to be Pre-Greek. In any case, ol TOU<; O!Jap6lKov [n.] . aTpou8[ov 'sparrow; lewd person'; aflapOtKon:WAUl' aTpou80u<; n:WAOUVTE<; 'those who sell sparrows' (H.). �PG(v» p80uv: ETYM As per Groselj Ziva Ant. 7 (1957): 228, aflap8lKov is related to � afl� �stead l 226 Fur.: auvouata(ElV 'to keep company, have intercourse with' (H.). �H ) , sparrow a ing compares an:apaatOV 0PVEOV EflcpEP£<; aTpou84J 'bird resembl v IS aflop80u f I fl and which would give us a typically Pre-Greek variation between n: :. ongm. ek indeed related, the interchange al 0 would also point to Pre-Gre (Epich., o!Jup(<;, -(60<; [f.] name of a small fish resembling the flUlV[<;, 'Sparus smaris' Epigr.).

.ETYM The word

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Arist., Opp., Marc. Sid. etc.), see Thompson 1947 S.v. � PG(V» , bream , .ETYM Fur.: 226 convincingly compares an:apo<; 'a small sea-fish, a kind of fll n:. A which proves Pre-Greek origin for this word in view of the v�riation 87), 1943: rg Strombe (pace ible implaus is (Hero) connection with aflTJP[(ElV 'to plane' Sid.). Marc. only et (long ii because aflap[<; generally has short

ointment'. o!Jaw, o!Jao!Jat [v.] 'to rub (off), wipe off, med. also 'to rub oneself with � IE? *smeh1- 'rub'> aflfiaUl, VAR aflet, afletTUl (Hdt. and late); aflft, aflfiTUl (Att. com.); aflfiv (Luc.), aor. ; ptc. med. perf. -�aaa8a (mostly Ion. Hell. and late), Dor. ptc. aflaaaflEva (Call.), n:Po -E(flTJaflEvo<; (pap. lIP), .COMP Also (especially act.) with un:o-, EK-, etc. 17, Hell. and .DER aflf]fla, Dor. (Theoc.) aflafla [n.] 'cleanser, soap, oint�ent' (Ar. Fr. A. afl�, Xw, 330): late). With a velar enlargement (Schwyzer: 702, Chantrame 1942: -OflUl 'id.' (since ( 226), aor. aflf]�Ul, -aa8Ul (Hp., Hell. and late), pass. afl�x8TJVUl K(Ar.), perf. med. ptc. EaflTJYflEvO<; (DSC.), also with un:o-, Ota- etc. Hence 1. VEO-aflTJ •

I TO<; 'newly polished' (N 342 et al.). 2. aflfiYf1a = aflf]fla, with -flaniJ8TJ<; (Hp., late). 3. aflfi�l<; (un:o-) [f.] 'the rubbing off, cleaning' (Str., Dsc. et al.). 4. afl�K-TTJ<; [m.] 'one who rubs off (gloss.); -Tp[<; [f.] 'kind of fuller's earth' (Hp., com.), -TlKO<; 'cleaning' (medic.). B. aflwxw 'to bray, grind' (Ar., Nic.), aor. aflw�Ul, perhaps after awxw, \jIwxw.

.ETYM Etymology uncertain. Possibly related to Lat. macula [f.] 'stain, blot' (from *smH-tla; see De Vaan 2008 s.v.). In any event, it is unrelated to Go. bi-, ga-smeitan, OHG smlzan, etc. Although one would first think of reconstructing a root *smeh2-, LIV2 s.v. *smeh1- follows DELG in taking the a-forms as secondary, and deriving the verb from *smeh1- instead. The preservation of initial *sm- in some Greek words is problematic. See also on � aflw8l� and � aflwvTJ. o!JEp6aAto<; [adj.] 'terrible, frightening, fearsome', of appearance, cry and shouting (epic Il.). � ?> .VAR aflEp8vo<; 'id.' (n., h. Ham., A. Pr. 355, Nic.). .ETYM aflEp8aAEo<; can be compared with AwyaAto<;, upyaAEo<; etc.; aflEp8vo<; is formed like e.g. 8£lvo<;. The pair aflEp8aAEo<; : aflEp8vo<; shows an interchange of suffIxes like in taxaAEo<; : taxvo<;, etc.; see Benveniste 1935: 45f. A corresponding s stem (like in 8apaaAEo<; : 8apao<;) is found in aflEp8 [v] 0<;' Af] fla, pWflTJ, Mvafll<;, opflTJfla 'will, vigor, power, impulse' and EuaflEp8�<;· EilpwaTo<; 'robust, strong' (H.), for the meaning of which cf. 8£lvoTTJ<;, also 'power, force, dexterity'. The word aflEp8aAEo<; is traditionally connected with OHG smerzan, OE smeortan 'to hurt' and OE smeart 'painful', MoE smart 'biting, stinging, sharp, witty, elegant'. However, the Germanic word may rather be related to Lat. mordeo 'to bite', and within Greek uflEp8w 'to deprive of (thus LIV2 s.v. *h2merd-). In this case, aflEp8has no etymology, unless we assume that PIE *h2merd- interchanged with *smerd (on the problem, see Beekes 1969: 84). Cf. also � aflop80uv. o!Jtp60<; [?] tx8uo<; £[80<; 'kind of fish' (H.). � ?> .ETYM Etymology unknown. o!Jfjvo<; [n.] 'beehive, skep' (Hes. Th. 594, IG 1\ 326: 15, PI. Resp. 552C, Arist.), 'swarm of bees (wasps), swarm in general' (A. Pers. 128 [lyr.] , S. Fr. 897, com., PI., Arist., etc.), � PG?> .VAR Dor. (Theoc.) aflavo<;; plur. aflf]va (Orac. apud PIu. 2, 96b), aflfivUl (leg. -TJ?) TWV flEAlaawv ol KTJpo86XOl, �TOl al 8f]KUl 'the wax containers of bees, the cells' (H.); improbable conjecture by Feyel Rev. arch. (1946): 5ff. to read LflfivUl for aEflva[ in h. Mere. 552. .COMP aflTJv-ouPYO<; [m.] 'beekeeper' (Ael., PolL), cplAO-aflTJvo<; (flEAlaaa) 'loving swarms, appearing in swarms' (Nonn.). .DER Diminutive aflTJv-[ov [n.] 'beehive' (Dsc.), = n:pOn:OAl<; 'bee-glue' (H.); -wv, -wvo<; [m.] 'station (stand) of beehives' (Olymos P; (fl-), -lWV 'id.' (Apollon. Mir.), -TJ86v 'in swarms' (Hdn. Epim.). .ETYM The formation can be compared with e8vo<;, KTfivo<;, epvo<;, TEflEVO<; etc.; the original meaning was probably 'swarm (of bees)' rather than 'beehive'. The etymology of aflf]vo<; is unknown. Fur.: 376 compares taflfivUl' 8fiKUl, UKOAou80l

'cases, followers' (H., see Latte); although this does not yet prove that the word is of Pre-Greek origin, it is nevertheless is a good possibility (pace DELG, which assumes lE origin without argumentation). t1f1i1 PlY� => 1li1 PlY�,

, t1f1T)Pl�W [v.] 'to abrade, smooth, polish' (:rero). � ?� . . . : , airtight mgramed tube . [n.] t1IlTjPlt1IlU .DER Diminutive -Ilu-nov [n.] (Hero Splr.); .ETYM Although a connection with t11li1 plY� is formally attractive, the semanti�s . �re ,

,

not clear (originally *'to depilate'?). Alternatively, we might consider the posslblhty that it is an extended variant of
t1f1�plv9o<; =>IlTjpuollm. t1f1�w =>0llaw. t1f1lKp6<; =>lllKpO<;. t1f1LAa� [f., m.] 'Taxus baccata, common yew tree', also the name of an ,ivy-like �ee�

and a leguminous plant (Att., Hell.), in Arcadia the name of an oak, Quercus llex (Thphr.). �PG(v)� VAR �Att. 1l1Au�, -UKO<;; also 1111..0<; (Cratin., Thphr.), olllAo<; (Call., NlC., Dsc.) [m.] 'taxus' . DIAL Myc. mi-ra2 has been intepreted as /(s)milia/, denoting the material a table is made of. .DER OlllACtK-lvo<; (Poll.), -£[0<; (Theognost.) 'made of yew'. .ETYM For the relationship between (0)1l1Au� and (o)!liAo<;, one may compare OlOU� : 0100<; or 6po�u� : o po �o<;. Because of the OAtt. variants !liAu� and 1111..0<;, o!liAu� cannot be related to 0IlIATj: the variants prove Pre-Greek origin for this word (Fur.: 390). t1f1lATj [f.] 'knife, wood-carving knife, scalpel, chisel', instrument for artisans, physicians, sculptors, etc. (lA). � ?, PG?� .VAR -a (AP), -� (Hdn. Gr.) . COMP As a first element in 0lllAl-yAucpol (T£xvm) 'working with chisels, sculptural' (Epigr. Galatia), which does not contain a Caland l, see DELG s.v. against Schwyzer: 448. . ' ) ; 2. -lVO<; actmg DER 1. Diminutive MoE smith), OHG smid, from PGm. *smipu-, *smiOu- < I� *smi-tu. However, �h.is etymology is shaky; cf. the initial reflex of *sm-. Alternatively, Pre-Greek ongm might be considered. Cf. � 0lllvuTj, � 0lllveo<;, and � 1l1KP0<;. •

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°lloPOOUV t1f1LAO<; =>olllAu�. t1f1lvl'iupll'ila [n.pl.] a kind of women's shoes (Poll. 7, 89). � GR� .ETYM Named after LlllVOUPloTj<; of Sybaris; cf. Hdt. 6, 127. = 380 M., Lyc., Str., AP); Olllveu· � KaTOlKlOLO<; Ilu<; 'domestic mouse' (H.). � PG(s)� .DER Llllve-£u<; (A 39, Str.), -LO<; (Ael.) [m.], epithet of Apollo (honored in the Troad and on the islands as a protector against destructive field-mice); Llllvelo<; as a month name on Rhodes; Ta LlllvelU name of a festival (Troad, Lindos). .ETYM A Mysian word, according to sch. A 39, but in any case Pre-Greek or Anatolian (cf. Chantraine 1933: 371 and Schwyzer: 510). It may be somehow connected with Etr. ismin8ians, an epithet of Mars (Kretschmer Glotta 20 (1932): 221, Kretschmer Glotta 30 (1943): 133). The form 0111<;' Ilu<; (H.) was probably invented on the basis of actually attested 0llu<; (a cross with Ilu<;), to follow the alphabetical order.

t1f1lv9o<; [m.] 'mouse' (A. Fr. 227

t1f1lVUT) [f.] 'two-pronged mattock' (Att. inscr., com., Pl.). � ?, PG?� .VAR Gen. (o-stem) 0lllVUOlO (Nic. rh. 386); acc.pl. olllVUOU<; (Ar. Fr. 402b; probably

for 0lllvuu<;) .

DER 0lllVUOLOV (Poll. 7, 148 ex Ar.). .ETYM An instrument name, comparable in its formation to •

etc.,

0lllvuTj

omuTj, 6a-rpuTj, 6cppuTj,

is generally considered to be a verbal abstract in -vu(a) from a root *smei- 'cut', which was thought to be attested in � OlllATj. However, the etymology of olllATj is uncertain, and it is perhaps Pre-Greek. Accordingly, we should be careful in deriving 0lllvUTj from such a root, and consider Pre-Greek origin for this word as well. t1f1ol6<; [adj.] meaning doubtful; see below (Hdn. Gr., H., Theognost.). � PG(v)� .VAR 011010<; (LSJ; -0<; DELG). Also 0lluo<;, 1l0l0<; (H.) XUA£1to<;, cpo�£po<;, a-ruyvo<;, =

OKUepwno<; 'difficult, fearful, hated, sad- or angry-looking'. .DER PN Lllo10<; (Ar. Ec. 846) .ETYM The form 01l0l0<; is probably related to �(11l0LO<;, which adds yet another variant for the initial: 011- / (111-/ 11-. This variation points to Pre-Greek origin. The word � 1l0iTo<; is unrelated. t1f10KOpl'i- =>0llopoouv. t1f1opl'ioiiv [v.] . ouvouaLa�£[v 'to keep company, have intercourse with'; 0llopowv£<; (cod. -ov£u<;} tmOKoplo-nKW<; ana TWV 1l0p1WV, w<; nooewv£<; 'hypocoristic for "members", as in "having a large penis'" (H.). � ?, PG?�

.ETYM Bechtel Herm. 55 (1920): 99f. also adduced 0lloKopoouv, TO 0XTjIlUTI�Wem Ta<;

yuvu1Ku<; 'to assume the posture of a woman' and 0lloKopoou<;, TOU<; Ta<; 6cppu<; eYKolAou<; exov-ra<; 'who have sunken or concave eyebrows' (H.). Both glosses derive from a noun *ollopoo<; of unknown meaning, identified by Specht KZ 62 (1935): 215 with Lith. smardas, Ru. sm6rod, etc. 'bad smell, stench', from lE *smordo-, Lith. smirdifti 'to stink' with zero grade. von Blumenthal 1930: 45 compared oll£poUA£o<;, assuming lE *smerd- 'rub'.

0fluyepO<;

1370

However, cf. � 0fluPO tKov , which could point to a Pre-Greek word if we understand it as 'lewd person'. O"lluyEpO<; [adj.] 'painful, toilsome, miserable' vel sim. (A. R.; perhaps S. Ph. 166 for CJTuyePO<;). � PG? (v) � .DER e1tL-0fluyepO<;, adv. -w<; 'id.' (Od., Hes. Se. 264, A. R.), perhaps with e1tL- after £1rl-novo<;. ETYM It is meaningless to assume an expressive contamination, e.g. from floyepO<; and CJTuyePO<;. Attempt at a morphological explanation by Stromberg 1946: 90. Fur.: 363 compares floyo<; and 0floyepOV· 0KATjpov, enl�ouAov, flOX8Tjpov (H.), as well as 0fluyepOV· enlnovov, oiKrpov, flOX8Tjpov, novTjpov, enl�ouAov, CtVLapov, xaA£1tov (H.). This would show that the word is Pre-Greek. •

O"IlUATJ [f.] name of a fish (Alex. TraIl., Gp.). � ?� .ETYM Can hardly be separated from 0fluAAa· 0aupa 'TpUXOUpo<;, a fish' (H.); see Stromberg 1943: 121. No etymology. O"IlUAlXTJ [f.] TOU �uyou TO Tp�fla ev 4J 6 [0TO�OeU<; Ka8� P fl00TClL 'the hole in the yoke in which the carriage pole is fixed' (H.). � ?� .ETYM Unknown. .

O"IlUpl<;, -u')o<;, -EW<; [f.] 'emery-powder for abrading and polishing' (Dse., late medic.). � PG (v) � VAR Also 0fllPL<;. DER 0flLplnj<; 11.180<; [m.] (LXX), 0flLpLcia [n.pl.] (spelled �flLppLeLa) 'emery-powder' (Imbros IP) . ETYM Compared with � flupoV and with a Germano-Celtic word for 'grease, fat' in OHG smero, OIr. smi(u)r, ete.; this is semantically not very convincing, as the Greek word denotes a highly specific substance. Moreover, the frequent variant with L remains hard to understand (it is not due to vowel assimilation). Ace. to von Blumenthal 1930: 45, it belongs to 0fluw, 0fl�v, and Frisk asks if <1flU pL<; could be due to the influence of flupov. Fur.: 366 takes the variation u/L as proof of Pre-Greek origin, which is the most likely option. •

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O"llupvTJ [f.] 'myrrh' (Hdt., Arist.). � GR� VAR 0flupva (Hp., Arist., Thphr., etc.; cf. Solmsen 1909: 254), also �flupva (Hyp., inscr., pap.), gen. 0flupvTj<; (S., E. et al.). COMP �flUpVO-fleAav (-avov, -UVLOV), -avo<; [n.] 'mixture of myrrh and ink' (PMag.), uAuKO-0flupva [f.] 'kind of myrrh' (Hippiatr.). .DER <1flUpVLVO<; (LXX, pap.), -010<; (AP) 'made of myrrh'; -l�w [v.] 'to treat or season with myrrh, to resemble myrrh' (Ev. Marc., Dsc.) with -LCJL<; [f.] (Mt.), -LU�W (? , Alex. TraIL); -£LOV (Nie.), -LOV (Dsc., Gal.) [n.] plant name (after the scent of the seeds ace. to Stromberg 1940: 62). .ETYM Probably a back-formation from Lflupvala (fluppa) "the Smyrnaean"; cE Heubeck Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 1 (1949): 272f. with criticism of the interpretation that 0flupva is a by-form of fluppa. •

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r

r 1371 O"IlUP0<; =>flupClLva. O"IlUXW [v.] 'to cause to carbonize, be slowly consumed in a fire, smolder away', med. 'to carbonize, smolder'; on the use in Homer, see Graz 1965: 250ff. � IE? *smeuth) 'smoke'� VAR Aor. 0flu�ClL (epic since Il., late prose), pass. 0fluX8� VClL (Theoc.), quite uncertain Ctn00fluYEVTe<; (Lue. D Mort. 6, 3; see Pisani RILomb. 73:2 (1939-40): 31ff.), perE KaTwfluYflEvTj (HId.) . .COMP Also with KalCl-, uno - et al. .ETYM Formation like TpUXW, '/!uXw; the late form Ctn00fluYEVTe<;, if it belongs here at all (see above), is an analogical formation (cf. Schwyzer: 760). Beside the primary verb 0fluxw, we find a noun in Arm. mux, gen. mxoy 'smoke'. In Celtic, OIr. much, MW mwg 'fire' may go back to IE *muk-. In Germanic, there is a primary verb with a diphthong and a root-final IE voiced stop, e.g. OE smeocan 'to smoke, fumigate' < IE *smeug-, beside the zero grade smoca [m.] 'smoke' < IE *smug on-, smocian 'to smoke'. An Indo-European reconstruction for all these forms is difficult, as a voiceless aspirate *kh (PIE *(s)mukh o-; Meillet MSL 8 (1894): 294, followed by Frisk) is not reconstructed anymore for PIE. Lith. smaugti, 1Sg. smaugiu 'to strangle, string together, plague' should probably be explained differently (Fraenkel 1955 s.v.), while for Ru. smuglyj 'dark, brown' ete., other interpretations are possible (Vasmer 1953 s.v.). •

i.

O"llwc5l� [f.] 'bloodshot bruise, bloody weal' (B 267, '¥ 716, Opp. H. 2, 428). �PG (V) � .VAR Plur. -Lyye<;. Also flW OL�· 0fluw. O"O�EW [v.] 'to scare away, chase away', intr. 'to walk in a pompous way, strut' (Att. Hell. and late), pass. 'to be agitated' (late). � ?� VAR Aor. 00��0ClL, fut. 00 ��0W, perf. 0e<10�TjKa, pass. 0wo�TjflClL. .COMP Also with prefix, especially Ctno-. .DER 00�-TjCJL<; [E] 'violent movement' (PIu.), -TjTpOV [n.] 'fly whisk' (Ph. v.l.), cm00o� - Tjfla, -TjCJL<;, -TjT�<;, -TjT�PLO<;, -TjTLKO<; (sch. et al.). Backformation 00�Tj [f.] 'horse's or bull's tail' (Hippiatr., sch., Suid.), more usual flU (L)0- 00�Tj 'fly whisk' (Delos since m", Men. et al.). 00�apo<; 'blowing along violently' (of the wind etc.), usually 'haughty, proud' (Att.), probably from 00�EW after the numerous adj. in -apo<;, with fern. 00�U<;, -uoo<; 'insolent, capricious' (Eup., Ph.), 'kind of dance' (Ath.); also LO�OL LUTUPO L (Ulp.). .ETYM An old causative or iterative-intensive from the root of � 0E�oflClL. •

=

1372

aOyKoe;, aoyxoe;

aOYKO<;, aoyx0<; [m.] 'sow thistle, Sonchus aspera' (Antiph., Thphr., etc.). � PG� .DER aOYKW0'le; 'like a a.' (Thphr.), aOYX[T'le; [m.] 'hawkweed, LepaKLOV TO fl£ya' (Ps. Dsc.) . ETYM Unexplained. Considering the variation, clearly a Pre-Greek word. Fur.: 134£ compares Basque tsokoro 'silver tlIistle'. •

ao£w =>aeuw. aOKKO<; [m.] 'lasso' (in Malalas, about the Huns). � ?� DER aOKKeuw [v.] 'to catch by the lasso' . ETYM Unknown. •

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"'\

aOAlov [n.] 'sandal' (pap lIP); also 'seat'. � LW L�t.� ETYM From Lat. solea, solium. •

aOAOlKl�W [v.] 'to speak (write, think) with flaws, unskillfully' (Hdt., D., Arist., etc.), 'to behave in an uneducated, awkward manner' (Zeno, PIu. et al.). � GR� .DER aOAOlK-LafloC; [m.] 'flawed manner of expression' (Arist., Phld.), -LaT�C; [m.] title of a dialog by Luc.; back-formation aOAolKoC; 'speaking with flaws' (Anacr., Hippon., et al.), 'behaving in an uneducated, awkward manner' (Hp., X., etc.). .ETYM Formed like aTTlK[�w, etc. after the Cilician town 2:oAOl, whose inhabitants spoke a bad form of Greek (Str. 14, 2, 28; D. 1. 1, 51). It has also been supposed that 2:oAolKOC; was derived from 2:oAOl, as in MoaaUvolKOL. Borrowed as Lat. soloecismus,

soloecus, -ista. aOAOlTl'1t0<; flUOPOKTlJTCOe; [sic] KaL xahoe; TLe; ev K1J1tp4J 'forging red-hot iron, copper (Cypr.)' (H.). � GR� .DER aOAOLTUTC[['l] Call. fr. 85, 11, cf. Pfeiffer ad loco ETYM The gloss explains that the first element is the loCo of aOAOe;, or of Soloi in Cyprus, where bronze was worked. •

aOAo<; [m.] 'iron mass, used as a discus' ('1' 823, 839, 844; Hell. and late epic). � ?� .ETYM Unexplained foreign word (cf. Schwyzer: 62). The word has been compared with Hitt. sulija- 'lead'; see Gusmani 1969: 509. aof.1cpoc; [adj.] 'spongy, loose, porous', also metaphorically of sounds (Hp., Alex., Arist., etc.). � ?� .COMP Also £v-, UTCO-, Xauvo-. .DER aOflCP-W0'le; 'id.' (Thphr. et al.), -OT'le; [f.] 'porosity' (Arist.), -OOflaL [v.] 'to become spongy' (Aet.). ETYM Traditionally connected with the Germanic word for 'fungus' in OHG swamp, -bes, swam, -mes, OSw. svamper, ON svpppr, Go. swamm [acc.], OE swamm [m.] . However, the development of initial *sy- to a- cannot be assumed for Greek, in spite of � a£Aae;. DELG thinks that a 'Wanderwort' is improbable. See � aTCoyyoe;. •

aOp£AA'1 [f.] aKwflfla TL emxwpLa�ov de; TOUe; y£povTae;, cmo T�e; aopou 'customary jest about the elderly, called after the urn' (H. Ar. Fr. 198). � GR� =

aocpoe;

1373

.ETYM From aopoe;, like aopo-oa[flwv with similar meaning (Com. Adesp. 1151), but with an unclear ending -AA- (a diminutive? Cf. Schwyzer: 485 and Chantraine 1933: 252). aopVl�a [?] eu�wflov 'rocket, Eruca sativa' (H.). � PG� .ETYM Pre-Greek (Fur.: 360), like pOflL�a. aopoa [f.] TCaALoupou dooe; 'kind of Christ's tlIorn, Paliurus australis' (H.).
(AP).

.DER aop-(e)LOv (-dov) [n.] 'id.' (inscr.), -[OLOV [n.] (late), -w·(ov [n.] 'mummifying linen' (pap. lIP), perhaps after flvw"(ov, Eg. name of a container? .ETYM Probably from *tyoro-, an old agent noun belonging to a verbal root 'to seize, enclose, etc.' in Lith. tverti, ISg. tveriu 'to enclose, fence in, grasp', also 'to form, build'. The word aopoe; is formally identical with Ru. tvor 'creature, form, shape' (to tvoritb 'to create, do, build'); cf. also Lith. iiptvaras 'fence' (to ap-tverti). See � a£Lpa. ao<; [pron.] 'tuus', possessive pronoun 2Sg YAR Dor. etc. TeoC;. =>au. , aovaov 1 [n.] 'lily, lotus (ornament) (Ath. 12, 513f.; uncertain Arist. Mir. 838a 23; see Dugas BCH 34 (19lO): 116££). � LW Orient.� .DER aouaLVOC; 'made of a., like a.' (Hp., Thphr., Dsc. et al.) . .ETYM An Oriental loanword; cf. Hebr. susan 'lily, lotus', from Eg. sssn > ssn 'id.'; see Masson 1967: 58£ , aouaov 2 [n.] 'cable (of a ship) . � ?� .YAR As a v.l. beside oi'iaov (cp 390 [for OTCAOV] and Antim. Fr. 57, 2 W. = Coli. Alex. p. 250); oi'iaov [n.] 'id.' (Lyc., Alex. Aet., H.) . ETYM Unexplained. It is assumed tlIat the initial variation a-I zero goes back to a scriptio continua in cp 390. .

•

•

aouXlvoV [n.] 'amber' (Aet.). � LW Lat.� .DER aouKLvoc; '(made of) amber' (Artem.). .ETYM The words go back to Lat. sucinum . aocpo<; [adj.] 'clever, skillful, able, shrewd, wise' (Hes. Fr. 193). � PG?� .COMP As a first member e.g. in 2:0CPO-KA�C;; very often as a second member, e.g. cpLAO-aocpoc; 'friend of a aocpov, who loves TO aocpov, T�V aocp[av, eager for knowledge, friend of the sciences, philosopher' (Heracleit., Att.) with cpLAoaocp-[a [f.] '(scientific) study, education, philosophy' (Att.), -£w [v.] 'to be eager for knowledge, study' (lA); eTC[-aaocpoc; name of an annually changing official (Thera), on which see � ",£cp£L.

1374

anUOl�, anUOlov, anuowv, anuowv, ancnoe;, etc.

oDER aocp-Lu, Ion. -Lll [f.] 'skillfulness, virtuosity, knowledge, cleverness, shrewdness, wisdom' (since 0 412). Denominative verbs: 1. aocpL�O!laL 'to practice a form of art, think up, concoct' (since Hes. Op. 649), also with prefIx, especially Kum-; act. -L�W 'to instruct' (LXX, christ. lit.), whence aocp-la!lu [n.] 'clever trick, piece of cunning' (Pi., lA), whence -la!luLlov, -la!luTWolle;, -la!luLlKOe;; -lme; [f.] (sch.); -laT�e; [m.] 'artist, learned man, teacher, sophist' (Pi., lA), with -LaTplu, -laLlKOe;, -laT�pLOv, -lan:uw, -lan:Lu. 2. aocpow = aocpL�w (LXX). oETYM Unexplained. If � LLaucpOe;, � (jucpu, and �"'£CPEl are related, this would point to a substrate word. (mUSl�, O'nuSlOv, O'nuSwv, O'nuSwv, O'nuTOe;, etc. -anuw. O'1t(lOq [f.] designation of several flat and oblong oblects, e.g. 'tool of a weaver for striking home the threads of the woof, blade (of a sword), blade of an oar, spatula, flat rib (shoulder blade?), spathe, especially of the palm, stalk of the palm leaf (Alc., lA). <'! IE? *sph2-d\h,)- 'blade, spade' }> oDER 1. anuS-Le;, -LOOe; [f.] 'spatula, garment of closely-woven cloth' (com., inscr.). 2. -LUe; KTeLe; 'flat rib' (Opp.). 3. -LTlle; [m.] 'palm wine' (Alex. Trall.). 4. -lVU [pl.] 'garments' (Aq.) , -Lvlle; [m.] 'young deer', after the shape of the horns (H., Eust., sch.), cf. £AUcpLVlle; etc. 5. -UplOe; [m.] 'guard (equipped with a a.) ' (Lyd., Cappadoc. inscr.), -UpLU [f.] 'fIghting contest' (EM), -UplKOV [n.] 'thin upper garment' (Sm.). 6. anuS-uw 'to strike with a a., seal up, hatch, diSSipate, waste' (Ar., D., Hell. and late), rarely with OtU-, £v-, KUTU-, whence -ll!lu, -llme;, -llTOe;. 7. -L�W 'to stir up with a spatula' (Opp.), also with nepl- etc., whence anuSLa!lum· anuoovLa!lum (H.). oETYM Related to PGm. *spao-an, -on- 'spade': OS spado [m.], OE spade, spadu [f.], MoHG Spaten [m.], and perhaps also Skt. sphya- [m.] 'shoulder-blade', Khot. phvai 'spade, shovel'. The IE root must have been *sph2-, with a suffIx *-dh (h,)- in Greek and Germanic. The root is perhaps also found in � anuw. Borrowed as Lat. spada,

spatha, spatula. O'nu[pw [v.] 'to sprawl, flounder' of living creatures, etc. (rare examples in Arist., A. R., Plb., D. H., AP). <'! IE *TsperH- 'kick with the heel'� ovAR Only present. oDER anupL�w (Eust.). oETYM Formal cognates are Lith. spiriu, spirti 'to push with the foot, kick backwards, etc.', Skt. sphurati 'to push with the foot, jump up', with nasal Lat. sperno 'to reject, spurn', OHG spurnan 'to kick out with the foot or the heel', and probably also Arm. sparnam 'to threaten', Hitt. isparra-i / isparr- 'to trample'; see LIV2 S.V. *sph erH-. Because of the late and rare ocurrence of anuLpw, Giintert 1914: 146 explains it as a contamination of earlier and commoner � uanuLpw with aKuLpw. Cf. � acpupov and � aneLpw, as well as � anupSL�w. Lubotsky 2006 discusses the irregular correspondences in the anlaut of the IE verbs, and reconstructs *TsperH- 'to kick with the heel'; this may be an original compound of *pd 'foot' and *per(H)- 'to beat, kick'. -

O'nuA.uOpOV [n.] (Poll.) = aKuAwSpOV 'oven rake' (Poll.). <'! PG(v)�

anupuaaw

1375

oVAR anuAuuSpOV (Phot., also H. [cod. anuuAuSpOV alphabetically misplaced]). oDIAL Myc. qa-ra-to-ro IskWalathron/. oDER anUAUaa£TaL' anUpUaa£TaL, TlVUaa£TaL 'is torn, is shaken' (H.). oETYM Perhaps from � anuAu�; see � aKuAAw. anuA.u�, -UKOe; [f., m.] 'mole' (Arist. etc.), also as a plant name 'meadow saffron, Colchicum parnassicum' (Thphr.). <'! PG(v)� oVAR acpuAu� 'id.' (Paus. 7, 24, 11) for CWCPUAU� (Babr. etc.), folketymologically after acpuAAw because of the undermining activity of the mole? oDER anuAuKLu, voaoe; � nepl TOUe; 6cpSUA!l0Ue;, n�pwme; 'disease of the eyes, blindness' (H.); also anuAUKOe; as a color term (pap.). See � uanuAu�. oETYM The variation betrays a Pre-Greek word; see Fur.: 159. O'nUVle;, -EWe; [f.] 'rarity, scarcity' (lA). <'! PG(v)� oVAR Ion. dat. -L. oDER 1. anuVLOe; 'rare, scarce' (lA), but anuvo- in composition, e.g. anuvomTLu [f.] 'lack of grain or provisions' (X., Arist., inscr. etc.), anUVl- (Delos IlIa), anuvonwywv, -wvoe; 'with scant beard growth' (Ion. Hist., pap.), shortened anuvoe; 'id.', also 'eunuch' (Ptol. etc., Byz.); anuvl-UKle; 'infrequent' (Luc. etc.), -oTlle; [f.] anuVle; (Isoc., Ph.), also anUVLU 'id.' (E. Rh. 245 [lyr.] ; from anuVLOe; or enlarged from anuVle;). 2. anUVL�w, -0!laL 'to lack, be sparse, be missing' (Pi., lA), also with uno-; hence anUVlaTOe; 'meager, sparse' (S. etc.), -laTlKOe; 'id.' (Vett. Val.); anuv[�w also factitive 'to exhaust, spend, dispense' (LXX, pap., Ph. Byz.); back-formation to the verb is anuvov· TL!llOV, nOAAou a�lov £aLlv 'valued, costly' (H.). oETYM Etymology disputed. Frisk suggests a derivative in -Vl- to anuw 'to draw'. Fur.: 378, however, may be right in connecting �nuvq, -veL' unop£1, anUVL�El, u!lllxuv£1 'is without resource' (H.); he assumes a prothetic a- and a prothetic U-, which was lengthened to �-. If so, the word is Pre-Greek. =

O'nuvoe; [adj.] 'grey' (pap.) <'! PG(v)� oETYM Fur.: 339 etc. connects anuVle;. O'numpwTUe; [m.] probably name of a priest (Pamphylia, Schwyzer: 686, 17 and 24, Sillyon); cf. Bechtel l921, 2: 823. <'! ?� oETYM Unknown. O'nupualOv [n.] 0pv£Ov £!lcpepee; T4> aTpouS4> 'bird resembling a sparrow' (H.). <'! PG(v)� oETYM anup-umov is a diminutive, like Kopumov from KOPll. The forms with -y- (see on � anopYLAOe;) have a counterpart in a Germanic and Baltic word for 'sparrow': MHG sperke, OPr. spurglis, also spergle-wanag 'sparrow-hawk' ("sparrow vulture"?). If from * anuP F -umov , anupumov may be compared with a widespread Germanic name of the sparrow, e.g. Go. sparwa, OHG sparo, ON sp9rr < PGm. *sparya(n)-. Fur.: 226 compares a!lupOtKoV' aTpouSLOV (H.). O'nupuO'O'w [v.] 'to rip, tear, shred, attack' (lA). <'! ?� oVAR Att. -UHW, aor. -U�aL, fut. -u�w, -u�0!laL, perf. med. £anupuWaL.

anapyaw -COMP Also with cSta-, KaTa-, etc. -DER anapaYfla [n.] 'torn or ripped piece, scrap' (trag., Arist. etc.), -aYflo<; [m.] 'ripping, tearing, convulsion' (trag. etc.), -aYflw8T)<; 'convulsive' (Hp., PIu.), -a�l<; [f.] 'convulsion' (medic.), -aKTov [n.] 'crumbled rock, rubble' (Hero), 8laanapaKTo<; 'torn' (E., Ael.). -ETYM Expressive formation in -aaaw like Tapaaaw, Tlvaaaw, naTaaaw, and others, without a certain etymology. If -aaaw is only an enlargement, the word could be connected with ana[pw, etc. Others have regarded the velar as part of the root (-aaw is analogical for -�w, according to Debrunner IF 21 (1907): 224), connecting anapaaaw with Lat. spargo, ON spark [n.] �kick', and Gr. anapyaw, a
1377 -ETYM Origin unknown. Has been connected with Lat. sparus, -um 'short spear', OHG sper 'spear', and ana[pw. Not very convincing. Fur.: 226 compares a!lap[<; 'a small worthless seafish' (and rejects Lat. sparus). Borrowed as Lat. sparus, -ulus. ()"11UPTOV [n.] 'rope, cable, cord, string', also 'plumb line' (B 135); amlpTo<; [m., f.] (rare anapTT), -TOV) also name of a shrub used for snares 'Spartium junceum, kind of broom' (Pl., X., etc.). � ?� -VAR anapTT) [f.] (Ar. Av. 815 [wordplay with the TN LnapTT)], unclear Cratin. 110), anapTo<; [ f.] (Hero). -COMP anapTo8£TO<; 'bound with a.' (Opp.), AlvoanapTov [n.] plant name anapTo<; (Thphr.). -DER Diminutive anapT[ov [n.], also as a plant name (Att., Hell.), -lVO<; 'made of a.' (Cratin., Poll.), -[vT) [f.] 'rope, cable' (Ael.). -ETYM Appears to be a verbal noun in -TO- with a zero grade root. Although a basic verb derived from *sper- / *spr- is not attested in Greek, it has been supposed on account of the y-enlargement in *anapyw, anap�Ul 'to envelop', and also of an£ipa, anup[<;. Comparison with Arm. p 'arem, p 'arim 'to enclose, embrace' poses phonetic difficulties (P' cannot come from PIE *sp-). Borrowed as Lat. spartum 'Spanish broom'. =

(maTuYYTJ<;, -ov [m.] 'kind of sea urchin' (Sophr. 102, Ar. Fr. 409, Arist.). � PG(V)� -VAR naTayya<; [acc.pl.] 'id.' (Poll.). Note also
arrcrro <.; .DER Also rraaT[AT] = � n:AwTa[a �flEpa TOU EVlaUTOU 'the last day of the year' (Hdn. Gr. 1, 322, 19). .ETYM In the second meaning, it belongs to � amho<.;. The meaning 'thin excrement' may also be combined with 'leather waste' as a euphemistic metaphor (to which the phonetic similarity with TiAo<,;, TlAaw may have contributed). However, since Meillet MSL 13 (1905-1906): 291f., the word has usually been connected with oiamvTT]. omiToc;; [n.] 'hide, leather' (Hdn Gr. l, 322). � ?� .ETYM The word is supposed to be Boeotian. No etymology. See � arraw. omiw, omio!1aL [v.] 'to draw', e.g. a sword, 'to pull out, tear, drag, suck in, slurp down' ": (S., Ar. etc.) � IE *(s)peh2- 'draw'� .VAR Aor. arraaUl, arraa(a)aaSUl, pass. arraaS�vUl (ll.), fut. arraaw, -OflUl, perf. med. earraaflUl (lA), act. earraKa (Ar., Arist. etc.). .COMP Very often with prefIx in different shades of meaning, e.g. ava-, arro-, ola-, Em-, KaTa-, rr£pl-. .DER A. From the unenlarged root: 1. arraaL<';, mostly to prefIxed verbs, e.g. avaarraaL<.; (to ava-arraaUl, -array) 'pulling in', etc. (Hp., Arist., etc.). 2. arraaflO<.; (Emarraaflo<.;, etc.) [m.] 'wincing, spasm, violent movement' (lA), whence arraaflwoT]<.;, KaTaarraafllKo<,;. 3. arraafla (arroarraafla, etc.) [n.] 'spasm, sprain, shred, scrap' (lA); 4. -arraaTo<,; in Err[arraa-ro<.; 'brought upon oneself, incurred' (Od. etc.); arraaTlKo<,; (Ka-ra-, rr£pl-) 'pulling in, slurping in' (Arist.). 5. -arraaT�p, -�po<,; [m.] in EmarraaT�p (Hdt., AP; -arraT�p inscr.), rrOTlarraaT�p (Epid. IV-lIP) "attractor", 'thong which draws the door, bird string, net'; Err[arraa-rpov [n.] 'id.' (LXX, D. S. etc.). B. With o-enlargement: 1. rrapaarra<.;, -aoo<.; [f.] 'shoot torn off and planted' (Thphr.), arro- 'twig torn off (AP, Nonn.). 2. arraOi�, -lKO<'; [m.] '(torn off) twig, especially a palm twig' (Nic., PIu., etc.). 2. arraOLOV [n.] 'race-track' (Argos, H; "the lenghty one"; cf. a-ra8tov). 3. arraowv, -ovo<,; [f.] 'spasm, convulsion' (Hp., Nic.), whence -ov[�w, -ovlaflo<.;. 4. arraOwv, -wvo<,; [m.] 'eunuch' (LXX, Plb. etc.), also arraoo<.; (Eust.). C. With T-enlargement: arraTo<,; [n.] ,(removed) skin' (H., sch. Ar. Pax 48 [Boeot.l), arraT£lo<,; in arraTdwv· O£PflaT[vWV 'leathern' (H.), as a fIrst member in LToAT]aaTa[ [m.pI.] guild of fullers in Argos (Roman era). D. Derived verbs: arra�£l· aKu�q. AXUlO[ (H.); arrao[�a<.; aor.ptc. of arrao[�w 'to remove' (Hdt. 5, 25); arraT[�£l· TWV rraTEwv £AK£l, TWV 8£PflaTwv, TWV TlTSWV (H.) . ETYM Klingenschmitt 1982: 132 has connected Greek arraw with Arm. hanem 'to pull out', if from a pres. *pa-n-, built secondarily from the aorist. Garcia-Ramon fthc. now suggests that it is cognate with Ved. pa-, ud-pipite 'rises against' and Hitt. pippa , i / pipp-, and reconstructs *(s)peh2- 'to draw, set in motion (violently) . The Greek verb may have been derived from the aor. arraa(a)a- or from *sph2-eie!o-. Thence, the whole tense system developed within Greek. Adams 1999: 368 still considers plausible the suggestion by van Windekens that ToB pass- 'to rip off (the skin)' continues *peh2-s-. See � arraST]. •

arrdpw

1379

o1tcipa [f.] 'twist, coil', for instance of a snake; 'network, spiral'; designation of several round or circular objects, e.g. 'rope, belt, bead, round base of a pillar' (Ion. poet., also Hell. and late prose; v.l. � 269); also as a military term = Lat. manipulus (HelL), see Debrunner IF 48 (1930): 244; later = cohars (inscr. and pap., Act. Ap. et al.). � IE? *sper- 'turn, wind'� .COMP Some compounds, e.g. arr£lpo-KE
13 80

be sown, pregnant' with -1-.tan
•

the offering' (pap.); -�aLfla [n.pl.] 'id.' (Philem.), after 6v�-aLflOe;, etc.; cf. also napa

anopy[AOe;.
Sw [v.] 'to hurry, hasten, strive, exert oneself, trans. 'to drive, quicken, ply, aspire after'.
'� ,

'" I

ar(�AaLOV 'pestle' (H.) (cf. below); anouo-a(w [v.] 'to be quick, carry on seriously, etc.' (lA), also with Em-, KaTa-, au-, etc.; thence -aafla, -aaflaTlov, -aafloe;, -aaT�e;, -aaToe;, -aaTlKOe;. ETYM The only certain cognate is Lith. spausti < *spau?d-ti 'to press, squeeze', also 'to push, drive on', intr. 'to hurry' (see LIV2 s.v. *speud-). A trace of the meaning 'push' has also been sugested for anouoa� = aA£Tpl�avOe; 'pestle of a mortar'. The word anouo� has a formal cognate in Lith. spauda [f.] 'pressure, literature'. There is also, with zero grade and a long vowel as a result of Winter's Law, spuda [f.] 'throng, urgency, pressure' and spudeti 'to be oppressed, thrust down, pain oneself, meddle'. Perhaps Alb. pune 'work, business' is also related, if from *spud-na. •

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O'n�AaLOv [n.] 'cave, cavern' (PI., LXX, NT et al.) . � PG(v)� .DER anllAaLWOlle; 'cave-like', -ahlle; [m.] 'god of caves' (Paus.), -aOLOv [n.] (Theopomp. Com.), after the diminutives in -aOlov; not -iOLOV; cf. Hdn. Gr. 2, 488, 12. Also an�Auy�, -uyyoe; [f.] 'id.' (Arist., Theoc., A. R. et al.) with anllAuyy-wolle; (EM), -OElO�e; (sch.). .ETYM Both an�AaLOV and an�Auy� are enlargements of a root anllA-: for an�Auy�, cf. the semantically close a�pay� 'hollow rock', an�AaLOv. O'ni6l0e; [adj.] 'extensive, wide' (anlOtov fl�KOe; Mou 'length of a road' A. Fr. 378 = 733 M.), amOO8Ev = flaKpo8Ev 'from afar' (Antim. 77); amOvov· 1tUKVOV, auvEXEe;, nE1tllyoe; 'close or compact, holding together, fixed'; amOOEv, flEAav, nAaTU, aKoTElvOV, nUKvov, flEya 'black, wide or broad, dark, close or compact, great' (H.). � ?� DER Cf. further amoEoe; [gen.sg.] (A 753) beside v.l. aamoEoe;; if correct, probably from *amoue;; see also '- £AEanloae; and .- aanle; 1. Verbal derivative anl(w = EKTElVW 'stretch out' (sch. Ar. V. 18, Eust.). .ETYM An obsolete group of words, which seems to have lived on only in the learned and poetic language. The authors were obviously no longer certain about the meaning (cf. H.'s explanation of amOOEv). The root amO- can be compared to Lat. spissus 'laborious, slow, dense' « *spid-tos or *spit-tos; see De Vaan 2008 s.v.). Lith. spisti, Isg.pres. spintu 'to begin to swarm (of bees), to gather' < *spit- is probably not related, in view of the different dental. The word .- anaw is not related. •

O'ni�w [v.] 'to squeak, chirp', of birds (Arat., Thphr.). � EUR� .VAR Also anlVOe; [m.] 'finch' (com., Thphr., Arat.) with amv-lov, -lOtov (com.); byforms: anlva' 6 anlVOe; 'siskin', amv8la· dooe; 6pvl8aplwv 'kind of bird', anlvOl

� :,

""

'siskins'; anlYYov, anlvov 'id.'; also nlyyav· VEOamov. AflEplae; 'young bird', anuyyae;· OpVle; 'bird' (H.) . DER anl(a [f.] 'common chaffinch' (S. Fr. 431, Arist., Timo), am(la· Ta. opVW anavTa 'all birds' (H.); am(-lae; [m.] 'sparrow hawk' (Arist.), = Elooe; LEpaKoe; 'kind of hawk or falcon' (H.), -iTlle; [m.] (Arist.), = dooe; aiYl8aAou 6pvEou 'kind of titmouse' (H.); 6po-am(0e; [m.] 'brambling' (Arist.). ETYM Cf. similar .- Tpl(W 'to buzz, gnash, squeak'. The other forms, including anl(w, anl(a, but with the exception of nlyyav, can be derived from *amyy- and connected to OHG fineho, OE fine 'finch' < PGm. *fink(i)an-, *finki-, which lacks the initial *s-. Within Greek, this etymon resembles amyvov· fllKpOV, �paxu, and anlKavov· anaVlOV. The connection with Germanic may point to a European 'Wanderwort'. •

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O'1tleal1� [f.] 'span, the range between the stretched thumbs and the little finger' (lA). � PG?� .COMP Tpl-ani8aflOe; 'measuring three spans' (Hes. Op. 426 et al.), cf. den Boer Mnem. 4:9 (1956): 3· .DER am8afl-laloe; 'one span wide' (Hp., Arist. et al.). .ETYM For the formation, cf. .- naAaflll 'palm of the hand', .- ooXflll 'a hand's breadth', .- nuYfl� 'distance from the elbow to the knuckles'; for the suffIx -8-, cf. also am8iaL' aaviOEe; VEWe; 'planks of a ship' (H.). No known cognates; probably Pre Greek. O'1tlAaC; [f.] 'storm, squall' (PIu., HId. 5, 31, AP 7, 382). � PG(V)� .DER KaTa-amAa(w [v.] 'to storm'. , .ETYM Fur.: 373 connects aamAOe;' XElflappOe; uno MaKEOOvwv 'torrent (Maced.) (H.); the word is Pre-Greek in view of the variation. O'nl:\OC; 1 [f.] 'rock, reef (Ion. Trag., Arist., Lyc., Peripl. M. Rubr. et al.). � PG?� .VAR Additionally (favored by the meter in the oblique cases) amAae;, -aOoe; [f.J, mostly plur. -a8£e; 'id.' (Od.); also of nETpa (A. R.); -aOwOlle; 'rocky' (Str.). PN LmAa Olae; (Eretria IlIa; see under amAae;, Bechtel I914). .COMP ola-amAOe; (Peripl. M. Rubr.) . .DER amAwOlle; (Arist., Plb.) 'rocky'. .ETYM No cognates outside Greek; probably Pre-Greek. O'nl:\OC; 2 [m.] 'spot, stain, blemish'. � ?� .VAR -I- (Hdn. Gr.). Also amAae;, -Moe; [f.] 'id.' (Ep. Jud. [? ] , Orph.). .COMP a-amAOe; 'spotless, without blemish' (HelL). .DER amAooflaL, -ow 'to become stained, make stains, stain, besmirch' (HelL), KaTa amAa(w 'to stain, conceal' (H., EM). .ETYM No etymology. O'1tlVe�p, -l1 poc; [m.] 'spark' (L1 77, Ar., Arist., Plb., etc.). � PG?� .DER amv8-11pl(w 'to sparkle, cause sparks' (Thphr., PIu.), ano- 'id.' (Arist.), -laflol (H. and Suid.). Also amv8aplOEe; [pt] (h. Ap.), -apuyEe; [pI.] (A. R.), anlv8pa�, -CtKOe; [m.] (Sext. Ca.) 'id.'. On the bird names amv8aple; = Lat. spin-turnix see Thompson 1895 and WH S.v.

aJtLVO� .ETYM For aJtLVe�p, cf. CtaT�p 'star', aie�p 'ether'; a1tlvepa�, like iivepa� 'charcoal'; aJtLveap-18E�, like £axap-a 'fireplace'; aJtLVeapuy-E�, like flaPflapuy-al 'sparklings'. Reminiscent of Lith. spindiiu, spindeti, Latv. spfdet, spidet 'to gleam, beam' < *spt;!d-, Latv. spuodrs 'white, gleaming' < *spond-ro-, but formally impossible to connect. The Baltic words reflect a root *spend-, without *-i- and with root-final *-d- because of the acute accentuation. On the attempt by Niedermann IF 26 (1909): 58f. to connect Lat. scintilla with aJtLVe�p from a Mediterranean form *stin f' -, see further Pariente Emerita 20 (1952): 394ff. a1tlVO� [adj.] 'meager' (Prod.). - .DER aJtLvw8T]� (Ptol.). 'i, ETYM Formation as in icrxvo� 'withered'. Th �)Ugh the attestation is late, probably an old word, and connected with � a1tl8Lo�. Hardly related to OIr. seim 'meager' < quasi-IE *speimi-; see MatasoviC 2008 S.v. *sfemi-. •

O'1t(vo� 'finch'. =>a1tl(w. O'1tAayxva =>a1tA�v. O'1tAEKOW [v.] 'to copulate'. - VAR a1tAEKOUV (Ar. Lys. 152 Dindorf ex H. et Poll.; codd. 1tAEKOUV), 8lW1tAE-KWflEVT] (Ar. pi. 1082), KaTQ(J1tAEKWaaL (cod. -aaaL} KaTEACtaaL 'to drive or push down' (H.). COMP Also with 8La- and KaTa-. DER a1tAEKWfla [n.] (sch. Ar. PI. 1082). .ETYM The well-attested form 1tAEKOUV may have lost its a- secondarily (cf. Schwyzer: 334); no further etymology. •

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O'1tATJM" [f.] ? 'ash' (Lyc. 483, Nic. Th. 763). - VAR
O'1tAQV, .COMP ii-a1tAT]v-oV [n.], -o� [m.] 'miltwaste' (Dsc. et al.), supposed to cure the spleen. See Stromberg 1940: 86, where a- is wrongly interpreted as prothetic; cf. Vitr. 1 4, 10. .DER a1tAT]v-lov [n.] , -laKov [n.], -laKo� [m.], -aplov [n.] 'compress' (Hp., Dsc., Samos Iva); -lov also as a name of several plants (Dsc.; cf. ii
a1to86� diminutive (Diph.), -18T]� (UPZ 89, 3 and 13; form and mg. doubtful, cf. Wilcken ad loc.), -lKO� 'belonging to a. ' (Dsc., pap.); -1(oflaL 'to commiserate' (LXX, NT); -l(w, -EUW 'to consume intestines' (Cos IV", LXX, Ar. et al.), -laflo� [m.] (LXX); -EUW, -EUOflaL 'to predict from intestines' (Str.) . ETYM An n-stem is found in other names of body parts, like
O'1toyyo" [m.] 'sponge (for wiping off)', metaphorically also of sponge-like objects, e.g. 'gland' (n.). - .VAR Also
01tOAa<;, - U80<; swallow' (often in Ar., com., A., E.), also with KaTa-, a1tO-, 8La-; cf. KaTa-01to<'i£w 'to stretch down in the dust' (A., Ar.); here also 01t08-opX'l<; [m.] 'eunuch' (Eust.), see MaaB RhM N. F. 74 (1925): 432ff. .ETYM Fur.: 154 convincingly connects U0�OAO<; 'soot, dust of coals' and *01tOAO<; in 01tOA£lJ<; (according to Frisk s.v. 01tOAa<;, wrong for *01tO&:U<;). The word would then be Pre-Greek. 01tOAa<;, -a60<; [f.] 'leather harness, jerkin' (S. Fr. 11, Ar., X.).
01tOV6VATJ, 01tOV6VAO<; =>0cpov8uA'l 0cpov8UAO<;. ' 01tOpytAO<; [m.] a bird, probably 'sparrow' (Ar. Av. 300 with allusion to a PN).
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o1top6uyyt:<; =>01tupa80L. 01tVpa60l [pI.] 'droppings of goats and sheep' (Hp., Dsc.). Ta TWV aiywv, a TLVE<; 01tupa8a<; KaAOU
Similar words are found in Lith. spiros [f.pl.] 'droppings of goats, hares, and other small animals' < *sprH-, Mole. sparo [n.] 'droppings', speroill [m.] 'kind of sausage' < *sporH-to-, but they can only be related if Greek 01tUp-/ 0cpUp- reflects earlier *sporh2-. The Greek alternations in (0)1t/cpup -a8/8- could very well point to Pre Greek origin. o1tup6t�w [v.] 'to kick, lash out (of a donkey)' (Ar. F r. 857). 0Ta(w . oTa6TJv =>0Ta8LO<;. O-rU6lOV [n.] 'racecourse, stadium', secondarily also a measure of varying length, in Hdt. 2, 149 = 100 opYULa[ or 6 1tA.E8pa (Thgn., Pi., lA).
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O-rU6lO<; [adj.] 'upright, standing still, firm, immobile, lying on the balance = weighed, etc.' (ll., Pi., Hell. and late epic, D . c.), in the ll. only dat.
·YAR cr-mo(a· Auxv(a 'lamp' (H.). ·COMP op90-c}"T(iolOV [n.] 'chiton running straight downwards' (Ar. et al.), also ani8toe;, a-raTOe; xml>v. .DER maoaioe; 'id.' (A., Ti. Locr. et al.), also Th. 4, 38 v.l. of mao(a. .ETYM Adjectival derivative from the adverb ani-0'lv 'in standing posture' with the suffIxes -lO- and -aLO-, like £KTao-lOe; from £KTa-0'lv (from £K-n:(vw); see Chantraine 1933: 39 and Schwyzer: 467 and 626. See � lm'lfll. O'Ta�w [v.] 'to let drip (in), shed', intr. 'to drip' (post-Horn.). YAR Aor. aTa�aL (ll.), fut. ma�w (Pi., etc.), aor. pass. a-rax9�vaL (Hp.), may�vaL (Dsc.), perf. pass. ea-raK-ral (Od.). ", .COMP Also with CtTtO-, KaTa-, £v-, £1tl.-, etc. .DER aTay-wv, -ovoe; [f.] 'drop' (trag., Hp., middle com., Hell. and late), hence -ov(ae;, -ovine;, -ovlaioe; (late); also aTay-ee; [pI.] (A. R. 4, 626) , which is probably a back-formation, cf. below. a-ray-eTOe; [m.] 'id.' (Aq.), like UeTOe;, etc.; maY-fla (£Tt(-) [n.] 'the dripping, drop, aromatic oil' (A., Gal., pap. et al.), £1tl-, KaTa-aTaWOe; [m.] 'dripping of the nose, sniffIng' (late medic.). ma�le; (CtTtO-KaTa-) [f.] 'the dripping', especially of blood from the nose (Hp., GaL). a-raKTOe; 'dripping' (lA), -T� [f.] 'myrrh oil' (Antiph., Plb. et al.), -Ta [n.pl.] 'resins' (medic.); evaTaKTov [n.] 'the dripping in' (GaL); a-raTlKOV' Tteflflanov TtAaKOUVTOeLOEe;. aAAOl of: Ctyyeia OLUA(�ovTa NeLAWOV uowp 'small cake; vessels filtering water from the Nile' (H.). £1tl-aTaKT'le; [m.] 'woolen thread for oil dripping' (late medic.); maKTep(a (for -T'lp(a) [f.] 'bottle for myrrh oil' (pap. VI VIIP). aTay-o'lv 'drop by drop' (Hp., Aret.). Ini�ouaa [f.] source in Sicyon (Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 2 (1950-1951) : 230) . .ETYM The present ma�w reflects *maY-lw and forms the basis of the other forms. The form mayee; is probably a backformation from mayovee; (Schwyzer: 424) . Often connected to Lat. stagnum 'standing water, pool' and OBret. staer 'river, brook' < *stag-ra. The semantics of this etymology are not obvious, but the connection remains possible. •

0'-ra6epoc; =>ma9fl'l. 0'-ra6euw [v.] 'to scorch, roast, fry' (Ar., Arist., Thphr.).
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O'Tu6!1TJ [f.] 'directive, carpenter's line, finish line, plumb line, rule, norm' (since 0 410) . ·COMP uTtoma9fl'l (to UTtO- m�vaL) [f.] 'sediment, lees, foundation' (PI., Hp. et al.). ma9fl-ouxoe; [m.] 'owner of goods, etc.' (A. Fr. 226 = 376 M., Antiph., pap. et al.), £Tt(-ma9flOe; [m.] 'quartermaster' (Isoc.), 'military quartered on another' (pap.; Mayser 1906-1938, I: 3: 175) ; vau-a-ra9flov [n.] (Th.), secondary -oe; [m.] (Plb., D. S.,

a-raAaaaw PIu.) 'anchorage, fleet station, fleet'; originally a substantivized adjective like �ou aTa9flov. .DER ma9fl-aoflaL (Ion. -EOflaL) 'to measure (by the directive), estimate, gauge, weigh' (Pi., lA), also with ola-, £1tl-, CtVTl-; thence -'lfla, -'late;, -'lnKOe; (late). a-ra9fl (�w 'id.' (Aq., Sm.), also with 8ta-. a-ra9floe; [m.] 'location, stable, farmstead, night lodgings, travel stage, day's march; pillar, post, jamb; balance, weight, heaviness' (ll.); plur. also -fla [n.] (after TaAavTa, �uya), to which sing. -ov 'weight, balance' (lA), poet. also 'homestead, farmstead; jamb, etc.' (trag. et al.). aTa9fl-(ov [n.] 'balance, weight' (Hell. and late); -lKOe; 'of weighing' (GaL); -wo'le; 'rich in sediment' (Hp.), cf. uTtoaTa9fl'l; ma9fl-(�w 'to weigh', also with ola-, cruv-, etc.; hence -late; [f.] 'the weighing', -laT�e; [m.] 'weigher', -lm( [adv.] 'by weight', --lanKOe; 'for weighing' (late); a-ra9fl-euw 'to take up or have quarters, etc.', also with KaTa-, £1tl-; also -£la [f.] (late). .ETYM Formation like �a9floe;, ge9floe;, {m9floe;, etc. A derivative of the root of � lm'lfll, PIE *steh2-, with the suffixes -9- and -flo-. The suffIx -9- also appears in eu aTa9�e; 'standing firm, quiet' (Ion. Hell. and late since 11.), which was probably built on the aor. £aTa9'lv (Risch 1937: 82) . The synonymous and later attested form aTagepoe; (A. Fr. 276 = 479 M., etc.) may have been built from YAR aTa(e;. .COMP aTaLT-oupyoe; (written aTeT-) [m.] 'mixer of a. ' (Ostr.). .DER Diminutive maLT-(ov [n.] (PMag. Par.); -lVOe; 'made of a. ' (Hdt.), -(-rae; [m.] 'bread of a.' (Epich., Sophr.), -wo'le; 'a.-like' (Poll.), -�·ia· TtEflflaTOe; dooe; 'kind of small cake', a-raT(ae;' apTOU dooe; 'kind of bread' (H.). .ETYM The connection with the lE word for 'dough' in SCr. tljesto 'dough', Olr. tais 'id.' < *th2eis-to-, OHG theismo 'leaven' is semantically appealing. If related, the anlaut must have been influenced by mEap 'fat' (Pedersen 1909: 56) . See also � T�KW. •

O'-raAUO'O'W [v.] 'to drip, shed drops, drop' (Sapph., E. et al.). .YAR Also -uw (Hell. and late epic, AP, Luc.), -u�w (Aq., PIu., Luc.), -aHW (Porph.), aor. -U�aL (Ar., Lyc., LXX). .COMP Also with CtTtO-, £v-, etc. .DER a-raAaY-floe; [m.] 'dripping, drop' (trag., Ar., Hp.), hence -fllaioe; 'calculated by , the drop (of the water-clock) (Vett. Val., etc.), -fl(T'le; plant name (Hippiatr.); also -fla [n.] 'drop' (A., S., Scymn.). Lat. LW stalagmia [n.pl.] 'ear-drops', stalagmias [m.] 'kind of copper-vitriol' (Plin. HN) . ETYM Formation like TtaAUaaW, pa9aaaw, aLfluaaw; the form maAuw is metrically conditioned (after XaMw, etc.), to which belongs aTaAe'l06vee;' aTaAawo( (H.), perhaps metrical for maAeo- or a-ra-A'lo-? The form a-raAuaaw is an enlargement of aTu�w. Usually derived from a root *(S)tel(h2)- 'to drip' (see LIV2 S.v. *stelh,k-), whence also � TEAfla 'puddle' and MoE stale 'urine' are derived. This seems possible, but is not very convincing in view of •

1390 the limited distribution, the vague semantics, and the s-mobile. See further on � UVUO'TUAU(W. (JT(iAl�, -lKo<; [f.] 'plug or post for fastening a hunting-net' (Theoc., PIu., Opp., Poll.). � ?� DER (JT(lAlou<; (-tou<;?} 'wu<; Ko.fluKU<; � Xo.pUKa<; 'vine-props or -poles, pointed stakes' (H.), O'TUAtOWV (X. Cyn. 2, 8 codd.; (JxuA[owv Steph.). .ETYM The suffIx alternation recalls KAUlK-, from KArfio- 'bolt, key' (cf. s.v. � KAet<;); see Schwyzer: 496. Further analysis uncertain; the root could be that of either � O'T£AAW or � h(Tjfll (with a suffIx -A-). •

(J'1'afliv£<; [m.pl.] 'vertical side-beams of a ship'"(Poll. 1, 92, H., EM). �PG?� .YAR Acc. -lvu<; (Moschio apud Ath.), dat. -Ive(J
O'1'Uflvo<; [m., f.] 'big jar, especially a wine-jar' (lA). � IE *sth2-mn-o- 'standing'� .DER Several diminutives: aLaflv-toV, -o.plOV [n.], -taKo<; [m.] (com., Hell. and late). PN LLaflvtu<; [m.] (Ar.). Denominative verb: O'TUflv-t(w, only with KULa- and auv-, 'to pour into a jar, transfuse' (Thphr., Nic. et al.). .ETYM Formation like tpuflvo<; (from epuflu), AtflvTj (from Alfl�v), etc. (see Schwyzer: 524 and Chantraine 1933: 215). Probably from a noun *aTiiflu, *O'TUfl�V or the like, 'stand, standing place'; the jar would thus be a large, standing one. Probably related to aTo.To<; [m.] (substantivized from aLaTo<;) 'big jug' (Hell. inscr., H.), OHG stanta 'jug to be put somewhere', Lith. statine 'barrel, cask'. A zero grade fl-derivation is also supposed in � aLafllve<;; comparable formations in other languages are ToB stiim, A $tiim 'tree' (cf. stiim- 'to stand'), OHG stam, gen. stammes 'stem', which may reflect PGm. *stamna- (lE *sth2-mn-o-). Cf. also � aT�flwv. Borrowed as Alb. shtambe, shtembe [f.] 'bottle' (Mann Lang. 17 (1941): 23). Fur.: 227, 245 compares aTo.
aTu
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.ETYM Old verbal noun *sth2-ti- of � LO'TTjfll 'to stand', identical with Skt. sthiti- [f.] 'stand, standstill', Lat. statio 'standing place', frozen accus. statim 'fixed, on the spot', Go. staps [m.] 'position, place', OHG stat [f.] 'id.'. From the full grade *steh2-ti-: Av. stiiiti- 'standing, stand, position', Latv. stiitis [pl.] 'turning point (of the sun)" and Ru. stat' 'build of the body' . o't'a'1'qp, -fjpo<; [m.] designation of a weight and of a coin, 'stater' (lA). � IE *steh2'stand'� .YAR O'Ta-rfjpe<; is also the opposite of unoooTfj pe<; 'returners' (Epich. 116), acc. to Et. Gen. = xpewO'TaL 'debtors', cf. 6�OAO-aLaT�p (Hdn. Gr.) = 6�OAO-O'To.TTj<; 'obol weigher, usurer' (Ar. et al.). .COMP Thematicized in bahuvrihi compounds: oeKU-aTo.TTjp-O<; 'concerning ten a.' (Arr.), -ov [n.] 'sum or weight of ten a.' (Att. and Cret. inscr.) . .DER O'TaTTjp - taKo<; (-laflo<;?) type of tax: (pap.), -la10<; 'worth or weighing one a.' (Theopomp. Com., Hell. and late). .ETYM Derived from LaTTjfll in the sense 'to put on the balance, weigh off. See also Benveniste 1948: 50. Similar, but independent, formations are found in Lat. Stator, -oris epithet of Jupiter, Skt. stha tar- [m.] 'driver of a car' < *steh2-ter-. Borrowed as Lat. stater. See � LaTTj fll. O'1'unwv [f., m.] 'station'. �LW Lat.� .DER -o.plO<; (inscr.). .ETYM From Lat. statio; see Drew-Bear Glotta 50 (1972): 93. o't'a'1'o<; [adj.] 'standing (still)', of a horse (Z 506 = 0 263), of water (S. Ph. 716 [lyr.]); Hell. of jars 'made or fIt for standing' (Delos, pap.); subst. O'To.TO<; [m.] 'vessel' (Delos, Oropos, H.), with aTo.nov [n.] 'id.' (Delos 11'). � IE *steh2- 'stand'� .DER aLaT-lKo<; 'belonging to weighing' (Pl.), on the mg. cf. � 0'T0.
o't'avpo<; [m.] 'pole' (.0 453), 'cross' (D. S., NT et al.). � IE *steh2-u- 'pole'� .DER O'Tau p-tov [n.] (Theognost.), -lKO<; 'belonging to the cross' (Tz.); aTau p- ow 'to provide with poles' (Hdt., Th., etc.), 'to crucify' (Plb., NT et al.), also with uva-, etc.; thence -wfla [n.] 'fraise, palisade' (Th., X. et al.), -WuaTa
1392 .COMP E.g. oTaqmAo-ToflEW 'to cut off grapes; to perform surgery on the uvula' (late), epl-ol(lcpuAoe; 'with big grapes' (Od., epic). .DER Diminutive oTacpuA-Le;, - LOOe; [f.] (Theoc., Hp.), -lOV [n.] (M. Ant., pap.); -Tvoe; [m.] 'carrot' (Hp., Dsc.), metaphorically as the name of an insect (Arist.), see Stromberg 1937: 52; -[-rf]e; [m.] epithet of Dionysus (Ael.); -wfla [n.] name of an eye disease (medic.), after YAauKwfla, etc. From O-raCPUAf]: OTacpUAL(£lV' TO OUVlU(£lV Tae; wae; TOU tflaTLou 'to ?? the fringes of the mantle' (H.). PN LTUcpUAOe; [m.] . ETYM Probably the zero grade form of � OTEflcpuAa. The similarity with � 6.oTacpLe; 'dried grapes' is probably not accidental, but the exact relation of the words is unknown. The group of words is Pre-Greek (cf. Chantraine 1933: 251, Schwyzer: 485, and Fur.: 342, 373) . It has been argued tlfat oTacpuATvoe; 'carrot' is not related to
OTaXUVT) [f.] only in the expression OtKatO-r£pOe; oTaxuVf]e; (Zen., Lib. et al.), where it is understood as 'balance'. <'l PG?� .ETYM Formation like TpUTUVf] and other instument nouns. Perhaps as a technical expression from � OTUXUe; 'ear', due to some specification of the meaning, but more likely a Pre-Greek substrate word. OTUXUe;, -uoq [m.] 'ear (of corn)' ('l' 598) , metaphorically 'offshoot' (poet.), as a plant name (Dsc. et al.), 'surgical bandage' (medic.). <'l PG(v)� .VAR -ue; (E. HP 5) , -uv (Call., A. R.). .COMP oTaxuo-�oAtw 'to put forth ears' (Thphr.), JtOAU-oTaXUe; 'rich in ears' (Theoc., Str.). .DER cYTaxu-f]poe; 'bearing ears' (Thphr.), -w0f]e; 'ear-like, full of ears' (Thphr., Nonn.), -'(voc; 'of ears' (Olympia), -Tne; [f.] (also -LTf]e; [m.l) plant name (Ps.-Dsc.), -oOflat 'to develop into an ear' (Dsc.). ETYM Traditionally connected with ON stinga, OE stingan 'to sting', nominal OHG stanga [f.] 'stick, pole, bar', MHG stunge 'prickle', Lith. stangus 'stiff, fixed', stanga [f.] 'effort', stengti 'to be able', stingti 'to harden', Latv. stifzgt 'id.'. The Germanic words reflect *steni'-u-, of which OTUXUe; would be a zero grade *stni' -u-. The appurtenance of the Baltic forms is doubtful, since their accentuation seems to require a reconstruction *steng-, in which case they cannot be related. However, the variant � lio-raxue; (see s.v. and Kretschmer Glotta 21 (1933) : 89) rather suggests that the Greek word is of substrate origin (see also Fur.: 373) . Cf. �
oTtap, oTtaToq [n.] '(standing) fat, tallow' (the opposite of � Jtlfl£A�), also 'dough' = oTaTe; (Od., Hp., X., Arist., etc.). <'l IE *steh2-ur� VAR oTEap (corn., see LSJ Supp.), OT� p, OT�TOe; (Hell. pap. et al.). DER Diminutive OT£UT-LOV [n.] (Alex., Paul. Aeg.), -WOf]e; 'tallowy' (Hp., Arist. et al.), -lVOe; 'of tallow, of dough' (Aesop.), -wfla [n.] 'tallow formation, fat tumor', hence -wflunov [n.] (medic.), -hat JtAaKouVT£e; 'flat cakes' (H.) as a gloss to JtLOV£e;;
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1393 .�TYM The word
On:l�W [v.] 'to tread (on something), densify by treading, trod, trample' (A 534, Y 499, epic poet.). <'l IE *steib- 'get stiff, fix'�.

1394 .VAR Only pres. except aor. KaT-Ean:l\va<; (S. O C 467; not quite certain), verbal adj. aTL1tTo<; (v.l. -£l-) 'trodden solid, solid, hard' (S., Ar.), a-aTL1tTo<; 'untrodden' (S.; also OGI 606?). .COMP Rarely with prefIx, e.g. em-, KaTU-. .DER aTOl�� [f.] 'stuffIng, cushion, bulge, etc.'; often as a plant name 'Poterium spinosum', the leaves of which were used for stuffIng (Hp., Ar., Arist., Epid. [Iva] , etc.), aTOl�-(oV 'id.' (Dawkins JHS 56 (1936): 10), -a<; = aTl�a<;, -fj06v 'crammed' (comm. Arist.), aTOl�-a�w 'to fIll, stuff (Hdt., LXX et al.), rarely with OLa-, whence -aGTO<;, -aaT�<;, -am<;, -amflo<;, -aG(a (Hell. and late). Zero grade of the root in: aT(�o<; [m.] , (trodden) road, path, footstep, trail' (epic Ion. poet. since h. Mere.), 'fuller's workshop' (pap. lIP), whence aTl�a<;, -aoo<; [f.] 'bed of straw, reed or leaves, mattress, bed, grave' (lA), -aOLov [n.] 'id'. (Hell. and late), -ao£uw 'to use like straw' (Dsc.). Further aTL�£u<; [m.] 'hound' (Opp.), 'fuller' (pap.), = 6O£uT�<; (H.), -£uw 'to track' (D. S., PIu., H.), = nop£uw8m (H.) with -£la [f.] 'tracking, etc.' (D. S. et al.), -£lOV [n.] 'fuller's workshop' (pap.), -£UT�<; [m.] 'hound' (Sostrat. apud Stob.); also -(fj = -£la (Opp.; metrically conditioned). aTL�lK� [f.] 'fuller's tax' (pap. lIP); aTl�a�w 'to enter, track, etc.', -am<; [f.] (late); eaT(�fjTaL [perf.pass.] 'has been tracked' (S. Aj. 874; to aTL�EW or -aw); a-aTL�-o<; 'unentered' (AP), often -�<; 'id.' (A., S., also X. et al.), -fjTO<; 'id.' (Lyc. et al.; cf. eaT(�fjTm); LT(�WV name of a dog (X. Cyn.). aTL�apo<; 'solid, compact, massive, strong' (11., epic poet., also Hell. and late prose); like �plapo<;, etc.; -apfj06v [adv.] 'compact' (late). With a long vowel we fInd aTI�fj [f.] 'ripe' (Od., CalL), -�£l<; (Call.); on the mg., cf. nayo<;, naxvfj to � n�yvufll. ETYM Related to Arm. step, gen. -ay 'frequent, incessant, permanent' (adj. and adv.), with stip-em 'to press, urge', -aw, -ov 'quick, diligent(ly)' < PIE *stoibo- or *steibo-. Perhaps also related to Lith. stiebas 'mast(tree), pillar, stalk', staibis 'lower shank, supporting post', if the accent, which points to root-fInal *-b-, is old. Similar words with root-fInal *-p- in other Indo-European languages resemble the Greek root: Lat. sfipiire 'to compress, surround' (sometimes connected to the Corinth. PN LT(nwv, IG 4, 319); Lith. stipti, ISg. stimpu 'to stiffen, grow rigid', stiprus 'strong', stiepti 'to stretch'; OE stif, MHG stif 'stiff, erect' < *steifa-, MLG sfivele 'support', ON stifLa 'to dam'. With *-bh_, we fInd CS stbblo 'stem, stalk', Latv. stiba 'staff, rod' and, within Greek, aTicpo<;, with a mg. that resembles that of aT£(�w. The exact relation between the roots *steib-I*steibh -I*steip- is uncertain. •

an:lAElq =>aT£A£a. an:ipa 1 [adj.] 'infertile', of cows, goats, women, also metaph. (Od., Hp., Hell. and late), 'virginal' (Lyc., Luc.). -
1395 .ETYM Formation like n(£lpa, X(flmpa, floipa, etc. (Schwyzer: 494, Chantraine 1933: 98). An old term for an infertile animal, also used for infertile women. Similar formations are reflected in Arm. sterj 'infertile' < *ster-j- (cf. anurj beside OV£lpO<;) and Skt. stari- 'infertile cow'< *ster-ih2• Further cognates are Lat. sterilis 'infertile', with -ilis from gracilis, fertilis, etc. (Leumann Glotta 42 (1964): 118), Go. stairo [f.] 'infertile woman', Alb. shtjerre 'young cow, lamb'. See � aT£p£o<;, � aTEplcpo<;. an:tpa 2 [f.] 'foremost part of the keel, stem' (A 482 = � 428), = TO e�EXov T�<; npq,pa<; �UAOV KaTCt T�V Tpomv 'wood of the prow projecting towards the keel' (H.). -
an:[xw [v.] 'to march (in), rise, draw, go' (11., epic Ion. poet., also Aeol. prose). -
� un:A£a Arist. Hell. and late), also with Tt£Pl-, ovv- etc., hardly deverbative in view of the mg.; -mOLxouvrw<; 'matching, consequent' (Galatia, Aug. time). UTOLX-[�W 'to arrangein a line, order' (A. Pr. 484 and 232, X. et al.), often with Tt£Pl-, also CLu- and KUTU-; thence -lufl0<; (Poll.). D. mOLxeiov, often plur. -eiu [n.] 'letters in free-standing, alphabetical form' (of ypaflfluTu: 'character, script'), also 'principles; component, element' (PI., Arist., etc.), 'heavenly bodies, elementary spirits, natural demons, magic means' (late and Byz.); also 'shadow-line' as a measure of time (Att. corn.), cf. UKlU UVT[UTOLX0<; (E. Andr. 745); the original meaning is 'object in a row' vel sim. (on the formation cf. uTjfleiov, flvTjfleiov, eA£yeiov, etc.); on the develoPIIl:ent of the mg., which is in many ways unclear, see Burkert Phil. 103 (1959): 167ff. with references. mOlX£l-WOTj<; 'belonging to the mOLxeiu, elementary' (Arist., etc.), of barley 'in several rows' as opposed to a UTOLX0<; TtUp0<; (Thphr.), so either the same as mOLx-woTj<; or a misspelling of it. mOLX£l-ow [v.] 'to introduce to the principles' (Chrysipp. et al.), 'to equip with magical powers, charm' (Byz.), also -WUl<;, -WflU, -WT�<;, -WTlKO<; (Epicur., Phld. et al.), -WflUTlKO<; (Ps.-Ptol.), see Mugler 1958-1959: 380f. .ETYM The full grade thematic present m£[xw agrees exactly with Go. steigan 'to go up', 0Ir. tiagu 'to stride, go' < lE *steii' -. A nasal present is reflected in Lith. stlgti 'to lack, be absent', 3Pres. stinga < *stii'-, OCS ISg. po-stign9 'to get in, reach, hit' < *steifl'-, and a yod-present in Lith. stefgti, 3Pres. stefgia 'to organize, (dial.) want, hurry'. Further, OHG steg [m.] 'small bridge', ON stig [n.] 'step' < PGm. *stigaz < PIE *stii'-o- (= UT[X0<;), OE stige [m. i] 'going up, down', ON stigr [m.] 'path'. Also, Alb. shteg 'footpath', Go. staiga, OHG steiga [f.] 'mountain-path, road', Latv. staiga [f.] 'course' < *stoifl' -o-. [f.] 'shaft of an axe, hack, hammer, etc.' (Horn.), 'cavity for the shaft' in -£l� (
lU 'stumps' (H.), -woTj<; 'stem-like' (Thphr., DSC.), -laLO<; 'serving as a stem' (GaL), -Tj06v 'according to the kind of stem' (A. R. 1, 1004 as a v.l. for mOLXTj06v). UTOAO<; [m.] 'rostrum' (Pi., trag.), 'outgrowth, stump, appendage' (Arist.), if not related to mOAo<; 'equipment', see s.v. � UT£AAW. .ETYM For the formation of uT£A£a, cf. owp£a, y£v£a, and for -£0<;, -£ov, cf. KOA-£O<;, -£ov; m£lA-£l� is like Up-£l�, V£Up-£l� (m£lA- may be due to metrical lengthening; see Schwyzer: 469\ Risch 1937: 131, and Chantraine 1933: 51 and 91). For m£A£X0<;, which may also be a metrical variant, cf. T£flux0<;, etc. (Schwyzer: 496, Chantraine 1933: 403).

O'T£A£a

� I

1397 Both m£A£a, -£0<;, -£ov, and UT£A£X0<; are based on an unknown, probably nominal basis, perhaps an s-stem *m£Ao<; (Schulze 1892: 175), which may be related to Arm. stein, pI. stelun-k' 'stem, shaft, stalk, twig' and to OE stela [m.] 'stalk of a plant', ON stj9l 'stalk' < *stel-; see further s.v. � O'T£AAW and � m�ATj. [v.] 'to put in order, make ready; to equip or dress with weapons, clothes, etc.; to prepare (for a journey), dispatch'; also 'to furl, take in the sails, tie up, constrain'; med. especially 'to summon, fetch, prepare (for a journey), set off (also , act. intr.), also 'to put on (clothes) (11.). � IE *stel- 'put in order'; also *spel- 'split'?� .VAR Aor. UT£LAaL, -uu9aL (11.), Aeol. UTtO-, e1tl-UT£AAaL, fut. UT£A-£W (� 287 et al.), -w, -OUflaL (Att.); aor. pass. mUA-�VaL (Pi., lA), -9�vaL (HelL), perf. pass. EmUAflaL (lA), act. EmUAKU (Att.), EUTOAU (gramm.). .COMP With the prefixes UTtO-, OlU-, e1tl-, KUTU-, Tt£Pl-, OVV-, lmo-. As a second member e.g. in IOlo-moAo<; 'having one's own equipment, equipped at one's own expense, making one's own journey' (PIu. et al.), TtUYO-UTOAO<; epithet of yuv� (Hes. Dp. 373); on the mg. see Martinazzoli Par. del pass. 15 (1960): 203ff.; VUU-UTOA-£W [v.] 'to send on a ship; to navigate, steer (a ship)' (Pi., S., E., late prose), vuu-moAo<; only A. rh. 858 (lyr.); cf. vuu-fluX£w, olvo-xo£w etc. in Schwyzer: 726); UKpo-mOA-LOV [n.] 'decorated end of the rostrum' (Callix., Str., D. S., etc.); UTtOUTOA-O<; (to UTtO-m£AAw) [m.] 'envoys, fleet expedition' (lA), 'apostle' (LXX, NT). As a second member e.g. in fl£Auvo-moAo<; 'with a black garment' (PIu.). .DER UTOAO<; [m.] 'equipment (of a campaign), campaign by water and by land, fleet, army, troop, legion, march' (Pi., lA). UTOA� [f.] 'armor', usually 'dress, garment' (lA), 'obstruction, pressure, constraint' (Epicur., medic.), on Aeol. O'TtOAU cf. below; also UTtO-, OlU- e1tl-UTOA� etc. (to cmo-O'T£AAW) 'sending, extension, mission, letter' (lA, etc.), with cmouToA-£U<; [m.] 'official for equipping and dispatching the fleet' (Att.), etc., see BoBhardt 1942: 53f. From UTOA� derive the diminutive UTOA-LOV [n.] (Delos lP, AP et al.), mOA-a<; [f.] 'jacket' (Ael.); UTOA-[<; [f.] 'dress', plur. 'folds' (E., Arist., etc.), further -[CLov, -lOWOTj<;, -l060flaL, -[owflu, -lOWTO<;. From mOA� and UTOAO<;: UTOA-[�W [v.] 'to put in order, equip, dress' (Hes. Dp. 628, E., Hell. and late), also with KUTU-, OVV-, i:mo-; thence -lUl<;, -luflu, lO'flo<;, -lm�<;, -lm�pLOv, -lmeLU; mOA-a�oflaL [v.] 'to dress' in eUToAaouvTo (metrical inscr. Marathon lIP; cf. Schwyzer: 672). UTOAfl0<; [m.] 'equipment, clothing' (A., E.). UT£Aflu, UT£
O'T£AAW, -Ol1al

r *skwel- is very meager. The forms a1tOAa and EUa1tOAOe; may instead reflect PIE *spel 'split' (see � a1tOAae;). A PIE root *stel- is attested in Arm. stelc-anem, aor. stelc-i [v.] 'to prepare, create' (with unexplained c), Alb. shtiell [v.] 'to wind up, reel up, collect' < PIE *stel-n-, OCS po-stblati, ISg. po-steljp 'to spread', OPr. stalllt 'to stand'; see LIV2 s.v. *stel- and Derksen 2008 s.v. *stblati. Perhaps PGm. staljan- 'to put, etc.' (in G stellen and cognates) is related as well, but it may also be a denominative from PGm. *stalla 'place, etc.', which could derive from *sth2-dh lo- instead. OT£AU1tIlV [f.] aa
Greek origin (cf. Pre-Greek, suffIxes).

The suffIx -U1t- may indicate Pre

[v.] = KlVW auvExwe; (EM), 'to shake ceaselessly' (A. Fr. 440 = 635 M., also EM et al. as an explanation of amEfl
OTEfl�w •

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OTEfl
r

I

\

1399 OT£VOe; [adj.] 'narrow, close, small, tight, slim' (lA). � ?� .YAR Ion. m£lVOe;, Aeol. (gramm.) aTEVVOe;. .COMP Often as a first member, e.g. aTEVW1tOe;, see � 61t�. .DER mEvo-TIle; (Ion. -El-) [f.] 'narrowness, tightness' (lA); back-formation mEivoe; (epic 11.) for aTEVOe; (A. Eu. 521 [lyr.l) [n.] 'narrowness, narrow room, throng,

distress'. Denominative verbs: m£lvoflat 'to be narrowed, crowd, be crowded' (epic 11.), rarely with ev-, aflT£lvETat, aufl�E�Umat 'to become narrow, cram' (H.), with unclear root vocalism. .ETYM The alternation mEVOe; : mElVOe; : aTEVVOe; (and also Att. aTEv(F)o-TEpOe;, -TaTOe; instead of -w-) points to PGr. *mEvFoe;, a thematic enlargement of the u-stem mEVU- continued in aTEvu-ypoe; and 2:TEvu-KAllpoe; (Chantraine 1933: 122). No cognates outside Greek are known. Cf. Chantraine 1933: 226, Fur.: 226 ("nicht sicher erkHirt"), and DELG ("L'etymologie de ce groupe de mots reste obscure. " ). The form aTEvuypoe; may have a Pre-Greek suffIx (see Pre-Greek, SuffIxes under yp: Tavayple;, �aAaypoe;, y�AlypOe;).

[v.] 'to moan, drone, groan, lament', also trans. 'to mourn, bewail' (11., epic poet., also late prose). � IE *(s)ten- 'groan'� YAR Rarely med. -Oflat, only pres. and ipf. .COMP Also with prefix, e.g. ava-, e1tl-, flETa-, U1tO-. Compounds e.g. aya-aTovOe; 'moaning loudly, roaring' (Od. et al.). .DER A number of root enlargements is found, part of which is metrically conditioned (Schwyzer: 105, 736; Chantraine 1942: 1l2): aTEv-a�w, aor. -a�at, fut. -a�w, also with uva-, e1tl-, etc. (poet., also Hdt., D., LXX, PIu.); mEv-aXw, -axoflat, -aXEw, -ax�aat, -aXI�w, -aXI�oflat, also with ava-, e1tl-, 1tEPl-, etc. (mostly epic 11.), all meaning 'to Sigh, groan'; on these formations see Schwyzer: 702, Chantraine 1942: 330. The following words derive from aTEVW: 2:TEv-TWP [m.] PN (E 785; Benveniste 1948: 54). movoe; [m.] 'moaning, etc.' (11., epic poet.); movO-£le; (movoFwav [f.sg.] Corc. VI') 'full of moaning, causing moaning, woeful' (11., epic poet.). From aTEva�w: aTEvaY-floe; [m.] 'the moaning, sighing (Pi., trag., Pl.), -flwOIle; (Paul. Aeg.); -fla [n.] 'id.' (S., E., Ar.), -flaTwOIle; (Gal.). From aTEvaxw: movax� [f.] 'id.' (epic poet. 11.), verb movaXEw, -ax�aat, -aXI�w, also with e1tl-, 1tapa-, etc. (epic poet. 11.), further, often as a v.l., mEvaXEw, -axl�w. .ETYM The full-grade thematic aTEvw agrees exactly with Skt. stanati 'to drone, thunder', Lith. ISg. stenu, OE stenan 'to moan, groan' < PIE *sten-. A yod-present is reflected in OCS stenjp, and with zero grade in OE stunian, ON stynja 'id.'. Further, Skt. stan reflects an athem. ipf. < PIE *sten-t.

OTEVW •

1400

an:pyuvo<;

Perhaps related s-less forms are attested in Aeol. TEVVEl· mEv£l, ppUXeT�� 'groans, roars' (H.), possibly < *ten(h2)-ie/o- (as per Pinault 1982: 267), Skt. tanyatl to sound loudly, thunder' < *t(e)n-ie/o-, OE punian 'to sound, resound' < *tn-ie/o-, OE punor 'thunder', Lat. tonere 'to thunder'. GTEPYUVO<; [m.] . Konpwv 'place for dung' (H.), at an alphabetically incorrect position. "! ?� .ETYM

No etymology; not related to Lat. stercus [n.] 'excrements', W trwnk 'urine', etc. On the accent, see Schwyzer: 520. GTEPYW [v.] 'to show affection, cherish sympa,J:.�y, love tenderly', of fan:ily memb�rs, of subordinates towards superiors and vice versa, etc. (rarely of physIcal love); to be content, content oneself (Thgn. lA). "! IE *sterg- 'love, tend'� .VAR Aor. aTEp�aL, fut. mEp�w (lA), perf. eaTopya (Hdt.), pass. eaT£p)'f.laL (Emp., AP), aor. m£pXe�VaL (Lyc., PIu. et al.). COMP cmo-mEpy w 'to cease to love, abhor' (Terp., A., Theoc., LXX et al.). As a second member, e.g. in cplA6-mopyo<; 'cherishing sympathy, loving tenderly', with -EW, -[a (Att., Hell. and late). .. DER mEpy-Tjepov [n.] 'love potion, love herb' as a plant, name (Dsc.): see �trom�erg 1940: 92 and 147, 'love' (A., E.); -Tjfla [n.] 'love charm (S.); aTopYTj [f.] affectlOn, love' (Emp., Antipho, rarely Hell. and late). . .ETYM Possibly related to OCS stresti, stregr 'to guard, tend', but the * -t- of the SlaVIC forms may be secondary in view of Lith. sergdi 'to watch over, guard', in which case the Greek form cannot be related. Sometimes also connected to Olr. serc, MW serch 'love', MBret. serch 'concubine' < PIE *sterk-eh2, but the different velar poses a problem. GTEpeO<; [adj.] 'stiff, hard, firm, tenacious, steady, solid, no:.mal', . al�o of m?ney an� measures (n.), 'cubic' (see Mugler 1958-1959: 378f.), rarely mfertlle (E., Anst.). "! IE. *ster- 'stiff, fixed'� VAR Att. also aT£pp0<; . COMP As a first member in aT£p£O-fleTp-[a [f.] 'the measuring of cubic bodies, stereometry' (PI. Epin., Arist. et al.) . DER m£p£-oTTj<; (-pp-) [f.] 'hardness, firmness', also 'infertility' �Pl., Arist., �tc.); aT£p£-ooflaL (_pp_), -ow [v.] 'to become, mak� firm, hard, t? harden (Hp., X., Anst.) ; also with uno-, KaTa-; thence aT£pE-wfla [n.] firmness, solId component, firmament (Hp., Arist., etc.), -W<1l<; [f.] 'to harden' (LXX, �tr. et al.), � wflaT[�w, -WTl�o<;, -WT� <;. Enlarged aT£pE-'lVO<; 'hard' (pap. IP), after nETplvo<;, �UAlVO<;" etc.; m£p,lcpo<; �a.rd; firm, infertile' (Att., Arist., etc.), hence m£plcp-oTTj<; (sch.), -OOflaL [v.] to solIdIfy (Ph.), -wflaTa [n.pl.] 'solid foundation', -euoflEVTj· nape£V�UOflEVTj 'brought up ,as a maiden' (H.), aT£pEflvlO<; 'hard, firm, solid' (PI. Epin., EplCur., Phld. et al.), -lWOTj<; (Porph.), -lOOflaL (Zeno). . .ETYM The word aT£p£o<;, whence Att. m£ppo<; (Scheller 1951: 114; dIfferently For� es Glotta 36 (1958): 269f.), probably reflects *aT£p£Fo<;, a formation which a�rees w�t� £T£(F)o<;, K£v£(F)o<;, etc. Leumann Glotta 42 (1964): 118 derives aT£plcp0<; unfertlle •

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1401 from the root of m£lpa, enlarged with the suffIx -cpo- that designates animal names (cf. eplcpo<;, eAacpo<;, etc.), with a semantic change from 'infertile' to 'hard'. The formations above are based on the IE root *ster-, attested in e.g. OHG stara-blint 'blind', OHG staren 'to stare', MoHG starr 'rigid'; ToB scire 'harsh' < *ster- and ToA ?tare 'effort' < *storo-. The words � aT£lpa 1 'infertile' and � aT£lpa 2 'stem' also belong here. Numerous further words may belong to the same family, with various formations and different enlargements: � mEpcpo<;, � mpTjv�<;, � mopeuy�, � mTjp[�w, � aTplcpvo<;. [n.] 'breast, chest', in Horn. always of the chest, also as a seat of emotions, 'heart' (n., poet., also medic.). "! IE *sterh3- 'spread out', *ster(h3)-no-� .VAR Often plur. -a. .COMP £upu-aT£pvo<; 'with a wide chest' (Hes. et al.), aT£pvo-Tun�<; 'beating the chest' (E. [lyr.]), npo-m£pvo<; 'in front of the chest' (A.), to which npom£pv-[olOV [n.] 'harness (of horses), (X. et al.), also m£pv[OLoV 'id.' (late). .DER Verbal derivations from hypostases or univerbations, e.g., imom£pv-[�OflaL 'to fix under the chest' (PIu.); imoaT£pvov· imoyumplOv 'paunch' (H.). Further derivations are rare: aT£pv[TlOe<;· nAeupa[ 'sides (of a person, animal)" (PolL), aTEpvl�· £VT£PlWVTj 'inmost part' (H.), like flOAl�, P�Vl�, etc.; unclear is mEpvlov 'meat that is difficult to digest', cf. LSJ s.v. .ETYM Related to OHG stirna [f.] 'forehead' < *ster(h3)-n-ieh2 and Ru. storona 'region, side' < PIE *stor(hJ-n-eh2. The root is probably that of � mopvufll, i.e. *sterh3-. One might, however, also consider a reconstruction *ster-no- from the root *ster- 'lay down' without a laryngeal, reflected in Skt. stpJoti 'lay down, destroy'; see Narten MSS 22 (1967): 57-66, LIV2 s.v. *ster- and s.v. � mpUT6<;. The latter reconstruction has the advantage that it would account for the absence of a reflex of a laryngeal in aTEpvov. However, the semantics seem to favor the former reconstruction, even if the exact semantic development remains uncertain. The loss of the laryngeal would be regular in this position, acc. to Van Beek 2009.

GTEpVOV

GTEpO�al [v.] 'to be robbed, lack, lose' (Hes., lA). "! IE? *ster- 'steal, rob'� .VAR lpv. aTapEmw (Delph. IV·) ? Full grade with Tj-enlargement in ptc.

m£Pel<; (E.), aT£p-Tje�VaL (Pi, lA), fut. -�aoflaL, -Tje�aoflaL (Att.; aT£pouflaL And.), perf. £mEpTjflaL (lA) ; act. 'to rob, snatch from': aor. aT£p-�aaL (aT£pEaaL v 262, pap. et al.), fut. -�aw (m£pw A. Pr. 862, -Eaw pap.), perf. £aTEpTjKa (Att.); pass. m£pEw, simplex only ipv. m£pelTW (Pl.), otherwise with uno-, hence med. aT£pEOflaL (Hell. and late); also m£p[aKw, -OflaL (Hdt., Att.), uno- (S.), aor. m£p[aaL (metrical inscription Eretria IV lIP, AP; cf. unom£p[�w Hp.). .DER (uno-)mEpTj<1l<; [f.] 'robbery, confiscation' (Hp., Att., etc.), also -£<1l<; (pap.), after alp£<1l<;, £Up£<1l<; etc., with m£p-�<1lfl0<; -E<1lflo<; 'which can be confiscated' (pap. ' inscr. Il-IIIP), -Tjfla [n.] 'id.' (Ps.-Callisth.), (uno-)m£pTjTlKo<; 'robbing, removing, negative, privative' (Ar, Arist., Hell. and late), aT£pTjT�<; [m.] who snatches or withholds sth. from sbd., deceiver' (PI., Arist., et al.), fern. -TjTp[<; (Ar. Nu. 730; parody).

1402

Gn:poTC�

.ETYM The above forms probably all go back to the them. present mepoflat. The isolated ipv. Delph. GTapeGTW, which Bechtel l921, 2: 231 regards as a zero grade root aorist, is better explained as regular from mepeGeW (with e > a before p in this dialect). First, the then-intransitive aorist GTep-�vat, -�aoflat was formed from GTepoflat (if it were old, we would expect zero grade GTap-), and then -'le�Vat, -'le�GOflat; later also the active mep-�Gat (mepeGat after OAeaat, etc.), -�aw, etc., and finally GTep-eW, -IGKW (cf. e.g. eup-�Gw, eUp-IGKW). There are no certain cognates. A possible connection is with Mlr. serb 'theft', which can reflect *ster-ya.

[f.] 'lightning, gleam, shine' (epic ll.). .VAR L:TepoTC'le; [m.] name of a Cyclops (Hes". CalL); aTepo,\, 'glittering, lighting' (S. [lyr.]) is a back-formation after a18o,\,. .COMP mepoTC-'lyepeTa, epithet of Zeus (H 298, Q. S., Nonn.), after veGTep
OTeP0TC11

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[v.] 'to surround closely, enclose tightly, encase, wreathe, honor (with libations) " in prose often GTe
OTE
•

[n.] 'breast, chest', also as the seat of emotions, 'heart' (ll.), metaph. 'ball of the hand, foot' (medic.), 'sandbank' (Plb., etc.). -
oTfj6oc; •

[f.] 'column', e.g. for fixing a peace treaty, hence 'law, treaty'; also 'buttress' (lA since ll.).

•

•

•

o"T� Ilwv.
•

•

•

[n.pl.] 'festival in Athens before the Thesmophoria, where women uttered curses and insults' (Ar., H. , Phot.).

[v.] 'to support, establish, attach; to found, stand up, lean . on' (Democr., E. et al.)

VAR Aor. -[�m, -L�acr8m (ll.), also -lO"m, -lO"u0"8m (Hell. and late), pass. -lx8�vm (Tyrt., etc.), fut. -l�w , -l�ollm, -lO"W, -lW , pass. -lX8�0"0llaL, perf. med. £O"1"�plYllm, plpf. £O"1"�PlKTO (ll.), inf. £o"Tfjpl0"8aL (LXX), act. £o"T�PlXU (pap.) . .COMP Often with prefix, e.g. UVTl- , uno-, £v-, £m- . .DER O"1"�PlY�, -lYY0<; [f.] 'support' (Lys., X., D. S. et al.), a back-formation like O"uAmy� (:-l�w), o"TpO

(Leumann 1950: 112, Ruijgh 1957: 100f.). 0"1"£l0w. O"1"llll.
for the number 6 (attempt at an explanation by Pisani RILomb. 73:2 (1939-40): 53) with -lluTlu<; [m.] 'branded one' (lA). (£m-, &u-) o"TlY-Il� [f.] 'mar, spot, point, tittle' (lA) with -lllUlO<; 'including just one point, without extension' (Hell. and late); -110<; [m.] 'stitch, brand' (A. [lyr.]). O"1"l�l<; (&u-) [f.] 'stitching' (late). o"TlY-£u<; [m.] 'stitcher, brander' (Hdt.), 'brandiron' (Suid.), probably directly from the verb; likewise -WV, -wvo<; [m.] 'branded one' (Ar. Fr. 97). o"TlY0<; [m.], -ov [n.] 'point' (Archim.). O"TlK-Tfj<; [m.] 'stitcher, . brander' (Herod.); -TO<; (KUTU-) 'spotted, variegated' (trag., Arist., etc.). .ETYM From PIE *(s)teig- 'to prick, sting' (see LIV2 s.v.): Go. stiks, OHG stih < PGm. *stiki- [m.] 'stitch', MoHG stechen 'to sting', Distel 'thistle' « PGm. *p'ihstila-);

denominative Lat. lnstlgare 'to incite, provoke' < *steig-, stinguo 'to extinguish' < *steng- + -u-; Skt. ati stig- 'to penetrate', stega- [m.] 'which stings', YAv. stija [ins.sg.] 'with the tip (of the tusk) " Skt. tejate 'to sharpen' < *teig-e-to-, tlk?1:la- [adj.] 'sharp, keen-eyed', tejas- [n.] 'sharp edge (of knife), sharpness', YAv. bi-taeya- 'having two sharp edges', tiyra- 'cutting, pointed, sharp'. O"tlA�W [v.]

'to shine, gleam, shimmer' (Il., epic poet., late prose). "lPG?� .VAR Rare and late aor. aTC\'\Ial. .COMP Also with <1110-, etc. , .DER aTIAp-fj [f.] 'lamp' (com.), l\TTlKOL 8£ £aom pov 'mirror (Att.) (H.); -fj8wv, -ovo<; [f.] 'brilliance, shimmer' (Thphr., Phld. et al.), cf. Aafl11fj8wv; aTIA'\Il<; [f] 'sparkling' (Tz.); aTlAp-a<; (y�) 'shimmering' (late), -alo<; = coloratus (gloss.), -fj06v [adv.] 'gleaming, sparkling' (Suid.). aTIAp-WV, -OVTO<;, -wvo<; [m.] name of the planet Mercury (Arist. et al.), see Scherer 1953: 89f. Further aTlAPO<; 'gleaming' (GaL), hence -OTfj<; [f] (v.l. for aTlA11voTfj<; PIu.); -OW 'to make shine' (LXX, Dsc.), hence -WaL<;, -wfla, -wElpov, -WT�<; (LXX, Dsc. et al.). With -11- also aTlA11vo<; 'shining, sparkling' (B 351, Arist. et al.), hence -OTfj<; (Gal., PIu. et al.), -OW 'to polish' (Arr., GaL), -WT�<; (Lyd.); for the suffix cf. ElaA11vo<; 'warming', T£P11VO<; 'delightful', etc.; PN �TIA11wv. .ETYM A connection to PCl. *stil-n- (Mlr. sellaid, -sella 'looks', OIr. sell 'eye, iris'; W syllu 'stare, gaze') seems far-fetched; no further cognates are known. If the root variant aTlA11- is not secondary from aTIA'\I-, the variation between -11- and -p- may point to Pre-Greek origin.

aTiAT) [f.] 'drop' (Ar. V. 213), metaphorically 'small thing, moment'. "l ?� .ETYM Hardly related to Lat. stma 'drop' (see De Vaan 2008 s.v.);

etymology.

no other

[n.] 'powdered antimony, kohl, black make-up' (Ion trag., Antiph., LXX, Dsc., pap. et al.). "l LW Eg.� .VAR Also -flfl-, -l<; [f.], also aTlpl [n.] . .DER aTlfl(fl)-I(W, -1(oflaL, aTlPI(OflaL 'to make oneself up with kohl' (LXX, Str. et al.), -lafla [n.]. ETYM Borrowed from Eg. ?tim, Copt. aElfjfl, aTfjfl (Lewy 1895: 217). Borrowed from Greek as Lat. stimi, stibi(um).

•

[n.] 'crowd packed closely together, troop of warriors, ships, etc.' (Hdt., A., Ar., Th., X. et al.). "lPG� DER aTl

•

aTOAoKpO<;

problem and is perhaps best understood in terms of substrate origin; see further the discussion s.v. � aT£lpw. Cf. also � aTPl
[f.] 'scraper for scraping off oil and dust, curry-comb' (Hp., Att.), often metaphorically of a splendid head ornament, a kind of tiara (X., Plb., Hell. inscr. et al.). "l PG?� .VAR Also aT£YYI<;, aT£AY(Y)I<;, aT£AeyYI<;, aTAlYYI<;, aTpeYYI<;, aT£PYI<;; cf. Kretschmer KZ 33 (1895): 472f., Brugmann IF 30 (1912): 375. Also aTAaYYI<; (Nic. apud sch. PI. Chrm. 161e). .DER aTA£YY-18LOv (Hell.), -lov (sch.), -( OflaL 'to scrape off (Suid.), hence -lafla [n.] 'scraped-off dirt' (Arist., Lyc.), -laTpov [n.] = aTA£YYI<; (EM). .ETYM A loanword from an unknown source, Neumann 1961: 94f points to Hitt. iStalk-zi 'to level, smoothen'. The variant with a may also point to substrate origin.

Mytilene).

of the Stoic school, aToa Hdt.), aTw'la (Cnossos,

.COMP 11pO-aT
1950: 48 and 263). .ETYM From *aTWF-la, a collective formation in -la (with shortening of the W in aTOla, and subsequent loss of the l in aToa; see Schwyzer: 244, 349, 469; on the phonetic development, see also Adrados Emerita 18 (1950): 408ff). The Indo European proto-form would be *stoh2-u-ih2. An e-grade is found in � aTaupo<;, and a zero grade in � aTuAo<;. Further related to Lith. stoveti 'stand', stova [f.] 'stand, position', OCS staviti 'to place, put', OE stowian 'to keep from' (see Kortlandt Baltistica 25:2 (1989): 104-U2). The root is *steh2- 'to stand'. See � taTfjfll. aTEflpw. aT£lpw. aT£lxw . aTEAAW .
1408 ETYM Recalls �
oTo!la [n.] 'mouth, muzzle, front, peak, edge' (ll.). ""; IE *steh3-mn- 'mouth'� VAR Aeol.
43ff.; Killen Minos 27-8, 1992-1993 [95]: 101-7). COMP aTof.l-apyoe; 'chattering' (trag.), to upyoe; (Willis AmJPh. 63 (1942): 87ff.: 'shining' > 'bright' > 'loud'?), if not after yAwaa-apyoe;, which could stand for yAwaa-aAyoe; (see � yAwaaa with referenc��); Blanc RPh. 65 (1991): 59-66 analyses the word as aTof.lU + f.lapyoe; 'furious', see also Blanc BAGB 1 (1996): 8-9; cf. also IIoo-apyoe; (s.v. � 1tOue;); £U-
•

aT£f.lpw. oTovax� =>
[m.] 'peak of a rock, of a fang, of a claw, etc.' (E. Cycl. 401, codd. y'ovu�, A. R., Opp., AP),
oTop8uy�, -uyyoC; [m., f.] 'cusp, tine (of an antler), fang, cape, etc.' (S., Com. Adesp., Lyc., AP et al.). ""; PG (s) � .VAR
a lance or spear' (H.). Like its synonym
[v.] 'to stretch out, spread out, make one's bed; to level, pave, strew, sprinkle' (p 32 and later). ""; IE *sterh3- 'spread out'� .VAR
OTOPVU!lL

1410

o"TOpUVf]

a-pi to-ni-jo (of uncertain mg.) is unclear (see Taillardat REGr. 73 (1960): 5ff.). Also here mopvuTea· KaTaO"TpwTea, m:plOLKooollf]Tea (H.). .ETYM The three root forms in mop-vuIII : o"Tope-O"aL : O"TPW-TOC;, £-O"TPW-llaL are partially leveled: mpwvvulll and O"TpwO"aL after O"TPWTOC;, £o"TPWllaL; O"Topevvulll after mopeO"aL. We find the same metathesis of the expected full grade m£po- < *sterh3- to mop£-, like in � Kopevvulll, 80pVUIlaL (s.v. � 8pWo"KW), etc. Cognates with a nasal present outside Greek are Skt. stnuiti 'to spread out, extend, strew', Lat. sterna 'to spread out', Olr. sernim 'id.', Alb. shtrin 'id.'. The zero grade o"TPWTOC; corresponds to Lat. stratus, Lith. stirta [f.] 'haystack'; cf. also Skt.stir�ui- 'spread out' < *strh3-no-. Gr. mpwlla corresponds to Lat. stramentum 'straw', while o"TOpVf] corresponds to Ru. storona 'region, side', but both formations ar1! probably independent innovations. Cf. further � mepvov and � o"TpaToc;. OTOpUVTJ [f.] designation of a surgical instrument, 'lancet, KaTlUOLOV' (Aret.).
[v.] . dC; KOUC; KaTaKA£l£lV Ta. pOo"K�llaTa 'to shut the cattle into the pen', O"TOPXaO"W· o"uYKA£lO"W 'shut', eo"Topxa�ov· £KA£lOV 'was/were shutting' (H.).
oTOpxa�Elv

[m.] 'erected pillar, post, mark, fixed target' (E., X., Poll., Att. inscr.), also 'suspicion' (A., after o"TOXU�OllaL)? A very rare word; part of the attestations is blurred. mp£pAoc;. OT(lXO<;

oTpay�, -yyo<; [f.] 'squeezed out drop' (Arist., Thphr., Men., AP et al.).
(GaL), 'strangury' (Hp., Att., Hell. and late), -lKOC;, -lWOf]C;, -lUW, -ew; o"TpaYY-l�W [v.] 'to squeeze out drop by drop' (LXX, Dsc. et al.), also with KaTa-, eK-, urro-; o"Tpayy-

1411 £UOllaL (also -y-) 'to hesitate, linger, dawdle' (Ar., PI. Hell. and late), with -£la [f.] 'hesitation' (M. Ant.) . DER o"Tpayy-oc; (also -y-) 'flowing drop by drop', also 'tied together, entangled, by shocks, irregular' (mediC., etc.), -iiov [n.] 'drop-bottle' (medic.). o"Tpayy-lac; (rrupoc;) 'kind of wheat' (Thphr.), cf. Stromberg 1937: 9l. With a suffIx -A-: O"TpayyuAf] [f.] 'cord, rope, noose' (1., PIu., S. E.), -aAlC; [f.] 'entangled knot, induration' (com. Va, Arist. et al.), -aAlu [f.] 'id.' (LXX, etc.), see Scheller 1951: 88, -aAlwOf]C; 'knotty, entangled' (LXX, Com. Adesp.), -aMw [v.] 'to choke, strangle' (Men., LXX), -aAl�w 'id.' (D. S., Str. et al.), also with urro-; -aAlO"lloc; (gloss.), -aA60llaL 'to become entangled, ensnared' (Ph. Bel. et al.). .ETYM For the formation of o"TPUy�, cf. mplY�, AUy�, KAaYY-l, etc.; for that of mpayy-uAf], cf. O"KUT-UAf], etc. Cognates are often assumed in Lat. stringa 'to string, tie together', if from *strenga with analogical i (see s.v. in De Vaan 2008); Latv. stringt < *strnt- 'to become stiff, wither'; Mlr. srengim 'to draw, drag'; ON strangr 'hard, rigid', OHG strengi 'stretched, stiff, MoE string. The PIE root *strent probably meant 'to twist, string', which would have developed into 'to wrench'. If related, o"Tpayy- must be a contamination of *o"Tpay- < *str1'}t- and *O"TPEYY- < *strent-, with *g for *t from the nom.sg. o"TPUy�. In view of the fact that an Indo European derivation requires several analogies and is not evident semantically, it is not improbable that the word is Pre-Greek. Note the variant forms without nasal, which may point to prenasalization. •

I

'

oTparr�, OTpa1tTW =>umparr�.

[m.] 'troop, department of the people' (Pi., trag., Crete), 'troop of warriors, army, navy' (11.), also '(military) camp' (11.); mUpTOL· ai Ta�£lC; TOU rrA�80uc; '(battle) arrays of a multitude (of men)' (H.).
oTpaTo<;

•

, 1412 oETYM Probably originally 'camping army', reflecting *str-to-, the to-ptc. of the root *ster- 'to spread (out) , reflected in Skt. stp;oti 'to lay down, destroy' (see Narten MSS 22 (1967): 57-66, LIV2 s.v. *ster-); cf. further s.v. � oTepvov 'breast, chest'. Corresponds exactly to Skt. strta- 'thrown down, sprinkled', a-strta- 'unconquered, unconquerable', Av. starata- 'spread out', Olr. sreth 'strewn'. The relation between the two roots *ster- and *sterh3- is yet to be clarified. OTPt:�A6<; [adj.] 'turned, twisted, crooked, cunning' (lA).
, I

OTpecpw, -ollUL oETYM Traditionally connected with ON strjuka 'to smoothen', OE straecian 'id.', OCS strbgati, Ru. strogat' 'to plane', strug 'plane'. However, this etymology is semantically unlikely and formally impossible: both the Germanic (an original geminate *-kk- < *-fI'n-; see Kroonen 2009) and the Slavic forms (with no trace of Winter's Law) point to *streufl'-. van Windekens Orbis 11 (1962): 343 compares ToB sruk- 'to die' (ToA sruk- 'to kill'), but the initial cluster is incompatible. No further etymology. oTpe
frizzly wool' (Ar.); cf. Schwyzer: 442. oDER With e-grade of the root: OTp£1t-T6� [adj.] 'twisted, flexible' (11.), [m.] 'necklace, curl, etc.' (lA), -UpLOV (Paul Aeg.). -TLK6� (e1tL-, lleTa-, etc.) 'serving to twist' (PI. et al.). oTperr-T�p [m.] 'door hinge' (AP). OTpellllu (1t£PL-, 8Lu-, etc.) [n.] 'twist, strain' (D., medic., etc.), aU-aTpellllU 'ball, swelling, round drop, heap, congregation' (Hp., Arist., Hell. and late). aTpe,/,-L� (e1tL-) [f.] 'turning, turn' (Hp., Arist.) , -alo�, PN -Lu8Tj�; oTpem-(v8a [adv.] kind of play (PolL). e1tLaTpecp-�� 'turning to (something), attentive' (lA) with -eLU [f.] (pap. I 1IP). With a-grade: oTp6cpo� [m.] 'band, cord, cable' (Od.), 'gripes' (Ar., medic.); hence aTp6cp-LOV [n.] 'breast-band, headband' (com., inscr. et al.), -(� (1tepL-, etc.) [f.] 'id.' (E. et al.), -(OAO� [m.] 'edge, border' (Hero), -w8Tj� 'causing gripes' (Hp. et al.), -wT6� 'provided with pivots' (LXX), -wlla [n.] 'pivot, door hinge' with -WIlUTLOV (Hell.), -WT�p [m.] 'oar' (gloss.), -60IlUL 'to have gripes' (medic. et al.), eKOTpocpwOUL (H. s.v. e�uyKupwoUL T�V eupuv), -ew 'to cause gripes' (Ar.); OTpOCP� (e1tL-, KUTa-, etc.) [f.] 'twisting, turning around, etc.' (lA), -alo� epithet of Hermes (Ar. Plo 1153). From OTpOCP� or oTp6cpo�: aTp6CP-L� [m.] 'clever person' (Ar., Poll.), -dov [m.] 'winch, cable, etc.' (Hell. and late), -u� [f.] 'turning' (S. [lyr.], Arat. et al.), -�8e� V�OOL (Str. et al.), -oTpocpu8Tjv (only with e1tL-, 1tepL-, etc.) 'turning around' (epic Ion.). Further oTpocp-eu� [m.] 'door hinge, cervical vertebra' (Ar., Thphr. et al.), -Ly� [m., f.] 'pivot, door hinge' (E., com., etc.).

1414 With A-enlargement: UTpO
OTP'lVE<; [adv.] 'loudly, shrilly', especially of sounds (A. R., AP).
Traditionally compared to Lat. strenuus 'active, vigorous'. This connection may be correct, although it is not evident semantically (see De Vaan 2008 for an alternative etymology of the Latin word). The Greek words may also reflect a lengthened grade derivation of the root of � m£p£o<;, but this remains speculative.

OTPl�lAlKlY� [?] 'little drop' (Ar. Ach. 1035).
OTp((y)�

•

-OTPl� 2 •ETYM In � �EUTPl� ? OTpl
MoLG strif, strej'stiff, severe, solid', MHG and MoHG streben 'to strive'.

.

UTpU
1415

OTp6�o<; =>mp£�A6<;. OTpO�UAO<; some bird, cf. Andre 1956 s.v. straphilus. .ETYM No etymology. OTPOYYUAO<; [adj.] 'round, spherical, compact' (lA).
'somewhat rounded' (Thphr. et al.) . .DER mpoyyuA-OT'l<; [f.] 'roundness' (PI., Arist.). mpoyyuA-lOV [n.] 'round bo;�le: , 1�. (pap. VIP). mpoyyuAAW [v.] 'to round (of£)', with -flU [n.] (late). 4. UTPOYYUA-l(W (D. H.) with -luflu [n.] 'terse expression' (Anon. Fig.). 5. mpoyyuA-OOflaL [v.] to be(come) circular' (PIu. et al.), -WaL<; [f.] (Hp., LXX et al.), -wflu [n.] (Al.). mpoyyuA UlVW [v.] 'to make round' (Hippiatr.), -£uflUTa (H. s.v. yoyyuA£uflUTa) . • ETYM Formation like yOYY-UAO<;, KUfln-uAo<;, aYK-uAo<;, etc. Connected to � UTPUY� by Frisk, but the meanings of the two words are not obviously �onnected. �f the etymology is correct, UTPOYYUAO<; was either derived from a form With a-grade m the root, or it was influenced by yOYY-UAO<; (Giintert 1914: 146f.). However, the whole complex (with or without UTPUY�) may instead be Pre-Greek, in view of the suffix UA-.

oTpoi�o<;, oTp6fl�o<; =>uTp£�A6<;. oTpoii8o<;, OTpov86<; [m., f.] 'sparrow, (generally) small bird' (B 311, etc.), �lso 'ostrich' . (= u. KUTUYaLO<;, u. � fl£YUA'l, etc.; lA); name of a flatfish (Ael.), see Stromberg 1943: 117; mpoii<;· 6 UTpOUeO<; KUL ounpLOv 'sparrow, pulse' (H.).
and 268. .DER Diminutive UTpOUe-lOV, -l<;, -UpLOV (Arist., Hell. and late). Further UTpOUe-lU<; [m.] 'lecher' (Cam. Adesp.), -lWV [m.] = -0<; (late, see Chantraine 1933: 165). uTpoiie eLO<; 'belonging to the ostrich' (pap.), - (£)LOV (fl�AOV) 'kind of quince' (Thphr., Nic. et al.), also name of a plant 'Saponaria, soapwort' (Hp., ThP?r., etc.), ;Vhic� is �lso called mpoueo<;, mpoueo-Kufl'lAO<;; -lVO<; 'made of soapwort (Ath.), -wo'l<; ostnch like' (sch.). mpOUe-WTO<; 'painted, decorated with u. ' (Sophr.). UTpOUe-l(W [v.] 'to , [m.] twitter' (com., etc.), also 'to clean with soapwort', -lufl0<; [m.] (pap.); -luufl0<; 'scab' (gloss.). Here also Tpoiieo<; PN (Bechtel I923: 151f.)? .ETYM Fur.: 182 deduces a variant form *TpOUeO<; from the PN cited above, and from OeLOV TpOUe for q,ov UTpOUe(£)LOV (Sammelb. 7243, 21 [I:'Pl), as well as a form . . *opoueo<; from the PN �poueou [gen.] (Telos IP). The vanatIons wo�ld pomt t? a Pre-Greek word, but since the evidence is built mainly on names, thIS conclusLOn remains highly uncertain.

oTpompE
1416 •

DER -OTT]�

Eust.).

aTpUXVOV

[f.] 'bitterness, severity' (Arist., PIu. et al.), -ow 'to astringe' (PIu.. v.l.,

No convincing etymology. Clearly reminiscent of � aTucpw 'to astriIlge'. Perhaps it derives from the same root, with secondary aTp- (from � aTPlCPVO� or � OTPT]V��)? The comparison with the Germanic group of OS struj 'upright, stiff, raw', OHG struben 'to be stiff, and with Balto-Slavic words like Lith. stritbas 'cut short, curtailed' or OCS strbP'bt'b 'rawness, harshness', Ru. strup 'scab, crust of a wound' etc., is not semantically compelling and formally awkward (root-final *-p/ bh), and therefore uncertain. .ETYM

[n.] name of several plants, e.g. 'nightshade, Withania somnifera' (Thphr., . Dsc. et al.).
OTpUXVOV

OTpWVVUf.ll =>OTOpVUf.U. oTpwcpaw =>aTp€cpw.

[v.] 'to hate, detest, abhor, hold back' (11., epic poet., Hdt. and late prose).
OTUytW

•

•

OTUTCTCElOV

1417

There is no ascertained etymology. The root OTuy- has been compared to Ru. stfgnut' 'to cool down, get cold, freeze', but the latter is a variant of older *stydn9ti with *-dn- > *-gn-; cf. Cz. stydnouti 'to cool down', SCr. stUd [f.] 'cold' < *stud f*stoud-. Hardly more convincing is the comparison with ToB scono, sconiye 'enmity' (van Windekens Orbis 13 (1964): 224 f.), which rather belongs with the Slavic words above, if from *steud-n- (see Adams 1999 s.v.). LIV2 s.v. *(s)teyg follows a connection with Skt. toj- 'to drive, push', but this may also be related to *h2teug- in Gr. UTU(Of.laL 'to be terrified'. [m.] 'column, pillar, support' (Dor. Ion., trag., Hell. and late), also = Lat. stilus 'pointed piece of metal' (late), cf. Sempoux Rev. belge de phil. 39 (1961): 736ff.
OTi\AO�

•

_

[n.] 'stick, shaft, stalk' (A. R., Nic., Plb.); cf. H.: OTUTCO�' OT€A£XO�, KOpf.l0� 'stump, trunk'. Kul TOU 6cp8uAf.lOU TO OWf.lU, KUt TO KUTO� (cod. K�TO�) 'the whole of the eye, vessel or jar'. Kul o \jIocpo� T�� pOVT�� 'the sound of thunder'.
OTUTCO�

•

OTUTCTCElOV [n.] 'oakum, tow, coarse fiber of flax or hemp' (Hdt., X.,
D., Hell. and late).

1418 DER
•

OTU1tT'1p[a =>OTU

'to goad, spur on' (H., EM) . ETYM Formation like xapa�, Kafla�, etc., hardly related to �

[v.] 'to strike hard, dash, beat, drive away, maltreat' (11., epic and lyr.). � GR?� VAR Aor. -AL�at. COMP Also with U1tO- , uva-, fl£la-, 1tepl-. DER

•

•

•

1419 of � OTU 'become solid'?). On

•

•

•

� ?�

[adj.] 'talkative, conversational, chatty' (Ar., Demetr., Theoc., Luc. et al.) .

.COMP oTwfluAlo-auAAeKTaoTjC;

20 .

[m.] 'talk-collector' (Ar. Ra. 841), see Fraenkel 1912:

DER oTwfluA-La, Ion. -LTj [f.] 'talkativeness' (Stesimbr., Ar., Plb., AP et al.), -�8pa [f.] 'id.' also personified as an epithet of OaLLaA£lC; 'banqueters' (Cam. Adesp., Numen . apud Eus., Phryn.); after nouns in -�8pa like pw1t0-1tep-1tep-�8pa 'empty braggard's talk'; adjective -Tj8poC; (Aristaenet.). Denominative verbs: OTWflUAAOflaL 'to be talkative, chat, babble' (Ar.), rarely -UAAW, also with KaLa-; hence -uAflaTa [n.pl.] 'chatter' (Ar.); -uAeuoflaL 'id.' (Alciphr. Phot.). .ETYM Traditionally compared with �
auay p l<.;

1420

.VAR Dor. (also Aeol. in gramm.) TV, Horn. also TVVT], Lac. TOVVT]. Obl. cases: acc. ae, Dor. (also Aeol. in gramm.) Te, Dor. also TV, Cret. TFe (only in H. Tpe· ae, interpreted as TFe. DELG thinks this is suspect, as *tw- always gives a- in all dialects). Dat. aOL, encl. TOl (ll., Att. = 'indeed'), Dor. TOL, also TLV, Horn. n:"Lv. Gen. Horn. ado, Horn. Ion. aeo, aeu, Att. aou, Dor. Teo, Teo<;, Teu<;, etc. Enclitic ae, aot, aou. DER Hence the poss. pron. ao<; 'your' (ll.), Dor. Aeol. (also Horn.) Teo<;, Boeot. no<;. .ETYM From PIE *tuH: Lat. tU, MoHG du, Lith. tu, etc., Dor. TV. Initial a- in lA, etc. was introduced after ae < *tue. TVVT] is like £ywvT], with an added particle (see s.v. � £yw). Dor. gen. Teo is like £f.leo (see s.v. � £f.le): PIE had *teye; cf. Skt. tava; on Dor. Teo<;, Horn. aeeev, etc., see s.v. � £f.l£. The poss. pron. Teo<; < *TeFo<; and ao<; < *TFo <; derive from PIE *t(e)uo-; cf. Lat. tuus < *teuo'1. •

[f.] 'a fish with teethe?)' (Epich. 69, Arist., H.). � PG� .VAR Also auvaypL<; (Arist.), -L80<;. .DER Cf. auv080VTL<; as a fish name (Stri:imberg 1943: 45) and KpeaypL<;, 1tavaypL<;, governing compound with aypevw, aypa. .ETYM Fur.: 123f. starts from aUa�, -KO<;, auaKlov [n.] (Su.); auaKlv (gloss.) 'kind of flatfish'. He takes auvaypL<; (Arist.) to be folk-etymological for the form without a nasal. No further etymology.

ouaypl<;

ava�, -aKO<;

=>

auay p L<;.

O1)�aKa · auw8T] 'swinish'; aU�a<;· Aayvo<; 'lecherous', also name of a satyr (vase-inscr.); au�ana<;· 6 KaTa
plausibility; Pisani RILomb. 73:2 (1939-40): 25f. supposes a Mediterranean origin. The gloss auw8T] appears to be based on folk etymology. Several glosses can be compared to aU�aKa, e.g. aU[f.l] �p0<;· Ka1tpo<; 'swine' (H.), but also au�plaKov· TO 1tOAUTeAe<;, au�pla(etv· ao�apeV £TaL, TpU
ou��vTJ

� PG?�

[f.] 'quiver' (Att. inscr., Ar. rh. 1197, 1215, H.), 'flute case' (Poll., EM, H.).

.ETYM Formation like � aay�vT] (s.v. with literature). No etymology.

aUYXl<; =>auKXL<;.

[n.] 'fruit of the mulberry tree, mulberry' (Amphis, Arist.). � LW Sem.� .DER aUKaf.lLvo<; [f., m.] 'mulberry fig-tree' (Arist., Thphr., middle corn., etc.), -LVlVO<; 'of the mulberry fig-tree' (Sotad. Corn., Hell. pap.), on the formation cf. Schulze KZ 43 (19lO): 189; - lvw8T]<; 'mulberry-like' (Thphr.). Also -Lvea [f.] = -LVO<; (after auKea 'fig-tree', etc.; Aesop., Dsc. et al.). - lvewv = moretum (gloss.).

OUKc.l!1lVOV

1421 .ETYM A Semitic loanword; cf. Aramaic siqemin [pl.] 'mulberry trees', Hebr. siqma

[sg.] 'id.' (Lewy 1895: 23, Stri:imberg 1940: 36, Ross KZ 77 (1961): 273).

[n.] 'fig', also metaphorically 'wart, swelling, vagina' (T] 121). � PG(V)� .VAR Boeot. (Stratt.) TUKOV. .DIAL Myc. su-za = auKLa [f.] 'fig tree' . .COMP auKO-f.lOpov [n.] 'fruit of the mulberry tree' (Str., Dsc. et al.), -0<; [f.] 'mulberry tree, sycamore' (Cels.), -ea [f.] 'id.' (Ev. Lue. et al.); cf. � auKaf.lLvov and � f.l0pov. .DER Dimininutives: auK-L8l0V, -aplov [n.] (corn.). Further nominal derivatives: aUK-L<;, -a<; [f.] 'cutting from a fig-tree' (Ar., Poll.). auK ea 'fig-tree' (Od.), Dor. Aeol. also -La, lA -eT], -�; auK-LOV [n.] 'fig-juice' (Hp.). auK (e)wv, -(e)wvo<; [m.] 'fig plantation' (LXX, pap.). auK-LTT]<; [m.] (olvo<;) 'of a fig-tree, fig wine' (Dsc.), Spartan epithet of Dionysus (Sosib.); -LTl<; [f.] name of a precious stone, probably after the color (Plin.). aUK-aA(A)L<;, -L80<; [f.] 'fig throstle' (Epich., Arist. et al.), see Niedermann Glotta 19 (1931): 9f. Adjectival derivations: aUK-lVO<; 'of a fig-tree', metaphorically 'useless' (lA), auK-w8T]<; 'fig-like, full of warts' (Arist., medic.), -aaLO<; epithet of Zeus = Kaeapatoc;, since figs were used for purification (Eust., H.). Verbal derivations: auK-a(w 'to gather figs' (Att.), also 'to investigate' (Aristaenet., H.), also with a1to-; hence -aaT�<;, -aaTpla = auKo-
oUKOV

[m.] 'false accuser, denunciator', later also 'trickster, cadger' (Ar.). � GR� VAR Also auKo
OUKO
[f.] 'kind of shoe' (AP, Suid.). � LW? Caucasus� .VAR Also -YX-; auKx-a<;, -a80<; (Poll., H.); aUKXot· u1t08�f.laTa
OUKXl<;, l80<;

1422

aUAUW

(Jl)AUW [V.] 'to strip off (the armor), take away, rob, plunder, seize' (Hom., lA). � ?� VAR El. opt. auAuLll; aor. auA�aat (ll.), epic pres. also -EUW (cf. Chantraine 1942: 368; not from auAEU<;), -ew (Delph., Theoc. et al.; also Pi.? See Forssman 1966: 157f.). .DIAL On the debated forms Myc. su-ra-se, su-ra-te, see Morpurgo Davies 1963 s.vv. .COMP Also with ano-, etc. Compounds SEO-aUAll<; [m.] = SEWV auA�Twp (Ale. et al.), see Peek Phil. 100 (1956): 23, iEpo-auAO<; [m.] 'temple-robber', with -ew, -La (Att.). Further aUA-uywyew 'to carry away as booty' (Ep. Col., etc.), li-auAO<; 'one who cannot be distrained, invulnerable, safe', TO liauAov 'fenced territory, refuge', with aauA-La [f.] 'safety from distraint, invulnerability' (Parm., A., E., PI., inscr., etc.). .DER auA-�Twp [m.] 'plunderer' (A., Nonn.), fem. -�TElpU (E. [lyr.] ; Fraenkel 1912: 22f.), -llm<; [f.] 'plunder' (S., PI. et al.), -llnKo<; 'related to plunder' (Hell. inscr.), - IlT�<; (gloss). Further aUAa [n.], aUAat [pI.], rarely -ov [n.], -11 [f.] 'captured shipload, booty' •

(Samos VI', Locr. Va, Str.), in Att. 'right of seizure of a ship or its cargo, right of distraint' (D., Arist.). From aUAu or aUAaw (-ew, -EUW): auAEU<; [m.] 'plunderer' (SGDI 2516, Delph. lIP), also as a mythical PN (BoBhardt 1942: 123). On LUAO- and -auAo<; in PNs, see also o. Masson Beitr. z. Namenforseh. 16 (1981): 166ff. .ETYM It is formally attractive to assume that auAuw is derived from aUAu, etc., but notice that the nominal forms are rare and have been attested later than the verb. In any case, the Att. mg. 'right of seizure' must be secondary and cannot be separated from aauAo<;. The form aauAo<; itself may derive from auAuw as 'who may not be taken away or be robbed'. There is no certain etymology. The forms are similar to � aKuAu 'booty', but their relation is unclear (see Schwyzer: 329 and Sanchez Ruiperez Emerita 15 (1947): 67f.); do they point to a Pre-Greek interchange a-/aK-? Pisani Spraehe 5 (1959): 143ff. explains aKuAov as secondary after � aKuTo<;, which seems doubtful. He thinks that aUAu comes from Lydian, together with Lat. spolia 'booty'. The gloss EaaUAAu· a
c:nJV =>�uv. (Jl)vaypt<; =>aUUypl<;. <1UV£OXfl0<; [m.] 'juncture, joint', only in EV auvEOXflq> (3 465, verse-final). �GR� ETYM For *auvoXflo<; for metrical reasons, after word-pairs like EOlKU : OLKU, £OpT� : 6pT� (Frisk Eranos 38 (1940): 41f.). •

[m.pl.] deSignation of the members of an association, probably participants of a dinner society (IG 92(1), 434 [Acarnania IP]). � GR� .ETYM Without a doubt derived from auV-WSLW 'to dine together' (cf. aUa-mTOl, nUpU-aLTOl); see Chantraine RPh. 86 (1960): 177ff.

<1UV£<1Tat

<1UVOKWXOT£ [perf.ptc.nom.du.] 'grown together, bent together' (B 218). � GR� VAR The reading auVOXWKoTE is predominant in the paradosis. Also auVOXWKOTO<; [gen.sg.] 'collapsed' (Q. S. 7, 502). •

.ETYM From � auvexw, but further unexplained. Probably an artificial formation (on the mg., see Hartmann 1956: 250). Several attempts at an explanation have been undertaken: 1. Brugmann IF 13 (1902-1903): 280: reduplicated formation like auv OKWX� ' � avoKwx�, etc. 2. Wackernagel Gatt. Naehr. 1902: 738f. assumes a denominative *auvoxow (from aUvoxo<;), since the reading auVOXWKoTE seems to be the more reliable one. This was recently defended by Hackstein 2002: 164ff. 3. Schwyzer: 7666 considers auVOxwKOTE to be an enlargement of *auvoxoTE (from *hEhoxu). Cf. further Chantraine 1942: 4243. (Jl)VWXuMv [adv.] 'continuously' (Hes. Th. 390, Q. S.). � GR� .ETYM From � EXW, with a sufftx -uMv and compositional lengthening to -w-. c:nJ P�lJ =>TuP�Il ·

[adj.] mg. unclear (Aleiphr.; v.l. dat. sg. -Opl), epithet of snakes (AP 15, 26 Ara), understood as T�V yaaTepu aUpwv 'sweeping with its belly'. Explained by EM, Phot. and H. (who has aupyumwp) as 'swineherd', EM and Phot. = EPyuTll<; 'farmer'; described by H. as ovofla �ap�aplKov 'word of foreign origin'.

<1UpyaaTpo<; = Dosiad.

� ?� .ETYM Radermacher

Festsehr. Kretsehmer: 160ff. refers to ZEU<; LuPyuaTll<; in Bithynia and assumes an originally foreign slave name.

[f.] kind of garment (pap.), called atJTOnOKOV iflcmov 'woolen cloak or mantle' by Poll. 7, 61. � GR� .COMP auponOlo<; 'made in Syria' . ETYM H. states: ()cl EV KunnuooKL<;t YLVETat, 01JTOl O£ LUPOl 'because it originates from Cappadocia, the people of which are called LUpOl' .

(Jl)pta

•

[f.] 'quill, flute, syrinx' (ll.); also of pipe-like objects, e.g. 'windpipe, blood-vessel, fistula' (medic., etc.), 'spear case' (T 387), 'hole in the nave of a wheel' (trag., etc.), 'subterranean passage' (Plb., etc.). �PG (s)� .COMP nEvTE-auplyyo<; 'with five pipes' (Ar. et al.) . DER Diminutive aupLyy-lov [n.] (Hp., PIu. et al.), -LCLOV [n.] (Hero). Other nominal derivations: auplyy-L<; [f.] 'kind of � KaaLa' (medic.). auplyy-LU<; [m.] designation of a tube (Thphr., Dsc.), cf. Stromberg 1937: 91. auplyy-LTll<; [m.], -lTl<; [f.] name of a precious stone (Ps.-Dsc., Plin.). auplyy-wOll<; 'hollow, fistular' (Hp.). auPlYY-lUKO<; 'meant for fistulae' (medic.; after KapCLaKo<;, etc.) . Denominative verbs: aupL�w (Ion. poet. h. Mere.), Att. -Lnw (PI., D., Arist. et al.), Dor. -Laow (Theoc.), aor. -L�at (Ar.), -Laat (Babr., Luc.), fut. -L�Oflat (Luc.), -Law (Hero et al.), -LW (LXX) 'to blow the syrinx, whistle, hiss', also with uno-, EK, ano-, etc. Hence aup-lYfla [n.] 'tone of a pipe' (-laflu H.) with -lYfluTwoll<; 'pipe-like, hissing' (medic.), -lYflO<; (X., Arist., etc.), -laflo<; (LXX, etc.) [m.] 'the whistling, whirr', -lY�l<; [f.] 'flute-playing' (sch.), -lKT�<;, -laT�<; (Arist., Corn.), -lKTU<; (Theoc., AP), -lm�p (AP) with -laTllpLCLOV mg. unclear (pap. P), -lyKT�<; (Phot.) [m.] 'flutist', also 'whistling'; auplaTlK� (Texvll) 'the art of flute-playing' (sch.). auplyy-oOflat [v.] 'to become hollow, get a fistula', -ow 'to make into a pipe, etc.' (Hp. et al.), also with

<1VPlY�, -lyyO<;

•

£K-, rrpo-, ClTIO-; thence -wat� [f.] 'formation of a fistula' (medic.), -wflu [n.] 'fistula' (Vett. Val.).
[m.] 'basket' (Alex.). Also
mJPlXO�

mJpw [v.] 'to draw, trail, drag, pull, ravish, sweep' (lA).
-KU (Hell. and late). .COMP OLU- 'to hackle, mock', £1tL- 'to be neglectful, treat neglectfully', KUTU-, rrupu·. .DER With suffIxes with -fl-: mJPflu (arro-, £rr[-, rrupo.-, m:p[-) [n.] 'train-dress, sweepings, dragging movement' (Ion., X., Hell. and late), hence aUPfluTLn� Korrpo� 'swept-together heap of manure' (Thphr.),
oii
[m., f.] 'swine, sow, boar' (Horn., Pi., rarely Hdt., Att. et al.).

OUOT(i8E� 'vines planted densely' (Arist., inscr. IV"); also a 'water container'. .VAR Also �u-, see s.v. .ETYM From auv[aTuflaL; cf. rruaTo.� from rrup[aTuflaL. mJ

(H.).

[no indecl.] 'wrinkled skin' (Sopp.r., Call., Luc. et al.), also personified 'wrinkled, decrepit person' (Lyc.), 'skin of a snake' (Luc.), 'skin on milk' (sch. Nic. Al. 91, H.)
ou
Traditionally compared with Lat. suber 'cork-oak, cork', in spite of the semantic difficulties. If correct, we are dealing with borrowings from a common source. Acc. to Pisani RILomb. 73:2 (1939-40): 27, it is related to u
OV
[m.] 'thicket' (Aq.),

•

o
word is Pre-Greek.

o
may be hypercorrect. An expressive word without a convincing explanation. For comparison, � a
o
etc.).

1427

�illing' (sch.), also with prefix in e.g. np0
murderer', in compounds, e.g. with KaAaflo- 'one who kills with a pin' (Ph.), with -TlK� fl6.xmpa (Zonar.);
Poll.). As a second element -
of boxing balls), boxing-gloves' (Plb., PIu.) . .DER
O
" "'

I

a1tUKeAo<; 2 a1tUKeAO<; 2 [m.] 'middle finger' (sch. PI. Ti. VAR Also aepaK'lAo<; or ep-. .ETYM Pre-Greek in view of the variation.

84 �, Phot.). -
•

aepUKO<; [m.] 'sage' (corn., Thphr.). -
•

would point to Pre-Greek origin.

[v.] 'to bring down, ruin, mi�ead', med. 'to go down, be ruined, be mistaken' (lA). -
O'epUAAW, -OflUl •

O'epUAO<; [m.] 'foot block' (Epich., Poll., H.), 'disc' (Poll., H.). -
'grip, handle' and , PGm. *spal- 'cross-beam, rundle (of a ladder etc.) (ON sNlr [m.], MHG, ME spale), which reflect *spol-. Fur.: 351 connects aepeAa<;, and considers the words to be Pre Greek, which is possible. •

[v.] 'to crackle, sizzle' (l 390), 'to teem, be full to bursting' (l 440). -
O'
r. >.;t.;�:.:·'' >' "' :

'

I

aepev8aflvo<;

1429

.ETYM Perhaps of I�do-European origin (for the formation, cf. aflapayew), with cognates in Skt. sph �rjati, -ayati 'to crackle, drone', OE sprecan, OHG sprehhan 'to speak', etc.; Skt. sphurjati 'break up', Lith. spr6gti 'to burst, explode' are probably also related (see s.v. � a1tapyo.w). These have been taken to reflect * sprh,g-, but the aspirate in Greek and Sanskrit rather points to *sbhrh,g-. Cf. � aeppayt<;. O'epupuy [y]o<; [m.] . �poYX0<;' Tpo.X'lAO<;, AOlflo<;, '/Ioepo<; 'throat, neck, plague, sound' (H.), epo.pvy� 'throat' (Apion apud Phot.). .ETYM See s.v. � uaepo.payo<; 1. =

O'epe6uvo<; [adj.] 'violent, vehement' (ll. [-ov adv.], Xenoph., Hell. epic, AP). -
,

aepei<; [pron.] 'they, them(selves) -
and Chantraine 1942: 266ff., 273 .

aepeKAupa<; glass-maker of special glass (L. Robert 1969: 93-932).-<1 LW Lat.� .ETYM Derived from a1teKAOV 'speculum', which itself is a borrowing

from Lat. speculum. aeptAu<; [n.] 'footstool' (p 231, a 394, A. R. 1159), 'socle' (Delos VP), 'log?' (Nic. Th. 644). -
1430 .DER -LVO<; 'of maple' (Cratin., Ar.). .ETYM Formation like O[KTo.flvov, puoo.flvo<;, etc.

Often connected to a
cr
•

cr· EV KALVo.p[q> 'in bedsteads' (H.); but 1to.po.-a
(OHG span, OE span, ON spann, sp6nn) must be given up because the labials do not match. The same goes for the connection with Skt. sphya- [m.] 'shoulder-blade', Khot. phvai 'spade, shovel', which are rather related to � a1tUeTj (see s.v.). The word a
•

a
1431

�

et al. , -[0.<; [ �.] 'id.' (Pherecr.), also name of a verse (Ps.-Plu.), cf. a
Cyprus (Lyc., H.). Further in the adjectives awV 'an �mItatlOn of the buzz,ing of a wasp on the flute' (H.), -[W<1L<;' KTjp[o. a
-

" r �

I,

1432 L
an6yyo�. a
[f.] 'kind of beetle which lives on the roots of plants and emits a strong smell when attacked' (Ar., Arist. [v.l. anovO -] , Thphr .). � PG(s) � .VAR anovOuAT]' � yaA� nap' j\:r-rlKol� 'weasel (Attic)' (H.). lly close to a

•

•

•

•

11

i

1

I.

".'C: '<

�-

a
1433

L

•

*
(l1)��am 'to increase' (H.) . .ETYM A rare word of which the meaning is only roughly known; no etymology.

[v.] 'to beat violently', of the pulse, 'to twitch, rush to something' (Hp., PI., Arist., Thphr. et al.). � ?� VAR Dor. (Theoc.) a

'hammer, beetle' (y 434, Hes. Gp. 425, Hdt., A., com., Arist.), metaph. 'ridge b :tween tw� furrows' (Poll. 7, 145), as a measure (Daulis lIP), = -r�� anop[!l0u y�� -ro , !lELpOV, 0!l0-a
1434

aCjlpupa81a, etc.

.DER Diminutive aCjlup-Iov [n.] (Hell.), aCjlup-aLva [f.] name of a fish, bicuda (Stratt., Arist., etc.), after its shape (Stromberg 1943: 35); -'l86v 'hammer-like' (Philostr.); -wale:; [f.] 'the hammering, forging' (Didyma IP), = olupoau; (H.), -�flaTa· Ta
oa7tupa80l. OCjlup[� =>a7tuple;.

[n.] 'ankle, foot-joint' (n.), metaph. 'the lower part of a mountain' (Pi., Theoc. et al.).
oCjlupov

•

OCjlW, oCjlw'( =>aCjlEle;.

[f.] 'hatch or honey-cell', plur. 'honeycomb' (com., Arist., Theoc., pap. bees or wasps)' (Arist.), = KU�EunKOe; �OAO� 'throw of a dice' (H.). (of IIP), 'larva

oxa�wv, -ovo�

-OVTOe; (Arist.). incision, let flow', as is traditionally assumed, but the semantics of this etymology are vague. •

[v.] 'to make an incision, tear open, open a vein, let (the blood) flow, let something take its course, release, drop, abandon' (Hp., X., Arist., etc.).
oxu
•

1435 A basic meaning 'let loose' vel sim. seems possible as well, in which case the common professional expression CjlA£�a axuaUl would have a direct correspondence in MLG (also MoDu.) iiderliiten 'let blood', lit. 'let the vein'. As the whole formal system is clearly built on the aor. oxuaUl, from which axu�w, axuw and all other verbal and nominal forms are derived, this form should be the starting point for the etymology. Certain correspondences outside Greek have not yet been found. The word axuw is generally compared with Skt. chyati (anu-, ava-, vi-, etc.), ptc. chii-ta-, chi-ta-, caus. chiiy-ayati (IE *skeh2-, *skh2-i-) 'to split, hurt', especially of the skin (on the meaning, see Hoffmann MSS 19 (1964): 61ff.; on the phonetics, Hiersche 1964: 103f., 214f ) . Although the connection is semantically unobjectionable, it should be remarked that of the Skt. verb forms, the non -presentic finite forms (e.g. the full grade s-aorist a chii-s-it) occur only in grammarians. Further combinations, e.g. that with Lat. scio, remain hypothetical. The form axuaUl is a Greek innovation (perhaps a cross of aXlaUl and MaUl, xaAuaUl vel sim.)? Note that ax- cannot be directly explained from the assumed IE form. oxaA[� [f] 'fork used as a support for erected hunting-nets' ex., Poll.).
upright are torn open' (H.). Alternatively, was it influenced by OXEIv 'to hold'? Cf. �he synonym �
[v.] 8'lAuaUl, Kat UVlaxaAov TO aToKov Kat u8�AaaTov 'to suckle; a childless or barren [animal] is also called uVlaxaAov, i.e. without milk' (H.).
0xaA[om

aXE�UplOV

•

VAR axeOtov. =>axI�w.

oxe�l1v [adv.] 'slowly, easily' (X., PIu.).
[f.] 1. 'raft' (Od., Att., Hell. pap.), 'pontoon bridge' (Hdt., A. [lyr.]), 'frame' (Ath. Mech.). 2. 'clamp, clip' (Ph. Byz.).
0XE�[a

[adv.] 'near', of place and time (epic lyr. ll.), 'nearly, almost, about' (post Horn. lA).
O"XEMv •

•

0XESi)VOC; [adj.] 'tenacious'.
semantically, but certainly incorrect given the variant form, which points to Pre Greek origin (not in Fur.).

[f.] name of an instrument of the xaAKE1e;, probably 'pair of tongs' (Eleusis IV", H.). KtvouAii (AP; preceded by -ole;; on the secondary -ii, see Solmsen 1909: 260 and 262). .DER crKEvOUAla [n.pl.] '(small) pincers, nippers' (Hero), also KEvOuAa (trad. AP 11. 203). In H. also crXEvouA6-AT]1tlOl 'caught between tongs' and the perf.ptc. eaXEvouA�a8m, from *aXEvouAo.W 'to pinch with tongs'. .ETYM Sufflx like in Kav8uAT], KOpOUAT]. The variation shows that word is Pre-Greek. aXEpoc; [?] . UKT�, atylaA6e; 'cape, shore' (H., Theognost. Can.).
O"XEVSf,ATJ •

1437 [adj.] expressing strong emotion, usually used in a denigrating sense 'audacious, heinous, cruel, miserable' (ll.), seldom in positive sense 'obstinate, tireless' (Horn.). Details on the mg. in Brunius-Nilsson 1955: 46£f., 75ff.
O"XETAlOC;

O"X'1!lU =>exw. O"Xl�W [v.] 'to split, cut, separate' (Pi., Hdt., Att.).
·

·

flaw; items of raw flax' (H.), whence Lat. schidia [f.sg.] 'chip of wood' (Vitr.). 5. aXloavOe; (like m8avoe;), in aXloavo-noue; (Arist.) aXl�o -noUe; 'with split feet or toes' (Arist.). B. With altered root auslaut: 1. OXl�a [f.] 'split wood, piece of wood, ete.' (Hom., Ar., pap.), 'shaft, javelin' (LXX,AP); diminutive -tOY [n.] (Poll., Alciphr.); -(ae; [m.] 'lath, like a lath' (Cratin., Dicaearch., Hell. pap.). 2. aXlaTOe; (also a-) 'split' (Hp., Att.). 3. ox(me; (Ctno-, Olo. - , etc.) [f.] 'split, carving' (Pl., Arist.). 4. aXla-floe; (Ola-, nEpl-, uno-, ev-) [m.] 'id.' (A. Ag. 1149, Delph. inscr., pap.); -fla (also with uno-, Olo.- , etc.) [n.] 'split, tear' (Arist., Thphr.); -fl� [f.] 'id.' (LXX, H.) . .ETYM A number of identical formations are found in other lE languages, which may be archaic: 1. uno -aX(O - Ee; = Skt. apa-chid- [f.] 'section, clipping', 2. aXlaTOe; = Lat. scissus < *skid-to-, Av. a-sista- (but note Skt. chinna- < *chid-na-), 3. the aor. aXlam, -aa8m to Skt. aor.med. chit-s-i, 4. traces of an old nasal present in Lat. sci-n-do, Skt. chi-na-d-mi, JPl. chi-n-d-anti 'to cut off, split' (not in � aKlvMAaflOe;, ete. [s.v.]). The yod-present ax(�w is a Greek innovation (Wackernagel 1916: 133 pleaded against identiftcation of aX(�£lm and the Skt. pass. chid-ya-te). A full grade appears in Lith. skiedziu 'separate, divide'. Skt. vi-chitti- 'interruption' is independent of ax(me; (which was innovated; cf. n [aTle;). Further cognates, e.g. Arm. c'tim (from *c'it-im) 'tear, scratch', can be found in LIV2. The reconstruction of the root as PlE *skheid- given there is not endorsed here. There is no explanation for the aspirate -X-. =

Lat. scheda [f.] 'stroke of papyrus' is a loan from *
0Xlvl)CtAIl0<; =>
also a name of certain dance movements (Ath.). -ETYM Without a doubt, this word, denoting a tree and a marine organism, is PreGreek. 0xolvo<; [m., f.] 'rush, reed, rope plaited of rush' (£ 463), also as an (Egyptian) land measure (Hdt. 2, 6, Hero, pap.). -
1439 -DER 1. 2:W-KpaLTj�; cf. Cypr. 2:CtFO-KA£FTj�), in which case the appellative would

have derived from the PN. Various hypotheses have been put forward for the etymology, e.g. relation to �w from lE *tyoH ko- (Fraenkel Lexis 3:1 (1952): 66ff.), who compares the suffIx -k- in Lith. titkti 'become fat', taukaf [pl.] 'fat, grease, marrow'. [m.] 'pipe, channel' (Ion., Archil., Hell.), 'grooved tile' (Hell. inscr.); name of a crustacean, 'razor-fish' (Dor. and Att. corn., Arist.); see Thompson 1947 S.v. -
aWAqv, -tjvo<;

[n.] 'living or dead body' (11.; in Horn. it is necessary or possible to translate it as 'corpse'), 'person' (Att.), 'slave' (Hell.); metaph. 'totality' (A., Pl., Arist.), 'text of a document' (pap.). On the development and spread of the mg., see Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1929): 80f.). -IlCtLO� 'with three bodies' (A., E.), late tPI-
aWIlCt

1440 .DER 1.

Diminutive
O"WOf1UL [v.] .VAR
•

f.LWAU, et al., respectively. The variation l/ U (Fur.: 367) points to a Pre-Greek word.

O"wp6e; [m.] .COMP A

'heap (of corn)' (Hes., Hdt., X., Ar., Arist.). � ?� few late compounds, e.g. nOAu-awpOe; 'of many corn-heaps', epithet of Demeter (AP; cf.
There are no known cognates outside Greek. Within Greek, some connect
X., Hell.),
Hp.,

1441 ·COMP As a first member in LUFo-KAEFIle; (Cypr.),
T Tu�£Ua [f.] 'tablet' (IP to VIP).
[f.] 'dice-table' (JP).
TU�Aa

Tayy� [f.] 'rancid smell' (Alex. Aphr.), 'kind of tumour' (Hp.).
OHG stanc 'stench' on the one hand, and with ON stll!kr 'stinking' on the other (PGm. *stekja-), meets with serious phonological problems (like the a-vocalism in Greek). The word could be Pre-Greek.

TUyqvov [n.] 'frying pan' (corn., Luc.).
frictum,frixum (gloss.).

oETYM Of the two different forms, TaYT]vov is probably original; T�yavov (Hell.

Asiat., acc. to Gal. 6, 490) then underwent metathesis after the frequent instrument names in -avov. A technical word without etymology. Bezzenberger & Fick BB 6 (1881): 237f. compared OE peccan 'to burn', OHG dahhazzen 'lodern', which are further isolated.

1444

T
Fur.: 391 thinks that the form in �yuv- proves Pre-Greek origin, which is quite possible. [m.] 'chief, commander' (trag.), especially a title of Thessalian officials and of the chief of the Thessalian league (Thess. inscr., X.), 'president of a phratry' (Delph. inscr.); on the mg. see Bowra JHS 54 (1934): 56. � ?, IE? *teh,g- 'order, fit'� DER a-Tay-Lu [f.] 'lack of a Tuyoe;' (Thess.), TaY-EUW (also with ovv-) 'to be Tayoe;' (Thess., Delph., X.), med. 'to summon to the chief (A. Th. 58), -£00 'to be commander' (A. Pers. 764). Uncertain Taya [f.] 'leadership' (A. Ag. 110 [lyr.l); cf. Tay� S.V. � TaaaW. On apparent TUYOL ('If 160) see Wackernagel 1916: 222. ETYM A Thessalian title, which was used tQ" ,create a foreign 'couleur locale' by the tragedians; cf. Bjorck 1950: 153. Traditionally connected with � TaaaW, in which case the long vowel in Tuyoe; must be very old. ToB tas 'commander' is probably related, for which Adams 1999 s.v. reconstructs a pre-form *tagyu-. Lith. pa-togus 'convenient, pliable, pleasant', su-togti 'to rely on, be wedded, commit oneself has been further compared, which would presuppose a root *teh,g-.

TCtyoC;

•

•

TayVpl [n.] 'small thing' (Eup. 3, Theognost. Can.). � PG(V)� .DER TaYUPlU (leg. - l?) TU EAaXlaTa, TU TUXOVTa (H.). .ETYM Fur. 261 compares auyuploV' apTou KAaaflu 'piece of bread' -

the word is Pre-Greek.

(H.), and thinks

[m.] 'gold' (sch. Theoc.). � PG(v)� VAR Also ayxoupoe; (Besant.), Tayxupue; (Cosrnas ad QCI, 199). ETYM Fur.: 391 concludes from the variation that the word is Pre-Greek.

TUYXOUP0C; • •

[n.] a fish. � ?� .vAR Also -lOe; (PLond. ined. 2143). ETYM Unknown.

Ta8pl
[f.] 'band, binding, headband, spit of land, sandbank' (lA, Emp., Epid.), 'tapeworm' (Gal.); name of a band-like fish (Epich., Arist.; Stromberg 1943: 37f.), also name of a region near the Sea Mareotis (Ath.). � ?� .COMP Compounds TUlVlO-1tWAle; [f.] 'band-seller' (Eup., D.), imO-TaLVLOe; 'forming a spit or sandbank' (Ph.). .DER Diminutive TUlV-LOV (Priene, EM), -LOlOV (medic., Delos); adjective -L<.oo'le; 'band-shaped' (Thphr.), -lwnKOe; (olvoe;) 'wine from Tainia' (Ath.), papyrus (Plin.); verb -lOW 'to adorn with bands' (Att., etc.). .ETYM Formation comparable to � K£lpLU 'band, tapeworm, etc.'; cf. also KOlALU, ctVTALU, and other secondary formations in -LU. Probably ultimately related to Tdvw, but the details are rather unclear. The missing link may be a noun like *TalVU or *TUlVa; cf. a
TaLvia

-

TaKEpoc;

•

vAR TaKWVEe;. =>T�KOflUI.

'bearing, enduring, etc.' �IE *telh2- 'bear, endure'� .COMP As a first member in verbal governing compounds (epic poet.): TUAU (F)Epyoe; 'enduring labor' (Horn., Hes., Theoc.), TaAU-1tEV8�e; 'enduring harm' (E 222,

TaXa-

TaAUPOe;

1445

B.), TuXu-1tdp-LOe; 'who has overcome many tests' (Od., etc.). Besides, with the second member as a subject, TaAa-
TaXai1twp0C;

[n.pl.] 'scales, balance' (epic poet. 11.), also a designation of a unit of weight and currency, 'talent' (since 11.). � IE *telh2- 'bear, endure'� .VAR Secondary sing. TaAUVTOV 'balance' (Thgn., B., A., Ar.), 'talent' (since 8 393) . ·COMP As a second member in �fll-TaAUVTOV [n.] 'half a talent' (since 'If 751 and 796), properly a substantivized adjective, 'consisting of half a talent' (Risch IF 59 (1949): 51); a-TaAUVTOe; 'having the same weight, equal' (11., Hell. epic). .DER TUAuvT-luloe; 'worth one talent' (Att.), -lEloe; 'id.' (pap. lIP); -EUW (also with afl
TUXaVTa

TaXaoc; [adj.]

'enduring, tolerant, unhappy' (Ar. Av. 687 [anap.], Q. S.). � GR� .ETYM Formation like TaVUOe;, but perhaps just a shortening of TaAU-Kap8toe; vel sim.

[m.] 'basket' (Horn., Hes. Se., Ar., Mosch., Paus.). �IE *telh2- 'bear'� .DER Diminutives TaAUp-LaKOe; [m.] (Arist., Theoc., AP), -lOV [n.] (pap. IIIP, Poll.).

TuXapoc;

.ETYM Properly "bearer", a substantivization from an adjective *TaAa-po<;, built from the root *telh2-, with regular shift of accent. For the formation, cf. Aaya-po<;, xaAa po<;, etc. See � TaA(Wam.

[adj.] 'wretched, unhappy', expression of compassion (epic poet. Od.). � IE *telh2- 'bear, endure'� .VAR TaAmva [f.] , TaAaV [n.], gen. TaAavo<;, -aLv'1<;, -avo<;, dat. also -aVLl (Hippon.), voc. TaAav. .ETYM Originally, a formation in -VT- from � TaAaaam (like TaAaVTa), which turned into an n-stem after the example of fl£Aa<;, -avo<; because of the frequent vocative (Solmsen IF 31 (1912113): 499ff.). See � TUV. TaAaOLa [f.] 'wool-Iabor, wool-spinning' (PI. Lg., X., Ph., PIu.). � GR� .DIAL Myc. ta-ra-si-ja 'quantity of bronze or wool weighed for working'. COMP As a first member in TaAaO"L-Oupy-o<; [f.] 'wool-spinner' (PI. Ion, Trypho apud Ath.), with -lKO<; (PI. PIt., X.), -La [f.] (PI. PIt.), -£W [v.] (X., D. S., Luc.) after

n'tAll(;

»,

•

O'1f.llouPy-o<;, -lKO<;, -La, -two .DER TaAaa-lo<; (in -a Epya) 'concerning wool-spinning' (X.), -�·ia Epya (A. R., Nonn.; after 1tOA£-fl�·ia Epya); TaAaO"La· Ta Epla 'wool' (H.). ETYM The word epyaaLa probably served as an example for the formation of TaAaaLa (cf. PI. Ion 540C: aAA' ola yuvmKL 1tp£1tOVTa eaLlV £l1t£lV TaAaO"LOupyq, 1t£pL epLwv epyaaLa<;, 'but as far as it befits a wool-working woman to say things about wool-working'). The form TaAaaLa was created from TaAaa(a)m after the examples of epyaaaa8m : epyaaLa, YUflvaaaa8m : YUflvaaLa, OOKlflaam : OOKlflaaLa, etc. •

(Schwyzer: 469). It is best to assume 'to weigh' (like in TaAavTa) as another meaning of TaAaa(a)m 'to endure' (although further unattested). Thus, TaAaaLa would properly mean *'weighing (for sbd.) " like Lat. pensum '(weighed off) wool, wool-Iabor, day-work for a woman'. Differently, Solmsen IF 31 (1912113): 503ff., who assumed an intermediate form *TaAaT'1<;, properly meaning 'who has to endure laborious work', comparing Ru. stradcit' 'to suffer', dial. 'to harvest', wiili stradci 'heavy labor, harvest work'.

TaAaOOat [v.aor.] 'to endure, tolerate' (11.). � IE *telh2- 'bear, endure'� VAR Med. -aa8m (Opp.), fut. TaAaaaW (Lyc.); T£Aaaam· TOAfl�am 'to dare', TA�vm (H.). Further TA�vm (Dor. TAuvm), also with ava-, etc., fut. TA�aoflm (Dor. Aeol. TAaa-), perf. T£TA'1Ka, plur. T£TAafl£v, ptc. T£LA'1W<;. .COMP As a first member in TA�-8ufl0<; (Dor. TAU-) 'of patient mind, patient' (Pi., AP), TA'1-1tOA£flo<; PN (11.), also TA'1O"L-Kapolo<; (A. [lyr.]); besides TaAa-(F)£py0<;' � TaAaL1tWpo<;, TaAaaL-
persisting', of Odysseus (Hom.), probably from a stem * -tleh2-t-, so Aeolic. Not here

�ATAa<;. .DER 1. � TaAaO<;. 2. TA'1TO<;, Dor. TAUTO<; 'able to tolerate, bearable' (0 49, trag.), more usual a-TA'1To<;, a-TAuTo<; 'unbearable' (epic poet. 11.), 1tOAU-TA'1TO<; 'much enduring, much-tested' (A 38). 3. TA�flwv, Dor. TAUflWV 'persevering, steadfast,

tolerant, troublesome, unhappy', also 'enterprising, bold, brutal' (epic poet. 11.), with

TA'1floauv'1 [f.] 'steadfastness, patience, patient acceptance' (Archil., h. Ap.).

1447 .ETYM The aorist TaAaaam has a secondary disyllabic zero grade (cf. oaflaa(a)m, xaAaam), but we also find T£Aaaam (H.), which probably represents the old full grade *telh2-, like in eAaam, K£paa(a)m, Kp£flaam, etc. In the other tenses (except for the present), TA'1- was generalized. The short vowel in T£TACtfl£v is secondary after eaTafl£v. The form TA�vm may be a replacement of T£Aaaam after m�vm et al. The present � T£AAW in aVaT£AAW 'go up, rise, lift up', etc. is isolated formally and

semantically. For cognate verbal forms, see LIV2 s.v. *telh2-, and for the history of the Greek formations, Haroarson 1993b. Latin has a perfect te-tul-f continuing *te-tolh2-h2ei (ToA ca-ciil 'he raised' [caus.pret.] is a regular formation). The to-ptc. in TA'1-TO<;, TAU-TO<; neatly corresponds to Italo-Celtic forms: Lat. latus from *tla-tos < *tlh2-to-, MW tlawdd 'poor' (with ilie same meaning as in TaAa<;). A zero grade of the root is found in Skt. tula [f.] 'balance' < IE *tlh2-eh2- and in Germanic, e.g. Go. jJUlan, OHG dolen 'tolerate' from a stative *tlh2-eh,-. In Greek, the meaning has been narrowed to 'tolerate, endure' in the verbal forms, while a£lpw is used in the sense of 'support'. See � T£AAW 2, � T£Aaflwv, � TOAfl'1 ' � TavTaAo<;, � TaAaVTa, etc. TaAauplvo<;

'shield-bearing'. => plVO<;.

TaAaWp, -wpo<; [m.] 'bow' (Euph. 9, 12; of the � ?� .DER TaAawpw· To�£uflaTa 'bows' (H.). .ETYM Unexplained.

bow of Artemis, Choerob. in Theod.).

TUAl<;, -l(�o<; [f.] 'young, nubile girl, bride' (S. Ant. .ETYM Perhaps an Aeolic form of � T�Al<; (s.v.).

629 [anap.] , Call. Ait. 3, 1, 3). � ?�

Tallla [f.] 'housekeeper, conductress' (Hom., Alcm., X., Hell. inscr.). � GR� .VAR Ion. -L'1. More usual TaflLa<; (Ion. -L'1<;) [m.] 'housekeeper, conductor, manager,

treasurer' (11.), also used for Lat. quaestor (HelL). .DIAL Myc. PN Ta-mi-je-u . COMP As a second member in 'EAA'1Vo-TaflLm [pl.m.], deSignation of Athenian officials that administered the funds of the league at Delos (Att.) . .DER Tafll-£uW [v.] (sometimes with Ola-, etc.) 'to manage, economize', med. 'to manage, save up, take in' (lA), with -£lOV [n.] 'storehouse, treasury, fiscus' (lA), diminutive -£LOlOV (Suid., perhaps Men. Sam. 402 [=233] Jacques), -£la [f.] 'management, administration' (PI. Lg., X., Hp., Arist.), -£UO"L<; [f.] 'id.' (Ael.), -£uflaTa [pl.n.] 'economy measures' (X.), 'provisions' (D. S.), -£UT�<; [m.] 'administrator' (Poll. v.l.), -£UTlKO<; 'economic' (pap., PolL), TO Tafll£ULlKOV 'economy' (M. Ant.), -£UTWP [m.] 'id.' (Man.), -£U<; [m.] (St. Byz.; back-formation), -£UT�PlOV = Tafll£lOV (sch.). Furilier Tafl-lKO<;, -laKo<; 'of the Taflla<; or Tafl(l)£lOV' (Hell. and late inscr. and pap.). .ETYM Connected with Tafl£lV 'to cut. (up), divide', but the details of the formation are not quite clear. Since examples of primary derivatives in -La<; do not exist, an intermediate nominal form is needed. Generally, Taflla<; is considered to be a •

;r ""W i

masculine innovation of the feminine Taflla '(female) housekeeper', which is more common in Homer, but much rarer elsewhere. However, this is contradicted by the fact that comparable primary formations in -la (m:vla, flavla, ElaAla) are abstracts. Schwyzer: 470 and 4733 assumes that Taflla is based on Tafl-Lii (Pi., doubtful), from which Tafll(l(:; was then secondarily created. Conversely, one might think that *Taflla [f.] 'cutting up, division' led to Tafll(l(:; [m.], from which Taflla 'housekeeper' was formed based on ayyEAlTj from ayyEAlTje; 'messenger' (cf. on � aYYEAOe;). Ta!-U(JOC; [f.] 'rennet' (Hp., Theoc., Nic.). � PG(s)� .DER TaflLO"-lVTje; TUpOe; 'cheese made with rennet' (Diod. Fr.; like 6�lVTje;, etc.), -LOV [n.] 'coagulum' (gloss.). " .ETYM Has been compared with TaflElV, with fhe suffIx found in flQOLO"Oe;, KllTLO"Oe; (cf. Chantraine 1933: 435) . DELG and Frisk justify the development of meaning by pointing to O"Xl�ELV TO yaAa 'to curdle milk' (Dsc.) and to yaAaTflov MXavov aypLov 'wild herb' H., if this contains the root *temH- 'to cut'. However, this etymology for yaAaTflov may well be wrong. Rather, TaflLO"Oe; is Pre-Greek because of the suffix -LO"-. =

nxv only in dJ TaV (dJ TaV), a popular form of address (Att.). � GR� VAR Also Tav. .ETYM Acc. to Kretschmer Glotta 1 (1909) : 58, it may have developed •

from TaAav. Doubts by Bjorck 1950: 275ff., who deals extenSively with meaning and attestations.

[adj.] 'thin, narrow, outstretched, expanding widely, long, high' (epic poet. since P 589) . � lE *tnh2-eu- 'thin'� VAR Myc. ta-na-wa (of wheels). .COMP As a first member in Tavao-oELpOe; 'with a narrow or outstretched neck', of OiWVOl (Ar.), often with elision of the -0-, e.g. TaVa-�KTje; 'with a long point, edge', of weapons (Horn.), 'lofty', of rushes, mountains (Opp., Orph.; cf. on �K�), also Tavau1tooa epithet of fl�Aa 'thin-legged, with stretched feet' (L 464, h. Ap., h. Mere.). With -aL- (after TaAaL-, 1taAaL-, etc.): Taval-flUKOe; 'far-bellowing', of �oue; (AP) . ETYM Christophe KZ 114 (2001) : 90-116 recently argued that the root *ten- had no laryngeal. However, the laryngeal is necessary for almost all branches: Celtic forms like OIr. tanae 'thin' < PCl. *tanayjo- « *tnh2-eu-o-, Lith. tfvas 'thin, slender, high (of voices)" Latv. tievs 'thin, slender' < *tenh2-u-6-, OCS tbn'bh, Ru. t6nkij, SIn. tiinak 'delicate, fine' < *tnHu-k-, and probably also Lat. tenuis < *ten(a)yi- < PIt. *t1}(a)ui- < lE *tnh2-eu-. The Germanic evidence is ambiguous regarding the laryngeal, e.g. OHG dunni < PGm. *jJUnw-. The Greek form presupposes *tnh2-eu-o-; cf. Beekes MSS 34 (1976) : 9-12. Within Greek, comparanda are � TaVU- and � TaVUTaL. Christophe's assumption that *tnu- gave Tavu- in Greek is unnecessary, and his assumption of another prop vowel in t"no-wo-, giving TavaOe;, is improbable. Tavum [f.pl.] 'beam' (Thphr. HP 4, 1, 2) . �lE *tenh2-u- 'thin'� ETYM Formally, this seems to be the feminine of an adjective *TaVUe; (see � TaVU-); semantically, this is quite possible. TavaoC; •

•

•

r��· . ""W . .' i. Tavu-

1449

[adj.] 'reckless, heedless, inconsiderate', only in TaVTjAEyeoe; ElavaTOLo (Horn., Tyrt.). � lE *h2Ieg- 'care for'� .vAR Also -ewe; (metr. inscr. Phrygia). .DER Similarly OUO"-TjAEy�e; (also of ElavaToe; X 325) , also of 1tOAEflOe;, etc. (epic), a1t TjAEyewe; (epic since H.), aV-TjAey�e; (1tOAEfloe;), -ewe; (Q. S.), VTjAEy�e;, -ewe; (H.). .ETYM The second member belongs to � aMyw 'to care for'; VTjAey�e; < *1}-hJeg contains the negative prefix. In view of the meaning, Leumann 1950: 45 (follOWing Blass and Bechtel 1914 s.v.) reads T' aVTjAEy�e;, which would fit the semantics excellently. Szemerenyi 1964: 154, 159 defends the connection with TaVU-'

TaVTJA£yqC;

TaVeapu�w [v.] 'to qUiver'. � PG (V)� .VAR Only in £KTavElapu<�>w' Tpeflw H.; also TavElaAU�EL' TpeflEL. "'wpLEle;. ot 8£ O"1talpEL 'trembles (Dor.), others: quivers' (H., cod. TaVT-, but at an alphabetically wrong position); influenced by TaVTaAl�EL (see � TaVTaAOe;). With o-vocalism TOLElOpUO"O"ELv, O"EiELV 'to shake', TOLElopuKTpLa· � TOUe; O"ELO"floue; 1tOLouO"a 'who causes shaking' (H.). Also £TavElopL�OV' lhpEfloV (H., leg. £TavElapu�ov?). Further details in

Debrunner IF 21 (1907) : 266 . DER Also TavElapuO"Tol [pI.] "the quivering ones", epithet of OpflOL 'necklaces' (Theopomp. Corn. 95) . .ETYM Popular words with intensive reduplication; as to be expected, without dear genealogy. Frisk cites an old proposal to connect some Balto-Slavic words for 'to tremble, etc.', e.g. Ru. dr6gnut' 'tremble', dr6Z' [f.] 'shiver', Lith. drugys [m.] '(cold) fever, butterfly'. Discussion in Tichy 1983: 212f. The word � TOVElOpU�w may be identical, with a > 0 before u. If so, the variation points to Pre-Greek origin. •

[m.] father of Pelops, grandfather of Atreus, mythical king of Sipylos in Asia Minor, famous for his riches and punished in the underworld for his faults (Od.). � ?� .DER TaVTaA-lOaL [m.pl.] 'offspring of T.' (A. [lyr.]), -le; [f.] 'daughter of T.', i.e. Niobe (APl.), -ELOe; 'belonging to T. ' (E., etc.), also -we; (AP) and -LKOe; (Man.); -hLe; [f.] name of a plant = [OPYOVELOV, ALElOO"1tEpflOV (Ps.-Dsc.) referring to the rock that threatened to crush T. (Redard 1949: 77, Stromberg 1940: 101) . Verbs: 1. TaVTaA-l�W 'to hover' (Anacr.), med. 'to weigh?' (proverb in Zen.), TaVTaAl�ETaL' O"aAEUETaL 'is rocked', £TavTaAL�Ev· lhpEflEV 'trembled', £TavTaAlxElTj' £O"EiO"ElTj 'was shaken' (H.). 2. -OOflaL in TavTaAwElEie; (S. Ant. 134 [lyr.]), acc. to sch. ad loc. = oLaTLvaxElde; QVwElEV K(lTW, oLaO"ELO"ElEie; 'shaken from top to bottom, shaken all over'. .ETYM Connection with the root TaAa- is impossible, as this contained a laryngeal. It is unclear how the verbs TaVTaA-l�w, -OOflaL relate to TavTaAOe;. They were probably influenced semantically by TaAaVTa; cf. PI. Cra. 396d, where TavTaAOe; is interpreted as TaAaVTaTOe; "who has to bear much" (from � TaAae;). On TavElaAu�EL (cod. TaVT-), see s.v. � TavElapu�w. An lE interpretation is most improbable .

TaVTaAOC;

Tavu- 'thin, narrow, slim'. �lE *tenh2-u- 'thin'� .COMP As a first member in several compounds,
and originally adjectival, e.g. TaVU 'with narrow leaves' (Od.), TaVU-

1450

TUVUTUl

aq)Upo� (beside TaVL-(J(pUpO�, after KUAAL-(J(pUpO� or dissimilated from U . . . u?) 'with slim ankles' (Hes., h. Cer., Ibyc., B.), TUVU-�K'l� 'with a thin point' (ll.; also TaVU �K'l�' see � TUVUO�). TaVU- disappeared as an independent adjective at an early date. In some cases, it may have been semantically influenced by � TUVUTUl, TUVUW, which seems clear in Tuvu-mEpo� (Hes., h. Cer. et al.), TaVU-mEpu� (ll.), also TaVUaL mEpo� (Od.) 'with spread wings' or 'speading the wings' (less clear are cases like TaVU-1tE1tAO�, -yAwaao�, -8pl�. Sommer 1948: 127f., tries to show that TUVU- was originally a verbal member (to be rejected). .ETYM An adjective *TUVU�, which apparently disappeared in Greek, has exact correspondences in several languages: SkL .tanu- 'thin, sweet, unimportant', Lat. tenuis 'thin, etc.' (regularly reflected as an i-stem), ON jJUnnr < *jJUnwa- (i-stem in OHG dunni 'thin'), OCS tbWbh, Ru. tonkij 'thin, fine, slender' (for the suffIx, cf. Skt. tanuka-), all ultimately reflecting lE *t1Jh2u-. An old feminine form of *TaVU� seems to have been preserved in � TUVElUl. [v.3sg.pres.med.] 'to stretch, tense, extend, expand' (P 393, epic lyr., Ion. prose).
nlvuTaL •

•

•

� TUVU-. Ta1tEIVO<; [adj.] 'low-lying, inferior in rank, vile, insignificant, meek' (Pi., lA).
-
TU1t'1<;, -'1TO<; [f.] 'carpet, rug' (Horn., Herod., Ar., inscr. Cos IV-lIP).
I

1451 .DER Diminutive Ta1t�T-lOV (late), Ta1tLO-lOV (Hell. and late pap.); Ta1t'lT-UplO�, TamT-Uplo�, -ii� [m.] 'manufacturer of carpets' (late pap.) . ETYM Formation like AE�'l�' KUAm� and technical words of debated origin •

(Chantraine 1933: 267 and 335f.). Traditionally taken to be an Oriental loan: Iranian, from MoP tab-ao, inf. taftan, tabloan 'turn, spin' (Schrader KZ 30 (1890): 484). The form 6.fl
Tap [pcl. H GR� .ETYM Seems to be

attested in the Venetus A of the Iliad. See � TE.

[m.] deSignation of a horned animal in northern regions, probably 'reindeer' (Schrader-Nehring 1917(1): 503), acc. to H. (qiov £M
nlp«vc')o<;

•

[v.] 'to stir, agitate, confuse, arouse, startle' (Pi., lA).
.-«puaaw •

•

Tap�tw [v.] 'to be startled, shy, shun' (epic poet. VAR Aor. Tup��aUl, perf. T£TUP�'lKU (E.) . .DIAL Boeot. TUp�£lfll (Hdn. Gr.). .COMP Rarely with 1tpO-, U1tO-, £K-. •

since ll.).
1452

nipyuvov

-DER Tap�O<; [n.] 'fright, shyness' (0 152 = 181, trag.; -rap�o-mJvT] [f.] (a 342) , with -(JUvo<; 'frightening' (A. Th. 240 [lyr.l), after YT]90-auvT], -(JUvo<;; a-TUp�-�<; [adj.] 'fearless' (N 299, PL), from TUp�EW or Tap�o<;; verbal adjective a-Tap�-T]To<; 'id.' (r 63) , also � aTap�uKTo<;. Further TUp�UAeO<; [adj.] 'terrible, fearsome' (epic poet., h. Mere.; after aflepouAEO<;, 9upauAeo<;), TUp��et<; 'fearsome' (Nonn.), like KOT�el<;; -rap�aAu�, -uyo<; = 6 TUPUKTlKO<; (Hdn. Gr. 2, 743) . Further details, especially on the use in Horn., in Ruijgh 1957: 163. -ETYM The date of the attestations and their frequency suggest that Tap�o<; was secondarily created from -rap�EW, so denominative origin is improbable for the verb. The word Tap�o<; is often compared with Skt. tarjati (epic, class.) 'threaten, revile', Lat. torvus 'grim, fierce', MW tarfu 'disturb,trouble, scare', Hitt. tarkuyant- 'looking angrily', for the reconstruction of a root *tergW-. However, there are problems in the reconstruction of the Welsh word (see MatasoviC 2009 s.v. *targW-o-), and the semantic development of 'angry, fierce' to 'shy' in Greek is not clear. Fur.: 219 compares -rapfluaaw. Moreover, it is difficult to explain the element -rap� from the proposed lE forms, as a zero grade would give *TpU�-. On the Skt. forms, see Kuiper 1956: 215'8 . ToA trak 'blind', ToB tiirrek 'id.' are certainly unrelated, since they are compounds with ek 'eye' (A ak) as a second member. Tapyavov [n.] 'sick wine, vinegar' (Phoen. [lIPl). �PG (v) � -VAR Acc. to EM 753, 54, the Attic form is � aupyavT] (see s.v.). -DER Further olvo<; TeTUPyuvwfl£vO<; 'sour wine' (Pl. Corn.), TUPYULVetV·

-rapaaaetv 'agitate' (H.). -ETYM Not well explained. Traditionally compared with � aTepyavo<; and � TpU�. The difference in final velar makes comparison with the group of *terk-, trek- 'turn' (Lat. torqueo 'to turn, wind', Skt. tarku- 'spindle', etc.; see Pok. 1077) impossible. Expressions for 'turn' are often applied to drinks that have "turned" sour, bitter, or the like, viz. 6 olvo<; Tpbre-ral, with TponLu<; 'spoiled wine, Tapyuvov', Ital. il vino da la volta 'id.', MoFr. le lait tourne 'the milk becomes sour', and many more examples. Semantically, one may compare MoDu. wrang 'herb, bitter, sour' to Go. wruggo 'snare'. The variation T-/a- shows that the word is Pre-Greek. However, the appurtenance of the following glosses, adduced by Frisk, is uncertain: TupyavUl· nAoKuL, (JUvO£aet<;, nEOUl 'twinings, links, shackles' and TeTUPyuvwflEVT]· aUflne1tAeWEvT], (JUVetAT]flflEVT] 'plaited together, taken together' (H.); they barely attest a meaning 'turning, winding', etc.

Tapixo� [m.]

and [n.] 'fish or meat conserved by salting, smoking or drying' (lA, etc.), also 'mummy' (Hdt. 9, 120, S. Fr. 646) � PG� -VAR Also -ov [n.] (Hell.); back-formed as an adjective 'pickled' (Ael.); rare. -COMP Some compounds, e.g. Tuplxo-nWAT]<; [m.] 'dealer in T.', with -nwAlov and -nwAEw [v.] (Pl., Hell.); wflo-TaplX0<; [m.] aap� 9uvvou TeTUPlXeuflEVOU 'dried tunny meat' (middle corn., Dsc.). -DER 1. Diminutive TUPLX-LOV [n.] (Ar.) , 2. -T]po<; [adj.] 'ptng. to pickling, pickled', also msc. 'pickler, embalmer of bodies' (Arist., pap.), like £AUl-, 6�-T]po<;; 3. -6.<; [m.] 'dealer in T.' (pap. lIP); 4. -euw (also with npo-, £v-) [v.] 'to pickle, smoke, dry', also =

-rapao<;

1453

'to embalm', med. also 'to wither' (lA, pap.), with -eLu (Ion. -T]LT]) [f.] 'pickling, embalming' (Hdt., Arist.), -euat<; [f.] 'id.' (Hdt.), -elov [n.] 'pickle factory' (pap. IIIP), -euT�<; [m.] 'embalmer, pickler' (Hdt., Hell. pap.), -euT�p [m.] 'id.' (Man.), -euTlKo<; = -T]p0<; (Dsc.). Of uncertain mg. -raplXWTT]<;, perhaps -raplXeuT�<; (Tab . Defix.); cf. TplxwaUl· 9a'l'Ul 'bury' (H.). -ETYM The word is probably Pre-Greek, in view of the meaning of -u-. The formation is isolated (on the long 1, cf. Schwyzer: 644; � applX0<; 'basket' has I); the gender may have been adapted to iX9u<; 'fish' or KPEU<; 'meat' (cf. Egli 1954: 73ff.). From Greek came Arm. tar-ex 'herring', Syr. tiir/xii 'salted fish'. See � TUPXUW. =

LUpflvaaw [v.] 'to startle' (Lyc. 1177). � PG?� -VAR Aor. -raPflu�ua9Ul·
scared' (H.); aTapfluKTo<; 'undaunted' (Euph., Nic., H., EM). -ETYM Formation like ui9vaaw, KlvuaaoflUl, aKupouflvaaw, which may be either denominative or deverbative. Connection with TpEflw seems attractive, but the zero grade TUPfl- as opposed to Tpufl- (in TE-Tpufl-o<;, Te-Tpufl-ULVW) raises some doubts. Debrunner IF 21 (19 07): 243 posited *-raPflo<; 'distress', from � Te[pW. Fur.: 219 compares TUp�EW, which is possible but remains uncertain; if correct, the word would be Pre-Greek.

nipnTJ [f.] 'big basket' (Att. inscr. IV", Poll., EM, H.). � PG� -VAR Also -rapno<; [f.] 'id.' (Poll.). -DER Further TepnovT] [f.] 'id.' (Peripl. M. Rubr. 65) , Tepno<; of uncertain mg. (pap. IlIa). -ETYM Frisk compares -rapyavUl· nAoKuL . . . (see on � Tapyuvov), aapnou<;· Kl�WTOU<;.

Bl9uvol O£ �UALVOU<; OiKLU<; (H.), � aupyavT], and even � Tupao<;. Of these, the comparison with ahupyav- is useless; it is unclear whether aapnou<; is cognate or not. Fur.: 183, etc. compares MpnT]· aupyavT], KoqJlVO<; (H.), which would point to a Pre-Greek word.

[m.] 1. '(plaited) device for dehydrating and drying cheese, etc.' (l 219, Theoc.), 'plaited tube, mat of rushes, kind of flat basket' (Hdt., Th., Ar.), 'entangled roots forming a network' (Thphr.). 2. deSignation of all kinds of flat objects, like 'sole of the foot' (L 377, 388, Hdt., Hp.), also 'palm of the hand' (late medic.), 'blade, rudder, row of oars' (Hdt., Th., E., Plb.), 'flat of the outstretched wing, etc.' (Mosch., D. H., AP, Ael.). � IE? *ters- 'dry'� -VAR Att. -rappo<;. -COMP Rarely as a second member, e.g. auv-rappo<; 'with a network of roots' (Thphr.), of O£vopov, back-formation from (JUv-TuPpooflUl. -DER 1. TpUata (Eup., Ar., S.), TuPat� (Semon.), Tepata (Jul.; -e- after TEpaoflUl) [f.] 'hurdle for drying figs, etc., dried figs, place for drying cereals, etc.'. 2. -rapawoT]<; (-pp-) 'like a hurdle or mat, plaited' (Thphr.). 3. Tupa�TUl· ayye1u, £V 01<; of Tupol 'l'UXOVTUl 'vessel for keeping cheese cool' (H.); 4. -rapa-ooflUl [v.] (rarely with (JUV-, £K-) 'to form a network', of veins and- roots (Hp., Thphr.), -ow 'to equip with rudders or wings' (Polyaen., Lyd.), with -wflu [n.] 'row of oars' (Poll.).

Tap(J6�

Tapcpw

1454

-ETYM Words in Armenian and Germanic have been compared: Arm. t'ar 'bar for drying grapes, etc.' < IE *trs-, OHG darra [f.] 'apparatus for drying fruits, etc.', MoSw. and MoNw. tarre [m.] 'frame for drying malts, etc.', from PGm. *parz6 [f.], secondary *parzan- [m.] , IE *torsa (would be Gr. *To pa�). Both Frisk and DELG assume that the remarkable shift of meaning to 'blade of the foot, etc.' started from the flat form of the relevant objects. There are also phonological problems with this explanation: it is improbable that *trs- would give Tapa- in Greek, and the co ocurrence of pa and ap is also problematic in itself. (The maintained intervocalic -a may be explained by the chronology of sound changes, however: cf. Manolessou and Pantelidis 2008.) Chantraine 1933: 82 points to the a-vocalism. Was it a loan from an intermediate language? See � TepaoflaL. ": TapcpEa [n.pl.] 'thicket, shrubbery' (A. R. 4, 1238).
=

variants, and concludes that the word is Pre-Greek.

Taoaw

[v.] 'to post, align in ranks, establish; to put in order, arrange' (post-Hom.).

-YAR Att. -nw; aor. Ta�aL, pass. Tax8�vaL, later TaY�VaL, fut. Ta�w, perf. pass. TeTaWaL, 3Pl. TETaxaTaL (Th., X.), act. (young Att.) TeTaxa. -COMP Very often with prefIx, e.g. Ola-, e1tl-, napa-, npo-, auv-. -DER 1. Tay� (Ota-, e1tl-, auv-, uno-, etc.) [f.] 'array, order, supply, etc.' (Ar. Lys. 105 [Dor.], Hell.); 2. Tawa (Ota-, enl-, auv-, npoa-, etc.) [n.] 'array, order, line-up, etc.' (lA); 3. Ta�le; (Ola-, napa-, aUv-, uno-, etc.) [f.] 'array, line-up, etc.' (lA); auvTa�-lflov [n.] mg. unclear, perhaps name of a tax, 'census-list' (?) (pap. IP); 4. TaKTOe; (enl-, uno-, Ctno-, etc.) 'established, measured out, ordered' (lA); 5. TaKTlKOe; 'concerning the line-up of an army, tactical' (X. et al.), frequently with e1tl-, npoa-, auv-, uno- to prefIxed e1tl-TanW, etc. (Pl., Arist., Hell.); 6. Ctva-, ola-, e1tl-, uno-nlKTTle; (from Ctva-

TaUpOe;

1455

Taaaw, etc.) [m.] names of various offIcials (Hell.); AlTIOTaKT'le; [m.] 'deserter' (D. H.), to AlTIOTa�lou (ypacp�, Att.), compounded from Ta�lv AlTIElV; 7. e1tl-TaKT� p [m.] 'commander' (X.), Ctno-TaKT�p 'hermit' (pap. VP: CtnoTaaaoflaL 'to take leave'), auv TaKT�p 'arranger', with -�pLOe; (EM); 8. eV-TaY-lov [n.] 'order', diminutive e1tlTay IOtov [n.] (late pap.); eV-Tay-�e; 'ordered' (late pap.), also with nominal fIrst member, e.g. 6flO-Tay-�e; 'equal in status, etc.' (Euc., Hero, etc.); 9. e1tlTa� [adv.] 'in a row, etc.' (Hell.). See � Tayoe;. -ETYM The -y- in Tay� and � Tayoe; (as to whether the latter is connected, see s.v.) shows that Taaaw, -nw is analogical for *Ta(w. In other languages, it has been compared with the Parthian title tgmdr, which Bailey 1985: 98 takes to be tagma

dara- 'giver of order', OP ham-ataxsata 'they have put in order', ToB tas 'commander', and (less certain) Lith. patogits 'convenient', sutogti 'to be wedded; to commit oneself, etc.'. If the OP form lost its laryngeal as a result of Lubotsky's Law (loss of laryngeal before two or more consonants, of which the fIrst one is glottalized), we may reconstruct a root *teh,g- (instead of the awkward * tag suggested by LIV2). TaTa. [voc.] 'daddy' (AP 11, 67).
name of a letter (Hp., PI., Att. inscr. Iva).
in Celtic words like OIr. tarb 'bull', MW tarw 'id.'. The fact that Lat. taurus did not undergo metathesis like parvus and nervus suggests that it is a LW (De Vaan 2008 s.v.). -Gm. words with initial stare probably not cognate, e.g. Go. stiur, OHG stior 'bull', because these point to older *eu (without initial S-, ON jJj6rr). Av. staora- [m.] 'big cattle' deviates slightly in meaning. Comparable forms are found in Semitic: Akk. su ru, Aram. tor, Hebr. sor. If the similarity is not accidental, there must have been a loan, either from IE into Semitic or vice versa, or from a third common source. If the word is IE, TaupOe; is traditionally connected with the group of � TaUe;. TaUe; [adj.] . fl£yae;, nOAUe; (H.). -1 IE?� DER Tauaae;· fleyaAuvae;, nAeovaaae; 'hci¥,ing furthered, having enlarged' (H.) . (presupposes *TaU�w). .ETYM Formation like naxue;, TaXUe;, ete. Indo-Iranian has an s-stem in Av. tauuah [n.] 'might, power', Skt. tavas- 'strong, powerful, active', and a primary verb Skt. tavUi 'to be strong, have power' (from *teuh2-). Greek cognates of this root are � awe; and (possibly) � awpoe;. Perhaps � TaupOe; was derived from this root as well, with a suffix * -ro-, but see s.v. According to Lubotsky 1988: 123, TaUe; and awe; « aaFoe;) point to an alternating paradigm of a u-stem adjective: nom.sg. *tueh2-u-s (ablaut like in Lat. brevis, gravis) > Gr. *aaue; (with subsequent thematicization), gen.sg. *tuh2-u-os, ete., from where initial T- was introduced into TaUe; (the disyllabic pronunciation of which is far from certain anyhow). •

TauToT11e; -alnoe;. Taq>ll [f.] 'interment' YAR Taq>Oe; [m.], Taq>pOe; [f.] 'grave'. - 8amw. .

•

Taq>Oe; [n.] 'astonishment'. -8afl�0e;. TaXUe; [adj.] 'swift, fast' (ll.). -1 ?, IE? *dhnt'-u- (?) 'swift'� .COMP Often as a first member, e.g. TaXU-nWAOe; 'with swift steeds' (ll., Theoe.). Adverb Tax-a 'fast, easily', grammaticalized 'perhaps' (11.), also -ewe; 'fast' ('¥ 365, Hes. Th. et al.), with -eWaTl 'id.' (Pherecr.) like VeWaTl. Compar. 8aaawv (Att. -n-) , adverbial 8aaaov, superl. TaXlaTOe;, adv. -a (all H.). Also Taxu-TepOe; (Ion., Arist.), -TaTOe;, -TaTa (Pi. et al.), -lWV, -toV (Hp. Mul., Hell. and late prose). DER 1. TaXOe; [n.] 'swiftness, speed' (for *T�XOe;?), often adverbial (ll.). 2. TaxuT�e; (Dor. -Tae;) [f.] 'id.' ('¥ 740); attempt at a semantic differentiation between TaXOe; and TaxuT�e; by Chantraine 1933: 418. 3. TaXlVOe; = TaXUe; (Hell. and late), after paOlVOe;, 8afllVOe;, ete., with TaXlVlle; (Dor. -vae;) [m.] 'hare' (Lacon. acc. to Ael.), ace. to H. also 'EAaq>Oe;' . 4. TaXUVW (also with £TIl-, auv-, etc.) [v.] 'to accelerate, hurry' (lA). 5. KaTa TaX£w [v.] 'to hurry, arrive first, prevent' (Plb., pap.), hypostasis of KaTu TaXOe;. .ETYM All the above forms are based on TaXUe;, except for the comparative 8aaawv with long vowel, the judgement of which remains difficult as long as the etymology is unknown. Ace. to Bechtel 1917b: 426 and BechteI 1921(3): 126, the PN T�XlTInoe; (Eretria) would contain an old noun *T�XOe; = TaXOe;. Seiler 1950: 40 explains 8aaawv, 8aaaov as an adaptation of *8�aawv to the timber of TaXUe;, TaXlaTOe;. More likely is secondary lengthening of an older short vowel in 8aaaov, as argued by Wackernagel Gatt. Nachr. 1914: 124f. For extensive discussion on the comparison, see •

TelVW

1457

Seiler 1950: 37ff. The etymology remains unclear. Against the old connection with Lith. dengti 'run, hurry', ete., see Fraenkel 1955 s.v. deflgti. The word TaXUe; ousted the old PIE word (l)K1Je;, which remained alive only in poetry. TaWe; [m.] 'peacock' (Att. corn., Antiph., Arist., HelL); also a fish name (Philostr.), because of its color, acc. to Stromberg 119. -1 LW Orient.� .YAR Att. TaWe; (ace. to Trypho apud Ath. 9, 397e; on the inner aspiration see Schwyzer: 219), also TaWV, gen. TaW (Taw), TaWVOe;, etc. .DER Tawv-(e)lOe; 'of a peacock' (Luc.), -lKOe; 'peacock-colored' (Alex. Aphr.), Tahlle; [m.] name of a stone = naypoue; (Cyran.) . .ETYM Borrowed from an unknown Oriental source (Frisk compares Tamil toghai). On the history of the peacock, see Schrader-Nehring 1917(2): 163f.; on the name, WH s.v. The Lat. word was borrowed as OHG pfawo, also found in other European languages. On Oriental continuants of TaWe;, see Spies IF 62 (1955/56): 202 with litt. Te [pcl.] 'and' (Horn.), enclitie. -1 IE *-kwe 'and'� .YAR Mye. qe. .ETYM Identical with Lat. -que, NPhr. -Ke, Skt. -ca, Go. -h in ni-h 'neque', etc., from IE *kwe. Also in adverbs: -Te (lA, Are. Cypr.), -Ta (Lesb.), -Ka (Dor.), e.g. TOTe, nOTe, aTe; TOTa, nOTa, OTa; TOKa, nOKa, aKa, ete. See also on � aTe. TtyyupOe; [?] . opveov nOlOV 'kind of bird' (H.). -1 ?� .ETYM Unknown. TtyyW [v.] 'to wet, moisten, pour out, soften' (Pi., B., lA; mostly poetic). -1 IE *teng 'wet, moisten'� YAR Aor. T£y�at, pass. Teyx8�vat, fut. T£Y�W. COMP Rarely with £TIl-. .DER T£y�le; (£nl-) [f.] 'moistening' (medie.), TeYKTOe; (£nl-) 'softenable by mOistening' (Arist., medie.). .ETYM A primary verb identical with Lat. tingo [v.] 'to wet, immerse, dip, paint' (from *tengo; tinguo after unguo). A secondary zero grade formation in OHG thunkon, dunkon [v.] 'to immerse' (MoHG Tunke [f.] 'sauce'), full grade in Swiss tink 'moist' . •

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Ttyoe; -aT£yw. Tt611n« -8afl�0e;. "("£6/10e; -8wfloe;. TelVW [v.] 'to stretch, pull tight, expand', intr. 'to extend, range'. -1 IE *ten(h2)- 'draw, stretch'� .YAR Aor. TeLVat, pass. Ta8�vat, perf. med. T£Taflat (ll.), fut. Tevw (Att.), perf. act. T£TaKa (PI., D. H.). Reduplicated TlTalVW (rarely with ava-, etc., 11. and epic, also medie.), with the aorist forms TlT�Vae; (N 534), TlTllvaflevoe; (Orph.). .COMP Very often with prefix: ava- (auv-ava-), Ota- (£TIl-Ola-), £K- (Ol-eK-), £v- (£n ev-), napa- (avTl-napa-), imep-, etc., ete.

n:lpea DER 1. TOVO<; [m.] 'tension, cord, string, sinew', in the sense of 'tension of the voice' also 'tone, accent, sound; effort, strength' (lA), as a second member in 7taAlV-ToVO'; 'with backward tension, rushing backwards, elastic' (Horn., S. [lyr.] , also Hdt., Ph. Bel., Hero Bel.), 7tPOTOVOI [m.pl.] 'front ropes' (Horn., ete.), with -l�W [v.] 'to pull up by 7t.'; from the prefIxed verbs e.g. 8laTov-o<; 'stretched, strained' (Thphr.), with -lKO<; "diatonic" (of music), -UlOV [n.] 'crossbar, etc.' (pap.). From TOVO<;: TOV-lKO<; 'stretchable; related to tone' (Arist., Hell.), -alo<; 'stretched' (Alex.), -laio<; 'consisting of a tone, measuring one tone' (Arist.), -<.0811<; 'tension-like' (medic.), -l�W [v.] 'to provide with a tone' (gramm.), med. 'to be provided with a tone' (Eust.); XElpO-TOV EW [v.] 'to stretch out one's hand, vote, ele<.:t', with -la (Att.), as if from X£lPO-TOVO<; (A. [lyr.]), originally a compound of XElpa T�{V£lV; TOV-OW (E1tl-, auv-) [v.] 'to stretch, strengthen, provide with a tone' (Ti. Locr., Hell.), with -WcrL<;, -WTlKO<; (medic.). 2. TOV� [f.] 'duration of a tone' (music). 3. TacrL<; [f.] 'tension, stretch, etc.', mostly from the prefIxed verbs, e.g. EVTUcrL<; : EV-TelVW (lA), TaTo<; (Arist.), EVTUTO<; (Pl.) , ete. 'stretchable', TUT-lKO<; 'giving a tension' (Orib.), almost only with prefIx, e.g. 8taTUT lKO<; (Hell.). 4. TEVWV, -OVTO<; [m.] 'sinew, neck-muscle, tendon of Achilles' (Il., epic Ion. poet., Arist.). 5. With reduplication T£Tavo<; 'stretched, tense, tight, lank' (Hp., Thphr.), 'tight, lank-haired' (Hell. pap.) T£Tavo-9pl� (Pl.). TETUVO<; [m.] 'catalepsy, tetanus' (Hp., Pl., Arist., etc.), with T£Tav-lKo<; 'suffering from catalepsy', -<.0811<; 'cataleptic' (medic.), -ow [v.] 'to stretch out, make lank, smoothen' (Dse.), -w9pov [n.] 'skin-smoothening agent' (Dsc.), -wfla [n.] 'id.' (mediC.). 6. T£lVWfl0<; [m.] 'constipation' (medic., Nic.) , with -<.0811<; (medic.), after 1tlWflo<; (the variant with T11v- (Bechtel 1921(3): 333f.) remains to be explained. 7. *TEVO<; [n.] in � aTEv�<;; from the verb e.g. 8laTEv-�<; 'stretching out' (Thphr.), often with nominal fIrst member, e.g. aAl-TEv�<; 'stretching out unto the sea', also 'shallow' (Hell.); on � £iAlTEV�<; s.v. .ETYM The system of Greek TelVW derives from the root *ten- 'to stretch', found in most branches of lE (forms in LIV2). Skt. preserved an old athematic aorist a-tan 'stretched', from lE *He-ten-t. In Greek, the full grade of the verbal root is preserved in the primary derivative TEV-WV, -OVTO<; (see Strunk 1967: 107), and in the s-stem adjective a-TEv�<;, where *TEVO<; is formally identical with Lat. tenus, -oris [n.] 'string with a noose' and Skt. tanas- [n.] 'posterity' (only RV 5, 70, 4) from lE *ten-s-. Beside this root-aorist, Skt. had an s-aorist atarrtslt, med. atasi (zero grade), which corresponds to Greek E-TElv-a from lE *He-tens-Yfl. Instead of the old vu-present in � TavuTUl, Tavuw, Greek innovated a yod-present TelVW, which agrees with Alb. nden 'to stretch', if from *en-ten-jo. Among the nominal formations, we fInd Greek TOVO<; beside Lith. tanas [m.] 'ulcer', Skt. tana- [m.] 'thread, tone' (with remarkable identity of meaning), tana- [n.] 'posterity'. •

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n:(pw .VAR TElpwla<;. -TEpa<;. n:(pw [v.] 'to exhaust, wear out, distress, trouble' (11., epic poet.). � IE *ter(H)- 'rub'� .VAR Only pres. and ipf. (Aeol. inf. perf. TETOp9Ul Hdn. Gr.). ETYM Full grade yod-present of the root *terh1i3- which is also found in � TEP11v, � TEpU<;, � T£Tpalvw, � TlTp<.OaKw, � TpUW, � Tpl�W. •

n:ixo<; [n.] 'wall, city wall, fortifIcation' (11.). � IE *dheit- 'knead, form, fashion'�

1459 .VAR Also Tolx0<; [m.] 'wall' (11.) . .DIAL Myc. to-ko-do-mo Itoikho-domos/. .COMP To TOIxo<;: TOIX-WpUX-o<; [m.] 'butlar, house-breaker', with -la [f.], -EW [v.] (Att.); apyupo-TOlX0<; 'with silver walls' (A. [lyr.]) , EV-TOlX-lO<; 'on the wall' (D. H., Ruf. apud Orib.; uncertain X. An. 7, 8, 1). Compounds, e.g. TElXWl-7tA�Ta (s. 7tEAa<;); with transition to the o-stems e.g. TElXO-flaX-EW 'to fIght at the walls', -la f. (lA), -0.<; m. (Ar. [lyr.]), -0<; m. (App.); EU-T£lX�<; 'with fair walls, well walled in' (Pi., E.), also EU-TelX-£O<; (11.; metr. condit., Sommer 1948: 19), -l1To<; (h. Yen. 112: T£lXEW). .DER To Tolxo<;: TOIX-l8l0V [n.] (late), -lO<; 'belonging to a wall' (Lebadeia), -l�W 'to list, heel over', of a ship (Ach. Tat., Eust.). To TEIxo<;: 1. Diminutive TElX-u8plOV [n.] , (X.), -aplov [n.] (pap. IP; belittling), -l8tOV [n.] (Zonar.). 2. -lOV [n.] 'wall (of a house) (Od., Ar., Th., X.). 3. -wfla = cppaYf1o<; (AB; enlargement), -WTO<; = Lat. vallaris (Rom. time). 4. -lO£l<; 'walled in' (B 559 646), -louaaa [f.] island near Milete (Th.); also -lowaa (Archestr.). 5. T£lX-lKO<; Lat. vallaris (aTEcpavo<; � = corona vall.; Rom. time). 6. T£lX-l�W [v.] 'to build a wall, fortify with a wall' (lA since H 449, also Dor.), often with prefIx, e.g. 7tEPl-, a7to-, E1tl-, with -lcrL<;, -lafla, -laflo<; (also with 7tEPl-, etc.) 'wall-building, fortifIcation' (Att.); -laT�<; [m.] 'mason, builder' (LXX, Lib.). 7. -EW -l�W (Hdt.), with -l1To<; 'fortifIed' (Att. Iva). .ETYM Greek Tolxo<; corresponds exactly to Skt. deha- [m.] (also [n.]) 'body', with dehi [f.] 'wall, damm, hill', Av. pairi-daeza- [m.] 'surrounding wall' (see � 7tapa8£lao<;), and Gm. words like Go. daigs [m.] 'dough', all from lE *dhoito- [m.]. ToB -tsaika 'shaper', from tsik- 'to form, build', and Arm. dez 'heap' are both probably innovations (cf. Arm. dizanem, aor. dizi 'to heap up'). The formation of Tdxo<; < lE *dhCit-s- [n.] is isolated, but the e-vocalism is also found in Ose. JeihUss [ace.pl.] 'walls', o-stem. The basic verb is preserved in Skt. deh- 'to spread, lute' as an athematic formation dehmi; Latin has a nasal present in Jingo 'to spread out on, knead, build'. Greek � 9lyyavw is unrelated. =

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TEKf.lUp [n.] 'sign, emblem', rarely 'goal, end' (Hes., Pi., A., E., A. R.), also 'symptom' (Hp., Aret.). � IE *kwek:- 'see, appear'� .VAR Indeclinable. Also TEKflwP [n.] 'goal, end', sometimes 'Sign, proof (Horn.). .DER TEKflalpoflUl (also with (JUV-, 8la-, ete.) [v.] 'to determine, appoint' (Horn.), 'to detect, conclude, deduce from signs' (post-Horn.), aor. TEKfl�paa9Ul (11.), fut. TEKflapouflUl (X.), aor. pass. ptc. EKTEKflap9el<; (Orae. apud Euseb.); act. TEKflalpw, TEKfl� PUl 'to indicate, testify' (Pi., A. Pr. [lyr.], Nic., Arat.). TEKflap-crL<; [f.] 'conclusion from signs, deduction' (Hp., Th., etc.), -TO<; 'deducible' (Cratin.), -TlKO<; 'fIt to conclude' (Poll.). From TEKflwP: TEKfloP-EUW [v.] 'to testify one's loyalty to the emperor', with -EI01 �EVOI (inscr.). From TEKfl�paa9Ul: TEKfl�PLOV [n.] 'Sign, feature, emblem, proof, evidence, symptom' (lA) with -l<.O811<; 'evidential, giving evidence' (Arist.), -lOW [v.] 'to provide a testimony, proof (Th.), -looflUl [v.] 'to detect, conclude from signs' (Hell.), with -lWcrL<; [f.] 'testimony, proof (Arr.) . .ETYM Etymologically, TEKfluP is connected with the Indo-lranian group of Skt. ca?te, cak?ate 'to see' < *kwe-kwk:-toi, -e-toi, also cak?us- [n.] 'eye', Av. casman- [n.] 'id.', where the latter also displays a suffIx starting with -m-.

TeKVov TEKVOV [n.] 'child, young animal, shoot' (ll.). � IE *tek- 'beget, bear'� .COMP Many compounds, e.g. TEKvo-n0l6e; 'begetting children', with -ew, - la (lA), EU-TEKVOe; 'with good or many children', also (Arist.) 'good to the young', with -la, -ew (trag., Arist.) . DER 1. Diminutive TEKV-lOV (late), -lOlOV (Ar.); 2. -ouaaa 'rich in children' (S. Tr. 308; cf. Kamerbeek ad loc.); 3. -6w (rarely with £m-, auv-, etc.) [v.] 'to beget children', usually of the man, - 60 flUl [v.] 'to bear children', usually of the woman (Hes. Fr. 138, Pi., trag., Arist.), with -wme; [f.] 'production of children' (Th., Arist.), 'adoption' (D. S.), -wfla [n.] 'production, child' (A. Fr. 315 = 625 M.). .ETYM Usually connected with a Germanic word for '(free) follower, servant, warrior, hero', also 'boy, youngling': ON pegn, OE peg(e)n, OS thegan, OHG degan [m.], from PGm. *pegna-. This identification is not without problems, however, as IE *tek-n6- would have yielded PGm. pekka-. Skt. tak-man- [n.] 'descendant' is only attested in lexicographers and is better left aside. The word has several cognates in Greek; see � TlKTW. •

TEKTWV, -OVOI:; [m., f.] 'carpenter, craftsman, artist, initiator' (ll.). � IE *te-tk-n 'carpenter'� .DIAL Myc. te-ka-ta-si itektasii shows the regular reflex of the zero grade of the suffix, see Guilleux BSL 92 (1997): 207-9· .COMP Rarely as a first member, e.g. TEKT6v-apxoe; epithet of flouaa (S. Fr. 159); very often as a second member, e.g. apXl-TeKTwv [m.] 'builder, contractor, architect' (lA). DER 1. TeKTUlva [f.] 'craftswoman, initiator' (Hes. Th. apud Chrysipp. Stoic., CalL Fr. anon.). 2. TEKTO-aUVT] [f.] 'art of building' (E 250, E. [lyr.] , AP), also with aPXl- 'id.' (Pisidia) . 3. TEKTov-loT]e; [m.] patronymic (8 114). 4. TEKTov-lK6e; 'belonging to a carpenter, skilled in building', also with apXl- 'belonging to the architect or to the art of building' (PL, Arist.). 5. -ELOV [n.] 'carpenter's workshop' (Aeschin., Delos). 6. TEKTOV-EUW [v.] 'to carpenter' (Hero), also with apXl- 'to plan, construct', with -EUfla [n.] 'construction' (Bito). 7. TEKTov-ew [v.] 'to carpenter, be a carpenter' (Ph.), with - la [f.] (Thphr. [?], AP); also with aPXl- 'to be a builder, construct' (Ar., HelL), with -la, -T]fla [n.] (HelL). Older denominative TEKTa(voflUl [v.] 'to carpenter, manufacture, invent, machinate' (ll.), aor. TEKT-�vaa8Ul, fut. -av ouflUl, HelL and late also -alVW (also with prefix, e.g. napa-, auv-, £m-); £mTEKTavT�pEe; (-TEKV- cod.) ot nap aaKEUaaTal 'providers' (H.). See � TexvT]. .ETYM Old expression of carpenting and building, identical with Skt. tak$an- [m.] 'carpenter' and Av. tasan- [m.] 'builder, creator', going back to an n-stem bu�lt on the reduplicated root *tetk-. On the feminine type TeKTUlva versus Skt. tak�1Jf-, see Peters 1980a: 158f. Several languages preserve the basic reduplicated verbal formation *te-tk-: Skt. tak�ati WL, OAv. tast 'to timber, create', Latv. tesu, test 'hew', iterative Lith. tasau, -yti, OCS tesQ, tesati 'id.'. Hitt. taks-zi 'to devise, produce, etc.' is probably an s-present, while Lat. texD 'weave, twine', also 'build, timber', is ambiguous between *teks- and *tetk-; see De Vaan 2008 s.v. Greek replaced the verb with the denominative TEKTalvoflUl. •

TEAUfJWV, -GJVOI:; [m.] 'carrying-strap, belt, strap, binding, bandage' (ll., epic Ion.), as an expression of architecture 'column' (Hell., late Pontic inscr.), also 'base of a column' (Argos va)? Plur. telamones 'male figures used as supporting pillars, lhAavTEe;' (VitL). Also as a mythical PN (perhaps originally the bearer of the vault of heaven). � IE *telh2- 'bear, endure'� .DER TEAaflwv-lc5Lov [n.] 'small bandage' (late medic.), -l�o flUl [v.] 'to be bound' (HelL). Patronymic TEAaflwvloe; (A'lae;; ll., etc.). .ETYM The original meaning is "bearer" and, like TA�flwV, TEAaflwv is an agent noun to the verb for 'bear' seen in TA�V Ul, � TaAcwaUl, with a full grade root like in n:MaaUl' TOAfl�aaL, TA�VUl (H.). It has been compared with a Celtic word for 'sling, trap', e.g. 0Ir. teilm (tailm DIL), MW telm, for which a reconstruction PCL *telmi- is possible. TEAt9w .VAR TEA£T� . =>TeAo flUl. TEAt:\JT� [f.] 'end, end of life, fulfillment, closure, termination' (ll.). � ?� .COMP Some compounds, e.g. a-TeAEUTOe; 'endless' (A. [lyr.l); also npo - TEA EUT� [f.] 'early death' (Vett. VaL), back-formation from npo-TEAEUnlw . DER TEAEUT-aLOe; 'located at the end, outmost, last' (lA, also completed in Pi.); -aw [v.] (also with ano-, £K-, npo-, etc.) 'to end (life), fulfill, conclude', with anon:AEuT 'lme; [f.] 'conclusion, result' (PL) . .ETYM An isolated verbal noun, which seems to presuppose a verb *TEAEUW (like KEAEUW); the pair TEAEUT�: TeAOe; recalls � Kp aTEUTUl: KpaTOe;. A remarkable similarity is found in ToB klutk- 'turn', etc., which can be derived from a Pre-Tocharian root *kwlouT- vel sim., to which a suffix -sk- was added. However, genetic relation to Greek n:AEUT� is highly unlikely. See � TeAoflUl, � TeAOe;. •

TEA901:; [n.] 'payment, tribute, debt' (CalL). � GR?� ·VAR Also TeA80e;· xpeoe; 'obligation, debt' (H.). .ETYM A transformation of � TeAOe; 2 after ax80e;, �p18oe;, nA�80e; . TEUivT] [f.] name of a testacean, '�lCPUO PlOV' (Hp., Dsc.). � PG (s) � .VAR Also TeAAlv [acc.] (Epich. 43; uncertain 114). .ETYM Clearly a Pre-Greek formation, with palatal lY and the suffix -lV-. TEAAOfJm 1 [v.] with nEpl- 'to turn around in circles' (ll.). � IE *kwel- 'turn'� .VAR In absolute participial constructions, e.g. nEplTEAAoflevwv £vlauTwv 'in the cycle of years', -evou ih£Oe;, -evUle;
·ETYM The corresponding expression m:plTCAoflEVWV £vlauTwv [ptc.aor.] (Horn., Hes.) shows that TEAAoflal is a Ionic yod-present beside the Aeolic root present in � 1tEAOflUl, from lE *kwel-. See � TEAOflUl and � TEAAW 3· TEU.W 2 [v.] 'to make rise or spring, produce', intr. 'to rise, spring, originate', of constellations, plants, waters, etc. (11., epic Ion. poet.), rarely med. 'to shoot up high' (Pi.).
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TEAAW 3 [v.] 'to achieve, perform', = TEAEW.
TEAfla [n.] 'puddle, swamp, marsh, mire, mortar, dung' (lA).
TEAO!1aL [v.] = eaoflUl, eaTUl (Crete) .
caralJa- [n.] also ' (liturgical) action, religious ceremony' (to carati, -te = colit, TEAETUl); see also � TEAAW 3 and TEAEW (to � TEAO<; 1). .ETYM Identical with AeoL � 1tEAOflUl, so originally 'I become' with future meaning. The form *TEA-TUl is an old athematic formation acc. to Meillet BSL 32 (1932): 198 (comparing eaTUl), but this is improbable. It was rather formed from TEAOflUl after the synonymous pair eaoflUl: eaTUl (Fraenkel Glotta 20 (1932): 89ff.). Syncope from TEAETUl, as assumed by Szemerenyi 1964: 165ff., is also improbable. The pair TEAO<; : TEAET� recalls yEVO<; : yEvET� (where the latter may have a reflex of the laryngeal from

*genh,-).

TEAO<; [n.] 1. 'end, limit, goal, fulfillment, accomplishment, determination; executive function, office; initiation, etc.' (11.). 2. 'duty, tax, toll, expense, cost' (lA). 3. 'division of an army, troops, military unit, squadron of ships' (11., lA).
'tEAaov (Troezen 11'), -'tlOP epithet of Apollo (AP) , also as a PN; -'t�pla [n.pl.] 'sacrifice for succeeded undertakings' (X., Ael.), -'t�PlOV 'place of initiation' (PIu.); -'tpa [n.pI.] 'costs of initiation' (Hell. inscr.); -'tpla [f.] 'priestess of initiation' (Suid.). Lengthened present n:ALaKlO (auv-) = n:A£lO (Hell.). In compounds, 't£A£lO occurs as a first member, e.g. 't£A£aL-Ovpyoe; 'completing the work', with -[a, -ElO, - ru.lct (Pl., Arist.). .ETYM Two etymologically different words seem to have merged in 'tEAOe;: in the sense of 'end, goal', 'tEAOe; can be derived from � 'tEAOflctl, � rrEAOflctl as *'turning point (of the race-course, the field)'; beside it stands rroAOe; 'hinge, etc.', like yEvoe; : yovoe;. Given the broad root meaning of *kwel- (cf. Lat. cola, Skt. carati which also occur as 'to commit, complete, etc.'), a different original meaning may also be envisaged. In the sense of 'delivery, tax', TEAOe; fits excellently with � 'tEnlO 2, � 't£Aaflwv, � 'taACtaactl, 'tA�Vctl 'to lift, carry, yield', like 'tEflvlO. 'TEIl£vo<; [n.] 'separated piece of land, precinct, holy area' (11., epic Ion.). -
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-ille; name of a height near Syracuse (Th.). 4. -[(lO (also with £v-, Poll.) [v.] 'to establish or initiate a 't.' (PI., D. H.), with -lafla [n.] (D. C.); rrpo-'t£flEvlafla 'outer court of a temple' (Th. 1, 134, HId.). .ETYM Traditionally connected with 'tEflvlO (e.g. Z 194 'tEfl£voe; 'taflov, and c£ rriie; 6 fl£fl£plaflEVOe; 'torroe; llVL de; llfl�v K'tA. H.), which seems both formally and semantically satisfactory: a suffIx -voe; (like in K't�-VOe;, Ep-VOe;, etc.) was added to the disyllabic root *temh,-. Manessy-Guitton IF 71 (1955): 14f. (with extensive treatment and bibliography) does not accept a suffIx -nos-, and considers Oriental origin: Akk. temennu 'foundation charter', Sum. temen 'id.'. The old connection with 'tEflvlO would then be folk-etymological. This is not very probable. 'TEIlVOVTa [ptc.acc.sg.m.] . aflEAyov'ta 'sucking up' (H.). -
'TEIlVW [v.] 'to cut, cut up, split, destroy' (Hom.). -
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T£vayoe; C. With full grade: T£llaxoe; [n.] 'piece, especially of salted fish', diminutive -LOV [n.] (lA), with formation like o£AaXOe;, m£A£XOe;, ete. (Chantraine 1933: 403 and 421) . Hence T£llaX-1T'le; (lx8ue;) [m.] 'sliced and salted fish' (corn., pap.), - l�w (Ct1to-) [v.] 'to slice for salting, pickle', with -Lolloe;, -LOTOe; (late). D. From the aorist Tall£lv: LallWl-xpwe; 'cutting the skin' (ll.). Cf. also � T£ll£voe;, � Tallla, � Talllae;, � TallLooe;. .ETYM The nasal present TallvW « PGr. *tamnemi < PIE *tm-neh,-mi is original, as is a root aorist 3sg. *etemet < *h,e-temh,-t, which was replaced by a thematic aorist £T£lloV (Haroarson 1993b: 157-8, 160-1, 166) . This situation was levelled in various ways in the dialects: Att. innovated with the present T£llvw, while epic Ion. and Dor. secondarily created the aorist hallov. Extell'�ive treatment by Forssman Glatta 44 (1966) : 5ff. The monosyllabic T£-Tll'l-TUL, Tll'l-8�vUL, ete. agree with �£�A'lTUL, �A'l8�VUL et al. A pre-form Tllu- seems to be confirmed by the forms in Archim. and by Tllu�UL (see � Tll�Yw); on the other hand, T£Tll'lVTUL is unambiguous in Pi. 1. 6, 22, and is also to be found in the lyrical parts of the tragedians (Forssman 1966: 158ff.) . This means that the root was *temh,- (thus also LIV2 s.v.). Celtic has the original athematic nasal present in OIr. tamnaid 'to cut off < *tm-n (e)hr; in Latin, this was also thematicized to (can-)temno 'despise', perhaps via 'cut up, mutilate'. A nasal present is also found in Balto-Slavic, e.g. ORu. tjati, ISg. tbnu 'to beat', Lith. tinti, ISg. tinit'to sharpen'. See also � T£VOW and � Tll�yw. T£vayo� [n.] 'shallow water, shallow spot, shoal' (Pi., Hdt., Th., Arist.).
TEVOlJ� [m.] 'glutton, gourmand' (corn.).
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as belonging to *Tov80e;, like ypov8wv : ypov80e;. Instead, we should envisage to connect T£v8'le; with � T£VOW, in which case the variation 0/ 8 points to Pre-Greek origin (Fur.: 196, 88) . The words have nothing to do with the IE root *tem(h,)-.

n:vO[vol [n.] Al80L nAaT£le; 'flat stones' (H.). 'smooth', and belong to Skt. gandhci- [m.] 'smell' (originally *'to stab, blow, cut'). No etymology. .

n:vOPlJSwv, -6vo� [f.] 'wasp, forest-bee' (Arist., Dsc.). v, and perhaps also � 8p�voe;. The variant forms dearly show the Pre-Greek character of the word. Fur.: 196 suggests to connect � T£v8'le;. TEVWV =>T£lvw. TEpallva [n.pl.] 'house, residence' (E., almost only lyr., also Artem.). [dat.] (Maiist. 12) . Here also T£pallvOL· oT£yavoL, oKLal, oK'lvwllaLa 'covered, shadowy place, tents' and T£pallvoe;· KU'i'£A'l 'vessel, chest, box' (H.). .ETYM Previously connected with an IE word for 'beam, building, habitation' found in several European languages, e.g. U tremnu 'tabernaculo', Lat. trabs 'beam' (with taberna 'shed, habitation' from older *trab-), OW treb 'living', Lith. traM 'house, building', to which probably also belong Gm. words like OS tharp, OHG darj 'village'. However, these words cannot be related to T£paflva, which would presuppose a pre-form *terh2b-na-, while the other languages point to a root *treb (thus De Vaan 2008 and MatasoviC 2009) . The form T£p£flva, often explained by progressive vowel assimilation, rather points to substrate origin. We should definitely compare 8£panv'l, which occurs both in the meaning 'servant, maid' and as 'house, residence' (see � 8epanwv). Because of the alternations a/e and 8IL, �/n, the word is Pre-Greek (likewise Fur.: 351) . n:pa!1wv, -ovoe; [adj.] 'soft by boiling', of pulse, ete. (Thphr., Phot.).
.COMP Often as a first member, e.g. n:pCtTO-AOyoe; 'telling wonders, wonderful' (Pl., Philostr.), with - la (Isoc., etc.), also -EW [v.] (Arist.), -T]fla (late); n:pa[o] -OK01tOe; (n:paTo-) [m.] 'interpreter of signs' (Pi., trag.) . DER 1. n:paT-w8ee; 'miraculous, meaningful' (Att.), 2. -lae; [m.] 'performer of miracles' (D. S.), 3. -lKWe; 'wonderful' (Epicur.). 4. TEpCW-TLOe; 'bringing omens, of bad omens, remarkable' (Hell.; like LE�uonOe; to oE�aa-TOe;, also fEpuonOe;). 5· TEpaofla [n.] 'miracle' (PIu.), cf.
anit.

n:pt�LVOOC; =>TEpfllVSOe;. n:pEft'1C; [m.] a musical instrument in Egypt (BGU 1l25, 4) · � LW Eg.?� ETYM May be a loan from Egyptian. •

n:PET(�W [v.] 'to twitter, chirp, hum' (Phryn. Com., Arist., Thphr.). � ONOM� COMP Rarely with ouv-, U1tO-. .DER TEPET-lOfla [n.] (Arist., Hell.), - lofloe; [m.] (late) 'twittering, etc.'. .ETYM It is generally assumed that this word is onomatopoeic. •

TEpE'TpOV [n.] 'auger, borer' (Od., Att. inscr., J"XX, PIu.). � IE *terh,- 'bore'� .DER Diminutive -TPlOV (Thphr.). With a suffix -T]oov-: TEPT]OWV, -86voe; [f.] 'borer, caries' (Hp., Ar., Arist.), with -OOVl�OflaL [v.] 'be consumed by caries', -OovlOfloe; [m.] (Dsc.); cf. TEVSpT]owv, UAYT]OWV, and see Gil Fernandez 1959: 115· .ETYM A primary instrument noun formed with the suffix -TpO- from the disyllabic root *terh,- seen in TEPEOOEV' ETPWOEV, ETOPVWOE 'pierced' (H.), n:pEow (Eust.), zero grade TP�OaL. In the same meaning, we find Olr. tarathar < *-tro-, Lat. tere-bra < *-sr-. See � TElpaivw and � Tdpw. TEP'1V [adj.] 'tender' (ll., epic poet.). � IE *ter-n- 'tender, soft'� VAR Fem. -Elva, ntr. -EV. .COMP As a first member in TEPEVO-xpWe; 'with tender skin' (Anaxandr., Opp.). Comparative TEPEV-TEpOe; (Antun.), TEPEVW-TEpOe; (Lyr. Adesp.), fem. TEpElVO-TEpT] (AP) . ETYM An adjectival n-stem like EpOT]V, apoT]v, identical with Sabin. terenum 'soft' (ascribed to Favorinus by Macrobius [late 4th c. AD]) save for the thematic vowel. Lat. tener, -era, -erum 'tender' also belongs here, if transformed from *terenos after tenuis (see De Vaan 2008) . See � TEpUe; and � TEpuflwv, •

•

TEPOpEUOllaL [v.] 'to speak subtly' (D., Arist., PIu.). � ?� .DER TEpSp-da [f.] 'sophistic reasoning, hairsplitting' (Isoc., Phld., D. H.), also as military expression � mpaTda � EV TOle; flEpWlV KaAouflEvT] (Phot., Suid.; similarly EM 753, 5) , -Evflam·
TtpOpOV [n.] 'top end (e.g. of the sail-yard), summit, highest point' (h. Mere. 322, Emp., Hp., E. Fr. 371, Poll.). � ?� .DER TEpSPlOl (KUAOl) [m.pl.] 'ropes at the end of the sail-yard' (Ar. Eq. 440, Erot., Gal.), TEpSpla 1tVO� (S. Fr. 333) = 01tlOSla 1tvo�. Glosses TEpSpWT�P' 01tOU 6 1tp4lpEUe; 1tpoop<). TU EV Tn SaAuOOn 'place whence the prow officer keeps watch of what happens at sea' (H.) and n:SpT]owv, 1tp4lpEVe; 'prow officer' (H.). .ETYM A suffix -Spo- with the root TEP- 'reach the other side' has been assumed, but this root ended in *-h2, thus the connection is impossible (see � TEPfla). TEPlla [n.] 'finish (of a race-course), end, highest point, supreme power' (ll., mostly epic poet.). � IE *terh2- 'cross'� .COMP As a first member in TEpflo-opoflEW 'to run to the finish' (Man.), TEpflaT ouxoe; H. as an explanation of �aA�loOUXOe;. Often as a second member, e.g. U TEpflwV 'without an end, boundless' (A., E., Arist.), derived from TEpflwv. .DER 1. Tepfl-LOe; 'at the cnd, final' (S.); cf. oToflLOe; from oTofla; 2. - lEVe; [m.] epithet of Zeus (Lyc.), after IIoAl-Eve;; 3. -lOEle; epithet of U01tle; (H 804) , of XlTWV (T 242, Hes. Op. 537) , mg. unclear (1tOOT]VEK�e; 'stretching to the feet', acc. to the anCients); formation like TElXlOEle;; hence TEpflle;· 1tOVe; 'foot' H.; on Myc. te-mi-dwe-te, -ta see Auro Jorro S.V.; 4. -u�w [v.] 'to limit' (Tab. Herael., Thermon lIP), with -aoT�pEe; [m.pl.] 'boundary officials' (Epid. lIP); 5. -aTl�w (seldom prefixed with U1tO-, E1tl-) 'id.' (Str., S. E., Vett. Val.). Besides TEpflwv, -ovoe; [m.] 'end, boundary, edge' (A., E., Hell. and late prose); cf. flv�fla to flV�flwv, etc., with TEpfl-oVlOe; 'at the end' (A. Pr. 117 [lyr.]), -OVl�W [v.] 'to delimit', -ovlofloe; 'delimitation' (Epid. lIP); TEpflo-aUva [f.] (Trag. Adesp. 509 [lyr.]), nonce formation. .ETYM The n-stem in TEpfla and TEpflwV corresponds to that of Lat. termen, -inis [n.] , also ter-ma, -anis [m.] 'frontier stone, marking stone, frontier' (see D e Vaan 2008 for further forms), as well as that of Skt. (RV) su-tarman- 'carrying over, saving' (of a ship); Lat. terminus and U termnom-e 'ad terminum' show thematic enlargements . The basic verb is preserved in Skt. tarati, tirciti (*terh2-) 'to carry across, transfer'. See on � TEpSpOV, which is probably unconnected. On Hitt. tarma- 'nail, peg', see � ToPfloe;. TEPIlLVOOC; [f.] 'turpentine tree, Pistacia Terebinthus' (Hp., Arist., Thphr., LXX). � PG (s,v) � VAR Secondarily TEPE�lVSOe;, metathesized TpEfllSOe; (Nic. Th. 844) . •

1470 .DER n:pfllvS-lvoe; (Lepe�-) 'belonging to the turpentine tree' (X., Diod. Fr., Thphr.) fern. -le;, haplological for -lvle; (Nic. Al. 300); Lepe�lVS-WOI1e; 'rich in turpentine trees' (AP), -l(w [v.] 'to be like turpentine' (Dsc.). TepfllvSeUe; (Lyc.), Tep�- (Milete Ha) epithet of Apollo as a god of medicine, TpefllSOUe; TN (Cyrus; Ptol., St. Byz.). .ETYM The younger form LepE�lVSOe; was perhaps influenced by £pE�lVSOe; (Giintert 1914: 138), rather than dissimilated from fl . . . v. Fur.: 219 assumes variation �/ fl· The word is Pre-Greek; this is confirmed by the suffIx -lVSOe;. n:p�1l6£u; .VAR LEpflwv. =>LEpfla. LEpvaKu [?] . L�e; KaKLou -rou CPULOU KcmAOv 'stalk of the cactus plant' (H.). � PG?� .ETYM Formation like 06va�, etc., explaine� by Frisk from earlier *LEPVOV, -oe;, which would have an e-grade compared to the zero grade in Skt. trfla- [n.] '(blade) of grass, straw, herb', Go. paurnus 'thorn', MoHG Darn [m.], OCS tr'bn'b 'UKavSa' (from lE *trn-a-, -u-). A problem with the etymology of these words is that the root *terh,/3- 'to pierce' is set. Etymologies between Greek and Sanskrit plant names are often wrong, and the word could be Pre-Greek. LEpnollul [v.] 'to satiate, refresh, delight' (ll.). � IE *terp- 'satiate'� .VAR Aor. Lap1t�VUl, LapcpS�vUl, LepcpS�vUl, epic also mp1tWflESa [Ipl.subj.], reduplicated LELap1tELO, LEp'\laaSUl, fut. LEP'\lOflUl. Also active LEp1tW, LEP'\lUl, LEp'\lW . COMP Also with £1tl-, Ka-ra- et al. Compounds: a-LEp1t-�e; 'unpleasing' (11.), opposite E1tlLep1t-�e; (h.Ap.); uncertain aLEp1tOU Ol(UOe; (Z 285); U-LEp1tVOe; 'uypU1tVOe;' (Stesich., Ibyc.). As a first member probably in LEp1tl-KEpaUVOe; epithet of Zeus, 'who delights in thunder and lightning' (Horn., Hes.); LEP'\ll-fl�poLoe; 'rejoicing people' (Od., h.Ap., etc.). .DER 1. LEp1t-VOe; 'delightful, joyful' (S 45 [v. l.]), with -VOLI1e; [f.] (LXX); recent superlative LEp1t-VlaLOe; (Call.). 2. LEp'\lle; [f.] 'delight, enjoyment' (Hes., mostly poet.). 3. LEP1t-WA� [f.] 'id.' (a 37, Archil., Thgn., late prose). 4· LEp1tW or -11 (dat. -Em) [n.pl.] 'id.' (epigr. Itanos ra-IP). Proper names, e.g. TEp1t-avopOe;, with short forms TEp1tl1e; (AP), TEp1twv, name of satyrs (vase inscr.). IToAu-LEp1tOe; (Corinth VIa; Threatte Glotta 45 (1967): 186ff.), patronymic Tep1t-laOI1e; (X 330); EU-LEp1tl1, TEP'\ll-XOPI1 (Hes.). .ETYM Skt. present tarpati 'to be satisfied' is an innovation (ep.) for earlier tfpyati, trPfloti, trmpati (see Mayrhofer EWAia 1: 634f.); the Greek root present LEp1tOflUl may also be an innovation for an earlier yod-present. The intransitive aorist Lap1t �VUl probably replaces earlier *Lpa1t-�VUl (which fell together with the same formation from � LPE1tW 'to turn'). LIV2 s.v. 1. *terp- 'sattigen' compares the thematic root aor. Skt. a-trp-at with Horn. mp1tWflESa. Other cognates are Lith. tarpti, 1Sg. tarpstu 'to prosper', and probably also the Gm. group of Go. paurban, OHG durfan 'to need', which is semantically more problematic, but possible acc. to Seebold and Kiimmel apud LIV2. •

LEpcrollUl [v.] 'to dry', both trans. and intr. (Horn., Hp.). � IE *ters- 'dry'� VAR Aor. LEpa�vUl (P 519), -�flEVUl (( 98), act. LEpaUl (Theoc., Nic.), LEpaUlo (Nic.) [2sg.opt.med.] , pres. LEpaalvw, -OflUl (Hell. epic), with 3sg.aor. LEpal1vE (P 529). •

LEaaapEe;, -a

1471

.ETYM Traditionally, LEpaoflUl is identified with Go. *ga-pairsan, but only [pret.ptc. acc.sg.f.] (of handu E�l1paflflEvl1v xeTpa) is attested, which may also belong to ga-paursnan '�l1palvwSUl'. On the retention of -pa- < intervocalic * -rs-, see Manolessou and Pantelidis 2008. A zero grade yod-present is found in Skt. tf$yati, Go. paursjan 'to thirst', and a causative *tors-eie- in Skt. tar$ayati, Lat. torreo, OHG derran 'to scorch'. Greek has several nominal formations, e.g. � mpaoe; with Lpama. In Greek, LEpaoflUl was replaced by the denominatives aualvoflUl, -w (from aiSoe;), �l1palvoflUl, -Wo

gapaursana

=

LEpUe; [adj.] 'soft, weak' only in LEpU· aaSEVEe;, AEltLOV 'weak, small' (H.), LEpuae; 11t1toue;· oihw AtYOVLUl aLEpcpOe;. LEPXVOe; [n.] 'sprout, twig' (Max., AP, H.); � PG(v)� VAR Also LpEXVOe;. Cypr. te-re-ki-ni-ja 'fruit', if this stands for LEPxvla. .ETYM Formation like epvoe;, KL�VOe;, etc. Niedermann IF 26 (1909): 46f. pleaded for connection with LPEXW 'to run'. In LEPXVW = EVLacpla 'ptng. to burial' (H.), we may be dealing with a specialization of the meaning 'fruits'; cf. Kap1tol, Kap1twfla, -wme;, which also denote fruits as offerings, Kap1tWme;· Suala AcppoolLI1e; EV AflaSouvLl 'sacrifice for Aphrodite in Amathous' (H.). Fur.: 351 compares mpxavlov· EVLacplov, and therefore suggests a Pre-Greek word. •

LEcrcrapEe;, -a [num.] 'four' (Horn.). � IE *kWetuer- 'four'� .VAR Att. LEHapEe;, Ion. Arc. Hell. LEaaEpEe;, Dor. NWGr. L£LOpEe;, Aeol. (Horn.) 1tlaupEe;, Lesb. 1t£a(a)upEe;, Boeot. 1t£HapEe;. .DIAL Myc. qe-to-ro-we /kWetr-6wes/ 'with four ears'. .COMP As a first member in Horn. Lwaapa-KovLa, Att. LELLapa-KovLa, Ion. Hell. LwaEpa-KovLa, Dor. LELPW-KOVLa 'forty'; also in Lwaapa-�OLOe; 'worth four oxen' (If 705), etc. Very frequent LELpa-, e.g. LELpa-KuKAOe; 'four-wheeled' (Horn., etc.), LELpa-KOmOl, Dor. -KaLlOl 'four hundred'. .DER Hence the ordinal L£mpLOe;, epic also L£Lpa-rOe;, Boeot. 1t£LpaLOe; 'fourth' with LELapL-aLoe; (Theoc. LELOpL-UlOe;) 'arriving at ilie fourth day' (lA), as a kind of fever (msc., scil. 1tUpELOe;) 'Quartana'. Collectives: LELpae; (Boeot. 1tELpae;) [f.] 'period of four days, quaternary', usually 'fourt1! day of the month' (h. Mere., Hes.); LELpaKLUe;, -uoe; [f.] 'quaternary' (Pythag.). Numeral adverb LELpaKle; (E 306; Boeot. 1t-), post-

1472

T£TctyWV

Horn. also -Kl 'four times'. Further adverbs: TETpct-Xct, -X�, -XOel, -xw<;, etc. (lA); also -Xe6. (Horn.); adjective TETpct�O<; (Arist.), -ct
n:Taywv [v.] 'seizing, grasping' (A 591, 0 23). � IE *teh,g- 'touch'� .ETYM A reduplicated aor. ptc., like Ctfl-TCETCctAwV (see � TC6.AAW). Cognate with Lat. tango 'touch', perf. tetig'i, OLat. subj. tagam. For further combinations, see LIV2 s.v. n:Tavo<; .VAR TETctVO<;. =>T£lvw. TETapo<; [m.] 'pheasant' (Ptol. Euerg. 2 J). � LW Orient.� .VAR TctTlJpct<;· 6
•

Tt:T,.u:Iv [v.] 'to find, reach, obtain' (Il., epic). � ?� .VAR Ind. TETfl£v, £TETfl£v, TETflov, subj. TETfln, etc. .DER Here perhaps the unclear form TEfl£l (N 707), cf. Chantraine 1942: 309. ETYM A reduplicated aorist like TC£-
TEnct

1473

first compared by Van Windekens Phi!. Stud. 11: 175f., deviates strongly in meaning as well. For argumentation in favor of this connection, see LIV2 s.v. tem- 'erreichen' . Tt:TpalVW [v.] 'to pierce, perforate' (A. [lyr.] , Hdt.). � IE *terh,- 'rub'� .VAR Aor. TETP�Vctl (Horn.), TETpaVctl (Att. inscr.), med. TETp�VctTpEflw. •

TETpa� [m.] name of 'a bird', after Thompson 1895 s.v. 'black-cock' or 'guinea-fowl', after Benton JHS 81 (1961): 48 ff. (w. extensive treatment) 'large bustard' (Epich., Ar., Hell. a. late). � IE? *tetr- 'hen-like bird'� VAR Also -ctKO<;, -ctyo<;. .DER TETp6.(W [v.] 'to cackle' (Alex. Mynd.). Also TETPl�, -lyO<; [f.] (Arist.), identification uncertain (Thompson s.v.). Further glosses: TETp6.wV· 6pVl<; TCOlO<; , 'kind of bird' (Lat. tetrao Plin.), T£Tp6.0wV· 6pv£ov Tl. Ahctlo<; 'id. (Ale.) , TETpctlov· 6pvle6.plov Tl. A6.KWV£<; 'small bird [Lac.]'; TctTUpct<;· 6
n:TpaKlvTJ [f.] 'eplOct�' (Hippon. fr. 168 M). � LW Phr.?� .ETYM Cleitarchus identified the word as Phrygian. Complicated explanation by Haas Ling. Balkan. 2 (1960): 57f.

1474 TtTTl�, -iyo<; [m.] 'tree-cricket, cicada' (ll.); metaph. a hair-pin with the shape of a cicada (Att.). "'; ONOM� .YAR Gen. also -lKO<'; (Hdn. Gr.) . COMP As a first member in TETTLyo-fl�TpU [f.] 'subterranean larva of the cicada' (Arist.). .DER TETTlYLOV (H. s.v. KEPK
TEu6i<; [f.] 'kind of cuttlefish' (Semon., Ar., Thpbr.). "'; PG?(Y)� ' .YAR Gen. -100<.;, -100<';. Variant 9EUTlV [acc.] (Hippon. ex H.). Also TEU90<.; [m.] a bigger kind of cuttlefish (Arist.); T£u9la<.; [f.] (Philox.). .DER T£u910-l0V [n.] (corn.), -woT]<.; 'like a T.' (Ath.); details in Thompson 1947 s.v. The TN T£u91<'; (Arcadia, -tu Achaia) has also been compared. ETYM Several attempts have been made to explain the word in lE terms, but none of them convinces: Pok. 264£. posited lE *dheu-dh-, comparing Skt. d6dhat- 'shatter, turbulent, raging', etc., and assumed a meaning "making the water muddy, entangling" for Greek, which hardly makes sense. Schindler KZ 81 (1967) : 71, with some reservations, gives the same reconstruction and assumes an original color term, like in the plant name T£lJ9plOV = TrOAlOV, tpu9poouvov. Semitic etymologies have been proposed by Lewy 1895: 18, Lewy RhM 80 (1931) : 108, and Grimme Glotta 14 (1925) : 17· The word could be Pre-Greek, in view of the variant and the meaning. Tovar MSS 10 (1957) : 71-83 convincingly argued that Myc. te-u-ta-ra-ko-ro should be interpreted as T£u9p-uyopo<.; 'collector of orchils', a plant from which colors were produced, Roccella tinctoria. See � TEUTAOV. •

TEu6pLOV [n.] plant name, 'tree-germander' (Dsc.) . ..,; ?� ETYM See � T£u91<,;. •

n:u/-uioflaL [v.] 'to erect, build' (Antim.; on Call. Fr.567 cf. Pfeiffer). "'; IE *kieu- 'set in movement'� YAR Only T£ufl�cruTo; T£ufl
•

T£UTAOV [n.] 'beet, Beta maritima' (Hp., corn., Thphr., pap.). "'; PG(Y)� YAR Ion. Hell. crEUTAOV. COMP As a first member in T£UTAO-
•

1475

.DER T£UTA-IOV (Ar., Diocl. Fr., Thphr., pap.; also with initial cr-); -1<'; (Thphr., Diph.); TEUTAOUcrcru [f.] "beet-island", island on the coast of Caria (Th.). .ETYM The proposal by Tovar MSS 10 (1957) : 77ff. to derive it from lE *dheu- 'walk, run' and assume an original meaning 'juicy' (cf. s.v. � T£u91<.;) should be rejected. Acc. to Frisk, the interchange T-/cr- may represent an artificial Atticism or Ionicism. However, it may instead be a Pre-Greek variation, representing a palatalized dental

*tY•

TEUXW [v.] 'to manufacture, accomplish, produce', of manual labor, building and cutting; 'to prepare', often of food and drinks; 'to arrange, cause' (ll., epic poet.) . ..,; IE *dheuJ!'- 'hit the mark, meet'� .YAR Aor. TEU�at, -ucr9at, reduplicated TETUK£lV, -£cr9at (with analogical -K-), aor. pass. TuX9�vat, fut. TEU�W, -Oflat, pass. TETEU�Oflat, perf.ptc. TET£UXW<.; (fl 423, with passive mg.), ind. T£T£UXU (late), TETEUXUTat (N 22) , T£TUKTat, plpf. (t)TETEUXUTO, (t)TETUflT]v . DIAL Myc. perf.ptc. te-tu-ko-wo-a Ithethuk-woha/ . .COMP Also prefixed with Ufl

=

=

=

Tt
,� I i

TO TEeppOV 'ash-colored ointment' (late medic.), -u<; [f.] 'kind of cicada' (Ael.; after the color, Gil Fernandez 1959: 100), -�El<; (Nonn.), -woT)<; 'ash-like' (Thphr., Str.). Verbs: TEep p -OOflaL, -ow (also with KaTa-, uno-, EK-) 'to be incinerated; incinerate' (Hell.), with -WaL<; [f.] (Dsc., sch.); -[�w [v.] 'to be ash-colored' (Dsc., Aret.), ET£epplaEv, Ev£npT)aEv 'incinerated' (H.) . ETYM Formation like n£Tpa, £opa, xwpa, Aaupa, etc., derived from a root for 'burn' seen in Skt. dahati, Lith. degu, ToAB tsiik-, etc., lE *dhegwh_. This is confirmed by the gloss � 0£mavo<;· umoflEvo<; 'kindled' (H.). Like T£eppa, Lat. febris 'fever' presupposes an r-stem. •

T£XVT) [f.] 'craftsmanship, handicraft, business, art; artifice, trick'- . (11.).
T£WI:; [conj.] 'this long' (11.).
•

Ti) [interj.] always with the ipv.: 'there! here! take this!' (Horn.).
•

,�' 1477

.ETYM In antiquity, the word was derived from the Arcadian PN T�flEVO<;, T� PEVVO<;. Fur.: 220, 387 showed that the word is Pre-Greek (variation P/fl and v/vv). T�yavov =>TUYT)VOV. T�6Ea [n.pl.] deSignation of a sea-animal, probably a 'sea-squirt, ascidia' (P 747). [m.] 'npoyovo<;', Ru. ded 'grandfather', Lith. dede, dede, dedis 'uncle'. T�KW [v.] 'to melt, dissolve, consume' (11.).
-COMP Very often as a first member, e.g. TfjAe-KAeLTOe; 'far-famed' (epic 11.), PN TfjAE-flaxoe;, originally "fighting from afar" (opposite uYXE-flaXOe;; also Arc. TfjAl flaxoe; after uYXl-flaxoe;). -DER Adverbs TfjA-ou, -08l 'id.', -08e(v) 'from, in the distance', -oae 'in the distance, far away'; also TfjAe-omroe; 'from a far country, far off, distant' after 1Ioo-mrOe;, UAAOOa1IOe;, etc. (all 11., epic); unclear is T�Aefloe; (Theognost. Can.), perhaps after T�floe;, � floe;? Comparative forms TfjAo-nhw (Od.), -TEPW (Hp., Arat.), -TepOe; (AP), T�AlaTa (Orph.; nonce formation after liYXlam). Further Aeol. 1I�AUl (-01) [loc.] T�Ae, TfjAou, with Boeot. TIHAe-aTpOTloae; PN. -ETYM Haroarson KZ 108 (1995): 205f. proposed that it is a locative *kwelh1- from the root of � 1IEAOflat. It is doubtful, however, tlfat the word contained a laryngeal. For the semantics, cf. TEAoe; 'end, goal, etc.' from the same root. =

-rllAE8aw -8aAAw. -rllAta [f.] 'table or board with an elevated edge', of the table of a baker, the stage on which game-cocks fight, a gaming table (corn., Aeschin., Arist., pap.), also of a sieve (Ar. Plo 1037, sch. afjAla); unclear Ar. V. 147 (of a flue?). Uncertain aaA[la] 'sieve' (Suppl. Epigr. I, 414, Crete V-Iva). On the mg. Chantre RPh. 68 (1994): 77-86.
1479 younger girl', but such wild guesses have been abandoned in more recent days (cf. Mayrhofer EWAia and De Vaan 2008). -rllAuYE-roe; [adj.] epithet of children of unknown mg. and origin (11., epic).
·DER Thence T�VI:;na KanlvlKOC; 'hurray! hail!' to a victor (Ar.), and T�VEnOC; 'to whom one says T�VEna' (Ar. Eq. 276) . ETYM Origin unknown. •

TTJvlKa [adv.] 'then, at that time' (S., A. R., Theoe.). � IE *to- 'there'� VAR Dor. (Theoc.) TavlKa. .DER T'lvlK-auTa (lA), -ME (Pl., Plb., Ph.) 'id.' (after EVS-aUTa, -u&). .ETYM From the demonstrative pronoun � TO-, with the same unclear formation as � �vIKa. •

TqVOC; [pron.demonstr.] Doric for EKElVOC; (Epich., Sophr., Theoe., inscr.). � IE *to"', 'that'� .DER T'lV-EL = EKEl (Epich., Theoc., Delph., etc.). -OSl 'then' (Theoe.), -w (Theoe.) and -WSE(V) (A. R., Theoe., AP) = EKEiSEV; to T'lV-El (old loe.), -w (abl.) Schwyzer: 549f. ETYM Formation like � EKElVOC;, so from *TE-EVOC; or T�-EVOC;, from the demonstrative � TO- (cf. T�). •

TTJptW [v.] 'to observe, guard, watch, keep an eye on, provide' (h. Cer., Thgn., Alcm., Pi., Att.). � ?, IE? *kweh,(-i)- 'observe'� .VAR Boeot. Ota-TapEW [11"] is hypercorrect; see Thumb-Scherer 17. COMP Often with prefIx, e.g. napa-, E1tl-, Ola-, auv-. .DER 1. T�P'l-atC; (napa-, E1tl-, Ola-, auv-) [f.] 'observing, guarding, custody' (Att., Hell.), with napaT'lp�-atfloc; (H. on cmocppMac;). 2. -fla (napa-) [n.] 'observation' (D. H., A. D.). 3. -T�C; (napa-, E1tl-, Tono-, KVlao-) [m.] 'guardian, watcher' (Hell.), -ala (only KUlPO-, Tono-) [f.] 'the observation of the right time or place' (Aristeas, late). 4. -T�pLOV = Lat. servatorium (gloss.). 5. -Tpa [n.pl.] 'custodial costs' (pap. IIIP). 6. -nKoc; (napa-, E1tl-, Ola-, auv-) 'observing, keeping' (late). Also 7. E1tlT'lP-la [f.] 'attention, care' (Pamphyl.; from E1tlT'lp-EW). 8. T'lPOC; [m.] 'guardian' (A. Supp. 248; probably back-formation). .ETYM Since the hapax T'l POC; is most probably a back-formation, the prehistory of T'lpEW remains obscure. Relationship with Skt. cayati [v.] 'to observe, feel shame or anxiety' and OCS caj9, -ati 'EA1tl(W, npoaoExoflUl, npoaooKw ' < lE *kwei- has been assumed, but this is unsatisfactory, as Greek shows no trace of the root-fInal *-i-. On Skt. cara- 'messenger, watcher', which was earlier wrongly identifIed with T'lPOC;, see Mayrhofer KEWA S.v. (it belongs to car- 'be around' = nEAoflUl). •

TTJTUO!1al [v.] 'to lack, be in want, be robbed' (Hes. Op. 408, S., E., Pl., Arist.). � IE *t�h2-(i)- 'steal, rob'� .VAR Dor. TaT- (Pi.). Only present, especially T'lTWflEVOC; [pte.] DIAL Myc. ta-ti-qo-we-u, see Plath 1999: 511-519. .DER Beside T�T'l' (mopla, evoEla, aTEP'latC; 'diffIculty, lack, loss'; T�TEl' anUVEl 'lack' (H.) (like X�TEl). ETYM From the root *teh2- 'to steal'. As T�T'l (which is only attested lexically) may be a back-formation, T'lTuoflUl is probably a verb in -TUW. However, either way we have to reckon with a nominal dental stem, as seen in OCS tatb [m.] 'thieve', ete. (lE *teh2-t-i-); see � T'luatOC;. .

•

•

TIYPlC;, - lOC;, -lOOC; Tqn:C; [adv.] 'this year' (Att. com.). � IE *ki- + *uet-es- 'year'� .VAR Ion. a�TEC; (EM), Dor. Hell. a
TTJUOlOC; [adj.] 'idle, vain' (y 316 = 0 13, h. Ap., Alcm., B., A. R., Theoe.). � IE *teh2-(iu-) 'thief� .VAR Dor. TauatOC;; also TaUatflov, flUTUlOV 'idle' (H.) (for - atov ?) . .ETYM An isolated poetic adjective. If it originally meant 'deceptive', it belongs to a word for 'thief in Skt. tayu-, Av. taiiu-, which are derived from a primary verb preserved in Hitt. tajeiaJi 'to steal', OCS tajiti, 1Sg. taj9 'to hide, conceal'. Neumann 1961: 65 connected the gloss TEYOUV' Auooi TOV AnaT�V (H.) with this root, but it is now supposed that *j would give Lyd. d, not Y, in this position. The suffIx -atOC; may have been added directly to a noun *TKlvvU�apl. Tlypu;;, -tOC;, -tOOc; [f.] 'tiger' (Arist., Thphr., middle com.). � LW Orient.� .COMP Lnno-nyplC; 'kind of large tiger' (D. C.), TlypO-ElO�C; 'tiger-colored' (D. C.) . .DER Also the HN T IY P 'l C; , -T]TOC; [m.] (Hdt., X., Arr., etc.), also TlyplC;, -lOC;, -EWC;, -lOOC; (Arist., Plb., Str., PIu.). .ETYM Oriental LW, fIrst from Iranian. Ace. to Varro (L. L. 5, 100) , the word is Armenian, while acc. to D. P., Eust., and others, it is Median, with the original mg.

n9mpwaaw 'arrow'. This means that it can be equated with Av. tigri- [m.) 'arrow', as well as tiyra-, OP tigra- 'pointed' (cf. Skt. tigmri- 'id.'), etc. (from the root of Greek � aTl(w). On the hydronym, which is OP tigrii, we may compare Varro ("vehementissimum flumen") and D. P. ("noTafloe; WKlaTOe; amivTwv" 'the fastest river of all'). We have to reckon with folk-etymological adaptation of a foreign word to Iranian (cf. MP, Akk. Diqlat 'Tigris'). From Greek came Lat. tigris, etc. neUI�WO'O'W [v.) epic word of agriculture, originally popular: of bees (v 106 'to collect honey'?), of hens (Nie. Th. 199 'to brood, feed, tend'?), watering the field (Lyc. 622 'to make fertile, nourish'?), of a quiver (Antim. in PMilan. 17, 37 'to stuff, store up'?). -
TlelJ�ll [v.) 'to put (away), lay (down), fix, make; to place, set up, establish, create' (Horn.). -
e.g. aywvo-9t-TIle; (: aywva 9dvm) 'arbiter at a contest' (lA), with -etne;, -eeTlKOe;, -9eTtw, -9wla. 5. 9eT�p· TOAflIlT�e;, npaKTIle; 'who wages' (H.), olaee-T�p 'arranger' (Pl. Lg., Them.); 8ta9t-TIle; Hdt. et al., aywvo-ge-T�p = -Tile; (verse-inscr. Catana). 6. geTOe; 'adopted' (Pi., lA); often of the prefixed verbs, e.g. Enlge-TOe; 'added, artificial' (Att.); eIlTOV' pWfloV 'step, base, altar' (H.). 7. 9£TlKOe; (to 9tate;) 'belonging to a 9tate;, i.e. concerning adoption, disputation, ete.' (Arist., Hell.); auvee-TlKOe; (to aUv9Wle;), etc. 8. -ee-alm, -la in auv-, EK-, Em-9wla(l) 'agreement, assignment, ete.' (11.). .ETYM This important inherited verb was inherited from tlIe PIE root *dheh,-, which assumes a wide range of meanings: 'put, lay down, make, create, etc.'. The following survey is limited to forms and words that are directly relevant for Greek. The active root aorist in Boeot. av-t9t corresponds to Skt. ridhiit, OP adii, Arm. ed, lE *h,e dheh,-t. The K-aorist 9�Ke (Horn.) is also found in OLat. feced, perhaps already Mye. te-ke (meaning uncertain), from lE *dheh,-k-et. The middle root aorist e9eTo is matched by Skt. adhita, from lE *h,e-dhh,-to. The reduplicated athematic present Tlellfll is found in Skt. dridhiimi, Av. daoqmi < lE *dhi-dheh,-mi, ete., where tlIe Greek reduplication vocalism is probably older (lIr. may have taken its dri- from the 3Pl.). The verbal adj. 9eToe; is formally identical with Skt. hitri- (for *dhitri-) 'put, designated, fit, etc.', as well as with Lat. feced from lE *(-)dhh,-to-; the gloss 91lTOV [ace.sg.] is formally identical with Av. OP diita- [n.] 'law', Lith. diitas 'put'. Greek 9�fla formally corresponds to Skt. dhliman- [n.] 'seat, place, statute, law, etc.', Av. diiman- [n.] 'place, creation', lE *dhehJ-m1}; eeT�p, to Skt. dhiitrir-, Av. diitar- [m.] 'contriver, creator', Lat. con-ditor 'contriver, founder'. The perfect Ttell-K-a is a Greek innovation (like EaTIlKa), in opposition to Av. daoa, Skt. dadhriu. The forms TtgelKa, Tt9£lflm were created analogically after dKa, dflal. Details on the Greek morphology and inflection are found in Schwyzer: 686ff., 741, 761f., 774f., and 782. Cf. further forms with comments in LIV2 S.V. *dheh,- 'stellen, legen, setzen; herstellen, machen'. n9�vlJ [f.] 'wet nurse' (11., Pi., S. [lyr.] , also Pl., Arist.). -
neufluUoe; [m.] 'milkweed, Euphorbiil Peplus' (corn., Thphr., Dse.). -
TLSWVO<;

.ETYM Probably a reduplicated fomation; cf. SUfl£Au(u. As all words in -UAAO<; are Pre-Greek (see Beekes 2008: 49ff.), the same holds for this one. TlOWVO<; [m.] Son of Laomedon, abducted by Eos (ll., Hes., et al.). � PG (v) � ETYM Fur.: 191 compares TLTW = �fl£pu (sch. Lyc. 941), also = �w<;, � UUpLOV (H.); because of the variation TI S, the word is Pre-Greek. •

TlKTW [v.] 'to beget; to produce, generate, cause' (Hom.). � IE * tek- 'produce'� .VAR Aor. T£KelV, T£K£aSm, fut. T£�W, often (and more original) -oflm [med.] (all Hom.), inf. T£KelaSm (h. Ven. 127, verse-final), perf. T£TOKU (Hes.), intr. £vTnoKuiu (Ar.), pass. aor. T£xS�vm (Hp., LXX), perf. T£T£Yf.lm (late). '"', .COMP Also with Cl.1to-, E:K-, £v�, etc. DER 1. T£KO<; [n.] 'child, cub' (ll., epic poet.). 2. TOKO<; [m.] 'bearing, birth, offspring' (ll.), 'interest' (Pi., Sophr., Att.), with several derivatives: 3. TOKa<; [f.] 'female giving birth', mostly of animals (since � 16). 4. TOK(<; [f.] 'id.' (Hell. pap.). 5. TOKUO£(U [f.] 'poultry farming', to *TOKUOeUW (pap.). 6. TOKUp(OLOV' usurula (gloss.). 7. Lat. tocullio 'usurer' from Hell. *TOKUAA(WV or *«'1 TOKuAALa (Leumann Sprache 1 (1949): 207). 8. TOK�waa [f.] 'woman giving birth, fertile' (Hp.). 9. TOKelOV [n.] 'hatchery' (Hell. pap.). 10. TOK-el<; (epic -�£<;) [m.pl.] 'parents' (ll.), sing. -£U<; 'begetter, father' (Hes., A.). 11. TOK£WV£<; [pl.] 'id.' (Heradit. 74), cf. West Class. Rev. 81 (1967): 127f.). 12. TOK£TO<; [m.] = TOKO<; (Hp., Arist.), cf. rrayno<; to rrayo<; et al. 13. TOK( W (also with £K-, etc.) [v.] 'to lend with interest, practise usury' (Att., Hell.), with -Laflo<;, -LaT�<;, -(aTpLa. 14. TOKaw [v.] 'to be dose to delivery' (Cratin.). 15. From the present stem TLKTLKOV (
TlAAW [v.] 'to pluck, tear, pick' (ll.; rare in Att. prose). � ?� VAR Aor. TiAm, -uaSm, fut. TLAW, -ouflm (com., etc.), aor. pass. TLAS�vm (Ar.), TLA�vm (LXX, pap.), perf. med. T£TLAflm, especially the ptc. T£TLAfl£vO<; (Ar., LXX), act. T£TLAKa (Hell.). .COMP Also with rrapa-, cmo-, rr£pL-, etc. As a second member in vaKo-TLATo<; 'whose fleece has been plucked, from whom the wool has been plucked off, also -T(A-r11<;, -TLA-r£W (com.); to this, as back-formations, the verbs SpUO-T(AAW 'to pluck bulrush', oAo-T(AAw 'to pluck entirely' (only ptc. pres., account PLond. IP). .DER 1. TLAflo<; (cmo-, rrapa-) [m.] 'plucking' (A. [Iyr.] , Hp., Men., pap.). 2. T(Afla (cmo-, 8La-) [n.] 'something plucked, something torn, sprains' (medic., Herod., Theoc.), with -flaTLOV (medic.). 3. T(A
TLflWPO<;

.ETYM A verb T(AAW (from *TLA-1W) cannot be an old primary formation. If not a loan, it must be a denominative from *T(Ao<;, *T(Aov, vel sim. There are no cognates outside Greek. Frisk suggests a pre-form *m(AAw, which would belong to rrT(Aov, via dissimilation in the compounded forms rrapa-, rr£pL-, cmo-(rr)T(AAw . TiAo" [m.] 'thin stool, diarrhoea' (Sophr., Poll.). � ?� .COMP [rrrro-TLAo<; 'horse diarrhoea' (Hippiatr.). .DER TLAaw (often with prefix, e.g. KaTa-, £v-, rrpoa-, cmo-) [v.] 'to have a thin stool, to have diarrhoea' (Ar., Hippon., Hippiatr.), with T(A11fla [n.] (EM). Here probably also T(Awv, -wvo<; [m.] name of a fish in the Thracian Sea Prasias (Hdt., Arist.), see Stromberg 1943: 61f.; cf. also OTILaSu-T(A11, Boeot. OTILTSo-T(Aa [f.] 'squid' (Stratt., H.), perhaps after � arraT(A11 . .ETYM No etymology. The comparisons with Arm. t'rik' 'mist, dung', if from *tiHr-, OE pfnan 'bee come) wet, moist', OCS tina, Ru. Una 'mud, dirt' < *tiHn-, etc. remain speculative, since there is no evidence for a root *tiH- or *tH-i- in this meaning. The same holds for the connection within Greek with � Tia(A
'''W .. �If: I

TIvaaaw .VAR Dor. nflaopoc; (Pi., trag.), Hell. epic Tlfl�opoC; (A. R.). .DER Tlflwp-ia, -iT], -EW, -EOflat, -T]mc;, -T]fla, -T]T�C;, -T]T�p, -T]TIKOC;, -i(oflal. .ETYM Originally "preserving or guarding nfl� '" from *nfla-Fop-oC;, a univerbation of � nfl� and � opaw. "tlvaaaw [v.] 'to sway, shake, quake' (ll., epic Ion. and Aeol. poet.). � ?� .VAR Aor. nv-a�at, -ax8�vat, fut. -a�w, perf. med. T£li-vaYflal. .COMP Also with EK-, EV-, arro-, 8ta-, ete. DER TlvaY-floc; (EK-, EV-, ava-) [m.] 'shaking, quaking' (LXX, Hell. and late pap.), also -fla (arro-, EV-) [n.] 'shake' (LXX, AP), nvaK-Twp [m.] 'shaker', of Poseidon (S. [lyr.] , Nonn.), -Telpa [f.] of the trident of J;oseidon (A. Pr. 924) ; EKnvaYfloc; also '(suddenly) departing, sale of a product' (pap.)'; cf. EKnVa�at· arroKIV�aat 'drive away' (H.) and arroKIVelV· TO arrEpxecr8at Kat arroTpEXelV 'run away' Suid. Also -aKTpov [n.] 'winnowing fan' (pap. IIIP), -a�lC; [f.] 'pushing away' (Heph. Astr., EM). .ETYM Without a certain explanation. Acc. to an old hypothesis by Fick, nva�at, -�w may have been dissimilated from *KIVa�at, -�w (from � KlvEw, KivUflat), from which Tlvaaaw (after rraTaaaw, apaaaw, etc.) was later created. •

"tlv9uAtoe; [adj.] 'boiling hot' (Nic., Nonn.). � PG?(v)� .COMP ola-Tlv8aAEoc; 'id.' (Ar. V. 329; cf. ola-8epflOC;). .ETYM Formation from � TIV8oc; after auaAEoc;, etc. The meaning of � nv8oc; is unclear: perhaps 'hot steam', of a kettle (Lyc. 36)? It has been compared with TIVTOV· £cp8ov 'boiled' (H., but alphabetically incorrect). The variation T/8 in the gloss (if it is reliable) points to a Pre-Greek word (Fur.: 191) . "tlveupi�w [v.] 'to twitter' (Call.). � PG?(S)� ETYM Onomatopoeic; cf. nTi(w (s.v. � nnyovlov) and �'i'18upL(W. The prenasalized consonant and perhaps the suffIx -up- may point to a Pre-Greek word. •

TlVW [v.] act. 'to pay, settle, atone', med. 'to make (oneself) pay or atone, punish, avenge'. � IE *kwei- 'punish, avenge'� VAR Ion. L, Att. 1; also T£lvuflat (Horn., Hes., Hdt.), Cret. ipv. arro-Te1V1JtW (va), Hell. and late (arro-)T£lvufll, -TLvvufll, -TIVVUW, Are. arru-T£LETW; aor. Telaat (Aeol. rrelaat), -aa8at, fut. TeLaw (Cypr. rreLael), -Oflat (Horn.), aor. pass. T£La8�vat, perf. TET£Laflat (Att.), act. TEl£lKa (Hell.). DIAL Myc. ptc. med. qe-ja-me-no /kweihameno-/ (interpreted as a sigmatic aorist by LIV\ as opposed to Lejeune 1958-1963: 305-6, 30055 and DELG s.v.). COMP Also with prefIx, especially arro- and EK- (also rrpoa- arro - , rrpoa-eK-, etc.). .DER TLmc; [f.] 'payment, compensation, penitence, punishment, revenge' (n., epic Ion. poet.); from EKTLVW: EKTlmc; (also -£1- after Telaat, T£law), Arc. EcrL£Lmc; [f.] 'payment, atonement' (Att. Hell. and late), EKT£Lafla [n.] 'id.' (Pl., Hell.); from arrOTLVW: arronmc; [f.] 'repayment' (Ath.), arroT£Lafla [n.] 'id.' (Amorgos). Also nTUC; in nTuF0C; [gen.] 'amends' (Gortyn); TLTac; [m.] 'avenger, avenging' (A. Ch. 67 [lyr.]), Dor. for *TL-T�C;; also designation of an offIcial (Gortyn), That· eurropOl, � KaT�yopol TWV UPXOVTWV 'resourceful; accusers/prosecutors of rulers' (H.); also a-TLTac; 'non payer' (A. Eu. 256 [lyr.]). •

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''W :'..•. '.'

TllULVW .ETYM The difference between the Ion. and Att. presents shows that TLVW goes back to a thematicized nasal present *nvFw. Dialectally and in Homer, Greek preserves the athematic formation TeLVuflat (mostly written TLV (V) - ; see Wackernagel 1916: 77ff. with important details), which has a secondary full grade replacing *TlVUflat (perhaps after aor. TeLaaa8at, fut. TeLaoflat); Arc. arru-T£LETW was also built on the latter forms. Later attestations are T£La8�vat, TETelaflat, TET£LKa (all innovations). Regarding cognates of the Greek verb, it is now customary to distinguish three roots *kwei-: 1. 'to observe' (whence probably Gr. � TLW), 2. 'to gather, pile up' (whence perhaps Gr. � rro IEw), and 3. 'to punish, avenge' (see LIV2). The original Greek nu-present *TLVUTat has a formal counterpart in Av. cinuua1Jt- [ptc.pres.act.] 'penitent (?)' < *kwi-nu-ent-. Others connect *kwei- 1. and 3., assuming a semantic development 'to observe, animadvertere' > 'to avenge, punish'. This allows comparison of Skt. thematic cayate 'avenge, punish' (which would be Gr. *TeL£lat = lE *kwei-e-toi; cf. Arc. arru-TelETW [act.]), to which the act. Av. ci-kaiial 'should pay/mend, urroT£LvuTW ' (with reduplication; cf. Skt. ciketi 'observes') is related. In Anatolian, we may now compare Lyc. A ttiti, B kikiti 'to fIne'. More cognate Avestan forms are given by LIV2 s.v. The ti-stem in TLmc; is compared with Skt. apa-citi- [f.] 'requittal', lE *( -)kWi-ti-. Within Greek, the o-grade h2-stem � rrOlv� 'penalty' is related, corresponding to Lith. kaina 'price', and found in Av. kaena- 'punishment', lE *kwoi

nh2-.

Tlrrn: [adv.] 'why then?' (Horn., A. Ag. 975 [lyr.]). � GR� .ETYM Various explanations have been given throughout time. Szemerenyi assumed syncope from TL rrOTe (Szemerenyi 1964: 218f.); Kretschmer compared TLme with Lat. m ihl-pte, sua-pte, etc.; others equated *nT-rre and Lat. quippe (e.g. Schwyzer: 266) . Recently, Lillo Glotta 70 (1992) : 15-19 brilliantly solved the problem by arguing that the word represents *kwid-kwe (thus an older variant of TL Te), giving *kWitkWe > *kwikWte > TLrrTe. /

Tle; [pron.] 'who, which, what?'. � IE *kwi- interrogative and indefInite pronoun� .VAR Ntr. TL, gen. TEO (Ion.), TOU (Att.), younger TivoC;; dat. TEWI, TWI, TLVI; ace. TLva, etc. .DIAL Thess. KIC;, Arc. and Cypr. mc;, El. and later Lac. TIp. Myc. displays the old labiovelar in jo -qi = later OT(T) I. .DER Enclitic nc;, TI, etc.: indefInite pronoun 'some(one), whoever, etc.'. .ETYM Identical with Lat. quis, quid, Hitt. kuiS, kuit, ete., from lE *kwi-s, ntr. kWi-d. The gen. TEO corresponds to OCS ceso, Go. /vis 'whose', from lE *kwe-so. Av. cahiia received the nominal ending *-sjo. In Greek, the dat. TEWI, TWI was formed after TEO, LOU. The accus. TLva added the ending -a to older *TLV (= Hitt. kuin, Av. cim, etc.), just like Ev-a, Z�va, etc. From this point, the forms TLV-OC;, TLV-I, etc. with stem-fInal -v- spread (already Horn.). The old ntr.plur. *kwih2 is found in a-aaa, a-na ( a nva), and in aaaa, ana. It arose by reanalysis of orrrrola aaa as orroL' aaaa, ete. As an independent element, it was preserved in Boeot. � Ta, Megar. aa 'why, how?'. =

"tlTULVW -TeLVW.

Tb:uvo<; Thavoc; [f.] 'chalk, plaster, crayon, marble-scrapings' (Hes. Se. 141, Arist., Str., medic.). -
•

Th8TJ VAR nT86<;. =>n8�v'l' •

TlTlYOVlOV [n.] name of an insect, like the Tenl� (Epil. Corn., Paus. Gr., EM, Eust.). -
TlTPWOKoo [v.] 'to wound, harm, damage' (lA). -
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237, 242, 3013" 387 (KUOUUpU, -u<; I KUOoop[<;; ouuou� I OW<1IK£<;; TpUU�uvu I TPW�uvov, as well as � 8uuflUI 8WflU). This means that the word is Pre-Greek; the connection with Skt. tura- 'wound, ill' should then be discarded, and connection with *teru (� Tepu<;) 'soft, weak' is semantically unconvincing. Peters 1980b: 328ff. tries to revive Martinet's theory of labialized *h3, but this theory is now generally rejected. The root *terh3- in LIV2 should therefore be deleted. For *terh,- 'to pierce', see � T£[poo, � T£TpU[Voo, � T£pufloov, � Tep£Tpov, etc. TlT(T)VPl�W [v.] 'to twitter', said of swallows and other birds (Ar., Babr.), 'to cluck', said of partridges (Thphr. Fr. 181). -
TlTUOKOl1at [v.] 1. 'to aim' with weapons, etc.; also mentally 'to aim at, strive for' (Horn., Theoc., AP); 2. 'to make ready, prepare, harness' (11.), in this mg. post-Horn . -UOKoo (B., Arat., Lyc., etc.). -
Tl'T(O =>TlT
1490 Ticpo<; [n.] 'soggy place, marsh, pond' (Theoc., A. R., Lyc.). -
compared. TA�f.1WV -VAR TA�Val. ==>TaAa.aam. Tf.1�YW [v.] 'to cut, cleave, divide' (H., epic). -
1491

-DER (mo -Tfl� � -�Y0l:; [adj.] 'cut off, steep' (aKom�, A. R. 2, 581; cf. cmoppw�); also ' -TflTj�l<; [f.] 'cutting off (late), Tfl�YOI:;· . . . �ouTflTjfla 'furrow'; also Tfl�yal:;· yaToflOI:;, apoT�p 'cleaving the ground, plougher' (H.). -ETYM Enlargement of TflTj- in T flTj -TOI:;, -8�vm, ete. (from � TEflvw), after several models. The short vowel in TflaYEV (to tTflaYTjv) recalls tppaYTjv, taYTjv. Perhaps this was the origin of the hapax 8lETflayov. Further, Tfl��m, Tfl��w were built on p��m, p� �w, ete.; see Chantraine 1942: 392 and 400. Giintert 1914: 132 supposes a cross with 8�yw (8ayw) 'to whet'; Chantraine 1942: 330 attempts to find a semantic differentiation from � TEflvW. The Doric forms with Tfla. must be secondary; see the discussion in DELG s.v. TO- [pron.] 'this, that; the' (Horn., epic poet., Dor.). -Tav8apu�w . Toio<; [demonstr. pron.] 'such, such as' (especially poetic, H.+). -T£1X0I:;. TOKO<; ==>TLKTW.

1492 -rOA!1TJ [f.] 'boldness, courage, daredevilry, dauntlessness, brashness' � IE *telh2- 'raise, weigh, bear'� VAR -flTj is rare; usually -roAfla (lA), cf. below on TOAfl� £l(;, -fluw; Dor. TOAflCt (PL). .COMP a-roAflo<; 'without daring, daring nothing' (Pi., lA) , nuv-roAflo<; 'daring everything' (A., E.); cmoToA.flo<; 'dauntless, courageous' (late) from cmOToAfluw. .DER 1. -rOA.fl�£l<; , Dor. -U£l<; 'courageous, dauntless, enduring' (Horn., Pi.). 2. -Tjp0<; 'id.' (Att.), -Tjp(u [f.] (Hell. pap.). 3. Denominative -uw [v.] 'to show courage, bring oneself to courage; to act in spite of oneself, endure' (ll.), Hdt. -ew, aor. -�am, etc., also with uno-, £1tl-, KUTU-, etc. Thence -Tjflu [n.] 'venture, risk' (Att.) , -TjaL<; [f.] 'reckless deed' (PI. Dej), -TjT�<; [m.] 'darede:yil' (Th., Ph.), more popular -TjT(U<; 'id.' (Corn. Adesp.), -TjnKo<; = -Tjp0<; (late). 4. llyPocoristic TOAfllAAO<; [m.] 'daredevil' •

(Theognost. Can.). .ETYM PIE *tolh2-m(e)h2- > PGr. *tolma-. The root-final *h2 of the PIE pre-form was lost before it could vocalize to *a. Traditionally, this loss is ascribed to the influence of the *0 in the root, a change known as "De Saussure's Law"; cf. Beekes 1969: 238242. Van Beek 2009 now disconnects the laryngeal loss from the presence or absence of the o-grade, and ascribes it to the environment * -VLHNV-. The usual form TOAflu arose as a back-formation from TOAfluw. See � TUAuaam. v

TOAunTJ [f.] 'a clew of wool or yarn', also metaphorically of onion bulbs, pumpkins, ball-shaped cakes (Ar. Lys. 586, Eub., S. Fr.1102, LXX, AP, ete.) . � PG� .DER TOAum:uw 'to wind wool or yarn into a clew' (Ar. Lys. 587 [anap.], ambiguous T 137) , mostly metaph. 'to instigate, accomplish with difficulty, undergo' (epic poet. ll.), also with £K-; hence TOAum:uflu [n.] = TOAunTj, -£UTlKO<; (Phot., Suid., H.). .ETYM Maurice RPh. 65 (1991) connects TUAU
=

630 M., Ar.,

TO�OV

1493

.DER Tov8(0)puaflo<; [m.] 'murmuring' (Phryn.), Tov8puaT�<; = yoyyuaT�<; (Aq.); backformation Tov8pu<;· T£lvw. TO�OV [n.] 'bow', plur. 'shooting device(s), (bows and) arrows' (ll.). On the plur. see Schwyzer 1950: 43 and 51, Chantraine 1953: 31f. � PG� .DIAL Mye. to-ko-so-ta = TO�OTU<;, to-ko-so-wo-ko. .COMP TO�O
1494

Torru(tov

(LXX, Str., D. S., TOT((i�LOV [n.] 'topaz', probably also of chrysolite and of other stones Apoe.). � PG(v)� .VAR Also -a(oe; [m.] (AP, J., Orph. et al.), -a(ov [n.] (Eust.) . taken from the ETYM A loanword which (according to Iuba in Plin. HN 37, 108) was in the Red name same the of island an language of the Trogodytes, and named after variant. another s present .) (PHolm Sea (likewise HN 6, 169). The form Ta�ucnoe;, -Le; word. ek Pre-Gre a to points TOrru(1 Fur.: 155, 344 assumes that the variation Ta�u
� IE *top-o-� Tonoc; [m.] 'place, region, space; subject of a speech, etc.' (lA since A.). -la [f.] (LXX, [v.] -£W thence Egypt; in esp. , district a of head .COMP TorrupXTle; [m.] e; 'situated in the pap., etc.); ilTorroe; 'not at its place, out of pl�lCe, unusual', £vTomO region, indigenous' (PI., etc.). , (of burial) DER 1. TomKOe; 'local' (Arist., pap., medic. et al.). 2. -toV [n.] 'place (PLond., inscr. Asia Minor). 3. -lTTle; [m.] 'inhabitant of a place' (St. Byz.). 4. -£tOY 5. Torru(w 'to (-�·lOV) [n.] 'cord, rope' (com., Call., Hell. inscr.). Denominative verbs: thence Torra 'any place'. •

•

TopaAAlov [n.] 'bed-cover' (Dura-Europos) � LW Lat.� .VAR with metathesis TOAUpLOV. .ETYM Possibly borrowed from Lat. toral(i), according to LSJ. TOP�l1AOC; [adj.] . !l£!l'l'l!lOLpOe; 'criticizing, querulous' (H.). � ?� Oe;, which .ETYM Specht KZ 59 (1932): 34' explains it by dissimilation from *TOA�TlA grumble, 'to v £mKaAd 0LP£LV, !l£!l'l'L!l 8aL· TEA�£(J form could belong to the isolated cognate forms are complain' (H.). These forms could go back to a root *telgW-, but no known. TOpyoC; [m.] 'vulture' (Call. Fr. 204, Lyc.), Topyoe; uypO
TOpVOe;

1495

.ETYM Unknown etymology. Fur.: 367 compares OpO£LAOV (Nic. Th. 841), which is perhaps a mistake for T-. It cannot be explained as an old variant without T- pointing to Pre-Greek origin, pace Fur.: 391. Topelv [v.aor.] 'to pierce' � IE *terh'/3- 'rub, bore, pierce'� .VAR £TOP£ A 236, Topdv· TOp�O�v TOP£U£LV (Ar. Th. 986 [lyr.l) 'to carve a song' (?). Hence TOpW-TOe; 'chased, engraved', -T�e; [m.] 'chaser, engraver', -TLK� (TEXVTl) 'the art of engraving', -!la [n.] 'chased or engraved work', -cne; = eaelatura (gloss.), -£la [f.] 'engraving', -dov [n.] 'chased work' (all Hell. or late). TOp£Ue; [m.] 'borer' (Philyll. apud Phot., AP), probably a backformation from TOP£UW, not from TOpOe; 'id.' (Att. inscr. IV", H., Eust.). Both TOpOe; and OL<.lTOpOe; 'piercing, pervading, loud; pierced' (A., S., PIu., Luc.: OLa-T£Tpalvw) could be derived from Topdv. Read OLaTopla in Thphr. HP 11, 4 . .ETYM The meaning of the verb fits perfectly with that of the PIE root *terh,- 'to drill', but the o-grade in aor. is problematic. It has been proposed that it developed through metathesis of a sequence *-ero- > -ore- (similarly for � rrop£Lv, � !loAdv, � 80pdv). This would mean that there was a root aorist *tero- < *terh3- (cf. � TLTPW
TOp�OC; [m.] 'socket, nave, peg' (Hdt., Ph. Bel., Hero Bel., Hell. inscr.). � IE *torh'/3-mo'piercing, boring'� .DER TOP!l-lOV [n.] 'small peg' (Ph. Bel.), -LKU [n.pl.] 'mortises' (Hero Bel.); TOP!lTl [f.] = rrA� !lvTl' Ka!lrr�, Ka!lm� p, vU
TOpVOC; [m.] 'carving knife, lathe, turn-ing-Iathe, pair of compasses, circle' (Thgn., lA). � IE *torh'/3-no- 'turner, borer'�

TOpO<;

-COMP £VLD PVO<; 'processed with a turning-lathe, turned, revolved' (PI., Arist., inscr.), whence EVTopv(a [f.], -EUW [v.] (Hero). -DER 1. Topv-(aKo<; [m.] 'turning-lathe' (Ph. Bel., Delos). 2. LDpv-(a maq)uA� (Poll.) kind of grape. 3. Topv-ooflCll, -ow 'to draw a circle, measure precisely' ('I' 255, E 249, D. P., Tryph., H.), -WTO<; 'revolved, turned' (Hdn. Gr.), cmoTopvwat<; [f.] 'rounding off (Heliod. apud Orib.). 4. TOPV-EUW [v.] 'to spin round, turn' (E. [lyr. ], Ar., Pl.), also with ano-, Kam-, nEpl-, etc. Thence -£ufla [n.] 'turning motion' (E. HF 97S) , plur. 'turner's chips' (Hp., Hell. inscr.), -£la [f.] 'curved timber for shipbuilding' (Thphr.), -£UTO<; 'turned, fit for turning' (Hell.), -£UT�<; [m.] 'turner' (Att. inscr.), -EUT�PIOV [n.] 'turning-lathe' (Thphr.). With � prop vowel -o-: TOPOVO<; (cod. -ovo<;) TOpVO<;. TapaV1"IVOl (H.); TOPOVEUTO<; = T£1"0PV£Ufl£VO<; (Lacon. in Edict. Dia d.). -ETYM An instrument noun with PIE suffIx *-no- from the root of TElPW, TETpa(vw, TOpElv, etc. For the semantics, compare KUKAO-TEP�<; 'turned around, round as a circle', KUKAOU TOpVO<; (X.), KUKAOTEP£<; TopvEuaaaeCll (Pl.), and also Lat. teres, -etis 'rounded off, smooth' to tero 'to rub'. For the non-vocalization of the laryngeal in PIE *torh1/3-no-, see on � TOAflll. TOPO" [adj.] 'loud, shrill, perceptible, clear', of the voice; also 'fast, agile' (A., E., Ar., Emp., PI., X.) .
TOpUVT) 1 [f.] 'stirring spoon, stirring ladle' (Sophr., Ar., Pl.).
TpuyO<;

1497

- �ER T?a(a)oUTo<;, Toa(a�oaoE 'id.' (ll.), Toaa-�vo<;o<; 'id.' (Theoc.), after T�VO<;; , -ano<; Id. (A. R., AP), -aKI (Horn., Simon.), ToauKI<; (Polyaen.) 'so many times', -auTuKI<; (And., PI., Arist.). -ETYM From PIE *toti-o-, built on the PIE adverb *toti 'so many' (in Skt. tdti, Lat. tot, toti-dem 'so many'). The Greek formation probably first arose as a plural Toa(a) 01 'as many', whence the sing. Toa(a)o<; 'as large'. TOaaat [v.inf.] 'to meet, get into, happen to' (Pi., Fr. 22) . Plu., Luc.), s ort for TpaY4JOtKO<; 'belonging to the tragedy, tragic' (lA; like KWflIKO<; KWfl4JOtKO<;), thence -IKwoll<; flueo<; (Palaeph.); -IKEuoflCll 'to speak as in a tragedy' (sch.). 4· -E(I)O<; 'of a . he-goat' (late), -£(11 (Theoc.), -Ea (Thphr.), _� (Poll., Eust.) [f.] (Sc. oopu) 'goatskin'. 5. -IVO<; = -EIO<; (AP). 6. Tpa.yLO<; [m.] month name in Thessaly (inscr.); -IOV [n.] plant name (Dsc.). 7. -avo<; (H.) as an =

?

-rpay
*terh2- 'p�ss

-rpan£w

1499

oVAR Late also -oe;, often adv. -we;, -ov. oCOMP n£pL-rpavoe; 'very clear' (Hell. and late). oDER -rpav-o-rTje; [f.] 'clarity' (Ph., PIu., etc.), -ow [v.] 'to make clear, attract attention', also with <5ta-, £K-; thence -wfla-ra (YAwaOTje;) [pI.] 'perceptions' (Emp. 4, 11), -wnKoe; 'serving for brightening' (Theol. Ar.). oETYM From PIE *trh2-n-, from the root *terh2- 'to pass, cross' (cf. E seeing through). Alternatively, it could have secondary long -a- for *e, in which case it derives from the root *terh,- 'to pierce' (cf. E sharp sight). The s-stem adj. recalls aa PGr. *t(w)r-ped-ja-. Compound of a zero grade of PIE 'four' (*kWtYr) with the word for 'foot', plus a derivational suffIx * -ih2-' Myc. to-pe-za /torpeza/ shows the vocalization with 0 instead of a that is regular in that dialect. Folk-etymological connection with 'three' yielded -rp[n£�av . -r�v -rpan£�av. BOlw-roL (H.), whence Boeot. -rp£n£Ma. A different reflex *kWtru- > -rpu- is found in � -rpu
1500 (oIvo<;) 'wine before the pressing' (medic. etc.), Oivo-TponOl [f.pl.] , epithet of the three daughters of Anios (Lyc. 580). See on � uTpano<;. ETYM Literally 'to tread (out)" a zero-grade iterative present *trp-eie/a- of a PIE root *trep- 'to tread'; cE LIV2 S.v. With an e-grade, we find e.g. Lith. trepseti 'to scratch (with the feet), trample'; with a-grade, Lith. trapineti 'to push with the feet', Ru. tropat' 'to stamp, trample, knock', formally identical with the Gm. group of OS thrabon, MHG traben, etc. Cf. � Tpenw. •

Tpanfl� =>TpaTapao<;.

l.\.,

TpUUA6� [adj.] 'suffering from a speech disorder, with deficient speech', for instance 'lisping, stammering', metaphorically of swallows 'chirping' (Hdt., Hp., Call. corn., Arist., AP, etc.). � PG?� .COMP TpauAO
•

TPUUI1U =>TLTpooaKw. TpU1J�UVU [n.pl.] 'dry wood, brushwood' (Pherer.). � PG� VAR Also Tpauaavov· �T]pOV mlv �
Tpa
1501 Porzig ZII 5 (1927): 269, especially in view of the suffIx. The variation a/o and n/

-

1502

Tpe

-ETYM PIE adj. *dhrh,t'-u-? See � 8pcl(Jaw for reconstruction and cognates. Compare

also TUPXll" Tupa�L<;, lhap [a]xov· uXelflMTOV (H.); cf. Schwyzer: 362.

Tpe -au. Tpci<; [numeral] 'three' (lA). � IE *trei-es 'three'� -VAR Aeol. (gramm.) TP�<;, Dor. TP�<; (Thera), TpEe<;

, gen. TpLw_ V, (Gortyn� , ntr. TpLa, . _ dat. TpLal, Aeol. Tpla Go. prins, Gortyn. TpUV<; (�isy�labic after TpLWV, -al), contracted TpI<;. Ionic-Attic Tpd<; was based on the nomInative. Neut�r Tpla < PIE *trih2; cf. Skt. trl(-lJi), Lat. trl-ginta (tria- innovation) : The �dver� TpL<; agrees with Skt. trih, Lat. ter (Plaut. terr < *ters < *tris). The ordmal TPLTO<; IS al�o inherited; compare ToB trite, ToA trit. For the first member of compounds TPL-, as In TPl-1WU<;, compare Skt. tri-pad-, Lat. tri-pes 'three-footed'. Cf. � TPLTTU<;, � TpLatVa, and � TpLU�W. TpeU6<; [adj.] in MoGr. 'mad' (only in PNs, L. Robert 1963: 261f. � ?� -ETYM Unknown. �

,

TPE�W [v.] 'to tremble (of fear), shiver' (Il.). � IE *trem- 'tremble'� VAR Only pres. and ipf. (but Dor. TETPEflllKa EM). -COMP Also with UTIO-, TIepL-, UflcpL-. -DER Tp6flo<; [m.] 'trembling, shivering, fear, fright (Il.), Tpofl6<; [adj.] 'trembling' (E. Fr. 876), also -ep6<; (Sapph., E., A. R. etc.), - 01011<; (Hp., Str., PIu.), -aAEo<; �Eu�t.), _

-LK6<; (gloss., Suid.) 'id.'. Verb TpoflEW (Il.) = TpEflw, deverbative or denoml�atlv�; also with UTIO-, m:pL-, UflcpL-, etc.; originally only pres. and ipf., the aor. Tpoflllaat IS late (LXX [v.I. eTp6flaaav as if from TPOflU�W] , lit. pap. IIIP). PN Tf6flll <;, � I1T?<; [ � .] created for A.TP6flllTO<; (Dem.), etc. Further TETpaflo<; [m.] trembhng , wIth reduplication and zero grade of the root; also TETpoflo<; after Tp6flo<; (Hp.+). Thence TETpaflalvw [v.] 'to tremble', v.l. TETpefl- after T?E�W (Hp., Ar., Ga�., etc) .. Adv. UTpEfla, -0.<; 'without trembling, immovable, qUlet (11.), of uncertaIn ongIn, cf.

�pEfla(<;), �Ka; also (upefl(e)l (Ar.). Adj. cLTpefl-�<; with -la, -EW, -l�W (especially Ion. poet. since Hes., Thgn.), -aIo<; (Hp., E. [lyr.], Call. etc.). -ETYM A primary present, identical with Lat. tremo 'to tremble', Alb. trem 'to frighten', ToA tarm- (e.g. 3. pI. tarminc) 'to be angry, be excited, tremble'; further, ToB tremi [pI.] 'trembling' Gr. Tp6flOL. Lith. tremti, 1Sg. tremiu 'to smite down', trimstu, trimti 'to tremble, etc.'. Cf. � TaPfluaaW, � TpEW. =

[v.] 'to turn, revolve, put to flight; to turn oneself, change, take flight, etc.'. � IE *trep- 'turn'� -VAR Dor. Ion. also TpUTIW, -oflat, s-aor. TpE,!,at, -aa8at, them. aor. TpaTIdv, -Ea8at, fut. TpE,!,W (em-Tpa'!'w Crete), TpE,!,oflat, pass. (intr.) aor. Tpacp8�vat, perf. TETpaflflat (all Hom.), also TpaTI�Vat (A., etc.), Tpecp8�vat (E.), ptc. eV-TpeTIEVTe<; (pap. IP), perf. act. TETpocpa, later TETpacpa (Att.). -COMP Very often with prefix: uva-, UTIO-, eK-, ev-, em-, flETa-, TIapa-, TIepL-, etc. with different shades of meaning -DER A. With -0-: 1. Tp6TIo<; [m.] 'turn; way, custom, attitude, character' (Pi., lA), 'beam' (Moschio apud Ath. 5, 208c; also MoGr., OOKO<; TETpaflflEvo<;). Compounds, e.g. TIOAU-TPOTIO<; 'much-wandering' (etc.; see � TIOAU<;), whence -La (Hdt., Hp., etc.); often from prefixed compounds, e.g. eTIlTpOTIO<; [m.] 'supervisor, steward, administrator (lA). Thence TPOTI-LKO<; 'belonging to the turn' (Arist., etc.), emTpOTI LKO<;, -euw, -£la, -EU
TpETIW

=

=

have a relapse', -lauf.l6e; (Hp.); with Ct1tO- 'to avert', -lauf.l6e; etc. (LXX, pap. et al.). 12. With A-enlargement: Tpo1taAl�El' uTpe
1505 290), metrical enlargement; cf. Tpo
1506 possible, if we assume that Tpela<; 'gaits' (H.); also as epithet of xaho<; (Poll.; cf. -lKO<;; antonym Tu1tla<;). 4. TpoX1TTj<; olvo<; (Dsc.; uncertain). 5. Tpoxao£<;· aavoaAla a1tO aiydou 8epflClTO<; 'sandals of goat hide' (H.), Tpox-aOla (Edict. Diod.), -aouplo<; [m.] 'shoemaker' (Attica, Imperial times); olaTpoxao£<;· £100<; 1tOl�flaTo<;, w<; iaTop£l IIpa�l
=

C. Adverbs: TpOX-UOTjv 'running' (Epigr., A. D.), Em- 'running rapidly, fluent' (Hom. et al.). D. Verbs: 1. iterative Tpox-aw 'to run', -owvTa (0 451), also with Em-, 1t£Pl-, O1JV-, U1tO- (Hell. and late poetry). 2. Tpox-a�w 'id.' (Hdt., X, E., Arist., Hell. and late), aor. -aaat, o ften with prefix, e.g. &a-, EV-, Em-, 1tapa-, 1tpoa-, O1JV-, by-form in -aw, whence -aaT�<;, -aaTlKo<;, caaflo<;, -aafla. 3. TpoX-l�w 'to break on the wheel, furnish , with wheels' (Antipho, Arist., Bito, D. S., etc.), -1�Oflat 'to run (round) (Arist.; v.l. -a�oflat), quite rarely with KaTa- etc.; 1t£Pl-TpoXlafl0<; 'running round' (Antyll. apud Orib.). 4. -la�w· roto, rotor (gloss.), -laafla [n.] 'wheelwork' (Bito). 5. -£UOflat = rotor (Dosith.). 6. With lengthened grade: iterative (flnCl-, 1t£Pl-)Tpwxaw (X 163, � 318, A. R., Q. S. etc.). .ETYM Like the synonymous verb 0ew, Tpexw was originally limited to the present stem (the aorist being provided by opafl£lv, as well as by a1to-OpCivat). The verb Tpexw is isolated within IE, but TpOX0<; 'wheel' agrees completely with OIr. droch 'wheel' (IE *dhroto-). A form with lengthened grade (like Tpwx-aw) is probably seen in Arm. durgn, gen. drgan 'potter's wheel' (originally a root noun); on the phonetics, see Clackson 1994: 20963• The Germanic verb for 'walk' in Go. pragjan, etc., had initial t-, just like the Celtic group of MW and Co. tro 'change, time', OIr. traig 'foot'. See also � Tepxvo<;. The basic meaning of the verb is 'to run, hurry'. This is confirmed by the aor. opafl£lv, and by several derivations and compounds: TpoXl<; 'runner, messenger'; TpoX1Ao<; 'birds that run'; Tp£xeO£l1tVo<; 'who hurries to the feast'. The verb does not mean 'turn', a notion that is difficult to combine with 'run, hurry'. As for the notion 'wheel', DELG notes that one generally thinks that a 'wheel 'runs' (Frisk explains 'Uiufer'). (In Dutch, one says "the wheel runs well" ["het wiel loopt goed"] , not "the wheel turns well ["het wiel draait goed"] .) We must reject Chantraine's suggestion that the verb may have meant 'courir en rond'. Therefore, TpaXTjAo<; cannot be derived from Tpexw. ,

TptW [v.] 'to flee full of fear, be afraid' (especially epic poet., ll. +), 'to liv� in exile' =
•

1508

TP£W, we find *trem- in TP£f.lW, and trep- in Lat. trepidus (cf. � Tpan£w). Cf. � Tp�pWV. Tpijf.la, Tpij(JU;, TPIlToC; =>n:Tpaivw. TP�PWV, -WVOC; [f.] epithet of n£AeLa, -wic; 'dove' (Horn., h. Ap., A. R.), also of lc£mpoc; 'a water bird' (Ar. Pax 1067); also = nepL(JTepu, metaphorically for 'woman' (Lyc.). « IE *tres- 'tremble'� .COMP nOAuTp�pWV 'abundant in pigeons' (B 502, 582), whence elhp�pwv 'id.' (Nonn.) . ETYM Individualizing substantivization of TpT]pOC; in TPT] [L] pOV' EAacppov, 8£LAOV, TaXU, nAolov f.lLKPOV 'light, wretched, quick, Small ship' (H.). Because of the Doric forms Tpapov· T [p] axu (H.), and Tapov, TaXU with dissimilation, we must start from *Tpa(J-pov < *trs-r6- with a zero grade from the root of � Tp£W. In the sense of EAacppov, TaXU, TpT]pOV is usually (cf. Pok. 1095, 1100) connected with � 6TpT]p0C;, � 6TpaA£oc;, but this is improbable. •

Tpla�w [v.] in the language of sports 'to throw down thrice and thereby to win definitively', said of fist-fighters (Poll., EM, Zonar., H. et al.), « GR� VAR -u(Jaw, -unw, aor. -U�aL, pass. -aXe�VaL (uno-). .DER TpLaKT�p [m.] 'winner (in fist-fighting)" uTpiaKToc; 'undefeated' (A. Ag. 171 resp. Ch. 339, both lyr.); nevTETpLu�0f.laL 'to be defeated five times' (AP). Aor. TpLUaaL in mathematics 'to multiply by three' (Theo Srn., Iamb.), cnpiaaToc; 'not admitting triplicity' (Dam.); TpLaYf.loc;, - o i (Harp. et al.), -aaf.loi (Suid.) 'triad(s)', name of a philosophical work of Ion of Chios. .ETYM Denominative of TpeIc;, � Tpia. •

TplQlVa [f.] 'trident', weapon of Pose idon (epic poet. 11.+); in medicine, designation of a cautery (Paul. Aeg.). « IE ? *trei-es 'three', PG?� .COMP TpLaLVOUX0C; [m.] 'wielder of the TpiaLva' (comm. Pl.). DER Denominative TpLaLVOW 'to shake (with the trident)' (E., corn.), also auv-, etc.; thence probably TpLaLVaT�pec;· UVTt TOU UPOTPLOUVTOC; (H.) (probably for *TpLaLvw-). .ETYM From TpdC;, Tpia after the instrument names in -aLva, e.g. UKaLVa, UpUTaLVa. Chantraine 1933: 109 considers a folk-etymological transformation after the numeral. Fur.: 189 compares Tpiva�, and asks whether the word for trident could be a transformation of a Pre-Greek loan for an agricultural tool. •

TPl�W, -O�QI [v.] 'to rub, grind, wear down, exhaust, consume, wear off; med. 'to occupy oneself with'. « IE *terh,- 'rub'� .VAR Aor. TpI'/IaL, -aaeaL (11.), fut. Tpi'/lW, -of.laL (Od.), pass. aor. TPL��VaL, TpLcpe�VaL, perf. T£TpLf.lf.laL (lA), 3Fl. Ion. TETpicpaTaL, act. TETplcpa (Hell. and late). COMP Very often with prefix, e.g. uno - , 8La-, EK-, E1IL-, KaTa-, auv-. DER 1. TPL�� [f.] 'grinding, wear, practice, occupation, pastime, delay' (lA), also 8ta , uno-, etc. Thence several derived formations: 2. Tpi�wv, -WVOC; [m., f.] : a. , (outworn) simple cloak' (Att.), diminutives -WVLOV (Att.) , -WVUpLOV (Hell. and late); -WVLKWC; 'like an outworn cloak' (Ar. V. 1132 with allusion to meaning b); b. 'shrewd (person), versed, skillful' (Hdt., E., corn. etc.), verb TpL�wveu0f.laL, meaning unclear (Antipho). •

•

Tpi8aKVov 3. TPL�UC; [f.] 'lecherous woman' (late). 4. TpL�euc; [m.] 'rubber, massager, pestle, etc.' (Hell. and late). 5. TpL�aKoc; 'rubbed, devious, experienced' (Hell. and late; probably to Tpi�wv). 6. Tpi�a� [m., f.] 'shrewd person' (late). 7. TPL�LKOC; 'based on practice' (late). 8. TpL�i8L(0)V (H.) as an explanation of 8<0>I8u�. 9 · TpL�aia [f.] 'mortar' (Suid., Zonar.). 10. Tpi�avov [n.] designation of a measure of content (Gal., pap.), = A�KUeOC; (H.). Further derivatives: 11. Tpi�oC; [f., m.] 'worn road, path' (Hdt., E., X., etc.), also = TPL�� 'practice, wear, etc.' (h. Mere., A. [lyr.l), 'friction, friction surface' (Hp.). 12. Tplf.lf.la (secondarily -i-) [n.] 'which is rubbed, snippet, scrap' (Hp., inscr., Gal.), 'drink made of ground spices' (corn., pap. etc.), 'shrewd person' (Ar.); diminutive -f.lunov (corn., medic.); often from prefIxed verbs, e.g. nepiTpLf.lf.la 'cunning person' (Ar., D.), 'ointment' (medic.), EniTpLf.lf.la 'plaster, make-up' (Joh. Chrys.); TpLf.lf.lOC; [m.] 'worn road' (X. etc.), E1IL-, auv-TpLf.lf.lOC; 'grinding' (LXX). 13· TpI'/ILC; (Uvu-, £V-, aUv-, etc.) [f.] 'rubbing, wear, massage' (lA). As a second member: 14. -TPL'/I, e.g. Uf.lcpiTpL'/I 'crafty, misestimated' (ArchiL), olKoTPL'/I 'house-slave' (Ar. et al.), rather = 6 OLKOV Tpi�wv as 6 EV O'(KqJ TpL�0f.levoc;, so transitive like nopVOTpL'/I, aKwoTpL'/I, ne86TpL'/I etc.; but note alyoTpL�ec; uTpanoi 'paths worn out by goats' (D. H.). With transfer to the s-stems: 15. -TPL��C;, e.g. EVTPL��C; 'skillful, experienced', cnpL��C; 'not rubbed, not traversed, inexperienced, undamaged' (Att.); uTpi�aaToc; of a horse 'not trained' (X. Eq. Mag. 8, 3: antonym ot TOUC; no8ac; EKn£7tOvT]f.l£VOL), as if from *TPL�U�W, if not analogical after the numerous privatives in -aaTOC;. 16. After the a-stems: -Tpi�T]C;, e.g. naL80Tpi�T]C;, -ou [m.] = 6 naI8ac; Tpi�wv 'gymnastic master' with -ia, -iT], -£w, -LKOC; (lA). See � uA£Tpi�avoc;. .ETYM The whole Greek system of forms is built on the present TPl�W with long vowel, whence analogically with a short vowel aor. TPL��VaL (after (JlCP�VaL, TUn�VaL, etc.), TPL�OC;, -� (after aTi�oc;, aTixoc;, etc.), etc. No exact agreement exists outside Greek. Closest are Latin forms like perf. trivi with tritu5, detrimentum, etc. ToAB triw- 'to mix' (not 'to shatter') is far off in meaning. Does the Greek derive from *trh,-i-gW-? See also on � Teipw, � TETpaLvw, � nTpwaKw, and � TpUW . 1

TPlYAIl [f.] 'trigla, gurnard', a fish (Epich., Sophr., Att. corn., Arist., Hell. pap., etc.); « GR? , PG? � .VAR Dor. -a, second. -a (-I- and -i-). .COMP TPLYAOCPOpOC; 'catching gurnards' (AP), -�OAOC; 'id.' (PIu.). .DER Diminutives TpLyA-iC; [f.] (Antiph., Arist.) , -iov [n.] (Hell. pap., Gp.); thence -Inc; [f.] 'kind of UCPUT] (Dorio apud Ath.). Also TpLyoAac; [m.] name of a fish (Sophr.) . ETYM From � Tpi�w, referring to the grunting sound from the friction of the gill cover bones when the fish is taken out of the water. Cf. TpLyAL�£LV KaTu f.lLf.lT]aLV Ent TWV yeAwvTwv (H.). The by-form TpLyoAac; joined the nouns in -oAac;, -OAT]C;, e.g . f.laLVOAac;, -OAT]C; (Bechtel 1921, 2: 245). Extensively on TpiYAT] Thompson 1947 s.v. ,

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Tpl/)aKvov [n.] 'large oysters of the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean' (Plin. 32, 63). « LW Orient.� .ETYM Explained by Pliny as 'eate� in three bites', but this is probably a folketymological interpretation of a loanword; see Thompson 1947 s.v.

1510 TPl�W [V. ] 'to buzz, gnash, squeak' (w 5, 7, Hp., Arist., etc.). .VAR More usually perf. (with present meaning) TETplya (ll.), late fut. Tplaw (Sm.), Tpl(�aw (Aq.). ·COMP Also with uva-, OLa-, U1tO-, etc. .DER TplYf.LOC;, Tplafloc; [m.] 'buzzing, gnashing, etc.', of animals (partridge, mouse, fish), also of teeth and saws (Hp., Arist., Thphr., PIu.); see � TPlYAJ1- Compare TP#A.A.ac; = gryllus (gloss.), and Tplyovla v.l. for T£TTlyovla (Arist.) in Gil Fernandez 1959: 124f. .ETYM Onomatopoeia like � <1TPI(y)�, Lat. strideo 'to sizzle, drone, creak', and probably also ToA trisk- 'to drone'. Cf. � TpU(W.

I

TPl�P'1 C; => epETT]C;. TPlOPXTJC; [m.] kind of hawk, perhaps 'buzzard, Buteo vulgaris' (Semon., Ar., Arist., Thphr., etc.). VAR Also -OC;. .ETYM Probably a loanword, adapted to Tpl- and 0 PXlC;; cf. £v-oPXOC; and ev-oPXT]C; (see OpXlC;). This would be an allusion to the folk-etymological meaning 'three testicled' = 'very lascivious' in Timae. 145 (Plb. 12, 15, 2). Details in Thompson 1895 s.v. •

TPlOTTlC; => oaa£. Tpl1tAa� => OI1tAa�. TPlC;, TphoC; => TpUC;. TPlTTUC; [f.] 1. 'third of a phyle' (Att.); Tpmu-apxoc; [m.] 'principal of a T.', whence -apXEw (PI ., inscr., Poll. et al.), also TplKTuapXEw (Delos HI and lIa). 2. 'sacrifice of three animals' (Call., sch.). 3. 'triad', of a threefold victory (Philostr.); TpLTUC;' Tplac; 'number three, triad' (H.). .VAR Tpl1tTUC; (Ceos), TplKTUC; (Delos, see below), -UOC;. DER TplTTua [f.] 'sacrifice of three animals' (Ister, Porph.; doubtful Epich. 187, rather to be read -KTua); also TplTTo(l)a (Athens va), TplKTOl (Sophr. 3; uncertain) 'id.'; unclear: TplKTwav KT]uav (Delph. IVa), see on KT]ua. Further TplKT£lpa (-upa cod.) 8uala 'EvuaAI41. 8u£Tm 8£ 1taVTa Tpla KaL £voPxa 'sacrifice to Enyalius, all three are offered un castrated' (H.); TplTTOla (lG 1\ 76) , accent unknown, probably after TplTTOC;; thence -oa (lG 1\ 5: 5 [Eleusis Val) with loss of the l. ETYM The form TPlK-TUC; supposes a velar enlargement, as seen also in Tplaaoc;, TPlTTOC;, TPl�OC; (from *TPlX-l0C;); an original voiceless -K- is also conceivable, given Skt. trika- 'threefold'. This form would have been replaced by TplTTUC; on the model of TplTTOC;. The third variant Tpl1tTUC; might have been introduced after TPI-1tTUXOC; 'threefold'. The variation more probably points to a Pre-Greek word (not in Fur.). •

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TPlq>OAivoC; [adj.] of olvoC;, from Trifolium in Campania (Ath. 26 e). .VAR Hellenized in Tplq>UAAlVOC; (Gal. 14, 19) . .ETYM From the toponym.

I

Tpuyaw

1511

TPlxu'LK£C; (i) [m.pl.] epithet of the Dorians (T 177, Hes. Fr. 191). ·ETYM Probably 'hair-shaking', from 8pl�, gen. TplXOC; 'hair', like Kopu8-aY� (X 132) 'helmet-shaking': see for instance Leumann 1950: 65, in antiquity already Apollon. apud sch. T 177, EM. Since early times, the word was taken to refer to the three tribes of the Dorians (thus already Hes. I.e.). Differently, Pisani Arch. glatt. ital. 50 (1965): Iff.

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'

TpOlTJ [f.] 'the land of Troy'; in the Iliad already used for the town, Ilios. .ETYM The word is no doubt derived from Tpw£c; 'Trojans'. It has often been remarked that Troia was the land, not just the city (e.g. Page 1959: 294). It is explicitly stated by Del Valle Munoyerro Glatta 75 (1999): 68-81 that it did not indicate the town, but this is clearly wrong (cf. the name-epithet formulae £uT£IXWC;, £U1tUpyoc;, £upuaYUla, £�aAa1ta�m) and unnecessary; the meaning gradually shifted to the town (going to Troy always included fighting for Ilios). The annals of Tudl;aliya IV, from around the end of the 15th c., mention Wi-lu-sa (= !lias) and Ta-ru-(u-)i-sa at the end of an expedition to the north. This must be understood as "[the city of] Wilusa and [the land of] Troy." Ta-ru-(u-)i-sa must be read /Truisa/. Thus the original form had Tru-, which surfaced in Greek as Tpw-. Tp01taAlC;, Tpomc;, TP01tOC;, etc. => TpE1tW. TpOq>UAlC;, TpOq>�, TpOq>lC;, etc. => TpETpEXW. TpU�AlOV [n.] kind of drinking vessel of unknown shape and varying size (Ar., LXX, Ev. Matt.), also a measure of capacity (medic. etc.). .ETYM Usually explained as 'bowl, dish' or 'bottle, jug'. No etymology. Fur.: 367 compares Tpl�avov and considers the word to be Pre-Greek. Tpuyaw [v.] 'to gather (especially of grapes), reap' (ll.). .VAR Aor. Tpuy�am, fut. Tpuy�aw . COMP Rarely with U1tO-, £K-, 1tpO-, ete.; TPUyT]
Ap.).

.DER TPUyT] [f.] 'vintage, harvest' (h. Ap. 55, pap. lIP, Ath., AP et al.), 'drought, dryness' (Nie. Th. 368), probably a backformation to the verb. Further derivatives: 1. TPUy-T]TOC; [m.] 'vintage, harvest' Th., Thphr., LXX, pap., etc.), -T]TlKOC; 'belonging to the vintage' (late pap.). 2. -T]CHC; [f.] 'vintage' (pap. lIP, PIu.), -�CHfl0C; 'ripe for harvest, vindemialis' (EM, H., gloss.). 3. -T]fla [n.] 'harvest' (of honey; Atticista ined.). 4· -T]T�p [m.] (Hes. Se.), -T]T�C; [m.] (LXX, pap. et al.) 'winegrower, harvester', fem. -�Tpla (D., PolL), -T]T�PlOV [n.] 'wine-press' (gloss.); 1tpOTPUyT]T�p, -T�C; name of a star which rises shortly before the vintage (since end va). 5. TPUYOC; [n., m.] = TpuYT] (Et. Gud., H.). 6. PN Tpuy-ruoC; (Ar.), -la name of a Bacchante (Nonn.). 7. OLaTpuyLOC;, of 0 PX0C; (w 342), perhaps 'ripening at different times'; but ace. to Schwyzer 1950: 449 'interspersed with fruit trees or vine�'; ITpOTpuymoc; epithet of Dionysus (Ach. Tat., Ael.), 8wL IT. (Poll.); 1tpOTpuyma· £OpT� .0.LOvuaou KaL IToa£lOwvoc; (H.). Also TpUy£l, TPUYU, TpuaK£l = �T]palv£l, -£Tm ' [trans.] dries up, [intrans.] becomes dry' (Zonar.,

1512

TpUYOl1tOe;

Theognost., H.), ihpuYEV· £�Tjpuv9Tj, bel A[flv'le; 'was dried' (about a pool of water) (H.); for the meaning, compare TPUY'l and TPUYU�OAlU· de; a KUp1tOUe; �'l pOue; Cl1tETLeEVTo 'in which dried fruits are stored' (H.). .ETYM No etymology, unlesss related to � TpU�. The words OTPUY'l (-X'l cod., alphabetically misplaced)- XOpTOe;, KUAUfl'l 'pen, fodder, stalk or straw' (H., also medic. apud Gal.?), and OTPUY'lcpuyoe; epithet of an ass (Archil. 97; in H. also u-) are unrelated: the traditional explanation from TPUY'l-cpuyoe; with prothetic 6- must be rejected. It rather means uKuv90-cpuyoe;; compare OE risci bita 'panicle-, bulrush biter' = 'horse'. TpUYOl1tOe; [m.] 'must strainer' (Ar., Phryn., Poll,). � ?� ' .DER TpuYOl1t£W [v.] (Suid.). .ETYM From � TPU� 'must' and a second member from a verb meaning 'to sieve'. Frisk connects -Ol1tOe; with Germanic *seip- 'to trickle', but this is connected by LIV2 with e'(�w 'to let flow'. Alternatively, one may derive -Ol1tOe; from PIE *seikw- 'to pour' as reconstructed by LIV\ whence, among others, OHG s'ihan 'to sieve' is derived. Yet see � IKflue; 'moisture', where the root is reconstruced as *seik-. TpU�W [v.] 'to coo, murmur' (1 311, Hp., Hell. and late epic). � ONOM� VAR
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TpU�A'l(e;), -ie; [f.] 'ladle' (Luc. Lex., H.). � LW Lat.� ETYM From Lat. truella 'dipper, scoop', after TpUW and the instrument names in -�A'l e.g. �U�A'l. Was Gr. TpU1t�AU· TOpUV'l (H.) modelled on TPU1tUW? ' Tpvfl'l [f.] '(grated) hole' (sch.), metaph. 'shrewd, cunning fellow' (Ar. Nu. 448). � GR� .VAR Also Tpuflu (sch.), -unov (BM); Tpu flu (v) = 1tOVOe; (Theognost. Can.) DER TpufluA-lU [f.] 'hole' (LXX, Bv. Marc., etc.), also with obscene meaning (Sotad.), -iTle;· AcpPoOLT'l (H.). .ETYM Verbal noun from � TpUW. •

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TPV�, -y6e; [f.] 'young unfermented wine with yeast, must' (Ion. since Archil., com., Theoc., Thphr., etc.). � PG?� .COMP See � TpuYOl1tOe;; also tmO-Tpuyoe; 'yeasty' (Hp.). DER 1. TPUY [U [f.] 'yeast (of wine), young wine' (Ph. Bel., medic., pap. IP), -[ue; (olvoe;) 'id.' (LXX, pap. IIIP e.g.). 2. TpUYLOe;· TPUY[U O'(VOU � £AU[OU 'sediment of wine or olive oil' (H.). 3. TPUY-lVOV [n.] 'pigment made of yeast' (auct. apud Plin.) . 4. -WO'le; 'yeast-like, yeasty' (Arist., medic. et al.). 5. -EpOe; 'id.' (Polyzel. Com. V-Iva). •

-

XW

1513

.ETYM Without certain etymology. The traditional connection with TUPYuvov 'spoiled wine, wine-vinegar' is neither phonetically nor semantically convincing. The formal identity with TPUYUW is remarkable, especially since both words refer to viniculture and wine production. Possibly, TPUYUW originally referred both to the harvesting and the first pressing of grapes, but was ousted from the second meaning by TPU1t£W. Porzig ZII 5 (1927): 271f. pleads for Pre-Greek origin of both TUPYuvov and TpU�, as well as that of related TPUy'l · , Tpii1t(lw [v.] 'to bore (through) (l 384+) � IE *truH-p-?/Y VAR Aor. TpU1t�O"m, etc. .COMP Also with £K-, OlU-, etc.; £K-TPU1tUW also intr. 'to slip out through a hole' (£KTETpU1t'lKEV Ar. Bc. 337; from TpU1t'l?) . DER 1. TPU1t-'lflu, -'lflunov [n.] 'bore-hole, hole' (com., Arist., Hero), with £K- also 'chippings made by boring' (Thphr.). 2. -TjO"le; (£K-, 1tEpl-) [f.] 'boring (through)' (Hp., Arist., Thphr.+). 3. -'lT�e; [m.] 'borer' (PI. Cra.), -'lT�p [m.] 'pierced vessel' (Ph. Bel.). Further T PU1tUVOV [n.] 'borer, push drill, trepan, strands of wood for making fire' (since l 385), whence -UVlOV, -uvwo'le;, -UVlKOe;, -uv[(w, -uvlO"floe; (rare and late); also -uv'l [f.] 'id.' (Hdn. Gr., H.), -UV[U [f.] 'thong of a push drill' (Poll.). A back formation is TPU1t'l, TPU1tU [f.] 'hole' (Hdn. Bpim., AP, H., Eust.). As a first member in TpU1t-aAW1t'l� 'a fox which slips in through a hole', designation of a cunning person (Corn. Adesp.) . .ETYM Probably related to � TPUW, whence also TpUXW; further afield are � Tp [�W, � TE[pW, and � TETpU[VW. Because of the late and rare attestation of TPU1t'l, the verb can hardly be denominative. It is more likely to be an old iterative formation. BSI. *trup-, *troup- has been compared, as in ORu. trup'b 'trunk, (field of) corpses', Ru. trup'b 'corpse', OPr. trupis 'log'; however, the circumflex vowel of BSI. (from PIE *treup-; see LIV2) does not match Greek -u-, which is also found in TpUXW. A better candidate is PSlav. *tryti 'to rub' < *truH-; see LIV2 s.v. *treuH-. In that case, TPU1tUW would have a root enlargement *-p-. •

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..

Tpiiniv'l [f.] 'tongue of a balance' (lA). � GR� .DER TPUTUVEUW [v.] 'to weigh' (gloss.). ' .ETYM Noun in -TUV'l from the verb TPUW; it probably refers to the opening in which the tongue moves, "foramen, intra quod linum vel lingua, de quo examinatio est" (sch. on Pers. I, 7 as an explanation of the borrowing Lat. trutina) . 'TpucpaAetU [f.] name of a helmet (H., X 183), literally 'provided with four cpaAO l , = KOpUe; TETpucpuAOe;. � IE *kwetuer- 'four'� .ETYM Compound of TpU- 'four' (from the original zero grade of � T£O"O"UpEe;, *kwtyr > *kWtru-; see also � TpU1tE(U) and cpuAOe;, with a suffIx -ElU-; originally an epithet of KOpUe; . '

'Tpucp�, 'Tpvcpoe; => 9pumw.

'Tptxw [v.] 'to wear out, exhaust, afflict', med. 'to wear down, pine' (mostly epic Ion., poet. since Il.). � GR� .VAR Almost only pres. and ipf. (fut. ptc. TpU�OVTa p 387).

1514

TpUW

COMP Also with KaTa-, etc. .DER TpUXOe; [n.] 'rag, scrap, tattered garment' (S., E., Ar., Arist., Thphr.), diminutive TpuX-1ov [n.] (Hp., Aret.), adj. -'1poe; 'ragged, worn' (E.), 'stringing, afflicting' (Vett. Val.), after AUn'1pOe; etc.; -lVOe; 'ragged' (J., Gal. et al.). Denominative verb TPUXOOflaL, -OW (EK-) TPUXOflaL, -w in TETpUxwflEVOe; (Hp., Th., etc.), TpUX-WS�VaL (Hp.), -WUaL, -WUeLV (Th.), -OUTaL (Mimn.), -ow (Gal., Hdn.); thence -WU£le; [f. pI.] 'afflictions' (Max. Tyr.). ·ETYM Formation like ufl�XW, v�xw, 'J!wxw, etc. (Schwyzer: 702 and 685, Chantraine 1942: 330); see � TpUW. See Mumm and Richter IJDLLR 5 (2008): 33-108 on the enlargement -X-. •

=

,.,

TpUW [v.] 'to wear down, exhaust' (lA). � IE *tru.H- 'rub'� ·YAR Aor. TpUUaL, fut. TpUUW, mostly perf. pass. TETpUflaL with ptc. TETpuflEVOe;. ·COMP rarely with <1no-, KaTa-, etc. As a first member in TpUUUVWP 'wearing down men' (S.), Tpuu1�LOe; 'wearing down life' (Ar.) , Tpuu1n1tlov [n.] 'mark, branded on a disused horse' (Eup., Poll., EM), back-formation TpUUl1tnOe; [m.], name of such horse (Theognost. Can.). ·DER TpU
=

I ,

whence - lfloe; 'edible, in raw state' (Theoc.), -Lfla [n.pl.] 'edible fruits' (Hp., pap.). 8. -ava [n.pl.] 'dry wood' (Thphr.) (cf. � Tpau�ava). 9. On � Tpw�aAA(e;, -(ooe; [f.] 'locust', see s.v. B. With zero grade (from the aorist TpayEtv): 1. Tpay-av6e; 'edible' (Hdn. Gr., EM), like Eoav6e;. 2. -aA(�W Tpwyw (Ar. V. 674), after nUKTaAL�W etc.; -uALa TpwyuAla (Theognost.). 3.-�flaTa [n.pl.] (rarely sg.) 'sweets, dessert' (com., X., Arist., etc.), whence -'1fluna, -'1flaTwO'1e;, -'1flaT(�w, -'1fla-nufloe;. On � Tpuyoe;, see s.v. .ETYM The vocalic alternation in Tpwy- : Tpay- is explained by LIV2 s.v. *treh/-gL as a secondary zero grade Tpay- for original *TPWY-. LIV2 also connects ToAB trask-, ToB tressiim 'to chew', from a PTo. root *tarsk-; see also Adams 1999: 319 s.v. tresk. · Yet the IE �onnection is very doubtful, and had better be abandoned (the secondary zero grade is doubtful, and there is no root *treg-). In view of the vocalic vacillation in Tpw�ava, Tpau�ava, and Tpw�aAA(e;, these are Pre-Greek words. As there is no lE etymology for Tpwyw, this word could also be Pre-Greek (though Tpw�ava, Tpau�ava, and Tpw�aAA(e; are probably not derived from it). =

=

Tpw�aUl" [f.] 'locust' (Alex., Dsc., Plin. et al.) � PG (s) � YAR Also Tpo�aAA(e; and Tpl�EAAae;. ETYM In Beekes 2008, I demonstrated that all words in -aAA- are of Pre-Greek origin (with AA from palatalized I, i.e. IY); thus the word is Pre-Greek. There is no reason to derive the word from Tpwyw (note the difference in meaning!). •

=

•

Tpwmlw => TpEnw. TpWX«W => TpEXW. TpWW => TLTpWUKW. T1)�apl" [f.] designation of a Dorian salad = "EV O�£l uEALva", i.e. 'celery pickled in wine vinegar' (Poll. 6, 71) . � ?� .YAR Acc. -LV. .ETYM Unexplained. Neumann 1961: 86f. argues against a connection with the toponym Lu�aple; (thus Fick BB 22 (1897) : 50) and instead, hesitantly, proposes to connect Tu�aple; with HLuw. tuwarsa- 'wine, vine' (whence also Supuoe;). Fur.: 262 is sceptical. _'

TUYXUVW [v.] 'to achieve an aim or goal, to meet, come across, encounter accidentally', intr. 'to meet, get or acquire incidentally'. � IE *dheut- 'hit the mark, meet'� .YAR Aor. TUXElv, epic also TUX�UaL, redupl. subj. TETUxn
1516

TUl

(quite rare), e.g. o\lllTux0<; 'who attains (luck) late' (late). As a first member in PNs, e.g. Tux-ap£To<;, TuX-uvopo<;. oDER 1. TUXT] [f.] 'coincidence, incident, luck, fate, destiny', also personified like Lat. Patum (since h. Cer. 420, Hes. Th. 360; appellative since Archil. and Pi.); TUXT]p6<; 'coincidentally, fortunately' (A. [lyr.] , Ar., Arist., etc.), -uio<; 'coincidentally' (PIu., J., AP), TO Tuxuiov 'templum Fortunae' (D. c., inscr.), � Tuxulu TUXT] (inscr. Palestine); n':t TuXeiu 'festival in honor of TUXT]' (Lampsakos); -lK6<; 'coincidentally' , (Plb., Phld., etc.), -UOlOV [n.] diminutive (Eust.); -a�WeaL· aTOxa�WeaL 'to aim (at) (H.) (TuxuaaflEvov Erot. aTOXUaaflEvov Hp.); £vTuxuA6<;· £VTEUKTlK� 'affable' (H.). Tuxwv, -wvo<; [m.] epithet of Hermes (Magnesia lIP, Str., AP). 2. TEU�l<; [f.] 'attainment' (PIu., Arr., S. E.), earlier and rh ore often to prefixed verbs, e.g. br[ 'attainment, obtainment' (Arist. etc.), £v- 'meeting, visit, request' (PI., Arist., etc.), arro- 'failing, vain request' (Hell. and late), whence £m-, £v-, arrO-TEUKTlK6<;, etc. 3. To arro-Tuyxavw, etc.: arr6-TEUYflu 'failed enterprise' (Arist., etc.), £V-TEUYflu 'encounter' (D. S.), £rrl-TEuYflu 'success, luck' (Hell. and late); but TEUYflU to � TEUXW. oETYM The nasal present Tuyxavw (*dhu-n-t-), them� aor. TUXeiv (*dhut-e!o-), and their derivatives preserve the more original meaning 'hit the mark, meet', as opposed to the thematic root present TEUXW 'to manufacture'. They are derived from the root *dheut- 'to hit', to which belong the Skt. stative duhe 'gives milk', Go. daug 'is fit' (see LIV2 s.v. for further cognates). =

=

TUL [adv.] . dJ8e. Kp�TE<; 'thus (Cretan)" LV TuTv· £V TOUTqJ 'by this' (H.). To this Aeol. TuiOe 'here' (Sapph.). � IE *kwo- 'somebody'� oETYM Formation after *rru·( seen in Arg. Cret. o-rrUl, loco of rru- Skt. ka 'where?', kLl-tra 'where(to)?', Osc. puj 'where', etc. These derive from IE *kwu- which stands beside kwo- as in � rr6eEV, etc. Further, rru<; (Sophr.) and Rhod. orru<; arose from a change of ut to U (Schwyzer: 199) , and added -<;. =

TUKO<; [m.] 'tool for processing stones, blacksmith's hammer, pickaxe', also 'battle axe' (Hdt. 7, 89: codd. K and X; Poll. 7, 118 and 125) . � PG� VAR TUX0<; (Hell. inscr., H.; in E. HP 945 TUXaL<; cod. for TUXOl<; or TUKOl<;). oCOMP EihuKO<; (-X-) 'willing, ready' (B., A., Theoc., Call., etc.), whence EUTuK-a(ou (cod. -u�ov)- EihUK[T]OV £XE, ETOlfloV 'it stays ready, prepared' (H.) (hence to be restored in A. Th. 150 [lyr.l), EUTuKl�w (EM), EUTUKW<;· pqolw<; KUL Ta 0flOlU 'easy or ready vel sim.' (H.). oDER TUK-l�w 'to work stone' (Ar. Av. 1138, PolL), -lafluTu (TUX-) [n.pl.] 'stone buildings, walls' (E.), also cmo-TUXl�w arrorrEAEKaw (Paus. Gr., H.), also with £K-, rrpoa- (Att. inscr. Iva); TUK-lov TUKO<; (Eust.), TUK-avT] [f.] 'thrashing equipment, flail' (Theognost., Eust., gloss.), -avLOv [n.] 'id.' (pap., gloss.). Also TUTavT] · opyuv6v Tl, 4J XPWVTaL Ei<; TOV aAoT]Tov TOU alTou 'tool which is used for threshing grain' (H.), TpuyavT]· � TOV ahoy aAowau 'she who is threshing grain' (gloss.), after Tpuyaw? oETYM Traditionally, TUKO<; is derived from a PIE root *teuk-, as in OCS t'bknpti, Ru. tknut' 'to thrust' and, with a different ablaut, CS is-tukati 'to cut from metal, pour, found', OCS tykati, Ru. tykat' 'to thrust', Latv. tukdt 'knead, press'; cf. LIV2 s.v. *teuk-. The aspirated forms TUX0<;, - l�w are supposed to be due to the influence of °

=

=

TUfl�O<; 1

1517

TEUXW. Yet the consonant variation rather seems to demonstrate that the word is Pre-Greek; influence of TEUXW is improbable, as its meaning is not specific enough. TlJAT) [f.] 'bulge, callosity, pad, cushion' (Sapph., com., pap., AP , etc.). � PG?� oVAR Also -U- (AP); TUAO<; [m.] 'bulge, callosity, hunch, nail, peg' (X., Ar., Nic., Hero, Str., etc.). oCOMP TUA(o)-ucpaVTT]<; [m.] 'cushion weaver' (Hyp., pap. VI-VIIP), -ElO�<; 'bulge-, callosity-like' (medic.), rrEplTuAo<; 'surrounded by TUAOl' (Delos), 'callous' (Sor.). oDER 1. Diminutives TUA-lov [n.] 'small nail' (Hero et al.), -aplov [n.] to TUAT] or TUAO<; (pap. and inscr. Ill-VIP), -ulvlov [n.] 'small callosity' (Aret.), from *TUAaLVU after CPAUKTaLVU? 2. -eiov [n.] 'pad' (S. Pr. 468, Hell. pap.). 3. TUAUP0<;· flavouAo<;, TuAupwau<;· fluvouAwau<; (H.). 4. TUA-WV, -wvo<; [m.] 'provided with a callous skin' (gloss.). 5. -6El<; 'callous' (Nic.), -woT]<; 'id.' (PIu., medic.). 6. TuA60flaL 'to get callosities', -6w 'to make callous' (X., Theoc., medic. etc.), also with arro-, £K-, rrEpl etc. Thence TUAWTO<;, T£TUAWflEVO<; 'knobbed' (Hdt.); thence (£K-, rrEpl-)TuAwm<; (medic. etc.), adj. -WTlKO<;; -WflU [n.] (Poll., H.). 7. TUA-laaw, -LTTW 'to make into a bulge, twine into a ball, swathe (up)' (com., Hp., Ev. Matt., Luc., Gal., etc.), almost only prefixed, especially with £v-; TUA-lYflU (H.) as an explanation of EAl�, TUAlYflO<; [m.] 'swathing' (sch.). Backformation £VTUAT] [f.] 'swaddling cloth' (pap. IP). Unclear is TUAAO<; [m.] 'box, chest' vel sim. (D. C. 79, 20) . oETYM Because of its vacillating meaning and its short form, TUAT], -0<; can easily be provided with an etymology. Various cognates have been proposed: the Balto-Slavic group of OPr. tulan [adv.] 'many', Lith. talas 'several, rather many', tulis 'nail on a car, plug, nail of an axle, etc.', OCS tyl'b, Ru. tyl 'neck', but these presuppose *tuH-; Germanic ON pollr 'tree, peg', OE poll, MLG dolle, MoHG Dolle 'thole', MLG (Westfal.) dulle 'booty', all seemingly < PIE *tul-no-; also, Lat. tullius 'gush', W twl 'round elevation', Alb. tul 'piece of meat without bone, roe', Skt. talam [n.] 'plume, fan, bundle, etc.'. Greek aaAo<; 'unquiet movement of the sea, gulf of waves' (cf. Lat. tullius) has also been connected as *tyI(H)o-. Yet none of these IE woros is a close match for TUAT] in form and meaning, so the word may rather be Pre-Greek. TUfl�O<; 1 [m.] 'mound, burial mound, grave' (11.). � PG� oCOMP TUfl�oX60<; 'raising a grave' (A.), TUfl�oXO-EW 'to raise a burial mound' (Hdt., v.l. cD 323) , -T] [f.] 'raising a burial mound' (v.l. cD 323) , oevl6TUfl�0<; 'interred in a foreign country' (Man.). oDER 1. Adj. TUfl�-(E)lO<; 'belonging to the burial mound' (Lyc., inscr.), -loLO<; 'id.' (Orph.). 2. -LTT]<; Afta<; 'gravestone' (AP). 3. - lov [n.] diminutive (sch.). 4. TUfl�a<; yuv� · TUfl�aou<; £Aeyov Ta<; cpuPfluKlou<;, arro TOU rrEpL TOU<; TUfl�ou<; OtuTPl�ElV KUL TOU<; VEKpOU<; CtKpwTT] pla�ElV (H.). 5 . -oaUvT] name of a wall in Constantinople, which was made of tombstones (VIP). 6. TUfl�EUW [v.] 'to bury', intr. 'to rest in the grave' (S., E., Ar., etc.), £v-Tufl�EUOflaL 'to rest in the grave' (Ph.), whence -Eiu [f.] 'burial' (Suid.), -EUflu [n.] 'grave' (S.), 'corpse' (E.). Several hypostases, e.g. £rrLTUfl�-lO<; (A., S., PIu., AP etc.), - loLO<; (A. [lyr.] etc.) .'at or on the grave, belonging to the grave'. oETYM Beside TUfl�o<;, we find Corcyr. TUflo<; (VP; the length is metrically ensured) with the same meaning. The variation shows that the word is Pre-Greek (not

l · ·· recognized by Fur.). Lat. tumulus 'earth-hill' and Arm. t'umb 'landfill, earthen wall' may contain the same Pre-GreeklMediterranean word. It is possible that Celtic forms such as Mlr. tomm [m.] 'small hill', MW tom [m., f.] 'dung, mound' belong here, as well. T1)��O� 2 [m.] in ib 1'U Il �E, referring to an old man (Ar. Lys. 372) , yEpOV1'U 1'UIl�OV (E. Med. 1209) , yEpOV1'O� . . . 1'U Il�OU (Herael. 167) ; 1'U Il�OYEPWV' EaxU1'oy� p w � KUt TtUPllYllEvo� 1'D O tuvo Lq. (H., Ar. Fr. 35, Com. Adesp. 1172 et al.); TtUP1'E1'U Il�El' TtUp ucp poVE1, �llap1'llKEv (H.); 1'£1'U Il�WIlEV OC; = decrepitus (gloss.). � GR� .ETYM Clearly a metaphorical use of 1'UIl�OC; 1. Tt'i�TtaVOv [n.] 'kettledrum, hand drum' (lA h'hHom. 14, 3) , also metaphorically as a technical expression, 'instrument of torture' (Ar. etc.), 'water wheel' (Plb., pap.), 'drum in a machine' (Hero; also -OC; [m.l), etc. � PG (v)� ·VAR Also TUTtUVOV. ·COMP 1'UIlTtUVOTEPTt�C; 'delighting in drums' (Orph.,) CPPW1'OTUTtUVOV [n.] 'water wheel' (Plb.). ·DER 1. 1'UIlTtaV-lOV [n.] 'machine drum' (Hero), designation of a hair style (Str.), etc. 2. -EUC; [m.] 'cylinder' (Hero). 3. -aploc; [m.] 'drummer' (pap. VIP). 4. -LUC;, Ion. -LllC; (u o pw\jI) [m.] 'kind of dropsy (by which the stomach is stretched like a drum)', or 'who is afflicted by dropsy' (medic.). 5. - L1'llC; [m.] 'kind of dropsy' (medic.). 6. -lKOC; 'afflicted by dropsy' (Alex. TraIl.). 7. -O£lC; u o pw\jI (Nic.). 8. -wollC; 'kettledrum-like' (Sor.). 9. 1'U IlTtUV L(w 'to beat the kettledrum, to drum' (com., LXX, Str. etc.), also aTto- (Bp. Hebr., Luc.); thence 1'U IlTtUV-lUIl0C; [m.] 'drumming' (Ar. etc.), -lUT�C; [m.] 'drummer' (Str., pap.), plur. name of a play by Soph., -La-r P lu [f.] (D., Luc.); aTtoTuIlTtUV-L(w 'to stretch on the wheel, to torture, beat' (Lys., D., Arist., pap., etc.), -lull0C; (Cat. Cod. Astr.) . 10. TU IlTtUV OO IlUl 'to be stretched like a drum' (Hippiatr.) . ·ETYM Formation like opyuvov, etc. Traditionally (e.g. BM 771) connected with 1'umw (whence the spelling 1'UTtuvov), with a nasal of PIE or secondary origin. Others have regarded it as a Semitic loanword (cf. Aram. tuppa, Hebr. top, etc. 'to beat the drum'), with folk-etymological adaptation to 1'umw and the instrument names in -uvov. Fur.: 287 suggests that the instrument, used in the cult of the Magna Mater and Dionysus, rather comes from Asia Minor. The variant may also point to Pre-Greek origin (prenasalization). =

Tuvv6� [adj.] 'small, inferior' (Call., Theoc. et al.). � ?� ·DER 1'UVVOUTOC;, -L 'this small' (Ar.), after 1'llAlK-OU1'OC; . ETYM The geminate -vv- is possibly hypocoristic; cf. � Tu1'80c;. •

TUVTAO� [m.] 'faeces, mud' (Men., sch. Ar. Pax 1148) . � ?� ·DER 1'UVTA-wollC; 'muddy, turbid', of speech (Com. Adesp.), -a(w (Ar.) of vines, which is explained in various ways: TtllAOTtU1'EW, EmppuLvElv TtllA4>, etc. (see LSJ). .ETYM Unexplained; a contamination of 1'UP�ll and (iV1'AOC; seems improbable. Tl'TtTW [v.] 'to poke, stab, beat with a weapon or a stick'. On the suppletive system 1'umw : ETta1'U�U : TtETtAllYu, see K6lligan 2007: 303ff. � IE *steup- 'push, beat'�

l?··.':., rs

·.:.· ,·

)�{.

1'UpUVVOC; VAR Aor. TU\jIUl, also TUTt£lV (E. [lyr.l), 1'Um�UUl (late), pass. TUTt�VUl, also 1'Ucp8�V Ul and 1'um1l8�vUl (late), perf. pass. 1'E1'UIlIlUl (all n.), fut. 1'um�uw (Att.), 1'u\jIW (late), perf. act. T£1'umllKU (Philostr., Poll.), TELUcp U (Theodos.), ptc. 1'£1'UTtOV1'EC;? (Call.). .COMP Also with TtpO-, KU1'U-, etc. DER A. TUTtOC; [m.] 'blow, beat; impression, embossed work, relief, outline, form; image, example, type' (post-Hom.). Often as a second member, e.g. aV1'L1'uTtOC; 'causing a counter-blow, striking back, echoing, obstinate, harsh; containing or matching an image', as a subst. [n., m.] 'image' (lA); thence avn1'uTt-Lu, -EW, -�C;, -llmc;. From 1'UTtOC; are derived: 1. diminutive 1'UTt-LOV, -LoLOv [n.] 'small example' (Hell. inscr.), -aplov [n.] 'small figure' (Tz.). 2. -LC; [f.] 'club, hammer' (A. R., Call. etc.), -ac; [f.] 'id.' (S. Fr. 844, H.). 3. -£1'0C; [m.] = KOTt£1'OC; (D. H.), -ll1'OC; 'id.' (epigr.). 4. 1'UTtllC;' TtA�KTllC; (H. Theognost.; probably for -1'llC;). 5. - LUC; xuhoc; 'hammered copper' (Poll.; antonym 1'pOXLUC;). 6. -lKOC; (adv. -lKWC;) 'figurative, exemplary' (PIu., Gal., Bp. Cor. etc.), -wOllC; 'comprising the main features, in outline' (Arist., Str., etc.). Verbs: 7. 1'UTt- OOIlUl, -ow, very often with prefix, e.g. avu-, avn-, EK-, EV-, UTtO-, 'to receive an impression, be formed; to form, mould, model' (lA), whence -wmc;, -wllu, -W1'�C;, -W1'OC;, -wnKoc; (avu-, etc.). 8. LUTt-a(oIlUl -OOIlUl (Opp.); LUTta(£lv, KomElv, 1'UTtUa-r� P lOV' 1'0 TWV aAlEwv U1'U IlV LOV (H.). B. TUTt� [f.] 'blow, thrust' (E 887, A. R., Nic.); 1'UIlIlU [n.] 'blow, stab, wound' (Hp., A, Arist., etc.); 1'U\jIlC; [m.] 'striking, wound' (J., Nic.), with UTtO- technical expression of unclear meaning (Delos nO). c. Also EVTUT((XC; KEKUAUIlIlEVOC; 'emerge in outline', i.e. 'enshrouded tightly, closely' (n 163; similarly A. R., Q. S.; = WU1'E 1'OV TUTtOV TOU UWIlU1'OC; cpuLvEu8Ul H.), and EV1'UTtUOLu, (huv 1'4> [IlU1'Lq> 1'�V X£lPU TtpOC; TtPOUWTtU KaLElAll llllEv oC; U1'�Un (H.), but cf. Latte ad loc.; cf. EV-1'UTtOC; 'embossed, coined' (apyuploV Poll.), 'able to be impressed' (Phot.), £V1'UTtOOIlUl 'to be imprinted', -ow 'to imprint' (Arist., Hell. and late), £V1'£1'UTtUU1'Ul 'he is enshrouded' (Pisidia). With verbal reference Ttp01'UTt� C; 'pressing forward' (Plot.; H. R.); OP 01'UTtOC; 'beating the mountain' (uowp; A. Th. 85 [lyr.l), O P £ l- (o p£O -, O p O l-)1'UTtO l [pl.] 'mountain worker', and - Lu, -Lll (Hp., Thphr., Nic. et al.). Blanc RPh. 70 (1996) : 199-210 thinks that the first element comes from apEDC; 'mule', which were lashed on to make them advance. On � 1'UIlTtUVOV, see s.v. ETYM Built on PIE *(s)teup- 'to push, beat', as attested in Lat. stupeo 'to be (come) numb, amazed', stuprum 'dishonor', Albanian shtyp 'to crush', etc.; probably also � U1'UTtOC;. See LIV2 S.v. *(s)teyp-. •

•

=

•

Tt'ipavvo� [m.] 'absolute ruler, monarch, tyrant', rarely fem. 'lady, princess', also adj. 'dictatorial, imperious, ruling' (h. Mart., Pi., lA, etc.). � PG� .COMP Il lU01'U PUVVOC; 'hating tyrants' (lA), 1'U PUVVOK1'OVOC; [m., f.] 'killing tyrants' (late). .DER 1. 1'UpUVV-LC; (seil. apx�?) [f.] 'autocracy, despotism, tyranny' (Pi., lA since Archil.). 2. - LU [f.] 'id.' (Xenoph., late pap.). 3. -£lOV, often plur. -£lU 'residence of an autocrat' (Str., D. S., J., PIu., etc.). 4. -lKOC; 'of an autocrat, violent, tyrannical' (since A.). Verbs: 5. -EUW (after �umAEuw), -EW (rarely with auv- etc.) 'to be an autocrat, to , rule (absolutively) (lA). 6. desiderative -ll uELW 'to strive after tyranny' (Sol. apud D.

1520 L.). 7. -L
-rvpo<; [m.] 'cheese' (11.). � IE *teuH- 'swell'� .COMP -rUpOKVT]
-rU
1521

.ETYM A loanword from a Mediterranean language (Kretschmer Glotta 22 (1934) : 110ff. with many details), borrowed into Latin as turris. On the several attempts to derive -rup Tusci beside Etrusci), see Heubeck 1961: 65f. -ru-r8o<; [adj.] 'small, tender, young', e.g. -ru-r8u K£U
1522 .ETYM In theory, one might connect Germanic words such as MLG dovel, MHG tubel, MoHG Dobel, Dubel [m.] (with LG initial), MoE dowel 'spool, peg, tap, nail' < PGm. *dub-ila-; with gemination MoSw. dubb, MoNw. dobb 'iron bolt', and verbal forms: ON dubba 'to equip; to dub someone knight', OE dubbian 'to dub someone knight'. Thus, one might reconstruct PIE *dhubh- 'to hit'. Yet the isolated position of the Greek gloss calls for caution: the technical meaning 'wedge' may have arisen in various ways.

TlJ
-ruX'l => -ruyxuvw . TwOa�w [v.] 'to mock, sneer, jeer' (lA); also 8wTu�el· EIl1tu[�£l, XAeuu�£l, Em8w-ru�ovTec;· EmXA£uu�ov-rec; (H.) . .;!( ?� VAR Aor. -rw8uaUl, fut. -uaoIlUl. .COMP Also with Em- etc. .DER -rw 8- aalloc; (Em-) [m.] 'sneering, mockery, banter' (Arist., Plb., D. H. etc.), -uallu-ru [pI.] 'id.' (Suid.), -ua-r�c; [m.] 'scorner' (Poll., H.), -aanKoc; 'mocking, sneering' (D. H., D. L., PolL). .ETYM Unexplained. •

y *ud 'up'� .VAR Cypr. in D -ruxu = Em -ruxn (also i(v) TUXUl), also u-X'lP0C; [f.] 'handsel', corresponding to Att. -ra E1t[xelpu. .ETYM Traditionally, D is identified with Skt. ut-, ud- 'upwards, up', Go. ut 'out(wards)" MoHG aus, etc. < PIE *ud. The analysis of uXTlPoC; seems certain, but for D T!JXU, other analyses are possible (Cypr. DV = av '6.vu', Risch Kratylos 10 (1965): 92; or from earlier aUv -ruX'tl, Thumb-Scherer 1959: 172). The same preposition has also been claimed to be present in the expression UFUlC; �uv u-wa-i-se za-ne 'Ola �[ou (?)' (ICS 217, 10), but this is rather doubtful; see for instance the analysis of Weiss MSS 55 (1994): 151f., positing *h2iu (y) -h2ei-s- 'bis in [alle] Ewigkeit' for u-wa-i-se. See further � ua1tA11(Y)�' � U0TP l�, � U0Te p oc;.

u [prep., pref. ] .;!( IE

valva [f.] 'hyena' (Hdt., Arist. et al.), also the name of a sea-fish 'Charax puntazzo' (Numen. apud Ath., Ael.); with the same meaning also UUlV[C; [f.] (Epich.); see Thompson 1947 s.v. and Stromberg 1943: 10 of. .;!( GR?� .DER uu[v-(e)loc; 'of the hyena' (Plin., Cyran.), -[T11C; [m.] designation of a stone (probably after the color). .ETYM Derived from Dc; 'swine' on the model of AEUlVU, AUKUlVU, etc. DELG thinks that the animal resembled a swine by its airs and its bristly hair. Yet the hyena is a species of its own and looks more like a dog than a sow; could it be that UUlVU replaces a loanword or a Pre-Greek word? UCtKlVOoC; [m., f.] 'hyacinth' (B 348, Sapph., Thphr., Theoc., Paus. et al.); designation of a blue cloth or a blue color (LXX, Ph., J., pap.); also of a precious stone (late). ';!( PG� .DER uUK[v8-lVOC; 'of the hyacinth, hyacinth-colored' (Od., E., X., Samos IV", etc.), -W011C; 'hyacinth-like' (Dsc.), -[(w [v.] 'to resemble a hyaCinth' (Plin.). Also the name of a Laconian youth, who according to legend was killed by Apollo with an unfortunate throw of the discus. He probably was a Pre-Greek god who was superseded by Apollo, and sank to be a mere hero; but he also merged with this god to become l\1tOAAWV 'yUKlV80c; (-80C;). Thence -ra 'YuK[v8lU (Cret. FUK-), name of a Doric festival (Hdt., Th., X.), 'YuK[v8LO<; (Cret. BUK-) [m.] Doric month-name (Sparta, Rhodos, Thera, Crete, etc.). On the Ionic sound substitution in'YuKlv80c; for original FUKlV80c;, see Schwyzer: 224 . ETYM A clear Pre-Greek word, cf. Fur.: 242, 377 (but not with a prothetic u-!). It is disputed whether UUKlV80<; is related to Lat. vacclnium 'blueberry, whortleberry'; Deroy Glotta 35 (1956): 185ff. and Meillet MSL 15 (1908-1909): 162 consider both •

UUAO<; words to be independent loans from a Mediterranean language, to be connected with Lat. baea 'berry' and Gr. BUKX0<;. UUAO<; [f., m.] 'transparent stone, e.g. alabaster, crystal, amber' (lA), 'glass' (Pl., Arist. etc.; in Hdt. XUT� ;\(80<;). � PG� VAR Also UEAO<;. .COMP UUAOUPY-O<; (UEA-) [m.] 'glass-maker' (Str., pap.), whence -lKO<;, -CLov (late). Also UUATj 'id.' (H., Phot., Suid.) .DER 1. UUA-lVO<; (UEA-) 'glassy' (Corinn., Hp., Ar., inscr., etc.), -£0<;, -ou<; 'id., transparent like glass' (Str., pap., AP etc.), -lKO<; 'serving for glass-making' (J.), -hl<; (0.11110<;, y�) 'id.' (Thphr., Str.), -0£1<; 'glass-co�
vp6<; [adj.] 'hunchbacked' (Hp., Theoc.). � PG?� .VAR codd. u�o<; (for u-?) [m.] 'hunchback, hump', of a camel, a Cyprian ox (Arist.), U�E [VOc.] (Theoc. 5A3), perhaps metrically conditioned. .DER u�6011at 'to become hunchbacked' (Gal.), u�-wllu [n.] 'hump' (or enlarged from u�o<;?), -wat<; [f.] 'hunchbackedness' (Hp., Gal.). .ETYM The element -�- in u�o<; is reminiscent of words like aTpu�o<;, KAull�o<;, and other words for corporeal defects (Chantraine 1933: 261); U�O<; may have been influenced by these. A convincing etymology has not been found. Petersson 1918: 74 compares Lith. subinl 'hindmost, back, bottom', which would have been derived from *subas = u�o<;. The word may well be Pre-Greek. UPpl<;, -to<;, -£0<;, -EW<; [f.] 'arrogance, haughtiness, exorbitance, violence, offence, abuse' (n.). � PG?� .COMP U�p(YEAW<; [m.] 'arrogant laughter' (Man.), ll(auPpl<; 'having arrogance (LXX). DER u�p(�w, Dor. (Theoc.) -(aow, aor. u�p-(aat, pass. -la8�vat, etc. 'to be arrogant or unbounded, to exert violence, offend, abuse' (n.), often with prefix, e.g. acp-, tv-, t�-, tcp-, Ku8-. Derivatives: 1. u�p-lallu (tv-) [n.] 'arrogant action, etc.', also object of it (Hdt., E., D., PIu. etc.). 2. -lallo<; [m.] 'id.' (A. Fr. 179 = 485 M.). 3. -lat<; (only with av8-) [f.] 'counter-abuse' (comm. Arist.). 4. -laT�<; (tcp-) [m.] 'violator, offender' (N 633 [cf. -laT�p], Od., etc.), fem. -lan<; (EM); -laT�p [m.] 'id.' (v.l. N 633, Opp., Nonn., AP), fem. -(aTplu (LXX). 5. -laTo<; 'arrogant, scoffing' (Pherecr., Pl. Com.), grades of comparison -laToTEpo<;, -laTOTUTO<; (Hdt. 3, 81 [v.l. -lanKWTEpoV], Att.). 6. -laTlKO<; 'id.' (Att., Arist., etc.). 7. tcpu�plaTo<; 'contumelious, disgraceful' (LXX, PIu., Man., •

uypO<; Vett. Val. etc.). Also u�p(<;, -(00<; [f.] name of a nocturnal bird of prey, perhaps 'eagle-owl, Strix bubo' (Arist., H.). .ETYM No certain explanation. The -�- and initial u- hardly look IE, so the word could well be Pre-Greek. Frisk is sympathetic to the connection with the prefix / preposition � u-, but this means nothing. Nikolaev Glotta 80 (2002): 211-230 assumes that U�Pl<; contains the root of ��Tj and, with many additional assumptions, reconstructs *joHgWri-. But as the Wetter-rule that he assumes is probably wrong, we would expect *W�Pl-, and the construction must be rejected. Note that ��Tj is always a positive notion, whereas U�Pl<; certainly is not. uyyE/lo<;

=>

Y£VTO.

Vyl�<; [adj.] 'healthy, unharmed, beneficial' (since e 524). � IE *h2iu- 'span of time' and *gwih3- 'live'� .COMP UYlO-TTOl£W 'to heal' (D. S.). .DER 1. Adjectives: UYl-TjP0<; 'healthy, beneficial' (Pi., lA), -Tjp£aTEpo<; (Hdt.) (after uYl£aTEpo<;); UY(-£l<; 'id.' (Pi.); UY(E)lO<; 'id.' (pap. II-IIIP, gloss.); UYl-WTEpO<; (Sophr.). 2. Abstract UYlE(U, -£la, Ion. -e(Tj [f.] 'health', also personified (Simon., Pi., lA), -ElVO<; 'benificial to the health, belonging to health, beneficial' (lA), Hell. uyCLu, -(u, PN (Hell. and late)'YY(E)lo<; = Lat. Hyglnus; quite rarely -OTTj<; [f.] 'health' in logic (S. E.). 3 · Further nouns:'YYlUTTj<; [m.], epithet of Dionysus (Ath., Eust.); Uye(OlOV [n.] name of several unguents (Gal.). 4. Verbs: a. UYl-U(VW 'to be healthy, be in good health' (lA), also Ol-, t�-, auv-; -UVat<; [f.] 'healing' (Arist. etc.). b. -u�w 'to heal', -u�Ollat (acp-, t�-) 'to be cured' (Hp., Arist., Hell. and late), -uallULa [n.pl.] = aK£alluLa (AB), -aGT�PlOV [n.] 'hospital' (pap. IIP, gloss.), -uaTo<; 'curable' (Arist.), -uaTlKo<; 'serving for healing' (Arist., Str., Gal. etc.); acpuYl-uall0<; [m.] 'healing' (Iamb.). c. uYl-Waat 'to heal' (Hp.), perhaps false for YUlWaat? .ETYM Traditionally explained as a compound of PIE *h,su- 'well, good' (see � tu<;) and 'to live' (see � �ww and � �(o<;), with s-stem inflexion: IE *h,su-gwih3-es-. Initial u instead of EU- would be due to laryngeal loss in the compound. A close correspondence seems to be found in Av. hu-jiiiiiti- [f.] 'a good life'. However, Weiss MSS 55 (1994): 151f. much more convincingly assumes that it derives from *h2iu gWih3-es- 'having eternal life'; he compares Lat. iUgis 'constant' and Av. yauuae-jl 'living forever'. uyp6<; [adj.] 'wet, moist, watery, fluid; weak, soft, flexible' (n.). � IE *ugw-ro- 'moist'� ·COMP uypollEA�<; 'with flexible limbs' (X., Poll.), Ku8uypo<; 'soaked' (Hp., Thphr. etc.). .DER 1. Subst. UYPOTTj<;, Dor. -OLa<; [f.] 'moisture, weakness, etc.' (lA, Ti. Locr.); -Tj8Wv, -Tjoovo<; [f.] 'id.' (Hp.); -(Tjv, TO ot'ipOV. L1l0VUatO<; (H.). 2. Verbs: a. uYP-u(vw 'to wet, water' (lA), very often with Ku8-, Ol-, t�-, etc.; -uvat<; [f.] 'wetting' (Gal. etc.), -uvnKo<; 'wetting' (Diph. Siph. apud Ath. etc.); Ku8uypuall0<; [f.] 'wetting' (late medic.). b. -u�w 'to be, become wet or moist' (Hp.), -ua(u [f.] 'moisture' (Arist., Thphr. etc.), -aGllu [n.] 'id.' (Hp.); may also be connected with -u(vw. c. -waaw 'to be wet, moist' (A. Ag. 1329).

M£po� .ETYM Possible cognates include ON vQkr, acc. v{Jkvan 'moist, wet' < PGm. *yakya < PIE *yog-yo- or *yogw-o-; and Lat. uvidus, udus 'id.', which can go back to PIE *ugw_, *ye/ogw- or *uh1-, see de Vaan 2008. Thus, all forms may go back to a root

*u(e/o)gW-.

MEpO� [m.] 'dropsy' (Hp., Arist.). � IE? *udero- 'belly'� .VAR Also oo£po�· ya0T�p (H.), with dialectal 0- for u-? Differently Giintert IF 27 (1910): 48: rather for U8£po�, because of the spiritus asper. Also M£po� d� cq.lloa 'diabetes' (GaL). .DER Adj. uOeP-lKo�, -woT]�, -lWOT]� 'dropsical'; verbs -alvw, -[(:tw (with -la 'to suffer from dropsy' (all medic.). .ETYM Cognate with Skt. udara- [n.] , Av. udara- 'abdomen, belly', Lat. uterus 'belly, womb' (tr < *dr in oblique cases), OPr. weders 'belly, stomach', Lith. vedaras 'sausage, intestines' (with long vowel from Winter's Law). Gr. M£po� must separated from Mwp 'water', since a full grade M£p- is further unknown in Greek. The semantic shift from 'belly' to 'dropsy' is unproblematic: Skt. udara- is also used in the sense of 'pathologically swollen belly'. MEw [v.] 'to sing, glorify' (Hell. epic, conj. in E. Hyps. 3, 15). � IE *h2ued- 'speak'� VAR -elW metrically conditioned; also Mw, Mnv (Suid. etc.) . DER MT]' O� (Theognost. Can. 19), MT]�' cruVETO�, � 1tolT]-r�� (H.). .ETYM Without ascertained etymology. It would be attractive to assume that uo- is cognate with � auo� 'voice', and with Skt. vadati 'to speak', ppp. udita. Yet there is no good explanation for the different reflexes in Gr. Ihud-I vs. laud-I. •

•

ilSvov [n.] name of a mushroom, 'truffle' (Hell. and late). � PG� .COMP UOVO
Mpa [f.] 'water-snake', especially � A£pvala Mpa (Hes., Herod., S., E., Pl.); Mpo� [m.] 'id., Coluber nutrix' (B 723, Hdt., Arist., Call. etc.); Mpa I Mpo� (Hell. and late since Eudox. apud Hipparch.) 'the constellation Hydra'. � IE *ud-ro- 'of the water'� .VAR Ion. -T] . ETYM PIE name for a water-animal, especially 'otter': Skt. udra- [m.], Av. udra- [m.] 'otter', OHG ottar 'id.', Lith. udra [f.], Ru. vydra [f.] 'id.' (with *u from Winter's Law); Lat. lutra [f.] 'id.' with additional 1- by folk etymology. Cf. � Mwp, £VUOpl�. •

MwI', -aTO� [n.] 'water' (ll.). � IE *uod-r, *ud-n-, colI. *ud-or 'water'� DIAL Myc. u-do-ro ludrosl or ludronl designation of a bucket-shaped pot. COMP uopo-r£y�� 'protecting from water, waterproof (AP 6, 90). Hypostases: EVUOPl� (-I�) [f.] 'otter' (Hdt., Ar., Arist.), M£8uoP-lOV [n.] town in Arcadia, "between the rivers" (Th.), -l£U� [m.] 'inhabitant of M.', gen.pI. M£TUOpl�WV (Orchom.). •

•

D8AO�

1527

.DER A. Stem uop-: Nouns 1. uopla [f.] 'water-bucket, urn' (Att., Locr. va), diminutive -loKT], -IOV, -IOlOV (Hell. and late). 2. -lV£IOV [m.] 'id.' (pap. II-IIlP), to *M p'[v o � or *uoplvo�). 3· -OTT]� [f.] 'moisture' (Procl.). 4. -wfla [n.] = -£ufla (Eg. inscr.), enlarged or from *-oOflaL. 5. uopava� [acc.pl.] 'vessel for lustration water' (Andania P), rather from uopavT] than from uopav (cf. H.: uopavT]' -ro aKPaL gen. MaT-o�, etc. The denominative uopalvOflaL might continue older *UOaLVW Skt. udanyati 'to water'. Cognates: U utur [n.] « *ud-or), abl. une « *ud-n-), Latin unda 'wave, sea, river' < *ud-n-; Alb. uje 'water'; Hitt. yatar I yiten- [n.] 'id.' (see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.); Skt. gen. udnas, loco udan(i), adj. anudras 'without water'; Go. wato, gen. watins, ON vatn, OS watar, MoHG Wasser; OCS voda, Lith. vanduo 'water'. The rare s-stem in Mo�, dat. Mn is also found in the zero grade in Skt. Utsa- [m.] 'source, spring' < *ud =

S- O -.

DEl, UET6� =>DW . UFat� �av ·VAR Cypr., written u-wa-i-se za-ne (ICS 217, 10). =>u. DeAO� [m.] 'idle talk, prank' (PI., D., Porph., Jul.). � ?� .COMP U8AOPP�flWV 'talking idly' (Tz.).

1528 .DER u8A£w [V.] 'to prate' (Ar., Ephipp., Phld., Luc.), also with £�-, auv-. Cf. ua8Me;· auMe;, cpAuupoe; 'silly talk, nonsense' and uAAd' 8pvAAE1, A£ya, also UAaEl' 8pVAAd, uAuKTd, A£ya, 8pTjvd 'babbles, barks, says, laments' (H.). ETYM No etymology. The word may contain the suffIx -81..0 - (as in uE8Aoe; etc.), but there is no good explanation for initial u-. •

tJlIlV [?] . T�V Uf.l1tEAOV 'vine' (H.). -
�

�

�

VKT)<; [m.] name of an unknown fish (Antim., Philet., Call.), acc. to Zenod. Cyrenaean for £pu8plvoe;; acc. to Hermipp. = iouALe; (see Ath. 7, 304e, 320d, 327b and c). -
D.

.ETYM The initial u- is due to metrical lengthening. Formed in emulation of � £yxwLflwPOl, � iOflwPOl, so probably "famous for barking". The first element probably represents a noun uAuK�, which Porzig 1942: 239 explains as an artificial formation for metrically impossible *uAuKTO-. See � uAaw . VAaW [v.] 'to bark', of dogs (Od., Theoc.), metaphorically of Cassandra (Tryph.), of a man (S. Fr. 61 conj. for uAuKTw). -lYAu� (= Hylax . . . latrat, Verg. Bue. 8, 106); on � uAUKoflwPOl, see s.v. 2. uA-uYfloe; [m.] 'the barking' (0e; 'belonging to matter' (Orph. Fr. 353); -ElW-ra [VOc.] epithet of IIav (AP 6, 106; after IIuv opaw-rae; AP 9,824). 2. PN 'YA£ue; name of a dog (X.). 3. VATjflU [n.], mostly plo 'bushes', -TjflunKOe; [adj.] (Thphr.). 4. Verbs: a. uAa(oflUl, aor. -aaua8m 'to fetch wood' (Att. inscr., Poll., H.), -uaLU [f.] 'the fetching of wood' (Att. inscr.), -aaTplu [f.]

uAlyyEe;

'wood-fetcher' (Phot.). b. UA« W, -(craL, pte.pf. -lcrIlEVOe; 'to clean, clear, filter' (Cratin. 354, PI. Ti. 69 a, Archyt., LXX, Dsc., pap., etc.), also with prefix, esp. Ol-; -lcrT�p (O l-) [m.] 'filtering-cloth, sieve' (medic., pap.), -lcrT�pLOV (cSt-) [n.] (pap., sch., H.), .] OluAlcrlla [n.] 'clarified fluid' (GaL), -late; [f.] 'clearing filtering' (Suid.),. -lcrlloe; ,[� O O of On explanatI an as e; yaAaKT aqnJAlcrlla Al.), (Clem. ? � 'clearing, cleaning' � yaAaKToe; H., -lcrlloe; XWllaTwv, nap- - TEvayoue; removing the mud, cleanmg (pap.) . ETYM The meaning 'mud' can easily be explained by a recent development from 'matter' to 'solid matter, dregs, secretion' as against clear wine and pure water, as appears already from the explanation by Phot." as TO Ka9« ov mu ?'(vou,� mu UcSaTOe;. The earlier etymologies connecting UAfj with Lat. silva or with �UAOV must be rejected. If the original meaning was 'firewood', one may follow Vine 1999b: 573 in deriving UAfj with Cowgill's Law (*0 > Gr. u in certain environments) from �IE *suol-h2-, to the root *suel- 'to smoulder'; see LlV2 s.v. *syel-. Alternatively, startmg from the same meaning, connection with ON usli [m.] 'glowing ashes', from *h1eus-l h2 to the root of EUW, Lat. urere 'to burn', etc., may be envisaged (Wackernagel I916: 185). •

uAlyyec; [?] A6YXaL 'troops of spearmen, vel sim. ' (H.). -1 ?� .ETYM Unknown. .

UAlllfj [f.] llaXfj ne; (H.). -1 ?� ETYM Kronasser Spraehe 6 (1960): 178 compares Hitt. sulli- 'fight, quarrel', sulliazi 'to fight, quarrel'; if a derivative *sullima- 'fight' existed in Hittite, this could have been the source of the Greek word. .

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tAlc; [f.] 'mud' (pap. IV-Ill', LXX, EM). -1 ?� vAR Also UAle;. .ETYM Frisk suggests that DALe; might have arisen from lAUe; 'mud, slime' by way of contamination with UA« W, UAfj 'mud' (cf. IG 1\ 94: 20; 23 beside 2\ 2498: 9) · This solution does not inspire much confidence. •

uUOC; [m.] 'the Egyptian ichneumon (glossed by LSJ as 'tracker'), Pharao's rat' (Tim. Gaz.); name of a fish (Cyran.). -1 LW Egypt.?� . . . with ETYM The meaning suggests a loanword. The hypothetical connectIOn uowp 'water' as *uo-AOe;, which is found in older literature, must be given up as it finds no support whatever. f,IlElC; [pron.pers.] 'you (pI.)' (11.). -1 IE nom. *iuH, ace. *usme, loe. *usmi 'you (pl.) ,; gen./ace. *uos, *u8s� VAR Ace. ufliie;, Ion. uflEae;; Dor. UflEe;, acc. UflE; Aeol. ullflEe;, ace. uflflE. DER Possessive adjective UflETEpOe;, Dor. also ufloe;, Aeol. uflfloe; 'your'. .ETYM The acc. VilE, uflflE go back to *usme, and the nom. UflEe;, uflflE arose by analogy with the nominal inflexion; later also Uflele; < * -EEe;, and a new ace. uflEae;, ufliie; were created. Furthermore, the gen. uflwv, UflEWV, ullflEWV, and dat. ufllv, ufl(v, uflfll(V) were formed. •

•

•

"

1531 Cognate forms: Skt. nom. yuyam, ace. YU$man, vas, OCS nom. vy, acc. vas'b, Hitt. nom. sumes, acc. sumiis, etc. The PIE basis *us-(s)me contains the zero grade of the full grade seen in Lat. vas, Skt. vas (encl.), etc. < PIE obl. *yos. ulltlv 1, -tvoc; [m.] 'thin or weak skin, film, membrane, sinew' (Hp., Arist., Thphr., A. R., ete.). -1 IE *siuH-mn- 'thread, sinew'� .COMP UflEVO£lO�e; 'membrane-like' (Hp., Arist., ete.) . DER Diminutive UflEV-lOV [n.] (Arist. etc.), -<.Oofje; 'provided with a film, membrane like' (Hp., Arist.), -lVOe; 'consisting of a film' (Clearch.), -OOflaL [v.] 'to turn into a film' (Hp., GaL), -ow 'to cover with a film' (comm. Hp. VIIP); £�UflEV-« W [v.] 'to remove a film', -lcrT�p [m.] 'knife for flaying' (medic.). .ETYM Except for the quantity of the U-, the Greek word is formally matched by Skt. syu man- [n.] 'band, throng, bridle'. Fohhe verbal root, compare Lat. suere, sutum 'to sew', Go. siujan, Lith. siu ti 'id.'< PIE *siuH-C- from earlier *siH-u-C-, cf. Skt. slvyatu 'to sew'. Formerly, Hitt. sumanza- 'rope, snare' used to be compared too, but Melehert 2003 has shown that the word means '(bul)rush' and must be posited as sumanzan- (cf. Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.); it is therefore unrelated to ufl�v, •

ulltlv 2, -tvoc; [m.] 'wedding-cry', secondarily 'god of wedding', 'hymen' (trag., Ar., Theoc., Opp., Ovid., etc.), usually in connection with UflEVaLOe; 'id.', also 'wedding' (l: 493, Hes. Se., Pi., trag., Ar., Catull. etc.), Aeol. ufl�vaoe; (Sapph., Cyrene), Ufl�VaLOe; (Call.), e.g. 'Yfl�v tiJ'YflEVaL' ava� (E. Tr. 314). -1 PG?� VAR Also v- metrically lengthened; voc. UflEV Call. Fr. 473 Pf. .DER UflEV-�"(Oe; epithet of Dionysus (AP) , -a"iKOV flETpOV (Serv.); UflEV-aLOW [v.] 'to strike up the UflEVaLOe;' (A. Pr. 557 [lyr.] , S. Fr. 725, PIu.), 'to marry' (Ar. Pax 1076), also with av-,
UllvoC; [m.] 'song, chant, hymn, elegy' (9 429). -1 PG?� .COMP UflV410-0e; [m.] 'hymn-singer', whence -(a, -EW (A., E., PI., ete.), nOAuuflvoe; 'with many songs, much sung of (h. Ham. 26, 7, Anacr., E. ete.) . .DER 1. diminutive uflv-aplov [n.] (Lyd. Mens.), adjective -<.Oofje; 'full of lauds, praising' (Philostr.), -lKOe; 'consisting of hymns' (Didyma I1-IIIP). 2. £CPUflVLOV [n.] 'refrain' (A. R., Call. etc.), -la flY, not e.g. PGr. *ph n).

1532

UVlC;, -EWC;, toc; -

Alternatively, uilvoc; could be connected with uil�v 'wedding-cry', cf. Maas Phi!. 66 (1907): 590ff. The word was also considered to be a Mediterranean loanword, for instance by Autran 1938: 33, and by Fur.: 383. The latter regards uilvoC; as Pre-Greek without further comment; Pre-Greek origin may be suggested by the sequence -ilv-. Yet, another solution would be to connect uilvoC; with Skt. sa man- 'song of praise' « *sh2omen-) and Hitt. isbamai- 'song, hymn' to PIE *Sh2- 'to bind'; uilvoC; would then require a preform *sh2omn-os, Mallory & Adams 1997: 520a. Vine 1999b: 576 reconstructs *suon(H)-mo- with development *sIJon- > *SIJun-, analogous to that of *TyoR-. This seems phonetically preferable to *sh2omn-o-, on account of the conditioning of the change of *.0 to Gr. u, on which see Vine op.cit. *.

UVLC;, -EWe;, -LOe; [f.] 'ploughshare' (Hell. and la�e pap., Corn., Babr., PIu., AP, etc.) � PG(v)� .VAR Rare variants UVVlC; (sch. Hes. Gp. 425, H.), uvvT] (H.), acc.pl. uvvac; (Aesop.); uvvlilax0C; 'fighting with a ploughshare' (Max. Tyr.). DER Diminutive UVlOV (pap. IVP) . ETYM Already in antiquity (PIu. 2, 670a), UVle; was connected with VC; 'swine'. The ploughshare would have been compared to a swine browsing the earth. A parallel case is provided by W swch 'swine-snout' and 'plough-share'. Brugmann IF 28 (1911): 366ff. unconvincingly explains UVlC; as a compound of VC; and a word for 'snout' (to MHG snouwen 'to snuffle'), with the ending after OCPVIC;, so from lE *su-sn-i-; then the geminate would have to be old. Fur.: 387 regards the word as Pre-Greek on account of the incidental gemination. •

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u1tap [n.] 'vision', as opposed to ovap 'deceiving dream' (r 547, U 90), 'true and visible appearance, reality, being awake', often as an adverb 'while being awake, in reality, really' (Pi., lA, Epid., etc.). � IE *suep-or 'sleep'� VAR Indeclinable. .ETYM Originally 'sleep, dream'; the opposition to ovap 'deceiving dream' > 'dream', led to the meaning 'true dream', whence 'reality' (Frisk Branos 48 (1950): 131ff.). Cognate with � U1tVOC;, which points to a PIE rln-stem. The r-stem further appears in the denominative Hitt. supparija- 'to sleep' < *sup-r-je!o-, and in Lat. sopor < *suep os or *sue!op-r. Gr. u1tap may regularly go back to *sup-r for an earlier nom.acc. *suep-r. •

u1ta-roe; [adj.] 'the uppermost, highest' (11., epic Ion. poet.). Also as a msc. noun = Lat. consul. � IE *up- '(from) below, up, above'� VAR With metrical enlargement U1taT�'(oc; 'id.' (Nonn.) . COMP aV8U1taTOC; = proconsul, etc. (Plb., D. H. etc.). .DER (av8-)U1taT-lKOC;, -EUW, -£la (Str., D. S., D. H., etc.), aV8U1taT-laVoc; proconsularis (Iust.). .ETYM Superlative to � U1to. Instead of the original suffix -mo-, as found e.g. in Skt. upama-, Lat. summus < *sup-mo-, we find -TO- after £oXaToc;, o£KaToc;, il£aaaToc;, etc. Cf. � U\jIl, � u\jIOC;. •

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iJ1tEf1V�f1UKE (X 491) =>�iluw,

U1tEpcplaAoc;

1533

U1tEP [adv., prep.] as an adverb 'over, above measure' (very rare); preposition with acc. and gen. (Arc. also dative [Tegea lIP]): 'over, beyond' (local and temporal), 'above, protecting from or against, because of (11.). � IE *uper(i) adv. 'over, above', *upero adj. 'upper'� .VAR U1t£p (metrical lengthening U1tElp). Dialectal forms: Lesb. '(1tEP (gramm.), Pamph. u1tap (-ap for -Ep phonetic, or after mlp), Arc. 01t£p, Boeot. OU1t£p. DER 1. U1tEpOV [n.] (-OC; [m.]) 'pestle' (Hes. Gp. 423), U1t£pa, plur. -at [f.] 'upper ropes on the sails, steering-ropes' (E 260 etc.). 2. comparative forms: U1t£PTEpOC; 'located above, upper, higher', -TaTOC; 'upper, highest' (11., epic poet., also late prose); -WTaTOC; 'id.' (Pi.), from the adj. *U1tEpOC; (cf. below). ·ETYM Cognate forms are Skt. upari, Av. upairi 'above, over', OP upariy 'over, . on', Arm. i ver 'up, above', Go. ufar, OHG ubir 'over'; also Lat. super 'above, over'. The adjective U1tEpOC; is matched by Av. upara- 'upper', Skt. upara- 'below, under, later', Lat. superus, Osc. supro- 'upper'. � U1to. •

iJ1tEpc')E�e; [adj.] only in U1tEpO£a o�iloV £XOVTaC; (P 330), with hyphaeresis for -OE£a. Meaning uncertain. � GR� .ETYM Perhaps 'highly inadequate' to o£oilat 'to lack' (Apollon. Lex., H.), inflected after the s-stems. Yet, Eust. ad loCo connected it to Moc; 'fear'. Cf. Chantraine 1942: 74 and Sommer 1948: 108. iJ1tEP�VWP [adj.] 'arrogant' (Hes., E.). � GR� .DER U1tEPT]VOp£T] (A. R.). .ETYM A compound in -�vwp, see � av�p. iJ1tEp�cpavoC; [adj.] 'overbearing, haughty, arrogant', rarely positive 'outstanding' (Hes., Pi., B., A. Pr. 405 [lyr.], Att. prose, etc.). � ?� .VAR Dor. (Pi., B.) -acpavoc;, -T]cpavwc; [adv.] . .DER U1tEpT]cpav-Ia, -IT] (Ka8-) [f.] 'haughtiness, pride' (Sol., Att. prose, etc.). Enlarged U1tEpT]cpav£ovTEC; [m.pl.] 'wanton' (A 694), after U1tEPT]VOP£OVTEC; etc. Dep.ominative verb U1tEpT]cpav£w (also -EUW) 'to be haughty, treat haughtily' (Hell. and late), rarely with Ka8-, av8-. .ETYM Origin unknown. The compositional vowel -T]- may have been taken from U1tEP�VWP etc.; the ending -avoc; can be suffixal. All of the solutions proposed (see Frisk s.v.) involve difficult ad hoc-hypotheses. V1tEPLVOC; =>lvaw. V1tEpKvc')ac; =>KUOOC;. iJ1tEP01tAOC; [adj.] 'presumptuous, arrogant, excessive, immense' (ll., epic poet.). � GR� .VAR Superl. U1tEp01tAT]£aTaTOC; (A. R. 2, 4), as if from an enlarged *U1tEp01tA�£l(;. .DER U1tEp01tA-Ia, -IT] [f.] 'presumptuousness, arrogance' (A 205, Rhian., Theoc.), -[(oilat (only in aor. opt. -laaatTo p 268) 'to treat presumptuously or arrogantly; to despise' (acc. to Apollon. Lex.). .ETYM Literally *'whose 01tAa are superior' 'superior (in battle), presumptuous'. =

iJ1tEpcpiaAoc; [adj.] 'superior, arrogant, excessive' (ll., epic poet.). � GR�

1534

U1t£ptPa

VAR Adv. -W<;. .ETYM Probably contains a suffIx -aAo<;, but the further analysis is .un�lea�. The old onnection to q)lUA'l 'dish' is semantically uncompelling. The adjectIve IS us�ally connected with U1t£pcpu�<; 'extraordinary' and Lat. superbus, compounds wIth a second member in PIE *-bh(h2)u- 'being, arising'. With a dissimilation of u - u to u l, u1t£pcplaAo<; could stem from *u1t£pcpuaAo<; (Mastrelli St,ud. it�l- !il. c/a�s. 32 (�960t 109, De Lamberterie 1994), compare U1t£pcpu�<; 'enormous and U1t£pcpeu excessIvely . •

iJ1t£ptPa [f.] 'palate' (X 495, Hp., Arist., PIu.). � GR� VAR Ion. -w'l ' ' .DER Beside it U1t£PW'lOV, -41ov [n.] 'upper story� upper chamber, attic, garret' (Horn., Ar., inscr., pap., LXX, Act. Ap. etc.). Adjective U1t£PW'lO<;, -410<; 'belonging to the U1t£p41ov, situated upstairs, living upstairs' (LXX, Hell. and late inscr., D. H., PIu. etc.). . .ETYM From � U1t£P; but the formation not explained. It would be eaSIest to start from an adverb *U1t£pW (cf. U1t£pWTaTo<; PL), formed like avw, KUTW. •

58 M., corn., Arist. etc.). U1t�v'l [f.] 'moustache', secondarily 'beard' (A. Fr. 27 � PG? (s) � .COMP U1t'lVO�lO<; 'living off his moustache', Le. 'acting arrogantly' (PI. Corn.), avu1t'lvo<; 'without a moustache' (Eust., H.). .DER U1t'lv�T'ld m.] 'the beardy one' (0. 348 K 279, AP, late prose� . , . , . .ETYM For 'beard', Greek has an innovation formed on the basIs of PIE chm m Y£V£lOV; further it has � fluO'Ta�. B.oth 1twywv '�ear�' and, U1t�v'l ar� ;Vi�hout , etymology. The older connection wIth a word * anola- face (to Skt. ana- face, mouth, nose' to the root *h2nh,- 'to breathe') is revived by Adams Glotta 64 (1986): 16£., who posits *upo-iinoleh2-. Yet, this etymology is semantically unsatisfactory and formally difficult; see � a1t'lv�<; and � 1tP'lv�<; for the formal proble�s. Alternatively, the word has often (and understandably) been conSIdered to be Pre Greek (with folketymological conection with U1tO). Pre-Greek indeed has a suffIx , -�v'l ' =

=

U1t'lP£T'l<; [m.] 'servant, helper, mate, aide' (Att., Hdt., etc.). � GR� VAR Dor. (since Iva) -Ta<;. COMP apX(l)U1t'lP£T'l<; [m.] 'chief minister' (late inscr. and pap.) . DER 1. U1t'lP-£Tl<; [f.] 'servant (fern.)' (E., PI., et al.). 2. -£TlKO<; 'belonging to the servant, serving, assistant, subordinate'; -ov (scil. 1tAOlOV), -0<; K£A'l<; 'little boat, express boat' (Att., etc.). 3. U1t'lP-wla, often plur. -WlaL [f.] 'crew, staff, service' (Att., , Hell. and late). 4. U1t'lP-£aLOV [n.] -£TlKOV 1tAOlOV (Eratosth. apud Str.). 5 · U1t'lP £T£W [v.] 'to be a U1t'lP£T'l<;, to serve, aid, obey' (lA), also with (JUV-, e�- etc.; �1t'lP £T'lfla [n.] 'attendance' (Att.), -£T'laL<; (e�-) [f.] 'service' (Arist., pap. etc.). 6. U1t'lP £T£UW [v.] 'id.' (Messen., Cos), -£Tela [f.] (App. Anth.). ETYM A compound of U1t- and � epeT'l<; 'rower', originally a sailors' expression . �he . literal meaning cannot have been 'under-rower'; rather, U1t- is a hypercharactensmg prefix stressing the opposition to the higher K£AeuoT�<;; cf. u1t0-8flw<; 8flw<;. On the meaning and spread of U1t'lpeT'l<; and its cognates, compare Kretschmer Glotta 18 •

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=

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=

1535 (1929): 77f. and Fraenkel 1910: 190 (different on details). Gr. u1t'lpeaLov is an independent formation meaning 'cushion for rowers', metaphorically 'riding cushion' (Att. Hell. and late); it is probably a hypostasis ("lying under the epeT'l<;") ' U1tl0xv£0!laL [v.] 'to promise' (Att., Hdt.). � GR� VAR Older u1tlaxoflaL (epic Ion., Delph. etc.), aor. u1toaxeaElaL (ll.), fut. u1toax�aOflaL, perf. u1teaX'lflaL (Att., etc.). .ETYM In Attic and Hdt., the v-formation umaxveoflaL replaced imlaXOflaL due to the antonym apveoflaL, acc. to Wackernagel 1916: 217f. See � £Xw 1. •

U1tVOV [n.] 'a kind of lichen' (Aet.). � ?� .ETYM Unknown. U1tVO<; [m.] 'sleep' (ll.). � IE *su(e/o)p-no-
=

*syep-.

U1tO, U1tO [adv., prep.] 'under, underneath; (from) under, below, down (to), by, because of (ll.). � IE *upo 'below, under'� .VAR With gen., dat., acc. Epic poet. also u1tal, Aeol. etc. u1ta, Ion. also hu1tu (Cumae Va), Arc. 01tu. .DIAL Myc. u-po. .ETYM Cognate forms: Skt. upa, Av. upa 'towards, near, to, etc.', Go. uf 'on, under', 0Ir. fo 'under', all < PIE *upo. With additional *s-, Lat. sub (as in super : u1tep) . Greek u1tal after 1tapal, KaTal, and U1t!! after KaTu, fl£TU etc.

tmOYU(L)Oe; imOYV(l)OC; =>eyyu'l' imo6E�(TJ =>8EXOflaL. im66pa (i6wv) [adv.] 'glancing from below, with a glance from below' (Horn., Hes.). � IE *derk- 'see'� VAR tmoopa� 'id.' (Call., Nic.), after ooa�, avafl(� etc. ' .ETYM From *tmO -opaK < *upo-drk- 'having a glance from below', formally identical to Skt. upa-dfs- [f.] 'sight, look'; for the verb, cf. tmooepKoflaL. Greek uTtoopa represents the original neuter of the compound, used as an adverb. •

UTtoAufC; => Aaac;. UTt01lETp(6LOC; [adj.] 'winged'. � GR� .VAR In UTtOTt£TPLO(WV ow;(pwv 'winged dreams' (Alcm.); variant UTtOTtTEp(OLOe; (Dionys. apud EM 783, 20f.) . ETYM Derived from UTtOTtTEpOe; 'winged' (Pi., Ion. Att.) , see � TtTEpOV, the IE cognates of which go back to PIE *petr-. Therefore, the Alcman variant UTtOTt£TP (&oe; could in theory preserve the PIE sequence *petr-. Yet, since this would require separating UTtOTt£Tp(OLOC; from all other Greek attestations of TtTepov and its derivatives, the Alcman form may be due to an idiosyncratic development of *UTtOTtTEP-. •

U1lTlOC; [adj.] 'lying on one's back, bent backwards, reverse, downside up' (ll.), 'flat' (Hdt., etc.), metaph. 'inoperative, supine' (late), 'passive', of verbs (as opposed to avuTtnoe;) 'not passive' (D. L.), TtapuTtnOe; as a geometrical term beside uTtnOe; (Papp.); Ta. uTtna also 'belly', i.e. the upper side when lying UTtTLOe;. � IE *upo 'below'� .DER UTtTL-OT'le; [f.] 'reverse position, flat shape, slackness' (Thphr., Str. etc.). Verbs: 1. uTtn-a�w 'to bend (oneself) back, stalk along, be slack' (Att. Hell. and late), also with e�-, etc.; -aufla [n.] 'bending back, bent back figure' (A.), -aufloe; [m.] 'bending back, aversion' (Hp., late prose). 2. UTtTL-OOflaL [v.] 'to turn back, be upset, supine, slow' (A., late prose), -W
upa�, -«KOC; [m.] 'shrew-mouse' (Nic. Al. 37). � PG(S)� ETYM The word is close in form to Lat. sorex, -icis [m.] 'id.', and is probably related to it. The suffIx -a� is Pre-Greek, like (probably) the word itself; the Latin word may come from the same source. On Lat. 0 beside Gr. u, cf. Fur.: 361. The older connection with Latin susurrus 'humming, whisper, etc.', Gr. upov· ufl�voe;. Kp�TEe; 'beehive, swarm of bees (Cret.)' (H.), and the PIE root *suer- 'to resound' is semantically unconvincing, as is the supposed ablaut Gr. *sur- : Lat. sIJor-. Still, the IE etymology is defended by Vine 1999b: 572f., arguing for the possibility of an 0grade *suor- in Greek. •

upa� [adv.] fl(Y0'lv, avafl(� 'promiscuously' (H.), see also on 8LAupa. .

1537 .VAR Also uppa� or uppa�, if the word is Aeolic (Theognost. Can. 23). .ETYM Perhaps a variant of Eupa� (DELG)? There is no connection with � upa�. VPlX0C; => O"U pLXOe;. VPT�p [?] TtAUVEUe; 'cleaner of clothes' (H.). � ?� .ETYM Unknown. UPXTJ [f.] 'earthen vessel used for salting fish, etc.' (Ar., Hell. pap., Poll., sch.). � PG� .ETYM A technical word, Aeolic acc. to Poll. and others. Lat. orca 'large-bellied vessel, tun', whence urceus 'pot, pitcher', may have been borrowed from Greek, as may Lat. urna 'water-, ash-pot'. Alternatively, both languages may have independently borrowed them from a Mediterranean language (thus also Fur.: 361, etc.). VC;, MC; [m., f.] 'swine, sow, boar' (ll.); ve; (8aAaTnOe;) name of a fish (Epich., Archestr.). � IE *suH- 'swine'� .COMP u
7,·,

(

I

U(JKuOa [?] . uo<; u
•

•

U
U(J(JUKO<; [m.] only uaauKou<;, nuaauAou<; (EM 785, 7, Phot.); gen.pl. -UKWV 'cunnus' (Ar. Lys. 1001); also uaauKo<;, ua-ruKo<; (H.), = nuaauAo<; (Theognost. Can. 24), uaTa�' nuaaUAo<; KEPU-rlVO<; 'penis made of horn' (H.). � PG (v) � VAR Also -u�? (cf. s.v. uaau�). .ETYM Probably a Pre-Greek word, given the suffix -UKO<; or -u�. In the sense of nuaauAo<;, it can hardly be separated from uaao<; 'javelin'; as a vulgar expression in Ar., uaauKo<; perhaps alludes to D<; as a substitute for xolpo<;, which is often used for 'cunnus' in comedy. •

u(J(Ju� [?] 'sex of the woman' (Ar. Lys. 1001, gen.pl. uaauKWV). .ETYM Ernout BSL 41 (1940-1941): 1211 derives it from D<;, with the suffix -UK-; but this etymology is obviously wrong, as it would have given *uu�. The word is no doubt a variant of � uaauKo<;. UO'O'O<; [m.] 'javelin', Lat. pllum (Plb., D. H., Str., PIu.). � ?� ·ETYM Technical word of uncertain origin; no IE etymology is available. Bechtel BB 30 (1906): 271f. derives it from Carian, comparing PNs like 'Yamm<;, 'YaawAo<;, MuuaawAo<;. Lewy KZ 55 (1928): 30f. compares Assyr. ussu, Hebr. /:le$ 'arrow'. The word could well be Pre-Greek. uO'O'wno<; [f.] 'hyssop, Origanum hirtum' (inscr. Ceos Va, Hell. and late). � LW Sem.� .\TAR Also ua-. Also -ov [n.].

7,'.' 1539 .DER uawn1<;' � aUfl'1'ux0<; (H.); ua(a)wnl-rT]<; (olvo<;) 'wine prepared with hyssop' (Dsc., Plin., Colum., Gp.) . ETYM A loanword from Semitic, compare Hebr. ez6b (Lewy 1895: 38 with references) . •

UO''TUKO<;, uO''TU� =>uaauKo<;. uO''Ta<; . n [A]ua-ra<; Ufln£AWV 'row of vines'; ua-ru8u· � 8aa£1u UflnEAo<; 'dense(ly planted) vine' (H.). Cf. nua-rU8E<;' . . . -rWV Ufln£AWV ot aua-ru8£<; 'vines standing close together' (H.). � GR� .ETYM Probably a dialectical (Cypr.) form of aua-ru<;, plur. aua-ru8£<; [f.] 'vines , planted closely together (but not in rows) (Arist. etc.), metaphorically of water cisterns (Str.), which derives from auv1a-ruflaL, as nua-ru<; from nup1a'TuflaL. uO''Ttpu [f.] 'womb, uterus', also 'ovary' (Ion., PI. Ti. 91C, Arist., etc.). � IE *ud-tero-� .VAR lon. -PT]. .DER ua-rEplKo<; 'concerning the womb, suffering from one's womb, hysteric' (Hp., Arist., Gal. etc.); compare MoGr. ua-rEpln<; 'hysteria' . .ETYM Feminine (scil. fl�-rpu 'womb'?) of the comparative � ua-rEpo<; 'outer'. The semantics can be explained from a shift *'outer, protruding' > 'belly'. A close cognate is ua-rpo<;· yua-r�p (H.) < *ud-tro-. With a suffix PIE * -ero- instead of *tero-, we find the same meaning 'belly' in Skt. udara- [n.] 'belly', Gr. � U8EpO<;, Lat. uterus < PIE

*ud-ero-.

uO'n:po<; [adj.] 'ulterior, posterior', superl. U(JTu-ro<; 'latest, last' (ll.). � IE *ud-tero 'higher, outer'� VAR Adv. ua-rEpov, -U, uaTa-rov, -u (ll.), -£pw<;, -u-rw<; (late and rare). .COMP ua-rEponOlvo<; 'bringing later punishment, punishing later' (A. [lyr.]). .DER 1. � ua-rEpu1u (�fl£pu) 'the next day' (lA). 2. ua-rEp-EW [v.] 'to be late, miss the right time, be inferior or in want' (lA), often with Ku9-, also u
UO''TlUKOV [n.] 'drinking cup' (Rhinth. 3 = Ath. 500f.). � PG (V) � .VAR uanuKKo<; . no-r�ploV nOlov. ' !-rUAlW-raL (H.); ua-r1<; (ms. U£T1<;)- U8p1<;. Tupuv-rlvOl (H.). .ETYM In view of the variant in -KK-, the word may be Pre-Greek (Fur.: 150). UO''TPl�, -lX0<; [m., f.] 'porcupine, hedgehog' (Hdt., Arist., Ael.), plur. metaphorically 'swine-breasts' (PI. Com.). � PG (v) � .VAR Gen.pl. ua-rp-1YYwv (Opp.), as if from ua-rplY�. .DER ua-rplX1<;, -180<; [f.] 'cat-o' -nine-tails', for punishing slaves (Ar., etc.). .ETYM Uncertain etymology. Often apalysed as ua--rpl�, from ep1�, -rPlX0<; 'hair' and ua- like in � Ua-rEpO<;, so 'with rising hairs'. The ancients (e.g. PI. Com.) connected it

1540 with D<; 'swine'. To my mind, however, the nasalization proves Pre-Greek origin. � U07tA'1�. uu�w [v.] 'to make the sound u-u', of owls (Poll.).
ucpaivw [v.] 'to weave, warp, devise, produce' (11.).
uw

1541

Perpillou therefore assumed that the word underwent dissimilation from *u-ph uwar (doubtful); the note by Nikolaev Glotta 80 (2002) : 221-230 is hardly acceptable. Connection with � crucpap 'wrinkled skin' (Pisani RILomb. 73:2 (1939-40) : 27) is implausible, too . U'l'l [adv.] 'up, above; aloft, upwards; high' (Horn., Hes.).
Skt. bhaga- [m.] 'prosperity, well-being, happiness', Av. baga-, baya- [n.] 'share, (favourable) lot', OP baga- 'god'. The short vowel of IIr. *bhaga- is expained by Lubotsky's Law (Lubotsky MSS (1981)) from the loss of the laryngeal in front of a voiced stop plus another consonant; this condition would have been given, for instance, in athematic verb forms, and in bhakh Av. baxs-. ToB piike, ToA piik 'part, piece' might reflect a borrowing from Middle Iranian (Adams 1999: 363) , and the Slavic cognates (e.g. OCS bogatb, Ru. bogatyj 'rich', OCS bOgb, Ru. bog 'god') must also be loanwords from Iranian, since they do not show reflexes of Winter's Law. See � �aya'io<;. =

1544

·ETYM Cf .. cr
� �

�

cpaMo"Ul [v.] . yva'/lUl 'to card' (H.). � GR� .ETYM Read acra t, derived from
� �

cpue, cpai6wv, etc. =>
>

�

f � > � p �� ?�

�

�

r

j�

f

1545

cpa(Kavov [n.] = 1I�yuvov 'rue, Ruta graveolens' (H.). � PG� .ETYM Probably foreign, acc. to Schwyzer: 490. The word is probably Pre-Greek; compare
•

cpa(vw, -OflaL [v.] 'to show, make visible, bring to light, make known', med. and act. intr. 'to become visible, come to light, appear' (ll.). � lE *bh eh2- 'light, shine'� .VAR Reduplicated 1IUfl-
cpalvw, -Oflat Eflcpa-m<; [f.] 'appearance, reflection, clarification, emphasis' (Arist., Hell. + ), -TlKO<; 'emphatic' (Demetr. Bloc., etc.). b. cpavm<; [f.] 'appearance' (very rare and late), cmocpav-m<; [f.] 'declaration, statement' (Arist., Hell.+; beside uTCocpam<;), whence -TlKO<; (Arist. etc.), uvacpavm<; [f.] 'appearance' (late), aflcpav-m<; 'adoption' (Leg. Gort.), -TO<; 'adopted' (ibid.). 4. uflcpavTu<; [f.] 'id.' (Leg. Gort.). 5. cpaafla [n.] 'appearance, omen' (Ion. poet., Arist., etc.). 6. Verbal adj.: a. -cpavTo<;, often in compounds: acpavTo<; 'invisible' (11., epic poet., late prose), vUKTlcpavTo<; 'appearing in the night' (A., E.); TCpocpavTo<; 'announced, revealed' (Pi., Hdt., S. etc.), to TCpO cpalvw; secondarily cpavTo<; as a simplex 'visible' (Orph.). Also b. -cpaTO<; in uTCapeflcpa-ro<; (to TCa p-£fl-cpalvw), scil. EYKAlm<;, lit. "not showing anything alongside", as a grammatical term = Lat. moatls infinitivus (D. H., etc.), opposed to TCap£flcpaTlKo<;, also uV-, KaK-eflcpaTo<;, etc. (late), also TCPO-, imep-cpaTo<; (Pi.). 7· -cpavT'1<; [m.] in univerbations, e.g. L£pocpav-T'1<; (ipo-) "who explains holy practices", 'senior priest' (lA), whence -Tl<;, -Tew, -Tla, -TlKO<;. 8. -cpa(v)TlKo<; to prefixed compounds, e.g. Eflcpa(v)TlKo<; 'expressive, demonstrative' (Hell.+). 9. cpavTwp [m.] 'one who displays' (Att. epigr. lIP), EKcpav-Twp, -Topla, -TOPlKO<; (late); also in univerbations, e.g. L£po-cpavTwp (Suid.), -cpavTpla [f.] (Rom. inscr. IVP). 10. Denominative (to derivations in -T-): cpavTa�oflat [v.] 'to become visible, appear' (lA), occasionally with EK-, EV-, Ka-ra- etc., act. -a�w 'to make visible, present' (late), whence cpavTaa-fla [n.] 'appearance' (trag., PI., etc.), -flaTlov (PIu.), -flo<; 'id.' (Epicur.), -l<; (Efl-) [f.] 'Sight, appearance' (PI., etc.), -la [f.] 'sight, imagination, fantasy' (PI., Arist., etc.), whence -lw8'1<;, -la�oflat, -loOflat, -lOW, -laaTlKO<;; cpav-raa TO<; (Arist. et al.), -TlKO<; (PI., Arist., etc.) 'able to produce the appearance'. 11. Adverbs: -cpa86v in uflcpa86v 'pUblicly, openly' (Hom.), adj. -86<; (T 391, A. R.), -8l0<; (� 288), adv. -81'1v (H 196, Thgn., et al.); -cpav86v in (E�-)uvacpav86v 'id.' (Hom.); 8ta-, uflcpa8'1v, Dor. -Mv 'id.' (Archil., Sol., Alcm.) , EKcpav8'1v 'id.' (Philostr.); uvacpavM (Od., A. R.). Hence, from the present stem, the jocular adverb cpatvlv8a TCal�£[v 'to play ball' (Antiph. Com. etc.). On cpav� [f.] 'torch', see on cpavo<; (s.v. � cpao<;). .ETYM Derived from the PIE root *bhh2- 'to shine, appear, seem'. A primary verb is found in Skt. bha-ti 'to light, shine', noun bhiinu-, Av. biinu- [m.] 'splendour'; a nominal n-suffIx is also found in OIr. ban 'white', ToA pani, ToB peniyo [m.] 'splendour', and in Germanic: OE bonian, LG bohnen 'to polish, scrub'. Most of the Greek forms are formed on a verbal stem cpav-, whence cpalvw < *phanje!o-. Acc. to LIV, this goes back to a PIE nasal present *bh-n-(e)h2-, whence with thematization Proto-Greek *cpav£/o-. Cognate nasal presents are (continued in) Arm. banam 'to open, reveal', nasalless aor. bac'i, Alb. Gheg bilj, Tosk benj 'to make, do' < *ban-. A verbal form without stem-final nasal is the hapax legomenon TC£cp�a£Tat; it is also found in zero grade cpam<;, -CPaTo<;, -cpaTlKo<; and cpaafla. Some of these may also have been formed analogically: for cpaafla, compare ucpaafla to ucpalvw, for cpam<;, -cpaTo<;, compare �am<;, -�aTo<; to �alvw; and TC£cp�a£Tat could have been supported by ��a£Tat to �alvw. Alternatively, cpam<;, -cpaTo<; reflect nasalless forms in *bhh2-, and TC£cp�a£Tat < PIE *bheh2-' The H.-glosses TCecp'1' Ecpav'1 � TC£cpuKam and cpav-ra. AaflTCov-ra are not very reliable. See � cpao<;, � CP'1 fll.

1547 cpalo<; [adj.] 'grey, dark grey, blackish', also of dark colors in general (PI., Arist., Hell.+), metaphorically of the voice (Arist.). � ?� .COMP cpat0XITwv£<; [f.pl.] 'having dark chitons' (A.), AEUKOcpatO<; 'whitish grey' (pap., Ath., Poll.). DER cpatOT'1<; [f.] 'dark grey color', UTCOcpatOW (to UTCOcpatO<;) [v.] 'to color grey' (late). The ethnonym alaK£<;, al'1K£<; has also been compared to this adjective (cf. Bjorck 1950: 260f.). Furthermore cpatKO<; = AaflTCpo<; (S. Fr. 1107, H.), cpatKW<;' AaflTCpw<; . . . (H.), influenced in form and meaning by AEUKO<;. Hence cpatK-amov [n.] (Hell.+), -a<; [f.] (AP) designation of a white (?) shoe? Here also cpawTo<; (of XAalva Delph. IV'), or to cpao<;? .ETYM cpato<; has been compared with Lith. gaisas 'beam of light, redness in the sky', and reconstructed as PIE *gWhaiso- or *gWh iJiso- (compare cpat8po<; : Lith. gaidrits); neither is possible in the current reconstruction of PIE (at the most, *gWh eh2i-so-). Other reconstructions which have been proposed are *cpatFo<; and *cpataFo<;. Lith. gaisas has also been derived from *gaid-sas (cf. gaidrits), but apparently without any support. In short, the etymology of cpato<; is unknown. •

cpaLpiMw [v.] = acpatPI�w (H.). � GR� .ETYM For the form, see Schwyzer: 1, 334. It must be a dialectal form of acpatp-. auJTo" [?] town in Crete, in the Peloponnese, in Thessaly (PIu.). � PG� .VAR alaTo<; is a PN, a Trojan (E 43ff.). .DIAL Myc. pa-i-to. .DER alaTlo<; inhabitant of Phaistos. ETYM A Pre-Greek name (DELG); strangely enough the name is not mentioned in Fick 1905, except on p. 15, where no interpretation is given. •

*
- XUTpU� doo� (H.), and �uKa·iov· I-lETpOV Tl (H.); there also extensively on MLat. baccinus.

1549

furnish with rollers' (Ph. Bel., etc.), -wl-lu [n.] 'roller' (Phryn. PS), also = rr0l-lrr� Tl� £V Tol� Lllovu

Wiflhampf T�� K61-l'l� uUXI-l6�, � vuKT£pl� (H.). In the first meaning, perhaps related to rraAKo� (see � rr'lA6�)? On the different names of the bat, see Schwentner KZ 71 (1954): 95f. The word may well be Pre-Greek. at· arvat (H.). .ETYM Formed with the feminine suffix -UlVU to a stem *
1550

=

=

=

•

1551

Furthermore: 1.
nav80upoe;.
cpaoe;

1552

[f.] 'brightness'; as a noun cpavoe; [m.] 'torch' (corn., X., etc.), also cpav� [f.] (Hes. Fr. 47, E.), perhaps after cpav�vat, -cpav�e;? <:DavaIoe; epithet of Zeus (E. Rh. 355 [lyr.l), of Apollo (Achae.). From cpa£lVOe;: cpae[vw (aflcpL-) [v.] 'to come to light, shine, glow' (Od., epic), also trans. 'to bring to light' (Nic.), pass. 'to appear' (CalL, A. R.); aor. pass. cpaav8T]v (ll., fl 441), probably for *cpaev8T]v after cpav8T]v (Chantraine 1942: 81; cf. Schwyzer: 723), whence cpaavtaToe; 'most radiant' (v 93), compar. cpaavTepOe;

(AP).

2. From cpwe;: CPWT-£lVOe; 'glowing, light, bright' (X., Hell.+), cpWT-[�W [v.] 'to (en)lighten, brighten, reveal, instruct', also of baptism (Hell.+), also with 8La-, e7tL-, KaTa- etc.; thence -Lafloe; (KaTa-, e7tL-, 1tepL-) [m.], -Lme; (8La-) [f.] 'enlightenment' (HeIL+), -LaTLKOe; 'enlightening' (late), -LaT�pLo!V [n.] 'baptistery' (Epigr. VIP), plur. luminaria (gloss.), -Lafla [n.] 'lunar phase' (comm. Arist.). On cpwaT�p, cpwaKw, see cpauaT�p, cpauaKw below. Them. aor. cpae 'lighted up, appeared' (Hwe;, � 502), subj. 1tpocpanm (Max. 280), ptc. cpaouaat (or rather cpaouaat, Arat. 607 of the constellation XT]Aal), also cpWVTa· Aafl1tovTa (H.). Thence two presents: 1. With an enlargement -8- only ptc. cpae8wv 'shining, radiating', of the sun (ll., epic poet.), also as a PN <:Dae8wv (Od., etc.), and -OVT[e;, -ovTLae; (AP, Opp.); as a first member cpaw[fl�pOTOe; 'bringing light to mortals', of Hwe;, 'HeALOe;, etc. (epic poet. since n 785, K 138), cpaua[- (Pi.), note cpaeaaa8at· i8eIv, fla8eIv 'see learn' (H.). 2. With a suffIx -aK- and reduplication: 7tL cpauaKw [v.] (only pres. and ipf.) 'to reveal, show, announce' (ll., epic, lyr.); prefixed without reduplication: 8La-, e7tL-, imo-cpauaKw, rarely aor. -cpauaat, fut. -cpauaw 'to shine, rise' of stars, 'to dawn' of daylight (Arist., Hell. +), also (after cpwe;) -cpwaKw (Hdt., late); simplex cpwaKeL· 8Lacpau£l (H.). To the primary verb belong several nouns: ii-cpauaTOe; 'unilluminable, unannouncable' (Plot.), �fl[- (PolL); cpaume; (8La-) [f.] 'enlightenment, illumination' (LXX, PIu.), U1tO- , (narrow) opening, opening for light' (Hdt. 7, 36, LXX, Ph.); 8Lacpaufla [n.] 'dawn' (pap. VIP); cpauaT�p [m.] 'lamp, torch' (Epid. IlIa), whence cpauaT�pLOe; epithet of Dionysus (Lyc.); also cpwaT�p [m.] 'light, radiance', plur. 'lights of heaven' = 'stars, sun and moon' (LXX, NT, Vett. VaL etc.) = 8up[e; (H.). Several PNs: <:Dau8afloe;, <:DwKpLToe;, NLKocpaT]e;, Eupucpawv, flT]flocpowv, AVTLcpWV, etc. ETYM All the above forms can be derived from a thematic aorist cpaFeIv (Schwyzer: 747), which is seen only in the hapax legomena cpae, 1tpocpanmv, cpaouaa (*cpaouaa), from PIE * bhh2- U -V-, and perhaps in cpauw (EM, etc.). The derived noun cpaoe; yields cpwe; with contraction (whence cpowe; by diectasis, Chantraine 1942: 81); thence the gen. cpWTOe; after xpWTOe;, epWTOe;, �1taTOe; etc.; and the derivatives cpwaT�p, cpwaKw. 1t is superfluous to assume a special by-form cpwe; < *bhoh2-S- (= Skt. bhiLs- [n.] ; cf. below). The PIE root is *bheh2- 'to shine' as seen in Skt. bhati. The forms with -u- are not found outside Greek. A cognate with long vowel is generally seen in Skt. vi bhava(n)- 'shining, lighhting', but this belongs to bhati 'to lighten, shine' and thus allows for an analysis as vi-bhiL-va(n)-. A form without -u- is seen in 1tecp�anat (see � cpa[vw). =

'

•

cpapK[e;, -I80e;

1553

q>apay�, -ayyoe; [f.] 'gully, chasm, deep trench, abyss' (Alcm., trag., Th., X., etc.).

� PG(s)� .VAR Also acpapayyee; (H. sine expl.); aacpapayoe; (ll., PIu., Q. S.). .DER cpapayy-w8T]e; 'full of gullies' (Arist., D. S., etc.), - [TT]e; [m.] epithet of the wind Iapyx (Arist.), cpapayyaIov· T�e; cpapeTpae; TO KaAuflfla 'quiver-case' (H.), cpapayyooflat in y� (apoupa) 1tecpapayywflevT] 'craggy field (caused by the Nile)' (HelL pap.). .ETYM Connection with a verb 'to cut, split, bore' (Frisk) is a chimaera. Like � a�pay�, � cpaAay�, cpapay� is of Pre-Greek origin (note the prenasalization). Fur.: 227 compares flapayOL· ot a1toKpT]flvOL T01tOL 'overhanging places' (H.) and Spanish (Pre-Roman) barranca (cf. Alesslo REIE 2 (1939): 153). q>apal . ucpa[v£lv, 1tAeK£lV 'to weave, plait' (H.). .ETYM The gloss is suspect, see DELG. q>apETpa [f.] 'quiver' (ll.). � GR?� VAR Ion. -TpT]. Also cpapaTp[Tae; (Boeot.). .COMP cpapnpocpopoe; 'bearing a quiver' (AP). .DER Diminutive cpapeTp-Lov [n.] (Mosch.), -ewv, -ewvoe; [m.] 'quiver' (Hdt.), after the local nouns in -(e)wv; -[Tae; [m.] 'archer'. .ETYM Instrument noun and local noun in -Tpa, for which derivation from cpepw with a reduced grade has been assumed (cf. Schwyzer: 358), beside a full grade in cpepnpov; one compares �apa8pov : �epe8pov, xapa8pa : xepa80e;, etc. However, because a reduced grade is not accepted anymore since the laryngeal theory, a loanword should be considered, e.g. from Iranian, with folk-etymological adaptation (see Chantraine 1933: 333 and especially Hubschmid 1953a with more examples of loanwords for 'quiver'). •

q>apia unknown (pap. lIP). VAR xaflatcpapLOv (pap. I1IP). •

q>aplKOv [n.] a fish (Nic. Al. 398, Dsc.); also cpapLaKov cpapflaKov (Phylarch. apud Athen. 81e) . .ETYM Unclear, see DELG. q>apKa�El [v.] . KAe1tT£L 'steals' (H.). .ETYM Unclear, see DELG. q>apKEe; [pL] . veoaao[ 'young birds' (H.). .ETYM The gloss does not appear in the correct alphabetical place; does it contain an error? Speculations in DELG. q>apKie;, -I8oc; [f.] 'wrinkle' (S.Fr. n08, Erot.). � PG?� .VAR Also � cpOpKOV· AWKOV, 1tOALOV, puaov 'white, gray, wrinkled' (H.), s.v. .DER cpapKLow8T]e; 'wrinkly' (Hp. apud Erot.), -L80uflevoL· aTuyva�ovTee; (H.), of a gloomy look, literally 'wrinkling'. .ETYM Gr. cpapK[e; has been compared with Lat. fricare 'to rub off, Lith. brukis 'stroke, line' and braukti 'to strike, rub', but this is formally hardly possible; so Pre-

1554

Greek? The connection with

•

[n.] 'plough?' (Alcm., Antim. Eleg.; both very doubtful), 'ploughing' (H., EM), also =

1555

.DER

into Late Latin, French, etc. Hence derives the name of the island in Alexandria, famous for its lighthouse (0 355).

erroneous s.vv. with Nieminen KZ 72 (1955): 129ff. and 147ff. Acc. to Solmsen 1909: 246, it belongs to �

=

� 1tupuaayy'1<;.

[n.] 'quarter, part' of a city (Hdt. 1, 180f., 186 said of Babylon, whi�h is divided into two parts by the Euphrates), of a house (Poll.); of a felt hat and of a bunch of grapes (AP); of a root (Nic.); of a gown (T.), 'cloth, covering, banner' (J.).

v

,

T I

1556

cpapuy�

cpapuy� [f.m.] 'throat, gorge, larynx, windpipe' (Od.), also 'throat disease' (Hp.). � PG(s)� vAR Also - u�, gen. -uyoe;, -uyyoe;, acc. -uyya. COMP cpapuyyOTo[.Lla [f. ] 'laryngotomy' (late medic.), [.LaKpocpapu(y)� 'long-necked' (AP) . DER cpap-uy(y)e8pov (medic., Poll.), -uya8pov (H.) 'id.', on the model of the synonyms �£pe8pov, �apa8pov [?]; cpap-uY(Y)lvoT]v 'like a gullet' (Cam. Adesp., Lex.); cpapuYYl�w Aapuyyl�w (Poll.). Cf. KOAol-Cppu�, also cpapay� and ACtpuy�. ETYM Frisk interprets this as an inherited Indo-European word for 'throat, gorge', identical with Lat. frumen 'id.' < *frugsmen, Arm. erbuc, gen. -ay (a-stem) 'chest, " breast-piece of sacrificial animals'; it would be further connected with � cpapoe;. Yet, this analysis is completely wrong: the prenasalized suffix -u(y)y- shows that the word is of Pre-Greek origin. • •

•

=

•

cpaoyuvov [n.] 'sword' (Il., epic poet., Cyprian acc. to AB 1095), 'sword lily, gladiolus, iris' (Thphr., Dsc. etc.), 'sword of the swordfish' (Opp.). � PG(s)� DIAL Myc. pa-ka-na. .COMP cpaayav-oupyoe; 'sword-forger' (A. [lyr.l), xpuaocpaayavoe; = xpuaawp (sch.). DER Diminutive cpaayav-le;, looe; [f.] 'razor blade' (AP 6, 307), -LOV [n.] 'sword lily' (Dsc., Gal. etc.); verbs cpaayaveTaL· �ICP£L aVaLpeLTaL (H.), cpaayavlaw in cpaayavlwaav· £�lcpla[.L£vT]v, cpaayavlwv- £�lcpla[.L£VWV (H.). ETYM Formation like op£navov, Konavov and other instrument names. The traditional connection with acpa�w, acpay� through *acpay-aK-avov (Prellwitz) is unconvincing phonetically and morphologically. The connection with Skt. khat;iga 'sword' (Specht KZ 66 (1939): 220) is refuted by Mayrhofer KEWA s.v. The word is no doubt Pre-Greek (cf. the a-vocalism, suffIx -av-). Fur.: 300 takes up the traditional connection with acpay- (s.v. acpa�w) and interprets it in Pre-Greek terms. Isebaert Glotta 63 (1985): 150f. connects Skt. bhajate, but he does not explain the Greek -a-, nor the meaning. •

•

•

cpaoTJAoc; [m.] 'an edible bean' (Epich., Ar., pap. lIP, etc.). � LW?� .DER cpaa�Alov [n.] 'id.' (Dsc., pap. IV-VP). .ETYM Identical with Lat. phaselus [m., f.] 'kind of beans, husk-like bread' (Cat., Cic., Aug. poetry, Colum., etc.), which probably was a loanword from Greek. The inverse direction was assumed by Pis ani Rend. Acc. Line. 6:6 (1930): 184ff.: cpaaT]AOe; would be an Italic loanword into Greek, cognate with cpaKOe; 'lentil'. Because of Alb. bathe 'tick-bean' (see � cpUKOe;), Kretschmer Glotta 21 (1933): 181f. considered Illyrian intervenience. Further details are found in WH s.v., where Mediterranean origin is assumed. From the Lat. diminutive phaseolus (Colum., etc.), Greek took cpaaloAoe;, -lwAoe;, naaloAoe; (Gal., Poll., Edict. Diad.). Fur. 175 follows Alessio in comparing Lat. baselus 'light vessel', which would point to substrate origin, either Mediterranean or Pre-Greek. cpamc; 1 [f.] 'notification'. VAR Also cpaa[.La. =>cpalvw. •

cpamc; 2 [f.] 'declaration'

.

•

VAR Also cpaTle;, cpaaKw. =>CPT][.Lt.

T cpaaaa

1557

cpUOKac; =>�uaKae;. cpuoKlu, -l6oC; [f.] 'bandage, strip' (Sor., Poll.). � LW Lat.� .ETYM From Lat. fascia . cpuoKIC; in 1. �aaK£uTal· cpaaKlOee;, CtYKaAaL (H.). 2. Otacpuaoe;· cpaaKle;. � ?� .ETYM 1. Could be a loan from Lat. fascis, or a Greek word, cf. �aaKOl· oW[.Lal cppuyavwv. 2. Possibly to be read as aKacple; 'cup' . cpaOKOC; [m.] 'tufts of moss drooping from oak trees' (Thphr., H.). � PG?� .ETYM Starting from original *cpapaKOe;, Solmsen 1909: 5ff. proposes three possibilities: 1. related to the group of LG barsch 'sharp, rough, stern' < PGm. *bars ka-, Olr. barr 'point, top, etc.' < PCl. *barso-, OHG burst 'bristle', Lat. fasfigium 'point, ridge, etc.'; 2. related to � cpapaoe; 'piece, part'; 3 · from earlier *cpapK-aKOe; to cpOpKOV· A£UKOV, nOAlov, puaov. Differently Mann Lang. 17 (1941): 12: to Alb. bashke 'pellicle'. On cpaaKae;, -aooe; 'kind of duck', see � �aaKae;. Fur.: 124 compares acpaKOe; 'kind of moss', acpayvoe;, cpaaKov (Thphr.) 'kind of moss'. Op.cit.: 300 he adduces cpaaKwAOe; and �aaKlol, etc. It is impossible to make a definite choice. A Pre-Greek word seems quite possible. cpaoKoc; [n.] 'bundle of wood' (Edict. Diocl.). � LW Lat.� .ETYM Adaptation of Lat. fascis. cpaoKw =>CPT] [.Lt. cpaoKWAOe; [m.] 'leather bag, bag for clothing, for metal objects, etc.' (Ar. Fr. 319, Lys. and Is. apud Harp., Att. inscr.). � PG� .VAR -ov [n.] . DER Diminutive -WALOV [n.] (Hell.+). .ETYM It seems formally evident to connect � cpaaKOe; (cf. CtaKwAla : CtaKOe;), in which case the bag would have been denominated after a skin from which the hairs have not been removed (Solmsen 1909: 7). Pok. 111 connects �aaKlOl· oW[.Lol cppuyavwv 'bundles of dry wood' (H.) as Macedonian. Borrowed as Lat. pasceolus (since Plaut.), phascolum (Paul. Fest.). Pre-Greek origin seems probable (Fur.: passim). •

cpaoou [f.] 'wood-pigeon, ringdove' (Ar., PI., Arist., etc.). � PG?� .VAR Att. -Ha. .DER cpaaaocpovoe; [m.] 'killing pigeons, pigeon killer' C(pT]� 0 236), 'kind of hawk' (Arist., Gal. etc.), -cpOVTT]e; [m.] 'id.' (Ael.); cpa\l!, -�oe; [f.] a wilde dove (A. Fr. 210, 257 3, 403 M.; Arist., Lyc.), difficult to distinguish from cpaaaa; cpa�o-TunOe; [m.] 'kind of hawk' (Arist.), cpa�oKTOVOe;· iepaKoKTOVOe; (H.) . ETYM As cpaaaa may have been reshaped after v�aaa, Klaaa etc., we cannot draw any conclusions from the opposition cpaaaa : cpa\l! for the origin of -aa- and -�-. For =

•

cpen/" compare monosyllables such as yu,\" aKW'\', yAUU� etc. The hypothesis by Hamp 2005: 102-5, seems too complicated. The word is probably Pre-Greek. cpunT) [f.] 'crib, manger' (11.), 'depression, coffer in a coffered ceiling, coffer' (Hell. inscr.), 'tooth socket' (Poll.), name of a star in the constellation Cancer, beside the "OVOl (Thphr.). � PG� VAR Late also 1tu8v'l. DER 1. Diminutive CPU-rVLOV [n.] 'tooth socket, gums' (late medic., Ph.), name of a star = cpuw'l (Hephaest.). 2. Verbs: a. CPUW-EUW [v.] 'to feed at the manger' (late), -L(oIlUl (EK-) 'to be fed at the manger' (HId., Nic. Dam.), -u(OIlUl 'id.' (Aq.); b. cpmv OW [v.] 'to deepen a ceiling, furnish with pap.elwork; to coffer' (LXX), -wllu [n.] 'coffering, coffered ceiling, coffer, embrasure on a ship' (A. Fr. 78 114 M., Plb. etc.), 'tooth socket' (Gal.) , -wllullKoe; 'panelled' (PIu., Anatol. inscr.), -w-roe; 'id.' (H., Phot.), -Wate; [f.] 'coffering' (LXX). 3. as a hypostasis from *EK cpUW'le;: EKcpu-rv-L(oIlUl , 'to be cast out (of the manger) (Posidon., Eust.), -lallu [n.] 'litter, scrap' (Philostr. VA, etc.). 4. {nvlOe;, epithet of Zeus in Phrygia (Laodicea Combusta; imperial period). .ETYM The byform 1tu8v'l, attested by Moeris 212, 9 as Hellenistic, lives on in MoGr. and could come from Ionic (Schwyzer: 121; Wackernagel 1916: 23 with ref.). It is widely assumed (Frisk, DELG) that 1tu8v'l is the oldest form, whence by shift of aspiration cpuw'l. Inverted writing yielded another variant 1tu81l'l (LXX; Schwyzer: 216) . Yet, Beekes 2003: 109-112 stresses that cpuw'l is the oldest form (Hom.), whereas 1tu8v'l is only Hellenistic. There are parallels for a progressive shift of aspiration (cplOUKV'l > m8uKV'l). Frisk follows the traditional etymology of cpuw'l as a derivative *bh1}dh-n-h2- to PIE *bhendh- 'to bind' as in Skt. badhnati, perf. babandha, Go. bindan. The same n-suffIx is recognized in some Celtic forms with full grade: Gaul.-Lat. benna 'two-wheeled chariot with a plaited basket', W benn 'carriage', and, as a loanword, MoHG dial. benne 'waggon box'. It has been assumed, on the basis of the Celtic word, that cpuw'l originally denoted a 'wicker basket'. However, the crib to which horses were tied is a solid construction (Eu�ea-r'l) and cannot have been of wicker-work. As cpuw'l cannot be derived from *bhendh-, the word is most probably Pre-Greek. •

•

=

cpunuyT)� [m.] 'scaly ant-eater' (Ael.). � PG (v) � VAR Also a1ta-ruYY'le; (Sophr.), 1tu-ruYY'le; (Poll.). .ETYM The variants show that the word is Pre-Greek (Fur.: 164, 281) . •

cpUU(ElV =>cpuuatY�. CPUUAO� [adj.] 'bad, unfit, ill, mean, poor, etc.' (lA). � PG� .COMP CPUUA6�lOe; 'leading a bad life' (sch.), lmocpuUAOe; 'somewhat bad, etc.' (Hp.) . DER cpUUAlOe; (of fruits) 'coarse, etc.' (Thphr. etc.). CPUUA-O-r'le; [f.] 'bad character, etc.' (Att.), -L(W [v.] 'to regard as bad, despise' (Pl., X., LXX, late), also with Otu-, EK-, etc., whence -lalloe; (EK-) [m.] (LXX, J.), -lallu [n.] 'contempt', -ta-r plu [f.] 'despiser' (LXX). •

cpeyyoe;

1559

.ETYM Pejorative adjective with a suffix -AO- and barytone accent, like IlUXAOe;, a-rucpAOe;, etc. May have been dissimilated from *cpAUUAOe;; compare the synonym cpAUUpOe;. The form is also reminiscent of � Ctcpuupoe; 'weak, powerless', and is no doubt a Pre-Greek word. cpuuaty� [f.] 'blister from burns, blister' (Ar. Fr. 883, Hp. apud Gal. 19, 150, Poll. 7, 110, EM 789, 52, H.). � PG(s,v) � .VAR Also cpuuallY�, plur. -lYYEe;. .COMP No compounds or derivatives. ETYM Formation like Il�Vly�, a-rpOCPly�, etc. that has been compared with cpUU(El. cppuyEl 'roasts, dries' (H.). The prenasalized suffIx and the variation a/a-r show that the word is Pre-Greek; note the intervocalic -a-. •

cpu,\, =>cpuaau. CPE�Of1Ul [v.] 'to flee, take flight' (Hom., A. R.) . � IE *bhegw_ 'run away, flee'� VAR Only pres. and ipf. .DER Causative-iterative cpo�ew 'to put to flight, frighten', -eollUl 'to flee, take flight, be put to flight' (Hom.), also 'to frighten' and 'to be frightened' (post-Hom.), also with EK-, Kmu-, lmEp-, 1tpO-, etc.; later, the verb was interpreted as a denominative. Hence cpo�-'lIlU (EK-) [n.] 'fear' (S. [lyr.], sch.), EK-cpO�-'late; [f.] 'fright' (Hdn., Sch., H.), CPO�-'lllKO<; (EK-, 1tpo-) 'fearful, daunting' (Arist. etc.), -'l-rpov (EK-) [n.] 'terror, scarecrow, terrible event' (Hp., LXX, Ev. Luc., AP). As a first member in O�Wla-rpU-r'l epithet of Athena (Ar. Eq. 1177) , on the model of £AKWl-, CtACPWl-, ' Lallwl- etc.), also o�ea-rpu-roe; 'id.' (Hes. Th. apud Chrysipp. Stoic., EM 797, 54; after APXE- etc.). Verbal noun cpo�oe; [m.] 'flight' (11., epic poet.), 'fright' (post Hom.), probably also A 544 etc.; often as a second member, e.g. 1tEPL-, £K-, £11-, lmepcpO�oe;, partly back-formations from EKcpo�ew, -eoIlUl, etc. Hence cpO�EpOe; 'dreadful, fearful' (lA), CPO�Ep-O-r'le; [f.] 'terribleness', -L(W 'to terrify', -lalloe; [m.] (LXX). cpo�o<; 'fright' replaced the noun Moe; (to OELOW). On � cpo�'l see s.v. ' .ETYM Beside thematic cpe�ollUl with *e , we find Balto-Slavic cognates with -e- from Winter's Law: Lith. begti, ISg. begu 'to walk, run' , Latv. begt, ISg. bfgu 'to walk', begties 'to flee' (btga 'flight', beglis 'fugitive'), OCS bezati, ISg. beip 'CPEUYElV', Ru. beiatb, ISg. begu 'to walk, flee'. Van Windekens 1941: 96 suggested connecting ToA pkant 'apart', pukal 'year', ToB pikul 'year'; considered conceivable by Adams 1999 s.v. pikul. •

cpEyyO� [n.] 'light, splendour, lustre' (mostly poet., h. Cer. 278, also Att., Hell. + ). � ?� .COMP E.g. xpuaocpEyy�e; 'with golden radiance, gold-radiant' (A. Ag. 288) ; cpEyyo�oMw 'to cast light' (Man.) . DER cpEyyL-r'le; [m.] name of a stone = aEA'lVL-r'le; (Plin., etc.); �pUXUCPEYYL-r'le; = �pUXUcpEyy�e; (AUXVOe;) 'casting a sparse light' (AP 6, 251; metrically enlarged). As a back-formation: cpeyyw [v.] 'to glow, shine, enlighten' (Ar. Ra. 344 [lyr.] , A. R., late), only pres. and ipf., also with 1tEPl-, occaSionally KU-rU-, Ctvu-. .ETYM No etymology. Has often been connected with Lith. spingiu (splngu), spingeti 'to give a weak light, glitter' and with OE spincan 'to spark', OHG funko, MoHG •

1560 Funke 'spark', but this suggestion is impossible in view of the initial stops. Nor is a contamination of *mc£yyo<; and cpcw<; probable. cpEi [n.] name of a letter. VAR Indeclinable. .ETYM After � m::l, s.v. •

cpd6o!1Ul [v.] 'to spare, save, refrain from' (ll.). � IE? *bheid- 'split' (?)� VAR Sigm. aor. cpelaacr8m (0 236, etc.), redupl. them. aor. 7Tecpu'5£a8m, opt. -OlfHjV (Y 464,
•

cpeAyuvEL [v.] . uauve-r£1, A'1p£1 'is stupid, talks nonsense' (H.). � ?� ETYM Has often been connected with Skt. phalgu- 'futile, weak, useless, etc.', Lith. spifgti 'to languish from lack of light, die off (of plants), get a bad appearance (of , men) and others, but this comparison is doubtful in all respects. •

CPEAAElJ<; [m.] 'uneven, stony ground', also the name of a mountainous region in Attica (Cratin., Ar., Pl. etc.). � ?� .DER
cpep�w, -ollm bird (Dionys. Av.), cpeAAlvLOl' opo�aKxm (H.). Also
cpEvvijm<; [m.] 'priest of Isis' (Wilsken, Grieeh. Ostraka 413, 417, 420 [!Pl). � LW Eg.� .ETYM An Egyptian word; see Masson Revue d'Egyptologie 29 (1977) : 58. CPEVVIOV [?] . M'1OLKh 680<;. IIullCPUALOl (H.). � ?� .ETYM Unknown. CPEVVI<;, -16a [f.] 'ball game' (H., Phot., Suid.). P - P - kw, also po-qe-wi-ja-i /phorgWewiahi/ = cpop�£Lul<; (see 4. below). .COMP 7TOAUCPOP�O<; 'rich in pastures, feeding many' (ll., Hes.), eucpop�o<; 'well-fed' (Orph.), eucpop�lu [E] 'good food' (S. Fr. 848) , -LOV [n.] name of a tree, 'Euphorbia resinifera', and its juice (Dsc., Gal., S. E. etc.). Also ellcpop�LOV' LeAWV'1IlU (H.), whence Arc. ivcpop�lev (= *ellcpop�l£Lv) 'to raise pasture taxes', ivcpop�Lall0<; (Tegea IVa). As a second member e.g. in au(o)-cpop�o<; [m.] 'swine-herd' (Horn., etc.) . .DER cp£p�ouau [f.] plant name (Ps.-Dsc.), cpep�'1Ta<;' vOIl£1<; 'herdsmen' (H.). With o-grade: cpop��, Dor. -a [f.] 'pasture, food, nourishment' (Ion. poet. since n.).

Thence: 1. oaKoe;.
•

•

II

l

'snail' (Hes. Op. 571), �4JOV 0flOLOV yaAft (Cratin. 94, EM, H.); also
=

I

l" i�(\ "

C. With lengthened grade: �

•

2. With suffix -ii-:
1566 .DER CP�YlVO<; (E 838, Call., Dsc.), with extended suffIx -LV£O<; (AP, Orph.) 'of the oak, oaken' (borrowed as Lat.faginus, -ineus), PN
cpqATJ�' -TJKO<; [m.] 'wild fIg' (S. Fr. 781[?], Ar. Pax i165). � PG (S) � COMP CP'lA'lKOSPEnTOV' uno OAUVSOU (cod. OAOVSOV) 1'�<; O1JK�<; 1'ESpa/l/l£vov (H.). .ETYM An evident Pre-Greek word in -'l� (cf. Fur.: 2457°). It might have been folk etymologically adapted to � CP'lA6<;, cf. Chantraine 1933: 381, Nehring Glotta 14 (1925): 181. •

CPTJAO<; [adj.] 'deceitful, deceptive' (EM, sch. Ar. Pax 1165, H., Suid.). � PG?� VAR Accent following Hdn. Gr. 1, 155, 20. .COMP �p01'OCP'lAO<;' uvSpwnou<; CP'lAWV, 1'OU1'£O'1'lV una1'WV (H.). .DER Denominative CP'lA6w [v.] 'to deceive' (few attestations in A., E., A. R., etc.), whence cp�Aw/la [n.] (Antipho Soph.), -WO'I<; [f.] (EM) 'deception'. CP'lA�1''l<; (accent following EM 794, 1) [m.] 'deceiver' (Hes. Op. 375 (?) , h. Mere., trag. etc.), often written as CPlA-, and at a very early date; hence -'l1'EUW 'to deceive' (h. Mere.), -'lO"Lat<;· KAEnTOGUVat<; (H.), -a1'La [f.] , -a1'La<; [nom.sg.m.] = -�1''l<;? (Delphi lIP). For the origin of the spelling CPlA-, cf. Bechtel 1921(3): 336, Luther 1935: 167f. .ETYM Has been connected with Lat. fallo 'deceive', and with � unocpwALO<;. On cpaA6<; = /lwpo<;, e/l/lav�<; with cpaALnT£l, cpaAwSEL<; see � cpaA6<;· AEUKO<;. DELG thinks that the writing CPlA- is not original, but to my mind, the argumentation is wrong. The word may well be Pre-Greek. •

CPTJ!1l [v.] 'to say, explain, argue', perfective (ll.), as against imperfective Myw, UYOPEUW etc. 'to speak, talk'. Hence, the old ipf. ECP'lV got aoristic function. Pres. med. ecpu/l'lv, Ecpa1'O, etc. � IE *bheh2- 'say'� .VAR Dor. cpa/lL, Aeol. cpa/ll, also cpO,O"KW, inf. cpo'Vat (Att.), cpO,/lEV (Horn.), ipf. ECP'lV, Ecpav, epic also ecpo'/l'lv, inf. cPO,O"Sat, fut. CP�O"w (8 148, 153), Dor. CPaO"W (Ar. Aeh. 739, et al.), CPO,O"0/lat (Pi.), aor. CP�O"at (Hdt., Att.), perf. med. n£cpawl (A. R.), ipv. nEcpo'O"Sw (PI. Ti. 72d) . DIAL Myc. 3sg. pa-si Iphasi/. COMP Often with prefIx, e.g. UV1'l-, uno-, napa-, npoO"-, O1JV-. DER A. With full grade: 1. CP�/l'l ' Dor. Aeol. cpO,/la [f.] 'quotation, enunciation, rumour, reputation, speech' (Od.); as a second member e.g. in EUCP'l/l0<;, -cpa/l0<; 'bringing a good message, containing no evil omen = mute, boding well' (ll.; PN B 846), whence -£w, -La, -L(O/lat, -lO"/l0<;; nOAucp'l/l0<; -cpa/l0<; 'speaking much, much ' spoken of, famous' (ll.; PN A 264, Od. [PN] , Pi., Parm. etc.), whence -La. From CP�/lf] is derived the PN
• •

-La epithet of Athena (ibd.). Denominative CP'l/lL(W [v.] 'to announce, spread by rumour' (Hes.), also with em-, ola-, Kma- etc.; hence emcp�/llO"/la [n.] 'acclamation of ill or good omen' (Th., 1.), -lO"/lO<; [m.] 'benediction' (Str.). From H.: acp�/lovE<;' apP'll'Ol, OUK ovo/la(o/lEvOl; acp'l/loDvW<;' UypOLKOU<;; acp'l/lLO"1'OU<;' UypolKLa<; (read -KOU<;?); acpa/llW1'at· OIK£Wl aypoIKol, nEpLOlKOl (Cret.). 2. CP�/ll<;, -lO<; [f.] 'speech, talk' (epic poet. since K 207), probably a contamination of CP�/l'l and cpo'1'l<;. 3. cp�/la1'a· p�/law, cpo'O"/la1'a (H.). 4. CP'1!l0GUv'l [f.] 'oracle?' (Crete lI-P). 5· -CP�1''l<; [m.] in unocp�1''l<; 'interpreter, expositor' (P 235, Hell. epic), -CP�1'l<; [f.] (AP etc.), -CPo'1'l<; (Pi.), -CP'l1'EUW, -£la (late); npocp�1''l<; (lA), Dor. Boeot. -cpo'w<; (Pi., B., Corinn.) 'announcer, seer, prophet', -CP�1'l<; [f.] (E., PI., LXX, etc.), -CP'l1'£UW, -£la, also -CP'l1'L(W (Hp.), -CP'l1'o'(w (Man.), -CP'l1'lKO<; (late); PN Eu-, rrEplcp�1''l<; (ll.). 6. -CP�1'Wp = -CP�1''l<; in uno - , npocp�1'wp (Hell. and late poetry), O"u/lCP�1'WP' /lO,Vl'l<;, /lap1'u<; (H.) . B. With zero grade: 1. CPo'l'l<; [f.] 'quotation, rumour, enunciation' (epic poet. since Od., Hdt.), cpa1'L(w (Kaw-) [v.] 'to state, confIrm, betroth' (epic poet. since Parm., Hdt., et al.). 2. CPo'O'I<; 'id.' (Hdt., PI., Arist., etc.), often to the prefIxed verbs aV1'L-, ano-, EK-, Ka1'o'-, whence (UVl'l-, ano-)cpal'lKo<; (Arist. etc.); CPo'1''l<;' \lfEUO"1''l<; (H.). 3. cpmo<;, as a simplex only in opposition to acpmo<; 'unmentioned, unknown' (Hes. Op. 3) and with negation = acpa1'o<; 'ineffable, unspeakable' (Hes. Se. 230, Parm., Pi., etc.); as a second member (in original univerbations), e.g. naAaL-cpa1'o<; 'spoken of long ago, ancient' (Od., epic poet.). 4. cpa1'£lo<;, only with OU: 'unutterable' (Hes., verse-fInal); probably metrical (or O"1'LX0<; /l£loupo<;) for -1'£0<;, if not = Skt. -tavya-. .ETYM PIE root present *bheh2- / *bhh2- 'to say'. Cognate verbs are Arm. bam 'say' < *bheh2-mi, bay <*bheh2-ti 'says' introducing direct speech (see Schwyzer KZ 57 (1930): 242ff. on Lesb. cpat 'you say'), Latin med. fatur (cf. CPo'1'o), Ru. bajati, 1Sg. baju 'to talk, speak', possibly OE bo(i)an 'to brag'. A derived nasal present may be Skt. bhanati 'speak, sound'. Gr. CPo'l'l<; corresponds to Arm. bay 'word, speeh', and CP�/l'l to Lat. fama 'rumour, fame'. Gr. acpa1'o<; corresponds to Latin infitias 'ire 'to deny' from *in fato- 'not said'; *fato- is also the basis for fateor 'to admit'. Furher nominal derivations are Lat. fas, fatum, fabula, faeundus; Armenian ban, gen. ban-i, instr. ban-iw 'word, speech, matter' with a suffIx * -ni-, ON ben, OE ben 'request, prayer' < PIE *bhe/oh2-ni- (cf. cpwv�). The PIE root *bheh2- 'speak' may be identical in origin with *bheh2- 'to shine' in Skt. bha-ti 'to light, shine', see � cpaLvw. They are formally the same, and the semantic derivation is common: 'say' < 'explain, make clear', etc., cf. Lat. declaro, arguo, etc. See � cpwv�. cpqvTJ [f.] large bird of prey, perhaps 'bearded vulture' (Od., Ar., Arist., Opp., etc.). � PG? (v) � .VAR Also CPLVl<; (v.l. Dsc. 2, 53); see Fur.: 171114. .DER

=

1570

cpe[Vw

(late), XP'1fla,o- 'wasting money' (Pl.); -w0'1<; 'depraved, harmful' (Hdn., Lyd.). With zero grade: 5. cpeapfla [n.] 'corruption, throw-off' (LXX, J.), uno- 'miscarriage' (Hp.). 6. aUflcpeapaL<; [f.] 'simultaneous destruction' (late). 7. cpeaplo<; 'destructable, perishable' (Arist. etc.), often acpeaplo<; 'imperishable' (Arist., Hell. +), ucpeapa[a [f.] 'imperishability' (Epicur., LXX, NT etc.), whence cpeapa[a (Thales apud Fulg.). 8. cpeap'lKo<; 'destructive, harmful' (Arist., medic., etc.). ETYM Greek cpedpw < *dhgwher-je/a- corresponds to an intransitive present in Indo Iranian: Skt. k$arati, Av. yzaraiti 'to flow, stream', Skt. also 'to flow away, diverge, disappear'. An PIE s-aorist (ecpe£lpa < ecpe£p-a-) is retained in 3sg. ak$ar (RV) < *a k$ar-$-t; the other verbal formations of Greek and Ilr. (e.g. caus. Skt. k$arayati = Av. yzaraiieiti 'to let flow', ptc. k$arita, etc.) are inn'6vations. The morphological identity of cpeopo<; and Skt. k$ara- [n.] 'water' (Lex.) is due to independent development, as is the comparison between acpeopo<; 'unspoiled, pure' (late) and ak$ara- 'not flowing away, imperishable' (RV). LIV2 follows the reconstruction *gwfter-. •

cp9lVW [v.] intr. 'to decline, decay, perish', (exceptionally) trans. or caus. 'to cause to decline, consume, destroy' (ll.). � IE *dhgwhei_ 'disappear'� .VAR cpelVUeW intr. and trans. (epic poet. ll.). Further intr. forms: athem. aor. ecpe[ fl'1v, -lO, -alO, cpe[aem, cpe[fl£vo<;, etc. (ll., epic poet.), Wl. ecpele£V (Od.), for -[alo; act. them. subj. cpe[n<; (� 368) , fut. cpe£[aoflm (Hom.), aor. cpe[aaaem (-£l-; Q. S.), perf. ee['1 [f.] (ll., etc.) land of the <1>e[£<; (St. Byz.), perhaps originally 'land of the dead' ( cpe[fl£VOl), a mythical place? .ETYM PIE had a verbal root *dhgwhei_, whence (acc. to LIV2 s.v.) a nasal present *dhgwh-n(e')_i_, which was remade into *dhgwhi-n(e')u- in Greek (whence cpelVU-eW and *cpe[vF-w > cpe[vw, with Ion. I, Att. t), and into *dhgwhi-n(e')H- in Indo-Iranian (whence Skt. k$l1)ati, Av. jinaiti 'to destroy'). PIE also had an athem. aor. *dhgwh(e')i_ > Gr. cpe[lO, cpe[fl£vo<;, etc. Garcia Ramon MSS 51 (1990) : 7-20, following Ruijgh, explains the Mycenaean form as meaning 'dead', an act. ptc. nom.pl. in -uas-, with medial-intransitive meaning, and perfect reduplication *e-; the form was later •

=

CPUIA'1

1571

replaced by °cpe[fl£vo<;. In Greek, the original diphthong £l in the s-aorist and s-future was replaced by I at an early date, at least in writing and perhaps also in reality, fIrst after cpe[vw (with "[). In Attic, shortening was introduced in cpe[am, cpe[aw after the short vowel in cpe[vw and on the model of ax[am and denominatives in -[am (-[(w). Gr. cpe[aL<; Skt. k$iti- [f.] 'languishing, destruction', probably also Lat. sitis [f.] , 'thirst' < *'disappearing, languish(ing) . As a formula, Gr. KAEO<; acpellOV (Horn.) Skt. srava1:z . . . ak$itam (RV beside ak$iti srava1:z). The initial *dh_ is retained in OAv. daji[.arata- Idjit-arta-I 'destroying Arta-'. See also � ",[voflm. =

=

cp9o"Le;;, -toe;; [f.] 'kind of cake' (Erythrae IV", Cos IV-Ill", Ar. etc.), 'pastille used for fumigation' (Hp.), 'bar of metal' (Att. inscr.), perhaps 'kind of cup' (Eup. 373 acc. to Ath. n, 502b; very uncertain). � ?� VAR Also cpeoT<;, -[00<;. .DER Diminutive cpeoTaKo<; (Hp.). .ETYM The strongly deviating meanings provide a problem that is still unsolved; we can only speculate about the etymology. Formally, one might connect cpeo'1 'consumption' (to cpe[vw 'to decline, consume'); the meaning 'decline' might be recognized in the explanations by H. S.v. cpeo-L<; (except for 'nAaKou<;'): la. npo<; A£TIlOV a.A'1AEaflEva KaL lO unoppEov "'�Yfla lOU xpua[ou. See DELG, where the possibility of a loan is kept open. •

cp90voe;; [m.] 'envy, jealousy' (Pi., lA). � IE? *dhgwhen_ (?)� .COMP acpeovo<; 'without envy, unenvied', usually 'bounteous, plentiful' (h. Ap., Hes.), ucpeov[a [f.] 'abundance' (Pi., lA) . .DER cpeov£po<; 'envious, jealous' (Thgn., Pi., lA), -£p[a [f.] 'envy' (Arist. etc.). Verb: cpeOVEW [v.] 'to envy, begrudge, refuse' (ll.) also with em-, 1>no- etc.; thence -'1aL<; [f.] 'envying, jealousy' (S. Yr. 1212) , -'1llKO<; 'envious' (late). .ETYM Probably to be analyzed as cpeov-o-, to a root *cpe£v- (to which cpeOVEW is a causative or iterative?). De Vaan (p.c.) tentatively suggests connection with cpeavw 'to anticipate, be ahead of, which could imply that it is related to Av. ayzo.nuuamnam < *a-gzanyamna- 'which cannot be missed' (De Vaan 203: 441f.) .

cplUAfJ [f.] 'flat vessel, dish, flat bowl for drinking or sacrifIcing, etc.' (post-Horn.), also for cooking and to preserve ashes ('1'). � PG (v) � VAR Also CPlEA'1 (Hell. acc. to Moer.) . DIAL Myc. pi-a2-ra Iphihahi.-I, also pi-je-ra3 Iphielai/. .COMP cplaA'1cpopo<; [f.] 'bearer (fem.) of a cp.', title of a Locrian priestess (Plb.). .DER Diminutives: CPlUA-lOV [n.] (Eub., Arist., HelL), -[OlOV [n.] (Hero), -[aKa [f.] (Gortyn V-Iva), -[aKo<;(?) [m.] (Maced.), -[<; [f.] (Luc.). Further: cplaAhm upleflo[ [pI.] a game (Procl., etc.), -W0'1<; 'dish-like' (Ath., sch.), -WlO<; 'id.' (Delos lIP, Gp.), -ow (�oepov) 'to hollow (the bottom) out into a flat shape' (Gp.). .ETYM A loanword of unknown origin, formally fItting the instrument names in -aA'1, -aAo- (aKulaA'1, yuaAov, -'1). Etymologies to be rejected: *m-aaACt from mem- and £A£lv 'grasp'; also *m-FhaACt· < *pi-syala to £'tA'1 'heat of the sun' < PIE *syel 'to burn'. Cf. also �1>n£pcp[aAo<;. The word is probably Pre-Greek on account of the interchange of suffIxes that is already attested in Mycenaean (Fur.: 346) . •

•

=

1572

qnapoc;

cplap6c; [adj.] 'gleaming, shining, oily, bright' (Alexandr. poetry). � PG?� oVAR cpLapuv£l' Aaf.l.7tpUVEI (H.). oETYM No etymology, but reminiscent of mapoc; and cpULOpOC;. It has been assumed to be a contamination of those two adjectives, but this is unwarranted and therefore better rejected. Fur.: 165 compares maAOC;' rrapuAEUKoc; and assumes Pre-Greek origin. cpl�aAEwc; [f.] 'a fig suitable for curing', also metaphorically of thin people (com.); acc. to sch. Ar. Ach. 802, a place in Megaris or Attica. � PG� oVAR Plur. nom. -E4>, acc. -EWC;. oETYM Without any doubt a Pre-Greek word Cpot in Fur.). Formation like KOpWV EWC; [f.] 'tree with raven-black figs', IlEAIVEWC;' ; dooc; ullrr£Aou 'kind of vine' (H.), KaVeUpEWC; [m.] a vine. As the basis of the TN, the sch. gives cplp aA LC; = y£v oC; (JUK�C; 'kind of fig', with the plur. CP LPUA£lC; = ot iaxvol nvv uvepwrrwv ; in EM 793, 26 (acc. to Apolloph.) cpLPUAEa = Ta oiiKa, -A£UL = iaxUOEC;. cplMKVIl [f.] 'wine-jar (A., D., Thphr.). � PG(s,v)� oVAR Late meuKvll (Thasos Va, Moer., Phot.); Dor. mauKva (H.). oETYM Since CPI06.KVIl is the old form, the word has nothing to do with rrteoc;. Frisk assumed (s.v. rrleOC;) that the word had the diminutive suffIx -Lxvll, which became -aKvll, but this is impossible. The group of suffIxes -aK-V- is typical for Pre-Greek. For the shift of aspiration, compare CPU1'VIl. See Fur.: 197, 393. cpll)lna [n.pl.] the collective meal of the Spartans; also the place where this meal was consumed (X., Arist., PIu., etc.). � PG?� oVAR Rarely sing. (often CPLA-, also written cp£lO-). oDER CPLOI1'IlC;, Dor. -LaC; (cp£lO-) [m.] 'participant of a cp Lo lna' (Sphaer. Stoic., Ath.). oETYM PIu. Lyc. 12 explains the word from cpLAla, with 0 for A, which is clearly a folk etymology. A connection with CP£lOW 'saving, thrift' is at least formally possible. Fur.: 23845 thinks that the interchange O/A shows that the word is Pre-Greek; this is uncertain. CPIKIC; [?] 'anus' (Hdn. I, 88, 35), see DELG Supp. � IE?� oDER cpLKLW; CPLOtKI(ELV' errl 1'oD rrULOEpamEiv (Suid. cP 992, X 42 Adler). oETYM Hardly from Lat. fica. Taillardat thinks of *pChluk-, Pok. 847, whence *CPUK-LO-, which became CPLK-LO-. Katz 2004: 277-284 compares Skt. sphij- 'hip, buttock', and reconstructs P IE *(s)phiK-(i-). Rather uncertain. cpIAJ11'IlC; [m.] 'impostor, thief. � PG? � oETYM A common, and perhaps correct, writing for CPIlAq1'IlC;; see on � CPIlAOC;. The L form stands etymologically isolated and may be Pre-Greek. cpIAOf.lJ1ALOV [n.] 'name of a plant, celandine, Chelidonium maius' (Ps.-Dsc. 2, 180).

� GR� oETYM Literally 'herb of Philomela' (who was changed into a swallow). See Andre 1958: 60f.

cpIAOC;

1573

cpIAOC; [subst., adj.] 'friend, friendly, dear' (ll.), 'related, own', also reflexive possessive 'suus (tuus, meus)" of relatives, body-parts, clothing, etc., plur. 'kinsmen, relatives' (ll., epic poet.). � ?� oVAR Grades of comparison: a. CPLAIWV (1' 351 = W 268), -Lmoc; (S. Aj. 842 [interpolated?], ascertained as a PN); b. cplA-rEpOC; (epic poet., late prose), -La1'OC; (also Att. prose; Dor. CPIV1'-) ; c. cpLAahEpoc;, -La1'OC; (X., Call., Theoc., etc.) after rraAal1'EpOC;, -1'a1'OC; etc.; d. CPLAW1'EPOC; (X., Call.); e. llaHov cpIAOC; (A., S., Thphr.), IlUALaLa cp. (X.). oDIAL Myc. pi-ra-me-no /philamenos/? oCOMP As a first member e.g. cpLAOCPPWV 'well-disposed, friendly-minded' (Pi., lA), CPLAOIlIlELOq C; 'with a friendly smile' (epic r 324+); early on in epic tradition, it was reinterpreted as a verbal element, e.g. CPLAO�ELVOC; (or -�EVOC;) 'to whom the guest is dear' > 'loving the guest, hospitable' (since Od.); in univerbations, e.g. cp LAOeU1'IlC; [m.] (to cpLAEl eU£lV) 'loving the sacrifice, friend of the sacrifice' (Ar. etc.). As a second member, e.g. rroAucpLAOC; 'with many friends' (Pi., Lys., Arist.), often considered verbal, with transition to the s-stems, e.g. eEOcpLAqC; 'loved by the gods, dear to the gods' (lA); rr poacpLAq c; 'friendly, beloved, affectionate' (lA). oDER 1. CPLA01'IlC;, -Il1'OC; [f.] 'friendship, hospitality, love' (ll., epic poet.), -01'qaLOC;, Dor. -01'UaLOC; 'belonging to CPLA01'IlC;' (epic poet. since A 246); also -OHUPLOV address to a girl (Ar. Ec. 891), perhaps the hypocoristic gemination after vIlHuP LOV? 2. cp LAla, Ion. -Ill [f.] 'friendship, affection, love' (Thgn., Emp., lA); independent of cpIALOC;. Adjectives: 3. CPIA-LOC; 'friendly' (Pi., lA), -(L)wnKoc; (Theol. Ar.). 4. -LKOC; 'id.' (PI., X., Arist., etc.). 5. -LaKoc; 'id.' (Plot.), -LaKov [n.] name of an association (inscr. Corycos). Verbs: 6. CP LA£W (ll.) 'to be a friend, treat friendly or affectionately, to love, entertain, care', post-Homo also 'to kiss' (especially with KaLa-), with inf. 'to like to do, use to do', sometimes with prefix, especially Ka1'a-. Forms: Aeol. CPIA- Il IlIlL (Sapph.), -qIlEVUL (X 265), aor. -�aUL (ll.), erroneous -aaUL (Theoc.), pass. -qellv (B 668 [3Pl. -lleEV], Att.) , med.ipv. CPIAUL, (e)cpIAa1'O, CPIAWV1'UL etc. (epic since ll.), fut. -qaw, -qaollUL (Od.), perf. rrEcpIAIlIlUL, -IlKa (Pi., etc.). 7. From cpLAla (cpIALOC;): cpLALU(W [v.] 'to become friends' (LXX, Hell. pap. etc.), whence -Laa1'qc; (H.); - LooIlUL, -LOW 'to make friends' (late), -IWaLC; (sch.), -LW1'qC; = OtaHaK1'qc; (Suid.); -LalvollUL 'id.' (late). From CP LA£W : cpLAq1'W P [f.] 'lover' (A. Ag. 1446), 'loving, with love' (Nonn.); -Il1'qC; [m.] 'lover' (AP), -llnKoC; 'inclined to love or kiss ' (Arist., etc.), -Illla (Hyperdorism -alla Mosch.) [n.] 'kiss' (A. Fr. 135 = 228 M., E., X., etc.), -IlIlU1'LOV PN (Luc.), UV1' LCPIAll aLC; [E] 'returning love' (Arist.), cpLAlllloauvll [f.] 'friendliness' (Thgn.), to cpLAqllwv (EM, further only PN). Also CPIA1'pOV [n.] 'love potion' (poet. since Pi., also late prose), -1' plc; AleOC; 'love bringing stone' (Dam.); cpIAll1'pa [n.pl.] (AP 11, 218; text and meaning uncertain); cpEiAOC; (for +) [n.] = cpLAla (epigr. Caria, ca. IP). Numerous PNs, among others with *cpLA-rO-, e.g.
1574 beside
cpl!10C; [m.] 'muzzle, gag' (A. Th. 463, Fr. 326 647 M., LXX, Dsc., Luc., etc.), metaphorically of a dice cup, or of its cover (Aeschin., Poll. etc.)?
•

CPlTPOC; [m.] 'trunk, block, log' (11., epic); acc. to sch. and Eust., from Amathus on Cyprus. aIHu.

cpAEyW

1575

cphu [n.] 'seed, sprout' (S. Fr. 889, old com.).
cpAa�£lV [aor.] only in AUKI8ec; ecpAuoov 'they tore the rags' (A. Ch. 28 [lyr.]). cpAT]vucpaw. CPAUUpOC; [adj.] 'bad, petty, poor, useless' (Pi., Sol., lA).

•

�

=

1577

C. With o-grade:
,

1579

-eoflaL or -OOflaL), and

B. 'to well up' (

.YAR In fut. 'to vomit'; the corresponding Baltic verb Lith. bliciuti, ISg. bliciuju, also bliuti, ISg. blilf:vu is supposed to have developed into 'bleat' or 'start roaring', which seems an uncertain change of meaning. •

PI., trag.; also Thphr.). -

other plants (Thphr., Dsc.). -
CPOiVL� 2, -IKOC; CPOiVl� 2, -lKO" [m.] name of a stringed instrument (Hdt. 4, 192, Hell. historians).

CPOAUcC; KUVcC; is to interpret poetic cpOLVOC; (with oacpOLvoc; and cpO[VLOC;) as a back-formation, which is diffIcult, but not impossible. cpomiw [v.] 'to go to and fro, go repeatedly, walk about, frequent someone, go to school, come to the market', of a commodity (ll.).
=

cpo'\[", -[SO" [f.] 'scale of a reptile' (Arist., A. R., D. S., Opp., etc.), metaphorically of the spots on an animal-skin (HId.), of the mosaic of a cover (D. S.).
I

I 1586

.ETYM Gennadius lHS 46 (1926): 42f. connects the word with

•

MoHG) Borke; ON bara [f.] 'crest of a wave, hard strip Qn the surface, cheese rind'. Yet, the variant nuplvll shows that the word is Pre-Greek.

cppaYEAALOV (H.), also as a PN (nickname);
cppaytUlOv [n.] 'whip' (NT); 'a weight' .ETYM From Lat. flagellum.

(inscr. Lycia). � LW Lat.�

[v.] 'to consider, think (up), perceiv�� decide, discern', act. 'to signalize, : indicate, show, inform' (ll.). � ?� .VAR cppa�w (post-Hom.), aor. cppaa(a)aa9aL (ll., epic poet.), cppaa9�vaL (Od., epic poet., Hdt.) , act. cppaaaL (A 22), reduplicated 1tEcppa8£, -£flEV, etc. (ll., epic), fut. cppaa(a) 0 flaL (ll.), cppaaw (post-Hom.), perf.ptc. 1tpo1tEcppaoflEvo<; (Hes. Op. 655), ind. 1tEcppaaflaL (A.), act. 1tEcppiiKa (Isoc., etc.). .COMP Often with prefIx, e.g. EltL-, auv-, 1tEPL-. DER 1. cppao� [f.] 'consideration, insight, indication, hint' (Pi., Ale., A., E., etc.), cppao-aw [v.] = �OUAEUOflaL (Hdn. Gr.), cppaMov· epflT]vEuOV (H.), -aT�p [m.] an official (Sicily I11_lIa: ypaflflaLEu<; KaL cpp.), -aaE 'indicated' (Pi. N. 3, 26), -T]TO<; (sch.); cppaOEUOU
CPpu�Oflat

•

•

[v.] 'to fence in, enclose, barricade, equip (a horse) with scale-armour, block' � ?, PG?� VAR Att. -nw, also cppayvuflL, fut. cppu�w (all post-Hom.), aor. CPPU�aL, -aa9aL (Ecpup�avTo Hdn. Gr.), cppax9�vaL (ll.+), cppay�vaL (Hell.+), with cppay�aoflaL beside cppax9�aoflaL (late), perf. med. 1tEcppaYflaL (E. etc.), 1tEcpapYflEvo<; (Hdn. Gr.), plpf. E1tEcppaKTo (Hdt.), act. 1tEcppaKa (Ph.), 1tEcppaya (sch.). .COMP Often with prefIx, e.g. o.VLL-, o.1tO-, EV-, 1tEPL-, auv-. DER 1. cppuYfla [n.] 'enclosure, protection, defence' (lA), cpuPXfla [n.] 'id.' (Epid. Iva; < -Kafl-), also OLU-, 1tEPL-, Efl-, etc. with different shades of meaning; oLacppaYfluLLov

CppuO'O'w •

•

l' ,; ,

"

CppUTT]P, -EpO<; [n.] 'small partition-wall' (Delos liP). 2. cppaY-flo<; (Efl-) [m.] 'enclosing, fenCing in, fence' (lA), -flLTT]<; epithet of 9uflvo<;, KUAafl0<; 'growing in hedges'. 3. Cp pU�L<; 'fencing in, etc.' (lA), mostly with o.1tO-, oLa-, o.VLL-, EV-, auv-, etc. 4. KaTa-, 1tEpL-cppUKTT]<; [m.] 'who fences in, etc.' (late), cppUKTT]<; 'floodgate' (Procop.). 5. cppaKTo<; 'fenced in, protected' (Opp.), cppaKTEuw [v.] 'to surround' (pap. liP); cpapKTo<; 'id.' (EM), cpapKTOoflaL in cpUpKTOU· cpuAaK�v aKEua�E 'prepare the watch' (H.); also cpapKTW9aL (for -oua9aL?} TO cppunw9aL (H.). Old and common in compounds, e.g. acppaKLO<; (acpapKTo<;) 'unfenced, unfortifIed, not decked, without armour' (Att.), vaucppaKTo<; (-cpapKTo<;) 'protected by ships', of aTpaTo<;, etc. (A. [lyr.], E., Ar., Att. inscr.); cppaKTLKo<; (1tapa-, EK-, Efl-) 'blocking, etc.' (medic., etc.). On � opucpaKTo<;, see s.v. .ETYM As a common basis of the attested forms, cppaK- beside cpapK- can be posited (the late attestations cppay�vaL and cppayvuflL are analogical). It is unclear which of the two is older, or even if they both derive from a zero grade. Since their distribution is unclear, we may envisage the possibility that they are due to substrate origin. This is confIrmed by the fact that there is no convincing correspondence outside Greek. The traditional connection with Lat. farcio 'to stuff, cram, fatten' and frequens 'crowded, frequent' is quite uncertain. On cpUpKO<;· TEIX0<; 'wall' (H.) see � 1tUpyo<;. cppUTTJP, -£po<; [m.] 'member of a phratria' (Att.). � IE *bhreh2ter- 'brother'� .VAR Younger CPPUTWP, -opo<;, Ion. CPP�TWP (IG 14, 759 [Naples lIP]), CPP�TT]p· o.8£AcpO<; (H.), Dor. cppaT�p (Hdn. Gr.). .COMP cppaTpLapx0<; [m.] 'head of a phratry' (D., Att. inscr.), cpp�-raPXo<;, -apXEw [v.] (Naples). .DER CPP�TPT] [f.] (B 362f.), cppcnpa (D. H.= Lat. curia), with dissimilation cpuTpa (Tenos Ill", Arcad.lP); Att. etc. cppaTpta, dissimilated cpaTpta (Chios IV", Tenos Ill", often in codd.), cp(p)T]Tpta (Naples) [f.] 'kinsmanship', 'subdivision of a phyle' (= 30 YEVT]), 'phratria'. Hence 1. cpaLPL-ra<; [m.] 'member of a phratry' (Arc.). 2. cppaTpLO<;, lotl. CPP�TPLO<; epithet of Zeus, of Athena and other gods as protectors of the CPP�TPaL and cppaTptaL (lA, Delph.). -LOV designation of the corresponding sanctuary (Poll., St. Byz.). 3 . CPPaLPLU�W (v.ll. cpaTpL-, cppaLL-) [v.] 'to belong to the same phratry' (D.). 'to join an alliance, conspire' (sch.), -aaflo<; [m.] 'alliance, conspiracy' (Eust.). 4. cppaTpL�w [v.] 'id.' (Crateros, inscr.). 5. cppaTopLKoV (cppaTEp-?) ypaflflaTElov (D.). In later literature (D. H., PIu.), cppuTpa and cppaTpta are often used to translate Lat. curia; similarly, the derivatives cppaTpL-Eu<;, -a
1590

Skt. bhratra- [n.] 'fraternal relation, brotherhood'; with 197). � IE '"bhreh,-ur 'sourc� , well'> . VAR Plur. Att. -a-ra, * 197), written
)

_

! �

�

�

�

�

.

,

.

.

�

move heavily', of water, etc., as attested in Lat. fervo, -eo 'to seethe, boil', de-fru-turn 'boiled down must, must-sap' < *bher-u-, *bhr-u-. Some have also seen the element * -u- in � ni .VAR Plur.
1591

Thence poVlfl'l mother of Battos, the founder of Cyrene (Hdt. 4, 154), -Lfl6T'l<';, -Lflwo'l<';, -Lfl£UOflaL, -iflwflu, -lflW0L<.; (late) . With a suffIx -T-: 5. PN <1>pOVTL<.;, -LV, -LOL [m., f.] (y 282, P 40). 6.

1592

CPPI�, -lKOC;

[f.] 'shiver, the shivering or ruffling of the sea-surface, the ruffle of hair' (ll., epic poet., also Hp.). � PG?� , VAR Enlarged CPPIK'l [f.] 'id.', also 'frost-shiver, frost, shudder of fear (lA) . COMP cpplK01tOlOC; 'causing shiver',imocpplKoC; 'with a light shiver' (Hell.). . .DER cpPlKla [f.] 'fever-shiver' (Dsc.), -lac; [m.] name of a horse, refernn� to the manes (Pi.), -aAEOC; (Hp., AP, etc.). -wo'lC; (Hp., Att. Hell.+), whence -wOla (lat�), -W£lC; (Hell. lyr.) 'shivering, horrible, etc.'; also cpplKVOV' cpplKaAEov, ?£lVOV, CPO�EpOV 'awesome, fearsome' (H.), cf. plKVOC;; cpPl�Oq 'bristling', of hairs (Anst.), perha�s by reanalysis of the first member in verbal governing compounds, .such . as cpPl�O.KOfl.'lC;, cpPl�aux'lv. Likewise probably in the PN

•

,

o'(fl'l ' cpp�v.
'

_

Decr. apud D., Plb., etc.), -CPpOUpEW 'to be �n guard, keep w�tch' (T�., D .. C.) : to be captive' (late). Besides also cppoupOC; [m.] watcher, warden : plur. garnson (Att., Epid.); 1tpOUpOC; name of an official (Ion., Thess. lIP), PN IIpwpoC; (Cyren.; Paus., D. S., etc.). , .DER 1. cppoup-lC; (vauc;) 'look-out ship' (Att. inscr., Th., X.). 2. � pOUP-lOV [n; ] 'fortress, garrison' (Att.), 'prison' (Pl. Ax. 366a) , Cret. (IP) CPP U: �lOV. 3· -l�OC; 'belonging to watch, garrison' (Hell. inscr., D. C.). 4. -UT'lC; [m.] a mIlItary functIOn (pap. IVP). 5. CPpOUp-EW [v.] 'to be on guard, keep watch, guard, ke�p' (lA), ,also w�th 1tapa- etc.; cf. on I::flcppoupoc; above; thence -'lfla (trag.), -'lmc;, -'lTOC;, -'lTlKOC;, -'IT'lP, -�TWP (late). I

I I�

�

cppuyw

1593

.ETYM Through shift of aspiration from *1tpo-hopu and *1tpo-hopoc;, compounds of

old verbal nouns meaning 'to see'; see � 6puw with further details on the morphology.

[v.] 'to whinny for lust for life, sniff, behave impatiently', of horses, 'to be wanton', of men (Hell.+). � PG?� .VAR -uuuw LXX, Att. -unoflaL (KaTa-). .DER cppuaYfla [n.] 'the whinnying, sniffing' (A., S., X.), also of a wild boar (Opp.), 'wanton behaviour' (late prose), -ay flaTlac; 'wanton' (Plu.),'L1t1tOC; � as an explanation of 1tEOaOpluT�C; (H.); -aYfloC; 'id.' (D. S.), cppuaYflouEflvaKol (Tp01tOl) of Bdelycleon (Ar. V. 135) , -UKT'lC; '(1t1tOC; (D. L.). .ETYM Expressive formation, like the synonym � cpPlfluUUOflaL. Frisk suggests that there were possibly old contaminations, and adduces Giintert 1914: 160, who suggests a transfomation of cpPlfluUUOflaL after pua� (instead of *puUUUOflaL). Yet, I am very reluctant to assume such contaminations. The word may well be Pre-Greek.
=

1594

cppUVT]

.ETYM Without exact agreement outside Greek. A different vocalism is found in Lat. Jrfgo, -ere 'to roast', but it cannot be reconciled with cppuyw in a regular way. Unless the Latin word was borrowed from Greek via an intermediate language (where unrounding must have taken place), both languages could have borrowed the word from a third party. cppuvT) [f.] 'toad, frog' (Arist., Timae., Nic., Babr., etc.). � PG (v)� .VAR cppuvoe; [m., f.], also cppouvoe; (PMag. Osl.). COMP cppuvoA6yoe; (-A6xoe;) [m.] 'kind of consacration' (Arist.), -nom:10v

[n.] 'toad shaped fire-bowl' (Boeot.), -no�e; 'toad-like' (Arist.). .DER cppuVLKOe; 'toad-like' (late medic.); plant-na'l,ne CPPUVLOV [n.] = nOT[ppLOV (Dsc.), �aTpaXLov (Ps.-Dsc.); cppuvhT]e; name of a p�ecious stone (late). PN
•

=

cpuydU.ov [n.] 'tumour of the glands, especially in the groin and armpit' (GaL). � ?� .VAR -8pov (Ruf. apud Orib., Cels.). .ETYM Possibly from *cpAuy-£8AOV, with dissimilation and change of suffIx to -CPAU�

in OiVOCPAU�, -cpAuyoe; [m., f.] 'winedrunk, winedrinker', prop. 'gushing or bubbling with wine' (Hp., X., Arist. etc.), whence -cpAuy[a 'drunkenness' (X. etc.), -cpAUyEw 'to be drunk' (LXX); cf. � CPAUKTaLVa, � cpAUW 'to be full of juice'.

cpuy�, cpu�a => cp£uyw.

[n.] 'seaweed' (I 7, Alcm., Thphr., etc.), 'red make-up', prepared from seaweed (Ar.Jr. 320, 5, Theoc., etc.). � LW Sem.� .COMP cpuKoy£lTwv 'neighbour of the seaweed', epithet of Priapos (AP); acpuKa· OXaAAWltLGTa 'without cosmetics' (H.). DER 1. cpUK[OV [n.] 'alga, seaweed' (PI., Arist., Delos IVa etc.), mostly plur. -[a, also fish-name (AP, Orib.), cf. cpUKT]e;; 'make-up, make-up-box' (Luc., Them., Delos lIra), cpuKLocpayOL 'seawead-eater', of fishes (Arist.); cpuKLwOT]e; = cpuKWOT]e; (sch.). 2. CPUK apLov = cpUKOe; (H.), see acpuKa, whence -ap[(w 'to make-up' (sch.). 3 · cpuK-T]e; [m.], -[e; [f.] (Arist., corn. IVa etc.), also ��v (-T]e; LSJ) [m.] (Diph. Siph. apud Ath.) name of a fish, probably 'wrasse, Labrus', after its habitat and its food, -[OLOV [n.] (AP, pap. lIra). 4. cpUK-[TT]e; (late), fern. -1ne; (Plin.) name of a stone, after the color. 5 · cpuK-wOT]e; 'full of seaweed, seaweed-like' (Arist., Thphr., DSC.), -Lone; 'full of seaweed' ('1' 693, Theoc.), rather with metrically conditioned -Lone; than from cpUK[OV. 6.
cpUKOe;

•

1595

.ETYM Loanword from Semitic; cf. Hebr. puk 'eye-rouge'. The meaning 'make-up' is therefore primary for cpUKOe;, too; hence 'seaweed'. Borrowed as Lat. Jucus 'rouge,

purple, make-up'.

cpuAa�, -aKOe; [m., f.] 'watcher, guardian, protector' (11.). � PG(s)� .VAR Also secondarily cpuAaKOe; (accent of the agent nouns) [m.]

'id.' (.0 5 66 , Ion. poet.), PN
CPUA�

q>UALU Often as a second member, e.g. 1tcq..lq>UAO<; 'consisting of all races' (PI., Ar., etc.), whence IIuflq>UALU [f.] land on the coast of Asia Minor (Hellenized fore�gn word?), IIaflq>UAOl [m.pl.] name of one of the Dorian phylae (Hdt., Cos, EpId., Argos); -rPLq>uAo<; 'consisting of three phyles, amounting to three phyles' (Hdt., D. H.), Tplq>uALu [f.] coastal land ofElis. DER 1.. q>UAE-r'1<; [m.] 'member of (one and the same) phyle, fellow-tribesman' (Att.), oufl- 'id.' (Methymna, 1 Ep. Thess.), from q>UAOV, but referring to q>UA'1; :hence q>�A ELlKO<; [adj.] 'belonging to a phyle-member, consisting ofp?yle- mem�ers (PI., A�ISt., . , etc.), -en:uw [v.] 'to make q>UA£-r'1<;, to adopt into the phyle (Anst.); -en<; eKKA'1 �lU = Lat. comitia tributa (App.). 2. q>UAlOl 8eaL 'the "gods of the phyle' (Poll.). 3. -WO'1<; 'consisting of several q>UAU' (D. S.). Also PNs, e.g�\ q>uAo86.flU<;, cDUAU<;, cDUAeU<;. .ETYM Old derivative from q>UVUl, with a suffix -(5)1-. For further etymology, see � q>uOflaL. •

eAuL'1, Paus. 2, 32, 10 beside KO-rlVO<; and EAaLO<;; Philostr. be�Ide K?-rlVO<;, A�mon.

Diff) ; beside e100<; aypleAULU<;, H. also mentions the meamng (etoo<;) OUK'1<; and

e100<; o£vopou OflOLOV 1tpLvqJ. "I ?� .VAR lon. -L'1 ' .DER cDUAlUOWV, -06vo<; name of a town in Phthiotis (lG 9(2), 205: 13). .ETYM Without etymology. Fur.: 367 compares � q>lAUK'1, also q>uALK'1 (v.l. Thphr. HP 1, 9, 3).

UAAOq>OpO<; 'bearing leaves' (Pi., etc.), -rPLq>uAAov [n.] P trefOIl, clover (lA), •

substantivized from -rPLq>uAAo<; 'three-leaved' (Dsc., H.). DER 1. Diminutive q>UAA-lOV [n.] (PI. Corn. etc.), -aplOV [n.] (Dsc. etc.), also 'leaf ornament' (Delos 11"). 2. q>UAA-a<;, -0.00<; [f.] 'heap of leaves, foliage: leafy grove' (Hdt., trag., D. S., Str. etc.), adjective 'leafy' (Nonn.), also name of th� Island Sa�os. , �UXuvwv 3. q>uAA-L<;, -Loo<; [f.] 'foliage' (Gp.), also = -hl<; (Ps.-Dsc.). �. q>UAAl�<;' eK U1to-r Plflfla -rl 0KCUU�OfleVOV. eKUAeho O£ 8pIu (H) . 5. q>UAA-elU [n.pl.] herbs (�r.). 6. -L-r'1<; (aywv) = -Lv'1<; (sch.), -In<; [f.] plant-name hart, s tongue, (Dsc) . 7. -lV�<; made of leaves' (Theoc., Luc.), -Lv'1<; (aywv) [m.] 'contest where the pnze consIsts of a wreath' (Poll., H.), also -lvuIo<; aywv (EM). 8. q>UAA-lKO<; 'belonging to a leaf, leaf like' (Thphr.). 9. -WO'1<; 'id.' (Thphr.). 10. month nam� -lKO<; (T�essal.), -lWV (�as�s). Verbs: 11. q>uAA-OOflaL [v.] 'to be dressed with leaves (Hp.), -wflu-ra [n.pl.) f�ha?e, (D. S.). 12. q>UAA-L�W [v.] 'to def�liate' (G� .), wi:h a1to- 'id.' (Thph�. etc.), wIth efl- to . engraft', -l0flo<; (Gp.), with em- to glean m a vmeyard, , metaphoncally �f a petty Job (LXX), -L<; 'gleaned grape' (LXX, AP), metaphorically of the verses of epIgones (Ar.). 13. q>UAAa�W' frondesco (gloss.). 14. q>UAA-laW in -lOW0aL [ptc.pl.f.] 'to run to leaf . cf. 14. (without fruit)' (Arat.). 15. q>uAAciv· CtOoAwXciv (H.), of useless braggmg, .ETYM Possibly connected to Lat. folium 'lea� as PI� * bh o1-io-, �hough the vowels do . ,s not seem to match. Vine 1999b: 564ff. explams thIS by assummg * 0 > u (CowgIll Law) in the specific environment * -olj- > * -u1j-. Quite a different formation with · •

1597 suffix -t- is found in Germanic, Tocharian and Celtic: OHG b1at, MoHG Elatt, etc., ToA pii1t, ToB pilta 'leaf, all with zero-grade, and Celt., e.g. Mlr. b1dth 'blossom, flower' < *bh 1o-tu-, OHG b1uot 'flowering, blossom', etc. with full grade. See Beekes 1990: 375-381. A laryngeal may have been lost before yod in PIE *bh o1(H)-io-, which would enable comparison with the root *bh 1h3-' UAOV and 01tU (000U) 'voice', whic� convinces neither semantically nor formally (one would have expected *q>uAwm<;). For understandable reasons, modern scholars compare q>UAOV too, with different interpretations of the second member: to op- in Lat. ops, opus; to om<; 'bad look', i.e. 'enmity'; from *q>UAO A01tl<; to A£1tW 'thrash' (see Frisk); all are quite hypothetic. The length of the U can be metrically conditioned. No doubt a Pre-Greek word (but the comparisons in Fur.: 163 are not convincing). q>euyW. •

be endowed by nature, be there', trans. act. (factitive) 'to make grow, beget, bring forth' (11.). "l IE *bheh2u- 'grow, arise, be'� ·VAR q>uw (eflq>uvw Hdn. Gr.), aor.intr. q>UVaL, late q>u�VaL, trans. q>U0aL (11.), fut. q>u00flaL, late q>u�00flaL, q>U0W, perf. intr. 1t£q>UKU, epic also JPl. 1teq>uum, ptc. 1teq>UW-rU<;, etc. .DIAL Myc. pu-te, pu-te-re Iphuter-es/, pu-ta-ri-ja (interpretation not certain). .COMP Very often with prefix, e.g. eK-, eK-, e1tl-, 1tepl-, 1tP00-, 0UV-. As a first member in �q>u0L�00<; . .DER 1. q>u�, Dor. -a [f.] 'growth, stature, nature, being' (ll., epic poet., also late prose); also from the prefixed verbs, e.g. OlUq>U� 'joint, space between, layer, etc.' (PI., X., Thphr., etc.); as a second member -q>u�<;, e.g. fleyUAO-q>U� <; 'of a'great, noble nature' (Hell.+), -q>u"fu [f.] (Iamb. etc.); also e.g. 1tp00q>U�<; 'grown, attached, fitting' (Od.); as a noun fern. -q>ua<;, e.g. a1toq>ua<;, -0.00<; 'outgrowth, appendage' (Hp., Arist., Thphr.); hence the simplex q>uo<;· q>u-rcuflu, y£vv'1flu (H.). 2. q>UflU [n.] 'growth, tumour, swelling' (lA, etc.), also EK-, 1tUpa-, 1tp00-, from eKq>uvUl, etc. Thence -flanov, -fla-rLu<;, -flu-rwO'1<;, -flu-roOflaL (Hp.). 3. q>U-rA'1, Dor -u [f.] 'lineage, race' (Pi., AP, Orph.), --rAOV [n.] 'plant' (epigr. Nicomedia); probably for -8A'1, -8AOV; furthermore q>u-rpu· q>um<;, ot o£ q>U-r �PlU (H.). 4. q>um<; [f.] 'growth, character, descent, nature, being, etc.' (K 303), also a1to-, EK-, 0Ufl-, etc. from a1toq>uvaL, etc.; as a first member e.g. in q>umoAOyo<; [m.] 'naturalist, natural philosopher', -AoYLu, -AOY£W, -AOYlKO<; (Arist., etc.). Hence q>U0-lKO<; 'belonging to nature, naturalist, physical, physician' (X. Mem. 3, 9, 1, Arist., etc.), -lflo<; 'fit for growing, breeding' (Thphr.), -lOOflaL [v.] in 1teq>umwfl£vo<; 'rooted' (Arist.), -Lwflu, -Lwm<; 'natural tendency, habitude' (Hell.+); also eflq>umow [v.] 'to implant, infuse, inspire' (Hp., X., LXX etc.) (see � q>U0U)? 5. q>u-ro<; 'grown by nature' (Pi.), 'planted' (LXX), in compounds, e.g. VeOq>U-rO<; 'newly planted' (Ar. Fr. 828, LXX, Hell.+); also

qnlpKo<; act. in EAaLO-CPUTO<; etc. (A. etc.); from the prefIxed verbs, e.g. GlJflCPUTO<; 'grown together with, grown on, overgrown, innate' (Pi., lA). 6. CPUTOV [n.] 'growth, plant' (11.). Hence several derivatives: CPUT-U<; [f.] = -OV (Plu.), diminutive -UplOV [n.] (Ar. Byz., Ath. etc.), -lO<; 'begetting' (late), -lKO<; 'belonging to plants' (Arist. etc.), -lULOl 0PXOl (inscr. IV"), -w811<; 'plant-like' (Erot.), -wv, -wvo<; [m.] 'plantation' (Hdn.), -£uw 'to plant, plan' (Od.), also 8lU-, E1tl-, KUTU-, TtUpU-, etc. Thence -£lu, -£uflu, -£U
CPVPKO<; =>TtUpyo<;.

[v.] 'to mingle, confuse, mix up, wet, besmear' (Hom.). � PG?� .YAR Ipf. EcpUpOV (11.), aor.subj. cpUp0W (0 21), inf. CPUp0aL (A. R.), ptc.med. cpuP0ufl£vo<; (Nic.), pass. Ecpup811v (A. [lyr.] , LXX), late ECP� PllV (J., Luc.), ind. 3sg. ECPUp£ (AP), ptc. cpupu<; (Luc.), fut. cpUP0W (Pi.), perf. med. TtEcpuPflaL, especially ptc. Tt£cpuPflEVO<; (Od.), with fut. Tt£CPUp0£08aL (Pi.). .COMP Also with 0UV-, uvu-, EV-, etc. .DER Deverbative cpupuw 'to mix (up), knead, stir in' (lA), aor. CPUpU0aL, Ion. -�0aL, -U0U08aL, -�0U08aL, -u8�vaL, -1l8�vaL, fut. -U0W, -�0W, perf. med. Tt£cpupaflaL, -llflaL; act.inf. -UKEVaL (Cic.); also with 0UV-, uvu-, TtpO- etc. From cpupw: 1. cpup811v [adv.] 'mingled, mixed up' (A., S., X. Plb., etc.), Dor. -Mv (S. [lyr.l). 2. cpuPflU [n.] 'slime, fIlth, dung' (Nic.). 3. -flo<; [m.] 'mixture, confusion, disorder' (D. S., M. Ant. etc.); hence CPUpflUTaL' mUpVUTaL (H.)? 4. cpup-

I;

CPU0U

1599

mixing (up)' (sch.), -EVOl<; cpupoL<; TOl<; LflUTlol<; (H.). 6. In CPUpO Xpwfl0<; 'mixed color, dirt-color' vel sim., of a cow (pap. lIP), shortened cpupu, of �ou<; (pap. IVP); also cpUPOL' flOAUV£l, PUTtOl 'soils, defIles' (H.). From cpupuw: 1. cpupuflu (TtpO-, Efl-) [n.] 'mix, dough' (com. IV', Arist., HelL+), -UflUllKU = KOVlUTlKU 'plastering-work' (late). 2. -U

q:nJaUAo<;,
1600

cheek", joking name of a frog (Batr.),-yvu8Ew (Tz.). See also on the intensive .- 1wluacu'bu is unclear). There is hardly any evidence for PIE *bhus- (not in mentioned in Pok.); on *phUS- (with a phoneme ph_ that is now abandoned), see Pok. 878. �EluL

-yuvw;
•

blow (up), swell' in Pok. 98ff. does not help for the Greek forms. Cf. also '-

[m.] 'lair, hole of wild animals' (Arist., Hell.+). -1 PG(s)�

1

601

.VAR Epic gen. -ElOii, dat.pl. -£101<; (metrical lengthening), plur. also -Ea (Nic.). Also -Ea [f.] (Arist.) . .DER 1. Diminutive
'consisting of a hole, full of holes' (Babr., Nonn.), also name of a mussel (Ath.).

3.

same place all the time' (H.), -l1L�PloV [n.] 'place for secret assemblies' (Poll., H.). 8.

or songs' (late). As a second member: oflo
1602

CPWp, -pOC;

languages do not show. Therefore, we may (with DELG) retain the connection with CPT] Ill. [m.] 'thief (Hdt., Att.). ""l IE *bher- 'bear'� oCOMP uyuAlluTO-CPWpav [acc.] 'thief of statues, temple-robber' (Elis IVa), on the formation see Schwyzer: 451 and 563, also Sommer 1948: 681). Uncertain are unocpwpuc;· KA£1tTUC; and '(acpwpec;· ADaTu(, KAE1tTat. AaKwvec; 'robbers, thieves' (H.). oDER cpwpa, Ion. -� [f.] 'theft' (h. Mere. 136, 385, Nic., Bion, Hell. inscr. and pap.); cpwpaw 'to search for a thief, catch a thief, metaph. 'to discover' (Att., Hell.+), aor. -aaat, fut. -aaw, late perf. necpwpuKu, also with KUTa-; back-formation cpwpu [f.] 'searching, tracking-down' (Phld., D. 1., Aen. T,.act.), or -a, accent uncertain, see H. cpwpa· KAon� . . . cpw PT] v 8£ T�V t:peuvuv. Also cpw � [(J.v = cpwpav (H.). Especially as a juridical expression en' mhocpwp4l = en' mhft Tft cpwp�, originally 'right at the theft', i.e. 'in the very act, overtly' (Att.); adjective U1JTocpwpOC; 'self caught, self-disclosed' (S. Ant. 51, D. S., App.), to cpwpaw; thus also KUTacpwpoc; 'disclosed, public' (late), to KUTucpwpaw; hence nep(cpwpoc; (eu-) '(easily) discovered' (PIu.). Further derivatives (from cpwp or cpwpa): CPWPLOC; 'thievish, stolen', Ta CPWPLU 'stolen things', 'stealthy, secret' (Hell.+), TO CPWPLOV also 'catch, discovery' (late), -£LOV [n.] 'theft-penalty' (lit. pap.), -(&OC; 'stolen' (AP, Max.); superl. CPWPTUTOC; (Sophr. 1, cod.

cpwp, -pOC;

cpwpo-).

oETYM Old lengthened grade agent noun *bhor, lit. 'the bearer', to the lE verb 'to bear' in � CPEPW, etc., identical with Lat. fu r, -ris [m.] 'thief, and formally also with Arm. burn 'hand, fist, force' (the n-stem is secondary like in otn 'foot', see � nouc;). Inherited cpwp was pushed back and replaced by ilie innovations KAW,\, and (especially) KA£1tTT]C; (already Il.); only the derivative cpwpaw remained in use. An other old word for 'thief is petrified in the poetic adj. � TT]i3moc;. [f.] 'chest, trunk', e.g. for keeping clothes and laundry (.0 228, 0 104, A. R. 3, 802), the gender is only visible in the latter attestation. ""l PG (v) � oETYM Isolated poetic word, connected by Eratosth. 4 with CPWPLOC; (see � cpwp), and in modern times derived from a verbal adj. *CPWPLOC; 'bearable' which could be identical with Skt. bharya- 'to be born'. The fomation, however, still remains to be explained. Is it a folk-etymological adaptation of a loan word, such as KLPWTOC;, Lat. cista, etc. (cf. Chantraine 1933: 133)? Fur.: 389 compares XWPLull0C;· K(aTT] (H.), which seems to prove Pre-Greek origin.

CPWPLU!10C;

[m.] 'man', in trag. also of heroes (Il., epic poet.). ""l IE? *bheh2- 'shine', ?� oETYM Connected with Skt. bhas- [n.] 'light, splendour, power' by Brugmann Delbriick 1897-1916 2:1, 536, either as an original s-stem *bheh2-os (cf. on � cpaoc;), or from a t-stem lE *bhoh2-t-. The idea is taken up by Peters 1993b: 100ff., but it is semantically implausible. CPWC; 'light'. o DER CPWT£LVOC;, cp WT((W, etc. => cpaoc;.

CPWC;, CPWTOC;

[m.] a coarse linen garment used in Egypt (Cratin.). ""l LW Eg.� oETYM Maybe an Egyptian loanword.

cpwoowv

CPWTlY�, -lYY0C; [f., m.] Alexandrian designation (PIu., Juba apud Ath., Ath.). ""l PG (s) �

of a kind of flute, the 'German' flute

oDER cpWT-(YYLOV [n.] (Posidon., Ael.). oETYM Formation like aupLY�, aaA1tLY� etc., further unclear. A connection with � cpuau, etc. seems impossible. The suffIx is Pre-Greek.

cpwu� =>nwu�.

[?] . cpaoc; 'light' (H.). ""l GR� o ETYM Probably a transformtion of cpwC; after another word (w,\, and compounds?). Traditionally connected with oLucpaaaw (see � natcpaaaw, and Schwyzer: 302).

cpw,\,

x xa�tTla [n.pl.] name of unknown vessels VAR Also -6-na (?) . ETYM Unexplained foreign word.

(pap. lIP). � ?�

•

•

xa�o<; [adj.] . Kllllo� 'muzzle' (sch. Ar. Eq. 1147). � PG(V) � VAR Cf. Xallov below. DER Besides xa�ov· KallnuAov, crn:vov, also Xallov, KallnuAov (H.) . ETYM If the variation �/Il is reliable, the word is Pre-Greek. Traditionally compared with Lat. hiimus 'hook, fish-hook'. If this connection is correct, the Latin word could •

•

•

perhaps stem from a language cognate to Pre-Greek.

[v.] 'to retreat, draw back' (epic poet. H., also X.). � IE *feh1- 'abandon, go forth'� VAR Aor. Xacr(cr)acr8at, fut. Xacr(cr) 0 Ilat, pass. cmoxacr8fj· cmo8avn (H.). Very rarely act. (almost only in H.): xa�£lv' uvaxwpciv,
xa�o!1«L •

•

Xatvw =>XacrKw. xalo<; 1 [m., n.] 'shepherd's crook' (A. R. 4, 972, Call. Fr. l25) . � IE? *feh2i-so- (?)� .VAR Or -ov. ETYM The similarity with a Celto-Germanic word for 'javelin, spear' in OIr. gae, OHG ger, etc., which is found as a loan both in Lat. gaesum and in Greek � yalcro�, -ov, is perhaps no coincidence. We may tentatively reconstruct *feh2i-so-. However, •

1606 further connection with Skt. he�as- [n.] 'missile' and Skt. hin6ti 'to urge on, hurl' is both formally and semantically unconvincing. XaTo<; [adj.] 'of good descent, noble, good' vel sim. (Ar. Lys. 91), a Laconian form. � ?� .COMP Compar. xa"iwn:poe; (ibd. 1157); also xaoe; 'id.' (Theoc. 7, 5); �a6u-xa"ioe; mg.

unknown (A. Supp. 858 [lyr.] , text uncertain). .ETYM Probably belongs to � xamoe; . aya6oe;, XP'l
XUlPW [v.] 'to rejoice' (11.). � IE *f!'er(H)- 'desire, enjoy'� .VAR Aor. xap�vat (11.), redupl. K£XaPOVTO, -ol'ro (Horn.), sigmat. x�paTo (3 270), exalp'l
late), Dor. -'l
xapl
[f.] 'curly hair, loose flowing hair, horse's mane' (11., epic poet.), also 'lion's mane' (E., Arist.), metaph. 'leaves, foliage' (Theoc., Call., Str.), 'crest' (PIu.). � IE *teh2it- (?) 'curly hair'� .COMP Often as a second member, e.g. KuavO-xah'le; 'with dark hair', especially of Poseidon, 'black-maned' (11., epic); on the voc. Kuavo-xaha in nominatival function see Risch 1954: 389ff. .DER XatT�£�e; (shortened -££le;), Dot. -a£le; 'with long hair, with a long mane' (Pi., Semon., A. R.), also of plants 'rich in leaves' (Nic.); XalT-wfla [n.] 'crest' (A. Th. 385), poetical enlargement, see Chantraine 1933: 186. Hypostasis aVaXatT-l�W [v.] 'to cast

XahT)

1608

XaAo.°P lOV

(the horseman) over the mane, to throw the mane back, overthrow, revolt, rebel, block' (S. Fr. 179, E., D., Hell. and late), with -lmc;, -lal-la, -laIl6c; 'barricade, obstruction' (late). .ETYM Old word for 'hair, mane' with close cognates in Iranian and Celtic: Av. gaesa [m.] 'curly hair', gaesu- 'curly haired', MoP ges 'hair that hangs down, curls', Mlr. gaiset [f.] 'bristly hair'. Both groups continue an s-stem. Normal laryngealistic reconstruction requires a full grade *teh2it-, which is a rather awkward vocalization of the root. This is all the more problematic, as the word definitely seems IE. Or do we have to assume *th2eit-? xuM6plOV [n.] 'low bed, mattress' (pap. lIP). ';! PG GY) � .YAR XEA- (pap. IIIP), --rPlOV (pap. VIP); KExaAa-tplwll£VOV (1tAolov) 'furnished with X.' (pap. lIIP). As a variant, xo.AavOpov· Kpo.��a-rov (H.) also belongs here: the -v- is the typical Pre-Greek prenasalization; it is no doubt authentic. Also XEAo.0PlOV (POxy. IIIP). .ETYM The gloss of Hesychius shows that this is a Pre-Greek word, and that it has nothing to do with the verb � XaAo.w; see Fur.: 185, 290, 352. xaAav6pov =>XaAo.0PlOV.

[f.] 'hail' (ll.); also 'pimple, tubercle, grain, knot, knob' (Arist., Thphr., Gal., etc.) . .;! IE ? *tlh2-d- 'hail, hoarfrost'� ·COMP As a first member in xaAa�-E1t�<; 'whose words fall like hail' (AP, of Hipponax) . DER 1. Diminutive xaAo.�-loV [n.] 'granule, etc.' (medic.). 2. xaAa�-�£IC; (Dor. -o.£lC;) 'hail-like' (Pi., AP, Nonn.), also of aKOp1t [o C; (Nic.), xaACt�LOC; epithet of Zeus, of Apollo (Cyzicus), 'full of knots' (comm. Hp. VlIP), name of a hail-like stone (Orph.); xaAa�[a<; (Plin.), -[-rTjC; (late), see Redard 1949: 63, XaAa�-mOC; 'hail-like, mixed with hail', of VlCP£l6<; (Nonn.), 'full of knots, knobs', of cpTjy6C; (Opp.), -woTjC; 'hail-like, full of hail, full of pimples, granular' (Hp., Arist., etc.). 3. xaAa�-o.w [v.] 'to hail' (Corn. Adesp., Luc.), 'to suffer from pimples' (Ar. Eq. 381, Arist.), also with em-, KaLa-; -lo.W 'id.' (late medic.); -wm<; [f.] 'formation of pimples or granules' (Gal.). .ETYM Formed with the feminine suffIx -la- from a stem ending in dental, found in Slavic: Polab. zlad 'hail', Pol. il6d 'glaze', etc. < PSl. *zeld-; often found with a velar extension, e.g. OCS zlidiea 'glazed frost', Ru. ozelediea 'id., fringe of ice on the snow'. In order to combine the Greek word, we have to posit a root *tlh2-d- and assume that the Greek form continues the full grade of the suffix, so *tlh2-ed-, where Slavic points to *telH-d-. The latter form is also found in Iranian: MoP zala 'hail, hoarfrost' < Plr. *zarda- < IE *telh2d-.

xaAu�u

•

[v.] 'to slacken' trans. and intr., 'to lower, let down, relax, loosen; to open, be open' (Att.) . .;! ?� .YAR Ptc. xaAa[vov-rEC; (Hes. Se. 308), Aeol. Wl. x6Aatal (Ale.), see Hamm 1957: 57a 3, 228a), aor. xaACta(a) at, -o.aa0eat (h. Ap.), -o.�at (Pi.), pass. -aae�Vat (A. Pr. 991, Pl.), fut. -o.aw (Hp.), perf. KExo.Aa0llal.

XUAaw

XaALflo.C;, -o.OOC; .COMP Also with Ota-, em-, 1tapa-, ava-, etc. As a first member in xaAI-cpPwv 'with a feeble mind, thoughtless' (Od., AP), whence -cppov£w ('/f 13), - Cp po mJVTj (1t 310), like odt-cppwv, etc.; xaAa[-1tOUC; epithet of HcpataLOC; (Nic. Th. 458), like 1taAat- in compounds, fllat-cp6voc;, etc.; xaAa--rov£w [v.] 'to slacken, become loose' (late), like -raAa-; on the form of the first member see Schwyzer: 448 . DER 1. xo.Aam<; (Ola-, imo-) [f.] 'slackening, relaxing' (Hp., Pl.). 2. Xo.Aa0lla (Ota-) [n.] 'slackened condition, relaxation, gap in the line of battle, etc.' (Hell. and late), 'border of a field' (Hell. pap.), -allo.-rLOv (1tapa-) [n.] 'slight slackening (in a rope)' (Hero). 3. XaAa01l6C; (ava-) [m.] = Xo.Aamc; (late medic.). 4· xo.Aaa-r�pla (scil. axolv[a) [n.pl.] 'rope for lowering a portcullis' (App.). 5. XaAa0-r6v [n.] 'festoon, chain' (LXX, pap.). 6. XaAa0LlK6C; (ava-) 'slackening, relaxing, loosening, removing' (late). 7. See � xaA6.0plov. On itself stands xaAap6c; (em-, t>1tO-) 'slackened, flaccid, loose, lax' (Hp., Att.), with -ap6-rTjC; (X., Gall.), -ap60llat (Erot.). Here probably also belongs tHe PN XaAaK[ac; (Thess. [raj); cf. Dor. xaACt�at (Pi.) and Bechtel 1917a: 46f. .ETYM The pair xaAo.a(a) at : xaAap6c; goes like -raACtaaat : -ro.Aapoc;, Aayo.a(a) at : Aayap6c;, [ACta(a)aaeat : [Aap6<;, etc. Etymology unknown. It seems that the aorist xaAo.a(a)at (innovated presents XaAo.W, -alvw) is a primary formation. The connection with Arm. xal 'game', xalam 'to play' by Meillet 1936: 36 would require IE *kh_, and should therefore be abandoned. "

•

[f.] 'resin of the all-heal', obtained out of the root of some oriental (Persian, Syrian) umbelliferous plant of the genus Ferula; also a designation of the plant itself (Thphr., etc.). ';! LW Sem.� .DER xaA�av-[c;, -[OOC; and -6waa 'belonging to the ferula' (Nic.), of p[�a. .ETYM From Hebr. belbana 'id.'; more details in E. Masson 1967: 60. Borrowed as Lat. galbanum (WH s.v.). Cf. Fur.: 139 · XaA£1tOC; [adj.] 'heavy, difficult, harsh, severe, troublesome, dangerous' (ll.). ';! PG?� .COMP 1tay-xaAE1t6c; 'very heavy, angry, etc.' (Att.). .DER xaAE1t-6-rTjC; [f.] 'difficulty, hardness, severity, etc.' (Att.); -�PTj�: = xaAE1t6c; (Mimn.); xaA£1ta[vw 'to be evil or mischievous, to be harsh, etc., to rage' (ll.), rarely with av-rl-, auv- etc.; XaMltLw 'to treat harshly, enrage', also 'to rage' (0 423, Hes. Op . 5, etc.), med. -ltLOllat, -'/faaeat 'to rage' (Hell. and late epic, also late prose), -cpe�Vat 'id.' (Thgn. 155 [v.l.], S. Iehn. 328 [lyr.], Corn. Adesp.), with XaA£1t-rUC;· xaAE1t6-rTjC; (H.), after other nouns in --ruC; (cf. Benveniste 1948: 73). .ETYM Unexplained. Is the word Pre-Greek?

XaA�o.VTj

XUAlU [f.] . �aux[a (H.) . .;! ?� .ETYM Unknown. XUAl6LOV [adj.] . mVCtKlOv .ETYM Unknown.

(H.) . .;! ?�

[f.] 'wild, lecherous woman', also an epithet of the Bo.KXat (A. Fr. 448 = 719f. M. [vv.ll. xaAlll[ac;, xaA[oa<;] , H., Suid. [codd. -[Ila] , EM, Eust.). ';! PG?�

XUAlI.laC;, -a60c;

1610

xaALV6e;

.DER xaAlf·l(i�£lV (v.I. -lKa�£lV) = TO U
golden reins' (lA).

.DER Diminutive xaAlv-aplov [n.] (late), -hle; [f.] epithet of Athena in Corinth

(Paus.), as she bridled Pegasus for Bellerophon; xaAlv-60flm [v.] 'to be furnished wit� reins, rein in' (lA), also with £v-, U1tO-, etc.; thence -wme; [f.] 'reining in' (X.), -wTTjpla [n.pl.] metaph. 'ropes used for mooring' (E., Opp., Nonn.). .ETYM Borrowed into Skt. as khallna-, khalina- 'bit of a bridle'. Foreign, i.e. Pre Greek origin is probable, as it is difficult to explain XaA- from IE (*th2l-, *tlH- V �re ,unmoti�,ated) �nd as a suffIx -LV- is frequent in Pre-Greek (KufllVOV, 1tUTLVTj, PTjTlvTj). � £uATjpa IS often taken to be an inherited word for 'bridle', but this is probably Pre-Greek, too.

[m., f.] 'small stone, gravel, rubble used for filling up, mortar for stone building' (Th., Ar., Att. inscr., Arist., Hell. inscr. and pap., Str.). -1 ?� VAR For the gender cf. � ALSoe;. .DER xaAlK-WOTje; 'like rubble' (Thphr.), -wflaTa [n.pl.] 'rubble and mortar stone' mortar' Lat. caementa (gloss.). .ETYM There is no convincing etymology: the general similarity with Lat. silex 'gravel', Mlr. scellec 'rock', OCS skolbka 'shell' is not enough for an IE etymology to . The formation is like KUAl�, UAl�, p�Vl�, etc. (see Chantraine 1933: 382). It �e credIble. IS probably a loan, see Fur.: 137, 384, who connects both Lat. calx 'stone (of a board game), limestone' (whence OHG kalch, etc.) and Sum. kalga 'limestone', Babyl. kalakku. It can also be assumed that the Latin word was borrowed from Greek; note that the appurtenance of the eastern words is doubted by DELG. In this case, Pre Greek origin is thinkable.

xaAI�, -IKO" •

=

XaAl", -IV [m.] 'unblended wine' (Hippon. 73 = 67 Masson, epigr. Cyrene IP). -1 PG(V)� COMP As a first member in XaAL-KpTjTOe; 'blended with X.' (Archil., A. R., AP, cf. also •

A. Fr. 719C M.), also xaALKpmOe; and compar. XaAlKp6TEpOe; (Nic. Al.) 'id.'. As a second member in aKpo-xaAl� 'slightly drunk' (A. R. 4, 432, D. P.), with -� perhaps after synonymous oiv6-
16u .ETYM Fur.: 389 compares
-KpOe;, like in XaAlKp6TEpOe;, which therefore cannot be explained as due to haplology (Frisk); cf. �
xaAixaAaw. XaAKo" [m.] 'ore, copper, bronze', poet. metaph. VAR Cret. Kaux6e;. .DIAL Myc. ka-ko, see below. COMP Many compounds, e.g. xaho-1tapnOe;

of bronze objects (11.). -1 ?�

•

(Horn.), -1tap<;loe; (Pi.), see Forssman with brass, brazen' (Hom.+), fitted brass, with 'furnished 1966: 152f.; xah-�pTje; (Pi.), see Forssman op. cit. 84f.; 'id.' e; xaho-apa also /, Ikhalkareha Myc. ka-ka-re-a2 brass'; on xaho-KEpauVOe; with 'fitted [n.pl.] ka-ko-de-ta Myc. Xah6-O£TOe; (trag.), brass' (Hdt., Ar.), witlI with 'coated £1tL-xahoe; 20f.; (1952): 50 etc. see Wrern Eranos Ele; TUe; SuaLae;
=

=

=

C. Verbs: 1. xah-euw 'to forge' (L 400) , also intr. 'to be a blacksmith' (Att.), formally from xaheu<;, but also referring to Xah6<;, rarely prefIxed, e.g. with KaTa-, tm-, 1tpO-, Ct1tO-. Thence -ela [f.] 'the art of forging' (Hp., Pl.), 'forge' (Hero), -wlla [n.] 'what is forged, forged tool' (A.), -WT�<; = -eu<; (AP), -wTlK6<; 'belonging to the art of forging, versed in the art of forging' (Hp., X., Arist.), -WT�PlOV = -dov (gloss.). 2. Xai\K-6ollat [v.] 'to be coated with bronze' (Pi., Hdt., LXX, D. S.), 'to turn into ore' (AP), rarely with KaTa-, 1tepl- (to KaTu-, 1tepl-xaho<;); thence -wlla [n.] designation of several copper instruments (Att.), with -WIlUTlOV [n.] (Delos 11'), -wllaTCi<; [m.] 'copper smith' (pap. IIlP). 3. Xah-l(w 'to play coin-spinning with copper coins' (Alex., Herod., Poll.), with -l01l6<; [m.] 'gam� of coin-spinning' (Poll., Eust.), 'to glisten or sound like copper' (late); prefIxed 1t£Pl-Xahl(Ollat (to 1tepl-xaho<;) 'to become coated with bronze' (LXX), Ct1tO-Xahl(w 'to take away the bronze' (AP 11, 283; word-play with Xahl<;), tmo-xahl(w 'to look somewhat bronze-colored' (EM), 1.mexUhl0a· 1tpo<; Xahou 1.mee£Il'lv (H.). D. Adverb xahlv8a (scil. 1tal(nv} TO et<; Xahov Ku�eunv (H.). .ETYM An old IE word for 'ore, copper, bronze' is still retained in Skt. ayaJ:t, Lat. aes, Gm., e.g. Go. aiz [n.] . The prehistory of Greek Xah6<; is obscure. An IE term is improbable, as a word with an aspirate and a voiceless stop is not tolerated. The Similarity with the word for 'purple', Kui\X'l, also xuh'l and xui\X'l, is hardly accidental. It would point to an original meaning 'red metal' for Xah6<; (Xaho<; tpuep6<; I 365) , which is conceivable. Connection with the Balto-Slavic word for 'iron' (Lith. gelezis, OPr. gelso, Ru. zelezo) is phonetically unfeasible, but we could have to do with independent loans from a common eastern source. In such a framework, the connection with Kui\X'l could be maintained too. It is also tempting to connect the Hitt. (Hattic-Hurritic) word for 'iron', bapalki- (or apalki-); the imperfect phonetic agreement would be due to incorrect rendering of a foreign word (Pisani AION 7 (1966) : 46£.) . Xallu( [adv.] 'to the earth, on the earth' (ll.). � IE *dhftem- 'earth'� ·COMP Extremely productive as a fIrst member, e.g. xallat-1t£T�<; 'falling, fallen to the ground, lying on the ground, futile' (Pi., trag., also PI., Plb.), univerbation of xalla1 1twdv; xallal-('li\o<; originally "striving to the earth", 'low, base, small', also (scil. 8Icppo<;) 'footstool' (Hp., PI., Arist.), xallat-euv'l<;, plur. -euvat 'having its lair on the earth' (P 235, Emp.), fern. -wvu8e<; (Od.), with elision xall-euv'l (Poll., H., AP), XUIl wvu [f.] 'lair on the earth' (Att. inscr., A.), see Solmsen 1909: 256£. On Xallat- in plant- and animal-names Stromberg 1940: 109ff.; on Xallat-i\£wv (perhaps a calque from Semitic), see Lewy KZ 58 (1931) : 33; on this also Dawkins JHS 56 (1936) : 5ff. DER xall-Ci(e 'to the ground' (Horn., also trag. and late prose), after Ae�va(e, etc. (accentuation acc. to Hdn. Gr. 2, 951 and others); after this xall-Cieev 'from the earth, from the ground' (Hdt., Att. corn.), also -aleev (A.D., PIu.), Aeol. -U8l<; 'to the ground' (Horn., A. [lyr.l), like Cii\i\u8l<; etc., Dor. -uv8t<; (Theognost.). From xallal: Xall-'li\6<; 'low' (Pi., X., Nic., Str.), after u1/!'li\6<;; Xall-LTl<; (CiIl1tei\o<;) 'low' (Gp., Suid., Eust.). •

xuvva

1613

.ETYM A frozen case-form of the word for 'earth', usually explained as a dative; cf. � 1t(li\at, � 1tapaL We can compare it with Lat. hum'i 'on the ground' < QIE *dhftom

ei, but the stem vowel is different. With e-vocalism we fInd OPr. semmai 'down'. Probably, all are independent formations. Further see � Xewv. See Hajna1 1992: 207220. XUIlOV Kall1tui\ov (H.). =>xa�6<;. .

XUIlVVTJ [f.] epithet of the Elean Demeter. �GR� .ETYM Acc. to Vegas Sansalvador Glotta 70 (1992) :

166-180, this epithet means 'who has the earth as a bed', with the zero grade of £l)V�, *-h,uneh2• A more clear form is xallat-euv'l<; (Horn.); we also fInd xafl-euv'l<; (H.).

XUIl1/!at [pl.] Egyptian name of crocodiles (Hdt. 2, 69) . � LW Eg.� .ETYM From the Eg. name msJ:t, but difficult in detail; cf. Cerny

Egypte 42 (1943) : 346-348.

Ann. Serv. Ant.

xuvMvw [v.] 'to hold, include, contain' (Horn.). � IE *ted- 'grasp, seize'�

.YAR Aor. xa8elv (epic ll., also Hp. and Ar. Ra. 260 [lyr.l), fut. xel00llat (0 17), perf. (with present mg.) ptc.acc.sg. Kexav86Ta ('1' 268, 8 96) , ind. K£xav8e· xwpel (H.), plpf. Kexuv8n, with v.l. Kex6v8n (.0 192) . .COMP Never with prefIx; as a second member in eu-xav8�<; 'ample' (Nic., Man.), eupu-xa8�<; (AP, Luc.), -xav8�<; (Eust.) 'id.'. .ETYM A regular formal system, with a zero grade nasal present, zero grade thematic aorist, and a full grade medial future. Only the perfect forms with -av- are divergent; if not innovated after the present, they must have pushed original K£xov8a out of the system (retained in the v.l. Kex6v8n). Beside this archaic verb, continued only in the epic tradition, Latin has a formation with fIxed prefIx and generalised e-vocalism: prae-hendo, -hend'i, -hensum 'to grasp, seize', the stemvowel of which may represent both IE *tend- and *t1Jd-. Zero grade forms are found also in Celtic, e.g. OIr. ro-geinn 'he fInds place in' (IE *td-n-). A full grade root is found in Alb., e.g. gjendem 'I am found'. These nasalized forms probably go back on a nasal present; beside them stand several forms without nasal, like Lat. praeda 'booty' < *prai-hed-a, and the Germanic verb ON geta 'to reach, produce' (> MoE get), Go. bi-gitan 'eupI0Knv', OHG pi-gezzan 'reach', Jir-gezzan 'forget', etc. Meier-Brugger MSS 50 (1989) : 87-90 adduces the adverb xov8�v 'in capacity' (SEG 21 (1965) : 644, 19) and suggests a form Ctxov8�<; for AXON�EL in SEG 13 (1956) : 13, 251. , XCtVVU [f.] 'kind of sea bass, Serranus (cabrilla) (Epich., Arist., Numen. apud Ath., pap. lP, etc.). � PG(Y)� YAR Also Xuvvo<; [m.]. .ETYM In view of the characterization by Epich. as lleyai\oxCt0IlWV, connection with Xavdv 'to yawn' (see � XU0KW) with expressive gemination has been proposed (Stromberg 1943: 53) . Extensive treatment in Thompson 1947 s.v., where foreign origin (Eg. chna name of an unknown fIsh) is considered. Fur.: 351 compares X£VVLOV (H.), which makes Pre-Greek origin probable (ale). •

r

xCto<;, -EO<;, -OU<; [n.] 'chaos', used as a designation for what was first by Hes. Th. 116, usually (e.g. Arist.) taken as '(unlimited) empty space' (Ibyc., B., Ar.), later 'wide chasm, abyss' (Hell.). � ?� .DER Xaow 'to devour', aor. -WUat (Tab. Defix., Simp. and Olymp. VIP). Besides Xauvo<; 'slack, porous, loose, bloated, puffed up, vain, frivolous' (Pi., lA). Some compounds, e.g. xaUVO-1tOALTat [m.pl.] "vain citizens" (Ar. Ach. 635 [anap.]), xauVO-1tpWKTO<; 'having slack or bloated bottoms' (ibid. 104), tmo-xauvo<; 'somewhat slack, vain' (late). Abstract xauvonj<; [f.] 'slackness, vanity' (PI., Arist., PIu.); xauva� in xaUVCtKwv, xaUV01tOlWV, ol 8e xauvoAOYwV (H.); xauv-ool1at [v.] 'to become slack or vain, etc.' (Ale., lA), also with eK-, etc. Thence -WO"l<; [f.] 'relaxation, puffing up' (Ar., Hell. and late), -wl1a [n.] 'dispersed ea'hth', -WTLKO<; 'making loose' (PIu.); xaUVLCt(E' 1tAaV9- (H.). Also xauAL-08wv (see � 68wv) with a suffix -A-? .ETYM Against the idea that XCto<; would be 'the empty space', first expressed by Aristotle and followed by most scholars, others interpreted it as a 'chasm' or an 'abyss'. Morphologically, a connection with Xauvo<; (WIth remarkable barytone accent) may be supposed: XCto<; < *XCtFo<; beside Xauvo<;, like epEpo<; to epEl1vo<; < *epEpvo<;. As a basic meaning 'loose, with holes' is quite possible for Xauvo<;, an original meaning 'hole, empty space, yawning opening' is quite thinkable for XCto<;. Therefore XCto<; and Xauvo<; were since long connected with � XCtUKW, XCtuI1a, Xav£1v, � X�I1TJ, etc. Formally close are some Germanic and Baltic words for 'palate': OHG guomo, ON g6mr [m.] , etc. < IE *teh2-mn- beside OHG goumo [m.] < PGm. *gauma(n)-, Lith. gomurys, etc. See � XCtUKW and � xwpa.

xCto<;, -EO", -ov"

XapCt =>Xa(pw. xapa6pa =>xtpa80<;. xapaoow [v.] 'to make pointed, sharpen; to carve, engrave, strike, stamp' (Hes.). � PG(s)� .VAR Att. -HW; aor. -�at, pass. -X8�vat, perf. med. KExCtpawat. ·COMP Also with ev-, 8La-, e1tL-, etc. As a first member in the governing compound

xapa�(-1tOVTO<; 'splitting the sea', of an oar (Simon.). .DER 1. XCtpaYl1a (1tEpL-, 1tpO-, e1tL-) [n.] 'engraving, engraved mark, impression, minted coins' (S., HelL); xapawo<; [m.] 'incision, stamp, stamped document' (Thphr., pap. IP); xapaw� [f.] 'loaf of bread' (pap. V-VIP). 2. XCtpa�L<; (ev-, Ct1tO-, 1tEpL-, etc.) [f.] 'engraving, incising, incision' (Democr., late), 1tapa-XCtpa�L<; 'false coining, forgery', -LI10<; 'forged' (late). 3. xapaKTo<; 'made pointed, sharpened, toothed' (Hp., Nic.); 1tEpL-xapaKTLKo<; 'cutting around' (Dsc.). 4. xapaKT�p [m.] 'engraver, one who mints coins' (Euryph. Pythag., Olbia lIP), 'tool for engraving, stamp, seal' (Arist., Hell. and late inscr. and pap., etc.), 'impression, character', also of facial expressions or language: 'physical and linguistic idiosyncrasy'; 'carved letter, etc.' (lA, Hell. and late), 'individual feature, style, character' (Hell. and late); 1tEpL- . xapaKT�p [m.] 'knife for cutting of the gums around the teeth' (late medic.). From

1615 xapaKTTJpLUTLKO<; (Phld., etc.), xapaKTTJP-( W (8ta-, xapaKT�p: xapaKTTJpLKO<; l1£Ta-) [v.] 'to form, stamp, designate, characterize' (Hell. and late), whence -LUI10<;, -Lul1a, -LUTLKO<; (late); xapaKTTJpLCt(W [v.] 'to coin, mint' (Samos IP). 5. XCtpaKTTJ<; [m.] 'coiner, minter' (Man.), 1tapa- 'forger' (Vett. Val.). Besides XCtpa�, -aKO<; [m., f.] 'pointed stake, vine-prop, fortifying pale, stockade, palisade' (Att. Hell. and late), also as a fish name (Diph. Siph., Opp.); see Stromberg 1943: 36, Thompson 1947 s.v.; xapaKo-poA(a [f.] 'raising of a palisade' (LXX), wl1o XCtpa� 'prop for the forks of vines' (Gp.). Thence: 1. xapaK-(a<; [m.] (KCtAal10<;) 'fit as a stake or palisade' (Thphr.), also as a plant name, 'kind of euphorbia' (Dsc.), see Stromberg 1937: 91 and Stromberg 1940: 107; as a fish name (Gp., see xCtpa�). 2. xapaKLTTJ<; [m.] 'kind of euphorbia' (late), also = 'living behind a fence' (pLpALaKo<; = conventual), 'cut off from the world' (Timo). 3. xapCtKLa· U1tOO"TTJP(WaTa (H.). 4. xapaKow (1tEpL-, Ct1tO-) [v.] 'to furnish with stakes, build a palisade' (Aesch., Arist., Hell. and late), whence -wl1a (1tEpL-) 'site secured with palisades' (X., Arist., Hell. and late), -WO"l<; 'palisading, propping up of vines' (Lycurg., Hell. and late), -wv 'vineyard with propped up vines' (pap. II-IIIP). 5. xapaK( w [v.] , originally 'to furnish with stakes', only metaph. of flies, 'to rub the front legs for cleaning' (Arist.), with -LUI10<; [m.] 'palisading' (Pherecr., Macedonian inscr. IIIP) . ETYM XapCtUUW is both earlier and more frequently attested than XCtpa�; still XapCtUUW < *XapCtK-1W must be a denominative formation from the latter. For the suffix, cf. 1t(va�, KCtl1a�, KALl1a�, etc. Without etymology. Connection with Lith. zeriu, zerti 'to scrape', with zarstyti 'to poke' does not explain the Greek formation. In view of the suffix, the word is most probably Pre-Greek (not in Fur.).

•

xap[a [f.] . pouvo<; (H.). � ?� .ETYM A suggestion by Persson

1912(1): 223, accepted by Pok. 440, but rejected by Frisk, is mentioned s.v. � XCtPI1TJ 2.

xapl<; =>Xa(pw.

'bellicosity'. =>Xa(pw. XaPfl'l 2 [f.] acc. to the sch. Pi. O. 9, l28, it stands for e1tL80paT(<; in Stesich. 267 (Page) and Ibyc. 340 (Page); likewise for Pi. Dith. 3, 13. � PG?� .DER Bahuvrlhi ay-xapl1ov, CtvW
XaP01tO" =>Xa(pw. xapT'l"

Eg.�

[m.] 'papyrus leaf, roll', metaph. 'thin plate' (Att. inscr., PI. Corn., HelL). � LW

xapwv, -wvo� .COMP As a first member, e.g. in xap-r-ucpavr'l� [m.] 'manufacturer of papyrus leaves' (Corycos). .DER Diminutive Xap-r-[ov [n.] (Hell.), -[CLOV [n.] (late), -apLov [n.] (late); also -'lP[a [f.] xap-r'l� (LXX), -'lpa [f.] 'papyrus tax, output' (Hell. and late pap. and inscr.), -apea [f.] 'papyrus tax' (Pergamon), cf. the rare forms oivapea, -rpoxapea. ETYM Unexplained; probably from Egypt, like the papyrus plant itself. Borrowed as Lat. charta, whence MoFr. carte, etc. From xap-r'l� probably also Skt. karjitra- [n.] 'writing leather' (Mayrhofer AION 1 (1963) : 232, with Burrow). From Lat. chartuliirius, chart(i)iiticum, Greek borrowed the late forms xap-rouAapLo� 'archivist', xap-r(L)anKov 'tax on a document' in return. ". xapwv, -wvo� [m., f.] epithet or name of the liod of Nemea (Euph., Lyc., H.), also of the eagle and of the cyclops (Lyc.). � GR� ETYM Short form for xapono� (Sommer 1948: 121f., Leumann Sprache 5 (1959) : 72) ; see � xa[pw. =

•

•

xaOlo� [adj.] . aya8o�, xp'la-ro� (H.). .ETYM Considered to be the base form for Lac. � xa'(o�, S.V.

[v.] 'to gape, yawn, open (the mouth) wide' (lA). � IE */eh2n- 'break open, yawn'� .VAR Xa[vw (Hell.), them. aor. XaveIv, perf. (with present meaning, see Wackernagel 1920-1924(1) : 167) KeX'lva (both H.), aor.subj. Ka-ra-x�vn (H.), Dor. £Xiiva (Aesop.), perf. 3Pl. K£xavavn (Sophr.), fut. Xav01)flaL (lA). .COMP Often with prefix, e.g. ava-, ev-, n£pL-, uno-. DER A. Adverb Xav-86v 'with an opened mouth, greedily' (cp 294, Hell. and late epic, late prose), xavoo-nO-raL [m.pl.] (AP): Xav80v meIv· K£X'lVO-rw� Kat a8pow� m£Lv OA4J a-roflan (H.); Xav-M 'id.' (A. D.). B. Substantives: 1. xaafla [n.] 'gaping hole, abyss, chasm' (Hes.), diminutive -a-rlov [n.] (Hero, sch.), -a-r[a� [m.] 'earthquake which causes fissures in the earth' (Arist., Posidon.), cf. �paafla-r[a� s.v. � �paaaw). 2. xaafl'l [f.] 'yawning, especially of sleepiness' (Hp., Pl.), denominative xaaflaoflaL 'to yawn, stand with one's mouth open', rarely with av-rl-, em-, Ka-ra- (lA), also -eoflaL (Theoc.); thence xaafl-'lfla [n.] 'open mouth' (Ar. Av. 61) , -'lat� [f.] = xaafl'l (H., EM, Eust.); -W0'l� (also from xaafla) 'yawning constantly, indifferent' (D. L., PIu.), also metrical 'forming a hiatus' (A. D.), with -wO[a [f.] 'hiatus', -wOtw 'to form or create hiatus' (Eust.). 3. xavo� [n.] 'throat, mouth' (Corn. Adesp.); to this or directly to XaveIv: a-xav�� (dissimilated from a-) 'gaping, open wide, expanded, immeasurable' (Parm., Arist., Hell. and late), with axav-£La [f.] 'wide hole, expension, immeasurability' (late), also (with privative a) 'not wide open, with a closed mouth' (Thphr., Hegesipp. Corn., Plb., Luc.). C. Verbs: 1. xaaK-a(w 'to gape at, gaze at' (Ar. V. 695 [anap.l), with xaaK-a�, -aKO� [m.] 'gazer' (Eust.). 2. xaaK-wp£LV' n£pL�Aen£Lv (H.), after 8£wpeIv etc. 3. Xavu£lV' �oav, xavuaa£L' �oq. (cod. �[a), KaAeI (H.); to this Xavu-Aao� etc. (Pharsalos), see Bechtel 1917b: 464. 4. iterative (Schwyzer: 719) X'lv�aaL' KaLaflwK�aaa8aL, with . x�v'lfla· Ka-raflwK'lfla (H.).

XaoKw

•

1617

xeOpo1ta (-na)

D. Rare compounds: Ka-rwfloxav£ [VOc.] = Xa[vwv Ka-r' wflou, 'usque ad humeros hians' (Hippon. 28) , cf. Masson ad loc.; Ka-rax�v'l [f.] 'scorn, mockery' (Ar. V. 575, Eq. 631) , Ka-raxaafl'lat�, Ka-raY£Aw� (H.), cf. Ka-raX�Vn' Ka-raY£Aaan, fluK-r'lp[an, e�ou8£v[an (H.). .ETYM The pair XaveIv and KeX'lva is old; innovations are the future XavouflaL, the present Xa[vw and the sigm. aor. £X'lva. The ske!o-present XCtaKW is old, too, and may derive from *khan-ske/o-. So we are dealing with a root PGr. *khan- < PIE */h2n-. Xav£LV and xavo� further agree with a North Germanic word: ON gan [n.] 'opening of the mouth, call, cry', also 'throat, gill' (MoSw., MoNw.), and the weak verb gana 'to open wide, desire, gape'. The root */eh2- seems to appear unenlarged in � X�fl'l and it may of course also be present in xaaKw. The nouns xaafla, -fl'l can ' be explained from xaaKw as well as from XaveIv (cf. cpaafla to cpa[vw). The situation strongly reminds ofPGr. *phan- < *bhh2-n-. A root */Hi- in the same meaning is found in Lat. hisco 'to open the mouth', OHG gien, ON gina 'to yawn', OHG ginen 'to be wide open', MoHG gahnen 'to yawn', Hitt. kinu-,i 'to break open (by force)" also in Lat. hiiire, hio Lith. zi6ti, 1Sg. zi6ju, OCS 1Sg. zeN, ToB kiiy- 'to open', pass. ptc. kakiiyau. This was perhaps an i-present to */eh2- (though some of the forms seem to presuppose */eh,-). It is unclear if � XLpa� can be related to this root. Cf. also � xao� and � X�v. =

=

xa-rtw [v.] 'to lack, need, desire' (H., epic poet.). � IE? */eh,- 'leave behind'� .VAR Xa-r[(w (only pres. except for ipf. XaLeWK£ Nonn. 4, 56) ; Xa-r£U£l' xpn(£L

(cod. xap[(£L), em8ufleI 'needs, desires'; XaL£uouaa· xpn(ouaa, o£Oflev'l 'in need' (H.) . DER xa-r[� (leg. xan�?} em8ufl[a, Xp�at� 'desire, use' (H.) is probably a back formation. , Beside this, we find a frozen dative X�-r£'(, X�-r£L 'out of lack (or desire) (H., poet., also late prose), which may derive from the noun X�-ro�· £vO£la, a-rep'lat� 'need, deprivation' (H.), or possibly from *x�n�. Thence X'l-roaUv'l 'lack, atrophy' (AP 9, 408) , X'l-rda' xpda 'need' (H.) (where cod. X'lP- has a wrong position in the alphabet), X'l-r[(w = Xa-r[(w (EM) . ETYM For xa-rew, cf. ai-rew, fla-rew, na-reoflaL, OaLeOflaL, etc. (Schwyzer: 705) . For X�-ro�, cf. K�-rO�, aKu-ro�, £v-ro� (Schwyzer: 513) . Remote cognates may be found in � x�pa, � xwpa, from a root */eh,-. If X'l-r- contains this root, Xa-r- must somehow be analogical. •

•

xauAlo6wv, xauvo� =xao�. Xauwv [m.] a kind of cake (LXX, EM, Suid.). � LW Hebr.� .ETYM Transcription of Hebr. kawwiin, Kohler and Baumgartner 1953:

428.

xtcSpona (-mi) [n.pl.] 'leguminous fruits' (Hp., Arist., Thphr., Nic.). � PG(v)� .VAR xeOpona� (v.l. -nou�) [acc.pl.] (Arist.), XeOpo'V' nav oanpLov, anepfla (H.).

Also X£Op[a [f.] 'id.' (pap. IV-VIP); variants KeOpona (Erot. H.), KepOona (H.). .COMP x£oponw0'l� 'X.-like' (Phanias apud Ath.). .ETYM Groselj Ziva Ant. 7 (1957) : 43 compared Ru. gor6x 'pea', Lat. furfur 'pod of corn and pulses', etc.; formally untenable. Folk etymology with Xdp and openw

1618 (X£LpOOP01tOl cpwn:<;) by Nic. Th. 752. The variation shows that the word is Pre Greek. Cf. � xlopa. xt
Schwyzer: 7466 and 786), fut. XWOUflUl, also XE
Xt:I name of the letter X (Att. inscr. [not before 307a] , Pl. Ti., Hp.). -
athwart, cross out, cancel' (D. S., pap., sch.), with -a
[f.] 'serpent's den' (X 93 and 95, PIu., Orph., Crete), 'gap' (Pi. I. 8 , 77 [uncertain]). -
X£ui

•

XEIXo<; [n.] 'lip', metaph. 'edge, seam'. -
having a height equal to the brim of the vessel, rising to the brim' (X., Arist.), -AO<; (Cp.); 1taXU-X£lA�<; (Arist.), -AO<; (Ruf., Gal.) 'with thick lips'. Rarely as a first member, e.g. X£LAO-1tOTEW 'to drink with the lips, slurp' (AP 7, 223), cf. Aa�pO-1tOTEW (ibid. 5, 109 and 10, 18).

1619 .DER Diminutive X£LA-UPlOV [n.] (gloss.), enlargement -wfla [n.] = X£IAO<; (Aq.); also -6.<; = labrosus (gloss.). .ETYM If the transmitted dialectal forms are reliable, possible basic forms are *XE
Thgn., Hdt., trag.), msc. 'bourn, torrent, current' (Att., LXX, Paus.), -ppWO'1<; 'similar to a X.' (Str.); X£Lflwvo--rU1to<; 'buffeting with storms' (A. Supp. 34 [anap.]), X£lflo
1620 second member -Xlflo<; in the poet. adjectives oua-Xlflo<; 'stormy, fearful' CA., E.), fl£ACtY-Xlflo<; 'black (on a white ground), dark spotted' (A., E.), Ta fl£ACtYXlflu 'black spots in the snow' (X. Cyn. 8, 1 and 7, Poll.). See also � X[flatpu. .ETYM An inherited word for 'winter' or 'snow', with numerous representatives in various languages: 1. An n-stem like in X£lflu and X£lflwV is found in Skt. loco heman 'in winter' < lE *f'eim-en and in Hitt. gimmi, gimmant- 'winter' < *f'im-n-i, *f'im-n-ent-. Alb. (Gheg) dimen is from *f'eimen- or *f'imen- (Hamp IF 66 (1961): 52ff.). Skt. hemanta- [m.] is derived with the suffIx -ta-. 2. To X£lfl£P-lVO<;, -lO<;, -0<;: Arm. jmern 'winter'. < *f'imer-n-, Lat. hibernus 'winterly' < *f'eim-r-ino-. An -r- also in Alb. (Tosk) diiner(e) 'winter', but from secondary transition n > r (Jokl IF 36 (1916): 130ff.). 3. XlWV corresponds to Arm. jiwn 'snow' (cf. � K[WV to Arm. siwn), from lE nom. *f'iom (with final -m > -n in both languages). The m-stem also in Lat. hiems, hiemis [f.] 'winter, storm' from the ace. *f'i-em-m, and in YAv. ziid < lE *f'ioms, acc. ziiqm 'winter' (after the a-stems), OAv. gen. zimo. 4. X[fl-£TAOV, oua-Xlflo<; from *f'im-o- like in Skt. hima- [m.] 'cold, frost, snow', hima- [f.] 'winter'; as a second member in sata-hima- 'of a hundred winters' = 'a hundred years (old) " just like Lat. bimus from *bi-himos 'two years old'. lE *f'eim-h2 is found in Balto-Slavic, e.g. Lith. ziema, Ru. zima. An Indo-Iranian word for 'winter' in Av. zaiian- [m.] , zaiiana- 'winterly', Skt. hayana- [m., n.] 'year', also [adj.] 'belonging to the year, yearly', was thought to derive from lE *f'ei-en-. However, we may better assume thematic *f'eim-n-o-. Still, it is most probable that the -m- in *f'eim-, ete. is originally a suffix. Xd�upoC;; [m.] 'plug in a ship's hull', which was drawn out for letting out the water, after the ship had been brought to land in a sudden storm (Hes. Op. 626). � GR� .ETYM Probably denoting a "bad weather bung", related to X£lflu, X£lflwv, X£IflEpLO<;, as opposite to £uo[ato<; "good weather hole" (PIu., Poll., H.), see � £uo[u. See Sommer 1914: 123ff. XEl�appOUC;; -X£lflU. XEl��o-rOC;; [adj.] . X£lfl£PlVTJ wpu 'winter time' (H.). � GR� .ETYM See Lobel ZPE 19 (1975): 210, who derives it from � �oaKw.

[f.] 'hand, fist', also metaph. 'deed, strength, violence; crowd, band'. � IE *f'es-r- 'hand'� VAR x£pa[ [dat.pl.] (lA, H.); Dor. X�P, XTJp0<;, Aeol. XEPP' [acc.sg.] , XEPPU<; [acc.pl.], poet. and Hell. also (secondarily) X£P- in X£p[, X£po<;, XEPU, XEp£<;, ete. .COMP Highly productive in compounds. As a first member e.g. X£lPO-TEXVTJ <; [m.] 'craftsman' (lA), with -T£XV[U, -TEXVLOV, ete.; X£lp[-aocpo<; PN, probably instrumental; XEP-Vl,\" -Vl�O<; [f.] 'cleansing water for the hands, holy water', plur. also 'purifications with holy water' (since Od., where only acc.sg. -l�U); thence XEPVl�OV [n.] 'washing bowl, basin' (0 304, also Delos Iva), probably via reinterpretation of the acc.sg. XEPVl�U (Leumann 1950: 160), also -lOV (Hp., Ar.,

Xdp, XElPOC;; •

X£[p, X£lpO<;

1621

And.), -£lOV (Antiph., inscr.) 'id.'; rare denominative X£pv[,\,ua8at, -v[moflat (for X£lpu<; v[,\,ua8at) 'to wash the hands (before the sacrifice), besprinkle with purifying water' (A 449, E., Ar., Lys.), -v[,\,at 'to besprinkle with holy water, to sacrifice' (Lye.), -vlcp8d<; 'consecrated' (AP), -vlflflu [n.] 'washing of the hands' (com. Va). As a second member e.g. UUTO-X£lP 'by one's own hand, acting, perpetrator', euphem. = 'murderous, murderer' (Att. since A.), with -X£lP[, -X£lp[U, -X£lp[(W, ete. Thematically enlarged in £KUTOY-X£lpO<; 'with a hundred hands' (A 402); in hypostases like npo-X£lpO<; (to npo X£lpWV) 'at hand, prepared' (lA), with npoX£lp[(Oflat [v.] 'to get, fetch, prepare, choose, etc.', il1to-XdpLO<; 'under the hand, in someone's possession, subject' (0 448), eY-X£lp[OlO<; 'in the hand' (A.), -[Otov [n.] 'hand weapon' (lA), 'handbook' (late). See also � X£lpofluKTpOV, � X£pv�<;, � eK£X£lp[U. .DER 1. Diminutive X£lp-[OlOV [n.] (Att. inscr., late medic.), XEP-lOV [n.] (late medie.), also 'handle' (Hero), -UOplOV [n.] (Mosch.). 2. X£lp-[<;, -100<; [f.] 'long handshoe, sleeve' (w 230), cf. KVTJfl[<;, with -lOWTO<; 'provided with sleeves' (Hdt., Hell. pap., Str.), -l060flat [v.] 'to be provided with sleeves' (comm. Arist., gloss.). 3· X£lP-TJT�<; [m.] 'manual worker' (pap. IlIP). 4. x£p-aplo<; [m.] an official in Ilion (inscr. II-IIIP). 5. Adjective X£[p-LO<; 'in the hands, in sbd.'s possession' (S., E.), -lKO<; 'manual' (pap. lIP), -WTO<; 'provided with hands' (comm. Arist.). 6. Short names, e.g. Xdp-wv (Aeol. XEpp-, Att. vases X[p-); either the connection with Xdp is folk-etymology, or the Attic form is itacistic; also X£lp-[U<; (X£pp-, XTJP-) [m.] (Megara, Boeot.), see Heubeck Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 7 (1956): 2769) . 7. Verbs: a) X£lp-[(W, Dor. NWGr. fut. -l�W 'to maintain, govern' (Hp., Core., Hell. and late), with -l0l<;, -l�l<;, -laflo<;, -laflu, -l0T�<;, -laTlKo<;, -l0T£UW; often in derivatives and hypostases, e.g. npoX£lp-[(Oflat (to npo-X£lpO<;, see above), fl£TU-X£lp[(oflat, -[(w (to fl£Ta X£Ipu<;) 'to take in hand, deal with' (lA); b) -X£lpEW, -Eoflat in hypostases like em-X£lp-EW 'to take hold of, undertake' (w 386, 395), with -TJflu, -TJ0I<;, etc., tYX£lPEW (Arc. -XTJP-) 'id.' (Att.); c) X£lpooflat (act. -ow Ar. V. 443) , aor. -waua8at 'to conquer, overpower, make subject', pass. -w8�vat, perf. K£X£[pwflat 'to fall in sbd.'s hands, to be subject' (L�), with -wflu, -W0I<;, -WTlKO<;, £u-Xdp-WTO<;; see Kerschensteiner MSS 15 (1959): 39ff.; d) X£lPlUV = TO KUT£pp�x8at Ta<; X£lpU<; � CtAY£lV enL Konou (Poll. 2, 152), cf. on � xLpa<;. .ETYM The dialectal forms Dor. XTJP-, and Aeol. X£PP- correspond nicely to Hitt. kdsar < *f'es-r. The oldest inflected forms in Hittite are acc. kisseran, gen. kis(sa)ras < *f's-er-m, *f's-r-os (see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.). We would expect a nom. *XEUp in Greek, but it was apparantly replaced after the genitive. ToA tsar and ToB $ar also point to a stem *f'es-r-, although the exact phonetic development remains unclear. The old reconstruction *f'er-s- has been generally abandoned . Further forms are: Arm. jern from the accus., plur. jerk' (= X£lP£<;), Alb. dore. Connection with Skt. hasta-, Av. zasta-, OP dasta- [m.] 'hand, arm' < *f'es-to- is likely, though the replacement of the suffIx with -t- is hard to motivate. The basic article for this word is Schindler IF 72 (1967) : 244ff. On the spread of the stem X£p- from the dat.pl. x£pa[ < *f'es-r-su, see most recently Viredaz KZ 113 (2000): 290-307 (also on the Armenian forms). See also on � iOXEatpU < * -f'es-r-ih2, which nicely preserves the old nominative form.

1622 [n.] 'towel, cloth, napkin' (Sapph., Hecat., S. and Ar. in Fr., X., Hell. pap.). � GR� .VAR Also -w-. .ETYM The oldest interpretation departs from � X£IP and � flcwaw (whence flUKTpOV) 'to knead, treat with the hands' (cf. ano-, eK-fluaaw 'to strip off, wipe off). In this case, however, the incidental occurrence of -w- (Hdt. v.l., Hell. pap.) beside the much more ususal -0-, remains unclear. Hoffmann 1898: 365 therefore proposed *X£lP(o)-wflapKTpov (with dissimilation), with a second member connected with � ofloPyvufll 'to wipe'; for the zero grade, he refers to oflap�ov· anofla�ov (H.). This is the more likely solution.

XElpOf1UKrpov

'worse, weaker' (lA, H.). � ?� .VAR Aeol. (gramm.) xeppwv, poet. also X£lPOT£P0C; (0 513, Y 436, Hes. Op. 127, etc.), superl. X£lplaToc; (Att.). .DER Epic forms X£P£lwv, X£P£lOT£POC;; xep£la [acc.pl.n., acc.sg.m.] ' xep'l£C; [nom.pl.] , xep'l·( [dat.sg.]. .ETYM In order to explain the forms, Leumann Mus. He/v. 2 (1945): 2ff. assumes that a superlative *xep-laTOC; was built to Xe[pwv < *xep-jwv, replacing zero grade *xuplaToc; after fle�ov < *fley-jwv to fleYlaTOC;. Att. Xe[PlaTOC; was then reshaped after Xe[pwv, to which X£lplwv· £Aunwv, X£lpwv (H.) was formed. X£P£lwv was formed beside *xeplaToc; after the model aplaTOC; : ape[wv, with a ntr. xep£lov, to which the plur. xep£la after the o-stems; to this, finally, the m./f. *xep£l-£C; (written xep'l-£C;' see Schwyzer: 243), with a dat.sg. xep'l-·(, acc. xep£l-a. No convincing etymology. Earlier attempts fail: the connection with Skt. hrasva-, compar. hrasiyas- 'short, small', OIr. gerr 'short' because Gr. X£P- cannot be explained, and the proposal by Machek Listy filol. 72 (1948): 74f. (to OCS gorjii 'worse', which is usually connected with goreti 'to burn', go rbh 'bitter') is formally not evident in view of the Slavic o-grade. On X£lpooflat see � Xe[P. Cf. also � XP� · XEAi6wv, -OVOC; [f.] 'swallow' (Od.), often metaph., e.g. of a flying fish (middle corn., Arist.), see Stromberg 1943: 117f., Thompson 1947 s.v. �PG(S)� .VAR Poetic voc. -01, like a'l001 to a'l0w(v) , etc. DER 1. poetic X£Aloov-lC;, -100C; [f.], -wv with elucidation of the sex (AP), also as a mythological name (Ant. Lib.). 2. X£AlOOV-lOeUC; [m.] 'young swallow' (Eust.), like an-lO£uc;, etc., see B06hardt 1942: 78f. 3. X£AlOOV-LOV [n.] 'id.' (GaL), also the name of a plant (Thphr., Dsc.), see Stromberg 1940: 72. 4. X£Aloov-lac; [m.] kind of tuna (Diph. Siph.), see Stromberg 1943: l.c.), also the name of a constellation (Scherer 1953: 174), 'the spring wind' (Thphr.), like anapKTlac;, etc. 5. X£AlOOV-£WC; [f.] kind of fig tree (Ath. et al.), after
Xdpwv [compar.]

•

=

1623 360b), whence -laTal· ot Tft X£AlOOVl (T�V -ova cod.) aydpovT£C; (H.). Extensively on X£AlOWV and its derivatives Thompson 1895 s.v. .ETYM The woman's name X£AlOFoV (lG 9\1), 86: 1 [Thermos VIa], of Corinthian origin) for X£AlOFOV.l [C; (?, see Sommer 1948: 1463) would point to a suffrx -Fov-. This would be the only occurrence of this suffrx in post -consonantal position in alphabetic Greek (but cf. Myc. te-mi-dwe-te, -ta). It is preferable, therefore, to take -F- as a false archaism, like in TAaalaFo instead of -ao (cf. Fraenkel Phil. 97 (1948): 161). Otherwise, the formation is unclear too: X£A10- reminds of 'l''l
XEJI.lXEAWV'l

[m.] a kind of mullet, 'Mugil chelo' (Arist., Hikes. and Diph. apud Ath., H.); also as a PN (Ephesus Iva), see Bechtel I917a: 48. � PG(V)� .VAR Also -A-. .DER X£AAaplTjC; oVlaKoc; fishname (Dorio apud Ath.), see Stromberg 1943: 130 and 134· .ETYM On the fish see Thompson 1947 s.v. The semantically obvious connection with X£lAOC; (Mastrelli Arch. glott. ita/. 51 (1966): 135; cf. the Romance continuants of Lat. labeo) is phonetically difficult. Fur.: 140 connects X£AAaplTjC; with KaAAaplac;, yaAapiac; (H.) and yaAA£piac;, y£AapiTjC; (Dorio and Euthydem. apud Ath. 7, 315f.). The variation shG.:!ws that these words are Pre-Greek, and the same must hold for X£AAWV, then. XEAUV'l 1 [f.] 'lip' (Ar. V. 1083, Poll. 2, 89, H.), 'jaw' (Ael.). �PG(V)� .COMP As a first member in X£Auv-oiOTjC; 'with swollen lips' (Corn. Adesp., Eust.) . .DER X£AUVLOV [n.] 'lip' (pap., Hippiatr.), 'jaw' (Hp. Bp., Hipparch., J., Hippiatr.). Probably also in X£AUVU�£lV· XA£UU�£lV 'to jest, scoff (H.), which has variants ax£Auvu�£l·
=

.DER Diminutive XEAUV-lOV [n.] 'braincase' (Hippiatr.), = XEAWVlOV (H.). X£AU<;, -uo<; [f.] 'tortoise' (h. Mere.), often 'lyre' (h. Mere., Sapph., A. Fr. 314 = 621 M., E. [lyr.] Call.), with u, secondarily u. Also a constellation (Arat.), �ee Scherer 1�53: ' 181 and 203; metaph. 'chest' (Hp., E.). As a first member e.g. m XEAU-O- XEAUVfj, XEAUvva (with interchange lliF), like in
XEpaplo<;

1625

type; Chantraine 1933: 208 already stated that the words with -UV- must be interpreted as loans from a non -lE language. In spite of the similarity with the Slavic words, I think this conclusion is unavoidable for X£AU<;, XEAUVfj and related words. The explanation of XEAWVfj from a long diphthong is an interpretation which has long since been given up (-wv- is a Pre-Greek suffix; see Fur.: 30339) .

XEAWTpa = stillieidium (gloss.), water that falls drip by drip. .ETYM Conomis Glotta 46 (1968) : 183 connects � xoA£opa 'roof-gutter', s.v.

XEVOOlPl<; Egyptian name of 'ivy' (PIu. Mar. 365) . "'l LW Eg. � .ETYM According to Plutarch,
Newberry f. EgyptAreh. 15 (1929) : 931 •

is correct according to

XEpa6o<; [n.] 'debris, gravel, rubble' (
L.P., A. R. 1, 1123) .

Xapaopa<; (Tab. Herael. 1, 60) ; Also a fern. in the glosses XEpa<;· TO a7tO eaAaXElpWV. XEpapLO<;

=

[m.] probably 'secretary' in Ilion (CIG 3620, 3621 [ral). "'l LW Latin�

1626 .ETYM Interpreted as *X£lp-aplo<; by Boeckh. xeplJ«<;, -«1')0<; [f.] 'large pebble, sling stone' (poet. Pi., also late prose). � ?� VAR Also xEpfla· nO[Tlfla, xaAl� (H.); cross of XEpfla and x£pa<;? See Schwyzer: 508. .DER X£Pfla8lov [n.] 'cobble, sling stone' (Horn.), -Ct8LO<; 'similar to a X£Pfla<;' (Luc.). X£PflaTl(JT�<;' A[So<; X£lponA�STl<;' Kat 8[crKO<; �aKX£Lo<; (H.), X£Pfl-acrT�p [m.] 'sling' (AP), -«Tat [m.pl.] 'slingers' (D. H.). Verb X£PflU�w [v.] 'to clear of stones, remove the stones' in eX£Pflu�Ofl£V' T�V y�v dpya�ofl£Sa (H.); with verbal connection also v£wX£Pfl0<;' y� V£WO"Lt £ipyacrflEVTl (H.) . ETYM Connected with X£[P by ancient sources (e.g. H. X£Pflu<;, A[So<; X£lponA�STl<;) ' XEpfla reminds of XEpa80<; and X£pu<;, which ar&,also unclear. If the word belongs to XEpa80<;, etc., it is probably Pre-Greek. •

•

The formally unobjectionable connection with Skt. harm(i)ya- [n.] 'firm, permanent house', Av. zairimiia- [n.] 'id.' remains hypothetical because of the meaning. [m.] Adjunct of Mflo<;, �[o<;, yuv� nEvTl<;, AUTPl<;, X£lPO-TEXVTl<; (H.), 'poor, meagre' (E. El. 207 [lyr.], AP 6, 39, Gal. apud Orib.), oi X£pV�T£<; 'craftsmen, day labourers' (Arist. Pol. 1277", 38: "oi �WVT£<; ano TWV X£lpWV"); � GR? � VAR Fern. also X£pv�crcra (Hdn. Gr. 1, 250) . DER Besides X£pV�TTl<; (Dor. -�Ta<;) [m.] 'craftsman, day labourer' (Simon. 124A, A. Pr. 893 [lyr.], D. H.), fern. -�Tl<; 'craftswoman, day labourer (fern.) , (M 433, Parth., AP); also X£pV�TOp£<; X£pv�Tat (Man.). Adjective TO X£PVTlTlKOV 'the profession of craftsman' (Arist.). Backformation XEpva yap � n£v[a (H.), probably constructed for the sake of etymology. ETYM Departing from M 433, where a spinster is mentioned, scholars have seen in X£pV�Tl<; a compound (univerbation) of X£[P and VEW 'to spin', so properly 'spinning with the hands'; thence, X£pvqTTl<;, X£pvq<; would have secondarily acquired the general meaning 'day labourer', and (as an adjective) 'poor, scanty'. Schwyzer RhM 77 (1928): 1052 explained the word as haplological for *x£p-apv-TlT- (X£p- for X£lP after XEp-vnv) 'earning with the hands' (to � o.PVUflat, cf. fllcrSaPVEW, -0<;, -Tl<;) , but this seems rather artificial.

xepvq<;, -I1TO<;

=

•

•

=

•

[m.] designation of a white marble (Thphr., Plin.), see Redard 1949: 63 · � ?� .vAR Also -hl<; [f.] . .ETYM Unexplained; there is nothing that would support connection with X£lP ·

XepVlTll<;

XtPVLlV =>X£l P·

[f.] 'dry land, mainland' (epic poet. 11.), as opposed to the sea, 'dry, infertile, barren land, wasteland', also adjective 'dry, infertile, desert', mostly predicative, which admits of a substantival interpretation (Hdt., trag., Thphr., LXX, pap.), also metaph. of women (S.); on the mg. Finzenhagen 1939: 59f. � IE *{j'ers-o- 'standing erect'� VAR Att. XEppO<;. .COMP Often as a first member, e.g. x£pcro-vTlcro<; (also X£ppo-, metrically shortened X£po-) [f.] 'island conncted to the mainland, i.e. peninsula', also as a PN (lA), with . X£pcrOV�cr-lOV, -[�w, etc.; X£pcro-Kono<; [m.] 'who works on barren land' with -KonEw,

xtpoo<;

•

XEW, -Oflat -KonLa (Hell. pap.). Rarely as a second member, e.g. apaKo-X£Pcro<; [f.] 'wasteland overgrown with a..' (pap.). .DER 1. Adverbs XEpcrov8£ 'to the mainland' (<1> 238), x£pcroS£v 'from the mainland' (Pi., E.), -OSl 'at the mainland' (AP). 2. Adjective x£pcr-aLo<; 'living on land , (mainland) (lA), -lVO<; 'id.' (Plin.), -w8Tl<; 'infertile' (pap.). 3. Subst. x£pcr-l-rTl<; [m.] 'worker on wasteland' (pap. lIP), -[a (-£la) [f.] 'wasteland, epTlfl[a' (pap., H.); also napax£pcr[a of a field (PTeb. 378, 13; 265P), from *napu-x£pcro<; 'located next to X. ' (cf. nupaA-o<;, -La), 'almost barren land'; ev n. 'in a situation, which approximates a X." 4. verbs: a) x£pcr-£uw (cruv-, eK-) [v.] 'to live on the mainland' (S. and E. Fr. [both uncertain], PIu.), 'to lie or lay waste, etc.' (X., Arist., pap.); b) -OOflat (K£X£PcrwflEVTl), -OW (x£pcrwcravT£<;) 'id.' (pap., LXX, PIu.). ETYM The gender is after v�cro<;, y�, etc. Perhaps derived from the verbal root *{j'ers 'to stand erect' seen in Skt. hcir?ate, ht?yati 'to be excited' and Lat. horreo 'to stand erect, bristle, shudder', to which also belongs (with dialectal i for e) hirsutus 'rough, bristly, raw'. The Greek word may first have referred to arid, stubbly land, and only later to land in opposition to water. See also � X�P. Specht KZ 66 (1939): 201f. differently assumed a metathesized form of �£po<; 'dry', like for crx£po<; 'mainland' . •

[v.] 'to pour, pour out, gush, shed, douse, empty, heap up', med. intr. 'to gush, stream, spread', pass. 'to be poured, be heaped up' (11.). On the mg. in Homer see Porzig 1942: 104f., in the sacrificial language Casabona 1966: 279ff. � IE *{j'eu 'pour'� .VAR With prefix also -Xuvw (late); aor. £X£a, inf. XEat, epic £xwa, x£ua, X£Uat, med. (epic poet.) also £XUTO, XUTO, XUfl£vo<;, etc., pass. exUSTlv, xUSTlv, -�Vat (11.), fut. XEW, -oflat, epic X£uw, -Oflat, late X£W, perf. med. KEXUflat (11.), act. KExuKa (Hell.). .DIAL Myc. me-ta-ke-ku-me-na; as a second member e.g. in si-to-ko-wo. .COMP Mostly with one or two prefixes, especially in prose: e.g. 8ta- (cruv-8ta-), Ka-ra- (eY-Ka-ra-), e1tl- (npo-£1tl-), cruv- (napa-cruv-). .DER A. With full grade: X£ufla [n.] 'that which is poured, stream, pom.::ng jug' (epic Ion. poet. 'I' 561), npox£ufla-ra [pI.] 'outpourings, mud' (Arist.). B. With o-grade: 1. xo� (often plur. -at) [f.] 'that which is poured, drink-offering, libation, donation to the dead' (especially poet. Od.); very often from prefixed compounds, e.g. npoxo� (mostly pI. -at) 'outpourings, mouth of a river', also 'libation' (epic poet. P 263); also with nominal first member, e.g. oivo-xoTl [f.] 'jug for scooping wine' (Hes.), to olvov X£tV, cf. oivo-xoo<; below. To this the verbs e1tl-Xou�W = e1tlXEW (Lyd. Mens.), eK - xoT�w (pap.) mg. unclear (cf. Mayser 1906-1938, I: 3: 216). 2. Xou<; [m., f.] 'jug' as a measure ( 12 KOLUAat), also 'heaped up earth, rubble' (lA), gen. XOU, often (analogical) Xoo<;, etc. Thence xo-mo<; 'measuring a X. ' (late), -l£tO<; 'id.' (Hell. pap.), -lKO<; 'consisting of earth, earthly' (Ep. Cor., Ph.), 'belonging to the xo£<;-festival' (inscr.). Diminutive -TcrKO<; [m.] , -TcrKlOV [n.] (Att. inscr. Iva). From npo-XEw: npoxoo<;, -Xo<;, -Xou<; [m.] 'pouring jug' (.0 304) with -xoT8tov [n.] (corn. et al.). Often with nominal first member, e.g. oivo-xoo<; [m.] 'wine pourer, cupbearer' (B 128), with -XO'LKO<; (HId.); in bahuvrIhis, e.g. £�u-Xoo<; 'measuring six xo£<;' (Arist.). 3. Xo£u<; [m.] = Xou<; as measure (Hp.).

Xtw, -OIJUL

=

X£W, -Oflat 4. xoavo<; [m.] 'smelting furnace' (L 470, Hes., Emp.), also 'funnel' (Xwvo<;, Hp.);

xoavT] (Att.) , xwvT] [f.] (Att., Hell.) 'funnel' (also metaph.), 'smelting furnace'

(Poseidon.). Hence xoavEuw, XWVEUW [v.] 'to cast into, smelt in, pour into a smelting furnace' (Att., Hell.), also with
full grade thematic X£W, while Indic has an athematic reduplicated present juh6mi. Both forms can be old. A special problem is presented by the aorist forms £XEUa and £xw, see Kiparsky Lang. 43 (1967): 627f., Hettrich MSS 35 (1976): 47-61, and more recently Haroarson 1993a: 188 and 193-4. The question is whether they represent a sigmatic aorist or an old root aorist; I do not have a strong opinion on this matter. On the treatment of the intervocalic digamma, see Chantraine 1942: 159. Beside these full grade active forms stand with regular zero grade the medial £XUTO, XUTO, XU flEVO<;, to which EXUST]V. From this aorist, the fut. *X£Fw arose as an original thematic subjunctive. Beside in Indo-Aryan, the verbal root is found in ToAB kiiw- 'to pour', ToB ISg. subj. act. kewu, 3sg. med. kutiir. The corresponding verb in Latin as in Germanic has an enlargement in -d- (probably a present suffIx: Lat. fundo 'to pour out', Go. giutan 'id.', etc. Nominal forms are found in Arm. jayl 'poured, molten, massive' < *f!'eu-la or *f!'au-la- (cf. XUAO<;), Arm. jew 'form, shape' < *f!'eu-a-, Lat. futis [f.] 'watering can' (Varro). Hitt. ku-uz-za /ki:tts/, acc. kuttan 'wall' < 'heaped up' is a t-stem, see Schindler KZ 81 (1967): 297. Finally, there are two Thraco-Phrygian glosses: �EUflav. T�V 1tT]Y�v 'source'. cDPUYE<; (H.), would be Gr. XEufla, see Solmsen KZ 34 (1897): 62', and �£T pala· XUTpT] (Poll.), perhaps from *f!'eu-tr-. Cf. � KOXuOtw and � XWOflat. [f.] 'cloven hoof of cattle, horse's hoof, talon, pincers', metaph. 'surgical forceps, hooked needle, crochet needle, notch of an arrow, breakwater jutting out in a claw like way' (Hes. Se., lA since Hdt. and A.). � ?� .VAR xaA6. (trag. [lyr.]) . ·COMP Some compounds, e.g. xaA-apyo<; 'fleet of hoofs, with fleet hoofs' (S. [lyr.]), ol-XT]Ao<;, -xaAo<; 'with cloven hoofs, with two claws' (Hdt., E., Arist.); on -xaAo<; in Arist. see Bjorck 1950: 298ff. Thence OlXT]A-£W [v.] 'to have cloven hoofs', with -la, -T]m<;; compounds, e.g. UYKUAO-X�AT]<; 'with hooked talons' (Ar.), confused in the tradition with the much more usual -XElAT]<;. .DER Verbs: 1. XT]AEU£l· pam£l, 1tA£K£l 'stitch, plait' (H., Poll. = Eup. 3g8); XT]AEUTa, epithet of Kpavw (Hdt. 7, 89), = p ama, 1tAEKTa (H., Poll.), X�AEUfla = 61t�TlOV (H., Poll.). 2. XT]AOOflat [v.] 'to be furnished with claws' (Hero), -ow 'to furnish with notches' (Ph.), -wfla [n.] 'notch' (Hp. apud Gal., Eratosth.), -wTla· at pacpl8e<; TWV OtKTU01tAOKWV (H.). Also KEX�AWflat 1tooa<;· OtoEflat uUVEPpaflfl£vO<; TOU<; 1tooa<; (H., perhaps = s. fr. 445). Further XT]ACi.<;· pamT] <; , 1tA£KTT]<; (H.). Unclear is X�AlVOV epithet of ayyo<; (Anacr. 37), acc. to H. and Poll. = 1tAEKTOV (but rather to � XT]AO<;, s.v.). .ETYM No agreement outside Greek. Usually connected with � X�flT], � XT]pafl0<; and further with � xauKw, under the assumption of an original meaning "klaffender Gegenstand". DELG calls this not very plaUSible.

XTJA�

XTJA6<; [f.] 'chest, drawer, coffer' (P, Od., Theoc., epigr. Thasos). � ?� .VAR On the gender see Schwyzer 1950: 342• .DER Perhaps X�AlVOV (ayyo<;) 'chest-like vessel' (Anacr. 37), or to � XT]A�?

.ETYM "cuta T�<; 8IwHo.
[f.] 'mussel' (Philyll., Arist., Hell. pap.), also used as a measure (Hp.); = Xo.
x�"nl •

X�v, XTJvo<; [m., f.] 'goose' (ll.). <1 IE *fh2en-s- 'goose'� .DIAL Dor. Boeot. Xo.v, xuv6<;; Myc. gen.sg. (pI:D ka-no,

dat.pl. ka-si (Aravantinos, Godart & Sacconi 2002: 207f. COMP As a first member, e.g. X'lV-UAW1T'l� [m., f.] "fox-goose" (after KUV-UAW1T'l� ' etc.), designation of an Egyptian kind of goose (Hdt., Ar., Arist., Herod.). Short form X'lVo.A01T£<; [pI.] (H.), with -uAw1T£K-18Eu<; [f.] 'young fox' (Ael.), -EIO<; (Hell. pap.); X'lvo.YP-Iov [n.] 'young wild goose', diminutive of *X�v-uypo<; (on the formation Risch IF 59 (1949): 286f.). DER 1. Diminutive: X'lv-tOV [n.] (Hell. pap.), -1 MoE geese, ON gcess, Lith. dial. zijses < *tans-es. The s-stem was generalized in Greek as an n-stem, with analogical nom. X�v, Xo.v instead of *xu<; < *Xo.v<;. Other cognates include Ru. gus', OHG gans, probably also OIr. geis 'swan', and the secondary forms in Skt. harrlS(i- [m.] (a-stem), fem. har[lSl, and OE gas, ON gps < PGm. *gans-a, continuing an a-stem. Lat. ans-er, -eris [m.]. Connection with xuv£lv (see � Xo.
•

•

X�P [?] . eXLvo<; 'hedgehog' (H.). <1 IE *ter- 'stick out'� .ETYM Identical with Lat. er, eris [m.] 'hedgehog', which may represent *her, cf.

anser 'goose' for *hanser. It is assumed that the root is *fer- 'to be excited' seen in � xutPW, and that this originally meant 'to stick out, be bristly'. It probably does not belong to the root *fers- 'to be stiff found in � xep
x�pa [f.] 'widow, woman left by her husband, vidua' (ll.). <1 IE *fehl-ro-� .VAR Ion. -'l. .COMP As a second member in

'

.DER 1. X�po<; 'widowed, orphaned, bereaved' (E., Call., A. R., AP, late prose), rarely as a substantive 'widower', of the male of an animal (Arist. [beside X�pu] , Ath.). 2. X'lpo
prenasalized form.

explain the

'hole, cleft, slit' (epic poet.
X'lpaf1o<; [f.] .VAR Plur.

•

[m.pl.] = ot flUKpo8EV *X�pov 'property

XTJPwOTai

left behind' (cf. MoHG Erbe 'property' to � op XTjpwo-. The e of Latin is explained by assuming lengthened grade -h,ed- in the second member, which may have been reintroduced at a later stage or not. XijTO�

•

VAR Dat. X�TE'i, X�T£L. -xaTew.

XOu!luA6� -Xewv.

[adv.] 'yesterday' (h. Mere.). <1 IE *dhties- 'yesterday'� .vAR Also e-Xee<; (Ar., HelL). 'S. DER Xel�O<; 'of yesterday' (Horn.), to which the 'adverb Xel�-OV (T 195), -a (B 303); explanation see below. Several formations in -lVO<; (1tEpUO"lVO<;, etc.): XeW-lVO<; (Lue.), eXeW-lVO<; (AP), Xel�-lVO<; (Ar. [lyr.] conj., Gal., Alciphr.), eXel�-lVO<; (Men.). .ETYM Old expression of time for 'yesterday', retained in: 1. Lat. heri, Alb. dje < IE */es(i), ON i gcer, OSw. i gar < */es, where i is a preposition; with a suffIx -ter- in Lat. hes-ternus, Gm. *gester-, e.g. in OHG gestaron 'yesterday'. 2. Skt. hyas < */ies. The gloss aEpo<;· Xee<;. 'HAdol (H.) can also be explained from the same basis (with Elean rhotacism, and -0<; after VUKTO<;). 3. Xee<; with the same initial as in � Xewv; here probably also belong Celtic forms like OIr. in-de, MW (d)doe < PCl. *gd(i)jes (with loss of the g-). Derivation from *dh% _ 'day' (Puhvel 1987a: 316-318) directly explains the initial reflexes. Puhvel assumes a comparative suffIx, with -jes as an endingless locative and -is- as a zero grade; in this way, the forms with and without -j- are also explained. The comparative suffIx gives an original meaning 'the day which is the other day in relation to now'. The anlauting e- in e-Xee<; may be the same deictic particle as in e KELVO<;. Xel�a may be from *Xela-oa (Pisani) with o-suffIx as in Kpu�-oa, ete.; Puhvel Le. n. 11.

XOt� •

[f.] 'earth, ground, land' (almost only epic poet. since H.). <1 IE *dh/em 'earth'� .COMP Rarely as a first member, e.g. XeOVO-TpE
XOwv, XOov6�

'

=

'

humus, OIr. du, ace. don, Lith. ieme, Ru. zemlja. Typical derivations are found in Germanic, e.g. Go. guma 'man', Lat. homo, NPhr. �EflEAW<;, which is a formation like XeaflaAo<; and Lat. humilis. The Anatolian TN foafl-flaua is better left out of the discussion. As a basis, we find an m-stem *dhe/-m- > Hitt. tekan, to which a zero grade stem *dh/om- > ToA tkarrt was formed. The initial dh was lost in Lat. humus, Gr. xaflal, etc. In Greek, dh/_ became Xe- through metathesis, and final -fl regularly became -v, which subsequently spread in the inflexion. The -m- was retained only in the zero grade forms xeaflaAO<; and � xaflaL The root may also be seen in � aDXfl0<; 'drought' and vWXfl0<; 'new'. Further details on the morphology and phonetic development in Schindler Spraehe 13 (1967): 191ff. Xi, Xlu
-

XEl.

-Xl [encl.pcl.] in �-Xl, oD-Xl, val-Xl (H.). <1 IE */i� .ETYM An emphasizing particle, like Skt. hi, Av. zl, also encl. in kar-hi 'when?',

'then', from IE */i.

tar-hi

[n.] 'dish of fresh barley-corns or other crops' (Alcm., Ar., LXX, Hell. pap.). <1 PG(v)� .VAR Mostly plur. -pa. Also xeopa (v.l. Ph. 1, 180); KIOvat· ai eyxwplOl (codd.; e
Xi6pov

Xl6pu [n.] 6vofla O£lAOV (H.). <1 PG?� .ETYM Probably a rude term, the meaning sexual language, compare XloaAov cwri .

of which is not given. It could belong to TOU - TO aiooLov (H.), and Xloaoov [leg. XloaAov] TO 1tatOIOV (H.). The connection with KloaA6v 'onion' is popular. Difficult to judge is XlOU'
,

'thousand' (H.). <1 IE */eslo- 'thousand'� .VAR Ion. (inscr.) XEIAlOl, Aeol. xeAAlol, Lae. X�AlOl. .COMP As a first member in XlAlo-vau<; 'consisting of a thousand ships' (E., Str.), also -vauTTj<;, Dor. -vauTa<; 'id.' (A. [anap.], E. [Iyr.l), XlAlOfl-�Tj [f.] 'sacrifice of a thousand oxen' (Jul.), after £KaTofl�Tj. As a second member also -XlAOl in evvEa-, OEKa-X(E)lAOl 'nine thousand, ten thousand' (E 860, 3 148), after this ola-XlAOl (Att. epigr. Va), a backfornation like -�l�AO<; to � �l�Alov. .DER 1. XlAloaTo<; 'thousandth' (Att.), -OOflat [v.] 'to be convicted to a penalty of a thousand drachmae' (Lycurg.); 2. XlAla<;, - aoo<; [f.] 'number of a thousand' (lA), -aaTu<; (Ephesus, Samos, Cos), also -OO"Tu<; (X.), Aeol. XEAATja-Tu<; (Methymna) [f.] 'division or troop of a thousand men' (details on the formation in Fraenkel 1910: 202f., Schwyzer: 593 and 597); thence -aaT�p [m.] 'member of a XlAlaO"Tu<;' (Samos), see Fraenkel l.c., Benveniste 1948: 74. XlAla�w [v.] 'to be a thousand years old' (Tz.).

XIAlOl [num.]

.ETYM The dialectal forms xelALOl, X£AALOL, X�ALOl clearly point to a pre-form *X£UALOL, which is cognate with Skt. sahcisra-, Av. hazaIJra- [n.] 'thousand'. A pre

form lE *f!'eslo- can be reconstructed, but the original concrete meaning of it remains unknown Cheap' vel sim.?). Usually, Att. XlALOL is thought to have arisen by assimilation, and it also intruded into the text of Homer (see Wackernagel 1916: 7). Skt. sa- and Av. ha- continue the zero grade of IE *sem 'one' (see � et<;). It is usually assumed that Lat. mme should be connected too, from *smih2 f!'eslih2. [m., f.] 'green cattle-fodder, grass, meadow' (Hdt., X., PIu., Babr.). <1' ?� .vAR Also -� [f.] 'id.' (Gal., Suid.). ·COMP As a first member in XLA�-yOVO<; 'groJ:Vn as fodder' (Nic.), as a second member in �OU-XLAO':; 'feeding oxen' (A. [lyr.], AP). .DER 1. XLA-OW [v.] 'to feed, lead onto the meadow' (X.), -ouu8m· naxuvw8m, uLTl(w8m 'to fatten, be fed' (H.), with -wfla [n.] 'fodder' (Agatharch.), -WT�p [m.] 'fodder-bag' (pap., Poll., H.); 2. -euw 'id.', also intr. 'to pasture' (Thphr., Nic.). .ETYM Unexplained. Machek 1958: 54f. compared Cz. iir 'fodder', Ru. iir 'fat, lard'. Other explanations of the Slav. word are found in Vasmer 1953 s.v.

XLAO':;

[f.] 'goat', also as a designation of a mythical monster (ll.). <1' IE *f!'ei-m 'winter, snow'� COMP As a first member in XLflmpo-cpovo.:; 'killing goats' (AP). Hence XLflmp-a.:; [f.] 'id.' (De1.3 644, 16 [IV-lIP]), beside
Xlflalpa •

£Tmpa.

It was derived from anT-stem, which is also seen in Arm. jmern 'winter' < *f!'imer-, and within Greek with full grade in xeLflEp-LO':;, -Lv6.:;. This r-stem alternates with the n-stem in X£Lflwv, xe1fla. XI!1eTAov => xeLfla.

[f.] 'chap, crack' (D. L., Suid., Eust.). <1' PG?� .VAR Also X£Lpa.:;; plur. also x(e)Lpm = at EV TaL':; TIL£pvm<; (H.), Tol<; noul payaoe<; (EM 810, 27). ·COMP As a first member in XLpo-noou<; [m.] (Ale.; cod. X£LponooTj<;); also -nou.:;, plur. -no8£.:; 'with chapped feet' (Poll., H., EM).

xipa.:;, -Mo.:;

XAaLva .DER XLp-aAto.:; (medic. pap.), -aAEou,:;· TOU':; nooa.:; KaTeLpyauflEvou,:; (H.), cf. pwyaA£o<;; Xlpafla [n.] designation of a foot-disease of horses (Hippiatr.). Formation like AL8a<;, umM<;, ete. .ETYM The connection with the Germanic group of MoNw. gir [m.] 'desire, passion',

OHG giri 'desirous', also gir 'vulture', is highly doubtful. Semantically close within Greek are XTjpafl0<;, XTjA�, but an ablaut lE *f!'e(i)- : f!'i- cannot be assumed anymore; this means that these words cannot be related. XTjpafl0<; is probably Pre-Greek; the same may hold for this word, in view of the suffIx -ao- and the meanillg. . [m.] 'chiton', designation of a garment without sleeves, which was worn directly on the body, 'body-garment, shirt' (ll.); extensively on the mg. Triimpy 1950: 13f., E. Masson 1967: 27ff. <1' PG?� VAR Ion. prose and Hell. KL8wv (on KLTWV, XL8wv see below). .DIAL Myc. ki-to, ki-to-ne, -na. .DER Hypostasis Myc. E-pi-ki-to-ni-ja Em-XLTwv-La [n.pl.] "that which is worn over the chiton", designation of upper garments. Diminutives: XLTWVLOV [n.] (Ar., Att. inscr., Hell. pap.), -apLOv [n.] (Hell. and late), -luKo,:; [m.] (Att.), -IUKLOV [n.] (Att. inscr.), -LuKapLOv [n.] (Eust.). Further -la [f.] mg. unclear (Melamp.), Scheller 1951: 54. Also XLTwvTj (Call.), -Ea or -la (Epich., Ath.), KL8wvTj (Milete), name of Artemis as a huntress . .ETYM Ace. to E. Masson l.e., a Semitic loan word, first from Phoen. ktn 'linen garment'. On the different forms: XLTWV, with metathesis KL8wv, through contamination KLTWV and XL8wv, see Schulze 1933a: 386; Wackernagel 1916: 23 and Kretschmer Glotta 26 (1938): 43. From Sem. also Lat. tunica (see WH s.v.). Ace. to Fur.: 136, we are rather dealing with an Anatolian culture-word. Could it be Pre Greek, given the variants?

Xl'TWV, -wvo.:;

•

=

XllOV =>xe1fla, X£Lflwv.

[v.] 'to cheer, roar'. <1' ?� VAR A hypothetical aor. beside the perf. KExAo.oa (Pi.), a form which; is found as KexATjO£vm· \jIocpe1v, npouAaAeLv 'to make noise, talk with' (H.). .ETYM The formation may be compared with KEKpo.ya : Kpiiye1v, KEKplya : Kp'Lye1V, AtATjKa : AaKe1v. A present *XAaow (LSJ) cannot be accounted for; it would rather be *XM(w (Thes., Pape), like Kpa(w, Kpl(w beside � KaxAa(w.

*XAu6t:Iv •

XAalVa [f.]

'upper-garment, mantle', originally worn only by men (ll.). <1' PG(s,v)� VAR Also KAavluKLov inscr. Athens (Fur.: 136) . COMP fleMy-xAmvo.:; 'with a black X. ' (Mosch.), also a people north of the Scythians (Hdt.) . DER XAmv-lov [n.] (AP); denominative -wum, -ow [v.] 'to cover with a mantle' (Nonn., AP), also with
•

•

-LUKlOV [n.] (Ar., Aeschin. et al.), haplological; -luKLOlov (Ar.). Also XACtvOtov [n.] (Samos, Teos). A third formation is xAUf.l1Ye;, gen. -Uooe;, accus. -UV (Sapph.) [f.] 'upper-garment for men, especially for traveling or for battle' (Ar., X., Hell.). Compound XAUf.lUO-oupyoe; [m.] 'manufacturer of X.' (Poll.), -oupyLu [f.] (X.). Diminutive XAUf.lUOlOV [n.] (Hell.), -UOLuKu [f.] (Tanagra lIP), verb KeXAUf.lUOWf.lEVOe; 'dressed in a X.' (Nicostr.). Unclear remain the glosses XAuf.lupLe;· rr6u, 6 KupLwe; ppof.loe; 'wild oats', likewise xAuvLm· rreplpOAUL 'garments'; XAUVL-nOee;· Ot Opf.lOl rrup9EvwV 'necklaces of girls'; xACtVoe;· TO rrept TOUe; TpUX�AOUe; ouuoe; 'rough part around the neck' (all from H.). .ETYM For XAulvu < *XAUV-lii and XAuvLe;, a common base form may be assumed. Fraenkel l912: 1782 attempted to derive them fr6)ll a common form XAUf.l-, together with xAUf.lUe;. Fur.: 338 connects xAUf.lUe; with XAaLVU as Pre-Greek, which is convincing given the meanings. Also related are xAuvLm· rreplpOAUL, for the same reason. XAUVL-nOee; 'necklace' is rather a different word. Fur.: 220 connects XAuf.lupLe; with XAUPOV· elhpwpEe;. The group of XAulvu, XAuvLe; and xAUf.lUe; is no doubt Pre-Greek, given the suffIx -uo-, and the interchange v/f.l (see Fur.: 388). Add to these KAuvLuKlov (see above). From XAulvu was borrowed Lat. laena via foreign (Etruscan?) mediation. xAaf.luc; => XAulvu. [adj.] only in XAUPOV yeAUuume; (Pi. P. 9, 38), which ace. to the sch. means rrpouT]vee; KUt �ou 'friendly and sweet'. -
XAap6c; •

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XAef.lep6V [adj.] . -
XAlUpOV, gepf.lov 'warm, hot'; XAef.lUpU· XAouv90uVTU 'verdant' (H.).

XAeuMv · xuoT]v,

uwpT]06v, rrAT]90uvTa 'unordered, in heaps, full' (H.). => xA�OOe;.

1891: 94 and Persson 1912(1): 15 compares Lith. zelmui5 'shoot of a plant', to zelti 'to become green, flourish', with further connection to the group of � XAOT]. This is difficult because the root is probably */elh3-. The word seems Pre Greek: for the suffIx cf. � Otcp9EpU. XAioc; => xA�OOe;. [f.] 'joke, jest, mock, scoff (h. Cer. 202, Lyr. [Iva], Ph., Luc.). -
XAeVIl •

XAlULVW 'mocker' (Arist., M. Ant.), -aGTlKOe; (also KUTa-) 'mocking, taunting' (D. H., T., Poll.), -u� [m.] 'id.' (com. in Poll.) . ETYM The retention of antevocalic -£u- seems to point to a lost following consonant (like in � UKeUOe;, UK£U�, UKeUu�W). XAeUT] corresponds to OE gleo [n.] 'cheerful conversation, convivial pleasure, joy' < lE *tleu-o-, OE gllw ON gly [n.] 'id.' < lE *tleu-io-. Other cognates have a suffIx *-m- (ON glaumr OE gleam [m.] 'shouting, joy', Ru. glum [m.] 'banter, scoff) or -d- (e.g. Lith. glaudas 'banter'). See Pok. 45l. •

=

=

[m.] 'debris, filth, rubbish' vel sim. (A. Fr. 16 = 264 M., D. 55, 22 and 27, Crates Com. 27, Hdn.), 6 awpoe; TWV AL9wv 'heap of stones' (H.). -
XAllS0C;

=

[v.] 'to warm, soften' (Hp., S. Eleg., Ar., Arist., AP). -
XAla[vw

•

Some Celtic and Germanic words with the meaning 'to shine, ete.' are compared: 0Ir. gle 'clear, evident', MW gloew 'liquid, clear' < QIE */loiuo-, also ON gija 'to shine, gleam', MHG glimen 'to lighten up, gleam', Lith. ileja 'darkness, tWilight, dusk' (extensively on this Fraenkel 1955 s.v.). These words point to a root *tlei-. XALO�, on the other hand, would correspond to Go. glitmunjan 'to gleam', ON glita 'to glitter', ete. The semantic connection between 'shine, gleam' and 'warm' is difficult, so the reconstruction remains uncertain. XAOTJ [f.] 'first green shoots, young verdure, etc.' (lA), also XAoYj (Ar., inscr., etc.), XAo[Yj (oracular saying [lIP]) as an epithet or name of Demeter.
.COMP E.g. XAOYj-cpOpoe; 'bearing young green' (E. [lyr.], Ph.), whence -cpopew [v.] (Thphr., Ph.); £lJ-XAOOe; (or £u-) 'verdant, fresh and green', of Demeter and others (5., Nonn.) . DER 1. XA6"ta [n.pl.] 'festival of Demeter Chloe' (Att. inscr. IP). 2. XAO-£pOe; 'verdant, bright green, fresh' (Hes. Se., 5., E. [lyr.] , Theoe.), -Yjpoe; 'id.' (Hp.), -�pYje; 'id.' (E. [lyr.]). 3· XAo-avOe; 'id.' (Lyd.). 4. XAo-aw (also £v-) a) 'to green, sprout, bud' (Eup., Nic., AP, Ph.), b) 'to be pale' (Nonn.). 5. -a(w XAoaw (Arist., Nic., PIu.), whence -a0fla [n.] 'greening'. Further XAOOe; (Hell. poetry), XAOUe; (Hp. apud Gal.) [m.] 'light green, green-yellow color, pallor', XAO-WOYje; 'color of grass, green-yellow, pale' (Hp., PI., Thphr.), XAOl OOflaL (also £K-) [v.] 'to become green-yellow or pale' (Hp., Gal.). On itself stands, with other formation, XAWpOe; 'bright green, pale green, green yellow, yellowish, pale', also 'fresh, lively' (n.). Compounds, e.g. XAwpo-cpayoe; 'eating green fodder' (Hp.), -cpayew [v.] (Hippiatr.), fl£A[-XAWpOe; 'honey-yellow' (Pl., Arist.). Hence 1. XAWp-OTYje; [f.] 'bright green color, paleness' (LXX, PIu.). 2. -Tne; A[80e; 'bright green stone' (Plin.), see Redard 1949: 63. 3. XAwp-a[voflaL [v.] 'to turn pale' (5. Fr. 1114, Gal.), -a0fla [n.] 'becoming pale' (Hp.). 4. XAWp-[(W 'to become green or pale' (LXX). 5. XAwp-a(w [v.] 'to eat green fodder' (Gal.). 6. XAwp-Law [v.] 'to become pale, turn pale' (Hp., Longos), -[ame; (H. s.v. xAOOe;). 7. XAWP-LK� epithet of the uPT£flL0[a (PMag. Par.). 8. birdnames: XAWp-£Ue; [m.] name of an unknown bird (Arist., Plin., Ael.), see BoBhardt 1942: 62; XAWp-[e;, -[ooe; [f.] 'greenfinch' (Arist., Nic., Ael.); XAWp-[WV, -[wvoe; [m.] 'golden oriole' (Arist., Plin.), on XAwpYjTe; S.V.; on the birdnames see Thompson 1895 s.vv. 9. XAWpLe;, -LV pet name (A 281). .ETYM The writing XAO[Yj, XAOlOOflaL, which is probably Ionic, may have been caused by the synonyms 7to[Yj, 7to[a (which is 7toa in Attic); cf. cases like xvo[Yj beside �xvoYj, OAOlOe; beside � OAOOe;. The Greek words for vegetation belong to a group of words which is represented in Baltic, Slavic and Latin in the same meaning: Lith. ielti, ISg. ieliu 'to green, sprout', ielmuo 'plant, shoot, growth' < */elH-mon, iiilias 'green, raw, uncooked', iole 'grass, herb, flower' < *tol-, etc.; in Slavic e.g. OCS zelen7J 'XAWpOe;, 7tpamVOe;', Ru. zelenyj 'green', ete.; Lat. helus, (h)olus, -eris [n.] 'green plants, vegetables, cabbage'. In Indo Iranian, Skt. hari- 'fallow, greenish' and Av. zairi- 'yellow' < */e/olH-i- are related. . •

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From other languages, (eAKLa· Aaxava.
from PNs, e.g. Xpu0YjTe;, BpL0YjTe; (Risch 1937: 142); cf. uYj06v£e; . . . XAwpaux£v£e; (Simon. 73). Prellwitz, however, reconstructed *XAWp-YjpO-e; 'brightly singing', a compound of XAWpOe; and the zero grade of udow with compositional lengthening. The same analysis by Duerbeck MSS 24 (1968): 15ff. (with extensive treatment), but �n the sense I of 'singing in the fresh leaves'.

XAWPO� =>XAOYj. xvauw [v.] 'to gnaw (off), nibble' (Epich., E. eye. 358 .COMP Also with 7tapa- (Ael.). .DER xvaufla [n.] 'delicacy, titbit' (corn. IV", Zen.,

[lyr.], corn. Iva).
Poll., H.), -flanov [n.] (corn. va), -poe; 'dainty' (Pherecr.), -0nKOe; [m.] 'gourmand' (corn. lIP). Further XV[£L' 'VaKa(£l, 8pU7tT£l (cod. -TT£l) 'drips, breaks into pieces' and XVLapwTepa· XVOwTepa (H.). .ETYM These words agree in their vocalism with 'Vauw, 8pauw, xpauw; the glosses remind of 'V[w, Xp[w. Further see � xvoYj, � xvooe;; it is unclear what the original form was. [f.] 'axle-box, hub' (trag.).
XVOTJ

xoavfj

fluffy; to start growing a beard (Hell. and late poetry), also with em-; also xvo-a�w (S. aT 742, corn. Va, Him.), xvo-L�w (Crete lIP, Gal.) 'id.'. .ETYM Starting from a meaning 'to plane, scratch, gnaw off, Xvoo� and xvofj may be understood as action nouns 'what is planed or gnawed off, and 'place of planing off (of the axle)'. It is tempting to connect the popular words � xvauw and xvLw. Reasonable connections can then be found in Germanic and Slavic: ON gnua 'to rub', OE gneao < PGm. *gnauoa- 'niggardly', Ru. gnus 'rabble, vermin', Pol. gnus 'sluggerd', OCS gnuSbn'b 'f.llapo�'; DELG speaks of 'rather loose' connections. The forms mentioned in Pok. can hardly yield Gr. xvau-. Cf. also � KVL�w, � KVUW, � KVOO�, which agree in meaning. xoaVTJ .VAR xoavo�, xo�, Xou�. =xew.

[f.] corn-measure 4 KOTuAat (since T 28), metaph. a kind of fetter (Ar., D.), also ofthe socket of a door-hinge (Hell. pap.). mpecpnat 6 a.�wv 'socket of a door-hinge' (H.); -lalO� 'measuring one X.' (Hell. inscr.). ETYM The fact that no origin can be proposed for this technical expression, means that it is almost certainly Pre-Greek; cf. the suffix -lK-.

xolvl�, -lKO�

=

•

•

[m., f.] '(young) pig, piglet' (� 73), metaph. 'pudenda muliebria' (corn.); name of a Nile-fish (Str., Ath., Gp.), on the naming motive Stri:imberg 1943: 101; or is it a folk-etymology from Nubian (Thompson 1947 s.v.)?
xolpo�

XOAepa XOlpeCtTat [m.pl.] name of a phyle in Sicyon (Hdt. 5, 68), a nickname devised by Cleisthenes. 12. XOlpooavov [n.] name of a plant (Ps.-Dsc.), see Stri:imberg 1940: 147· .ETYM The inherited word for 'pig', crU� or D�, gradually extinguished and was

replaced by ypuAo�, YPUAAO� and XOlpO�. The latter probably represents *XOP-lO�, and in this case may be cognate with Alb. derr < foiro- 'swine'. Since wild pigs are brushed, it may also be related to � X� P 'hedgehog', which is related to Lat. er. In view of the limited distribution, we may wonder whether this etymon is a substrate word. The other etymology by Liden Annales Aeademiae Scientiarum Fennieae B. 27 (1931): 117ff., that XOlpO� would be identical with Arm. ger , gen.pl. girae' 'fat (of men and animals)' (which may derive from lE *toiro-) and related to Ru. iir 'fat, bacon, wealth', is not very convincing. 181, h. Mere., Antim., AP). The sing. XOAa� XOAa�£� [f.pl.] 'entrails, guts' (ll 526 means TO KOlVOV imoxovopLou Kat Aayovo�, 'abdominal cavity' (Arist.).
=

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[f.] 'gall', also metaph. (mostly poet.) 'bitter hate, wrath' (lA), also of the exception of the cuttle-fish (Nic.). � IE *felh3- 'green'�

xoXJ]

.COMP

Rarely as a first member, e.g. xoATj-86xo<.; 'absorbing gall', of Kuan<.; 'gall-bladder' (late medic.), XOAO-�aO<'; (Nic.) 'immersed in gall, gold yellow', with metrically conditioned variation acc. to Schwyzer: 4525. On � xoXeopu [f.] 'gutter', see s.v. Frequent as a second member, e.g. flEAaY-XOAO<.; 'containing black gall' (S.), -XOAlaL [f.pI.], -ITj [sg.] "melancholy", 'bilious complaint, gloominess, melancholy' (Hp., Ti. Locr.), -XOAaW [v.] 'to be gloomy, insane' (Att.); on the matter see Miiri Mus. Helv. 10 (1953) : 21ff.; on � aKpclXoAO<'; S.V. ", .DER 1. Diminutive XOA-LOV [n.] (M. Ant.). 2. Adjective XOA-WOTj<.; 'full of gall, bilious' (Hp., PI., Arist.), also 'wrathful' (Luc.), also connected with XOAO<';; -OEl<'; 'bilious' (Nic., Opp.), -lKO<'; 'id.' (PIu.), -u'io<.; 'id.' (Suid.). 3. Denominative XOAaW [v.] 'to be full of gall, rage, be wrathful' (Hp., corn., LXX), also with EK-, imEp-; XOAUIVW [v.] 'id.' (Aesop., v.I.), EK-XOAI(W [v.] 'to remove the gall' (Gp., v.I.). Also XOAO<.; [m.] 'bitter hate, wrath' (ll., epic poet., also Hdt. and late prose), rarely 'gall' (P 203) . Thence XOA-WTO<.; 'wrathful' (Horn.), see Ammann 1956: 21f., -lO<'; 'wrathful' (AP). To XOAWTO<.; belongs a series of verbal forms: XOAw-8�vaL, -aua8aL. -aoflaL, KEXOAW flaL, -fl£vo<,;, -aoflaL, pres. XOAOUflaL 'to become wrathful, be wrathful, grumble'; also act. XOAW-aaL, -a£flEv 'to make wrathful' (Horn., Hes., Pi., trag.); see Wackernagel 1916: 130, Chantraine 1942: 364. From medical language XOAOOflaL [v.] 'to turn into gall' (Gal., Alex. Aphr.), rarely -ow, mostly with EK-, Em- (to btl-XOAO<.;), connected with XOA�. .ETYM Formally, XOA� and XOAO<.; are primary nouns to the root *felh3- found in Lat. helus, (h)olus [n.] 'greens, vegetables'. A primary verb, which may be preserved in Lith. zelti 'to sprout', originally referred to the green-yellow color of germinating and sprouting vegetation, cf. OHG gruoni 'green' to gruoen 'to germinate', and Lat. vIridis to vIreo. This verb could also be used of other objects that were characterized by a comparable color, e.g. gall: Av. zara [m.] , ON gall [n.] 'gall, poison', OHG galla [f.] < PGm. *galla-, *gallo(n)- < IE *folH-n-, OCS ZlbCb < *flh3-ti- (the appurtenance of Lat. fel,fellis [n.] 'id.' withf- < *f- presupposes that it is a dialectal form). A color adjective 'green, yellow, etc.', is found in several variants, e.g. Skt. ha ri- Av. zairi- < IE *feli- or *folH-i-, Lat. helvus 'honey-yellow' < *felH-i-u o- (see De Vaan 2008 s.v.), Lith. ze[vas 'greenish, yellowish' < *fel-uo-, OHG gelD 'yellow' < PGm. *gelwa- « IE *felH-u-) , ON gulr 'id.' < PGm. *gula- < IE *flH-o-, etc. The word for 'gold', which occurs in various forms, is also related: Skt. h frm;yaAv. zaraniia- [n.] < *flH-en-, Go. gUlp , OHG gold [n.] < PGm. *gulpa- < IE *flH to-), OCS zlato, Ru. z6loto < IE *folH-to-. See � XAOTj, � xoAtpu. '=

'=

'

.

xopO�

[m.] 'grain, grain of salt, seed, barley-grain, cartilage, especially of the breastbone' (Ion., corn. since Ar., Arist., Hell.). �?� .COMP Some compounds, e.g. xovOp-oxuv80<.; 'with cartilaginous backbone' (Arist.), ey-xovOpo<.; 'grainy' (Dsc.), EYXOVOp-I(W [v.] 'to make grainy, form into grains' (late medic.), imo-xovoP-lO<.; 'located under the cartilage of the breastbone', -lOV [n.] 'upper part of the abdominal cavity' (Hp., Arist., etc.) . DER 1. XOvop-o<.; 'grainy, coarse' (Hp., Arist.), a secondary formation after the oxytone adjectives in -pO<,;. 2. Diminutive XOVOP-IOV [n.] (Hp.). 3 · XOVOp-ITTj<.; (apTo<,;) 'bread made of barley' (LXX), see Redard 1949: 91. 4 · XOVOP-IATj [f.] 'gum-plant, Chondrilla iuncea' (Dsc., GaL), like KOVIATj etc. 5. XOVOP-I<';, -100<'; [f.] name of a plant (Plin.). 6. XOvOp-WOTj<.; 'grainy, cartilaginous' (Hp., Arist.), -lVO<'; 'made of barley' (Archestr.). 7. XOVOP-WUl<.; [f.] name of a disease of the breasts (Sor.), from *xoVOPOOflaL. 8. XOVOP-l6.W [v.] 'to swell with clots of milk', of female breasts (Dsc.). 9. XOVOPEUEl' aEfllOuAlV 1tOlEl 'produces flour' (H.) . ETYM Unexplained. The connection with a verb for 'to rub, etc.' in OE grindan 'to grind', Lith. gr�sti, 1Sg. grendziu 'to shave, scour, scratch', Lat. frendo 'to grind, gnash, shatter', with dissimilation from *Xpovopo<,;, has to meet the difficulty that Greek excludes an initial labiovelar, while Latin seems to require one. Another problem is that Germanic -d- cannot be combined with Greek -0- and with the acute in Lithuanian. Unclear is Alb. grunde 'clay'. Alternatively, a pre-form *xopo-po<,; (related to � X£puoo<,;, xup6.0pu) dissimilated to XOvOpo<.;; in this case, the word would be non-IE.

x6vSpo<.;

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xovvo<.; [m.] 'copper cup', a Cretan word (Hermonax apud Ath., H.). � ?� .VAR Plur. -Ol as the name of a festival (Gortyn V- Iva)? .ETYM Frisk comments that it is probably from XOU<';, X£W, comparing � Xouvo<';, � XWVO<';. Unclear. xopS� [f.] 'gut, catgut, string, sausage' (since q> 40 7). � IE *forH- 'intestine'� .COMP As a first member in xopO-u'V0<'; [m.] 'ileus, volvulus' vel sim. qmedic.); on connection with amw see extensively Stromberg 1944: 10of. Often as a second member, e.g. tm6.-xopOo<.; 'with seven strings' (Arist.) . DER Diminutives XOpO-IOV [n.] (Milete V-IVa), -6.pLOV [n.] (Alex. [lyr.l); further -EUW [v.] 'to make sausages', -EUflu [n.] 'sausage-dish' (Ar.), KaTU-XOpOEUW 'to chop to sausage-meat, cut up, slit' (Hdt., Them.), -£W 'id.' (Ael.). .ETYM Derived from an Indo-European term for 'intestine', but without an exact correspondence. A formation in -n- is found in Lith. zarna (zarna) [f.] '(small) guts, leather bag, hose', plur. zarnos 'intestines', ON grrn 'id.', plur. garnar 'intestines' < IE •

*forH-nh2-, OHG garn [n.] 'yarn' (made of dried gut). Without -n-, we find Lat. haru-spex 'diviner, soothsayer' < *frH-u-, Skt. hira- [m.] 'band', hira [f.] 'vein' <

*frH-o-.

Given the frequent forms with -n-, it has been proposed that xopO� is an irregular development from *xopv� (e.g. Haas 1956: 131f.) ; the -0- would have been taken over from a semantically close word, e.g. from the group of KupOiu (the reverse may have

X6PlOV happened to Skt. hfdaya- 'heart' with h- < *ft- instead of *5- < k- after the word for 'gut'. The appurtenance of Lat. hernia [f.] 'rupture' and Alb. zorre 'gut', plur. 'guts, intestines' is doubtful because of the reflex of the initial stop. XOPlOV [n.] 'skin enclosing the foetus, afterbirth' (Hp., Arist., Thphr., Dse.), 'membrane inside an egg' (Arist.), mg. unclear in Theoc. 1O, 11; plur. -la 'dish filled with milk and honey, a kind of pudding' (com., Theoe.). � ?� .ETYM Unexplained. Neither xopo� nor X6pTOC; yields a convincing connection. xopo<; [m.] 'round dance, dancing-place, band of dancers, choir' (ll.), metaph. 'row, "', band' (Att.). � IE? fter- 'seize, catch'� .COMP Numerous compounds, e.g. XOPOl-TlJ1tO<; 'stamping at the round dance (at the danCing-place?), dancing, dancer' (Pi. Fr. 156, Opp., Nonn.), probably also h. Merc. 31 (of tortoises; see Porzig 1942: 210); others accentuate XOpO[-TU1tOC; (see Zumbach 1955: 40); thence -TU1t[T] [f.] '(stamping at the) round dance' (0 261, AP), -TU1t£W [v.] 'to stamp the floor at the round dance, to dance' (Opp.); also -TU1tOC; (of UA
[m.] 'enclosure, court' (A 774, 0 640), cf. X6pTOV oupavou· TO 1tepl6pl
XOPTO<;

xpaciv court, rural, rustic' (Ar. Fr. 707a, D. H., Ael.), -ala Y� 'pasture-land' (pap. IVP); -lK6C; 'concerning hay' (Hell. and late pap., Ptol.), -woT]C; 'grass-like, rich of grass' (LXX, Dsc.). 3. Verb xopT-a(w (also Ct1tO-, tm- Sosith. 2, 13) [v.] 'to fodder, satiate, fatten' (Hes.), whence -a
[v.aor.] 'to attack, assault, inflict, take up, etc.', also with inf. (Hom., Nic., A. R AP); t1t£xpae, -ov also 'to affect, touch' (A. R, Q. S.) . VAR Also with tm-, only 3sg. (E1t-)£xpae, 3Pl. (E1t-)£xpaov, 2pl. Expa£Te. .ETYM expa(F)e, xpa(F)eLv are isolated thematic aorist forms, with zero grade of the root (cf. EFaoe, (F)aociv s.v. � avMvw, etc.). They are connected with Lat. in-gruo (from -uo or -auo) 'to rush', Lith. griauti, ISg. griauju 'to destroy', and griuti, ISg. grilJvu 'to crumble'. This presupposes that the root is *treh2u- and that the palatalization in Lithuanian is seqmdary. A different (but not very attractive) proposal was made by Peters 1980b: 342, who assumes an analogical, secondary zero grade *khrau- to a root PG *khreu-. See � (axpT]�C; and � xpauw.

xpaeLv •

xpaivw xpalVW

[v.] 'to besmear, sully, stain' (B., trag., Nic., AP, PI. Lg. 769a, also late prose).

VAR Aor. xpavm, fut. xpavw. .COMP Sometimes with un:o- in the sense 'to grade or tinge colors' (PI. •

Lg. 769a, Arist.) . DER Verbal adjective a-xpav-Toc; 'unsullied, unstained' (trag., late prose, ete.); also uxpavEc;· axpavTov, UflOAUVTOV, Ka8apov, ufliavTov 'undefiled, clean' (H.), uxpaEC; 'id.' (Nic., AP). .ETYM Unknown. Frisk compares � Xpiw and � fllaivw and suggests that it is a cross of both. See also � xpauw, � xpoa, � Xpiw, ete. Pok. 459 subsumes it under lE *tren-, ", which is rejected by DELG. •

Xpataf.lEw [v.] 'to be of use, help, promote' (11.).
R).

.DER Late epic nouns: back-formation xpaiafl-'1 [f.] 'use, help, promotion' (Nic.), -�elC; 'useful, promotive' (Nie.) , -Tlmc; [f.] = xpaiaflTl (Nic., metro inscr. Hypaepa), -�"iov [n.] 'means of help' (Mare. Sid.), -�TWP [m.] 'helper, promotor' (Nonn.). ETYM An epic verb of unclear formation, which acc. to sch. A. R. 2, 218 was also

•

used by the Arcadian Clitorians (cf. Ruijgh 1957: 164). Its formation presupposes a noun *xpmafloc;. The aorist £xpmafle could be best explained as analogical to xpmafldv (which would originally be a pres. inf.) after examples like £KTUn:e to KTUn:elV.

Acc. to Schwyzer: 723 and 748, £xpmafle is originally an ipf. of a denominative *xpaiafl-!w, which was reinterpreted as an aorist because of xpmafldv. The non presentic forms xpmafl-�aw, -�am may have been built later to £xpmafle (Chantraine 1942: 347) and have produced the late ind. pres. xpmaflel; the inf. xpmafldv was ambiguous from the beginning. Etymologically obscure. It is semantically plausible to connect XP�, xp�a8m, but an analysis in *Xpm-aflo-c; with a further unknown zero grade beside xp�-mc; (Brugmann-Thumb Le. after Mekler; also Bechtel 1914 s.v. and Schwyzer: 347) in unconvincing. xpauw [v.] 'to graze, wound slightly, scratch' (11.).
Schwyzer: 706. ETYM The only remains of this verb are found in the epic tradition (cf. Ruijgh 1957: 131). It can hardly be separated from xpa(F)dv, £xpa(F)e 'to attack, etc.'. If the word · •

is Indo-European, we have to assume a root *treh2u-. For the vocalism cf. \l'auw, xvauw, � 8pauw. See further on � xpoa, �Xpiw . etc. =>Xp�· XP£f.l£Tl(W [v.] 'to whinny, neigh' (M 51, Hdt., PI., LXX, Q. S.).
TepeTi(w).

A special position has XpEflmoflm (-m- onomatopoeic as in muw?); perp.aps it does not belong at all here (cf. WH s.v. scratta with anotlIer hypothesis). There is no exact outer-Greek correspondence to the verb, but the root *trem- is Indo-European. In Balto-Slavic, there are sound verbs witlI different ablaut, like Lith. grumi!ti, ISg. grumu 'to thunder, roar, rumble', grameti, ISg. gramu 'to fall in the depth with noise', and OCS grbmeti, ISg. grbmljQ '�povTav, to thunder', Ru. gremet', ISg. gremlju [v.] 'to tlIunder, tinkle, rattle', OCS gromb 'thunder' (which formally matches XpofloC;). Germanic has several expressions for anger and grumbling, which must originally have referred to sounds like droning, gnashing the teeth, etc.: ON grimmr 'grim, excited', OHG grim 'wild, cruel' < PGm. *grimma- < *trem-no-, ON gramr, OHG gram 'wrathful' < PGm. *grama- < *tromo-, Go. gramjan, OHG gremman [v.] 'to get angry or embittered'. The same meaning is encountered in Av. gramJ1)tqm [pte.gen.p1.] 'of those who are wrathful to us', MoP yaram 'wrath' . XPEf.lUC; · 6 6viaKoc; iX8uc; 'kind of gadus or cod' (H.).
Xp� .ETYM Fur.: 131 connects KpEflu<; 'a fish with a hard head' (Arist.), see on � KAeflflu<;, and considers the word to be Pre-Greek. Frisk cites it under � Xpefl£TI
of meaning (lA); also 'to consult an oracle or a"god' (Od.). Ion. (also Dor. in Sophr. 126) has XpEoflm, ptc.' xpewflevoc;; 3sg. xp�Tm, inf. xp�aSm (Ion. Hell. also xpcnm, -aaSm after opaTm, -aaSm, etc.), aor. xp�auaSm, fut. xp�aoflm, perf. KEXPllflm. The aor. also means 'to borrow (from)', perhaps from 'to put in use for oneself or to the act. xp�am (E., etc.); the perf. (especially ptc. KeXPllflEvo<;) means 'to require, crave, desire' (epic poet. T 262). It is probably an old denominative. Active forms in special mgs. were secondarily created to the medial forms: to xp�auaSm, xp�aoflm, xpwflm 'to consult an oracle', xp�am, xp�aw, Xpw arose, in the sense 'to give an oracle' (since S 79), with 3sg. xpfj and XPq., ptc. XpetWV Xp�wv, also with E�- etc., with pass. aor. Exp�aSll 'an oracle was granted', plpf. EKEXPll(a)To, etc. (Pi., lA). , In a similar vein, the active xp�am 'to lend (to) arose to xp�auaSm 'to borrow , (from) . Fut. xp�aw, also with npo - , Em- etc. (lA) with KEXPllKU (Hell.) and the new present KIXPllfll, KIXpuflm, also XP�VVUfll, -UW (Thphr., Hell. pap.). On itself stands with prefix, especially ano- (lA), also (Hdt.) EK-, KUTa-, aVTl-XPq. (Att. anoXPll after XP�), -EXPllau, -xp�aw 'to suffice, to serve', mostly 3. sg. 'it is sufficient', witlI unexplained development of mg. Secondary verbal forms: 1. XPll-Eoflm in Megar. XPlleta8w (Calchedon), Boeot. Xp£l£laSll, El. xpewTm 'to need'. 2. XPll-t
=

I

Xp�

269, a 163), to KM
-TlaT�<;, -TlaT�pLOV, -TlaTlKo<;. 5. XP�flll [f.] 'need, requirement' (Archil. et al.) . 6. XPll(a)floauvll [f.] 'need, poverty' (Thgn., Tyrt.), XPllafl- also 'aid' (�. R.: , cf. on XPllaflo<;, but aXPllflo-auvll [f.] 'need, lack' (p 502, Thgn. 156) from u-XPllflwv. 7· XP�aL<; [f.] 'use, application, benefit, intercourse, association' (Pi., lA), also 'resp?ns� of an oracle' (Pi.), 'loan' (Arist., Plb.), whence xp�a-lfl0<; 'usable, useful, profiCIent (Thgn.+), -lfloTll<;, -lfleuw. 8. XPllafl0<; [m.] 'response of an oracle' (Pi., lA), very frequent as a first member, �.g. XPllaflo-A6yo<; 'prophesying, prophet' (lA); in the same mg. probably XPllaflo-GUvll

(Hdt. 9, 33). 9. xpllaT�plov [n.] 'seat of an oracle, response of an oracle, sacrifice to it' (h. Ap.+), like flUaT�pLOV, 8LKaaT�pLOv, etc. Thence -�PlO<; 'belonging to an oracle' (Hdt., A., E., etc.), -l1pla
•

,

[v.] med. (mostly intr.) 'to force one's way near, come near, strike firmly', act. (mostly trans.) 'to force near, bring close to something, make crash' (epic poet. since K 516). � IE? *ghreibh- 'grab'� .VAR Aor. med. (EY-)Xplll PGr. *khrimph- + -je/o- > xplll1tn:/o-.

XPl!l1tTO!lUl, -TW

[v.] 'to graze, spread, (be)smear, enqueue, anoint, plaster' (11.). � IE? *ghrei(H)- 'strike'� .VAR Late also l Aor. xplam, -aaa8m (11.), -a8�vm (A.), fut. xpLaw (E.), -aollm (Od.), -a8�aollm (LXX), perf KExplllm (Hdt.), -lallm (LXX), KExplKa (LXX). .COMP Often prefixed, e.g. with E1tl-, EV-, KaTa-, il1to-. .DER 1. XPlate; (also EY-, KaTu-, etc.) [f.] 'spreading, besmearing, anointing, tinging' (Hp., Arist., HelL), xpLatlloe; (sch.). 2. xp11la (A., X., CalL), more usual xp'lalla, later xpLalla (after KALlla, 8Ella, etc.) [n.] , ointment, tincture, etc.', also with E1tL-, m:pL-, ete. 3. Ota-, auy-xplalloe; [m.] 'anointing, ointment' (medie.). 4. xp'laTm [m.pL] (H. s.v. KOVlaTaL). 5. XPlaT�pLOV [n.] 'oil, oil-bottle' (Suid.). 6. xplaTOe; (also E1tL-, KaTU-, ete.) 'fit for spreading or anointing' (A. Pr. 480, E.), 'anointed', mse. 'the anointed one' (LXX), whence 'Messiah, Christ' (NT). ETYM The regular inflexion of XPLW is clearly a late creation. A convincing outer Greek connection does not exist. Mostly connected with Lith. grieti, 1Sg. gr(i)ejit 'to skim cream from the milk'; the same root would be found in the Germanic group of OE grfma [m.] 'mask, helmet, ghost', MLG greme [f] 'dirt', ete. The comparison with NPhr. YEyp£IllEvav [pte.] 'painted, adorned, written, YEYpaIlIlEVOe;' vel sim. (Haas Sprache 6 (1960): 19ff.) is tempting. The Lithuanian verb seems to point to an an it root, so if it is related to XPlW, the length in Greek must be secondary. From xpLalla were borrowed Lat. chrisma (Eccl.), whence MoFr. creme, etc.; from XplaTOe; Lat. Chrfstus, whence Chrfstianus.

xpiw, -0!lUl

-

-

.

•

[f.] '(contact) surface of the body, skin, skin-color, color' (3 164), also 'surface, E1tl
xp6a

.DIAL Probably Myc. a-ko-ro-we-e /a-khrowehe/ [n.du.] 'without spots', or /ha khrowehe/ 'of one color'. .COMP Very frequent as a second member, e.g. IlEAavo-xpo-oe; 'with a dark skin' (T 246), which is thematicized; athem. inflection preserved in plur. IlEAavo-xpO-Ee; (N 589), IlEAay-xpO-Ee; (Hdt.); younger IlEAay-xpWTEe;, -XPWTa (E. [lyr.]), nom. -xpwe; (PL Phdr. 253e), ete. On -xpooe;, -xpoue;, -xpwe; as a second member see Sommer 1948: 2lff.; also IlEAay-xpOl�e; 'id.' (to XpOl� [1t 175]) and -xp�e; (corn., pap.), after the adjectives in -�e;. .DER 1. Diminutive XPWT-LOlOV (Cratin.). 2. Verbs: perf. med. KExpwallm, -IlEVOe; (lA), aor. xpwa8�vm (Att.) 'to take on a color or hue, ete.', act. xpwam (Arist.), E1tl- KExpwKa (PIu.), xpwaElv (H.), XpoT�w, XPtP �w (Alex., Nic., Dse.), 'to color, stain', later also XPWVVUlll, -UW (Luc., Lib., Plot.); XpoT�w, XPtP�w, -ollm also 'to touch (a surface), unite with someone' (Pi., E. [lyr.], Theoe.); often prefixed, e.g. with E1tl-, KaTa-, 1tapa-; cf also on XPOlU below. Hence several verbal nouns: a) xpwlla [n.] 'color (of the skin), make-up; characteristic appearance, e.g. of a chromatic scale, of a speech, ete.' (lA); thence Xpw-lluTla [pL] = -llaTa (AP), -llaLlKOe; (music., rhet.) 'chromatic' (Hell.), -IlULlVOe; 'colorful' (Peripl. M. Rubr.), xpwllaTL�w, -ollm (also E1tl-) 'to color, tinge' (Hp., PL, Arist.). b) XPWate; (also with uvu-, U1tO-, E1tL-) [f.] 'coloring' (Epicur., pap., PIu.). c) XPWaT�p [m.] 'that which colors' (AP). d) from XpoT�w 'to color': Xpo-'(ate;, -"lalloe; (gloss.), E1tlXpO-'(ate; mg. unclear (Thphr.). 3. XPWT-L�W, -L�ollm (also auv-ava-) 'to color, give an appearance' (Ar. [lyr.] , PIu.). From xpwe;, xpo-oe; also XpO-lU, -l� (like aK01t-lU, AO *khrohos. DELG assumes that most forms arose by such a process, e.g. XPOlU < *khrowosja. KExpwallm is probably an analogical form to XpwT�w. The superficial similarity with xpauw, xpaLvw, XPLW is not sufficient for a solid etymological proposaL The assumption of vowel assimilation from *xpaFoe; (Schmidt KZ 32 (1893): 3701f) is dictated by the desire to connect � xpauw. xp6!la()o� VAR xpOllle;, xpolloe;. =>XPEIl£TL�W. •

[m.] 'period or course of time, (a definite) time, lifetime, time limit' (11.), plur. XPOVOl also 'year' (= Lat. tempora, since III-IVP; see Schwyzer: l24f.). � ?� .COMP As a first member, e.g. Xpovo-ypu
Xp6vo�

·DER 1. xpoV-laKo<; [m.] 'small timespan' (LXX). 2. -lO<; 'protracted, late' (p 112), -l6nj<; [f.] 'long period' (Thphr.), -l6ollCU 'to become protracted, chronic' (Hp.). 3. -lK6<; 'concerning time' (D. H., D. S., PIu.). 4. XpOV-I(W (also EY-) 'to spend the time (somewhere), abide, be late, linger' (lA), whence -laIl6<; [m.] (Hell.), also with Ey- · 5. xpov-wacu 'to make temporal' (Plot.). .ETYM Etymology unknown. On the model of KA6vo<; and 8p6vo<;, it has been assumed that Xp6vo<; should be analyzed as Xp-ovo- < *tr-ono-, from a root 'seize, bring' also supposed for � X6pTO<;. On the semantic side, an original meaning "encompassing time-limit" has been assumed for XP6vo<;, or even "seizer" (Porzig 1942: 346). A number of verbal roots *fter- etc, exist (see LIV2). However, it is rather doubtful that � KAOVO<; and � 8p6vo<; should\l'�be analysed in this way, as DELG already remarked. Other words for 'time' are � Kcup6<;, which is etymologically unclear too, and inherited � aiwv. xpuao<; [m.] 'gold' (ll.). � LW Sem.� .VAR Secondarily -u-, see Schwyzer: 5162. •

DIAL Myc. ku-ru-so.

.COMP Productive in compounds, e.g. Myc.

ku-ru-so-wo-ko xpua-oupy6<; (LXX) 'gold-worker'; xpua6-8povo<; (see on � 8p6va), xpua-wvT]To<; 'bought with money', designation of a slave (Callistr. Hist.) , im6-xpuao<; "with gold below", 'auriferous, gilt' (PL, HelL inscr.); on prefixed compounds with xpua6<;, see Stromberg 1946: 136. DER 1. xpua-Iov [n.] 'gold, golden ornaments, golden coins, money' (lA), -18!OV [n.] with contemptuous connotation (Att. orators), -loaplov [n.] (Ar.), also -acpLOv (Hdn., Eust.). 2. xpua-£lov, mostly plur. -£la [n.] 'goldmine' (X., Plb.). 3. xpua-I<;, -100<; [f.] 'golden vessel, dress, golden shoe, etc.' (com., inscr., Luc.). 4. xpua-aAAI<;, -100<; [f.] 'gold-colored larva of a butterfly' (Arist., Thphr.), also IlT]AOAOV8T] (Eust.), cf. � 8puaAAI<;. 5. xpua-acpo<; [m.] name of a fish (Marc. Sid.), like £Aacpo<;; also xpuaocpo<; (Cyran.), for xpua-ocppu<; (Stromberg 1943: 26). 6. xpua-ITT]<; [m.], mostly -LTl<; [f.] 'goldish, auriferous, gold-ore' (Hdt., Hp., Str.). 7. Adjectives: a) xpua-EO<;, late also -£10<;, Att. -ou<; 'golden, gold-colored, etc.' (ll.), -ou<; (scil. aTaT�p) name of a golden coin; also as a first member, e.g. xpUaEO-1t�AT]� 'with a golden helmet' (h. Mart., Call.), metrical variant of xpUaO-1t�AT]� (A. [lyr.] , E.). b) xpua-lvo<; 'golden' (late). c) xpua-lK6<; 'id.', [n.pL] 'hardcash' (pap.). d) comparative xpua-OTEpa [f.] 'gold to a higher degree' (Sapph., late epigr.). 8. Verbs: a) xpua-6ollcu (mostly perf. ptc. KExpuawllEvo<; 'gilt'), also -6w 'to gild' (lA), also with prefix, especially KaTa-; thence -wlla, -wm<;, -WT�p, -wTpla, -Wv. b) xpua-I(w 'to be golden or gold-like, abound in gold' (Arist., Dsc.). c) xpua-a:L(ncu· KoallELTcu (H.). Also in PNs, e.g. XpuaT]<;, -T]T<;, -T]. .ETYM A Semitic loan word, usually assumed to be Punic. Cf. Akk. bura$u, Ugar. br$, Phoen. brs%, Hebr. baru$. See E. Masson 1967: 37f. for further details. An IE word for 'gold' from the root *ftlh3- is found in Germanic, Balto-Slavic and lndo-Iranian, e.g. Go. gulp , Ru. z6loto, Latv. zelts, Skt. hiraJ:lya-, Av. zaraniia- [n.]; the root is found in Gr. � XOA�. Another IE word is retained in Italic and Baltic: Lat. aurum, Lith. auksas (with secondary -k-), OPr. ausis, and perhaps in ToA was, ToB yasa. =

•

=

XWA6<; Xpw!1U VAR Xpw<;. •

=xp6a.

XUAO<; [m.] 'juice (of plants), gruel, broth', also 'taste, .COMP Some compounds, e.g. XUAO-1tOlEW [v.] 'to

aroma' (lA). � ?� turn into juice' (medic.), YAUKU

XUAO<; 'with sweet juice' (Hp., Xenocr.). .DER 1. Diminutive XUA-aPlOV [n.] 'little juice', hypocoristic (M. Ant.). 2. -woT]<; 'juice-like, juicy' (late). 3. XUA-60llcu (also -6w) 'to convert into juice, be turned into it, etc.' (medic.), also with cmo-, EK-, EV-, etc. Thence XUAwlla, (Ey-)xuAwm<;. 4. XUAI(W 'to extract juice, turn into juice' (Hp., Arist., Thphr.), also with EK-, EV-, cmo-; thence -lalla, -laIl6<;. 5. XUA-la(W 'id.' (Aet.). Beside it stands XUIl6<; [m.] 'juice (of plants and bodies), liquid, taste, aroma' (lA). As a second member e.g. in £y-xull0<; 'having juice inside, juicy' (Hp., PL, Arist., Thphr.). Hence the diminutive XUIl-IOV [n.] (com.); -WOT]<; 'juicy' (sch.), verb -60llcu 'to be turned into juice' (GaL), -6w 'to give taste' (Suid.), with EK- 'to squeeze out, extract juice'; thence -wlla, -wm<; (Hp.). XUIlI(w [v.] 'to make tasty' (Ar.), with EK- = EKxull6w (Arist.) . .ETYM Both XUA6<; and XUIl6<; have traditionally been connected with � XEW 'to pour', but it is unclear how the long u can be explained. Positing a suffix * -slo- or * -smo- is not really satisfactory, as no other form with *tu-s- is known.

XU!1£lU [f.] 'the art of alloying metals, alchemy' (Zos. Alch., Olymp. Alch.). � ?� VAR Also XT] Ilda. .DER Besides XUIlEUm<; (X�Il-) [f.] 'id.' (EM, Eust., Tz.), -EUTlK6<; 'concerning X.' •

(Zos., Olymp.). .ETYM As DELG remarks, the late attestations do not allow to draw a conclusion regarding whether u or T] is originaL The old etymology by Pott, deriving the word from the indigenous name of Egypt XT]llla (PIu.), copt. KT]IlE, XT]lll, which originally means 'Black-land' (PIu.), remains a possibility. XUIlEla would derive either from a verb *XT]IlEUW 'to work in an Egyptian way' or, with -Ela after llaYEla, it would mean "the Egyptian art". The notation XUIl would then be popular after XUIl6<;. According to Diels, however, it is a Greek word deriving from XUlla (see � XEW) in the sense 'casting, alloying', whence *xuIlEUW and then XUllda 'the art of alloying metal'. It is beyond our reach to make a decision between these alternatives. Older proposals, which are obviously dated, are given by Frisk. XUTAOV .VAR XUTpa, XUTpO<;. =XEW. =

[adj.] 'lame, paralyzed', especially of a foot, 'limping' (ll.). � lE? *ftoh,-l6'remaining behind'� .COMP E.g. XWAO-1tOU<; 'lame-footed' (Man.), XWA6-XElpO<; 'lame-handed' (Hippon.). .DER XWA6TT]<; [f.] 'lameness' (PIu., luL) and several denominatives: 1. XWA-EUW (also cmo-) [v.] 'to be lame', also 'to make lame' (ll.), whence -£la [f.] (PL), -EullaTa [pL] (Hp.). 2. XWA-6ollcu (also cmo-) [v.J 'to be or become lame', rare -6w [v.] 'to make lame' (Hp., Th., Paus.), whence -wm<;, -wlla (Hp.). 3. XWA-alvw (also imo-, auv-) [v.] 'to be or become lame' (Hp., PI., LXX, pap.), whence -avm<;, -aO"lla (late).

XWAO<;

·ETYM Seemingly, a formation with the suffIx -10-, like � (rrp£�A6<;, � LU
aor. xwaat, -aaa8at, -a8�vat, perf. med. KEXWaflat (lA), act. KExwKa (D., Arist.), fut. xwaw (Att.). .COMP Very frequently prefIxed, e.g. with Em-, 11poa-, KaTa-, avv-. DER XWfla (rare and late -afla) [n.] 'heap, rubbish, dam, wall' (lA), -aL<; [f.] 'heaping up, raising, damming' (Th., Hell.), often from prefIxed verbs, e.g. avCtxwfla, eyxwaL<;, etc. Also XWaTpl<; (X£AWVTj) 'a shed to protect besiegers who fIll up a ditch' (Hell.). .ETYM The above system of forms is built on the aorist xwaat, which replaced the unclear form XEat and may represent either *xowaat (denominative of xoo<;, xou<;) or a contraction from *xo�aat to *XOEW (cf. vwaat < vo�aat from VOEW and aouflat s.v. � a£voflat), which would be a denominative or an intensive to � XEW. All other forms were secondarily created, e.g. the present XWVVUfll, -Vw. The presentic forms -xoi, XOUaL, etc. have never become dominant. Further details on the etymology s.v. � XEW. •

Xwvo<;

VAR xWvTj. .ETYM = xoavo<;, -CtvTj. See � XEW.

•

XWOllat [v.] 'to be angry, wrathful' (ll., epic).
deverbative to � XEW 'to pour', as was proposed already by Aristarchus (xwofl£vo<; = auyx£ofl£vo<;) and repeated by Frisk? On the formal side, see also Chantraine 1942: 365; on the meaning in Hom. see Adkins fHS 89 (1969): 13ff. •

[f.] 'space, interspace, place, position, rank, location, region, estate, land, country' (ll., lA), also 'eye-hole' (Epid.).
xwpu

•

•

6. verbs: a) XWPEW, -�aat, -�aw (ll., in Att. the act. fut. only with prefIx, but otherwise -�aoflat); K£xwpTjKa (lA), -Tj8�vat, -Tj8�aoflat, K£XWPTjlat (Att.) 'to make room, give way, recede' (ll., trag.), 'to step (forward), go forth, make progress', trans. 'to com�rehend, contain' (lA), also 'to catch' = 'to understand' (late), intr. 'to fInd a place (Ev. fo. 8, 37), very frequently prefixed in various mgs., e.g. ava-, a11o-, EV-, 11pO-, 11poa-, auv-, 1>110-. Thence nominal derivatives in -Tjfla, -TjflCt,lOV, -TjaL<;, -TjnKo<;. b) xwpCt�w, Dor. aor. -Ct�at 'to situate, position, raise' (Hell. inscr.). Isolated XWPl<; [adv., prep.] 'separated, detached, far from, apart' (H 470), XWPl (accus. acc. to Hdn., Choerob.) 'id.' (Thera, Cos, Crete, Call., Test. Epict., pap. lIP). The formation reminds of aAl<;, flOYl<;, etc.; the accent perhaps after afl
'l'uy61ll:; [m.] name of an Egyptian ointment (corn.), see Fraenkel Eg. � oVAR Also -al:;, -ay; a6.y8a(<;). oETYM From Egyptian, see Spiegelberg Herm. 65 (1930): 232f.

1912: 1751f.).
[adj.] mg. unclear; it qualifies a song in Pi. (N. 7, 69); glossed by Hesychius as nA6.YLov, AO�OV, K£KALflEVOV 'athwart, slanting, bent'.
\(IutVUL [inf.] = cp96.am, [KT[am] 'to be first, [build] ' (H.).
(Lejeune 1972: 39). Perhaps here also belong \(IaT�am· npo£L1telv 'to say before' (H.) and \(IaTua9m· npoKaTaAafl�6.v£Lv 'to occupy in advance, etc.' (H.). See � cp9uvw. [v.] 'to grind, scratch' (Hermipp., PI. Corn.); £\(Ia9�AaTo· £Kv�aaTo 'scratched' (H.).
'l'U6UAAW

\(Iu6upol:; [adj.] 'loose, brittle, friable' (medic., Arist., Thphr.).
weak, dry, weak, loose' and \(Iaoupov· aa9£vE<;, flaoapov, \(Ia9upov 'weak, wet, loose' (H.). oDER \(Ia9up-oT'l<; [f.] 'looseness' (Arist., Gal.), -LOV = \(Iw9[ov (Ath.), -ooflm [v.] 'to crumble' (Aq.), -flaTU· anoKoflflaTU 'chips' (H.). oETYM The formation looks like that of semantically close � Kanupo<;. Frisk compared \(I6.9w (cod. -Ea} \(Iwfl[a 'morsel, bit' (H.), but an old formation is excluded in view of the variants. See � \(Ia96.nw, � \(I�v. [v.] 'to scrub, scrape gently'; afso intr., of a slight movement, 'to flutter, vibrate, shiver'; also of the sound that arose from such a movement: 'to rustle', ofleaves (Hp., A. Pr. 394, E., Hermipp., Ar., Nic., Opp.).
'l'u[pw

VAR Only present. .COMP Also prefixed, especially with OtU-. ETYM Cf. the rhyming formations � aulpw, � anulpw, � aKulpw and � ,\,�v. Perhaps, aUlpw is the simplified form of ,\,ulpw? Differently Benveniste MSL 23 (1930) : 405, •

•

who compared Av. ftarJma- [m.] 'shame', Ru. sorom 'shame', which to my opinion (and that of DELG) is not better. ,\,ulw [v.] 'to grind, triturate'. <"!!! PG?� .VAR The present only in H. ,\,ul£tV

(for ,\,Ukp>EtV); aor. ,\,ulaua8at, ,\,ata8�vat (Thphr. apud Porph. Abst. 2, 6) . .DER ,\,ataLOC; 'triturated, ground' in ,\,ataT� fl&�u (Hp.), also -aLOV [n.], plur. -ani (nEflflu, nonuvov, uACjmu) 'sacrificial cake' made of flour and honey (com., Hell. inscr., Herod., AP); hence ,\,ataL-IOV [n.] 'id.' (AP), -wollC; 'like a ,\,. ' (AB), ,\,ul(a) flu· ahoy oMyov 'small bread' (H.), ,\,ulaTwp "scrubber", epithet of anoyyoc; (AP). With simplification of the anlaut: aataLoc;· £AU(U 8AaaT� 'crushed olives' (H.), cf. awxw : ,\,wxw. Other glosses from H. are ,\,atOpOC; = 6.patOC; 'loose' and with a suffIx -vu- ,\,atVUVTEC;· '\'wfll(oVTEC; 'feeding in bits'; ,\,u(vuov· 6.Xp£1ov 'rendering useless'; ,\,ulvuaflu· oAlYov 'little'; ,\,atvu8tov· ,\,EUOEC;, fl
'\'UKCte; [f.] 'drop', especially of rain; collective 'drizzle' (Hdt., Hp., trag., Ar., X., Arist.). <"!!! PG(s,v)� VAR Ion. and Hell. also ,\,EKUe;, -uOOC; (cf. Schwyzer: 258) . DER Diminutive '\'UK6.0-tOV [n.] (Hell. com.,Thphr.), also ,\,EK-; -taau [f.] 'spotted, dappled', of a mare (pap. IlIa) see Mayser 1906-1938, I: 3: 103; also ,\,uKuo-laxtoc; of horses (ibid.) 'with dappled haunches?'. Verb '\'UKU(W 'to drip, spray, drizzle' (A., Ar., X., PIu.), also ,\,EK-, and prefixed with KaTU-, £111-, uno-; aor. pte. pass. ,\,uKua8ElC; •

•

'besprinkled' (Thphr.). We also find '\'UKUAOV [n.] , -oc; [m.] in the meaning 'new-born animal' (Ar. Byz., H.); the same metaphor is found with � opoaoc; and i:: pall. The suffIX reminds of � £TUAOV. ETYM The formation is similar to that of iKfluC;, ,\,tUe;, At�Ue; (Frisk notes '\'UKUO- next to '\'UKUAOV, like iKfluo- beside iKfluA-EOC;). Connection with the group of � ,\,�v is •

highly unlikely, because the K-enlargement would remain unclear. There is no reason to call -UK- an infIX (as per Schwyzer: 497) ; it is simply part of the root '\'UK-/ '\'EK-. In view of the suffix -uO- or -UA-, it is probably Pre-Greek. The connection with Lith. spakas 'drop, point' (also spagas) may be correct, in which case both go back to a 'substrate language' of the northern Balkans. Beside '\'UKUAOV, Fur.: 339 cites a form ,\,uIKuAov· efl�puov, �PE
,\,CtKEAOV [adj.] · flEYU (H.). <"!!! ?� .ETYM One compares � a
•

,\,CtAlOV [n.]

'curb-chain' vel sim. (Att. since A.); on the unclear mg. see Anderson JHS 88 (1968) : 3ff. <"!!! PG?(V)� .ETYM A technical word without convincing etymology; connection with � ,\,UAAW remains hypothetie. The gloss ,\,uA6v· dooc; XUAtvou'kind of bit' (H.) is probably a mistake for ,\,UAtOV. Palmer recognized the word in Myc pa-sa-ro, see Morpurgo Davies 1963 s.v. This was later defended by Taillardat REG 91 (1978) : 1-11, but rejected by Fur.: 35864. See � ,\,EAtOV.

[f.] 1. 'subterranean (arched) passage, canal, (subterranean) vault, flying buttress' (S. fr. 367, PI. Lg. 947d, Arist., Ph. Bel., Hero, Hell. and late inscr.); 2. 'scissors' (S. fr. 413, Ar. fr. 320, 1, AP, pap. lIP, Poll.); 3. 'ring or the like for supporting or strengthening' (LXX, Ph. Be/.; also BGU 1028, 9 [lIP] : ,\,uAAIO [ WV] ?). <"!!! PG(V)� VAR Gen. also -100C;? .COMP ,\,UAtOO-£tO�C; 'similar to a vault' (Ph. Be/., Gal.) . .DER From 1.: '\'uAtO-OOflat 'to arch' (Bito), -WTOC; 'arched' (D. H.), -wflu [n.] 'vault' (Str., inscr. lIP). From 2.: '\'uAt06-aLOflOC; 'nipper-mouthed, epithet of crabs (Batr.). Hence diminutive ,\,uAI8tov [n.] (pap. VP), ,\,uAi(w [v.] (also <1no-, OtU-) 'to cut with scissors' (late medic., Babr.), ,\,uAI�at· K£1pat 'to cut, shave' (H.), -taLOC;, -tafloC; [m.] (late medic.). .ETYM In the third meaning, ,\,uAIC; might be connected with ,\,EAtOV, and probably also with '\'UAtOV; for seemingly unconnectable meanings 'vault' end 'scissors' no explanation has been found.

,\,uAle;, -llioe;

•

[v.] 'to pluck, twitch a string (also a bowstring) with the fingers, instead of with the plectrum' (lA), 'to sing to a harp, chant praises' (LXX, NT). <"!!! PG?� VAR Aor. ,\,�Aat, Hell. (LXX) '\'UAat, fut. '\'UAW. .COMP Also with E11I-, KUTU-, 8tu-, ete. .DER 1. '\'uAfloC; (also OtU-, E11I-) [m.] 'twitching, plucking of the bowstring, string, string music' (Pi., A. [anap.], E. [lyr.] , etc.), 'a song to string music, song of praise' (LXX, NT), 6.vTI-,\,uAfl0C; 'accompanied by string music' (E. [lyr.l), -fll(w [v.] 'to sing songs of praise or psalms', -fltaT�C; (gloss.), ete. 2. '\'uAflu (also 8tu-, 6.no-) [n.]

'\'CtAAW •

.

1660 'sound, melody of string music, etc.' (LXX, AP, Max. Tyr., Ptol.). 3. -
'\IaAQV

.

•

•

•

'\Iuf.la8oc; [f.] 'sand' (11., epic poet.), often plur.
(Fraenkel Phil. 97 (1948): 161) or dissimilation (Kretschmer 1923: 193ff.)? Also aaf.La80v (POxy. 1290, 1 [VP]) = -8wv 'sandpit', for '\I- ? (see Preisigke 1925). .ETYM Taken to be a cross of � af.La80� and � '\Iaf.Lf.L0�. Fur. 209 adduces MHG sant < (p)samtho-, MHG sam(p)t, samp < *(p)samatho-, so it could also directly continue a

word from the European substrate.

'\IUf.lf.lOC; [f.] 'sand' (f.L 243).
(A. and Ar. [lyr.]), -11 (Hdt. 4, 181)? See Schwyzer 1950: 324) . COMP Few compounds, e.g. '\Iaf.Lf.L6-y£w� 'with a soil rich in sand' (Hdn.), un6'\Iaf.Lf.L0� 'having sand underneath, sandy' (Hdt., X., PIu.); cf. un6-xpuao� s.v. � xpua6�; * enL '\Iaf.Lf.L0� in e1tl'\laf.Lf.L-L�w [v.] 'to cover with sand' (Hero). DER 1. '\Iaf.Lf.L-La [n.pl.] 'gravel' in urine (medic.). 2. -LTll� [m.] designation of a treatise of Archim., 'made of sand' (AP) , -hl� [f.] name of a fish (Archestr.), cf. '\Iaf.La8L� and Redard 1949: 23 and 113. 3. -woll� (Hdt., Hp.), -lVO� (Hdt., Philostr.), -a10� (Priene) 'sandy'; -lalo� 'as large as a grain of sand' (Olymp. in Phd.); -wT6� 'consisting of plaster or stucco' (LXX). 4. -laf.L6� [m.] 'burying in sand' (Paul Aeg.), from *-L�w). 5. ola-'\Iaf.Lf.LwaaL [aor.] 'to polish with sand' (Lesbos). Further '\Iaf.lf.LaTa· anapaYf.LaTa 'fragments' and '\Iaf.Lf.LaTL�ouaa· '\Iwf.LL�ouaa 'feeding morsels' (H.). ETYM '\Iaf.Lf.L0� seems to be a Greek innovation and reminds of � af.La80�. Connection with the group of � '\I�v has been suggested, but the formation is not clear. In •

-

•

•

1661 prinCiple, '\Iaf.Lf.L0� may represent older *'\Iacp- f.L0� (cf. ypaf.Lf.La to � ypacpw) and thus belong to '\Iacpap6�, � '\I�cpo� 'pebble', further to Lat. sabulum 'sand'. According to Deroy Glotta 35 (1956): 183 (extensive treatment and lit.), af.La80�, af.Lf.L0� as well as '\Iaf.La80�, '\Iaf.Lf.Lo� would come from Pre-Greek *sam- 'sand, mud'. '\Iaf.La80� and af.Lf.L0� may have arisen as crosses between � af.La80� and '\Iaf.Lf.L0�. See Fur.: 209. 'I'up [m.] 'starling', extensively discussed in Thompson 1895 s.v.
Thematicized '\Io.po� or '\Iapo� (Arist., Gal.). .DER '\Io.p6� 'starling-colored, grey, speckled' [adj.] (Ar., Arist., LXX); cf. Georgacas Glotta 6 (1958): 193. .ETYM The difficult epic gen. pl. '\Iapwv has been explained by metrical lengthening of *'\Iapwv; the oldest flexion, then, would have been '\I�p, gen. *'\Iap6�, to which a new nom. '\lap was created (thus Schmidt KZ 25 (1881): 20; Kretschmer Glotta 4 (1913): 336). On the explanation of the vocalic interchange see also Bjorck 1950: 45 and 219. The word remains without a certain etymology. It seems impossible to connect the Germanic name of the starling, OHG stara, ete., to which Lat. sturnus 'id.' belongs (and perhaps � aaTpaA6�). See also the bird names mentioned under � anopyLAo� (lE *sper-, see Pok. 991).

'I'auKpon6c5l'\C; 'swift-footed', (H.). =>aauKp6v.

epithet of the horse Arion (EM 817, 45); accus. -nooa

'I'auw [v.] 'to touch lightly, brush, infringe, ete.'; pass. (rare) e'\lauaf.LaL (Hp.), '\Iaua8�vaL, '\Iauof.LaL (late) 'to be touched, brushed'.
(late).

.COMP Also with e1tl-, nOTl-, npoa-, auv-, ete. .DER '\Iau
Rather a Pre-Greek word.

'I'acpap6c; =>'\I�cpo� . 'I'Uw =>'\I�v. '1'£ YAR '\IlV. =>acp£1�. •

[?] Tacpo� 'grave'. KaL e1tl'\ltY£lv· e1tlKllo£u£lv 'to form connections by marriage' (H.).
'I'tyoC;

.

'I'tyw [v.] 'to blame, chide' (Thgn.).
1662 .DER \jIeK-T'1� [m.] 'censurer' (Hp., Pl.), -nKo� 'censuring' (Arist., PolL), nall-\jIeKTwp

[m.] 'all-censurer' (Man.), \jIe�L� 'censure' (gloss.); a-a£KTo�· aya90�, napa 'Plv9wvL TapavTlvqJ (H.) if < *'without blemish'; on a- instead of\jl- see Schwyzer: 329. \jIoyo� [m.] 'censure' (Xenoph.+); often as a second member, e.g.
\jIEl)v6�

•

\jIEi (ljfi)

name of the letter \jI (Hellad. apud Phot.). =-neT and X£L.

\jIElVEt ·
.ETYM A dialectal form, probably Cretan. Cf. Lejeune 1972: 39.

\jIeALov

[n.] 'bracelet, ring, arm jewel, anklet' (Hdt., X., Hell. and late inscr. and pap.).

(Schwyzer: 266).

.DER \jI£ALO-
with wreaths' (AP), \jI£ALOullev'1 [f.] designation of a statue of Praxiteles (Plin.). ETYM Connection with � \jIaAAW (Schwyzer: 329) can at best be folk-etymological. The word is no doubt Pre-Greek, like many other words with \jI-. Here also belongs \jIaAI�. Fur. also connects Mye. qe-ro2 /skweli6/. The -e- may be a variant of PG *a before palatal -1Y-. See � \jIaALOV. •

[adj.] 'speaking inarticulately', like a child (Arist., Corn. Adesp.); 'unintelligible', of words (A. Pr. 816).
\jIEAA6"

.DER \jI£AA-OT'1� [f.] 'inarticulate speech' (Arist., PIu.); \jI£AAI�OllaL [v.] (late also -l�w) 'to speak inarticulately, faultily' (PI., Arist., Hell. and late prose); the med. after
[v.] 'to lie, be wrong, break (an oath)' (ll.), in Att. also 'to lie to, deceive, cheat, be false, etc.', often regardless of intention. See Luther 1935: 80ff., 115ff., 133ff.

\jIEUl)O!1Ul

bel. A younger active form (very rare in Att. prose) is \jI£uow, aor. \jI£uaaL, fut. \jI£uaw 'to deceive, mislead (with lies) " also with 8La-; more often pass. aor. \jIwa8�vaL, perf. £\jI£U
Clackson is inclined to believe the proposal by Taillardat BAGB 36 (1977): 344-354 that the Greek word is related to *psu- 'wind' (which is assumed in \jIuxw 'to blow' and in Skt.)su-). Taillardat gives a number of semantic parallels for a development from 'wind' to 'nonsense, idle talk'. Intermediate forms, as far as the semantics are concerned, may be seen in �\jIL8upl�w and �\jIUopa�. The full grade in \jI£UOOllaL reminds of a Slavic word for 'deceive' in Slk. sudit', Cz. siditi (see Machek Ling. Posn. 5 (1955): 70f.). If related, the Slavic words would point

to an initial cluster *ks-, and we have to reconstruct *kwseud- for Greek (Pronk and Van Beek, p.c.). To my mind, the forms with '/Iu8- rather point to Pre-Greek origin (variation 0/ 8). The Armenian form may derive from a language cognate to Pre-Greek. Fur.: 197 adduces '/Iuuo�<; (inscr. Pholegandros) and '/I0UOLOV 'lie' (H., Phot.). '/It
•

=

Bergk), '/IE
•

'/It VAR in the

glosses '/IE
•

'/IT)Au
and mostly late: aor. '/ITJAu
•

[m.] 'date wasp, fig wasp, gall wasp' (Hdt., Ar., Arist., Thphr.), also as a PN (Thera [VIP] ?). .DER '/ITJVl�W (also UTIO-, TIpo-) [v.] 'to impregnate the figs artificially by the sting of the gall wasp, caprificate', also metaph. (Ar., Corn. Adesp., Suid., Phot.). .ETYM The connection with � '/I�v is hardly credible. For the suffIx -n-, see also � KTJ
'/I�V, '/IT)v6<;

[v.inf.] 'to rub, grate, scratch, stroke, wipe' (lA, Hdt., corn., Hell. and late inscr. and pap., etc.). VAR Ind. 3sg. '/In < *'/I�n, ptc. med. '/IWflEVO<;, etc., aor. '/I�<1UL, '/I�<1U<18UL, pass. '/ITJ((1)8�VUL, perf. e'/lTJ<1flUL; late also inf. '/Iav. .COMP Mostly prefixed, e.g. with KULU-, CtTIO-, <1UV-, TIEPL-. .DER 1. CtTIO-, TIEPl-'/ITJflu [n.] 'scrapings, refuse, dirt' (Ep. Cor., Dsc., inscr.). 2. TIupa '/ITJm<; = TIUpa-TpLflflu (gloss.). 3. CtTIO-'/ITJ<1TpOV' TO CtTIOflUKTpOV TOU flElPOUflEVOU <1lTOU 'what is wiped off the measured grain' (H.); TIUAlfl-'/ITJ<1To<; 'scraped again', i.e. 'scraped and written on again', of parchment (�L�AlOV), also -ov [n.] 'palimpsest' (PIu.), Lat. palim-psestus (Cat., Cic.). 4. '/ITJ-vo<; (Semon.), '/Iuvo<;· '/IEOVO<; (H.) , 'bald(headed) ; '/I�-po<; = �TJPo<; (Suid.), flwo'/lTJpov, �fll�TJPOV 'half-dried' (H.), '/Iupov [n.] name of a siccative powder (Paul. Aeg.). 5. '/ITJKEOWV' KOVLOPTO<; 'cloud of dust' (H.) (after TTJKEOWV). 6. '/I�ATJKE<;' TWV CtAEKTpuovwv ot V080YEVVUL 'bastard cocks' (H., Suid.), originally 'without a crest'? With an enlargement -X-: '/I�Xw [v.] 'to stroke, comb, wear away' (lA, etc.), aor. '/I��UL, '/ITJX8�VUL, fut. '/I��w, perf. e'/lTJWUL, also prefixed, especially with KULa-. Thence 1. '/I�Wu (eTIl-) [n.] 'granule, dust which is scraped off (Hdt., A., Arist., Hell.). 2. '/I��L<; (TIupa-, CtTIO-) [f.] 'combing, scraping' (X., late medic.). 3. '/I�KTpU [f.] 'curry-comb for horses' (S., E., Ar., Hell. pap.), -TPlOV [n.] (gloss.), -TPl<;, -TPLU (H . S.V. �W<1TpU), -TPl�W (sch.). CtTIO-'/ITJKTpOV [n.] name of a remedy against uTIwmu (Gal.) , TIUAlfl-'/ITJKTpOV deleticia [charta] (gloss.), cf. TIUAlfl'/lTJ<1Tov. 4. '/ITJKTO<; (flo8Lo<;) 'level' (gloss.), CtTIO-'/ITJKTO<; metaph. 'shrewd' (S. Ichn.). To thiJ·also belongs 5. '/ITJxpav· T�V AEm�v 'peeled, husked, small' (H., Suid.). With a-vocalism (cf. below): '/IUKT�P' '/I�KTpU and '/IaKTuv, T�V '/IWKT�V fla�uv (H.). With w-vocalism: 1. '/Iwflo<; [m.] 'morsel, bit' (since L 374), -lOV [n.] (Hell. pap., NT), -l<; [f.] (Arist.), -l�W 'to put morsels in the mouth, feed' (lA), whence -L<1flU, -L<1flo<;; also '/IWflTJKE<;' ot TOU <1iTou Ta<; pl�U<; CtTIW8l0VTE<; 'who eat the roots of the grain' (H.), after flUPflTJKE<;, <1KwATJKE<;, and '/IWflLY�' <1
'/Iqv •

=

=

1666 .ETYM The glosses \jIaKT�p and \jIuKTav in H. prove that the basic form of \jl�v, \jI�Xw was *\jIa-, beside ablauting \jIw- as found in \jIwflo<;, \jIwxw, etc. (Solmsen 1909: 136). Old Indic has been supposed to show a counterpart in the athematic present psa-ti 'chews, devours', from lE *PseH-. An r-derivation is supposed by Nieminen KZ 74 (1956): 168ff. in Lith. s6ra 'millet' « lE *psa-ra: \jIwpa); on this Fraenkel 1955 s.v. Cf. also �\jI�cpo<;. Skt. psa-ti, Gr. \jI�v and \jIwxw can be explained as vocalic enlargements (*psa-, *pso < *bhs-eh2-, *bhs-oh2-) of IE *bh es- in Skt. babhasti 'to chew, digest'. Beekes Sprache 18 (1972): 126 gave semantic objections; and Mayrhofer EWAia 2: 198 (s.v. psa-) also rejected the connection. DELG (s.v. *\jI�w and Supp.) suggests that the ll""may continue an e, i.e. -eh,-. Finally, Meier-Briigger in DELG Supp. states that the "analyse definitive" of \jI�v has to depart from the root *pes- seen in Hitt. pd(f)_Zi 'to rub, scrub (with soap)', with a factitive suffix -eh2-' To my mind, the lE explanations must be given up; the group of words is probably Pre-Greek, especially given the coexistence of � \jIaLw, �\jIauw, \jILW, which cannot be explained if we start from a PIE form. \jI'l vo<; .VAR \jIllpo<;. =>\jI�v.

[f.] name of a flatfish, further identification uncertain ('plaice, flounder'?) (Att.), see Thompson 1947 s.v. Metaphorically 'glutton' (Pl. Corn.). � ?� VAR \jI�aaa (Alex. Trall.). 'I'llTTo-noO£<; [pl.] name of a mythic people (Luc.) . DER Diminutive \jIllTTuPLOV (Anaxandr.), \jIllaaLov (Zonar.). .ETYM Frisk suggests it could stand for *\jIllx-!a (comparing 8pLaaa from � 8PL�, etc.) from \jI�Xw, referring to the hard, raw skin (cf. Ital. = Lat. lima 'file', also 'flatfish' (= MoFr. limande), and cf. Stromberg 1943: 87f. with more examples. Of course, this is only a suggestion.

ljIfjTTa •

•

[f.] 'small stone, pebble', used especially for counting and calculating, 'voting stone, vote, decision' (Pi., lA); cf. \jIllcpL<; below. � ?� VAR Dor. \jICicpo<;. COMP Numerous compounds, e.g. \jIllcpO-cpoP£w 'to give one's vote', -cpopLa [f.] 'voting' (Arist., Hell. and late); -cpopo<; (D. H.), iao-\jIllCPo<; 'with an equal vote, having an equal vote' (Att.). DER 1. \jIllCP-L<;, -100<; [f.] 'little stone' (
ljIfjcpo<; •

•

•

AB).

5. Verb \jIllCP-L�OflaL, -L�W 'to vote, decide', act. 'to bring to vote', also 'to count (with pebbles)' (Dor., lA), frequent with prefix, e.g. uno-, tm-, KaTa-. Thence -Lafla, Cret. \jICtcpLYfla, -Lflfla (Schwyzer: 523) [n.] 'vote, motion, decision' (Emp., Att.), -Laflo<; (also with 8La-, tm-, napa-, KaTa-) [m.] 'voting, etc.' (Arist., late), -L0L<; (also with tm-, KaTa-, etc.) [f.] 'id.' (Att.), \jICtCPL��L<; (Locr. va), see Schwyzer: 271, on the , gemination 238; -LaT�<; (also tm-, auv-, etc.) [m.] 'an office' (pap.).

6. Also \jIllcpoW 'to surface with pebbles, mosaics' (inscr., Lyd.), -WTO<; (Lydia [!Pl), -W0L<; [f.] (gloss.). A zero grade \jICtcp-apo<; (-epo<; Hp.) 'loose, rotten, crumbled' (lA), whence -apLa [f.] (Dsc.), -apLTll<; [m.] (AP), \jIacpapooflaL (Olymp. Alch.); cf. Aayapo<;, xaAapo<;, etc. .ETYM A semantic proximity between \jI�cpo<;, \jICicpo<; and \jI�v cannot be denied. However, the formal side is difficult, for what would -cp- have to represent? A zero grade \jICtcp- is also supposed in \jICtflflo<;, if this derives from *\jICtCP-flo<;, and it can also be assumed for Lat. sabulum 'sand' (see on � \jICtflfl0<;)' The comparison with Hitt. passila- 'pebble' (Goetze Lang. 30 (1954): 403) does not make sense formally. Fur.: 381 compares \jIacpapo<; with \jIaupw<;' KOVLOPTO<;, CPOpUTO<;. oL O£ \jIaupo<; 'cloud of dust, rubbish' (uncertain). ljITJXw => \jI�v. ljIlCt => £\jILa. ljIui�w

[v.] 'to play', only in Lac. 3Pl. \jILu88oVTL (Ar. Lys. 1302 [lyr.l). � PG(V)�

.VAR \jILCt88£Lv· naL�£Lv 'id.' (H.).

.DER Also \jILCt· XapCt, yeAoLaafla, naLyvLa 'joy, laughter, game' (H.). .ETYM On the anlaut also Schwyzer: 329. The variant � £\jILa, etc. is due to a prothetic vowel, which is characteristic of substrate words. Perhaps, the Pre-Greek form had psY_, cf. \jILaKa beside \jIaKu<; (s.v. \jILU<;) and \jILwaa· euoaLflwv, flaKapLa and \jILeVTa' Ta aUTU (H.) . [f., m.] 'rush mat' (Att. inscr. [va], Ar., Arist., Thphr.), also used as a screen (Apollod. Poliorc.) and as a means of transport (pap. Ill", Sor.). � PG(v)� VAR Also \jILe80<;. .COMP \jILa80-nAOKo<; [m.] 'plaiter of mats' (pap.). .DER Diminutive \jILu8-LOV [n.] (corn. IV-Ill", pap. V-VIP), -woll<; 'like a mat' (Eust., sch.), -llMv 'in the style of a mat' (sch., Suid.), -L�OflaL 'to be cured by lYing " on a mat' (Hierocl. Facet.). .ETYM A formation like yupya8o<;, KCtAa80<;; a loan from the Pre-Greek substrate, as is shown by the variation ale .

ljIlu9o<; •

[f.] 'drop of blood' (P 459), plur. \jIL6.8e<; aLflaTowaaL. � PG(V)� .VAR \jILaKa' \jIaKCtOa 'drop', \jILoe<;· \jILUO£<;, \jIaKuoe<;, and \jILU�£L' \jIaKCt�eL (H.) . .ETYM \jILaK- is found beside \jIaK-uO-; this points to a Pre-Greek palatalized

ljIlU<;

phoneme *sY. See � \jILW. \jIl�&:i

[v.] . {moTIVe!, �0£1 'to blow underneath, fart' (H.). � ?�

.ETYM Unknown.

[v.] 'to weep', in \jIL�ofl£vll' KAaLouaa (H.). � PG(v)� .VAR = Aeol. \jILaoofl£va (Sapph. 94, 2); also E\jILoev, EKAauaev, \jILvow8aL' KAaL£Lv

ljIl�O!1at

(H.).

.ETYM Probably onomatopoeic; cf. '� aL�w; see also �\jIocpo<;. Cf. \jILoe<; 'drops', and

note the prenasalization.

1668 [adj.] epithet of o[VOC;, OTU
'VlelO�

•

[v.] 'to whisper, murmer, slander', metaph. of trees and birds, 'to rustle, chirp' (Pl., Ar., Hell.).
•

=

[adj.] 'bald, bare, smooth, exposed' (1 580).
'VLAO� •

lIP).

DER 1. \/IlA-oTllC; [f.] 'baldness' (Hp., Arist., Plb.). 2. \/IlA�C;, -�TOC; [m.] 'yuflv�C;' (A. fr. 732 M.), plur. -�Tat (Eust.), also -hat after 61tAhat? 3. - a�, -aKoc; [m.] 'the bald one' (Ar. fr. 891), also as an epithet of Dionysus in Amyklai (Paus.), see Bjorck 1950: 48 and 264. 4. \/IlAeiC; [m.pl.] 'the first choreutes' (H., Suid.), after the light-armed vanguard. 5. \/IlA-OW [v.] 'to make bald, lay bare, expose', also with Ct1tO-, etc., pass. -OOflat 'to become bald, become bare, get exposed' (lA); thence -Watc; (also Ct1tO-, 1t£pl-) [f.] 'exposure, depilation' (medic.), gramm. 'removal of aspiration, inaspirate pronunciation' (Eust.), -wflu [n.] 'bare situation' (Hp.), -WT�C; 'one who drops the aspiration' (Tz.), -WTlKOC; (Gal., EM, Eust.). 6. -[�Oflat -OOflat (D. C.). •

=

.ETYM No etymology. Some semantic parallels can be found within the enormous group of � \/I�v, but the formation (cf. \/lw-Mc;) remains unclear. Cf. � \/I[w, \/IIX£C;.

[m.] 'white lead' (Ar., Pl., X., Hell.; Delos [301"] , AP).
'Vi'.lUeo�

evidence for this can be found. The variations rather point to a Pre-Greek word. See Fur.: 367. [v.] 'to shed fruits before ripening' (Thphr.).
'VlvOflaL

the leaves' (H.). .ETYM Cretan forms for
[f.] 'parrot' (Arist.).
'Vl'TniK'1

Skt. suka- [m.] 'parrot'. Fur.: 325 thinks the Indic word should be left aside, and asks if it could be a Pre-Greek bird name that was transferred to the parrot. The variation does seem to point to Pre-Greek origin. Borrowed as Lat. psittacus > MOf:IG Sittich. 'VlW [v.] 'to feed with morsels; to milk, pap'; = \/Iwfl[�w, 1tOT[�W. Also 'to chew up' in fut. med. (Lyc., Euph., AP, Phot., Eust.). \/I[oucru = TpO
'pooh' (Ael. Dion. 337). A shepherd's call, also an exclamation of disgust: e1tL TOU crU1tpOU KUL fl� cruVUp£crKovTOC;.
'Vo

this interjection, as suggested by DELG. 'VOaL

[f.pl.] 'psoas muscle, muscles of the loins' (Hp., LXX).
.VAR Also \llOIal, \IIum, \IIual. \110"11'11<; !lU£AO<; 'lumbar part of the spinal chord' (GaL), \IIuaOlKo<; 'suffering from lumbago' (Orib.). Cf. \II£lal' uAwrr£K£<; '(foxes,) psoas muscles' (H.), \IIlm' uAwrr£K£<; (H.); cpoum· uAwrr£K£<; (H.), CPUAA£<;' uAwrr£K£<; (H.). .ETYM The variations cannot be all understood in lE terms. The connection with � 6ocpu<; (Prellwitz), with 6- as a prothetic vowel instead of a- before u in the following syllable, is quite possible. The word is clearly Pre-Greek. For further details see � 6ocpu<; . \IIoy�al [v.inf.] . uKouom 'to hear' (H.). a. \IIw pa, \II08wp- aUX!ll1 p ov (H.), cf. Wackernagel Phil. 95 (1943): 191; \II0 80Kll' uKa8apOla (Hdn. Gr.), \1108010<; 6 uKa8aPTO<; (Theognost. Can.).
\11060<;

•

[m.] ( ) 80pu �0<; 'noise, commotion'; \II08aAA£lV' \IIocpuv 'to make noise' (H.); \II08£u0lv = \IIocpeou0lv (Call. fr. 194, 106).
\11060<; 2

.

o o .

•

\110180<; •

[m.]

=

orro86<; 'ashes' (Theognost. Can., EM, Phot.).
ETYM See Fur.: 197, and s.v. � \II080<; 1.

[m.] 'soot, smoke, fume' (A. fr. 24 = 88 M.).
\110;\0<;

smoke' (H.), cf. \IIa!l!l0<;. .ETYM The ending is similar to that of ao�oAo<;, 80AO<;, a'(8aAo<;. Connection with �\II�v makes little sense semantically. Fur.: 388 compares \11080<; 'dirt' and also (393) orro86<;, a- o�oAo<; (with prothetic vowel). In view of these variants, the word is most probably Pre-Greek. [m.] 'clangour, noise, crash, vain noise, idle babble' (h. Mere.).
\IIocp0<;

-�!la-ra [n.pl.] 'idle babble' (S. Inaeh.), -I1TlKo<; 'boisterous' (Arist.), u-\IIocpllTo<; 'noiseless' (S.), -I1TI, -I1T£1 [adv.] (PI., D., Arist.).

Besides the glosses from H., in quite different mgs.: \IIecp£l' 8£OOlK£V, EVTperr£l, Aurru, cpPOVTI(£l; !l£-ra\llecpw· !leTa�ouA£u0!lm; !leTa\llecp£lv, !leTa!l£Auo8m; u\II£cpewv· u!l£Awv and u\II£cpe<;· UcppOVTlOTOV. Locp oKA�<;
\IfU/)pa�, -aKO<;

•

\IIu60<; => \II£u oo<;.

[f.] 'flea' (Epich., Ar., X., Arist., Thphr.).
\IIuUa

[v.] 'to catch fleas' (Suid.).

.DER Plant name \IIUAA-LOV [n.] (Dsc., Luc.), -£pl<; [f.] (Ps.-Dsc.), after �!l£pl<;, etc.)

'flea seed, Plantago psyllium'; because of the form of the seed (Stromberg 1940: 55) . .ETYM An inherited word *plusi- 'flea', which underwent metathesis in Greek to *psuli- (perhaps by association with \II� v): cf. Skt. plu$i-, Arm. lu <*plus-, Lith. blusa < *bCh)lus-, Lat. pulex < *pusl-, Germanic, e.g. OHG floh (probably folk etymology after fly), etc.; the variations are the result of euphemistic, playful or folk etymological distortions that may have been current already in the parent language . [f.] 'aspiration, breath, life, vitality, soul (of the deceased), spirit', also as a representation of the dead, seen as a winged creature ( t:iJov 1TT£pWTOV) (11. ). MoGr. \IIUXapl 'butterfly', see Immisch Glotta 6 (1915): 193ff.; -IOV [n.] (epigr. IG 14, 2068), -IOLOV [n.] (Luc., D. C.). 2. \IIUX-lKO<; 'mental' (Arist., HelL), -aIo<;, - �'LO<; 'id.' (late). 3. \IIuxow [v.] 'to animate' (Ph., Nonn.), whence -W0I<; [f.] 'animation' (Ph., M. Ant.); also E!l\IfUX-OW, -o0!lm (!leT-), whence (!leT-)£!l\lluXW0I<; (D. S., Gal.) from £!l\llux0<; (see above). \lfUXw [v.] 'to blow' (Hom. only Y 440), aor. \IIu�m, pass. (also intr.) \IIux8�vm (11.), -�vm (Att.), \IIu y -�vm (Hell.), fut. \IIU�w, \IIuX-8�o0!lm, -�o0!lm, \IIu y� o0 !lm, perf. £\IIuWm (lA), act. £\IIuxa (late). Often prefixed, in various shades of meaning: e.g. uva- 'to take breath', urro-, EK- 'to expire, lose consciousness, die' (Od., lA), but more frequently 'to cool down', also intr. .and pass. (11.), 'to dry (in the wind)' (lA). Also with KaTa-, ola-, Em-. Other words meaning 'cool, cold' are treated s.v. � \IIuXpo<;.

'iJUx�

.ETYM The present \j!uxw is clearly the basis of all other verbal forms. The nominal formations fit semantically and formally to the verb: for \j!uX� 'soul' from \j!uxw 'to blow, breathe', cf. 1tV£UflU to 1tV£W, Lat. animus and anima to Skt. aniti 'to breathe', etc. Greek had another verb for 'to blow, breathe': 1tV£W, which remains alive throughout the history of Greek. Therefore, it is generally thought that \j!uxw developed its meaning 'to cool, make dry (in the Wind)" from 'to blow'. Note that this is now doubted by Mumm and Richter, lJDLLR 5 (2008): 33-108, who argue that the meaning 'cool' is primary to 'breath, soul'. In the meaning 'cool', \jIUxw, \j!ux0<; and \j!uXpo<; are maintained in prose against other expressions for 'cool, cold', like plyo<;,

KpUO<;, miyo<;.

'",

The earlier history of \j!uxw is obscure. It is tempting to analyze it as \j!u-X-w (like TpUXW to TpUW, \j!�Xw and \j!wxw to \j!�v), and to connect a verb *bh es- 'to blow' (Benveniste BSL 33 (1932): 165ff., who compares TpUW to TelpW and Lat. tero). Derivatives of *bh es- would be seen in Skt. bhastra- [f.] 'bag, bellows', bhasman- [n.] 'ashes' (for another possibility see on � \j!OAO<;). Moreover, Skt. °psu- in a-psu 'without breath' (RY) would contain the same extension. See details in Mayrhofer EWAia s.vv. A recent attempt was made by Mumm and Richter (l.e.). I do not find these suggestions convincing. There is hardly any evidence for an lE root *bh es- 'to blow' (Mayrhofer EWAia 2: 257 puts the Skt. root bhas2 between brackets). Therefore, the word is more probably of Pre-Greek origin. [adj.] 'cold' (Horn.). � ?� ·COMP £fl\j!UXp0<; 'cold' . DER \j!uxw [v.] 'to refresh, etc.'; often prefixed. For forms, see on � \j!uX�. Nominal derivations: 1. uvu-\j!uX� (Att., Arist.) 'refreshment, consolation' (also 1tUpu-), where u is explained from \j!uX�VaL (Schwyzer: 460). 2. \j!U�l<; (also uvu-, KUTU-, 1t£p(-, £fl-, ete.) [f.] 'refreshment' (Hp., Pl., Arist.). 3. \jIUYflu (also U1tO-, Otu-) [n.] 'means of cooling; dry or infertile land' (Hp., pap.). 4. \j!uYflo<; (also 1t£Pl-), \j!UXfl0<; [m.] 'refreshment, chill; place for drying' (LXX, Hell. pap., medie.). 5. \j!UKT�p (also uvu-, oivo-) [m.] 'cooler' (Att., Hell.), also 'place for drying' (sch. Od.), -T�PlOV, -TIlP(OtOV [n.] 'cooler' (corn. [Iya] , Hell. inscr. and pap.), 'place for drying or recovering' (Hes., A., E.), with 1tUpU- 'consolation' (S. lchn.), -T�PlO<; 'cooling' (Achae. [yal), -TTJP(U<;, -TTJP(UKO<; [m.] 'cooler' (Hell. pap. and corn.). 6. \jIUKTpU [f.] 'place for drying' (Att. inscr. [P], H. s.v. TpU
\j!uXp6<; •

'making cold' (Epicur.); \j!uXpu(vOflaL 'be cold' (PIu.), whence \j!UXPUVTlKO<; (Hdn.), \j!uXP(�OflaL 'id.' (Gal.), \j!uXp£UOflaL 'to have a cold style' (Hermog.). .ETYM \j!uXpo<; and \j!ux0<; form a Caland sysem. It cannot be decided whether the system is etymologically related to � \j!uX�; see s.v. for attempts. \j!w .VAR Also \j!wflo<;, \j!wpu, \j!wxw, etc. => \j!�v. \j!wa [f.] 'stench of rottenness' (A. R· fr. 5) � ?� .VAR \j!w(u· uu1tpa 8uuw8(u 'rotten and malodorous stuff �H.). " " TJ" .DER \j!Wl(O<;· a
n dJ • •

exclamation of astonishment and of complaint. <'l IE *o� VAR Also w, especially before a vocative (11.) . DER w(w [v.] 'to call Oh' (Ar.). Also w� 'hey, hello!' (A., E., X.), won a cry of rowers

(Ar.) .

ETYM Similar interjections, which are in part independent, in part genetically cognate, are: Lat. 0, oh, Go. 0, Lith. 0, OCS 0, aIr. a, Skt. a. •

cpu [f.]

1. 'sheepskin, apron' (com., Att. inscr. [Iva] , Poll., H.). 2. 'fringe (of a garment), edge' (Corinn. [?], Ar. fr. 228 [?] , LXX, Cret. inscr. [IP] , Longus, Poll., Hdn.). <'l IE *h3eui- 'sheep'� VAR Also tPu, wu, 6a; gloss wrm· uKpm, EaxaTa, fl11AwTaL, Atyvm 'tops, utmost parts, sheepskins, fringes of a garment' (H.) . ETYM In the sense 'sheepskin, apron (made of sheepskin)', it probably belongs to � 6"i<; 'sheep' and derives from *wFLa or * w na, with a lengthened grade like in Skt. avika- [n.] 'sheepskin' (Kretschmer KZ 31 (1892): 456). However, Mayrhofer EWAia s.v. avi- says that avika- (SB) replaces earlier avyaya- (RV), which casts doubt on the connection. The meaning 'fringe' can be identical with 'sheepskin' if we assume that it denoted an edge made of sheepskin (Sommer 1905: 18£" 1541). •

•

w�a => 0'(11 2.

[n.] . KV11flL<; afl6.�l1<; 'spoke of a wagon (wheel)" also m:plwyava· £nLaawTpa. ol o£ TCt<; KV11flLa<; al m:pl1t�yvuvTm Tal<; afl6.�m<; 'felloes; spokes by which wagons are fixed (?)' (H.). <'l IE *h2eg- 'drive'� .ETYM von Blumenthal 1930: 7 assumed Illyrian origin, connecting *uef!'- 'to drive' (see � EXW 2). Rather to � uyw, though the formation is unclear (not a lengthened grade like in � aywy�, as per Frisk 1938: 17f.).

wyuvov

4'S� .VAR 4'06<;. => adow.

[f.] 'throes of birth, that which is born (out of pains)" metaph. 'strain' (A 271) . <'l PG (S) � .VAR Usually pI. -lv£<;. Later nom. -LV . COMP oua-wolvo<; 'accompanied by severe birth-pangs' (AP).

WSl�, -Ivo�

•

o.,S€w, -€oflm .DER o.,O[VW [v.] (A 269) 'to have birth-pangs, be pregnant of something', metaph. 'to experience heavy pains, tire oneself out, labour hard', also prefixed with auv- etc. Thence aor. o.,Oiv -m, -�am, -�aaaSm, -T]S�vm, fut. o.,8Lv - w, -�aw (Hell.). .ETYM Formation like YAwX-iv-, 8!::A
[v.] 'to push, thrust, drive, push away or forward, drive out, throw back', med. also intr. 'to force one's way'. ,,!( IE *h2uodhh,-eie- 'push away, slay'� .VAR Aor. dJam, -aaSm, ind. ewaa, -aflT]v (Horn., Att.), dJaa, -aflT]v (epic Ion.), wST]aa (late), pass. Eo., aST] v (X.), waST]v (late), fut. waw, -oflm (11.), o.,S�aw (S., E., Ar.), pass. o.,aS�aoflm (E., D.), perf. pass. ewaflm (Th., X.), ptc. an-wafl€vo<; (Hdt.), act. eWKa (PIu.). .COMP Mostly prefixed, e.g. with an-, E�-, 01-, npo-. , .DER Deverbal formations: 1. dJat<; [f.] 'pushing (away or forward) (Hp., Th., Arist.), also with un-, e�-, npo-, etc.; further wST]at<; [f.] 'id.' (Hero, late), also with cm-, E�-, 8L-, etc. 2. o.,aflo<; [m.] 'id.' (LXX, Hero, late medic.), also with an-, 01-, npo-, etc.; o.,afl� [f.] 'push' (pap. [lIP]); e�-wafla [n.] 'exile' (LXX). 3· WaTT]<; (m:laflo<;) 'earthquake' (Arist.), E�o.,aTT]<; UVeflO<; 'wind which throws the ship off course' (Ion.), also with npo-, cm- (late); an-waTo<; 'repellable, repelled, �rive� away' (Hdt., S.); o.,anKo<; 'pushing (away)' (Arist., Epicur., Gal.), also with an-, e�-, npo-. 4· OI-WaT�p [m.] (LXX, Paul. Aeg.), ol-o.,aTpa [f.] (Ph. Bel., Hero Bel.), Ko.,aTpa (Plb.), -waTpa [n.pl.] (Delos lIP) designations of different instruments and machines. Secondary presents: 1. o.,S[(oflm 'to push each other, jostle, quarrel', -[(w 'to push' (Hdt., late prose), , also with 01-, eia-, En-; (8L-, auv -) o., S laflo<; [m.] 'pushing, jostle, quarrel' (Hdt., Th., X., Plb.). 2. o.,aT[(Oflm 'to push about, jostle with someone' (Ar.); o.,anaflo<; [m.] = o.,Slaflo<; (Moeris) . ETYM The iterative present o.,S€w is clearly the basic form of the verb in Greek. A link with the present eSel, the ptc. eSwv, eSoVTe<; and the nouns eSpl<;, eS£lpa is highly unlikely; see on these words for objections. It is therefore not clear a priori that o.,S€w contains an old lengthened grade of the type nWAeOflm : nEAoflm (for which cf. Schwyzer: 720). It is attractive to compare the optative in Av. vadaiioit 'he may push back', and primary forms in Sanskrit, e.g. aor. avadhlt 'he killed'. Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. further suggests that Hitt. buett-tta(n) 'to draw, pull, etc.' is related. This nicely fits the long scansion of the initial vowel in Skt. avadhlt (2 times) . . The fact that the Skt. root is set and that the Hittite verb is conSistently spelled with a

o.,6€w, -toflal

•

geminate -tt- (Kloekhorst ibid.) point to a root-final laryngeal. This means that we have to reconstruct a root *h2uedh h,-, whence an iterative *h2uodh h,-eie- yielded Greek o.,SEW. This explanation nicely accounts for the fact that initial F- is not evident for o.,S€w in Homeric scansion. The only problem is that we have to assume a pre-Homeric development *awo F- > *o.,S-. 'OK£avo<;

[m.] name of a river that surrounds the world, 'ocean' (since 11.). ,,!(PG(v)�

.VAR 'Oy�v, -�vo<; (H), 'OyeVO<; (Lyc., St. Byz.), 'OyT]vo<; (Pherecyd. Syr. Fr. 2 D). .DER 'OK£av-[<; [f.] 'of the ocean' (Pi., etc.), -[8£<; [pl.] 'the daughters of the ocean' (Call.), -LVT] [f.] 'daughter of the ocean' (Hes.), -hl<; [f.] 'of the ocean' (D. H., AP,

etc.), -hm [m.pl.] 'inhabitants of the ocean coast' (St. Byz.), -(e)IO<; 'belonging to the ocean' (Gal., etc.), fern. -T]"LCI.<; (Nonn.), -T]<; [m.] old name of the river Nile (D. S.). .ETYM Since the idea of a world-river is not of IE origin, the word must be a loan. All attempts to find an lE etymology have failed: e.g. connection with Skt. a-sayana 'lying on', approximately equivalent to ETIlK£lfleVO<; (literature in WP 1, 358); from lE *oky-eianos "(le dieu fleuve) qui a la marche rapide" (to o.,KU<; and Skt. ayana 'course'), Borgeaud IF 66 (1961): 49ff. Further indications that the word is not inherited from Proto-Indo-European, but rather Pre-Greek, are the variants with y instead of K cited above. In the framework of Pre-Greek, the alternation e/T] may be due to *a or *a influenced by the preceding palatalized *kY. This is confirmed by the following: as the influence of the palatal must have been strongest in the immediately adjacent part of the vowel, and less in the more remote part, this resulted in a sequence [;;ea] which was rendered as -£a- in 'OK£avo<;. In other forms, the vowel was changed as a whole, which resulted in 'Oy�v. Therefore, I reconstruct a Pre-Greek form *ukan (with 0.,- from *u-). WKlfloV

[n.] 'basil, Ocimum Basilicum' (corn., Thphr., Dsc.). "!( PG(v)�

.COMP o.,Klflo-£lO£<; [n.] 'like w. ' (Nic.), used as an adverb; as a substantivized adjective in -�<; also name of several plants (Dsc., Ps.-Dsc., Gal.), ; cf. Stromberg 1940: 43; o.,Klfl-o.,OT]<; 'id.' (Thphr.), -IVO<; 'made of w.' (Dsc.). .DER Besides WKIVOV [n.] name of a fodder-plant, perhaps a kind of clover in Lat. /'

ocinum (Cato, Varro, Plin.); UKIVO<;, UKOVO<; [m.] 'wild basil, Calamintha graveolens'

(Dsc.).

.ETYM Foreign words of unknown origin. Connection with aK�, uKmva, etc. is at best folk-etymological, and it does not explain the initial 0.,-. The variants UKIVO<; and UKOVO<; rather suggest a Pre-Greek origin.

[adj.] 'fast, swift' (11., epic). ,,!( IE *h,oh, k-u- 'fast'� .VAR Superl. WKlaTO<; (Horn.), o.,KuTaTo<; (poet. since S 331), compar. o.,KUTepO<; (Pi.+), for earlier *waawv? Adverb dJKa (Horn.).

o.,KU<;

.COMP

Very frequent as a first member in poetic compounds, e.g. o.,Ku-nou<;, -nooo<; 'swift footed', epithet of lmto<; (11.). Disputed is o.,Ku-aAo<;, epithet of vau<; (Horn., S. [lyr.] , Mosch.), also of plTI� (Pi., Opp.), of TITepa (H.), as the name of a Phaiacean (S lll) , cf. Eupu-, AaTu-aAo<;, where -aAo<; is taken as an obscured second member after ayx[-, afl
� UAAoflUL, and Ruijgh 1957: 1654 (following sch. 0 705 and H.) assumed that -aAo,:; was only enlarging, like in oflaM.:; : oflo,:;. As a second member in Tr08-WK'l':;, epithet of A.XlAAEU,:; and others, also Tr08a.:; WKU':;, WKU-TrOU':; (11.); these compounds seem to presuppose a neuter *dJKO':;. After this ITrTr WK'l':; aVEfl-wK'l':; (B., E. [lyr.l). ' oDER Few derivatives: WKUT'l':; (Dor. -Ta.:;) [f.] 'swiftness' (Pi., E.); enlarged WK�EV-ra Tepnpa (AP), verse-final. Ruijgh Le. extensively discusses WKU':; and its compounds and derivations. oETYM The archaic adjective WKU':; was pushed away and replaced by Taxu.:; at an early date. It is etymologically identical with Skt. asu- and Av. iisu- < QIE *HoHlc-u-. It is quite possible that the pre-form is actually IE *h1o-h,k-u- 'swift', and that it contains the same root and suffix as *h1elc-uo- 'horse' (see on � [TrTro,:;). Latin preserves the comparative Lat. ocior Skt. afiyiin, Av. iisiia. Celtic only preserved it in composition with a negative prefix, e.g. W di-aue 'slow' < "un-fast". Lat. acu-pedius probably contains *h2elc- 'sharp', while it is possible that Lat. accipiter 'hawk, falcon' derives from an old zero grade *HHlcu-petro- 'fast-flying', cf. Gr. wKumEpo,:;. On the other hand, Greek also uses o�u-, e.g. in O�U-Trou,:; 'swift-footed' (E.), o�u-mEpo,:; 'with swift wings' (Aesop.), o�U-ppOTro,:; 'inclining swiftly' (Pl.). =

[f.] 'elbow, the curved arm, lower arm' (poet. since h. Mere., also Lue.), also 'bundle of reed' < *'armful', 'reed-mat' (Ph. Rei., pap.), = Lat. torus (gloss.). � IE *h3eHI-en- (vel sim.) 'elbow'� oCOMP Few compounds: wAe-Kpavov, also OAe-KpaVOv [n.] '(point of the) elbow' (Hp., Ar., Arist.), dissimilated from *WAEvo-Kpavov; cf. on Kpavlov. Thence wAEKpav-l(w, -1(oflUL (also OA-) 'to push with the elbow' (Corn. Adesp., Phryn.); WAEVO-0TpOqJO':; [m.] 'plaiter of bundles or mats' (pap. IlIa); AWK-WAEVO':; 'with white elbows, white-armed' epithet especially of Hera (11., epic poet.). Hypostasis £Tr WAeVlO':; 'at the arms' (h. Mere., A. R.). oDER WAeV-lO':; 'in the elbow' (Arat.), -IT'l':; [m.] 'id.' (Lye.) , of xov8po.:;; wAEv-l':; [f.] 'small bundle or mat' (Poll.). Also WA�V, -evo.:; [f.] 'id.' (Suid.); the plur. ace. wAeva.:; and gen. WAEVWV (pap.) are ambiguous; also WAAOV' T�V TOD �paXlovo,:; KaflTr�v 'the curve of the arm' (H.). AeKpava· TOV':; aYKwva.:; 'elbows' (H., Phot.). oETYM Within Greek, we find different ablauting variants of an n-stem: WA�V, -evo.:; (cf. aux�v, -evo.:;), enlarged WAev'l, and WAAOV < *WAVOV. Also, there is a short initial vowel in OAeKpaVOV < oAevo-Kpavov. Related words, mainly from European languages, are: Lat. ulna '(bone of the) elbow, forearm' < *olen-, the Germanic group of OHG elina 'ell' < *alin-, and the Celtic group of MW elin 'elbow' < *olen-. It may be that these ultimately go back on forms with a long initial vowel *olen-, *olen-, which was shortened in pretonic position in these languages (Dybo's Law). Balto-Slavic forms like Lith. uolektis, Latv. u6lekts 'ell' < *HoHI-ek-ti-, OPr. alkunis, Lith. alktAne (arch.) 'elbow' < *HHol-k- and OCS lahtb [m.], Ru. 16kot' 'id.' < *HHolkuti- show that the word was not an n-stem in PIE yet, and that the initial

WAEVI1

long vowel, which is acute in Baltic, must be due to a pre-form *HoHI-. It is possible that an n-stem was made to this form in the Western languages in late PIE. The n-stem is also found in Arm. uln, gen. ulan, nom.pl. ulun-k', but in the sense of 'vertebrae, neck'. A similar formation is shown by Arm. oln, gen. olin, plur. olun-k' 'dorsal vertebra, spine, back, shoulder' from IE *olen-, olon-. However, it is unclear if the semantic difference between Armenian and the other languages can be bridged (see now Martirosyan 2010 S.V. uln. The precise reconstruction of Skt. aratni- [m.] 'elbow' is not quite clear, but cf. Lubotsky 1990; Skt. ii1Ji- [m.] 'the part of the leg directly above the knee, axle-pin' does not belong here, see Pinault BSL 98 (2003) .

[f.] 'wrinkle, small furrow, crow's-feet in the corner of the eye' (Poll., EM, AB), also 'short nap, short moment, instant'. �PG(S)� oVAR Also dJAlY�? wAlyy[a (H.). oDER wAlYYLOv, oAlYov 'few' (EM, AB), -�'lOV' oAlYov, �paxu-raTov 'very short' (H.), -laY' vucmi(£lv 'to doze, take a nap' (H.). oETYM Without a convincing connection. Not related to Skt. iili- [f.] 'stripe, line', as this derives from *ii(ii- (see Mayrhofer EWAia s.v.). The word is clearly of Pre-Greek origin in view of the nasalized suffix -l(Y)Y-. The connection with dJAa� (EM), Dor. for aAo� 'furrow' is certainly wrong.

WAlYYI1

[acc.sg.] 'furrow'. => aAo�. w�aAla [f.] 'Similarity, average' in £cp' wflaAlav 'on average' (Hell. inscr. and pap.), see Mayser 1906-1938, I: 3: 27. � GR� oETYM After the opposite avwflaAla [f.] 'unevenness, unconformity' (Att., Hell. and late), which derives from av-wflaAo,:; (With compositional lengthening), see � oflaAo,:;. w�lAAa [f.] name of a game in which nuts or similar objects were thrown in a circle; also metaph. of a sociable meeting (Eup., Poll., H.). � ?, PG?� oETYM Unexplained, perhaps Pre-Greek in view of the suffix.

dJAKa

[m.] 'shoulder, shoulder with the upper arm' (11.). � IE *h3ems-o- 'shoulder'� oDIAL Mye. e-po-mi-jo [du.] /ep-omio/. oCOMP As a first member e.g. in WflO-TrACtT'l (mostly plur. -UL) [f.] 'shoulder-blade' (Hp., X., Arist.). Numerous hypostases, e.g. £Tr-Wfll':; [f.] 'upper part of the shoulder, a garment buttoned over the shoulder' (Hp., E., X.), £�-wfll':; [f.] 'tunic with one sleeve' (Ar., X.), KaT-wfla86v, -U8LO':; 'down from the shoulders' (ll.), KWfll(w [v.] 'to

denude the shoulders' (Ar.); on £TrWflu8LO':; (£TrOflfl-) see below. oDER 1. Diminutive wflloV [n.] (AP). 2. wflla [f.] 'angle of a building' (LXX), semitism ace. to Scheller 1951: 5 4, also a part of a riverbed (pap. 11"). 3. wflla.:;· 0 lleyuAOU':; wflou,:; £XWV, 0 EUpUOTEPVO':; 'who has large shoulders, or a large chest' (H., PolL). 4. wfllalo,:; 'belonging to the shoulders' (Arist., GaL). 5. WfllouflEVO':; [aor.pte.] 'taking on the shoulders' (Suid., Zonar.), whence -lOT�':; 'carrier' (Hdn.).

1680 .ETYM Related are Skt. a1]1sa- [m.], Go. ams [m.] (ace. pl. amsans), Lat. umerus, U onse [loc.] 'in umero', Arm. us, gen. us-oy, ToA es, ToB antse, most of which point to QIE *omso-. ToA es [m.] 'shoulder, element, etc.', and ToB antse [m.] 'id.; bough' go back to PTo. *anse. ToA es has e from *an before s, and in ToB, t-epenthesis is regular. The PTo. a-vocalism is problematic, as a development *h3mC- or *h3emC- > *anC- is

unexpected. The unclear gloss clf1£O'w ' Wfl01tAo:rUL (H.) is probably foreign in view of the preserved intervocalic -0'-; cf. Latte ad loe. It is unnecessary to postulate a special lengthened grade IE *omso- for dJfloC;. Rather, Aeol. £1toflflaOtoc; (in Theoe. 29, 29 as a v.l. for £1twfla8loc;) most probably points to PGr. *omso-. Dunke1 1995 has suggested that the forms with long vowel as a reflex of the first compensatory lengthening are survivals from Mycenaean (i.e. borrowings into the poetic language). [adj.] 'raw, uncooked', metaph. 'hard, gruesome' (ll.). <"!!! IE *HeHmo- 'raw'� COMP Very frequent as a first member, e.g. wfl-'lO'T�C;, Dor. -Tac; [m.] 'eating raw flesh, wflo-
wfloC; •

[f.] 'grist from raw grains', especially in preparing a poultice (Hp.), from the root

*h21eu- of � aMw (the simplex *CiAUatC; was later replaced by CiAWlC;), with later folk etymological connection with ADatC;, ADW ("fleT
member in ev-wfloc; 'something raw' (Hp.). .ETYM Old adjective for 'raw', identical with Skt. ama- and Arm. hum < QIE *omo-. The word probably represents *h3eHmos or *h2eh3mos (see Kortlandt 2003: 42, 73, 123, 163, 183). See also De Vaan 2008 s.v. amarus.

[m.] 'purchase price, buy' (Horn., also A. R., Theoe., inscr. Delos [IIP]). <"!!! IE *uos-no- 'purchase price'� .VAR More usual is wv� (lA). .DIAL Dor. wva, Aeol. QVva [f.] 'purchase, purchase-charter' (partly adapted to the verb, e.g. auvwv-� [late] from O'uv-wv£OflUL). On Samian ovov'lfl£va see Ringe Glotta

WVOC;

62 (1984): 45-56. DER dS-wvoC; 'at a good price, low-priced' (Epich., lA), -wv'lC; [m.] (from the verb or closely related to it), e.g. TeA-wv'lC; 'toll-holder, levier of tax' (Att., Hell.) , UN-lOC; 'buyable', Ta wVla 'merchandise' (Epich., Att.), -laKoc; 'id.' (pap. [VIP], Just. Nov.). Denominative verb wv£oflUL (Hes.+) 'to buy', also with aVTl-, £K-, O'uv-, ete.; aor. wv�O'aO'8UL (Ion., also recent Att. for 1tplaO'8UL), pass. WV'l8�VUL, fut. wv�O'oflUL, Dor. 3sg. WVaaeLTUL (Sophr.), pass. wV'l8�O'oflUl (Theopomp. Corn.), perf. (med. and pass.) £WV'lflUL (Att.). Cret. also has the act. (DV£W 'to offer for sale, sell' (Leg. Gort., ete.). Thence 1. wV'lfla [n.] 'buy' (Att. inscr.), also �wv'lfla· eTp'lfla. AaKwvec; (H.)? 2. wV'latc; [f.] 'the buying' (Att. decree apud Poll.). 3. WV'lT�C; (Att.), wVaTac; (Delphi IP) [m.] 'buyer', whence -'lTlaw 'to be desirous of buying, wish to buy' (Thphr., D. c., Poll.), -�TWP 'id.' (late). 4. WV'l-TOC; 'buyable, bought', e.g. of slaves (since � 202), -TlKOC; 'desirous of buying' (Ph.). 5. Desiderative wV'lO'elw 'wish to buy' (D. C.). •

wpa

1681

.ETYM Both wv£oflUL and the old aor. 1tplaO'8UL were replaced, in the course of time, by ayopa�w and ayopaO'UL. Beside WVOC; < *uos-no- (see below) stands Lat. venum (ace.) in venum dare 'to give for sale', Arm. gin, gen. gn-oy 'purchase-price', both from IE *uesno-. Ambiguous as to the vocalism is Skt. vasna- [n.] (also [m.]) 'puchase-price', whence vasniya- 'vendible, venal' (cf. Gr. WVlOC;) and denominative vasnayri ti in the pte. duo -ayanta 'to bargain', cf. Gr. wv£w, both reflecting *uos-n

eie-.

It is not necessary to posit an awkward lengthened grade pre-form *uos-no- for dJvoc;, see on � dJflOC;. The noun *ues-no-, *uos-no- belongs to a primary verb still preserved in Hittite: 2Sg. yasti, 3sg. yasi 'to purchase, acquire' < *uos-e-i. A zero grade *us-n- is preserved in the denominative verb usnije/aJi 'to offer for sale, sell'. Kloekhorst 2008 S.V. usnije/a-zi argues that this form shows that the noun for 'sale' originally was an n-stem *uos-n; gen. *us-en-s, which was later thematicized in the individual IE languages. This would nicely explain the different root vowels of Armenian, Greek and Latin. [n.] 'egg' (lA). <"!!! IE *h2oui-o- 'egg'� .VAR WOV (Hell.), w'Lov (Sapph.), also W£OV (Epich., Ibyc., Semon., Hell. poetry); w�w· Ta wa. l\pyelOl (H.), if = wFw. .COMP As a first member e.g. in

(Arist.) . DER Diminutive
[f.] 'season, year, time of day, hour, right time, florescence, time of ripening', plur. also personified 'the Hours' (ll.); Hell. and late also wpOC; [m.] 'year' (gender perhaps after £vlauToc;), plur. dJpOl 'annals' (of Ionian writers). <"!!! IE *Hieh,-r-, Hioh,-r- 'year'� .VAR Ion. wP'l. .COMP E.g. wP'l-
wpa

1682

wpa

-a'f�w, -<;t�w 'id.' (Amorgos IIIP), 'to make beautiful' (Aristid. Quint.), whence - a·iafloc;, -a·iaL�C; . 2. WP-lOC; (epic poet. since l 131, late prose), poet. for -aloc;, see Treu 1955: 230f.; wp lalvo flCll, -lalvw = -a'f�oflCll, -aT�w (Clearch., H.). 3. wP-lfloC; 'timely, ripe' (Leg. Gort., Herod., Hell. pap., AP), whence -lfloT'lC;, - lfla1a, - lfla�w . 4. WPlKOC; 'florescent, youthful, beautiful' (Ar., Crates Com., Ael.). 5. wplaloc; 'for one hour' (Hipparch., Ptol.). 6. 'DplT'lC; epithet of Apollo (Lyc.). ETYM Greek wpa continues lE *HioH-r-h2, which matches the Germanic cognates Go. jer, OHG jar [n.] 'year' < PGm. *jera- [n.], lE *Hieh,-r-. In Slavic, we find CS jara 'spring' and (with an old r-stem) Av. yarJ [n.] "year'. On a trace of the word in Latin hornus 'grown in this year' (supposedly from *ho-jor ino-, with a prefix like in OHG hiuru 'this year' < *hiu jaru) , see De Vaan 2008 s.v. It is probable that the word contains the root *Hieh,- 'to send'; for the semantics, we may compare MoHG Geschick 'fate' from schicken 'to send'. A loan word from Greek is Lat. hora. •

wpa [f.] 'care, precaution, concern' (epic Ion. poet., Hes., late prose).
[v.] 'to faint, be or become dizzy', later also 'to become pale' (Ar., late prose).
WPUKlaW •

•

wpTJ

[f.] designation of a part of a sacrificial animal (Ion.). =>awpOl l.

wpuyyec;

[m.pl.] 'striped or piebald horses, including zebras' (Opp. K. 1, 317).
.ETYM Fur.: 279 compares opu� 'a kind of gazelle in Libya' (Arist.). He asks whether it is the same word as opUC; 'wild animal from Libya' (Hdt. 4, 192). The prenasalized suffIx -u(Y)Y- seems to point to a Pre-Greek word.

wpuy�

•

VAR Also wpuYfla, wpuYflOC;. =>WpUOflCll.

[v.] 'to howl, cry, wail' (Pi., Hdt., Hell.).
wpuoflal

[adv., conj.] 'as, so far as', also temporal 'when', causal 'because', final 'therewith', perhaps also as an exclamation (11.).
wc; 1 •

�.

[postpos.] 'as, like' (epic), e.g. '(aav opvl8£c; w c; (r 2).
WC; 3

*suo, beside *sue in Go. swe 'as, like'; cf. also OLat. suad 'sic' (Festus). See Chantraine

1942: 126.

wc; 4 [prep.] 'to' (p 218, Hdt., Att.).
VAR With acc., only with persons.

.ETYM Origin unclear; several propositions in Schwyzer 1950: 534. waXTJ

•

VAR waxo L =>oax'l 2.

W'TaKOUOUC;.

[f.] 'wound', especially referring to close combat in Hom. (Hom., Hp., X., PIu.); see Triimpy 1950: 93ff.
W'T£lA�

w'de;, cIJToe; .DER wn:lAOollctl [v.] 'to scar' (Hp., Aret.), also with 1t£Pl-, £v-; wTetA�8£v 'from the wound' (Orph.) . ETYM The formation is unclear, and the etymology is controversial. Greek formations which are candidates to be cognate are y(miActl· oUAa[ (H.), if = FaT-, OUTUW [v.] 'to wound', �WT[£]U(etv· �UAA£lV (H.), if = FWT-, and (less probable) liT11 'damage, guilt, blindness' < *uFUT11. Bechtel 1914 s.v. remarked that a pre-form *oFa is possible everywhere in Homer except at T 456. From other languages, Lith. vatis 'ulcer' and and Latv. wits '(festering) wound' are compared, which seem to require *ueh2-ti-. Direct connection of WT£lA� with Lith. vatelis (which is a diminutive from vatis) shoul� be rejected in any case. The word could well be Pre-Greek; this seems confirmed by the form *FaTaA- in the first gloss: is *0- from prothetic a- before F-? •

WTLC;, cIJTOC; =>oDe;. w Ocp£AOe; under 0CP£AAW 2. wXP6c; [adj.]

'pale, sallow' (lA), on the mg. see Capelle RhM 101 (1958): 23ff. � ?�

.COMP Some compounds, e.g. wXpo-Il£Aae; 'dark and sallow', said of somebody who

suffers from jaundice (medic.), cf. Risch IF 59 (1949): 60; £�-wxpoe; 'very pale' (Arist., Thphr., Aret.), see Stromberg 1946: 68 . DER 1. cIJxpoe; [m.] 'paleness' (r 35; after this AP et al.), usually name of a sallow colored leguminous plant, 'birds' pease, Lathyrus Ochrus' (corn. IV., Arist., Thphr., Hell. pap.). On the gender see below. 2. wxpa [f.] 'sallow color, ochre-color' (Arist., Thphr., Hell. pap.); also = £pua[�l1 ' 'mildew' (LXX), in this sense also wxp[a [f.] (EM). 3· wxp(ae; [m.] 'man with a pale hue' (Arist.). 4. -oT11e; [f.] 'paleness' (PI., Arist.), -OmlV11 [f.] 'id.' (late). 5. verbs: wxp�actl [aor.] 'to become pale' (A 529, Aret., AP), also with KaT-; (KaT-)WXplUW 'id.' (Ar., Arist., Babr.), whence -[ame; (late); wxpa[vw 'to become pale' (Nic.), 'to make pale' (Orph.), -a[vollctl 'to become pale' (S. E., Sor.), whence -aVTlKWe; [adv.] 'making pale' (S. E.) . ETYM The connection with Skt. vyaghra- [m.] 'tiger' is untenable for formal reasons (what would the element w- = -a- have to represent, and what is vi-?). Wackernagel hesitatingly supposed (see Wackernagel 1916: 234f.) that a neuter cIJxpoe; (like IlUKpOe;/ llaKpOe;) would have replaced an older *cIJxoe; [n.] in Homer, like a1axoe; to aiaxpoe;, \j!uxoe; to \j!uxpoe;, etc. •

•

*w\j! 'eye, face, countenance' (Horn.). � IE *h3ekw- 'see'� .VAR The gender is disputed: fern. acc. to EM 344, 55; msc.

acc. to Ar. Byz., Eust. and other sources (probably after ocp8aAlloe;; cf. EM 233, 32); ntr. acc. to Sommer 1948: 10. Old only in fixed expressions � £vw1ta (only in Km:' £vw1ta), £ie; cIJ1ta 'in the face, eye in eye' (Horn., Hes.); recent forms are w1twm [dat.pl.] (Max.), lleyuAoue; cIJ1tw:; [acc.pl.] (Ar. Byz.), etc., Ta cIJ1ta (PI. era. 409C regarding an etymology) . COMP As a second member in � £A[KW\j!, � Iluw\j! and other forms; these may have compositional lengthening (Schwyzer: 4264). To this numerous feminine formations, e.g. £AlK-wme;, �o-wme; (perhaps originally -w1tle; < *-iH-s, see Chantraine 1942: 208 and Ruijgh 1995: 76f. •

1685 .DER Hypostases: on £v-wmoe;, -tOY, -ft, see � £vw1ta; £�-wmoe; 'out of Sight, without' (E.); da-w1toe; (to de; cIJ1ta) 'face to face, right in front of (0 653, A. R., Arat.); U1t wma [n.pl.] 'part of the face below the eyes, bruise under the eyes' (since M 463), rarely -lOV [sg.]; Il£T-W1tOV, � 1tpoaw1tov. Further derivations: 1. W1t-� [f.] 'sight, view' (A. R., Nic.). 2. wma· ocppuOta 'eyebrows' (H.). 3. W1tUW [v.] 'to observe' in W1tWVT£e; (EM 322, 9 regarding £A[K-wm:e;), med. aor. w1t�aaa8ctl (Opp.), fut. -�aw8ctl· 0\j!w8ctl (H.). With prefix £1t-W1tUW [v.] 'to contemplate, overview, supervise' (A.), to which £1tW1t� [f.] 'observation post, watch' (A. Supp. 539 [lyr.l), TN'E1tw1t11 = AKpOKOplV80e; (St. B.), -cue; [m.] eponymous name of kings (Apollo d.), name or epithet of a god (Mycale [Ival), 'E1tw1t[e;· �l1ll�T11P 1tapa LlKUWV[Ole; and -[o£e;· £1t[aK01tOl, UKOAou80l 1tapa AaK£octlllov[Ole; 'watchmen, followers (Lacon.)" also -£T11e;· Z£De; 1tapa A811va[ole; (H.). Enlarged £1tW1tu(et· £cpop�, £7r01tT£Uet 'to oversee, observe' (H.). .ETYM Old formation with lengthened grade beside � o\j! 'eye, face'; see on � 01tW1ta for further connections.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The bibliographical references in general follow the "name-date" system, except for a few very common book references given in abbreviated form (Category A). The journal articles are not included in the bibliography, and the journal abbreviations are given below (Category B). A. Book abbreviations

Bq = Emile Boisacq, Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue grecque etudiee dans ses rapports avec les autres langues indo-europeennes, Heidelberg-Paris, 1907-1916. Del.3 = Eduard Schwyzer, Dialectorum graecarum exempla epigraphica potiora. Leipzig, 1923.

DELG = Pierre Chantraine, Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue grecque: histoire des mots (termine par O. Masson, J.-L. Perpillou, J. Taillardat, avec le concours de F. Bader, J. Irigoin, D. Lecco, P. Monteil, sous la dir. de M. Lejeune). Paris, 1968-1980.

DELG Supp. = Idem. Nouvelle edition avec, en supplement, les Chroniques d'etymologie grecque (1-10) , rassemblees par Alain Blanc, Charles de Lamberterie et Jean-Louis Perpillou. Paris, 2009. DKP = Der kleine Pauly. Lexikon der Antike. Auf der Grundlage von Pauly's Realencyclopiidie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher Fachgelehrter bearb. und hrsg. von Konrat Ziegler J,md Walther Sontheimer. 5 vols. Stuttgart, 1964-1975· DNP = Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (eds.), Der neue Pauly. Enzyklopiidie der Antike. Das klassische Altertum und seine Rezeptionsgeschichte. Stuttgart, 2003.

E-M = Alfred Ernout and Antoine Meillet, Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue la tine: histoire des mots. 4eme ed., 4eme tirage augmente d'additions et de corrections nouvelles par Jacques Andre. Paris, 1985. EIEC

=

James P. Mallory and Douglas Q. Adams (eds.), Encyclopedia of Indo

European Culture. London etc., 1997.

Frisk = Hjalmar Frisk, Griechisches etymologisches Worterbuch. 3 vols. Heidelberg, 1960-73·

Fur. = Edzard J. Furnee, Die wichtigsten konsonantischen Erscheinungen des Vorgriechischen. Mit einem Appendix iiber den Vokalismus. Den Haag, 1972.

1688

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ICS = Olivier Masson, Les inscriptions chypriotes syllabiques. Paris, 1961. IG = Inscriptiones Graecae, consilio et auctoritate Academiae Litterarum Regiae Borussicae editae. Berlin, 1873-.

Latte = Latte, Kurt (ed.), Hesychii Alexandrini Lexicon. Kopenhagen, 1953-· LfgrE = Lexikon des fruhgriechischen Epos. Bruno Snell et al (eds.). Gottingen, 1955-·

LIV = Helmut Rix and Martin Joachim Kummel (eds.), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben. Die Wurzeln und ihre Primarstammbildungen.

Wiesbaden\ 2002.

LSJ = A Greek-English lexicon, compiled by Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott; revised and augmented throughout by Henry Stuart lones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie, and with the co-operation of many scholars. Oxford, 19779•

LSJ Supp. = A Greek-English lexicon: revised supplement, edited by P.G. W. Glare, with the assistance ofAA Thompson. Oxford, 1996. Pok. = Julius Pokorny, Indogermanisches etymologisches Worterbuch. Bern, 19491959·

PW= August Friedrich Pauly and Georg Wissowa, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Stuttgart, 1896ff.

Schwyzer = Eduard Schwyzer, Griechische Grammatik: auf der Grundlage von Karl Brugmanns Griechischer Grammatik. Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft Tl. 1, Bd. 1. Munchen, 1939. SEG = Supplementum epigraphicum graecum. LeidenlAmsterdam, 1923-. SGDI = Friedrich Bechtel et aI., Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-Inschriften. Hrsg. von Hermann Collitz. Gottingen, 1884-1915.

WH = Alois Walde and Johann Baptist Hofmann, Lateinisches etymologisches Worterbuch. Heidelberg, 1930-1954. WP = Alois Walde and Julius Pokorny, Vergleichendes Worterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen. Berlin, 1927.

BIBLIOGRAPHY B. Journal abbreviations

AAL = Annual of Armenian Linguistics ABaG = Amsterdamer Beitrage zur alteren Germanistik Acta Ant. Acad. Hungar. = Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae Acta Or. = Acta Orientalia AfP = Archiv fur Papyrusforschung AION = AION-L = Annali dell'Istituto Orientali di Napoli. Sezione linguistica AlA = American Journal of Archaeology AmlPh. = American Journal of Philology Ann. Serv. Ant. Egypte = Annales du Service des Antiquites de l'Egypte Ann.Pisa = Annali della Scuola normale superiore di Pisa Ant. class. = L'antiquite classique AAHG = Anzeiger fur die Altertumswissenschaft. Hrsg. von der Osterreichischen

Humanistischen Gesellschaft

Anz. AltWiss. = Anzeiger fur die Altertumswissenschaft A.PK Lld T. = APXaLOAOYLKOV �eA1' lov ApX. 'E
Abteilung

BAGB = Bulletin de l'association Guillaume Bude BB = Beitrage zur Kunde der indogermanischen Sprachen BOH = Bulletin de correspondance hellenique (Paris) Beitr. z. Namenforsch. = Beitrage zur Namenforschung Berl.Ak.Sb. = Sitzungsberichte der deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu

Berlin. Philosophisch-historische Klasse

BICS = Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies of the University of London BiOr. = Bibliotheca Orientalis BNF = Beitrage zur Namenforschung BoIl. fil. class. = Bollettino di filologia classica BPh W= Berliner philologische Wochenschrift BSL = Bulletin de la Societe Linguistique de Paris BSOAS = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies ByzZ = Byzantinische Zeitschrift CEG = A. Blanc, Ch. de Lamberterie and J.-L. Perpillou, Chronique d'etymologie

grecque.

CEG 1, 1996 = RPh. 70.1 (1996) 103ff. CEG 2, 1997 = RPh. 71.1 (1997) 147ff.

T

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CEG 3, 1998 = RPh. 72.1 (1998) 117ff. CEG 4, 1999 = RPh. 73 - 1 (1999) 79-108 CEG 5, 2000 = RPh. 74.1 (2000) 257-286 CEG 6, 2001 = RPh. 75.1 (2001) 131-162 CEG 7. 2002 = RPh. 76.1 (2002) 113-142 CEG 8, 2003 = RPh. 77.1 (2003) 111-140 CEG 9, 2004 = RPh. 78.1 (2004) 155-179 CEG 10, 2005 = RPh. 79.1 (2005) 159-193 CEG 11, 2006 = RPh. 80.2 (2006) 339-369 Class. et Med. = Classica et Mediaevalia ", Class. Quart. Classical Quarterly Class. Journ. The Classical Journal Class. Phil. = Classical Philology Class. Rev. = Classical Review Comm. Aenip. = Commentationes Aenipontanae CRAI = Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres Curtius Studien = Studien zur Griechischen und Lateinischen GrammatiklLeipziger =

=

Studien zur classischen Philologie

DLZ = Deutsche Literaturzeitung fur Kritik der internationalen Wissenschaft Ep. Et. Byz. = Epetiris Etairias Vyzantinon Spoudon Et. celt. Etudes celtiques Et. class. = Etudes classiques GGA Gottingische gelehrte Anzeigen GHA = Goteborgs Hogskola Arsskrift GLECS = Comptes rendus du Groupe Linguistique d'etudes Chamito-Semitiques Gott. Abh. = Gatt. Nachr. = Abhandlungenl Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der =

=

Wissenschaften zu Gottingen

Gr. Rom. Byz. St. = Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies Helikon = Helikon. Rivista di tradizione e cultura classica Herm. = Hermes. Zeitschrift fur klassische Philologie HSPh. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology HZ = Historische Zeitschrift Idg. lb. = Indogermanisches Jahrbuch IF = Indogermanische Forschungen IF Anz. = Indogermanische Forschungen, Anzeiger IlJ = Indo-Iranian Journal IJDLLR = International Journal for Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic =

Reconstruction

Inc. ling. Incontri linguistici f. Egypt. Arch. = Journal of Egyptian Archaeology lahresh. d. Osterr. Arch. Inst. = Jahreshefte des Osterreichischen archiiologischen =

Instituts in Wien

JANER Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions JAOS = Journal of the American Oriental Society =

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Jb. d. deut. arch. Inst. = Jahrbuch des deutschen archiiologischen Instituts Jb. f kleinas. Forsch. = Jahrbuch fur kleinasiatische Forschung JHS = Journal of Hellenic Studies JIES = Journal of Indo-European Studies. Journal ofPhil. = Journal of Philology KZ = Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete des Deutschen, Griechischen und Lateinischen ("Kuhns Zeitschift"); from 23 (1875/77) onwards,

"Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der indogermanischen Sprachen" (ZVS); from 82 (1968) onwards, "Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Sprachforschung" (ZVS); from 101 (1988) onwards, "Historische Sprachforschung" (HS) LALIES = Actes des sessions de linguistique et de litterature LAMA = Centre de recherches comparatives sur les langues de la Mediterranee ancienne Lang. = Language Leipz. Stud. Leipziger Studien zur klassischen Philologie Ling. Balkan. = Linguistique Balkanique Ling. Posn. = Lingua Posnaniensis Listy filol. = Listy filologicke Mel. Univ. St. loseph = Melanges de l'universite St. Joseph (Beyrouth) MKNA W = Mededelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeling Letterkunde Mnem. = Mnemosyne MondOr. = Le Monde Oriental MSL = Memoires de la Societe Linguistique de Paris MSS = Miinchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft MU = Morphologische Untersuchungen auf dem Gebiet der indogermanischen Sprachen " Mus. Helv. = Museum Helveticum N. Jb. f d. klass. Altertum = Neue Jahrbiicher fur das klassische Altertum NOWELE = North-Western European Language Evolution NTS = Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap OLZ = Orientalistische Literaturzeitung Par. del pass. = La parola del passato (Napoli) PBBeitr. = Beitriige zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur Phil. = Philologus Philol. Stud. = Philologische Studien (Leuven) Ph W = Philologische Wochenschrift Quad. Urbinati Quaderni urbinati di cultura classica REA = Revue des etudes anciennes REArm. = Revue des etudes armeniennes REGr. Revue des etudes grecques . REIE = Revue des etudes indo-europeennes RELat. = Revue des etudes latines =

=

=

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Rend. Ace. Linc. = Rendiconti della Reale Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Classe di Scienze Morali, Storiche e Filologiche RESlav. = Revue des etudes slaves Rev. arch. = Revue archeologique Rev. belge de phi!. = Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire Rev. celt. = Revue celtique Rev. Hitt. Ass. RFIC Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione Classic a RhM Rheinisches Museum Ric. ling. = Ricerche Linguistiche, Bolletino dell' Istituto di Glottologia dell '", Universita de Roma RILomb. = Rendiconti del Reale Istituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere Riv. degli stud. or. = Rivista degli studi orientali Riv. fi!. class. = Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione Classica RPh. = Revue de philologie, de litterature et d'histoire anciennes Sikhs. Abh. and Sikhs. Ber. Abhandlungen (Berichte) der sachsischen Gesellschaft (Akademie) der Wissenschaften SCaue. = Studia Caucasica SII = Studien zur Indologie und lranistik SMEA = Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici Sprache = Die Sprache SSL Studi e Saggi Linguistici Stud. ital. fi!. class. = Studi italiani di filologia classica Symb. Oslo. = Symbolae Osloenses TPS = Transactions of the Philological Society TAPA = Transactions (and Proceedings) of the American Philological Association Welt des Orients = Die Welt des Orients: wissenschaftliche Beitrage zur Kunde des Morgenlandes Wien. Ak. Abh. = Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien Wien. Ak. Anz. = Akademischer Anzeiger, Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien Wien. Ak. Sb. = Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien Wiener Stud. = Wiener Studien Wiirzb. lb. = Wiirzburger Jahrbiicher fUr die Altertumswissenschaft WuS = Warter und Sachen WZHalle = Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Martin-Luther-Universitat HalleWittenberg, Gesellschafts- und Sprachwissenschaftliche Reihe WZKM = Wiener Zeitschrift fUr die Kunde des Morgenlandes WZKS Wiener Zeitschrift fUr die Kunde Siidasiens ZDMG = Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft Zeitschr. f celt. Phi!. = Zeitschrift fUr celtische Philologie Zeitschr. f Phon. Zeitschrift fUr Phonologie, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommuni kationsforschung Zeitschr. f slav. Phi!. Zeitschrift fUr slavische Philologie ZfdA = Zeitschrift fUr deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur =

=

=

=

=

=

=

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ZII = Zeitschrift fUr Indologie und Iranistik Ziva Ant. = Ziva Antika. Antiquite vivante Z(O)NF = Zeitschrift fur (Orts)namenforschung ZPE = Zeitschrift fUr Papyrologie und Epigraphik ZRPh. Zeitschrift fUr romanische Philologie Zs. f iigypt. Spr. = Zeitschrift fur
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�l.

INDICES

Numbers refer to pages. All languages are given in the order of the Latin alphabet, with the exception of Sanskrit and Tocharian. ALBANIAN

dderre, 1082 ag, 168 ah, 1088 ame, 82, 1051 arre, 144 as, 1123 bdj, 1546 bale, 1551 balle, 196 barre, 1562 bashke, 1557 bathe, 1556 berrake, 234 bime, 1598 bire, 1555 bri, 237 bubullin, 226 h 327 �ale, 1346 �anj, 1344 daj, 298 dal, 531 dane, 299 dardhe, 182 darke, 348 derr, 1641 dimer(e), 1620 dirse, 579 dje, 1632 dore, 363, 1621 drii, 553 drapen, 353 dreri, 558 drite, 318

drithe, 779 dru, 357 dhe, 314, 324, 1632 dhemb, 282 dhemje, 314 dhenderr, 259 dhi, 333 dhjame, 326 dhjes, 1618 dhjete, 312 elb, 77 emer, 1085 end, 167 ende, 104 epere, 438 ethe, 523 fier, 1247, 1379 gardh, 1645 glate, 346 grunde, 1643 gjak, I093 gjalpe, 415 gjan, 537 gjarper, 464 gjashte, 433 gjerp, 1292 gjume, 1535 hell, 1364 helq, 412 herdhe, 1116 hie, 1351 hir, 1355 hut, 476 i gjalle, 1072 ka, 676

kembe, 633 kep, 749 klan, 709 kopshte, 688 lagje, 853 lap, 834 laparos, 864 lape, 849 lend, 195 lere, 818, 838 lig, 869, 1068 liri, 864 lodh, 855 lule, 845 lum, 878 man, 206 mange, 888 mbi, 95 mbledh, 842 mbush, 248 mjalte, 926 mjel, 86 mjet, 936 mo, 941 mushk, 978 nden, 1458 ndesh, 327 nekon, 1044 ngjome, 274 ngre, 370 njeri, 104 njoh, 273 nuse, 1028 pas, 1224 pele, 1266

INDICES

1748 petk, 193 pishe, 1199 pjek, 1181 pjerdh, 1176 prish, 1234 pshtyn, 1252 pune, 1382 puth, 1256 raged', 125 rjep, 453 rrah, 1113 rrush, 1275 rryme, 1282 siell, 1169 shark, 1310 shege, 1329 shemere, 922 shi, 1541 shkop, 1350 shpelle, 1382 shqerr, 665 shteg, 1396 shtiell, 1398 shtjerre, 1395 shtrin, 1410 trem, 1503 tul, 1517 than, 171 thelle, 730 theni, 747 uje, 1527 ulk, 877 vater, 207 ve, 1681 ven, 1540 vene, 1059 vella, 233 vit, 477 vjedh, 491 vjerr, 24 vodhe, 1042 zelne, 479 ze, 1601 zjarm, 542

zorre, 1644 zot, 1606 ANATOLIAN Hittite

aant-, 105 Abbija-, 181 abrusbi (Hurr.), 788 aganni (Hurr.), 181". , akkus(S)a-, 248 alil-, 845 allanijaJi, 63 als-, 75 alyanz-, 76 amijar(a)-, 82 andan, 421 anna-, 107 -ant/d-, 312 antuyabbas-, 106 appa, 117 Appaliunas, 118 appezzija-, 1010 ara-, 123 ara-, 123 arai-i / ari-, 1103 arkuyae-Zi, 127 arnu-zi, 136, 1107 arra-, 1110 arsi-, 141 arske!a-zi, 468 aruyae-Zi, 121 asatar, 157 asi, 571 asi-, 397 assula-, 151 atta-, 165 auli-, 170 ed-zi, 375 ekt-, 336 ekuJi, 1020 esbar, 366, 608 e5-Zi, 389 bai(n)k-tta , 12

balzai), 60 bamank-i, 18 bamesba(nt)-, 84 ban-i, 109 banna), 1086 banti, 109 banzana-, 149 bappar, 638 bappina(nt)-, 177, 1080 bapp-Zi, 120, 522 bapus-, 1094 baran-, 1106 barduppi, 644 barki-, 126 bark-zi, 133 barp _ttaCri), 1114 barra), 137 bartagga-, 133 basduer-, 1050 basp-, 154 bastai / basti-, 1119 basterza, 157 bat), 26 batk-i, 183 batt_aCri) , 167 batuki-, 167, 1048 bekur, 57 benkan-, 97 bissa-, 1052 buek-zi, 174 buett- ttaCn), 1676 bubba-, 290 buis-zi, 26, 158 bulana-, 858 buprusbi-, 1043 burnai-, 1272 buyant-, 27 ijant-, 1235 impa, 575 isbabru-, 300 isbai-i, 590, 591 isbamai-, 1532 isbamai), 1057 isbuya-i, 1360

INDICES

iskalla-i / iskall-, 1340 ispant-, 471, 722 ispant-i / ispant-, 1381 ispar-i, 1380 *ispatalla-, 1377 Walk-zi; 1407 CUZU) istaman- / istamin-, 1408 istu_ari, 1402 kakkapa-, 619 kallikalli-, 754 kallisJi / kaliss-, 624 galaktar, 256 kane!iss-Zi, 273 kank-i, 254 ganut, 280 kardias, 644 kariulli, 788 karsani, 643 kars-zi, 665, 764 kartimije/aJi, 681 kattan, 656 katti, 615 genu, 283 ke§sar, 1621 ki, 397 kinun, 694 gimmi, 1620 klnu-zi, 1617 kw_ari, 1315 kisJi, 682 ki_tta, 664 kuen-zi, 536 kuis, 1487 gullakuwan, 217 guls-Zi, 1464 kuntarra-, 284 kupabi-, 804 kureyana-, 643 kurimpa-, 806 kurk-, 816 kurpisi- (Hurr.), 806 gurta-, 1645 kurtal(i)-, 808

LUkuyan-, 811 kuyanna(n)-, 793 kutt-, 1629 laban(n)i, 820 labb-, 833 labu-i / labu-, 873 lak-i, 853 laman-, 1085 lapp_zi / lapp-, 830 li(n)k-Zi, 405 lissi-, 522 lipCp)_Zi, 864 llsaeJi, 842 lukk-tta, 852 -ma, 887, 1479 mabla-, 944 mabla-, 81 maklant-, 895, 942 malla) / mall-, 980 maninku-, 902, 966 -mant-, 1479 mark-, 953 marriya-, 922 mekk-, 918 milit, 926 mimma-, 931 -mis, 416 misriyant-, 958 mitgaimi-, 92 mugae-zi, 976 munnae-zi, 988 nekumanza, 291 nekuz mebur, 1027 nepis, 1012 neya-, 1009 nini(n)k-Zi, 1002 nitri-, 1022 nu, 1025 pabbur, 1261 pai-i, 40 paiJi, 388 palzab(b)a-, 1201, 1169 panku-, 1160 para, 1235

1749 para i), 1192 parku-, 1262 parsina-, 1247 pas-i, 1195 pasSila-, 1667 =pat, 1225 pat-, 1228 pattai-i, 1182 pattar, 1248 peda-, 1161 peje_zi, 582 pissu, 1180 punuss-zi, 1174 NINDApurpura_, 227 purut-, 1267 sa(n)b-Zi, 110 sab-i, 146 sakkar, 1365 salli-, 1072 sarnink-, 461 saudist-, 477 ser, 130, 457, 1287, 1288 Siluba-, 1330 siptamija-, 368 subba), 1541 sulija-, 1372 sulli-, 1530 sumanza-, 1531 supparija-, 1532 . , taje/a-Zl, 1481 dajuga-, 359 taksJi, 1460 talugi-, 346 damasJi, 301 tarkuyant-, 1452 tarma-, 1469, 1495 tarpassa-, 541 tarra_ ttaCn), 162 taru, 349 tarupp_zi, 1492 dassu-, 305 tekan, 1633 tekan, 1632 tekkussije!aJi, 309

1 INDICES

1750 terepp_Zi, 1504 tija, 322 tuekka-, 1302 tubbae-zi, 568 tflrije/aJi, 1316 turpa, 346 tuya, 327 yak-i, 14 yakturi-, 194 yalb-Zi, 70 yars), 464, 1079 yassuyar, 205 yastul, 163 yek_Zi, 400 yerije/a_zi, 393 yes, 519 yijan(a)-, 1059 Uk, 373 Ul(l)us, 1049 ulae-zi, 859 utne, 1124 utne, 1124 uttar, 168 zab) / zabb-, 1333, 1337

tipas-, 317 tuwarsa-, 566, 1515 tuwatra/i-, 561 usa/i-, 477 wijan(i)-, 1059 Lycian

A ttiti, B kikiti, 1487

ara-, 123 erawazije, 123 esb-, 598 kbatra-, 561 sijeni, sijeni, 664 tideimi, 548, 1482 xawa-, 1061 Xfina-, 107 xuge-, 290

\l,

Lydian

bi/is, 1574 bAasa, 1201 fa-karsed, 764 kaves, 658, 732 KUlJ'lC;, 173 marivda-, 964 qaAmAus, 1148

Cuneiform Luwian

*bulani-, 858 mitgaimi-, 92 pata/i-, 1228 taluppi, 1492 tarma/i-, 1495 tati(ja)-, 1455 titaimma/i-, 1482 ussa/i-, 477 Hierogplyphic Luwian

asu-, 598 a-ta4fs-ma-za, 1085 hawi-, 1061 huha-, 290 swan(i)-, 811 ta+mi-ha, 315

Carian

y[crcru, 264, 703 ARMENIAN Classical Armenian

aeem, 19 ac'k', 1118 aigi, 1042 akn, 1134 alik', 1219 aliwr, 65 al, 75 alac'em, 587 alam, 65 alawni, 78 albiwr, 1590

aljamuljk', 184 alk'at, 869, 1068 alt, 75 alues, 79 amb, 1075 ambarnam, 97 amal, 1075 and, 104, 425 anie, 747 anieanem, 1083 anjuk, 18 ant'el, 105 anun, 1085 anurj, 1082 apr(a)sam, 198 ap'n, 523 arari, 123 arawr, 137 arbi, 1292 ard, 143, 144 areg-akn, 156 argel, 133 ari, 1103 ariwn, 366 arj, 133 arjn, 1114 ark'ay, 146 art, 16 artasuk', 299 artevan, 353 arae, l1o araspel, 115 arn, 141 arnum, 136 astandel, 149 astl, 157 atamn, 1049 ateam, 1048 atak', 21 awelum, 1133 awjik', 174 awr, 518 awt', 169 aye, 41

INDICES

ayl, 73 ayr, 104, 110 aytnum, 1054 bam, 1567 bambak, 199 ban, 1601 banam, 1546 bark, 1544 bazum, 1160 beran, 1555 berem, 1564 bern, 1562 balk, 225 bar, 1171 boys, 1259 brinj, 1102 bU, 246 burn, 1602 calr, 258, 265 eaneay, 273 car, 268 eer, 269 enawt, 267 eunr, 283 e'ee', 1325 e'elum, 1340 e'in, 586 e'tim, 1437 e'ul, 1361 c'agay, 1322 c'ark', 1472 daku, 546 dalar, 531 dam ban, 534 dayl, 546 dez, 1459 dik', 540 dizanem, 549 dram, 352 durgn, 1507 durn, 566 dustr, 561 eber, 365 ed, 1483

egit, 577 eker, 214 elanem, 402 elik', 845 eluzanem, 409 elanim, 402 eln, 402 elungn, 1087 ep'em, 492 erastank', 1244 erb, 1135 erbue, 1556 erek, 451 eres, 1231 erewim, 1231 ergieanem, 1283 erkar, 327 erkir, 449 erkn, 1048 erknc'im, 308 erka-tasan, 359 eree', 1232 eS, 373 et, 332 etl, 375 eW, 440 ewl, 401 ewt'n, 448 ezr, 182 es, 598, 1086 ,meay, 321 ;mderk', 431 gam, 706 ganj, 255 gari, 779 garun, 366 garn, 129 gelum, 385, 388 gelumn, 388 gelmn, 858 gerem, 145, 390, 483 getin, 1124 ger, 1641 gin, 1681

1751 gini, 1059 giser, 470 gitem, 1053 gag, 486 galanam, 70 gam, 26 gore, 450 hae'i, 58, 1088 han, 107 hanem, 1378 hanum, 1172 hasanem, 422 hav, 290 helg, 412 heru, 1180 het, 1161 het'anas, 378 hin, 430 holm, 102 hot, 1051 hatim, 1051 hU, 1256 hum, 1680 hun, 1221 i, 419, 433 i ver, 1533 ijanem, 1064 im, 416 inn, 427 \ iz, 489, 1135 jelun, 1619 jern, 1621 jet, 1618 jew, 1629 jir, 1607 jiwn, 1620 jmern, 1620, 1634 jayl, 1629 ju, 1681 jukn, 607 jer, 542 jerm, 542 jnem, 536 jnjem, 537

l I

1752 kalal, 293 kalin, 195 kamurj, 39, 269 kanayk', 292 karer, 283 karic, 645 karkar, 652 kark', 442 kask, 151, 655 keam, 217 keras, 677 kin, 292 klanem, 312 kogi, 232 kork, 227 kOV, 232 kreem, 244 krunk, 267 k'ae'ax, 51O k'akor, 619 k'alird, 1641 k'alcr, 278 k'ale', 385 k'alird, 624 k'amem, 687 k'erem, 665 k'irtn, 579 k'un, 1535 lain, l205 lam, 858 lar, 480, 884 law, 883 leard, 522 linim, 717 lir, 1192 lizum, 846 loganam, 873 lor, 835 lore'k', 871 lu, 719, 1671 lueanem, 850 lusanunk', 875 maeanim, 910 mac, 894

INDICES

magil, 1077 mahaz, 916 mak'i, 942 mal, 899 , 944 malem, 980 maneak, 901 manr, 902, 966 manragor, 900 mard, 242 marke/, 894 mask, 934 mawru, 949 mee, 918 meearem, 917 melk, 218 me/r, 926 merj, 941 merk, 291 meg, 1077 mi, 394, 941 mitk', 941 mizem, 1076 mnam, 931 mor, 968 mozi, 971 mrmram, 967 mukn, 985 mun, 976 munj, 974, 978 murt, 984 mux, 1371 mxem, 987 naw, 999 nawt'i, 1019, 1020 nay, 1025 neard, 1011 nerk, 1002 nerk'in, 424 nor, 1009 nu, 1028 oc', 1123 olok', 871 01b, 1073 oln, 1679

9;,:

orb, 1114 oream, 454 orjik', 1116 orm, 1105 oroj, 460 ors, 1222 ort', l250 or, 1110 ost, 1050 otk', 1228 ozni, 489 pOpOP, 448 P 'andir, 1149 p 'arem, 1377 p'ayealn, 1385 p'aylakn, 156 p 'ert', 1376 p 'rp 'ur, 179 p 'rngam, 1246 p'uk', 1600 rngunk', 1293 samik', 629 sar, 641 sarik', 617 sayl, 131O ser, 671, 752 ser, 664 sJvin, 1327 sin, 672 siwn, 707, 1620 skesrayr, 399 skesur, 399 snerb, 1023 sor, 793 soyl, 730 sparnam, 1374 sp'er, 1427 sp'ir, 1380 sring, 1424 srtiw, 644 ste/eanem, 1398 stein, 1397 sterj, 1395 step, 1394

INDICES

stin, 1153, 1403, 1404 stoyg, 475 sunk, 1385 sut, 1663 suzanem, 682 sxalem, 1428 sert, 1344 sen, 792 t'ag, 1403 t'ak'Cim, 1249 t'anam, 1477 t'ar, 1454 t'eU, 1247 t'er, 1248 t'rik', 1485 t'uk', 1252 t'umb, 1518 t'uz, 1421 tal, 259 tanuter, 347 tarex, 1453 tawn, 303 taygr, 296 te/m, 1462 tevem, 327 ti, 298 tik, 333 titern, 354 top 'em, 320 tre'ak, 352 tun, 363 tur, 363 ul, l266 uln, 1679 unayn, 481 und, 476 unim, 481 unkn, 1131 ur, 319 uranam, 121, 135 us, 1680 ut', 1066 uzem, 486 vard, 1290

vee', 433 -vor, 1564 xal, 1609 xausim, 659 xaxank', 660 xstor, 1358 y-armar, 134 y-erum, 392 y-et, 1160 yisun, 1173 y-ogn, 479 z-genum, 429 zgest, 429 BALTIC Old Prussian

aglo, 184 ains, 1058 alkunis, 1678 assaran, 182 auklipts, 714 aulis, 170 ausis, 1652 aysmis, 46 babo, 1548 bueeareisis, 144 eaulan, 659 corto, 808 euean, 723 dim, 955 dyrsos, 535 emmens, 1085 en, 419 enwaekemai, 429 geits, 1337 gelso, 16l2 genna, 292 gorme, 542 iuwis, 1042 kailustikan, 731 kelan, 799 kerko, 776 kermens, 665

1753 keuto, 810, 1363 kirseha, 441 krawian, 774 kylo, 698 lauxnos, 880 lieuts, 1068 lop is, 830 melne, 924 nabis, 1080 pallaips, 865 pedan, 1161 peuse, n83 pintis, 1221 pleynis, 1168 poquelbton, 627 salme, 622 sardis, 1645 sasins, 666 semmai, 1613 sirwis, 676 spurglis, 1375, 1386 stogis, 1393 suge, 1541 tauris, 1455 trupis, 1513 tulan, 1517 wagnis, 1135 wanso, 594 weders, 1526 \ witwan, 605 wo/ti, 836 wosi-grabis, 284 Old Lithuanian

anta, 108 aStras, 57 bU, 1598 driiges, 553 eS, 373 esmi, 389 esva, 598 jente, 389 juosti, 504 krienas, 1233

1754 -mi, 416 minzu, 1076 sekmaS, 368 seris, 393 sleju, 717 talokas, 1478 vies-patni, 1227 Lithuanian

abu, 96 aistra, 1062 akecios, 1087 akmuo, 52 alga, 77 alkune, 871 alpstu, 61 ant, 108, 475 antis, 1019 apnikti, 1002, 1022 aprepti, 453 arti, 143 arti, 137 qsa, 521 asara, 300 asis, 111 astuoni, 1066 atis, 474 au- , 167 , 173 augti, 171 auksas, 1652 aulas, 170 aure, 319 ausra, 172, 493 avide, 1649 avis, 1061 ba, 1565 balas, 1551 baubti, 207 bebras, 1594 bedu, 224 begti, 1559 bendras, 1171 bernas, 1562 bezdu, 209

INDICES

biaurus, 1575 bimbalas, 226 bliauti, 1578, 1582 blusa, 1671 brukis, 1553 bruve, 1135 b ugstu, 1565 bundu, 1258 burbulas, 225 bure, 1555 dantis, 1049 darau, 353 dede, 1477 degtinas, 541 degu, 1476 dele, 546 dengti, 1457 derdeti, 303 deru, 318 desimt, 312 desinas, 317 detas, 1483 detis, 543 devyni, 427 didelis, 918 dievas, 499 dieveris, 296 dimstis, 303 dirse, 304 dirva, 303 dovana, 332 drages, 553 dramblys, 557 drika, 556 drlsti, 535 drugys, 523, 1449 dubus, 358 dukte, 561 dumai, 564 dundulis, 562 duris, 566 dvasia, 540 dvesti, 537 dvi-, 339

It ,

edzi6tis, 1047 eiga, 1064 eimi, 388 elnis, 402 erelis, 1106 efzilas, 1116 esti, 375 ezeras, 182 ezia, 182 gaidrus, 1544, 1547 gaisas, 1547 gana, 479 ganas, 1586 gardas, 1645 garnys, 267 gaudziu, 224 gauti, 369 geleiis, 1612 geliu, 210 genu, 536 gerve, 267 gesti, 1315 getiS, 230 gija, 215 gile, 195 gire, 227 girtas, 214 glaudas, 1637 glefves, 978 glemes, 274 glinda, 747 glitus, 277 gomurys, 1614 grauziu, 244 gr�sti, 1643 griauti, 1645 griebti, 1650 grieti, 1650 grudas, 662 grumdau, 287 grumeti, 1647 gungulys, 281 gUOliS, 293 guotas, 228

INDICES

gurdus, 234 gurgulys, 261 guzas, 290 iesmas, 46 iesme, 37 inksti, 1044 if, 121 iriu, 454 irti, 457 is, 433 jvykti, 435 jaunas, 47 (j)eknos, 522 (;) ieva, 1042 kabinti, 743 kadagys, 663 kaima(s), 814 kaina, 1218, 1487 kaklas, 799, 1501 kalnas, 742 kalti, 711, 734, 739 kalybas, 687 kamanos, 688 kampas, 633 kandu, 727, 746 kanduolas, 746 kanka, 612 kapti, 749 karias, 732 karstas, 674 karve, 676 kasa, 682 katras, 1226 kaukys, 658 kaulas, 170, 659 kedinti, 1344, 1345 keliu ta, 669 kelYS, 813 kemeras, 630 kenCiu, 1156 kenkti, 612, 620 kepu, 143, 1181, 1347 kepure, 1347 keras, 1468

kermuse, 783 kerpu, 649 keturi, 1472 ketviftas, 1472 kiaule, 1246, 1425 kiautas, 810, 1363 kiele, 698 kiltis, 671 kirmis, 414 Kirnis, 771 kirpti, 788 klumbas, 710 klupti, 627 knabenti, 722 kniaukti, 726 kniauktis, 726 knisti, 724 kn6ti, 721 korys, 689 kr(i)okti, 788 kraivas, 781 krake, 783 kraujas, 774 kraukti, 773 krausyti, 786 krauti, 787 krefvas, 781 kreWs, 775 kresti, 784 krumplys, 783 krykti, 778 kulas, 687 kules, 618 kulti, 668 kumbras, 794 kuolas, 1364 kupra, 806 kurpe, 643, 778 kvapas, 639 lakti, 834 laluoti, 828 lang6ti, 820 lapas, 849 lape, 79

1755 lapenti, 834 laukas, 851 leidziu, 870 leilas, 845 lekti, 856 lengvas, 403 lenta, 401 lesti, 842 levas, 854 liaudis, 408 liauka, 838 liegti, 869 lieku, 845 liepti, 865 liesti, 866 lieti, 843, 844 lieziu, 846 linai, 864 lipti, 32, 864 lomas, 857 16pe, 830 16ti, 858 lugnas, 874 lupti, 879 luzti, 850 lydyti, 867 lynas, 863 mageti, 950 makaras, 894 , \ ma lkas, 926 malnos, 926 ma16ne, 921 malu, 980 mama, 899 mandras, 901 mangalis, 888 margas, 970 marska, 243 marti, 922 maudyti, 974 mauti, 87 mazgas, 971 medus, 919 mekCi6ti, 942

1756 melzu, 86 meflkas, 902, 966 menke, 892 menuo, 945 merga, 922, 970 merkti, 83 migla, 1077 milas, 899 miniit, 892 minkyti, 910 mifltas, 173 minti, 913 mirgeti, 956 miskas, 958 misras, 92O m6te, 948 m6ti, 893, 946 mu kti, 977 mitlkis, 898 mulve, 965 mitrdau, 236 murmeti, 967 mitrti, 982 musia, 976 mitsti, 94 nagas, 1087 naktis, 1027 naujas, 1009 negit, 263 neriit, 316, 424 niausti, 1011 niedeti, 1083 niek6ti, 862 n6ras, 1030 noreti, 1031 nu, 1025 nuogas, 291 nytis, 1013 0, 1675 opitS, 522 padas, 1228 paditrmai, 30 pafsas, 1217 paisau, l250

INDICES

palaidas, 823 palvas, 1165, 1219 pampti, 1171 pas, 1224 pasigendit, 1216 patogits, 1444, 1455 pats, 1225 peda, 1161, 1185 peldeti, 1200 pelnas, 418, l265 penki, 1173 per, 1176 pernai, 426 persti, 1176 pesit, 1164 -pi, 440 pia uti, 1249 piemuo, 1217 pieva, 1215 pikis, 1197 piliS, 1220 pinti, 1172 pirmas, 1245 pjauti, 1144, 1246 plauCiai, l208 plen e, 1168 pleve, 443 pl6kis, 1210 pra-, 1235 (pra-)skitsti, 1360 prie, 1234 prisimuoleti, 990 pitlti, 1070 punit, 1256 puraf, l263 purvas, 1264 pusis, 1183 puta; 1259 raisas, l286 randit, 1271 rangits, 1286 raudas, 466 raukas, 1295 rausvas, 467

9:\

razas, 1278 regeti, 146 reflgtis, l280 rezti, l283 riaugmi, 454 riekiit, 453 riesas, 144 rimti, 525 riSti, l286 r6pe, 1277 rd kti, 1683 sakaf, 1093 sakau, 428 saldits, 75 sapnas, 1535 saule, 516 sausas, 171 sekit, 447 se/it, 386 semti, 82 senas, 430 sergeti, 468, 1400 sidabras, 1329 siekiu, 586 siekti, 1236 sieti, 590 sij6ju, 511 sikti, 748 sid ti, 1531 skabiit, 1343 skalikas, 1361 skeliit, 1340 skersas, 441 skiedziu, 694, 1437 skilandis, 1641 skilvis, 624 skirti, 665 sklempti, 1356 skrebeti, 776 skrebti, 652 skitsti, 1040 slepti, 714 sloga, 882 slysti, 870, 1069

INDICES

smagits, 960 smardas, 1369 smaugti, 1371 smirdeti, 1369 smitkti, 988 sniegti, 1003 snusti, 1029 s6ra, 1666 s6tis, 21, 146 sotits, 146 spakas, 1658 spalis, 1386 sparnas, 1248 spaudziu, 1254 spausti, 1382 spiauti, l252 spilgti, 1560 spindziit, 1384 spingiit, 1559 spiriit, 153, 1374 spiros, 1387 spisti, 1382 spr6gti, 1429, 1433 spitrgas, 1376 srava, l282 stagaras, 1410 stangits, 1392 statine, 1390 stiebas, 1394 stigti, 1396 stirta, 1410 st6gas, 1393 stomuo, 1404 stoveti, 1407 subine, 1524 sunits, 1528 surbti, 1292 su-verti, 112 svagiit, 528 svecas, 475 sveCias, 474 svekas, 1093 sveriit, 461 svilti, 62, 385

saltinis, 1184 samas, 630 sankits, 685 sapalas, 805 saukStas, 798 saukti, 659 sauti, 1349 seimyna, 664 seiva, 707 serti, 752 sesi, 433 sestas, 433 sesuras, 399 sienas, 731 sirdis, 644 sirmas, 702 sis, 397 siitpti, 1324 slapti, 713 slaunis, 717 sliflti, 717 slitis, 717 sluoti, 719 smitlas, 671 s6kti, 685 sitlas, 1038 sunmuse, 803 suo, 811 svankus, 745 sVilp ti, 1304 tanas, 1458 tarpti, 1470 tarfti, 1496 tas, 1491 tasau, 1460 tauras, 1455 te, 1476, 1494 tekit, 1226 temyti(s), 1479 tepti, 1494 teterva, 1472, 1473 tetiS, 1455 t�vas, 1448 tinti, 1466

1757 titi/vis, 1489 tr(i)usis, 560 tranas, 106 tremiit, 1503 trepseti, 1500 trinit, 1473 troba, 1467 truneti, 1514 tit, 1420 titkti, 1439 td las, 1517 tUpti, 432 tUtuoti, 1521 tveflkti, 1311 tverti, 1316, 1373, 1520 tvinstu, 1301 ddra, 1526 udr6ti, 1124 ulbuoti, 1073 ulula (baflgos), 1071 uluoti, 1529 ungurjis, 372, 590 uodziu, 1051 uolektis, 1678 uosis, 182, 1088 vafveris, 35 vakaras, 470 valtis, 836 vanduo, 1527 varmas, 1291 ; varpa, 1110 vasara, 366 vedaras, 1526 vedit, 374, 1051 veidas, 380 veliit, 384 velkit, 73 vemti, 417 verpti, 138, 1276 versis, 141 verziit, 390, 1117 vetusas, 477 vezit, 491 vieSpats, 1225

1758 vilbinti, 409 viikas, 877 vilna, 858 vilti, 1127 vii'bas, 1270 virsits, 1128 virve, 24 virzis, 452 votiS, 1684 vyti, 579, 605 iarhbas, 282 zandas, 279 iaras, 1644 iarna, 1643 iqses, 1630 ielmuo, 1636 ieiti, 1638, 1642 ieme, 1633 ientas, 259 ieriit, 1615 iiema, 1620 ii6ti, 1617 i)sti, 1008 ileja, 1638 imogits, 1232 iuvis, 607 ivelgiit, 537 ivengiu, 1569 iveres, 547 Latvian

aiciniit, 37 aluM, 61 asins, 366 ate, 474 Mls, 1551 barhbals, 226 begt, 1559 b?rnS, 1562 blaizit, 1579 �laars, 1575 blet, 221 cielava, 698 darit, 353

INDICES

#lS, 546 dCt, 548 diet, 332 dirst, 304 drarhblis, 557 drebt, 1505 drubaia, 560 druska, 559 dubra, 358 duonis, 347 dupCties, 350 ditre, 363 dusa, 566 gans, 1586 gnida, 747 griva, 317 gitmstu, 266 guola, 293 gitovs, 232 gurds, 234 ieva, 1042 !ls, 589 ir, 121 kalss, 1346 ka lt, 7l1 kampis, 633 kapiit, 749 kape, 632 kare(s), 689 kariniit, 646 kauls, 659 kauns, 659 knidCt, 724 kniebt, 725 knudu, 726 krausCt, 786 kr�kls, 775 kula, 618 kvept, 639 lapa, 830 lapsa, 79 leja, 844 l�kiit, 856 liga, 869

list, 867 maut, 974 m/llnS, 924 merga, 243 merguM, 238 milns, 895 mukls, 986 murdet, 236 naba, 1080 1)emt, lOo7 nicam, 1021 nfdet, 1083 niekiit, 862 nikns, 1002 p�da, 1161 pert, 114 plakt, 1202 plaid, 1144 pun(i)s, 1259 pupukis, 448 rieksts, 144 ruket, 1113 saime, 664 salms, 622 sals, 75 sa ms, 630 seja, 1351 sirpe, 139 sits, 673 skadrs, 1345 skripiit, 1344 skundet, 1360 slaga, 882 sliet, 717 smag(r)s, 960 smiet, 92o snaju, 1013 snaudule, 1029 spals, 1428 spfdet, 1384 staiga, 1396 statis, 1391 Stfga, 141o stiba, 1394, 1406

INDICES

stifzgt, 1392 stringt, 1411 stups, 1417 sust, 171 svakas, 1093 sviedri, 579 svinit, 1193 s�epele, 1346 s�erpet, 1359 s�ibs, 1352 tesu, 1460 tiCvs, 1448 tfgas, 1466 tUkiit, 1516 u6ds, 1049 u61ekts, 1678 vats, 1684 veru6s, 1096 virpCt, 1276 virsi, 452 zelts, 1652 znuMs, 259 ZitObS, 282 zu6ds, 279 zuvs, 607 CELTIC Old Irish

a, 1675 ad-bond-, 1258 ad-can-darc, 318 ad-ellaim, 402 ad-jeded, 380 ad-gair, 271 ad-roilli, 405 -agadar, 184 -aig, 19 aile, 73 ainm, 1085 ainmne, 931 aird, 127 alim, 98 all, 1220

anaid, 102 and, 425 ar, 15 ar-a-chrin, 673 arbe, 137 ard, 1101 argat, 127 aru, 1012 atbaill, 198 bacc, 194 baidim, 213 bairgen, 1568 ball, 1550 ban-, 292 ban, 1546 barr, 1557 ben, 292 benaid, 1574 b6, 232 bot, 1225 both, 1598 bragae, 242 br6n, 244 bruth, 245 buachaill, 230 caech, 616 caile, 687 caire, 646 cairem, 643 camm, 1341 canim, 634 carr, 442 cath, 815 celim, 628 cen, 592 cerd, 678 cess(a)im, 1156 cet, 397 cet-, 656 cilornn, 627 cinim, 616 cir, 682 . clar, 715 cl6, 712

1759 cloth, 719 clU, 713 cluain, 713 cnai, 722 cnaim, 723 c6im, 664 coll, 669 cride, 644 crith, 1233 cru, 774 cruim, 414 cuach, 658 cual, 659 da, 359 -dair*, 561 dall, 551 dam, 325 damnaim, 301 dardaim, 303 dechmad, 312 deidmea, 543 delb, 297 der, 299 dess, 317 di, 322 diabul, 1174 dian, 332 do-cer, 673 d6im, 299 dorn, 363 driss, 354 droch, 1507 drucht, 560 dU-, 359 du, 1633 dub, 1521 ecen, 97 ech, 598 eirg, 468 elae, 404 en, 1182 e6, 1042 er, 57 erp, 460

1760 err, 1110, 1127 ess-, 433 fas, 159 fedid, 374 fen, 1138 ferc, 1097 fichim, 440 fillim, 385 find, 592 fir, 524 fO, 1535 fo-geir, 542 folt, 836 for-bru, 1135 fo-rimim, 525 (jo-)sligim, 861 fraig, 390 froech, 452 -fuar, 483 fuil, 1126 gae, 255, 1605 gair, 271 galar, 1641 garg(g), 283 geis, 1630 gerr, 1622 giun, 267 gle, 1638 glenim, 277 gLUn, 272 gndth, 273 gonim, 536 gort, 1645 guidid, 1216 hicc, 55 (h)uam, 481 iasc, 607 ibid, 1195 il, 1221 imb-, 95 imbliu, 1080 imbra, 454 in, 419 inathar, 527

INDICES

inde, 1632 ingen, 593, 1087 insce, 428 lac, 819 laech, 833 laigid, 853 laigiu, 403 lam, 1145 lassaim, 830 lenaid, 859 leon, 854 lesc, 850 lethan, 1205 liach, 869, 1068 lie, 818 ligim, 846 lin, 864 -ling, 403 loathar, 873 loch, 827 loth, 878 luid, 409 luid, 1209 maidim, 890 maith, 914 mall, 927 mar, 372 mebul, 930 melim, 980 menb, 902 mescaid, 920 mess, 919 mid, 919 mil, 926, 944 mir, 947 mlaith, 218 moirb, 982 mosach, 985 much, 1371 muinithir, 892 muin-torc, 901 nau, 999 necht, 1021 ne[, 1012

nem, 1007 nemed, 1006 ni-cria, 1233 nigim, 1021 nocht, 291 oegi, 1064 oeth, 1063 oin, 1058 olann, 858 onn-urid, 1180 orb(b)e, 1114 os, 1541 renaid, 1179 richt, 1231 rigim, 1099 rim, 131 ro-, 1235 ro-finnadar, 592 ro-geinn, 1613 ro-laimethar, 1030 ruad, 466 rusc, 1288 saigim, 509 sa in, 162 saith, 146 salann, 75 saltraid, 72 samail, 89, 1075 scar(a)im, 665 scath, 1360 sceinnid, 1339 sechur, 447 seim, 1384 selb, 405 sell, 1406 sen, 430 ser, 157 serc, 1400 sern(a)id, 392 sernim, 1410 serr, 139 Si, 571 slan, 1072 sliassait, 1211

1761

INDICES

slige, 861 slucim, 876 smi(u)r, 983, 1370 sniiim, 1013 sndth, 1013 snigid, 1003 srennim, 1278 sreod, 1246 sreth, 1412 sruaim, 1282 suan, 1535 suil, 516 SUth, 1528 tairm, 1495 tais, 1389 tam, 1477 tamnaid, 1466 t-anac, 422 tanae, 1448 tarathar, 1468 tarb, 1456 teg, 1393 teilm, 1461 tiagu, 1396 torc, 1310 traig, 1507 uan, 89 uasal, 1541 va, 507 Middle Irish

at-noi, 1011 airim, 137 all, 63, 1168 allas, 63 arathar, 137 arbor, 137 art, 133 bern(a), 1555 berr, 216 blath, 1597 bligim, 86 blind, 219 bond, 1255

brommach, 238 bruad, 1136 . buas, 248 ca(i)d, 666 caccaim, 619 cail, 685 cais, 684 cercc, 776 ciar, 702 cluain, 714 cned, 724 comm, 802 corran, 788 crim, 783 crocan, 788 cru, 759 cua, 730 cuire, 732 cuma, 632 dech, 321 del, 546 dobur, 358 drab, 1505 eigid, 1057 eis(s)i, 521 eitne, 476 erc, 1178 ert, 449 ethaim, 388 fair, 493 fes, 594 fi, 595 find, 594 frass, 465 gairb-driuch, 556 gaiset, 1608 gemel, 266 guaire, 263 lacht, 256 luan, 880 meng, 888 mess, 94.1 mocht, 986 och(a)ir, 1066

ochtach, 1183 on, 1044, 1085 ong, 1044 orbaind, 451 ro-s-teind, 1466 scaindrim, 1345 scellec, 1610 scrip(a)id, 1344 sellaid, 1406 serb, 1402 sesc, 603 sned, 747 sreimm, 1278 srengim, 1411 tomm, 1518 uirgge, 1116 ulcha, 1257 ussarb, 1402 Modern Irish

fraigh, 390 slaod, 1069 rucht, 1113 Old Welsh

cant, 656 cein, 616 dauu, 325 hair, 15 hepp, 428 minci, 901 petru-, 1499 Middle Welsh

aer, 15 bara, 1568 bedd, 224 bele, 257 braich, 236 brefu, 237 breuant, 242 brwyn, 244 bugail, 230 byw, 216

1762 carros, 442 carw, 676 cawdd, 684 cerdd, 678 chwech, 433 chwegr, 399 chwegr-wn, 399 cio, 712 ciun, 717 cnaif, 722 cordd, 753 craf, 783 cuan, 658 dan-gos-, 760 (d)doe, 1632 deddf, 543 -derig, 5 61 digoni, 371 dol, 551 dryll, 559 dyrllid, 405 ehedec, 1182 elain, 403 elin, 1678 erw, 449 eskit, 1363 ex-, 433 garan, 267 gen, 267 gloew, 1638 go-grynu, 781 grug, 452 gweli, 1126 gwlan, 858 hanther, 475 haul, 516 hun, 1535 iach, 55 ias, 500 iwrch, 348 llydan, 1205 mant, 909 merch, 922 mwg, 1371

INDICES

nyfel, 1012 serch, 1400 tarfu, 1452 tarw, 1456 telm, 1461 tlawdd, 1447 tom, 1518 ucher, 470

Middle Breton

dellit, 405 felch, 1385 serch, 1400 Breton

Welsh

ambi-, 95 angen, 97 awel, 25 benn, 1558 cant, 635 ceinach, 666 cerddaf, 1339 cethr, 673 chwerfu, 1425 clir, 718 di-auc, 1678 echel, 111 edn, 1182 erch, 1178 garth, 1645 gawr, 271 gwraidd, 1285 gwyar, 595 helw, 405 hufen, 39 llawen, 835 Llydau, 1205 llywarn, 79 malu, 980 morwyn, 922 ner, 104 oged, 1087 pob-, 1180 rhith, 1231 safn, 1408 SWCh, 1532 syllu, 1406 uchel, 1541 byrr, 216

;,j,:

argud, 664 hanter, 475 kentr, 673 kleur, 715 mell, 928 Old Cornish

dol, 325 moroin, 922 Cornish

deleth, 405 eskit, 1363 gew, 255 mal, 928 tro, 1507 Gaulish

Axrotalus, 57 caddos, 666 com-, 731 Dexsiva dea, 317 Kauapo<;, 807 lautro, 873 nemeton, 1006 Nertomarus, 372 Noviodunum, 1009 Suadurlx, 510 suexos, 434 trigaranos, 267 Uxello-, 1541 Veragri, 15 Vindo-, 592 GERMANIC Gothic

abrs, 176

l '1.,

INDICES

af, 117 afdobn, 533 (aj)holon, 686 aflvapjan, 639 (aj)leipan, 870 ajlinnan, 859 afmauips, 91 aggwus, 18, 174 agis, 184 agls, 13 ahana, 59, 184 ahs, 55 ahtau, 1066 ahtuda, 1044 aihtron, 584, 1057 ainfalps, 339 ains, 1058 air, 525 airpa, 449 aistan, 34, 45 aips, 40, 1063 aiwiski, 45 aiz, 1612 akrs, 16 alan, 62 alands, 67, 98 aljis, 73 ams, 1680 an, 97 ana, 97 ana-biudan, 1258 and(a)-, 108 ansts, 1084 aqizi, 111 ara, 1106 arbi, 1114 arjan, 137 arms, 134 asans, 1095 asts, 1050 appan, 161 atisk, 28, 29 atsnarpjan, 1023 atta, 165

auhns, 597 aukan, 171 auso, 1131 aups, 173 awistr, 1061 azgo, 26 bai, 96 bairan, 1564 bairhts, 1554 balgs, 962 barizeins, 1568 barms, 1587 baurgs, 1262 beidan, 1162 beitan, 1560 bigitan, 1613 bilaigon, 846 bileiban, 64 bindan, 1558 bismeitan, 951 biwaibjan, 591 boka, 1566 bropar, 1589 brunna, 1590 bruPfaps, 1225 daddjan, 548 daigs, 1459 dal(s), 551 daufs, 1521 daug, 1475, 1516 daur, 566 distairan, 318 diswinjJjan, 40 diups, 358 doms, 350, 569 driusan, 559 drunjus, 554 dwals, 551 fadar, 1158 faiflokun, 1201, 1210 faihugairns, 1607 fairra, 1176 fairzna, 1247 fana, 1187

1763 faran, 1164 fawai, 1143 fera, 1187 fidur-, 1472 filu, 918, 1221 filufaihs, 1217 fimf, 1173 finpan, 114, 1221 fodjan, 1157 fodr, 1267 fon, 1261 fotus, 1228 fra-, 1235 fraliusan, 882 fram fairnin jera, 426 framwigis, 1592 fraweitan, 380 fruma, 1237 fula, 1266 fuls, 1256 gadars, 535 gadeds, 543 gaggan, 766 gamalteins, 924 ga-nah, 422 ganaitjan, 1083 ganisan, 1008 gards, 1645 gasmeitan, 1367 gasojJjan, 146 ; gasts, 1034 gatarhjan, 318 gateihan, 309 gatiman, 315 gawi, lo55 gawidan, 377, 1051 gawigan, 255 gawigan, 491 gibla, 683 giutan, 1629 glitmunjan, 1638 gops, 7, 1606 gramjan, 1647 gulp, 1642, 1652

1764 guma, 1633 gunds, 636 -h, 1457 hafjan, 640 haidus, 1360 haihs, 616 hails, 731 haims, 664, 814 hairda, 753 hairto, 644 hairus, 678 haijJno, 378 hamfs, 633 hana, 634 harjis, 732 hatis, 684 hauns, 659 hauri, 674 hausjan, 55 himins, 630 hlaifs, 716 hlaupan, 627 hlifan, 714 hlutrs, 718 hrains, 781 hramjan, 775 hrisjan, 781 hruk, 773 huhrus, 612, 620 huijan, 629 hund, 397 hupS, 795 lvairban, 649 lvairnei, 680 lvaiteis, 1337 lvas, 1215 lvajJar, 1226 lve, 1265 lvis, 1487 im, 389 inu, 102 is, 591 itan, 375 ijJ, 476

INDICES

jer, 1682 juk, 503 jund, 47 kann, 273 kara, 271 kaupatjan, 735 kaurus, 203 kinnus, 267 kiusan, 269 kniu, 283 ;q:\ lailv, 845 laikan, 406 lasiws, 870 laun, 118 leihts, 403 leilvan, 845 lein, 864 letan, 855 ligan, 853 lisan, 842 liudan, 409 lustus, 862 mag, 950 mahts, 950 maihstus, 88 maitan, 958 malan, 980 man, 929 mel, 949 menojJs, 945 merjan, 372 midjis, 935 mik, 263, 416 milijJ, 926 mimz, 947 mitan, 919 mijJ, 936 mizdo, 957 mojJs, 991 mundon sis, 901, 1237 munjJs, 909 nahts, 1027 namo, 1085 naqajJs, 291

niman, 1007 niujis, 1009 niuklahs, 273 niun, 427 0, 1675 paida, 193 qens, 292 qiman, 192 qino, 292 qiSt, 1315 qiwa-, 216 Radagaisus, 255 raihts, 1099 raujJs, 466 rimis, 525 riqiz, 451 sa, 1041 saggws, 1081 sailvan, 447 saihs, 433 saihsta, 433 sair, 39 saijan, 405 salt, 75 sama, 1079 sarwa, 393 sajJs, 21 sauil, 516, 1213 sauls, 1038 saujJs, 172 si, 571 sibun, 448 sidus, 378 siggwan, 1081 sigis, 490, 491 sigqan, 367 sik, 365 simle, 1075 sina(s), 1333 sineigs, 430 sinteins, 394 sitls, 375 siujan, 1531 skadus, 1359

1765

INDICES

skajJis, 151 skeirs, 1355 smals, 944 snaiws, 1003 snutrs, 1023 sokjan, 509 sparwa, 1375 speiwan, 1252 spilda, 1386 spill, 114 spillon, 334 spinnan, 1172 stains, 1405 stairno, 157 stairo, 1395 stajJs, 1391 steigan, 1396 stibna, 1408 stigqan, 725 stiks, 1405 stiur, 1456 stomin, 1404 sums, 89 sundro, 475 sunno, 516 sunus, 1528 sutis, 478 swaihro, 399 swamm, 1372 swe, 1683 sweiban, 1338 swistar, 436 tagr, 299 taihswa, 317 taihun, 312 tains, 347 taujan, 358 tiuhan, 295 trauan, 355 triu, 316, 357 tulgus, 346 tunjJus, 1049 tuzwerjan, 359 twa, 359

twaddje, 344 tweifl, 117 twi-, 339 jJana, 1491 jJaurban, 1470 jJaurnus, 1470 jJaursjan, 1471 jJaursus, 1500 jJragjan, 1507 jJrins, 1502 jJulan, 1447 uf, 1535 ufar, 1533 uhtwo, 59 un-, l und hita, 694 unmildjai, 898 uns, 519 unskawai, 565 usanan, 102 usfilma, 1167 ushulon, 659 ut, 1523 wahsjan, 170 wai, 1041 waian, 27 wait, 1053 walus, 76 walwjan, 388 wans, 482 warjan, 466, 526 wasti, 429 wato, 1527 waurkeijJ, 451 waurms, 1291 waurts, 1271, 1285 weihan, 440 widuwo, 512 wilwan, 70 winds, 27 wisan, 26 wijJrus, .474 wopjan, 524 wraiqs, 1272

wraton, 1271 writs, 1287 wruggo, 1452 wulfs, 877 wulla, 858 Old Norse

aft, 1067 aka, 19 ala, 98 ar, 525 arar, 137 ar-gali, 512 ari, 1106 arta, 469 askr, 1088 ass, 512 atall, 1048 aurr, 100 ausa, 175 baka, 1600 bara, 1587 barn, 1562 barr, 1568 berja, 1555 bj6aa, 1258 blauar, 1575 blautr, 1580 b6gr, 1188 b6k, 1566 b61, 1601 botn, 1255 bra, 1136 bresta, 1555 brimi, 1591 brun, 1136 brunnr, 1590 bumla, 226 bur, 249 ban, 1567, 1601 brrkr, 1586 dalr, 551 daufr, 1521 drafti, 1505

rI

1766 dregg, 553 drjupa, 56O dubba, 1522 dvrl, 551 drgg, 545 efna, 1080 efni, 1080 egg, 1681 eio, 600 eir, 34 eisa, 37 eista, 1054 ek, 373 elfr, 78 elgr, 71 endr, 1019 erta, l27 fa, 405 faldr, 339 fair, 418, l265 farri, 1222 felmsfullr, 1167 fet, 1161 fit, 1161 fjall, 1168, 1220 fjror, 1248 fjrturr, 1160 fiaga, l202 fieiri, l206 fiey, 1209 fiO, 1202 fioa, 1213 fioki, l200 fnasa, 1214 fnysa, 1214 foli, l266 fotr, 1228 fram, 1237 frusa,frysa, 1192 fuinn, l256 funi, l261 furr, l261 fyl, l266 frlr, 1219

INDICES

ga, 706 gafi, 683 gall, 1642 gan, 1617 garor, 1645 geirr, 255 geta, 1613 gina, 1617 gjrlnar, 1619 glaumr, 1637 glita, 1638 glja, 1638 glora, 1636 gly, 1637 gnit, 747 gnua, 1640 gomr, 1614 gramr, 1647 grimmr, 1647 gulr, 1642 gymbr, 1634 gcess, 1630 grrn, 1643 gQS, 1630 ha, 6l2 hafr, 640 hagl, 660 hali, 685 hamarr, 52 haull, 687 herjann, 732 hjarsi, 680 hlakka, 708 hlaun, 717 hlio, 717 hljOO, 719 hniss, 725 hnita, 724 hnjooa, 726 hnykr, 748 holfinn, 740 holr, 659, 730 hraukr, 773 hreinn, 781

9:-..

hremma, 775 hrifa, 1344 hriflingr, 643 hrika, 778 hrinda, 784 hrjosa, 786 hrokr, 788 hrcell, 775 hrrnn, 777, 785 humarr, 631 hvalf, 740 hvalr, 153 hvel, 799 hvelfa, 740 hverba, 755 hvern, 680 hverna, 680 hrd, 761 hrm, 723 iorar, 431 - Ci)ka, 373 ifjrro, 1180 i gcer, 1632 jugr, 1124 jrro, 449 jrrvi, 449 kass, 268 kjarj, kerfi, 287 kjarr, 268 kjoll, 262 kjosa, 269 kjuklingr, 290 kofi, 292 krumma, 287 kursi, 141 kvefja, 200 kyll, 291 krkkr, 281 lag, 853 lagr, 839 lauor, 873 le, 824 leioa, 870 leioi, 870

1767

INDICES

leior, 63 lioa, 870 ljosta, 852 lykna, 874 magn, megin, 950 magr, 895 malr, 962 maurr-, 982 mea, 936 me!, 909 melta, 924 miga, 1076 mjoor, 919 mjor, 923 mjukr, 986 mjrk, 918 mugi, 977 munda, 901 my, 980 my, 976 mylia, 980 myrkr, 956 mrrr, 953 nakinn, 291 njol, 1012 nor, 999 noror, 424 nokkvior, 291 ofn, 596 01, 12 orar, 1682 ostr, 503 POSi, 248 ras, 469 rasa, 469 rata, 1271 rauor, 466 raun, 392, 456 rif, 456 rifa, 453 rim, 131 rip, 453 rjooa, 455 rjoor, 466

ra, 469 roa, 454 roora, 466 rot, l285 r6kja, 129 rokkr, 451 saICa), 405 samr, 1079 sannr, 473 sar, 39 segja, 428 selja, 405 setti, 433 simi, 590 sina, 430 skakkr, 1339 skalli, 1340 skapt, 1350 skarn, 1365 skeifr, 1352 skirr, 1355 skjalgr, 1346 skorpna, 652 slakr, 819 slikr, 861 slim, 843 slokr, 855 smali, 944 smio, 1368 smjuga, 987 snara, 997 snarpr, 1023 sol, 516 spa, 1348 spann, 1430 spark, 1376 sperna, 153 spjrrr, 1376 sPrrr, 1375 staor, 601 stafr, 1403 staurr, 1391 stertr, 1409 stifla, 1394

Stig, 1396 stigr, 1396 stinga, 1392, 1410 stiror, 1409 stjarfi, 1402 Stjrl, 1397 strangr, 1411 straumr, 1282 strjuka, 1413 stufr, 1417 stynja, 1399 stcekr, 1443 strng, 141O sui, 1320 svcera, 399 svefn, 1535 svelta, 385 svilar, 25 svima, 1333 svina, 1333 svrppr, 1372 sorvi, 393 tafn, 303 tal, 346 timi, 298 topt, 302 toroyfill, 304 trrj, 353 tveggja, 344 tvistr, 340 trng, 299 pak, 1393 parmr, 1495 pefja, 1450 pegn, 1460 peira, 1491 piOurr, 1473 jJjorr, 1456 pollr, 1517 pufa, 1521 punnr, 1450 unnum, 1084 ur, 1129 usli, 486, 1530 "

1768 vagl, 1138 var, 367 vatn, 1527 vega, 491 ver, 526 verk, 450 Vil, 258 virgill, 1117 virr, 598 vcerr, 524 v9g, 1138 v9kr, 1526 v91r, 76 v9r, 526 ylgr, 880 adJr, 527 teS, 521 orr, 1682 9gn, 59 9ndurr, 426 9xull, l11 Modern Icelandic

herpast, 652 Modern Norwegian

aul (dial.), 170 Brund (dial.), 237 gir, 1635 hempe, 743 lake, 819 lape, 868 mor, 953 run(n)e, 463 Old Swedish

bole, 1601 I giir, 1632 kvaf, 200 kvaster, 1225 miterdher, 903 myra, 982 niilre, 1012 oghn, 597

INDICES

stampa, 1398 stomme, 1404 svamper, 1372 valmaghi, 943 vami, 417 Modern Swedish

fala, 444 fiirna, 1178 la, 78, 875, 877 ogonsten, 868 Old High German

iid(a)ra, 527 ahir, 55 ahorn, 49, 50 ahsa, 111 iihta, 97 ahtowi, 1044 alawiiri, 524 albiz, 78, 404 amban, 1080 ana, 107 angul, 12 antan, 500 anu, 102 anut, 1019 aran, 1095 araweiz, 451 arbi, 1114 ars, 1110 asc, 1088 asca, 26 ast, 1050 atuh, 58 iitum, 164 biien, 1600 bahhan, 1600 beitten, 1162 belihha, 1551 billban, 864 bilinnan, 859 billlh, 1574 bitelpan, 1464

'<.!:\

blat, 218, 1597 bliizan, 1577 bliizen, 221 blecchan, 1577 bodam, 1255 boron, 1555 brawa, 1136 breman, 237, 1171 brestan, 1555 brim, 1594 buog, 1188 buohha, 1566 burst, 1557 butera, 233 butin, 250 chara, 271 chestinna, 655 chirsa, 677 chuo, 232 chutina, 797 dah, 1393 dahhazzen, 1443 darra, 1454 degan, 1460 derran, 1471 dolen, 1447 dorf, 1467 dunni, 1448, 1450 durfan, 1470 dweran, 1123, 1302, 1496 dwingan, 1311 ebenus, 368 egida, 1087 egidehsa, 1135 ei, 1681 eid, 40, 1063 eit, 37 eittar, 1054 eiz, 1054 elahho, 71 elina, 1678 elira, 67 era, 581 ero, 449

INDICES

erpf, 1114 fali, 418, 1265 fallan, 1070 fano, 1187 far(a)n, 1247 far(ro), 1222 fedara, 1248 fedelgold, 1181 fehtan, 1164 fel, 1168 felis, 1168 ferzan, 1176 fiara, 1187 filz, 1191 fincho, 1383 firstiin, 445 (jir-)zeran, 318 fiuhta, 1183 fizza, 1161 flah, 1200, 1207 flehtan, 1207 flah, 1671 fluoh, 1202 fnehan, 1214 folma, 1145, 1203 folo, 1266 forhana, 1178 fowen, 1251 fuir, 1261 funko, 1559 furben, 1231 galla, 1642 gans, 1630 garn, 1643 gebal, 683 gellan, 1623 ger, 1607 ger, 1605 gerno, 1607 gersta, 779 geruohhen, 129 glen, 1617 gikewen, 281 ginen, 1617

glri, 1635 gitwelan, 551 gizehOn, 321 glas, 1524 gold, 1642 graba, 284 gram, 1647 grim, 1647 gruoni, 1642 gund, 636 guomo, 1614 hadu-, 761 hagal, 660 hal(a)p, 627 halm, 622 hamma, 723 hanaf, 637 hantag, 673 harawen, 646 haso, 666 helan, 628 hellan, 624 hemera, 630 herbist, 649 herd, 527, 674 herdar, 527 hina, 592 hinkan, 1339 hinta, 671 hirn(i), 645, 680 hirnireba, 456 hirso, 662 hiruz, 676, 756 hlaman, 710 hlinen, 717 Milt, 719 hniuwan, 726 (h)niz, 747 hol, 730 hOla, 687 honag, 723 hovar, 80p hregil, 775 (h)reigaro, 778

1769 (h)rimfan, 769, 770, 783 hroso, 786 (h)roz, 756 huoba, 688 huohan, 685 huolen, 686 hurt, 808 hUt, 810, 1363 (h)welben, 740 hwerban, 648, 649 igil, 489 ihh-a, 507 itaruchjan, 454 iwa, 1042 jiimar, 519 jar, 1682 jesan, 500 kachazzen, 660 kalb, 314 kalch, 161O kamb, 282 karp(f)o, 805 kavatat, 1157 kilbur, 314 kiol, 262 kista, 705 kiulla, 291 kleini, 276 klenan, 277 klioban, 278, &50 klobolouh, 650 kran-uh, 267 krimman, 287 krump, 289 kruog, 788 kus, 803 labOn, 885 lahhan, 819 lam, 1030 lebara, 522 lecchan, 846 lehtar, 853 leid, 63 leiten, 870

1770 leifi, 870 lescan, 850 lewo, 854 lldan, 870 llhan, 845 li:n, 864 linta, 401 liohhan, 850 lira, 879 lit, 717 liut, 408, 409, 833 lOh, 851 louft, 879 luhs, 875 lungar, 403 maen, 84 magan, 950 magar, 895 mago, maho, 943 mal, 949 malaha, 962 mandala, 92 mark, 975 melchan, 86 melo, 897 mendi, 901 menni, 901 mespila, 936 metu, 919 milti, 898 mindel, 909 miscan, 92o mit(i), 936 mitti, 935 moraha, 235 mucka, 976 muckazzen, 976 mula, 980 muijan, 98O muoan, 990 muojan, 91 muoter, 948 mur-bere, 968 murg(i), 236

INDICES

mus, 985 naba, 1080 nackt, 291 naen, 1013 nagal, 1087 nazza, 21 nebul, 1012 nerian, 1008 nidar, 1003 nihhus, 1021 nioro, 1012 nu, 1025 nuoen, 721 nuohturn, 1020 ost(a) ra, 493 ottar, 1526 ovan, 596 peh, 1197 pfawo, 1457 pfeit, 193 pflastar, 1203 pfOSO, 248 pi-gezzan, 1613 prod, 245 quellan, 198, 223 queran, 311 redan, 784 rfga, 453 rohOn, 455 rost, 467 rot, 466 ruoba, 1277 ruowa, 469 saban, 1299 sagen, 428 sami-, 52o scaban, 1343 scala, 1340 scato, 1359 scelah, 1346 scelifa, 1356 sceran, 665 scouwon, 565 scur, 444

�l.

sehto, 433 seifa, 1307 seim, 39 selah, 1318 sellen, 405 senf, 1333 Ser, 39 serawen, 1036 sezzal, 375 sigu, 490 sihan, 584, 1512 sinnan, l1o siodan, 172 sizzen, 376 skaft, 1350 skena, 707 sleffar, 1067 sllhhan, 861 slinc, 820 smahen, 405 smalazfihu, 944 smelzan, 80, 924 smero, 981, 983, 1370 smerzan, 1367 smid, 1368 smizan, 1367 snar(a)ha, 997 sner(a)han, 997 snerfan, 1023 snur, l028 span, 1430 sparo, 1375 sper, 1377 sprehhan, 1429 springan, 1381 spurnan, 1374 staben, 1403 stampfon, 1398 stanc, 1443 stanga, 155, 1392, 1410 stanta, 1390 stara, 158, 1661 starablint, 1401 stat, 1391

1771

INDICES

steg, 1396 sterban, 1402 sterz, 1409 stih, 1405 stimna, 1408 stincan, 725 stior, 1456 stirna, 1401 stollo, 1404 strengi, 1411 SU, 1537 suI, 1038, 1320 suntar, 162, 475 sunu, 1528 suozi, 51O swamp, 1372 swar(i), 461 swehur, 399 sweiz, 578 swelli, 1320 swelzan, 385 swerban, 1425 swigar, 399 sWigen, 1327 swin, 1537 swfnan, 1333 taen, 548 tat, 543 tenar, 540 teppfd, 1451 theismo, 1389 thunkon, 1457 tila, 546 tolc, 537 tou, 545 tOUb, 1521 toum, 564 trebir, 1505 tuom, 569 turi, 566 tut, 1521 ubir, 1533 umbi, 95 untar, 431

Volkmar, 372 Waen, 27 wagan, 1138 walzan, 68 wanast, 521 war, 524 wara, 1096 weban, 154° weit, 599 werc, 450 widomo, 374 wihhan, 382 wihsela, 594 winister, 131 wintbrawa, 594 winton, 40 wisunt, 216 wuoSti, 159 wurchit, 451 zahar, 299 zala, 346 zan(d), 1049 zangar, 299 Zelt, 313 zeman, 315 zeso, 317 zi-, 327 ziga, 333 zfhan, 309 zinko, 300 Zft, 298 zoraht, 318 zuo, 307, 362 zur-, 359 zuscen, 299, 358 zweiio, 344 Middle High German

ader, 527 be-nuomen, 1085 blrejen, 221 dfen, 548 gebel, 683 gehiuze, 795

getwas, 540 gli:en, 1623 gli:men, 1638 gruz, 662 hader, 761 hamel, 629 hemmen, 688 hurren, 442 jiuch, 498 kamin, 631 kerben, 286 koffer, 765 krage, 242 krebe, 287 lcege, 839 leffen, 834 lerz, 872 mag, 950 mahen, 943 malhe, 962 mange, 888 mat, 84 meckatzen, 942 muhen, 977 mul, 968, 980 mulber, 968 nun, 1025 quiten, 797 ragen, 146 rfben, 1288 rfha, 453 samCp)t, 79, 1660 sant, 1660 schle, 707 slUen, l069 sluchen, 876 slurc, 835 smiegen, 987 snerhen, 997 snouwen, 1532 spachen, 1427 sperke, 1375, 1386 stif, 1394 struch, 1416 "

1772 stunge, 1392 swimen, 1333 traben, 1500 tubel, 1522 usel(e), 486 uter, 1124 verse, 1222 vert, 1180 wester, 429 wilge, 41O wurZ, 1285 zinober, 700 Modern High German

Acht, 97 aus, 1523 Auster, 1120 backen, 1600 Baumwolle, 199 Belche, 1551 benne (dial.), 1558 Bienenbaum, 1574 bille (dial.), 1550 Blatt, 1597 Buchse, 1259 Burg, 1262 Butte, 250 Darm, 1495 Dobel, 1522 Dorn, 1470 Drohne, lO6 du, 1420 Dune, 549 Eberesche, 1247 Ehre, 34 Erbe, 1632 Ernte, lO95 erwurgen, 1117 Esel, 697 Fahne, 1187 falzen, 1191 Farn, 1247 Faust, 15

INDICES

feil, 1265 Feuer, 1261 Fisch, 607 Fitze, 1161 Fliiche, 1202 Fohlen, 1266 Funke, 1560 Futter, 1267 gackern, 619 gahnen, 1617 genesen, 1008 grunzen, 288 gut, 7 Hahn, 512 hell, 624, 1346 Hengst, 613 Hohn, 659 Hufe, 688 Hummer, 631 loch, 498 Kastan(i)e, 655 kikeriki, 696 Koben, 292 Korn, 271 Lappen, 868 lauter, 718 lehnen, 717 leiden, 870 Leier, 879 lesen, 842 lieb, 879 lOschen, 850 machen, 91O Mange(Q, 888 Meer, 530 mengen, 91O messen, 919 Metall, 937 Miete, 957 mischen, 920 Nix, 1021 ode, 173 Orf, 1115 Planke, 1549

�,

qua(C)k, 727 rams (Bav.), 783 rasen, 469 rif, 453 sanft, 519 scheel, 1346 Scheide, 14 scheifien, 1380 Scherbe, 1347 schier, 1355 schmahen, 405 schmelzen, 924 Schnee, 1003 Schnittlauch, 650 Schnur, 1028 schwelen, 62, 385 Schwiegervater, 399 Sittich, 1669 Skizze, 1438 spalten, 1386 starr, 1401 stechen, 1405, 1410 Steifi, 1253 stinken, 1443 Strauch, 1416 Tapete, 1451 tappen, 533 Tochter, 561 Tor, 566 Tunke, 1457 tuten, 1521 Ufer, 523 (ver)zehren, 318 Wald, 836 Wasser, 1527 Widder, 474 winden, 30 wolben, 740 wollen, 882 zeihen, 309 Zelt, 346 zwir, 339

1773

INDICES Swiss German

Fluh, 1202 Old Saxon

ambon, 1080 atol, 1048 bothme, 1255 braha, 1136 bru, 1135 dren, 106 dreno, 554 drubon" 560 edor, 1120 fathmos, 1226 film en, 1168 flaka, 1200 fordwelan, 551 ger, 255 halon, 624 hirot, 756 hlinon, 717 hi5ba, 688 kiosan, 269 lagu, 827 lakan, 819 lungor, 403 makon, 910 rokjan, 129 seggian, 428 selmo, 1320 simo, 590 skauwon, 565 slac, 819 spado, 1374 teman, 315 thegan, 1460 thorp, 1467 thrabi5n, 1500 to, 362 torht, 318 war, 1096 watar, 1527 wealtan, 68 wican, 382

wilgia, 41O wirkiu, 451 wrisil, 1287 wrltan, 1287 Middle Low German

aderlaten, 1435 anken, 1044 bleken, 221 bOdem(e), 1255 bragen, 238 dovel, 1522 draf, 1505 dulle (Westfal.), 1517 gaden, 7 greme, 1650 ham, 723 helen, 736 kut, 282 lak, 819 le, 824 nucken, 1028 orlepel, 868 ost, 1050 pladderen, 1201 ras, 469 schore, 1436 slap, 868 sllpen, 1067 sluken, 876 stlvele, 1394 stUve, 1417 wrich, 1286 wrimpen, 1274, 1280 wriven, 1288 Modern Low German

barsch, 1557 bohnen, 1546 hal(Q-, 1346 mussig, 985 spaken, 1427 strif, 1414

Old Low Franconian

mala, 944 Modern Dutch

tarwe, 303 blaken, 1577 boter, 233 delven, 1464 happen, 640 hoeve, 688 insteken, 167 kakelen, 619 kakken, 619 maal, 944 miggelen, 1077 mot, 974 noemen, 1085 oonen, 89 reiger, 778 roekeloos, 129 saffier, 1307 snerpen, 1023 wrang, 1452 zorgen, 62 Old Frisian

brein, 238 bufle, 229 naken, 291 nomia, 1085

<.

East Frisian

andul, lO4 Old English

ad, 37 afol, 1067 anda, 500 cefnan, 1080 cegerfelma, 1168 bd!dan, 1162 ben, 1567, 1601 beoroor, 1564 bere, 1568

1774 berstan, 1555 blretan, 221, 1577 bodan, 1255 bOnian, 1546 brces, 215 brrew, 1136 brrea, 1121 braa, 245 brregen, 238 bur, 249 byden, 250 canc, 253 cearu, 271 ceorfan, 286 degan, 281 clreg, 277 clrene, 276 clud, 277 clufu, 650 cniiwan, 273 cofa, 292 crceft, 773 cran, 267 cracca, 788 cruma, 288 crumb, 289 dolg, 537 dubbian, 1522 eanian, 89 earn, 1106 eoh, 598 eolh, 71 eorp, 1114 fceam, 1226 fana, 1187 fell, 1168 felt, 1191 fet, 1228 fetan, 1185 finc, 1383 jleax, 1207 jlOC, 1200 jlocan, 1210 jlowan, 1213

INDICES

fneosan, 1214 forn(e), 1178 forstandan, 445 fyrs, 1263 giin, 706 giir, 255 (ge)cynd, 273 gemyscan, 94 genesan, 1008 ges, 1630 '<;{, gierran, 682 gleam, 1637 gleo, 1637 g11W, 1637 gneaa, 1640 gas, 1630 grlma, 1650 grindan, 1643 grun(n)ian, 288 hcenep, 637 hamm, 723 hydan, 682 heala, 687 higora, 704 hlowan, 624 holian, 686 holt, 709 hrcen, 777 hramsan, 783 hriin, 781 hreaer, 527 hremman, 775 hreol, 775 hrif, 643, 1229 hrifeling, 643 hrindan, 784 hrot, 756 hwealf, 740 hweol, 799 hyll, 742 knitu, 747 lcecc(e)an, 822, 829 lceppa, 868 lapian, 834

leajJ Or, 873 lempi-healt, 710 leo, 854 leod, 408, 833 lox, 875 lungre, 403 mred, 949 miiwan, 84 mearh, 953 melcan, 86 meltan, 924 mengan, 91O metan, 919 modrige, 949 molda, 223 moru, 235 muga, 977 myrge, 236 ncesc, 994 neowol, 1003 ofen, 596 ofer, 523 posa, 248 rres, 469 read, 466 reod, 466 reodan, 455 ribb, 456 ryn, 455 rocettan, 454 row, 469 siipe, 1307 sceadu, 1359 sceolh, 1346 sda, 707 score, 1436 sear, 171 selma, 1320 slcec, 819 sUdan, 1069 slip or, 1067 smeart, 1367 smeocan, 1371 smeortan, 87, 1367

1775

INDICES

smip, 1368 snlwan, 1003 snod, 1013 sol, 516 spade, 1374 spincan, 1559 span, 1430 sprecan, 1429 spyrd, 1387 staca, 141O stela, 1397 stenan, 1399 stif, 1394 stige, 1396 stingan, 1392, 1410 stowian, 1407 stroccian, 1413 stunian, 1399 sulh, 412, 1069 sunne, 516 swamm, 1372 swelan, 62, 385 swer, 461 swete, 51O swodrian, 478 swogan, 528 trel, 346 te-, 327 tiergan, 352 tima, 298 to, 307 tor-, 359 tord, 304 trem, 351 treow, 316 trlg, 354, 355 trum, 357 peccan, 1443 peg(e)n, 146O plnan, 1485 poll, 1517 puj, 1521 pweran, 1302, 1496 pWlnan, 1326, 1334

wiid, 599 wealwian, 388 welig, 41O weotuma, 374 wlr, 598 wreon, 1286 wrUan, 1287 wyrt, 1285 Middle English

bilurten, 872 bothme, 1255 crawe, 242 dabben, 533 nere, 1012 scateren, 1345 schalowe, 1346 spale, 1428 wriih, 1286 Modern English

arse, 1110 bite, 1560 box, 1259 buffalo, 229 draff, 1505 ramsons, 783 sing, 120 smart, 1367 smith, 1368 wheel, 799 yean, 89 INDO-IRANIAN Sanskrit

a(n)-, l a1]1sa-, 1680 a1]1hu-, 18, 174, 1141 aktu-, 58 ak$a-, 111 ak$i, 1134: ak$f/oti, 1089 ankas-, 12

ankurti-, 12 anga-, 334 angiras-, 9 aja-, 18, 41 ajati, 19 ajira-, lO ajma-, 19, 1045 ajra-, 16 arlcati, 12 ati, 476 ati stig-, 1406 admi, 375 adhara-, 29 adhr$ta-, 161 adhvan-, 410, 425 anas, 430 andhas-, 104 aniti, 102, 1672 anila-, 102 anu, 97 antara-, 431 anti, 109 anya-, 73 anyatra, 73 anyo 'nyam, 72 apa, 117, 1010 apa-citi-, 1487 apa-chid-, 1437 apa-tya-, 938 api, 440 api-vpJoti, 112 ap-tur, 1004 apnas-, 177, 1080 a-priis, 1192 apvii-, 522 abharat, 365 abhi, 95 abhiciira-, 95 abhi-diisati, 327 abhra-, 179, 1075 abhri-, 179 abhva-, 180 ama-, 1079 amatra-, 82 "

1776 amlti, 1078 amfva, 106, 1078 amfta-, 242 aya/:!, 1612 aratni-, 1679 aravinda-, 451 ari-, 459 aricat, 845 aritar-, 454 arjuna-, 126, 127 ar/Jas-, 463 ardati, 127 arsas-, 412 arhati, 77 alala-bhavant-, 60 alpa-, 61 ava, 167 avas-, 424 avi-, 1061 aVidat, 577 avyaya-, 1061 avradanta, 1271 asani-, 59 asna ti, 53, 59 asman-, 52 asri-, 57, 1066 asru-, 300 asva-, 598 a$ta(u), 1066 a$thfvant-, 707 asarat, 72 asi-, 112 asita-, 149 asura-, 512 aSrk, 366 asau, 397 asthi, 77, 155, 1120 asmadiya-, 519 asman, 519 asmi, 389 ahcim, 373 ahi-, 489, 1135 a, 507, 1628, 1675 a-kuvate, 729

INDICES

agas-, 14, 425 a-ca mati, 1465 a/Ji-, 627, 1679 ati-, 1019 atman-, 164 adhra-, 1030 ana-, 1534 api-, 523 ama-, 1680 ayu-, 41, 47 a ruva, 1683 ali-, 1679 avadhU, 1676 avika-, 1675 avi$, 46 a-sayana-, 1677 asfyan, 1678 asfrta-, 675 asu-, 1678 asa-, 27 a-sad-, 1047 aste, 518 a-hanas-, 479 a-huti-, 1628 icchati, 34 ita/:!, 432 iyarti, 572 irasya, 128 i$-, 39, 106, 595 i$ira-, 580 i$u-, 595 i$/Jati, 573, 592 i$ma-, 591 i$yati, 1062 iha, 582 ik$ate, 427, 1094 f#, 34 frma-, 134 f$a, 1052 ihate, 183, 606 uk$ant-, 171 ukha-, 597 ugra-, 171 ucyati, 398

U.,

ut-, 1523 uta, 527 uttara-, 1539 udanyati, 1527 udara-, 1526, 1539 ud-gur/Ja-, 198 udra-, 1526 undura-, 592 upa, 1535 upa-dfs-, 1536 upabda-, 440 upama-, 1532 upara-, 1533 upari, 1533 upa-valhate, 409 ubhau, 96 ubhna ti, 1540 ura/Ja-, 129 uru-, 484 urvara-, 137 ululi-, 1071, 1529 usant-, 400 u$as-, 493 u$a-kala-, 621, 624 usra-, 172 adhar, 1124 una-, 481 urja, 1097 ar/Ja-mradas-, 219 ar/Ja-, 858 urdhva-, 1097, 1101 fk�a-, 133 rghaydti, 468, 1115 rdhnoti, 67 rjipya-, 33 rjra-, 126 rnjati, 1099 r/Joti, 1107 rta-, 123 rtu-, 144 rfe, 457 r$va-, 1110, 1111 ekatara-, 475 ej-, 32

INDICES

ejati, 31, 33, 41 edha-, 37 edhate, 470 edhas-, 37 enas, 40 eman-, 1058 emi, 388 eraka-, 42 evam, 380 ojas-, 171 o$ati, 486 ohate, 486 kata-, 808 kaqitra-, 1616 ka/Jt(h)a-, 49 katara-, 1226 kati, 1225 kanda-, 746 kapatf, 638 kapana, 632 kapi-, 684 kam, 661 kamatha-, 631 karaka-, 651 karkata-, 646 karkara-, 645 karki(n)-, 646 karp asa-, 648 karbara-, 678 kar$-, 1464 kalama-, 622 kalayati, 670 kalika-, 628 kalya/Ja-, 627 kas, 1215 kastfra-, 655 kasturf, 656 kasmin, 519 kancana-, 723 ka/Ja-, 669 karu-, 690 kala-, 617 kalinda-, 739 kiki-, 704

kiri-, 1246 kfta-, 703 kukkubha-, 763 kU/Ji-, 801 kUlikuma-, 782 kutsayati, 795 Kubera-, 612 kubhra-, 806 kumbha-, 802, 806 kulya-, 659 kU$tha-, 760 kuhU -, 682 ka, 1516 kapa-, 804 ka bara-, 794 kurma-, 712 kr-, 1468 krkara-, 776 krdhU-, 729, 1362 krntati, 665 krp-, 1440 krpa, 1229, 1231 krpa/Ja-, 788 kfmi-, 414 kekara-, 616 keta-, 704 kevata-, 615 kokila-, 733 kauti, 658, 813 kmarati, 630 kyaku-, 1324 kratu-, 773 kramela-, 630 kravi$-, 774 kravya-, 774 krf/Ja ti, 1233 krura-, 774, 786 krosati, 773 kla myati, 709 kloman-, 1208 k$a/Joti, 790 k�atra-, 789 k$atrapa-, 1311 k$ap-, 471, 722, 1664

1777 k�ayati, 606, 789 k�arati, 1570 k�a/:!, 1632 k�ara-, 1036 k$iti-, 791 k�iti-, 1571 k$ura-, 1039 k$ivati, 1326 k$/Jauti, 1040 k$veqati, 1668 khanjati, 1339 khaqga-, 1556 khara-, 652 gmiguyati, 281 gacchati, 192 ganjana-, 253 gadh-, 7 gadhya- 7 ' gandha-, 1467 gabhasti-, 369 gaya-, 217 garbha-, 238, 314 galati, 198, 223 gavfnf, 230 ga tram, 213 gahate, 213 giri-, 257, 1282 giri-, 227 gfr/Ja-, 214 ,/ guda-, 282 guru-, 203, 484 grha-, 1645 go-satam, 230 gau/:!, 232, 233 grapsa-, 287 grasate, 286 grastar-, 262 graha-, 284, 390 grfva-, 317 grf$ma-, 239 glau-, 277 gha, 380 ghana-, 479, 1586 gharghara-, 682

1778 gharma-, 542 ghase-ajra-, 15 -ca, 1457 cakra-, 799 cancala-, 694 catvarah, 1472 candra-, 634 cayate, 1218 carati, 1169, 1464 caru-, 680 carman-, 665 carma-mna-, 913 carvati, l263 Cd$te, 1459 cayati, 1480 ciketi, 1487 cid, 703 cin6ti, 1216 cyavate, 1322 chiiya-, 1339, 1351 chyati, 1435 jaghana-, 766 jajdna, 273 jani-, 292 jambha-, 282 jayati, 213 jarate, 311 jarant-, 269 jaras-, 268 jarbhurUi, 1591 jdsate, 1315 jah� ti, 706, 1631 jagara, 370 janu, 283, 294 jamatar-, 259 jami-, 259 jighrati, 1121 jinati, 215 jihma-, 350 jlva-, 216 jU$dte, 269 j6guve, 224 jn� ta-, 273 jya-, 215, 495

T I

INDICES

jy6tsna-, 881 jvalati, 312 takman-, 1460 tak$ati, 1460, 1476 tak$an-, 1460 tatd-, 1455 tdti, 1497 tanas-, 1458 tanu-, 1450 tanute, 1450 tamala-pattra-, 896: tara-, 1495 tarati, 1004, 1469 tdrufla-, 1471 tarjati, 1452 tarku-, 164, 1452 tala-, 1478 tavi-, 1327 tava, 1420 tavas-, 1456 tadfsa-, 1478 tayu-, 1481 tara-, 1496 tara/:l, 157 tala-, 1478 tigma-, 1482 titaii-, 330 tittira-, 1473> 1489 tiro-dha-, 543 tujyate, 167 tura-, 1489 tula-, 1447 tUfla-, 1424 titla-, 1517 t[fla-, 1470 tbyati, 1471 te, 1406, 1491 -tta-, 332 tyajati, 1316 traya/:l, 1502 trasati, 1507 tri-ka-, 1510 tri-vatsa-, 477 tvac-, 1302 '
tvanakti, 1311 tvarate, 1123 tva$tar-, 1310 tvih 1317 tve$ati, 1318 tsarati, 386 darrzsas-, 326 dak$ifta-, 317 dadarsa, 318 dadati, 332 dddhiimi, 1483 dan, 1049 dabhn6ti, 162 dama-, 347 damitar-, 301 dampati-, 319 dayate, 298 dardar(l)ti, 297 dardura-, 303 darbha-, 304 darsata-, 318 dasa, 312 dasra-, 295, 296, 298 dahati, 1476 dana-, 363 danu-, 326 dapayati, 303 -dari-, 326 daru, 349, 357 davane, 332 dasn6ti, 308, 321 devar-, 296 deha-, 1459 dita-, 322 dina-, 302 divya-, 338 disdti, 309 disa-, 335 d'ina-, 309, 500 diyati, 332 d'irgha-, 346 dudhi-, 567 dun6ti, 358 dura/:l, 566

1779

INDICES

dur-manas-, 359, 931 dUh 359 duhitar-, 561 dura-, 327 ditrva-, 303 dfti-, 318 dfS-, 351 d[$ad-, 311 d6dhat-, 1474 dO$a-, 322 dO$d-, 306, 309 dyau/:l, 498 drdvati, 351 drdti, 304 drantu, 331 dru-, 357 dru-pada-, 771 druma-, 356, 357 dvaya-, 344 dvadasa, 362 dvi/:l, 339 dvi$tha-, 340 dve$ti, 308 dhagnu-, 1568 dhdyati, 548 dhar-, 552, 558 dharma-, 353 dhavate, 545 dhaka-, 546 dhiitar-, 1483 dhdman-, 1483 dhiiraka-, 569 dhara, 551 dharu-, 547 dhi$flya-, 549 dhur-, 1316 dhun6ti, 567 dhUmd-, 564 dh[$u-, 535 dhyaman-, 1323 dhraflati, 554 nak, 1027 nakha-, 1087 nagna-, 291

nat;ia-, 996 nana-, 1007 napat, 102, 1010 nabhas-, 1012 namati, 1006, 1007 nar- 104 naraka-, 424 nava, 427 nava-, 1009 navate, 1011 nasati, 422 nasyati, 1004 nasate, 1008 natha-, 1084 nabhi-, 1080 nama, 1085 ni, 1003, 1008 nikta-, 1021 nindati, 1085 ni-mna-, 1243 ni-$thd-s, 937 n'ica-, 1021 nu, 1025 nau, 1029 naU$, 999 pacyate, 1180 pajra-, 1184 panca, 1173 pafla-, 418 paflate, l265 patati, 1182, 1196 pati-, 1225 patn'i, 1227 patra-, 1248 pada-, 1161 padya-, 1161 padyate, 1185 pdntha/:l, 669, 1221 parasu-, 1167 pari, 1176 pari-k$it-, 791 parUt, H80 parur, 1163 parfla-, 1247, 1248

pardate, 1176 par$a-, 1179 palikn'i, 1167 palitd-, 1219 pavate, 1198, 1251 pdsyati, 318, 1348 pasas-, 1173 pat, 1217, 1228 patram, 1267 paman-, 1186 payu-, 1217 par$fli-, 1247 palav'i, 1168 pa$afld-, 1168 pirrzsati, 1190, 1217 pingala-, 1188 pitar-, 1158 pft[vya-, 114 pinaka-, 1193 piparti, 1164 pippaka, 1196 pibdti, 1195 pi$-ta-, l250 p'it;iayati, 1189 pltudaru-, 1199 pivan-, 1188 pivas-, 1188 putau, 1259 punar, 1257 , pumarrzs-, 1265 puras, 1154 puru-, 1221 puru-pesa-, 1217 puro-gava-, l232 pulaka-, l256 puga-, 1253 pur, l220 pur-dhi, 1222 purva-, 1244, 1245 PU$an-, 1149 p[thu-, 1203, l205 pfdaku-, 1152 pfsni-, 1178 pf$an-, l244

i

�

t

1780 pesa-, 1217 pYUk$fta-, 1252 pra, l205, 1235 pratara-, 1240 prati, 1238 pratlka-, 1240 pra-par1)a-, 538 prasna-, 1207 pra-svadas-, 5lO pratar, 1244 prayal;, 1206 pr6thati, 1192 pIavate, 1209 pllhan-, 1385 plU$i-, 1671 pIehate, 1211 pIo$yati, 1209 psa-ti, 1666 phaIati, 1386 phaIgu-, 1560 phutkaroti, 1600 badhnati, 1558 bdndh-u-, 1171 babhru-, 1594 baIa-, 2lO bdIbaja-, 225 bahil;, 69 bahu-, 1160 bahU-, 1188 bi-bhr-mas, 1199 budh-na-, 1255 b6dhati, 1258 bhaga-, 297, 1543 bhajati, 1543 bhanati, 1567 bharati, 1564 bharman-, 1564 bhati, 1546, 1567 bharya-, 1602 bhas-, 1552, 1602 bhiisa-, 1567 bhinadmi, 1560 bhramara-, 1171 bhra tar-, 1589

INDICES

bhru -, 1135 makha-, 916 macate, 911 majjan-, 975 maiijarl, 904 maiiju-, 888 -mat, 1479 mata-, 173 madati, 890, 974 madhya-, 935 '"., madhya1]1-dina1]1, 499 madhu-, 919 madhya, 936 manas-, 931 mana-, 960 manak, 902, 966 manthati, 961 mandira-, 900 manyate, 892 mayate, 86 marakata-, 1365 marlci-, 907 maruva(ka)-, 82 marj-, 87 marta-, 243, 969 mardhati, 898 marya-, 921 mala-, 963, 965, 979 malinl, 924 mahi, 918 ma, 416, 887 ma, 941, 947 ma1]1sa-, 947 matar-, 948 ma ti, 12, 940 matra, 940 maya, 955 marjmi, 86 mas-, 945 mitra-, 959 minati, 923, 952 misra-, 920 mi$ati, 958 mih-, 1077

ml�ha-, 957 mlna-, 892 m /vati, 87 mudira-, 974 murmura-, 967 mU$ka-, 971, 985 muhul;, 236 mu ka-, 978 mura-, 992 murta-, 243 murdhan-, 223 mu Ia, 980 m u$-. 985 mrga-, 970 mfc-, 217 mr1)lhi, 907 mrta-, 242 mrdu-, 217 mrdna ti, 87, 201 mrsati, 235, 908 methati, 958 medha, 901 me$a-, 921 mehati, 1076 mIata-, 218 yakrt, 522 yajati, 12 yajiia-, 13 yatara-, 1117 yad, 440 yabhati, 499, 1063 yamati, 519 yava-, 497 yas, 1117 yat, 1683 yatar-, 389 yugam, 503 yudhma-, 1538 yunakti, 498 yuvan-, 47 yuyam, 1531 YU$-. 503 ra1]1hate, 403 rak$ati, 64

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INDICES

rak$as-, 133, 456 rajata-, 127 rajas-, 451 rajyati, 1279 ramate, 525 raja, 129 raraha1)a-, 403 rasna-, 505 rikhati, 453 rip-, 864 risadas-, 684 ruj-, 76 rujati, 850, 879 rudhira-, 466 rejate, 406 roca-, 851 rocayati, 852 ro(d)hati, 409 rauti, 1683 laghu-, 403 lapati, 834 labhate, 838 lavi-, 824 lasati, 840 Ia$ati, 862 Iak$a, 827 Ia-Ias-a-, 836, 862 Iinati, 859 libuja, 819 limpati, 64 Iuiicati, 1113 Iubdha-, 879 Iuna-, 231, 881 lehmi, 847 lotra-, 118 lopasa-, 79 Ioha-, 466 vak$ayati, 170 vagnu-, 1176 vacas-, 447 vajra-, 14 vatsa-, 474, 477, 928 vadati, 168, 1526 vadhri-, 378

vadhU -, 374 vani$thU-, 521 vandhura-, 30 vayas-, 599 var-, 384 varas-, 484 Varu1)a-, 1128 varutra-, 388 varutar-, 294 vartate, 1276 vardhati, 1101, l280 var$a-, 1128 var$ati, 1128, 1129 var$man-, 461, l287 vaIka-, 840 vaImlka-, 982 vasati, 26, 158 vasana-, 429 vasanta-, 366 vaste, 429 vastra-, 429 vasna-, 1681 vasman-, 429 vahati, 491 va, 507 vaghat-, 486 va ta-, 27 va ti, 27 vatuIa-, 27 vayati, 23 var(i), 100 varaka-, 525 vastu, 158 vahas-, 1138 vi, 578, 1437 vi1]1sati-, 381 vil;, 1064 vijate, 382, lO53 vidhava-, 512 vindati, 592 visati, lO56 vis-pati--, 1225 vi$a-, 595 vi-$ah-, 604

1781 vi$u-, 600 vlrudh-, 408 vfka-, 877 vrkll;, 880 vrjana-, 390 vrscati, 1273 vf$an-, 403, 465 (v)r$a-bha-, 141 vr$1)i-, 135 vega-, lO53 veti, 579 veda-, 578 veda, lO53 vedas-, 380 vevijyate, 44 vesa-, 1056 vesya-, 1056 ve$tate, 209 vyayati, 605 vyaghra-, 1684 vraja-, 390 vrlhi-, 1113 sa1]1s-, 760 sa1]1sa-, 814 sakrt, 748 saJikha-, 728 sata-gu-, 396 satam, 397 satru-, 761 .; saphara-, 805 sama-, 671 samya, 629 -say-a-, lO99 sara-, l260 sarava-, 680 saru-, 678 sardha-, 753 sala-, 623 sasa-, 666 sas-, 662 sii1)a-, 815 siira-, 690 siisadul;, 666 sithira-, 615

1782 Siras-, 677 slr$a, 645 suka-, 1669 suva-, 803 sU$ka-, 171 sU$yati, 171 Hma-, 793 su ra-, 807 sfnga-, 335, 766 S[11gavera-, 501 sete, 664 seva-, 664 socati, 799 sO$a-, 171 syena-, 586 srayati, 717 sravas-, 713 sruvam, 719 sreyiirrts-, 774 sro/Ji-, 717 slak$/Ja-, 820 svayati, 797 svasura-, 399 svasru -, 399 svas-, 803, 809 svasiti, 809 SVa, 811 svitna-, 1488 $ah 433 $a$tha-, 433 (ni/:t-)$th ivati, 1252 sa-, 1, 1634 sa(/:t), 1041 sakhi-, 113 sakhiiy-, 181 sagarbhya-, 20 saghnoti, 1326 sacate, 447 satya-, 473, 1117 sa-diva/:t, 173 sadhry-anc-, 30 sana-, 430 sanutar, 102, 162 sanoti, 110, 420

INDICES

sapati, 439, 448 sapta, 448 saptama-, 368 Sam, l sama-, 89 sama-, 1074, 1079 samad-, 1074 sam vid-, 34 saras-, 415 sarpati, 464 �.� sarpih 415 sarma-, 1105 sarva-, 1072 sarva-tiit(-/)-, 1072 savi-, 368 sasya-, 511 sahate, 491 sahtisra-, 1634 sahuri-, 490 siidhU-, 583 siiman-, 1057 siimi-, 520 siira-, 1297 sificati, 584 sisarti, 572, 1109 sitii-, 1060 sidati, 376 sim, 571 siman-, 590 su-, 484, 931 su-div-, 478 su-manas-, 931 sukara-, 1537 su te, 1528 sudayati, 510 sunu-, 1528 su rya-, 516 skandati, 1339, 1341 skuniiti, 444 skhalate, 1428 stana, 1153, 1403, 1404 stanati, 1399 stabhna ti, 1403 stari-, 1395

stibhi-, 1406 stiya/:t, 1405 str/Jati, 1410 str/Joti, 1401, 1412 sthagati, 1393 sthtt tar-, 1391 sthana-, 361 sthaman-, 1404 sthiti-, 1391 sthU/Ja-, 1417 snati, 1013 sniivan-, 1011 snihyati, 1003 SnU$a, 1028 snauti, 1000 spandate, 1430 spardhate, 1387 spas-, 1348 sphurati, 153, 1374, 1434 sph U rjati, 1429 sphya-, 1374, 1430 sma, 945 smayate, 920 smarati, 591, 909, 932 sma, 887 sytiti, 591 syuman-, 1531 sravati, 1282 sruc-, 1293 sredhati, 1069 sva-, 365 svaka-, 516 svata-, 476 svadhd -, 378, 395 svapiti, 478 svapna-, 1535 svarati, 407 svasar-, 436 sviidu-, 510 sveda-, 578 harrtsa-, 1630 hadati, 1618 hanu-, 267 hanti, 536

INDICES

harati, 1644, 1645, 1649 haras-, 542 hari-, 1638 htiri-, 149, 1642 harm(/)ya-, 1626 htiryati, 1607 htir$ate, 1627 hasta-, 15, 1621 hayana-, 1620 hi, 263, 1123, 1633 hita-, 1483 hima-, 1620 hira-, 1643 hira/Jya-, 1642, 1652 hUta-, 1628 hfdaya-, 644, 1119 heman, 1620 hemanta-, 1620 he$as-, 1606 homan-, 1628 hyas, 1321, 1632 hrasva-, 1622 hvarate, 537, 1585 Middle Indic

atthi-taco, 155 iitii, 65 tiirisa-, 1478 pippart, 1174 loptra-, 118 sakkhara- (Pali), 1302 singivera- (Pali), 501 su-mukha, 625 Avestan

aduuan-, 410, 425 aesma-, 37 aesma-, 1057 aeta-, 1063 aetahmiiiius, 40 aeuua-, 1060 aezah-, 183 aya-, 184

ayz6.nUUamndm, 1571 ahma, 519 aibi, 95 aif3ii-axsaiia-, 1094 aiiard, 525 aipi, 440 ama-, 1079 amdfa-, 242 ana, 97 antara-, 431 aogdda, 486 aojaite, 486 apa-had-, 1047 ardjaiti, 77 ardm, 123 arsa-, 133 asaiia-, 1351, 1339 ascuua-, 707 asista-, 1437 asman-, 52 aspa-, 598 aspdrdzatii, 1381 asp6.gara-, 214 asru-, 300 ast-, 1119 as-, 7 asa-, 65 auruua-, 480 auuah-, 424 auua-jaynat, 536 auuapasti-, 1182 auuard, 319 azaiti, 19 azdiia-, 470 azgata-, 1326 azi-, 489, 1135 iiiiu, 35, 47 iisiid, 1678 iiste, 518 iisu-, 1678 iizi-, 183 baf3ra-, 1594 baga-, 297, 1543 bairiSta, 1562

1783 baooah-, 1258 baooaiti, 1258 ba, 1565 banu-, 1546 baZU-, 1188 bdZuuaite, 1160 bi-taeya-, 1406 bruuat-biiqm, 1136 buuauua, 1598 bujaiiamna-, 1565 bUjat, 1565 cahiia, 1487 cardman-, 665 casman-, 1459 caBru-, 1499 caxra-, 799 cikaiiat, 1487 cinuuaiti, 1216 cinuua/Jt-, 1487 dadiiiti, 332 daoqmi, 1483 da1Jhah-, 326 dardya-, 346 diidardsa, 318 dqm, 362 diiman-, 1483 diimi-, 539 diinu-, 326 diita-, 332 diitar-, 1483 diiuru, 349 db6istdm, 327 dajit.ardta-, 1571 da/Jg paitis, 319 disiieiti, 309 dldailjhe, 296 drazaite, 352 dugddar-, 561 dus-, 359, 931 dus-manah-, 359, 931 duuaeBii, 308 -oiiiti, 543 drdduua-, 1101 drdnuuai/Jti, 136 "

1784 arazata-, 127 arazi, 1116 arazijiia-, 33 frabda-, 440 fraeStam, 1206 fra-stanuuanti, 601 fra-snu-, 280 fra-tarasaiti, 1507 fra, 1244 fraiiah-, 1206 fiarama-, 1658 fitana-, 1153, 1404 gaesa-, 1608 gaiia-, 217 gairi-, 227 gaona-, 263 gaos, 232 garaf3a-, 314 garama-, 542 gauua-, 290, 369 gaman-, 192 gana, 292 garabus-, 314 grama1Jtqm, 1647 gu-, 290 gufra-, 292 yzaraiti, 1570 Im, 571 hacaite, 447 haf-Si, 448 ham-, 239 ham-pafraiti, 1192 hana-, 430 hanara, 162 hauruua-, 1072 hauruua-tat-, 1072 haxa-, 1421 hazah-, 491 haza1Jra-, 1634 he, 365 hisku-, 603 hi-smarant-, 591 hu-jiiaiti-, 1525 hunu-, 1528

INDICES

hupa. busta-, 1258 huska-, 171 huuara, 516 huxsnuta-, 1040 hil-, 1537 ioa, 582 isu-, 595 lzaena-, 41 iziieiti, 183, 606 �·l jayara, 370 jaioiiemi, 544, 1216 jainti, 536 janaiti, 536 jiia-, 215, 217 jiiatu-, 217 jfti-, 216 kaena-, 1218, 1487 kaii-, 1218 kaine, 616 kamara, 630 kaafa-, 806 kars-, 1464 ma-, 416 maou-, 919 maezaiti, 1076 mayna-, 291 mainiieite, 892 mainiiu. tilta-, 1322 mairiia-, 921 manah-, 931 maoiri-, 982 maraiti, 932 marata-, 243, 969 masah-, 942 masista-, 942 mazda, 901 ma, 931, 941 manaiieiti, 931 maraya-, 925 mara1Jcaite, 217 marata-, 242 marazu-, 236, 238 miBra-, 959 mizda-, 957

marandat, 87 nadant-, 1085 naptiia-, 102 nas, 1004 nas-, 1004 na, 1029 naisml, 1083 namah-, 1007 niyraire, 198 pada-, paoa-, 1161 paeman-, 1188 paesa-, 1217 pairi, 1176 pairi-daeza-, 1151, 1459 paW, 1225, 1226 pantd, 1221 parana-, 1247 para, 1154 paBnl-, 1227 pauruua-, 1245 paiiu-, 1217 paman-, 1186 paraiia-, 1164 pasna-, 1247 paraBu-, 1205 pluuah-, 1188 pusa, 92, 1256 raeB-, 870 rah-, 135 raocah-, 881 raoxsna-, 880 rasman-, 1099 ras-, 133 rasah-, 456 rasaiie1Jte, 456 rasta-, 1099 ra1Jjiia, 403 rauul-, 403 saena-, 586 saete, 664 sar-, 675 sarah-, 641 satam, 397 sadra-, 684

INDICES

saravte, 675 scivdaiieiti, 1344 sima, 629 snaeza-, 1003 snaooa-, 1025 snauuara, 1011 sparaga-, 1376 spas-, 1348 spasiieiti, 318, 1348 sparazan-, 1385 sraiiah-, 774 srauuah-, 713 srinU-, 717 sril-, 335, 676 staman-, 1408 staora-, 1456 staiti-, 1391 staram, 157 starata-, 1412 stija, 1406 stilna-, 1417 surunaoiti, 719 silra-, 793, 807 saeiti, 791 (ana)-sita-, 791 siti-, 791 tiiao-man-, 1474 tiiauuaite, 1322 tarai-dlti-, 543 tarsta-, 1507 tasan-, 1460 tauruna-, 1471 tauuah-, 1456 taiiu-, 1481 taSt, 1460 tigri-, 1482 tiliri-, 152O Bf3aras-, 1310 Bf3isra-, 1317 Bf3arastar-, 1310 Brd 1Jhaiiete, 1507 ubdaena-, 1540 udara-, 1526 udra-, 1526

upa, 1535 upairi, 1533 upara-, 1533 uruuaesa-, 1286 uruuavt-, 1683 uruuata-, 393 uruuisiia-, 1286 uruxti-, 851 usaiti, 493 USi, 1131 uua, 96 uxsiieitl, 171 u na-, 481 vacah-, 447 vadar-, 378 vaeya-, 1053 vairiia.stara-, 131 va1Jri, 366 varad-, 1101 varak-, 73 varana, 858 varasa-, 839 varasa-, 1273 varazam, 450 varsni-, 135 vaxs-, 17° vazaiti, 491 vadaiiait, 1676 vata-, 27 vaza-, 1138 vahrkqm azradaiolm, 15 varac-, 73 varazana-, 390 varaziiqn, 390 varaziieiti, 451 vl-gaB-, 213 vl-mad-, 919 V1S-, 1056 vlsaiti, 381, 1056 �v 595 vlsa-, vohu-, 484 vouru-; 484 xraosaiti, 773 xratu-, 773

1785 xrilma-, 786 xrilra-, 786 xsaiieiti, 789 xsap-, 722 xsaBram, 789 xsuuas, 433 xumba-, 802, 806 xVar-, 908 xvaranah-, 1318 xVaSura-, 399 xVata, 476 yaes-iia-, 500 yaogat, 498 yaos, 35, 47 yatara-, 1117 yauua-, 497 yauuae-jl-, 1525 ya, 1683 yakara, 522 yara, 1682 yasta-, 504 ya, 1117 zada1Jha, 1618 zaiian-, 1620 zairi-, 1638, 1642 zairimiia-, 1626 *zanauua, 267 zara-, 1607 zaraniia-, 16tj:2, 1652 zaranu-maini-, 901 zasta-, 1621 zazaiti, 706 zamaoiia-, 259 zamatar-, 259 zanu-drajah-, 283 zara-, 1642 zd, 1632 zaradae-, 644 Zi, 1123 ziia-, 213 ziid , 1620 zinaiti, 215 zima, 1620 ZI, 1633

1786 inubiio, 280 Old Persian

adam, 373 ada, 1483 afuva, 522 aiva-, 1060 ana, 97 apiY, 440 arsan-, 141 baga-, 191, 297, 1543 Bardiya, 1366 basta-, 205 dasta-, 1621 data-, 1483 dim, 955 duvaistam, 327 fra-, 1235 fratara-, 1240 ga8u-, 251 hama-, 1079 ham-ataxsata, 1455 Haxamanis, 180 jadiyamiY, 544 ka, 732, l265 kara-, 732 krs, 681 Magus, 889 martiya-, 908 maska, 934 ma8iSta-, 942 ma, 941 Mi8ra-, 959 patiy, 1226 stana-, 361 tarsatiy, 1507 tigra-, 1482 8ah-, 760 ud-pata-, 1182 upariy, 1533 upa-sta, 446 uska-, 171 vardana-, 390 vi8am, 1056

INDICES

xsat,:a-pavan-, 1310 xsnasa-, 273 yauna, 609 Middle Persian

angur, lO azg, 1122 frasang, 1151 ganj, 255 jakar, 522 kalapaa, 626 mang, 888 marvarU, 904 pambak, 199 parlk, 1147 ropas, 79 salwar, 1307 tedzrev, 1472 varak, 129 yasman, 574 zanuk, 283 Modern Persian

aganis, 479 ard, 65 aroY, 454 azay, 1122 bad(i)yah, 206 birinj, 1102 bum, 246 daftar, 341 dana(k), 301 farsang, 1151 ges, 1608 gosa, 290 gUl, 1290 gurs, 840 yaram, 1647 jigar, 522 kabar, 639 karamb, 769 karyadan, 650 kaval, 611 kalbud, 626

kebut, 693 laglag, 871 ladiin, 855 mahr, 903 man, 960 marva-rla, 904 mori, muri, 968 musk, 971 murd, 984 nana, 1007 nav, 999 ni-kuhldan, 795 palang, 1152 parI, 1147 palez, 1151 pista, 1197 pll, 41O qaflz, 638 raxna, 826 ruda, 294 saya, 1351 ?andal, 1305 sakar, 1302 samslr, 1305 sana, 790 taxs, 1493 tab-aa, 1451 taj, 1403 vardlj-, 1112 xargos, 821 xaya, 1681 xar(a), 652 xusru, 399 yasaman, 574 zanax, 267 zar, 269 zarnlx, 141 zopln, 1327 iala, 1608 Pashto

mecan, 950 prang, 1152 soe, 666

INDICES

ylna, 522 yum, 84 ?manj, 790 cexsirf, 1036 bcembceg, 199 don, 326 fcendur, 1149 fcercet, 1167 mceng, 888 tcerqus, 821 Zcel-, 271 zceldce, 1639 zcerond, 269

duis, 339 en, 419 jeced, 1483 horitur, 1607 im, 591 loebertatem, 408 OdOS, 1051 oino, 1058 osmen, 1060 iouxmenta, 498 quia-nam, 1299 sa-psa, 1041 SOVOS, 365 suad, 1683 tagam, 1472

Sogdian

Latin

mnk, 888 murzak, 236 pwrank, 1152 zwtk, 503 zy 'nt, 149

ab, 117 abacus, 3 abies, 5 *abitorium, 5 abnuo, 1011 abolla, 5 abs, 186 Acca, 52 accipiter, 1248 acer, 50 acer, 57 Achlvl, 181 acte, 58 acus, 55 adarca, 19 adeps, 64 adoleo, 63 ador, 28, 29 aedes, 22, 37 aemidus, 1054 aerumna, 44 aes, 1612 aesculus, 31, 152 aevum, 35 ager, 16 agilis, lO aglna, III

Ossetic

Khotanese

dlss-, 334 paysa-, 1184 phvai, 1374, 1430 rrlys-, 406 ysanuva, 267 Kurdish

bUZ, 1566 ghilas, 677 pur, l256 Afghan

vriie, 1113 ITALIC Old Latin

escit, 470 asa, 27 cluere, 718 deico, 554

1787 agna, 59, 184 agnus, 89 ago, 19 agolum, lO aio, l1o ala, 111 albus, 77, 78 alces, 71 alea, 515 alica, 69 alicula, 72 aliud, 72 alium, 71 alius, 73 alius alium, 72 ala, 62, 67, 98, 1001 alvus, 170 amaracum, 82 amare, 1078 amb(i)-, 94 ambo, 96 ambulo, 61 amma, 88 amphora, 96 amulum, 93 amurca, 87 amygdala, 92 an, 97 anas, 1019 anc(u)lare, 95 ancora, 13 anculus, 95, 1169 angina, 18 ango, 18 anguilla, 372, 591 anhelare, 97 animus, 102, 1672 anna, 107 ansa, 521 anser, 1630 ante, 109 antemna, 110 antrum, 110 aper, 438, 640 ;

,

1788 apio, 120 apium, 178, 1574 aplustr(i)a, 178 aptus, 120, 522 araneus, 124 arare, 137 arceo, 133 ardea, 469 arduus, 1101 area, 27 argentum, 126, 127 argilla, 126 arguo, 127 aries, 460 arinca, 122 arma, 134 arrabo, 140 ars, 143 artemo(n), 142 artus, 144 arvlna, 124, 1112 arvum, 137 ascalonia, 149 ascia, III aser, 366 asinus, 1086 asper, 154 at, 161 atriplex, 165 atta, 165 atti/us, 474 au-, 167, 173, 1109 audio, 43 augeo, 171 augur, 171 augustus, 171 auris, 1130 aurora, 493 aurum, 1652 (aurum) coctum, 1071 aveo, 425 avia, 31 avis, 35, 1064, 1681 avus, 290

INDICES

axis, 111 axungia, 1088 babae, 189 baburrus, 190 baccar, 194 bacchinon, 189 baculum, 194 bal(i)neum, 195 ballaena, 1549 ballare, 197 Ballio, 21O bal(T)uca, 196 bambax, 199 barbarus, 201 bargus, 241 baris, 202 bassus, 205 batioca, 206 baubor, 207 bibo, 1195 bifariam, 340 birrus, 216 bis, 216, 339 bison, 216 blaesus, 218 blatio, 219, 1159 blatta, 219 blitum, 222 boletus, 250 bombus, 226 boo, 224 bOS, 232 bracae, 235 bracchium, 236 bratus, 235 brevis, 236 bromus, 246 bruchus, 243 bubalus" 229 bubo, 246 bucina, 248 bulla, 225 burdo, 232 buricus, 1264

'"\

burrus, 249 butyrum, 233 buttis, 233 butubatta, 207 bUXUS, 1259 caballus, 611, 728 cabO, 635 cacabare, 619 cacare, 619 cac(c)abus, 619 cachinnus, 660 cactus, 620 cadamitas, 613 cado, 665 cadus, 614 caecus, 616 caenum, 1193 calamus, 622 calare, 624 calceus, 627 calidus, 687 calix, 800 callum, 737 calpar, 627, 667 calvor, 686 calx, 832, 1610 camelus, 630 camera, 630 camlnus, 631 cammarus, 631 campus, 633 camurus, 630 camus, 688 canaba, 634 cancamum, 612 cancelll, 613 cancer, 281, 646 candor, 634 canis, 636, 811 canna, 636 cannabis, 636 cano, 512, 634 canus, 666, 1033 caper, 640

INDICES

capio, 640, 688 capriflcus, 458 capsa, 661 capulus, 816 carabus, 642 caracalla, 642 carbasus, 648 carcer, 645 carchesium, 652 cardo, 767 caries, 1260 carina, 651 carinare, 646, 681 carpisc(u)lum, 643 carpo, 649, 788 carrus, 442, 650 cassiterum, 655 castanea, 655 castro, 662 casula, 653 catlnus, 763 caucum, 658 caulis, 659 caupo, 638 cavannus, 658 caveo, 729, 732 cavus, 730 cedo, 397 cedrus, 663 celare, 629, 931 celer, 670 celes, 669 -cello, 711, 742 censeo, 760 cento, 673 centrum, 673 centum, 397 cerasus, 677 cerebrum, 645, 677, 998 cereolus, 690 cerno, 781 cernuus, 675 cervus, 335, 676

ceterum, 71 charta, 1616 chartularius, 1616 chrisma, 1650 ciborium, 693 cibus, 693 cicada, 696 cicer, 781 cicuma, 696 cincinnus, 695 cinis, 747 circus, 779 cis, 694 cista, 705, 1602 citrium, 705 citrus, 663 dvis, 664 ciades, 709 clamare, 710 clango, 708 clavus, 711 clepsl, 714 cllnare, 717 clivus, 712 clunis, 717 coactor, 742 coaxare, 727 coda, 1111 collis, 742 cola, 1169, 1464 colostra, 1260 columba, 667 coluS, 720 coma, 744 commentus, 173 comminus, 370 communis, 86 conditio, 543 conditor, 1483 conor, 371 cophinus, 765 coquo, u80 coradnus, 750 cordis, 644

1789 corium, 816 cornIX, 750, 758 cornum, 771 corpus, 1229, 1231, 1440 corvus, 750, 758, 1624 cos, 815 costum, 760 cotinus, 761 cottabus, 762 cottana, 762 crambe, 769 crapula, 768 cratis, 808 creo, 752 crepida, 778 crepo, 776 crodre, 788 crocus, 782 crudus, 786 cruor, 774 crusta, 786, 787 cubitum, 795 cubuS, 795 cucubio, 763 cuculus, 733 cucumis, 1330 culleus, 735 cum, 656, 731, 1038 cumlnum, 803 cunctari, 1066 cupa, 804 cuprum, 805 cura, 1472 curro, 442 curvus, 808 cutis, 810 cutis, 1363 cyathus, 792 cydoneum, 797 cymba, 802 dacruma, 300 daps, 303, 310 de, 322 debi/is, 197, 210

1790 decem, 312 decet, 321 dejluo, 890 defrutum, 245 delpa, 1332, 1489 dens, 305, 306, I049 densus, 305, 306 depso, 320 dexter, 317 dicis, 335 d1CO, 309 dies, 173 digitus, 300 dlruS, 308 dis-, 327, 781 discrlmen, 617 dIUS, 338 dIVUS, 330 doceo, 345 dolare, 297, 313 doleo, 324 dolus, 346 dominus, 732 domitor, 301 domus, 347 donum, 363 dormio, 304 du-, 338 duco, 20, 295 dudum, 327 dulcis, 278 duodecim, 362 duracinum, 363 dureta, 354 e-, 454, 507 ebenus, 368 ebur, 41O ego, 373 elephas, 410 elogium, 404 emplastrum, 1203 en, 520 endo, 362, 421 enim, 397

INDICES

ensis, 112 equus, 598 er, 1630, 1641 erugo, 454 ervum, 451, 1108 es, 389 est, 375 et, 476 ex, 433 excrementum, 778 experglscor, 370 extra, 489 faba, 1548 faciale, 1547 factum, 1548 fagus, 1566 fallo, 1566 falx, 495, 1549 fama, 1567 farcio, 1589 fascia, 204, 1557 fascinum, 203 fascis, 205, 1557 fastigium, 1557 febris, 1476 feced, 1483 fecl, 582 fel, fellis, 1642 felare, 546 -fendo, 536 fenus, 479 feriae, 540 ferio, 202 fero, 1564 fervo, 1590 fiber, 1594 fica, 1572 jlcus, 1421 fides, 1432 jldO, 1162 filius, 546 filum, 215 findo, 1560 fingo, 549

�\

fiscus, 215 jlaccus, 218 jlagellum, 1588 jlemina, 1577, 1580 jllgo, 1579 jlUO, 1578 fodio, 224 folium, 1596 follis, 196 for(c)tis, 209 forare, 1555 forda, 201 fores, 566 formica, 967, 982 formus, 542 fovea, 1618 fraces, 553 frater, 1589 fremo, 237, 1647 frendo, 1643 fricare, 1553 frlgo, 1594 frlgus, 1285 fringilla, 1593 frumen, 1556 frustum, 559 fU, 1564 fucus, 1595 fugio, 1565 fUI, 1598 fumus, 564 funda, 1430 fundo, 1629 fundus, 1255, 1257 fungus, 1385 fur, 1602 furfur, 1617 futis, 1629 gabata, 253 gaesum, 255, 1605 gagates, 253 galbanum, 1609 galea, 257 gallus, 621

INDICES

gandeia, 254 ganea, 260 gannio, 253 garrio, 262, 271 garum, 262 gaudeo, 270 gaulus, 262 gaunaca, 263 gausape(s), 263 gaza, 255 gelidus, 264 gena, 267 gener, 259 genista, 274 genu, 283 gerdius, 268 gerra, 268 gigno, 273 gingrina, 272 glamae, 274 glans, 195 glarea, 1636 glittus, 277 glos, 259 glUM, 278 (g)nosco, 273 gobius, 812 grabatus, 766 granum, 271 gravis, 203 gremium, 287 grumus, 288, 720 grunnio, 288 grus, 267, 1624 gryphus, 289 guberno, 794 gula, 312 gumia, 265 gurdus, 234 gustare, 269 guttatus, 284 habes, 4 hamus, 1605 haurio, 175, 180

hebes, 673, 692 (h)eia, 379 (h)elops, 413, 414 helus, 1638, 1642 helvus, 1624, 1642 heres, 1631 heri, 1632 hernia, 1644 hiare, 1617 hlbernus, 1620 (h)ibiscum, 575 hiems, 1620 hinnus, 593 hirrio, 682 hirundo, 1623 hISCO, 1617 homo, 1633 hora, 1682 hordeum, 779 horreo, 1627 hortus, 1645 hospes, 1225 hostis, 489, 1034 huml, 1613 humilis, 1633 humus, 1633 ianitrlces, 389 ibl, 582 ICO, 585 iecur, 522 Iegius, 508 Ilia, 588, 594 imber, 1075 in-, 1 inclutus, 719 inde, 307, 425 indulgeo, 346 in-gruo, 1645 inguen, 21 inseque, 428 insicium, 600 instauriire, 1391 Instlgare, 1406 inter, 431

1791 intus, 432 inuleus, 423 (in-)vltus, 595 invoco, 429 Iovis, 498 Ira, 1057 Ire, 388 is, 591 iuba, 377 iugera, 498 iUgis, 1525 iugum, 503 iungo, 498 iUs, 503 iuvenis, 47 labare, 868 labeo, 1623 lac, 256 lacerare, 826 lacerna, 871 lacerta, 813 lacertus, 832 lacus, 827 laena, 1636 laevus, 824, 825 laguna, 820 lallare, 828 lama, 857 lamenta, 858,,, lana, 858 langueo, 820, 854, 868 lapis, 848 lardum, 834 largus, 401 laridum, 834 lasanum, 835 lasclvus, 836, 862 lassus, 855 lateo, 831, 859 latus, 1447 laurus, 307 lavabrum, 818 lavare, 873, 885 lavo, 873

1792 laxus, 820 ledanum, 855 lego, 842 lembus, 847 lemures, 830 lens, 747 lentus, 401 leo, 854 lepista, 848 lepos, 849 lepus, 840 lestUdo, 1120 levir, 296 levis, 403 l'ibare, 843 liber, 1073 l'iber, 408 Libitina, 67 l'ibra, 867 lien, 1385 ligo, 866 l'ilium, 845 l'imax, 843 l'imus, 843, 844 lingo, 846 lino, 69 l'inum, 864 l'iqu'i, 845 l'ira, 867 litare, 866 littera, 341 litus, 69 lod'ix, 884 longus, 869 lor'ica, 569 lorum, 480, 884 lubet, 879 !Uceo, 852 lucrum, 118 lucus, 851, 872 ludus, 869, 870 lugeo, 850 lumbr'icus, 314 lumen, 881

INDICES

lima, 880, 1319 luo, 881 lupio, 883 lupus, 877 lurcor, 835 lutra, 1526 lux, 872 luxus, 874 Lyaeus, 881 lyra, 879 1;: , maccus, 895 macellum, 895 macer, 895 machaera, 915 machina, 950 macies, 942 mactare, 889 macula, 1367 maena, 892 maia, 891 malobat(h)rum, 896 malt(h)a, 898 malum, 944 malva, 896 mamma, 899 manare, 901 mando, 909 manes, 946 manganum, 887 margarita, 905 mar'itus, 922 marmor, 907 marsup(p)ium, 908 massa, 890 mateola, 894 mater, 948 mattea, 914 matula, 891 me, 416, 949 medeor, 919 medius, 935 medulla, 983 mel, 921, 926 melca, 926

melior, 927 melius, 895 membra, 945, 947 membrana, 945 memin'i, 929 memoria, 930 mensis, 945 menta, 955 mereo, 922 mergae, 87 mespilum, 936 metallum, 937 metior, 949 miccio, 942 migrare, 86 mihl-pte, 1487 milium, 926 m'imus, 955 mina, 960 minuo, 956 minurrio, 956 misceo, 92o m'ix'i, 1076 modius, 918 moechus, 962 moles, 990 mollis, 217 malo, 926, 980 mantle, 901 mont-, 972 mordeo, 87, 1367 morior, 904 mars, 969 mortuus, 242 morum, 968 morus, 992 motacilla, 698 moveo, 87, 93 mox, 917 mu facere, 973 mucro, 94 mucus, 978 mugio, 976, 977 mulceo, 217

INDICES

mulgeo, 86 mullus, 980 mulus, 978 murcus, 953, 978 muria, 982 murmillo, 967 murmuro, 967 murra, 968, 983 murtus, 984 mus, 985 musca, 976 mus-cerda, 984, 1365 musculus, 974, 985 muscus, 971 museum, 972 mutare, 961 mutus, 978 nablium, nablum, 993 naccae, 998 nanc'iscor, 422 nanus, 995 nardus, 996 nare, 1013 nares, 1288 natis, 1031 nauclerus, 998 naulum, 999 navem, 999 ne, 993, 1013, 1016 nebula, 1012 nemus, 1006 nenia, 1016 nepeta, 1010 nepos, 102 nepotes, 1010 nere, 1013 Nero, 104 nervus, 1011 nex, 1004 n'idor, 725, 986 n'idus, 1050 n'ivit, 1003 nocturnus, 1020, 1027 nomen, 1085

nonnus, 1007 nos, 519, 1029 novacula, 1040 navalis, 1003 novem, 427 novus, 1009 nox, 1027 nubes, 1025 nuM, 1026 nu-dius, 1025 nudus, 291 numerus, 1007 nundinae, 499 nuo, 1028 nurus, 1028 0, 1675 Ob, 1091 obrussa, 1044 obs, 1140 obscurus, 444 observare, 1490 obses, 1076 occa, 1065, 1087 ocinum, 1677 ocior, 1678 ocris, 1066 octavus, 1044 octo, 1066 Od'i, 1048 odor, 1051 -01eo, 1070 oleum, 400 ol'iva, 400 010, 1051 alar, 404 omen, 1060 oncare, 1044 onus, 55, 430, 1086 onus-tus, 55 operio, 112 oppidum, 1161 ops, 177., 1068, 1597 ops-, 1139 opsonium, 1139

1793 orbus, 1114 orca, 1537 ordior, 1098 orior, 1103 ornus, 1088 orphus, 1115 os, 1119, 1120 avis, 1061 ovo, 477 ovum, 1681 paenula, 1545 palla, 153 palma, 1145 palumbes, 1166 palus, 973> 1148 pango, 1184 pannus, 1187 par, 1187 parandrum, 1451 pardus, 848, 1152 pario, 1222 parvus, 1143, 1158 pasceolus, 1557 patella, 1157 pater, 1158 patere, 1181 patruus, 114, 1158 paveo, 1250 pavio, 1144, 1M6, 1249, , 1263 pecten, 790 pecto, 1164 pedica, 1160 pedo, 209, 1161 pellis, 1168, 1169 pello, 115 peluis, 1168 penis, 1173 pensum, 1446 per, 1176 -per, 1174 perfines, 1574 perna, 1178, 1247 pero, 1187

1794 perperus, 1179 pertica, 47 pes, 1228 phalerae, 1550 phaselus, 1556 pila, 1190 pilleus, 1191 pilus, 1191, 1249 pingo, 1217 p'inus, 1199 pirum, 116 piscis, 607 pistus, 1250 pisum, 1197 pittacium, 1198 pix, 1197 placenta, 1202 plango, 1201, 1210 planus, 1202 planus, 1202, 1203 plecto, 1207 plenus, 1403 plerus, 1192 pluit, 1209 plumbum, 964, 965 poena, 1218 pollen, 1147 pollingo, 1021 polluo, 878 polypus, 1266 pomarium, 1267 pons, 1221 populus, 115, 1247 porro, 1223 porrum, 1179, 1229 portare, 1164 post, 1156, 1224 postis, 1156 potis, 1225 praeda, 1613 pretium, 1238 prior, 1234 pr'iscus, 1232 pro-, 1235

INDICES

proboscis, promuscis, 1236 profundus, 538 pro-mellere, 927 prooemium, 1057 prora, proreta, 1245 prunus, 1241 psittacus, 1669 pudet, 1254 puer, 1143, 1266 ;:.\"; PUgil, 1254 pulc(h)er, 1178 pulex, 1671 pulmo, 1208 puIs, 1147, 1220 purpura, 1224 pus, 1256 pustula, 1600 putare, 1144, 1194 putus, 1198 pyxinum, 1259 pyxis, 1259 quadrans, 1035 quadru-, 1499 qualis, 1185 quatio, 1155 quattuor, 1472 -que, 1457 queror, 809 querquedula, 679 qu'inque, 1173 quis, 759, 1487 quisquiliae, 759 qUOd, 1215 quot, 1225 racemus, 1274 rad'iX, 1271, 1285 rapio, 453 rapum, 1277 rarus, 457 rasis, 1284 ravis, 1683 recens, 616 reciprocus, 473, 1237

reddo, 332 regimen, 1099 rego, 129, 1099 relator, 1280 remus, 454 renes, 1012 reno, 1283 ridica, 452 r'ipa, 453 riscus, 1289 r'itus, 131 rixa, 453 robus, 455 rorari'i, 469 ruber, 466 ru dens, 468 rufus, 466 ruga, 1295 rugio, 455, 1683 rumex, 1295 rumor, 1683 rumpo, 879 runcina, 1293 runco, 1113 ruo, 1107 russeus, 320, 1291 russus, 467 ruta, 1295, 1296 sabanum, 1299 sabulum, 1661, 1667 saccharum, 1303 saccus, 1302 saepes, 39 saevus, 31 sagio, 509 sagitta, 1300 sagus, 1300 sal, 75 salio, 72, 572 salix, 410 salpa, 1304 salus, 1304 salvus, 1072 sambuca, 1305

INDICES

sampsuc(h)um, 1305 sandalium, 1305 sandyx, 1306 sanna, 1307 saperda, 1307 sapo, 1307 sapphirus, 1307 sarcio, 461 sarpio, 139 sarpo, 1110 satis, 21, 146 sator, 1312 scaM, 1343 scaena, 1349 scaevus, 1339 scalae, 1404 scalpo, 1356 scando, 1339, 1341 scapulae, 1343 scapus, 1350 scarabaeus, 286, 642 scelus, 1346 scheda, 1435, 1438 schedius, 1436 scilla, 1352 scindo, 986 scintilla, 1384 SciO, 1435 sc'ipio, 1354 scissus, 1437 scomber, 1357 scopulus, 1357 scorpius, -io, 1359 scriblUa, 1360, 1520 scr'ibo, 1344 scr'inium, 680 scrofa, 287 scutula, 1363 se, 365 sect'ile porrum, 650 segnis, 513 sella, 375 sem-, 1 semen, 527

semi-, 520 semper, 394 senex, 430 senfina, 82, 109 sepelio, 448 septem, 448 septimus, 368 sequor, 113, 447 serenus, 1036 sermo, 462 sero, 1316 serpo, 464 serum, 1108 servare, 524 servus, 390 severus, 524 sex, 433, 1034, 1166 sextus, 433 sib'i, 1429 sibilo, 1330 s'ido, 376 s'idus, 1329 silex, 1610 sil'igo, 1331 silus, 1331 silva, 415, 1530 simila, 589, 1320 similis, 89, 1075 simplus, 117 simpulum, 1332, 1335 sine, 102, 162 sinister, 131 sirpe, 1332 sistit, 601 sisto, 602 sitis, 1571 situla, 1336 smaragdus, 1366 soccus, 1421 socer, 399 socius, 113, 181 socrus, 399 sodalis, 378, 395 solea, 1372

1795 sollicitus, 699 sollus, 1072 soloecismus, 1372 solutus, 231 somno gravatus, 240 somnus, 1535 sopor, 1532 sorbeo, 1292 sorbus, 1373 sorex, 1536 soror, 436 spada, spatha, spatula, 1374 spargo, 1376 spartum, 1377 sparus, 1377 sparus, -ulus, 1377 specio, 1348 speculum, 1429 spelaeum, 1382 sperno, 153, 1374 spes, 1649 sphondyle, 1432 spissus, 1382 splen, 1385 spolia, 1422 spolium, 1386 spondeo, 1381 spongia, 1385( SpUO, 1252 squalus, 153 stadium, 1387 stagnum, 1388 stamen, 1404 statio, 1391 Stator, 1391 stella, 157 stercus, 1400 sterilis, 1395 sterno, 1410 sternuo, 1246 st'illa, 1406 stimi, stibi(um), 1406 sfipare, 1394

1796 stomachus, 1408 strenuus, 1414 strictorium, 555 strideo, 1510 stringo, 1411 strix, 1414 stupeo, 1519 sturnus, 158, 1661 styrax, storax, 1418 suadeo, 100 suavis, 510 SUb, 1535 subare, 1420 suber, 1426 sucinum, 1373 sucus, 1093 sudor, 579 sudus, 171, 478 sulcus, 412, 1069 summus, 1532 super, 1533 superbus, 1534 supercilium, 799 superus, 1533 suptnus, 1536 sura, 187 surculus, 1104 surus, 461 sus, 1425, 1537 tabiinus, 534 tabella, 1443 tabes, 1490 tabula, 1443 talea, 1478 talentum, 1445 talis, 1478 tamnus, 533 tango, 1472 tapete, 1451 tata, 1455 taurus, 1455 tego, 312, 1393 tellus, 1478 tener, 1468

INDICES

tenuis, 1448, 1450 tenus, 162, 1458 terebra, 1468 termen, 1469 tero, 161, 1234, 1473, 1672 terreo, 1507 testa, 802 testimonium, 908 texo, 1460 thesaurus, 548 '.i;l. thymallus, 562 thynnus, thunnus, 564 tiara, 1481 Tiberis, 358 tigris, 1482 tinea, 1325 tingo, 1457 titulus, 1331, 1488 tonere, 1400 toral(i), 1494 torpedo, 1497 torqueo, 164, 165, 1452, 1504 torreo, 1471 torvus, 1452 tot, 1497 trabs, 1467, 1500 tractum, 1498 tremo, 1503 trepidus, 1508 trepit, 1504 tres, 1502 trivi, 1234 trua, 1496 truella, 1512 trutina, 1513 tu, 1420, 1521 tuber, 1521 tull, 1564 tullius, 1517 tunica, 1635 turba, 1138, 1520 turma, 588, 1302 tus, 565

tutubare, 1521 uber, 1124 udo, 1124 uettonica, 211 uitus, 216 ulcus, 412 ulna, 1678 ulula, 407 ululare, 1071, 1529 umbilicus, 1080 umbo, 85, 726, 1080, 1081 umerus, 1680 uncare, 1044 uncus, 1045 unus, 1058 upupa, 114, 448 unna, 1129 uro, 486 ursus, 133 urvare, 1109 uterus, 1526, 1539 utl, 571 uva, 1042 uvidus, 1526 vaccinium, 1523 vagina, 14 vagio, 1176 vagire, 528 vah, 1041 vallus, 517 vannus, 40 vanus, 368, 482 vapor, 639 vapulo, 524 vasculum, 204 vastus, 159 -ve, 507 vectis, 1138 vehiculum, 1138 veho, 491, 1136, 1138 vello, 70, 405, 858, 1126 venenum, 595 venetus, 211 venio, 192

1797

INDICES

ventus, 27 -ventus, 192 venum, 1681 ver, 366 verbera, 1270 vereri, 1096 vermis, 414, 1291 verro, 464, 1079 verruca, 202, 1287 verto, 1276 verus, 524 vervex, 392 vesper, 470 Vesta, 471, 472 vestis, 429 vetus, 477 vicia, 1057 vicus, 1056 video, 577 vidf, 1053 vidua, 512, 1631 vtdulus, 578 vieo, 209, 605 vigintt, 381 vlmen, 388 vincio, 591 vinca, 440 vlnum, 1059 viola, 594 virus, 595 VIS, 579 , 598 viscum, 594 vlta, 216 vitrum, 599 vitulus, 474 viverra, 35 vivus, 216 volnus, 1125 volpes, 79 voltur(us), 222 volup, 415 valva, 388 vomis, 1135 vomit, 417

vorare, 214 vas, 1531 voveo, 486 vox, 1139 zingiberi, 501 zinzala, 50l

patensins, 1181 puf, 1516 senateis, 430 sifei, 1429 supro-, 1533 aUAUF':;, 1072 TaUPOIl, 1455

Middle Latin

jujuba, 502 plastrum, 1203

Paelignian

Vulgar Latin

Umbrian

colpus, 735

alfu, 78 amb-oltu, 61 (buf) kaleruf, 687 bum, 232 cabru, 640 curnaco, 758 en, 419 erietu, 460 erus, 581 et, 476 Jeliuf, 546 Grabovius, 284 heries, 1607 karetu, 624 kumiaf, 265 nertru, 424 onse, 1680 ( perum, 1161 pir, 1261 prom om, 1237 pru-sikurent, 586 scapla, 1343 sent, 389 si-, 1537 sistu, 376 skalse-to, 800 termnom-e, 1469 tremnu, 1467 tuplak, 338 tursitu, 1507 turuf, toru, 1455 ukar, 1066

Faliscan

lecet, 853 Venetic

ekvon, 598 exo, 373 Louzera, 408 zo-to, 332 xe.nBe.i, 266 Oscan

aeteis, 43 aikdaJed, 37 aisusis, 34, 581 aserum, 392 auti, 167 biitam, 216 cadeis, 684 Cicirrus, 696 didest, 332 dolom, 346 Entrai, 431 JeihUss, 1459 Jutir, 561 hUrz, 1645 Ieiis, 508 Iuveis, 408 kaispatar, 704 nertrak, 424 nerum, 104

Salavatur, 1072

1798 Uru, 319 utur, 1527 vestikatu, 367 vinu, 1059 vitluf, 474 Italian

bambagia, 199 Gallo-Romance

*cabrostos, 640 *cantos, 635 *drullia, 559 *jestii, 500 drappus, 353 Modern French

bombasin, 199 buis, 1259 carte, 1616 perche, 47 Old Spanish

artal, 143 Spanish

alisa, 67 Catalan

a(l)bercoc, 211 SLAVIC Old Church Slavonic

agn�, 89 ajbce, 1681 aZ'b , 373 ber{J, 1564 beda, 1162 bel'b, 1551 bezati, 1559 biti, 1574 blago-detb, 543 bl�sti, 1577

INDICES

bijusti, l258 bijbVati, 1578, 1582 bogat'b, 1543 bog'b, 297, 1543 boijii, 210 borjl(, 1555 brasbno, 1568 brat(r)'b, 1589 brem�, 1564 br'bVb, 1135 Cel'b , 731 cena, 1218 cajati, 1490 caj{J, 1480 celo, 668 cesati, 682, 1035 ceso, 1487 cetver'b, 1472 -c�ti, 616 CUdO, 796 dar'b , 363 daVbn'b, 326 der{J, 318 des�tb, 312 des{J, 321, 327 dev�tb, 427 ded'b , 1477 delo, 470 deverb, 296 dl'bg'b , 346 do, 307, 551 doj{J, 548 dol'b , 551 dr'bVa, 357 dVOr'b , 566 dym'b , 564 d'b brb, 358 d'bSti, 561 d'bVOjb, 344 d'bzdb, 359 gnusbn'b, 1640 godbn'b , 7 goneti, 479 gora, 227

..

gorjii, 1622 gOStb, 1034 gOV�dO, 232 govor'b, 224, 281 grad'b, 1645 greti s�, 543 grom'b, 1647 groza, 283 gryz{J, 244 gr'bstb, 15 grbmeti, 1647 il'b, 589 im�, 1085 is, 34, 433 iskati, 34 jad'b , 1054 jagn�d'b, 13 jast'b , 375 (j)ave, 43, 46 jeb{J, 1063 jelenb, 403 jezero, 182 jug'b, 168 jun'b , 47 kaditi, 663, 729 kamy, 52, 631 klati, 711, 734, 739 kijUCb, 712 koleno, 813 kolih, 1185 kolo, 799 kositer'b, 655 k{Jdu, 425 k{Jt'b , 633 krotiti, 784 kr{JP'b , 783 kry, 774, 787 kryti, 787 kr'bma, 665, 1243 kuditi, 795 lajati, 831, 858 lahtb, 1678 lebedb, 78 ld{J, 853

1799

INDICES

l�Sta, 822 leV'b, 824 lice, 67 liti, 843 liz{J, 846 lj udije, 408 loky, 827 lomiti, 1030 lOV'b, 118 loze, 853 luca, 872 luna, 880 l'b bbn'b , 874 lbg'bk'b, 403 mal'b, 944 mazati, 890, 910 med'b, 919 meljl(, 980 m�ti, 913 mesiti, 92O meX'b, 921 ml'bz{J, 86 mlbcati, 898 moSti, 950 mostb, 950 m{Jdr'b, 901 mreza, 243 mr'btv'b, 242 m'bgla, 1077 mbnj{J, 892 mbsica, 976 mbzda, 957 na, 1029 nag'b, 291 namajati, 893, 946 nebo, 1012 nes{J, 422 netii, 102 nicb, 1021 nize, 263 noStb, 1027 nov'b, 1009 nukati, 1028 0, 1675

oba, 96 obora, 24 Oa, 1118 Odr'b, 1120 on'b , 397 orati, 137 orex'b , 144 orbl'b, 1106 ostroV'b, l282 ostr'b , 57 OSb, 111 ot'b-lek'b, 845 OtbCb, 165 OV'b , 1132 {Jz'bk'b, 18, 174 pek{J, 143, 1181 pelena, 1168 p�ti, 1172 piti, 1195 plac{J, 1210 plavati, 1213 plav'b, 1219 plesti, 1207 pl�sati, 1211 plen'b, l265 pljujl(, 1252 pijuSta, l208 pluti, 1209 po, 117, 1224 po-drag'b, 352 poije, 444 POl'b , 1386 po-setiti, 474 po-sledbnjb, 870 P{Jtb, 1221 pre-, 120, 1176 pred'b, 1176 pre-s{JCiti, 120 -pr�ze, 1381 pri-lbplj{J, 864 pro-, 1235 proh, .1237 protiv'b, 1238 pr'bv'b, 1245

puxati, 1600 pytati, 1194 PbCbl'b, 1197 pbsati, 1190, 1217 ralo, 137 ran'b , 1102 raz-draziti, 553 rezati, 1276, l283 rjuti, 1683 rUS'b, 467 rykati, 455 s�, 365, 760 sebe, 1429 sedm'b, 368 s�t'b, 760 sembja, 664 seno, 731 senb, 1351 skolbka, 1610 slab'b, 868 slad'b h, 75 slan'b , 75 sled'b, 1069 slovo, 713 smijati s�, 920 smykati s�, 987 sneg'b, 1003 snubiti, 1026 soh, 1093 ! SOlb, 75 sreda, 644 sr'bbati, 1292 Sr'bdbCe, 644 sr'bp'b, 139 staviti, 1407 stenjl(, 1399 stena, 1405 streSti, 1400 strup'b, l295 str'bgati, 1413 studenbcb, 1184 SUX'b , 171 svekrY, 399 svin'b, 1537

1800 syn'b, 1528 S'b, 1038 S'b-krusiti, 785 s'blati, 405 s'bn'b, 1535 S'bto, 397 sbcati, 584 sest'b, 434 sestb, 433 tajiti, 1481 taj9, 1477 tamo, 1479 tatb, 1480 tes9, 1460 teti, 1494 tina, 1485 tolb, 1478 tr'bn'b, 1470 trbstb, 560 tur'b, 1455 tyl'b, 1517 t'b, 1491, 1516 t'bkn9ti, 1516 tbn'bh, 1448, 1450 u-, 167 ucho, 1130 ugasiti, 1315 (u)strabiti, 1402 vaditi, 168 veeer'b, 470 vet'bch'b, 477 vez9, 491 vide, 1053 vera, 524 vetVb, 605, 1061 vid'b, 380 vlakno, 840 vlas'b, 840 vlek9, 73 vlbh, 877 voda, 1527 VOZ'b, 1138 vrat'b, 1501 vr'bch9, 464

INDICES

VrbX'b, l287 vysok'b, 1541 VbSb, 1056 XOd'b, 1047 xoxotati, 660 ZaVOr'b, 112 zelen'b, 282, 1638 z�t'b, 259 zej9, 1630 zlato, 1642 ZlbCb, 1642 znati, 273 Z9b'b, 282 zv�g9, 1569 zverb, 547 zvon'b, 1601 z'bl'bva, 259 ie, 307, 380 ielej9, 377 iena, 292 ien9, 536 ieravb, 267 i�dati, 1216 iica, 215 iid'bh, 311 iitb, 216 iiv'b, 216 iledica, 1608 ireb�, 238 irebii, 286 ibm9, 266 ibr9, 214 Church Slavonic

blejati, 221 buben'b, 226 cemer'b, 630 cepiti, 617 dremati, 304 glen'b, 277 glog'b, 279 istukati, 1516 jara, 1682 jatry, 389

�i.

jer�bb, 1114 jesenb, 1095 klada, 709 klejb, 736 kOS'b, 760 kotora, 761 krakati, 788 kriv'b, 781 kr'bxa, 786 kyla, 687 mah, 943 m�zdra, 947 nOVak'b, 1009 9S'b, 594 p/bVati, 1252 po-klop'b, 714 pyro, l263 pbhl'b, 1197 pbnb, 1193 pbstr'b, 1190 repa, l277 rbdbr'b, 466 Ser'b, 702 skoba, 743 slezena, 1385 Sn'bXa, 1028 stan'b, 361 stbblo, 1394, 1406 suloib, 853 vraska, 1273 v'bnbr9, 316 ielud'bh, 1641 ieludb, 195 iely, 1624 Old Russian

ez'b, 182 gdunja, 797 gOjb, 217 krbnuti, 1233 kudes'b, 797 l'bb'b, 874 morovij, 982 m'bSh, 978

1801

INDICES

P01'b, 444 p'blst'b, 1191 sedblo, 375 svat'b, 475 tjati, 1466 trUp'b, 1513 tyky, 1330 Uty, 1019 vermie, 1291 veno, 374 Modern Russian

bdjati, 1567 belyj, 1551 beremja, 1564 berglez, 1593 beru, 1564 beicit', 1559 blizna, 1579 bljusti, 1258 bO, 1565 bob, 1548 b6dnja, 250 bogcityj, 1543 bolona, 1561 boz, 1566 brat'ja, 1590 byt, 1598 bzdet', 209 cena, 1218 cad, 663 cary, 1468 celjad, 1464 cemerica, 630 cepec, 1347 ceremsa, 783 cerez, 441 Clen, 813 ded, 1477 dergat', 352 dern, 558 dert', 319 dol, 551 doid', 359

drapat', 353 drobd, 1505 dr6gnut', 1449 drom, 356 droiat', 523 dUr', 30 durnica, 561 etot, 397 glej, 277 glev, 277 glina, 277 glotat', 312 glum, 1637 glyboko, 278 gnida, 747 gnus, 1640 g6dnyj, 7 g6rod, 1645 gor6x, 1617 gosp6d', 1225 grab, 284 gremet', 1647 griva, 317 grivna, 317 gryzla, 244 gUbd, 260 gumn6, 284 gus', 1630 ikra, 522 iva, 1042 izumrud, 1366 jaccit', 1044 jajc6, 1681 jasen', 1088 jebu, 499, 1063 kakat', 619 kila, 687 klej, 736 kobyla, 611 kokotdt', 619 koleno, 813 ko16da, 709 ko16t', 711, 734 kom, 688

kopat', 749 kor, 646 kor', 754 korabl', 642 korma, 665 kor6bit', 651 kor6va, 676 krecet, 776 kresit', 775 kricat', 778 kr6kva, 783 kropotat', 776 kr6sno, 775 kroxa, 786 kruk, 773 kruSit', 786 kudesa (dial.), 797 kut, 635 ladan, 855 lapot', 849 laska, 862 lebed', 404 legin, 847 len, 864 lepest, 849 lepetat', 834 lev, 854 levyj, 824 lin', 863 ljaca, 822 ljudi, 408 lob, 874 log, 853 lokat', 834 16kot', 871, 1678 10ni, 426 16pat', 834 los', 71 lub, 1073 lupit', 879 majat', 91 mak, 943 malyj, 944 mama, 899

1802 marat', 969 men', 892 mezdra, 945 mjaso, 947 mjat', 913 moc', 950 molcdt', 218 molok6, 926 morosit', 238 motat', 961 muka, 91O muslit', 985 muxa, 976 mycat', 977 mylo, 979 mzda, 957 nevidal', 34 nit', 1013 niva, 1003 njanja, 1007 nurit', 1011 01'xa, 67 ore!, 1106 6sen', 1095 6strov, 1282 oieledica, 1608 pek, 1197 pelena, 1168 pen ', 1193 perdet', 1176 pere-, 1176 pered(0), 1176 per6, 1248 pixat', 1250 plavat', 1213 plena, 1168 plesti, 1207 pleva, 443 pijasdt', 1211 plov, 1209 pOd, 1228 pol6n, 1265 polst', 1191 pro, 1235

INDICES

pyrej, 1263 pyxdt', 1600 rakita, 132 rano, 1102 raz, 1276 razit', 1276 rebr6, 456 repa, 1277 rezat', 1276, 1283 rjab, 1ll4 ronit', 1272 rygat', 454 rykat', 1683 rys', 875 5(0), 1038 savan, 1299 sbor, 1564 sed16, 375 sen', 1351 serbat', 1292 skoba, 743 sk6bel', 1343 sled, 1069 slimak, 843 slizkij, 861 slusat', 1077 sm6rod, 1369 smuglyj, 1371 soW', 428 so16ma, 622 som, 630 son, 1535 sor6ka, 750 s6rom, 1658 sovdt', 1349 stan, 361 stat', 1391 stena, 1405 sterbnut', 1402 stog, 141O st6pka, 1417 storona, 1401, 1410 straddt', 1446 strogat', 1413

�

strup, 1295 stygnut', 1417 scepdt', 1346 sulo, 1038 tata, 1455 teterev, 1473 tina, 1485 tjamit', 1479 tknut', 1516 t6nkij, 1448, 1450 tropa, 164, 1500 tropdt', 1500 tur, 1455 tvor, 1373 tyl, 1517 ugor', 590 vaijdt', 384 vaiom, 384 verba, 1270 veres, 452 verx, 1287 ves', 1056 visnja, 594 vit', 605 vitvina, 605 v61na, 858 volokn6, 840 v610s, 840 v610t', 836 vrat', 393 vydra, 1526 vymja, 1124 vyse, 1541 XOd, 1047 xren, 674 zav6r, 112 zelenyj, 1638 zemija, 1633 zima, 1620 z610to, 1642, 1652 z6lva, zol6vka, 259 zvjagu, 1569 zvon, 1601 ielezo, 1612

1803

INDICES

ieludok, 1641 iidkij, 311 iir, 1634, 1641 iito, 1337 iolv', 1624

zl6d, 1608

pl�va, 443

Polabian

Bulgarian

Ukrainian

bjelojka, 1549 bum bar, 1171 c'ijev, 707 ciljati, 1490 CUdO, 796 depati, 32o drapiim, 353 dfpiim, 353 dupiti, 350 gon, 1586 izmollti, 223 juha, 503 kijuka, 712 krilva, 676 kresati, 775 log, 853 matati, 914 mezdra, 945 mE, 985 nana, 1007 p'ir, 1263 sliima, 622 stUd, 1417 sulj, 1038 tlJesto, 1389 vl'me, 1124 viM, 836

mal', 944 mukaty, 977 Old Czech

lakati, 831 Czech

blekati, 221 hon, 1586 katiti se, 761 krpe, 643 kfen, 674 pa-ces, 682 raz, 1276 raziti, 1276 roniti, 1272 siditi, 1663 stydnouti, 1417 teta, 1455 iir, 1634 Slovak

Slk. sudit', 1663 Old Polish

OZd, 26 Polish

deptac, 32o drapac, 353 gnus, 1640 lkac, 876 matac, 914 od-log, 853 ronic, 1272 wr6bel, 1289 zolqdek, 1641

zliid, 1608 Serbo- Croatian

Slovene

belica, 1549 gliva, 978 glUta, gluta, 277 m�zdra, 945 moliti, 223 oH, oHsa, 1052 ozditi, 26 plati, 1148 pl�na, 1168

buh, 246 di,rpam, 353 stezer, 1410 TOCHARIAN Tocharian A

ak, 1240 arkant-, 1114 iik-, 19 iikiil, 183 iikiir, 300 iiknats, 273 iimpi, 126 iirki, 126 iilak, 73 -(ii)k, 263 e-, 40, 405 ents-, 422 es, 1680 or, 349 orkiim, 1114 01ar, 169 kanwel]'!, 283 kam, 282 kayur�, 141 , kiic, 810, 13'63 kiitk-, 270 kiifi-, 1156, 1344 kiirnii-, 646 kiir�fi-, 764 kiirs"-, 764 kiiw-, 1629 kiis-, 1315 kukiil, 799 kupre, 1135 kuryar, 1233 ken-, 264 ko, 232 kft asu, 273 klii-, 198

1804 caeal, 1447 ekaear, 561 nu, 1009 nom, 1085 nom-klyu, 713 tap-, 303 tap-, 350 tapre1J1, 1135 tam-, 1472 tarm-, 1503 tka1J1, 1632, 1633 trak, 1452 triisk-, 1515 trit, 1502 triw-, 1509 trisk-, 1510 twa1ik-, 1311 nakat, 1004 nasam, 1008 pani, 1546 pats, 1225 pak, 1543 pal, 115, 1597 palk-, 1577 palt, 1597 pallantar, 115 pUk, 1155 pukal, 1559 pUtk-, 1144 pe, 1228 poke, 1188 por, 1167, 1261 porat, 1167 pkant, 1559 pratsak, 1240 pliie, 1577 ma, 941 malkant, 86 mask-, 931 mluskii-, 223 yal, 403 yas-, 500 ysar, 366 ri, 239, 1287

INDICES

rtar, 466 lake, 853 lap, 874 lawa-, 231 litantar, 870 lkam, 852 want, 27 war, 1096 Wa$t, 158 wap-, 1540 war, 1096 warts, 484 walla$tar, 70 was, 595, 1652 wik-, 382 wraske, 1273 sanwe1J1, 267 SaW-, 216 sa1J1, 292 start, 1472 stwar, 1472 spal, 683 $ak, 433 $ka$t, 433 $tare, 1401 $pa1J1, 1535 salat, 572 salu, 1072 sale, 75 se, 1528 sne, 102, 162 smi-, 920 sruk-, 1413 slakkar, 820 swase, 1541 swine, 1541 tsar, 1621 tsak-, 1476 tsnantar, 534 Tocharian B

akalk, 183 akniitsa, 273 akruna, 300

':1.

appakke, 119 amak$panta, 81 ala$$a1J1, 1070 alyek, 73 ak-, 19 ak$a1J1, III antpi, 94 antse, 1680 iirkwi, 126, 127 iilyintra, 65 e1ik-, 422 erkent-, 1114 ai-, 40, 405 or, 349 orkamo, 1114 ost, 158 auks-, 171 aulare, 169 -k, 263 katna1J1, 1344 kante, 397 karyor, 1233 kartse, 1607 kalne1J1, 719 kal$a1J1, 670 kal$tar, 670 kiitk-, 270 kiiy-, 1617 kat"-, 1156, 1344 karnii-, 646 karsii-, 764 karst"-, 764 kalyp-, 714 kaw-, 1629 kas-, 1315 keu, 232 ke1J1, 1632 kenlne, 283 kentse, 747 keme, 282 kerciye, 1645 kewu, 1629 kaUr$e, 141 krosee, 786

1805

INDICES

klaya_, 198 klutk-, 1461 klep-, 714 nuwe, 1009 nem-kalywe, 713 nem, 1085 nor, 424 tapp-, 303 tiis, 1444, 1455 tap-, 350 tam-, 1472 tarrek, 1452 tkaeer, 561 trask-, 1515 trite, 1502 triw-, 1509 tremi, 1503 tre$$a1J1, 1515 twii1ik-, 1311 twere, 566 nam-, 1007 nesau, 1008 nai, 993 paruwa, 1248 pake, 1543 pass-, 1378 parwane, 1136 parwe, 1245 palk-, 1577 pallatar, 115 pikul, 1559 pile, 115 pilta, 1597 pUtk-, 1144 puwar, 1261 peniyo, 1546 peret, 1167 petso, 1225 paiyye, 1228 po, 1155, 1188 pokai, 1188 pyakar, 1144 pyiiktsi, 1249 pratsako, 1240

place, 1577 plewe, 1209 mascitse, 985 ma, 941 mask-, 931 mit, 919 mlsa, 947 me1iki, 966 maiwe, 923 mlutka-, 223 yakwe, 598 yayasau, 500 yal, 403 yasa, 1652 yasar, 366 yap-, 499, 1063 yente, 27 yku, 1064 ratre, 466 riye, rlye, 1287 la1ikutse, 403 lat-, 831 lawii-, 231 lita, 870 leke, 853 laita1J1, 870 lkaskau, 852 lyasa1J1, 853 lyuketra, 852 wartse, 484 wase, 595 Wak-, 14 Wiip-, 1540 warsk-, 1096 was-, 26 wask-, 491 wassiite, 429 wik-, 382 witsako, 1285 were, 1096 wai, 386 sana, 292 siiy-, saw-, 216 serwe, 547

scire, 1401 scirye, 157 seono, 1417 starte, 1472 stwer, 1472 $ar, 1621 $alype, 415 $e, $eme, 394 $naUra, 1011 $pane, 1535 salamo, 572 salate, 72, 572 salyiye, 75 salk-, 412 sikna1J1, 586 suwa1J1, 1541 SUWO, 1537 se, 1041 soy, 1528 solme, 1072 skiyo, 1351 skente, 470 stam, 1390 snai, 102, 162 spant-, 1381 smi-, 92o sruk-, 1413 swese, 1541 tsiik-, 299 tsak-, 1476 ./ tsuwa, 358 -tsaika, 1459 OTHER INDOEUROPEAN Messapian

gunakhai, 292 vastei, 158 Old Phrygian

edaes, 365 iOS, 1117 onoman, 1085

1806 vanaktei, 98 ven avtun, 367 New Phrygian

UVUVKat, 97 UVUP, 104 (u)n:uflu, 19 YEYP£lflEVUV, 1650 EOUEC;, 365
adamu, 19 agru, 9 (a)murdennu, 6 assammu(m), 146 barraqtu, 1365 basamu, 198 budulbu, 208, 897 Gublu, 247 ban nu, 181 ha$$inu, III bura$u, 1652 huri'anu, 754 jaspu, 574 kamunu, 802 karubu, 289 khurunnu, 647 kukubu, 619 kuppu, 812 kurkanu, 782 kurkanu, 612 labannu, 820 madgaltu, 888 manu, 960

INDICES

parzillu, 215 pilakku, 1167 saqqu, 1302 sasu, 1325 sammassamu, 1325 serittu, 1061 suru, 1456 temennu, 1465 Arabic

'abnus, 368 aggur (Eg.), 10 albarquq, 211 basam, 198 bosr, 226 burl, 251 dirham, 352 fll, 41O gamal, 631 gem, 688 harmal, 134 �adus, 614 kamkam, 612 kasuth, 656 khalandjan, 256 korsuj, 761 kurkum, 612, 782 ladan, 855, 884 leken, 847 murr, 983 natrun, 1022 przn, 215 qalam, 622 qalib, 626 qazdir, 655 qermez, 780 sabanijjat, 1299 $aMr, 1307 saifun, 1036 sukkar, 1303 wain, 1059 warada, 1290 ward, 1290 zumurrud, 1366

��

Aramaic

ba'lena, 197 b'rat, 235 bizqa, 214 bus, 249 gamla, 259 /:za$$lna, 111 kitra, 694 ma'afora, 915 me§ka, 934 morlqa, 981 mura, 983 n'tapa, 1010 nirda, 996 salfa, 1036 sums 'ma, 1325 tanur, 715 tor, 1456 warda, 1290 Assyrian

burasu, 235 gunakku, 263 guzippu, 761 karpu, 627 karsu, 677 kasfa, 653 labbu, 854 ladunu, 855 masku, 934 PUlU, 1267 samldu, 1320 samtu, 1306 siparru, 805 sindu ar�u, 1306 suparraru, 1337 USSU, 1538 Babylonian

kalakku, 1610 lardu, 996 Basque

adar, 19

I

1807

INDICES

ap(h)ur, 1263 arto, 143 azkaf, 152 berun, 964 burdin, 215 mu no, 232 tsapaf, 154 tsokofo, 1372 zitu, 1337 satefo, 1301 Berber

ddrar, 163 aselbu, 1332 mogador, 888 zagaja, 1300

labu, 854 mnw, 960 ms/:z, 1613 ntr(j), 1022 qefi, 684 r, 71, 136, 1298 repi, 71 rms, 1298 sefet, 1036 sssn, 1373 $tim, 1406 W:d, 249 wasar, 204 wny, 1127 Elamite

cupar, 805

Burushaski

phe�o, 116

Ethiopian

$plr, 1427

Coptic

bai, 193 barl, 202 basor, 204 bori, 251 kommi, 744 sabouri, 1307 E�(O)U, 410 OU(E) LVL, 1127 ae'lfl, 0T'lfl, 1406 Egyptian

'ikn, 181 ab(u), 41O b'j, 193 b:�.t, 215 baban, 203 dql, 1005 bams, 815 hbnj, 368 hn, 181 jwn(n) " 609 �b, 612 kema(i), kmjt, 744

Finnish

juusto, 503 Georgian

*nt', 105 balba, 896 bU, 246 etli, 131O kotoxi, 812 kvisa, 264 laglagi, 871 mona, 960 panturi, 1149 semi(n)dali, 1320 si-qmili, 52 spero, 1427 yvino, 1059 Hebrew

'agll, 33 'erabon, 140 'abaq, 3 'ahaM; 8

'aleph , 77 'arab, 139 'argaman, 125 'aton, 1086 'etun, 1051 adon, 23 barceqcet, 1365 barzel, 215 basam, 198 bath, 206 b'dola/:z, 208, 897 b'ros, 235 beth, 77 bo$er, 228 daleth, 313 ezob, 1539 gamal, 259, 630 gan, 260 garg'rlm, 268 G'Ml, 247 glmel, 259 girda'a, 268 gofer, 235, 804 golel, 291 goral, 749 gulla, 262 /:zalap, 737 delet, 313 /:zelbana, 1609 /:ze$, 1538 h'sidhah, 14,:8 beth, 527 hobnlm, 368 jajin, 1059 jaspe, 574 jawan, 609 jodh, 609 kad, 614 kammon, 802 kaph, 639 karkom, 612, 782 kawwan, 1617 k'por, 805 k'rub, 289

1808 kinnor, 701 kisse', 653 koeloeb, 667 kofer, 805 kohen, 732 kor, 755 ktr mlkwt, 694 liibf', 854 lajis, 854 liimedh, 818 lebOnii, 860 liskiih, 850 lot, 884 ma'aforet, 915 mallual;, 896 miin, 902, 960 miine, 960 miirar, 981 ma$$iih, 890 me'iirii, 917 megerii, 887 mekerii, 915 mem, 973 migdal, 888 miklii, 895 miklii'at, 895 mor, 983 niitiip, 1010 nebel, 993 nerd, 996 neter, 1022 nun, 1025 pen in, 1193 pIgs, 1147 pUk, 1595 qab, 612 qiinoeh, 637 qiitiin, 762 qiiton, 762 qe$l'iih, 653 qinniimon, 701 qissu'ii, 1330

INDICES

qof, 684 qoph, 748 qubba'at, 792 siidfn, 1334 siimekh, 1328 sap, 1307, 1335 sappfr, 1307 saq, 1302 siis, 1325 sebiikii, 1305 sekar, 13 30 sekel, 1328 SIn, 1305 siqmii, 1421 sor, 1456 $6ri, 1418 susan, 1373 tann'in , 564 tiiW, 1455 tebhiih, 549 tahom, 247 teth, 548 top, 1518 Mingrelian

koto, 812

Punic

qn', 636 Sumerian

ansu, 1086 asam, 146 kalga, 161O temen, 1465 zid, 1337 gin, 636 Svan

bereZ, 215 Syrian

espero, 1427 gazii, 255 kelub, 719 m'niirii, 995 na marii, 995 qebuthii, 693 $elpii, 1303 s'm'idii, 1320 swbyn, 1327 tiir'ixii, 1453 zarnfkii, 141 zuzfii, 502

Ottoman Turkish

kalem, 622 kalyp, 626 kambur, 633 kiiviil, 611 lejen, 847 liman, 843 pambuk, 226 zumrud, 1366

Tsakhurian

Phoenician

Urartian

dlt, 313 ktn, 1635 lebonat, 860 Schchr = Sxr, 1436

burgana, 1262 l;arl;ar, 652

liigliig, 871 Ugarit

brsl, 215 br$, 1652 qb't, 792 qn, 636

"

Robert Beekes & Lucien Van Beek - Etymological Dictionary of Greek

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