.,.,.......4
LIFTINGACCESSORIES... 1.1. Wire Ropes 1.2. Chains 1.3. SyntheticWeb SLings 1.4. Hooks 1.5.ShackLes.... ......:. 1.6.EyeBol.ts. 1.7. Lifting and SpreaderBeams 1.
prtprrrd ly Tekfen Construction & lnetcllalien Totat 0uatity Management
eo,
lne
gr.phlc drrlgn Hasan Ozer Uzunboy
BfuetYapman
.......14 ......16 ......20
.........25 "......29
2.ryPESOFSL|NG|NG.... 2.l.SingLeVerticatHitch. 2.2.ChokerHitch. 2.3.BasketHitch. 2.4.Legs Bridl.e Hitches.... 2.5. Endtess Hitch . 2.6.EyeandEyeHitch. 2.7. Doubl"eWrap Basket Hitch 2.8. Examplesof Stinging 3.APPENDICIES.
2007
..... '...4 .......9
Appendix-1 Examptes for Safe Working Load Catcutation Appendix-2 TypicaL Web and Round SLings With SWL and
ModeMarkings.. Densityof Materials
......31 ......31 ......31 ......31
...........31 .
"..
.32
........32 ........32 .........33
.
......45 .
.
. .45
..........51 .......52
Appendix-3 Appendix-4 Recommended Hand Signats For Crane Operations . . . . . .53 .......54 Appendix-S Lifting/Rigging
Dictionary
x 12 means that each rope has B strands and each strand has 12 wires. The way of manufacturing wire ropes is based on this principte. The etasticity of a strand increases with increased number of wires. B
.2. 8eas,er-s*l9rlryss-[erltggtUge R gleg . Setection of wrong size retative to construction or qua[ity . Handting rope in contact with the load when use. . Faiture to timeLy lubricate the rope, causing wear to occur in rope wires during Lifting and lowering the [oad.
The Lifting accessories are as foltowr,
1
. Wire Ropes
. Chains . Synthetic Web SLings . Hooks . Shackles . Eye bolts . Lifting and Spreader Beams
. Twisting
. .
1.1. Wire Ropes
Wltt, llllrtf i .1le
slsffi s$ffi 's$ffi
'$Fffi *iiiW rFrSffi
$it}ffi
-1
tt,,t,ri rtr
llrr
ttrrlrt,,lt y rrr,,rrr lr jt
t
lt' , i t' , wr'tt ;l tl
of rope. moisture and acids. of temperature, Effect
.
Stretchrng ropes on one another or in reverse direction. Kinking.
.
Overtoading.
tt-gllA/ile 33p99 ln seLecting and using a steelwire rope, the fotlowing properties shouLd
1,1,-3, $"g!qg-!ig be considered:
lrrrilirrr;,rnrl lo,rrl lillttrr; I lrt,
Rope Core
rn;t,,tttt,, wl ty
the wire ropes are preferred ratlrcr llrirrr lrrrrrr ropes are as fotlows: . They are stronger, though atthc r';rnrl wr,tr;lrl and diameter, . Their strength is constant everr irrwr,l ,rrrtl rlry conditions, . Their [ength does not changc in v;rtiott', ctimatic conditions, . They have longer lrfe and durability.
. Way of manufacturrng of wire,
1.1.1. Structures of Wire Fgp-gs
materialand rope core used, . Number of wires per strand, . Way of winding strands of
A rope is composed of 6 or 8 strand:, wotttrrl around a [inen core. Each webbing is bririrltrrl with thin metaL[ic wires among themsctvc',.
(The tength along the rope in which one strand makes a comptete revolution around the ropel
Wire Rope
rope,
.
Maximum load of rope and its carrying the load with a certain safety coefficient,
Standards timit visibte broken wire to 1 0% of totat wires in a tength of eight rope diameters
1.1.6 Rope End Attachment
o Ftexibi[ity and fatigue resistance,
r
.
Resistance to krnkings, Resistance to impacts, deformations and crushings.
1.1.6.1. Wedge Socket Connection
.
form.
1.1.4. lnspection of Wire Ropes Frequent lnspection:
ALl.
Rope is Inserted into the socket by bending it in U
. Awedge rs pl.aced
sLings shal,L be inspected by the person handting
figure on side.
the sting each day they are used. These visual checks shoutd be concerned wlth discovering gross damage, which may be an immediate hazard: Distortion of rope in the sLing such as kinking, crushing, unstranding, bird caging, main strand displacement, or short rope lengths or unevenness of outer strands shouLd provide evidence that the sting or
.
The rope end is pulLed so as to ensure that the wedge enters into the socket and tightens the rope. . U clamp is mounted such that it wi[[ be at a distance of 4 rope diameters to the socket and 5 rope diameters to the roPe end. . Rope socket is mounted by placing the U bolts of the cLamp in a manner that they wit[ not be at the rope end. U boLt ctamps must never face to the
slings shoutd be replaced. Genera[ corrosion condition, number, distribution, and type of visibte broken wires shoutd atso be considered in the inspection, Periodic lnspection: A periodic inspection shatl. be performed by designated person at least annuatly and shatl be recorded.
rope end. Correct Method
a
1.1.5. Removat Criteria for Wire Rope Sling No precise rutes can be given for determination of the exact time for reptacement of a wire rope sting since many variabte factors are invotved.
Conditions such as the foLLowings shoutd be sufficient reason for rep[acement. . Flve broken wires in one strand in one lay or ten randomty distributed broken wires in one [ay. . Regulations [imit visible broken wire 10 % of totatwires in a tength of
eight rope diameters,
. Severe Locatized abrasion or scraping. . Kinking, crushing, bird caging or any other damage
resutting in
distortion of the roPe structure.
. Evldence of heat damage. . End attachment are cracked, .
deformed, or worn to the extent that the strength of the sling is substantiaLLy affected. Severe corrosion of the rope or end attachments.
in rope bend as shown in the
1.1.6.2. Cabl.e Cl.iP Connection
.
Rope is bent in U form
.
and ctamped at a Ptace ctoser to the roPe end. The eye piece of the
.
rope is ctamped. Other ctamps are mounted such that there witl be a distance of 6 rope diameters between both end ctamps.
U bolts of at[ ctips shouLd be on dead end of rope. Live ends rest in ctip saddte.
1.1.7. Maintenance and Lubrication of Steet Wire Ropes The first point to be noticed in maintaining steeL wire ropes is that the r opes are correctly unwound from sheaves.
As mentioned above, U boLts of the ctamps shoutd be at the rope end. Ctamps must never be offset mounted.
lFis
Since breaks and kinks reduce the life-cycte of a wire rope, such breaks irnd kinks shoutd be prevented. lf there is no possibiLity of fixing a sheave Do not stagger clips
e)
ln the fotlowing tab[e, the number of clips, distance between ctips and ctip size to be used according to rope diameter are provided.
of mm inch ctips 8-16 5116-518 4
Rope
Diameter
1? 314 7/B
25
Number
Wrre rope sheaves should not be unwound by puLling from wire rope. Otherwise, breaks occur in the rope.
U bolts on live end
between Clip ctips lmml size lmmt 80 9,5_14
Distance
5
5 L
110------T
130
with steelwire rope wound on it in a manner to altow it to rotate freety, one end of the wrre rope shoutd be fixed at a proper ptace and the :;heave shoutd be rotated as much as required.
18
J
150
16
11/8
5
180
18
1 1/4
6
2A0
22
1318
7
230
22
1 1t2
B
250
22
When winding a newwire rope overa wire rope sheave ordrum, the rnrtiatwinding is very rmportant. lf the windings of a rope are wound closer to one another regutarly and tightty, the subsequent rows properl"y follow depending on the initiaIwinding rows. A properLy wound rope wiLl have less wear and [onger life compared to an improperLy wound rope. several parts and wires of a rope have relative movements. The strands ,
1.1.6.3. lnterconnecting Two Ropes
formed by thin wires as wel[ as the wires of such strands rub against one another during Lifting and lowering of the load since they move continuousty. As a resutt of such rubbing, they abrade one another. ln order to prevent wear of steel ropes, entend their tife and avoid their rusting, the steel ropes shoutd be [ubricated . Lubrication should be done with a hard brush appl,ied on steel ropes. Before [ubrication, the steel rope should be cteaned with a hard brush.
Never use any kind of cl.ip to directLy connect two straight lenqths ol rope. lf this is necessary, use the cLips to form on eye fwith thimbte) irr
1.2. Chains
28 31 34 38
1
each length and connt-.r;l
the eyes together.
IFis Correct
10)
Due to their structure, chains aTe more stronger and easier-
to-use lifting components. Chains have a wider range of fietds of use since they are used as a sting, resistant to impacts, suitabte to use for sharp-edge loads and they are safe.
Hardened chains are durabte. Furthermore, depending on the characteristics of a job, the high strength steel chains are atso used. When chains are not used property, rustings, crackings, wears, stretchings and bendings may occur.
1.2.1. Points to be Noticed in Handling thains Chains shoutd be setected depending on the characterlstics of a job for which they are to be used and the weight of load to be lifted. Chain setection should be done by the competent technical staff quatified in this
Like hooks, chains can atso be X-rayed to detect some defects. Conditions such as the above shoutd be sufficient reason for reptacement.
J.,2.f,_tlgalDamggg Do not expose a chain to temperatures greater than 260'C. Safe working
loads need to be reduced when chains have been exposed to such temperatures. When exposed to 480'C or greater, chain must be condemned.
fiel.d. 1' ?r.9
1.2.2. The Grades of Chain The grade number of a chain is stamped on approximately every twentieth [ink or every meter. lf there is any doubt as to the grade making or if there is no load tag attached to the chain, it must be regarded as the [owest grade ; that is , Grade 30.
1.2.3. lnspection of Chains At[ chains used for lifting purposes shoutd be inspected before and after use. lt shou[d atso be inspected very ctosety for the defects every month. The fotlowing defects shoutd be looked for in each inspection: . Stretching or bending in any [ink of more than 10 percent, . Damaged [inks from sharp edges, . Deep rust, . Nicks, cut or gouges that reduce the Link diameter by 10 percent, . Cracks in any [ink I by soaking the chain in oit, cleaning the oiI off, then dusting it with powder, cracks witlappear as a discotoration; a powder
. .
s
qge
=""-clet-o-U
Never exceed a chain's safe working load. Do not use a damaged chain. . Avoid shock-toading chain ; that is, loading chain suddenty. r Do not cross , twist, kink or knot chain. . Do not drop chain from a height. . Use packing on loads with sharp edges. . Use onty the correct size and grade of chain. . Do not wetd or oxycut. . Hammerlocks and pin lock fitting may be used to atter or repair chains. . Ensure that chain fittings have a safe working load equatto or more than the chain attached. . Do not use mild steel chain of less than 8mm diameter or attoy steel chain of less than 6mm diameter. . Do not place the [inks of a chain on the load hook, but use a ring or an attachment I for exampte, a chain shortenedJ. . Onty use chains with a safe working load tag.
mixed with magnetic particles and dust onto the chain witl atso reveal
1.2.6. Storage and Maintenance
cracksJ,
. A number
of smatl dents like peen hammer marks lthis is an indication
of fatigue or work hardeningl,
. Wear in Link seat in more than 10 percent of [ink diameter, . Wetd defects and any other [ink deformation,
.
lnspect every chain regutarty, and remove damaged sections or reptace the whote chain. Do not repair or hammer chain, and do not heat-treat it.
Knotted chains.
10
11
Chains shoutd atways be inspected before being stored. They should be stored under cover in a dry area. Where possible, chains shoutd be hung off racks or pegs. Chains that are not to be used for long periods shoutd be LightLy oiLed.
@
The depth of al[ chips, cuts etc. must not exceed that
ldentification ol ofAttoysteet chain
a[[owed.
Extreme Wear at Bearing Surfaces Measure the remaining material and discard if it is less than altowed
R.Maarura tha trma srctlon
aftrr
& @
ur
@
lnspect Atl Links for wear at the Bearing Surfaces
to
d?trrmlna Nmount ot
str!tch
Look for chain stretch During lnspections
( Twisted Link
+
ffi(o'n'lrws, @
lnspect Att Links for Bends, Twlsts and Damrgc
@
Never Twist or Knot a chain
oon'txnot
1.3. Synthetic Web Stings
synthetic web slings offer a number of advantages for rigging purpose: ' Their retative softness and width means that they have much less tendency to mar or scratch finety machined, highty potished or painted surfaces and have tess tendency to deformation, crush fragiLe objects compared to fibre rope, wire rope or chain sLings. Because of their ftexibil.ity ,they tend to mol,d themsetves to the shape
'
of load. o They
. They
are not affected by moisture and certain chemicats. do not rust and thus do not stain ornamental precast concrete or
stone.
@
svnthetic web stings do not Damage or Crush Like Wire Ropes or Chain
@
Pipe handting ltlustrates the tendency of webbing slings to mold themselves to [oad, This allows handling irregu[arly shaped loads securely.
r They are non-sparking and can be used safety in explosive atmosphere.
r They minimize twisting and spinning during
Lifting,
. Their light weight
permits ease of rigging, their softness prectudes hand cuts ,and the danger of harm from a bump by a free swinging is
minimat. o They are etastic and
stretch under load more than either wire rope or chain and are thus abte to absorb heavy shocks and cushion the toad,
synthetic web stings are avaitable in a number of configurations find application in the industry: Endtess or Grommet Sting - both ends of one piece of webbing are Lapped and sewn to form a continuous piece. They can be used as verticat hitches, bridte hitches, in choker arrangements or as basket stings .Because load contact points can be shifted with every [ift, wear is eventy distributed and sting life is extended. Standard Eye and Eye - webbing assembted and sewn to form a flat body sLing with an eye openings in the same ptane as the sr.ing body. The eyes may either be futtweb width or may be tapered by being fol.ded and sewn to a width narrower than the webbing width. Twisted Eye - an eye and eye type with twisted terminations at both ends, The eye openings are at 90oto the plane of the sting body. This configuration is atso avaitabte with either ful.twidth or tapered eyes.
@
Endless or grommet stings.
@r*isted
@
Eye stings.
st"ndard
Eye and Eye stings.
1.3.1. lnspectio_n of Synthetic Web Stings
t.A.t. Correct
Synthetic web sLings must be vrsualty inspected before each use' sting shaLL be removed from service if inspections reveal any one of the fottowing defects.
when the incl.uded angLe is greater than 90", use shacktes to attach the sLing Legs to the hook. Using a shackLe prevents the slings from coming out of the hook and the rated capacity of the hook from being reduced' when using two sLings pLaced in a hook ensure that the inctuded angte between the sl.ings is not greater than 90 Degrees. This prevent the stings from coming out of the hook and prevents point loading which
1. lf sLings rated capacity
tag is missing or not readabte,
ACID CAUSTIC DAMAGE AND/OR BURNS
E_
2. Acid or caustlc burns,
3. Mel.ting or charring of any part of sLings surface, 4. Snags, punctures, tears or cuts, 5. Broken or worn
reduces hook capacity. [Fig. 25)
H ABRASION
stitches,
EET
CFI
6. GeneraI wear, stretch,
or tensite damage exceeding the
TENSILE DAMAGE
manufacturer's standards, 7. Expose " Core Warning" threads.
U
EXPOSED
.,CORE
WARNING" THREADS
1.4. Hooks
Hooks are one of the mostty used type of rigging hardware. They are made in many different sizes and shapes to meet a wide range of appl,ications. They can be attached to load btocks, slings, and other lifting devices such as Lifting beams. PreferabLy, hooks shoutd be embossed with the size, rated capacity and equipped with latcheslcatches).
H TI
tr EET Er Hl GN EN
ru
rFn EFI F{
't6
Never side Load, back Load, or point load a hook. ALL reduce hook strength and create an unsafe condition. Point Loading can reduce hook capacity as much as 60 %. tFig. 26)
Side Load
Back Load
17
Point Load
H
The sting or lifting device must
rrl
always be seated property in the bowl of the hook. lFig.271
1.4.2. lnspection of Hooks Before use, hooks must be inspected by a competent person and removed
from service when any of ihe fottowi ng conditions exists:
I
I
hook. [Fig. 28]
Latch engagement, damage or matfunction.
. Throat opening exceeding 15 %. IFig. 28) . Wear exceeding 10% of original dimension. (Fig. 281
. r
Damage from heat. Unauthorized repairs
Never repair, atter, or reshape a hook byweLding, heating burning or bending, untess approved by the hook manufacturer.
EI EI ET ET HT
cb
-t -b
l0olo maxlmum
twist allowable wear
Check for signs of oPening uP
Check for wear and cracks
@sl@
Batanced
1t,.
Load
0fl Center
HooK lnspecrton Areas
1tz 0ff Center
3t.
Point
ofl Center
Loading
Ell
GT
10% maximum
Check for cracks & twisting
cr cr
I
. Cracks, nicks or gouges. . Twist exceeding 10 degrees from ptane of unbent
.
Hl Hl
fl
Correct
Check for wear and deformation
LOAD Can Carry 100 % of rated toad
J. d-
LOAD Can Carry Approx.80% of rated toad
LOAD Can Carry
APProx.86% of rated load
|!ll!@@
+
@
LOAD Can Carry Approx' 40% of rated toad
Elfect of Eccentric Loads on Hook capacity
d. dd.
A
LOAD Can Carry Approx. 70% of rated toad
st"ndard choker Hook
@aaiustabte
sling choker Hook
H
1.5. Shacktes
1.5.1. Correct Use of Shacktes
t^*-,.ffid
in a mannerthat attows the shackle
body to take load in a true Line atong its centertine. Not in such a way that
bending loads are induced, other than those forwhich the shackie has been designed. [Fig. 34)
rn
The correct way to use a shackte with a hook is with the shackte pin positioned across the hook. IFig. 36)
FI FT EI H ET ET
cr
Never reptace shackle pin with a bolt
GT
Correct
tl
ry Hl
The toad witt bend the bolt
lncorrect reptacement of shackle pin
A g
ddr d-
lncorrect
dt J;r dt
20
+
When the used hook is smatt, some packing is required to stabilize the
shackte [Fig.
37)
Avoid using a shackte with the sting riding across the pin. This movement coutd cause it to unscrew. IFig. 38)
&$ Correct
lncorrect
Shackte pin must be in the hook and the stings should be instatted into
'A
the shackte body.
IFis.3el
Y
Screw pin anchor
Round pin anchor
Safety type anchor
shackle
shackle
shackle
Screw pin chain
Round pin chain
shackle
shackle
Safety type chain shackIe
l--l ,n.o..".,
r
U
1.5.2. lnspection of Shacktes Shacktes shoutd be inspected before use to ensure that:
. The body of the shackte . . . . .
'
and the pin are both identifiabl.e as being of the same quatity grade, A[[ markings are readabte speciatty the Safe Working Load. ISWLI, The pin is of the correct type, The threads of the pin and the body are undamaged and seated wett, The shackte and pin are not distorted and must be aLigned, The shackte and pin are not undutyworn [in case of more than 10% reduction in diameter, they must be reptaced), The shackle and pin are free from nicks, gouges, cracks and corrosion,
@rvpicat
shacktes
Never replace a shackle pin with a bott Check for wear Check for wear and
straightness
Never Exceed 120 Degrees inctuded angte. Because the capacity of the shackte wiLl" be tremendousty reduced.
Check that pin is atways seated
Check that shackte is not "opening up"
The load witt bend the bott
@
22
@
Reptacing shackte Pins
23
sn"ckte lnspection Area3
1.5. Eye Botts Eye Bol.ts are often al.ready instalted in etectric motors, etc, but stitLthey
have to be checked atways for a safe working load stamp before using them to tift a Load. lf there is no safe working load stamped on the bo[t, do not use it and find atternative means of slinging the [oad.
There are two types of eye botts used: Ptain or shoutderl.ess eye botts: onty to be used for lifting at an ang[e, as with two or more stings.
Poor Practice Never allow shackle to be putted at an angle -the tegs wi[[ open up
Good Practice Pack in the pin with
washers to centralize the shackle--
@
Cottared or fLanged eye botts: can be used for Lifting at an angte, as with two or more stings.
Eccentric shackte Loads
1-.6.1.
Correct Use of Eye Botts
lf using a singl.e eye boLt to Lift a load, use some means to prevent the load from turning and the bol.t from undoing. Attach a fibre rope ltagl,ine)
to controtthe [oad. Do not Lift the load any higher than is absotutely necessary'
The correct method of attaching a sling to an eye bolt is to use a shackte. Never pass the sLings through the eye and back to the hook. Before using an eye bolt to lift a load: o lt must be checked for defects, o lt must be packed so that the eye bott is screwed down ftush with packing or surface, o lt must be turned to the direction of the putt, . The Safe Working Load ISWLJ shoutd be checked. lf the toad shifts the sting witt unscrew the shackte pin
@
Do not use Screw Pin Shacktes if the Pin can Rol[ Under Load end Unscrcw
INCORRECT -
lf shoulderless and ring bolts are pulled at an angle as shown they witl either bend of break.
-
CORRECT
Shoulderless eye and ring bolts are
CORRECT
INCORRECT
Load is in the ptane of
When the toad is apptied to the eye in this direction it will bend.
the eye.
\
w
designed for vertical toads
only
CORRECT -use a
shackle
Shoulderless ring bott Shoulderless eye bott
INCORRECT
Shouldertess ring bott
shoutdertess eye bott
@o.i"ntation
@
of Eye Botts
Neverlnsertthe Point
of a Hook in an Eye Bolt
@ur"of
EyeBotts
Never run a sling through a pair of eye as shown. The loads in this tifting resutt in an effective load at much more severe
Correct for Shoulder Type Eye & Ring Botts Providing loads are reduced to account for angular loading
INCORRECT
-z
Ensure
Nut must be property
torqued.
Ensure that that tapped hote is deep tightened enough.
bott is
Pack with washers to ensure that shoutder is
The load angle is reduced from P to 0 and the loads A and B combine to give C.
Use a pair of shackles instead.
@Lifting
in contacl with surface
into place.
must be in
futl contact with surface.
When the eye botts cannot be
@
with Eye Bott
firmly
aligned
Use a shim or washer
use of Shoutder Type Eye and Ring Botts
@nrisnmentof
Eye Bott
H
1.5.2. lnspection of Eye Botts Before use, eye botts must be inspected visuatty by a competent person. lf any of the fottowing conditions exists, the eye bott must be removed off service: . Bent or distorted eye or shank, . Nicks and gouges, . Obvious wear, . Worn, corroded and/or distorted threads, o Heat damage, . Absence of Safe Working Load [SWL) marking.
f,n FT
Inr
Grr
H G[
+ dr # + H
1.7. Lifting and Spreader Beams
Lifting beams support a load during a Lift. They are designed for bending, and have a top-centered lug or hole at each end on the bottom side. Spreader Beams help to maintain the distance of a rigging device [sling, [ink, shackte) so that side-toading on a load or Lifting lug does not occur. Lifting and Spreader Beams hetp to eliminate the possibility of a load tipping, siiding, bending or being crushed by a sting. A Lifting Beam, Spreader or Equatizer Beam should be designed by a quatified engineer. For questions or concerns retated to any beam used in tifting on a project, contact your safety representative. A Lift or Spreader Beam shoutd be: . lnspected frequentty by a quatified engineer, . Stamped with a maximum capacity, . ldentified by some recordable marking/number, . Load tested to design specifications.
dr
A d.
ln addition, tapped receiving hotes must be cleaned and inspected for thread wear and deterioration. Any atteration or repair to eye botts, such as grinding, machining, wetding, notching, stamping, etc. is not
-b d*
permissibte. Eye bolts which have visibte signs that alterations or repairs have been made must be removed from service and shouLd be
dt
destroyed.
* * *
28
+
Lifting Beam
Spreader Beam
C{
Irl H 2.1. Singte Verticat Hitch
ln this type of sLinging, it is very difficul't to control the [oad. A srngle vertrcal sling may turn when the Load is hung' As a resutt of such turning, the rope may be broken or scraped. Since the whole load is on a single
Spreader Beams
AB
l-l ill HW
sLing, Lifting and carrying
*fu
performed safelY. [Fig.
v
wi[[not
54)
2.2. Choker Hitch
W
Loads in A & B do not change when beam angle changes Loads in C & D wltt chrngr beam angle chrngu
ll
{x
be
W&
The choker hitch is used for b[ock loads with baLanced center of gravity' The loads are choke-hitched exactty at their center of gravity. The weight of load equal.l,y distributed over both [egs'
is '
# ffi
IFis
55)
2.3. Basket Hitch
ln this type of sl.inging, either a singl.e sling atone or two stings are used together in form of a basket. ln a basket hitch, the load is this type equalLy drstributed over both Legs' ln of sl.inging, care shoutd be taken to avoid
crushing of the sLing under
Load
or jamming
ffiW
etsewhere. [Fig. 56) 2.1. Legs Bridl'e
@
spreader and Equatlzer Bcrm!
ffiffi
H
itches
are ln this type of hitches, the I'egs of the sling downward. The sLing ends are instalted on
the [oad, whil.e its center is instat[ed on the hook. [Fig. 57)
2.5. Endtess Hitch
&Ae
AAA
2.8. Examptes of Stinging
This type of hitch is mostty used in chain stings. The load is equatty distributed over both tegs. The center of gravity of the [oad shoutd be taken into account in rigging, Special.ty for cytindricattoads, care should be taken to avoid sLiding of the load through the
Leg length can be adiusted with turnbuckles
sting. IFig. 58)
@
2.5.Eye and Eye Hitch Eye and Eye hitches have two types: wire rope or chaln, varying according to the name of use. Singte eye sling
shoutd never be used atone. Othen,uise, It causes the load to turn and retease. IFig. 5e)
Leg Bridte Hitches
12
tegsl
Ij\A/fu
Noter Load may be supported
on onty 2 legs while 3rd leg batances it.
AA& bLr&
2.7. Double Wrap Basket Hitch
@
Leg Bridte Hitch 13 tegsl
A doubte wrap basket hitch is used for tifting
UA
ptain cylindrical loads. Since the load is kept within sting wrapping, the sting keeps contact with the Load by 360o. Care shoutd be taken for slinging cytindrica[ [oads at their center of gravity. IFig. 601
Note: The capacity of basket hitches are affected by their sting angles.
<-all+ e @sinste
Basket Hitch
33
Choker hitches are not suited to long loose
Not recommended r when loads are
bundtes
long
RrcHr
// \
// \\ a-4------!Where a large load is to be tifted, a four-leg bridte sling can be made into a targe double basket sling.
*tttl\
Doubted Choker Use a Doubled Choker to
stipprns
turn loads
W
,:"nn"',Hl'"0'
-+/-rtl,/\ \ ^ .rf{
60 degree or more
['rli;:'J'
q\t
ro prrvrnt stlPP.9.
RIGHT
k..p
,,]'angtc60dogrm
I
# w
ormorr
o
/n t-w r.-1r
WRONG
E@
ooubte Basket Hitches Chokers do not full support for toose loads-materiaI can fall out
@
sinsle choker Hitches
The hitch
Wrap itch
e
@
compresses the load and prevents it from stipping out of the slings.
Doubtewrap Basket Hltch
@
Doubte choker Hitches
The hitch
compresses the toad and prevents it from stipping out of the slings. Sting Doubte Wrap Basket Hitch When sting legs are not of equal length use smattest H/L ratio
Weight = SWL lof single verticat hitchl Pair of Doubte Wrap Baskct Hltchm
@l
xH/Lx2
Determination of capacity of 2-Leg Bridte Hitches
@
Doubte Wrap choker Hitches
@fl Note: Ensure that the sptice is atways clear of the hooks and load
Determination of
Capacity of 3- Leg Bridte Hitches
When tegs of equal length use sma[lest H/ L ratio
Endlcrr rtlng ln doubtc
bukrt
hltch
conllgur.tlon
Note: Load may be supported on onty 2 legs white 3rd [eg balances it. Therefore the recommended safe weight to load is
Endless or
9rommet sting in verticaI hitch configuration
Weight = SWL. I of singte verticat hitchl x H/L x 2
2 Grommct
or.ndlart
slings ln doubh b.rkal hltch conflgumtlon
@
Determination of
Capacity of 4- Leg Bridte
Hitches
When tegs are not of equa[ length use
L
smallest H/L ratio
Endless sting in Choker Hitch Configuration
@
Note: Load may be carried bY onty 2 legs while other legs onty batance it. Therefore tho recommended safe weight to load is: Endtess Stings or orommet sllngg
Weight = SWL [of singte verticat hitchl
1A
37
xHlLx2
H
ril
@
Determination of Capacity of Single Choker Hitch
ElI
H
When this angle is
greater than 45o
dr
lnclined Legs Weight = SWL lof single vertical hitch I x H/Lx2
Vertical Legs Weight = SWL (of singte vertical hitch
lx2
@
Determination of Capacity of Singte Basket Hitch
ooo oo lr-, o .o Weight = SWL lof single verticat hitch I x H/Lx4
@
Determination of Capacity of Double Basket Hitch and lnclined Logs
Weight = SWL I of single vertical hitch I x 3/4
+ q. Ell
-I Eh
-L dr dr
+ H s + Ef
When this angle is less than 450 Weight =SWL I of singte verticat hitch I x A/B
@
Determination of Capacity of Doubte choker Hitch
*
d. Eb
+
*
When the choker angle is greater than 450 Weight =SWL (of singte
verticat hitchl x 314 x Hll x2
When the choker ang[e is tess than 45o
Weight =SWL lof singte vertical hitchl x A/B x H/L x
2
H Everything below the boom point is
Hook in Master Llnk nO
@ntr
Rigging Equipment Must be Counted as Part of the Load
-
reduction Rapid swinging causes load to drift
out- increasing radius and load on
@@
Keep the Load under Control at All Times
@arr
stings shoutd carry identification Tags
Rrdlus of contect should
@O'.instings
bs equal to rope lay
@ 40
1
Ensure that stings are protected at Att sharp corners on Heavy
l+1
ltrmr.
The tension
Carrying Fut[ Load
@@
Never wrap a Rope Around a Hook
@lf!
Know what the Load in Each Sting Leg witt be Betore the Lift is Made
on a Rigid object the Load Coutd Be Carried 0n Onty 2 Legs or Sting White Other Legs Onty Serve to Batance
@
Severe bending
t_:_l
Ll
[:
Let the eye ride higher and keep this angte approximatety 45 degrees or
@@
more Do not Permit Bending Near Any sptice or Attached Fitting Get severe toading in stings
because of low sling angles
lf L is greater than
@cn"ck
S
then stlng rngh lr 0K
on sting Angte
L1,
Appendix-l Examples for Safe Working Load Calculation A way to find the capacity of the required sling: SWL = UH x Weight/No of Sl"ings
@wn"never2or
more ropes are to be Ptaced Over a Hook- Use a Shackle
@![
ut"
Tag Lines to Controt Ail Loads
No No No No
of Slings = 1 [For 1-teg sLings] of Stings = 2[For 2-Leg sl.ings)
H
I
of Stings = 2lFor 3-l,eg sl,ings) of Stings =2lFor 4-Leg sLings)
Note: For 3-[eg and 4-teg stings, 2 legs shoutd be considered to carry the load whereas the others to balance it.
@
a"rore Being Unhooked Att
Loads Must Be Safely Landed and Properly Locked
0ne-teg Stings:
Two-leg Stings:
SWL = VH x WeighVNo of SLings
SWL = VH x Weight/No of SLings SWL=1/1x100012
@f,
SWL=1/1x100011
Possibitity of Distodgement
SWL = 1000 ks
Load and Secure Att Materiltr so as to Prevent Any Movement or
Sting capacity must be at least 1000 kg. (Fis. 9a) Min. SWL = 1000 k9
@
sa"y Away From Me when They are Being pulled out From Under Loadg.
SWL = 500 kg Each sting capacity must be at
least 500 kg. [Fig.
951
For-teg Stings
H
H = 0.866 m
I
I
L=1m&H=0.866m Weight = 1500 kg SWL = UH x WeighVNo. of stings = 110.866 x 1500/2
= 1.15 x 750 = 962 kg
Each sting capacity must be at
The required sting safe working load at angte [2
Leg sl.ings)
l"east 862 kg. [Fig. 98)
Sting Angte Factors
SWL = UH x WeighVNo. of stings SWL = 1/0.866x1000/2
"Angte Factors" that appLy to Two-Legged Stings, are the factors used to catculate the tension according to the ang[e between slings-
SWL = 577 kg Each sting capacity must be at least 577 kg. [Fig. 96)
Three-Leg Sl.ings
Sling angLe factors Factor Sting angte 30o and
beltow load x 0.5
60o 61o to 90o 91o to 120o
31o to
SWL = VH x Weight/No. of stings
L=1m&H=0.866m
load x 0.6 load x 0.7 [oad x 1
Weight = 1500 kg Therefore, if you sling a load using two stings at an angte of 60" muttipty the weight of the Load by 0.6 to find out how much tension is in each sling. The answer witL give you required safe working load of each sting.
SWL = 110.866x1500/2 = 1.15 x 750
=862k9 Each sting capacity must be at least
Finding Sting AngLe lthe angl'e between stings, which is in this case AJ
862k9. [Fis eTl Sting Length = L Tle distance between the Lifting Lugs = A = 60 Degrees lfL=L1 A = 90 Degrees lf L = 3/4 of lf L = Hal.f of L1 A= 120 Degrees
Note: Atways consider number of stings are 2 for both three and four leg stings. The other legs onty balances the load.
L1
LA
L7
/;\ L1
t-l
LI
Appendix-3 Density of MateriaLs
M4prigl .
r
Appendix-4 Recommended Hand Signats For Crane Operations Density
kg/m'
Density
tb/ft'
Emergency Stop
Aluminium Brass
B'ronze
Qqppq{ ,' , lrqn, , l*ead Mabne5iurn ' 0i[ ,' , , ,
Paper:
Steel Water fSaft] Water
8650 rBB2o 7690 1350 , 1770 gx0 130 1
1
7850 102{
l,Average)
8CI0
Ctench and Unctench Fingers to Signat 'Take The Strain' 0r 'lnch The Load'
540 550
480 708
1i0 50 7A
S[ew ln Direction lndicated
490 64
b0
Note:
1- ln some cases the above figures average on[y and the actualwcir;lrt may vary according to particu[ar composition / water content, otr 2 A[tfigures have been rounded for conveinence of use. 3- when dea[ing with hollow body, check for any contents and wht:tlr.r such contents are Liabte to move. 4- For ca[culation purposes:
T Tetescoping
Jib
jk.'#;,ffi on
head
Weight 1 kg = 2.2lbs lpound) Density
'Y Travel To Me
Retract Jib
/fo^':ilHli"dfu
Jib Up
To convert tbs/ft3 to kglm3, muLtipty by 16.02.
t52
ffi
Travel From Me
0perations Cease
Inctuded angle less than or equaL to 120o
Appendix-2 Typicat Web and Round Stings With SWL and Mode Markings
To catcutate each sling size for the above toad of 2000 kg and sting angte of 120" the fottowing procedure appties:
Tension=Loadxl
THE S.W.L ARE IN TONNES
Tension = 2000 x 1 = 2000 kg
A safe working Load [swL) and working Load Limit IwLLJ r.abet is sewn into the sting, the capacity can atso be designated by colour coding the entire fabric of the sling.
|[llltE
EI
Slngte Lcg Stlng
Assemb[y Mode
Straight
Choke
1
0.8
Basket
Parattel
Basket 90o
Endtess Web Sting & Round Sling
2000 kg
or 2 tonnees
Mode Factor
W,L,L,
Cotor
0.5
2
1.1
SWL - Mode of Assembly - S.W.L.
0.5
0.t,
1.0
1.0
Violel
1.0
0.8
2.0
1.4
1.5
White
1.5
1.2
3.0
2.1
0.7
2.0
Green
2.0
1.6
11.0
2.8
3.0
Yellow
3.0
2.4
5.0
4.2
4.0
0range
14.O
3.2
8.0
5.6
5.0
Red
5.0
4.0
10.0
7.O
6.0
Brown
6.0
lt-8
12.0
8.4
8.0
Blue
8.0
5.4
16.0
11.2
10.0
10.0
8.0
20_o
14.0
12.0
12.0
9.6
24.0
16.8
50 51
Appendix-S Lifting
/ Rigging Dictionary
A2B lAntiTwo Btockingl Abrasion Angte Back up atarm
lki ycinLLi emniyet svicteri Asrnma
Doubte wrap basket hitch
CiftLisepet baQtama
Drum
Tambur
Excava!ion
Kazt Uzatma Vidatr askr mapasr Emniyet katsaysr
Extension
Aqr
Gerivites atarmr
Eye bott
Banksman Basket Hitch
isaretci Sepet tipi sapantama
Bend
EQitme
Bott Boom Boom angLe Boom angte indicator Brake Broken wire
Civata
Bom Bom acrsr Bom aqr gcistergesi Fren
Cab
Kabin
Center of gravity Certificate
AQrrl.rk
Chain
Zincir Zincir atasrm degeri
Factor of safety Futty extended outrigger Gantry crane Gross load Ground Ground condition Hand signats Hardhat Heat damage Hook Hook btock Horn Housekeeping ldentification tag
Chain grade Choker hitch Cotour code Corrosion Counteruueight
Krrrk tel
merkezi
Sertifika
Bo$ma sapanlama Renk kodu Korozyon/Pastanma Denge aQrrlrQr
Ayakl.r kdprLitri vinc
Gros yrik
Zemin
Zemin durumu
E[isaretleri Baret lsrdeformasyohu Kanca
Kanca bloku Korna Temiztik/Drlzen Etiket Denetteme Jib BtikriLmLis DriQrim
Lay
Kafes Bom Hatat adrmr
Vinci duzteme
Length
Uzunluk
Patettivinc
Levetting
Duzteme Katdrrma Katdrrma aksesuvarlarr Ka[drrma ekipmantarr Katdrrma noktasr Katdrrma planr Katdrrma noktasr Ka[drrma takrmr Limit akrm kesicisi Askr halkasr Yuk moment gtistergesi
Cracked Crane Crane levelting Crawler Crane Crushing Cut Damage Defect Deformed Density
Catl.ak Vinq
Diamater
cap
DispLay
Gosterge Deformasyon
Distortion Double
lnspection Jib Kinked Knot Lattice boom
Tamamen acr[mrs vinq ayaQr
Ezitme
Lifting
Kesi[me Hasar
Lifting accessories Lifting equipment Lifting tug Lifting ptan Lifting point Lifting tackte Limit switch
Kusur Defotu
Malzeme yoQunLugu
cift
Link LMI lLoad Moment lndicator)
Load
Ytik
Load chart
Yrik diagramr
Load radius Log book Lubrication Maintenance Manbasket
Yrik katdrrma yanqapr
JurnaI Yagtama
Bakrm/onarrm insan katdrrma sepeti Ana askl hatkasr
Master [ink Mobite crane
Mobitvinq
Moment 0ir
Dcindurme kuweti Yag
0utrigger
Vinc ayagr
Over heat
Hararet
Overhead power [ines
Acrk havai hattar
Overtoad indicator Pad
Agrrr yuk gdstergesi fayakJ takozu Rlhtrm vinci
PedestaI crane
Permit PersonaI Protective Equipment IppE) Pin
Portat crane Pressure Radius Rigger
izin KisiseI koruyucu matzeme MandaI Gezer vinc Basrnc Yarrqap Sapancr
Rope
Urgan hatat
Route
Rota
Safe load indicator Safety [atch Screen wiper Shackte Shackte pin
GLiventi yrik kaLdrrma gostergesi
Giiventik mandatr Sitecek Mapa
Mapa mandair Makara
Shave Singte
Tek
Singte vertical, hitch Sting
Spreader beem Storage Swinging
Ka[dtrma traversi Depotama Kordon Saltanma
SwiveI
Frrdcindu
SWL lSafe Working Load] Synthetic potyester sting Syfthetie web sting Tcg tine Tcndem tifts
GUventi Katdrrma Yuku
StraBd
Bez sapan Bez sapan Krtavuz hatat Cift vincle katdrrma Teleskopik bom
Teteseoping boom Tensi[e Thread damage
Vida disi hasan
Throetopcning Tcwer gene
Kute vinc
Geritme Kanca aQrz aqtktrQr
Turnbuekte Twiet
Vidatr gerdirme
Burkutma
Tyre
Lastik
Tyre preseure
Lastik basrncr
Undcrground utititics Weietcort
Yetek
Al.tyapr hizmetteri
Wedge Eo€k€t
Kamatr bas[rk
Wdght Whectehok
AQrrLrk
Takoz Rrizgar Rrizgar hrzr Qel.ik hatat
Wind Wind speed WFe rope Wire r"ope elips Wire rope sling
Te[halat
WLL lWorking Load Limit] Working radius
Ca[rsma aQrrLrQr [imiti Catrsma yanqapr
Wern
Asrnmrs
Ketepce
Tek hatattrsapantama Sapan
Sting angLe
Sapantama aqlsl Ekteme
Sptice
56
57
lnctuded angte less than or equal to 60o
,,oo',.,4,,00*n 7/
rrttnernrrr coo
\
At a sting angte of 60o, the stings wit[ have the same lenght as the distance between their anchorage points. To catcutate each stings size for the
/\
above load of 2000 kg and sLing angte of 60o, the fottowing procedure appties:
2000 k9
or
T=Lr0.5
T=Lx0.6
2 ton
Tension=Loadx0.6 Tension = 2000 x 0.6 = 1200 kg lnctuded angle less than or equal to 90o To catcutate each sLing size for the above load of 2000 kg and sling angte of 90o, the fotlowing procedure appties.
Tension=Loadx0.70 T=Lxl
T=Lx0.70 Tr Tension
Tension = 2000 x 0.7 = 1400 kg
lfor each slingl
L: Load
lncluded angte less than or equal to 30o
Tension=Loadx0.5
OOr 1400 k9
1400 kg
\_/ TensioN = 1000 x 0.5 =
sting angte 90o
500 [kg)
Thus the tension on each 1000 kg
or
I tonnes
Leg is 500 kg
2000 kg
or 2 tonnees
