SAT Chemistry
SAT Chemistry TEST 1
DETAILED DETAILED EXPLANA EXPLANATIO TIONS NS OF ANSWERS
ANSWER R KEY I I ANSWE
TEST TEST 1
PART PART A
PART A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
IC) (D) (B) (B) (D) IA)
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
IE) (C) (G) IB) (D) (D)
13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
IE) IB)
19 . 20. 21. 22 . 23.
IE) (D) ( B) B)
109. F, T 110. F, T 111. T, F 112. T, T, GE
113. 113. 114. 114. 115. 115. 116. 116.
F, F T, T, T, CE T, T, T, GE F, F
48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59.
60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69.
(D)
IC) IA) (D) (A)
( E) E)
IE)
PARTB 101. 102. 103. 104.
T, F F, F
105. 106. T, T, GE 107. F, T 108.
F, T F, F T, T F, F
PARTe 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.
(G) (D) IA) IE) (D) (D) (E) IE) (A) (A) (A) (A)
36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47.
(E) (B) (D) (E) IG) (D) (B) (G) (E) (D) (G) (B)
(A) (B) (B) IB) IE) IG) (G) IB) IB) (B) (E) (A)
(E) (E) IC) (D)
(C) (G) (E) (E) (A)
(e) The metalloids metalloids have characteristi characteristics cs of both the metals and the nonmetals. Metals are conductors conductors while nonmetals are insulators. insulators. I.
2.
(D) The halogens (Group (Group VII el" Br2' Br2' and and 12 are examples of diVII A) el" atomic molecules. molecules. None of the other choices choices occur as diatomic diatomic molecules. molecules. 3.
(B) An oxide oxide of formula formula X10 indicates that X has an oxidation state of + 1 since since oxygen has an oxidation oxidation state of -2. -2. The alkali metals metals (Group IA) have an oxidation oxidation state of +1. The alkali alkali earth metals metals (Group (Group IIA) usually have an oxidation oxidation state of +2, +2, thus giving an oxide oxide with the formula XO. The metalloids metalloids have varying oxidation states as do the rare earths. The halogens usually usually have an oxidation oxidation state of -1. 4.
(B) The sulfate group has an oxidation oxidation number of -2. of -2. Thus, an oxidation number of +2 is required to produce an acid salt with the formula XS0 4· The alkaline alkaline earth metals usually have an oxidation oxidation number of +2. 5.
(D) The halogens have the largest electronegati electronegativity vity values since they re: quire only one electron electron to completely completely fill their valence shell. shell. The alkali metals have the smallest electronegati electronegativity vity values since they can lose one electron electron and have a complete valence shell. shell. The alkali earth metals ~so have small electronegati electronegativitie vitiess since they can lose two ~lectrons to attal~a configuration. The metalloids metalloids have intermediate intermediate electronegauvelectronegauv~oblegas configuration. tty values.
98 99
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SAT Chemistry
SAT Chemis Chemistr try y TEST 1
ANSWER KEY I I ANSW PARTA 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
(C ) (D) (D ) (B) (B ) (B) (B ) (D) (D ) (A )
PART 101. 101. 102. 102. 103. 104.
7. 9. 10. 11. 12.
(E) (C) (C) (B) (B ) (D) (D ) (D) (D )
13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
(E) (8) (C) (A ) (D ) (A) (A )
19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
(E) (E) (D ) (B ) (E)
105. 106. 106. 107. 107. 108. 108.
F, T F, F T, T F, F
109. F, T 110.F,T 111. T, F 112. 112. T, T, CE
113. 113. 114. 114. 115. 115. 116. 116.
F, F T, T, CE T, T, CE F, F
36. 37. 3B. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47.
(E) (B) (B ) (0) (E) (C) (0) (B) (B ) (C ) (E) (0) (C) (B) (B )
48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59.
60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68 69.
(D) (D ) (E) (E) (C) (D) (D ) (C) (C) (E) (E) (A) (A )
B.
a
T, F F,F F,F T, T, CE F, T
PARTe 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.
98
(C ) (D ) (A ) (E) (D ) (D ) (E) (E) (A) (A ) (A) (A ) (A ) (A )
(A ) (B ) (B) (B ) (8) (E) (C) (C) (8) (B ) (8) (E) (A) (A )
DETAILED DETAILED EXPLA EXPLANATI NATION ONS S OF ANSWERS TEST 1
PART A L
(e) (e) The The metal metallo loid idss
have have char charac acte teri rist stic icss
metals metals.. Metals Metals are condu conducto ctors rs
of both both the the meta metals ls and and the the nonnon-
while while nonme nonmetal talss are insul insulato ators. rs.
2. (0) The halogens (Group VII A) Cl" Br,. and I, are examples of didiatom atomic ic mole molecu cule les. s. None None of the othe otherr choi choice cess occu occurr as dia diato tomi micc mole molecu cule les. s.
3.
(B)
.An .An oxi oxide of form formu ula X 20 indica dicate tess that that X has an ox oxidati datio on stat statee of + 1 SInce oxygen has has an oxid oxidat atio ion n stat statee of -2. -2. The The alka alkali li metal metalss (Gro (Group up IA) IA) have have an oxid oxidat atio ion n stat statee of + 1. The The alka alkali li eart earth h meta metals ls (Gro (Group up I1A) I1A) usu usual ally ly have have an oxid oxidat atio ion n stat statee of +2, +2, thus thus givi giving ng an oxid oxidee with with the the formu formula la XO. XO. The The meta metall lloi oids ds have have vary varyin ing g oxid oxidat atio ion n stat states es as do the the rare rare eart earths hs.. The The halo haloge gens ns usua usuall lly y have have an oxida oxidati tion on stat statee of-1 of-1.. 4.
(B) The The sulf sulfat atee grou group p has has an oxid oxidat atio ion n numb number er of -2. -2. Thus Thus,, an oxid oxidat atio ion n
numb number er of of +2 is requ requir ired ed to prod produc ucee an acid acid salt salt with with the the form formul ulaa XS04 XS04·· The The alka alkali line ne eart earth h meta metals ls usua usuall lly y have have an oxid oxidat atio ion n numb number er of +2. +2.
5. (0) . The The halo haloge gens ns have have the the larg larges estt elec electr tron oneg egat ativ ivit ity y valu values es sinc sincee they they re: re: quire onl only y one one elec electr tron on to comp comple lete tely ly fill fill thei theirr vale valenc ncee shel shell. l. The The alka alkali li meta metals ls hav havee the the smal smalle lest st elec electr tron oneg egat ativ ivit ity y valu values es sinc sincee they they can can lose lose one one elec electr tron on and and have have a comp comple lete te vale valenc ncee shel shell. l. The The alka alkali li eart earth h meta metals ls also also have have smal smalll elec electr tron oneg egat ativ ivit itie iess sinc sincee they they can can lose lose two two elect electro rons ns to atta attai~ i~ a ~oble ~oble gas gas confi configur gurati ation. on. The The metall metalloid oidss have have intenn intennedi ediate ate alectr alectron onega eganvnv-
tty tt y values. 99
r SA T Ch emistry
(A l The small smalles estt ioni ioniza zati tion on energ energie iess are are real realiz ized ed when when the the remova removall of o n e
6.
elec electr tron on yield yieldss a nobl noblee gas gas conf config igur urat atio ion. n. Thus Thus,, the the alka alkali li meta metals ls hav havee t h e lowe lowest st ioni ioniza zati tion on ener energi gies es,, then then the the alka alkali li eart earth h meta metals ls,, meta metall lloi oids ds,, and and
halogen halogenss in in order order of incre increasi asing ng ion ioniz izat ation ion energy. energy.
7.
(E) A buffe bufferr is a solu soluti tion on made by the the combi combina nattion
of a weak weak aci acid anda anda salt salt of its its conj conjug ugat atee base base.. For For exam exampl ple, e, acet acetic ic acid acid comb combin ined ed with s o d iu m acet acetat atee wou would ld compri comprise se a buf buffe fer. r. A buff buffer er is intend intended ed
to be inse insens nsit itiv ivee[0
modest modest changes changes in pH.
8.
(C)
Both Both stro strong ng acids acids and bases bases diss dissoc ocia iate te near nearly ly comple complete tely ly in aqueou aqueouss solution. solution. For example, example, Hel is terme termed d a stro strong ng acid acid beca becaus usee in a q u e o u s solution it diss dissoc ocia iate tess into into H+ and and CICI- and and the the conc concen entr trat atio ion n of Hel its it s e lf is negligible.
9.
(C)
. As a stro strong ng acid acid diss dissoc ocia iate tess esse essent ntia iall lly y comp comple lete tely ly,, tion constant, K a will will be be extr extrem emel ely y high high.. For For HCl: HCl:
Ka
=:
its its aci acid d diss dissoc ocia ia--
[H+][CI-] [HCI]
Since [H+] and and [Cl [Cl"] "] are are very very large arge compa compare redd
large as well.
witth (HCI wi (HCI), ), K " will be very
10. (B) The The Br0 Br0ns nste tedd-Lo Lowr wry y noti notion on of an acid acid-b -bas asee reac reacti tion on requ requir ires es a proprotontobetranf d I . and a b sterre . n this concept an acid must donate a proton ase must accept one.
1 1. 1. ( D ) NH3 is a weak weak base because because in the reacti reaction on
NH,(aq)
does not proc much
10 0
h ee
+ H2 0 <-.....NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) d
very fa far to to th the ri right and the concentration
, rnuc rnuc less less than than that that of NH
. 3
f o ir is 0
Detailed Detailed Explanati Explanations ons
of Answ Answer ers s I Test Test 1
12. (0) is also consi conside dere red d to be a weak weak base base.. This This is so beca becaus usee it is the Cl is conjugatebase of a strong acid. 13.. (E) 13 (E) NaHC03 is a salt. It is a salt of the weak acid H,C0 3· 14. (B) . NaOH NaOH is a str stron ong g base base beca becaus usee it diss dissoc ocia iate tess comp comple lete tely ly to to giv givee OHOHIOns.
15. (C) The oxidation oxidation number number of Na in NaCI is +1. In all monatomic ions, the oxidationnumber is that of the charge on that ion. 16. 16. (A) (A)
The The oxid oxidat atio ion n numb number er of CI in e 1 2 is zero zero (0). (0). In any any elem elemen enta tary ry subs substan tance ce.. the the char charge ge of an elem elemen entt is zero zero (0). (0). The The char charge ge of 0 in 2 •
°
H in H z. are also 0. for example.
17. (0) . The The oxidat idatio ion n number mber of S in Na-S a-S is -2. Because the charge on Na 15 + I and there there are two of them in order order to create create a neutra neutrall compou compound nd.. the oxidationnumber of S must be ~2. 18. (A) Solid sulfur is yellow. In addition, it smells like rotten eggs. 19. (E) Aqueous Aqueous hydroc hydrochlor hloric ic acid is colorless. colorless. 20. (E) (E) Aqueous Aqueous sodium sodium hydroxid hydroxidee is colorle colorless ss as well. 21. 21. (0) (0) In the the reac reacti tion on give given, n, sinc sincee ther theree is an exce excess ss of oxyg oxygen en.. it is the the amou amount nt only only of ammo ammoni niaa put put in that will determ determine ine how how m~ch m~ch produ product ct therewill be. For every 4 moles of ammonia put into the reacuon- 6 moles will be obtain of water will obtained. ed. The first step is to determi determine ne how how many moles moles are in 16.00 16.00 gram gramss of ammon ammonia. ia. Dividi Dividing ng J 6.00 by the molecular weight of ammon ammonia: ia: 101
SAT Chemistry Chemistry
1 6 .0 0 g ~ 0 .9 3 9 5 m ol ole s N H 3 17.03 g/mole Using Using cross cross mul multi tipl plic icat atio ion, n, if for every every 4 m oles oles of NH 3 you yo u get 6 molesof water: 4 mol mo le s a mmoni mmoniaa 0.93 0.9395 95 mo molle s a mmoni mmoniaa ~ 6 moles water x mol moles es water water
x :; ::1.40 1.4099 mol moles es of wat water er.. To conv conver ertt this his to grams grams,, molecular weight of water:
we multi multipl plyy b y
th e
lm ol o l ~ 25 1.409 moles H20X 18.02 g lm 25..39 g H20. This corresponds corresponds to choice choice (D). 22. (B ) Here Here yo youu must must det determi ermine ne wh whiich is the limi mitting reag reagen entt. Firs Firstt y o , u must must conv conver ertt the mas m asse sess of bo botth the ammon ammoniia and and the ox oxyg ygen en to therr herr resp respect ectiv ivee number number of moles moles by divi dividi ding ng by the the molecu molecula larr wei weight ghts. s. 66.00 g NH N H , 17.04 17.04 g/mol g/molee ~ 3.873 3.873 mol moles es NH 3 54.00 g 0, 32.00 g/rno g/rnole le ~ 1.688 1.688 moles moles 0, Oxygen is therefore therefore the limiting limiting reagent. reagent. . For For eve eve r y 5 mole mole s of oxy oxyge genn pu putt in, yo youu get get 6 mo molle s of wa w a ter O U l. Usmg cross multiplication: moles es oxygen oxygen : i . mol
6
moles water
_ 1.688 1.688 moles moles oxygen oxygen
-
moles water water x moles
x ~ 2 02 0255 m I .:" 0 e s wa watte r . Conv Convee r t to gra gra ms by mult mult iplyi plying ng weight of water: 2.025 moles
18.02 02 X 18.
~ 36. 36.49 49 grams grams O
by
th olecul~ em
2
This Corresponds to choice (B).
23 (E) For every 4 I . 4 m o le s o f NO N O rna rn a es of N H ] that th at are ar e put pu t into in to the th e reac re acuo uon. n. 513 51 3 mol are are .Plro Plrodu duce ced. d. There Therefo fore re,, if 25 2513 13 mol moles es of NH are are react reacted, ed, 2, 102
esw1lbeprod
d'
.
uce . ThIS ThIS is choic choicee (E). (E).
3
.......
Detailed Detailed Explanatio Explanations ns
Answers / Test 1 of Answers
PARTS 101 T, F Acid Acid rai rain n is gene genera rall lly y cons consid ider ered ed to be dest destru ruct ctiv ivee to lime limest ston onee (CaC (CaCO] O])) beca becaus usee acid acid rain rain cont contai ains ns sulfu sulfuric ric acid acid (H2S04) or nitric acid (HNO]). (HNO]).The reactio reaction n that occurs is CaCO, (5) + H 2S04 (aq) -> CaSO, (5) + CO, (g) (g) + H20
F , F 102. F, The correc correctt net ionic equation equation is Ca'+ (aq) + 504'"- (aq) -> CaSO, (5). NaClis soluble in water and does not appear in the final net ionic equation.
T, T, CE 103. T, equals the product product of the equilibrium equilibrium concentrati concentrations ons of the ions in K equals sp a comp compou ound nd whe where re each each conc concen entra trati tion on is rais raised ed to the powe powerr of the ion ion coefficient.
F , T 104. F, In a neutral solution, [H+] = 1 x 10-7 . This is equivalent to saying that ~solution ~solution has a pH of 7. This is not not true in an acidi acidicc or basic soluti solution. on. K w however,, always always equal equal to I x 10-- 14. IS , however
105.F, T Strong Strong acids acids do ioniz ionizee comp comple lete tely ly in an aque aqueou ouss solu soluti tion on,, but HF doesnot ionize ionize completely completely and is therefo therefore re considered considered a weak weak acid. acid.
106. F , F NH + is a weak weak acid acid becaus becausee it doesn't doesn't dissoc dissociat iatee comple completel tely y in water.
4 NH4+ is
the conjuga conjugate te acid acid of NH3, a weak base.
107. T, T Both Both statem statement entss are true but the latter latter is not not a correct correct expl explana anatio tion n of the former. former. By By the Lewis Lewis defini definitio tion, n, F- is a base base because because it can can donate donate an electronpair.
108. F, F Becaus Becausee normal normality ity depend dependss on the number number of transfera transferable ble proton protonss in a Spec Specie iess and and molarit molarity y does doesn' n't, t, a IN solu soluti tion on of H2S04 is half as concentratedin terms of H2S04 as a 1M solution of H2S04.
103
-
SA T Chemistry
109. F, T
.
Thes Thesee solu soluti tion onss toge togeth ther er woul would d not not make make a goo good d buff buffer er.. A buff buffer er IS made made by a weak weak acid acid and the the salt salt of its its conj conjug ugat atee base base or vice versa. It IS true that OH- is a comm common on ion, ion, but this this is irre irrele leva vant nt to use use as a buffe bufferr here here..
no.
F, T
Like Like any other other elem elemen enta tary ry subs substa tanc nce, e, the the CI in number number ofO. ofO.
el
2
has has an oxid oxidat atio ion n
]J I. T, F
Waterr has Wate has a high high boil boilin ing g poin pointt for for its molec molecul ular ar weig weight ht due due to hyd hydro ro.. gen gen bond bondin ing. g. Pola Polarr cova covale lent nt bond bondin ing g also also occu occurs rs in meth methan anee (CH (CH ) which -1620C. has has a boili boiling ng poin pointt of -1620C. 4 112. T, T, CE Benze enzene ne is a poo poor elec electtrol rolyte yte solution.
beca becau use it does does not ioni ionize ze in wat water
113. F, F The The reac reacti tion on of zinc zinc with hyd hydro roch chlo lori ricc acid acid goes goes to comp comple leti tion on bebecaus causee the the hYdr hYdrog ogen en gas whic which h is evo evolv lved ed is all allow owed ed to esca escape pe.. This This is in in effe effect ct remo removi ving ng one one of the the rea react ctio ion n prod produc ucts ts caus causin ing g the the equi equili libr briu ium m to shift shift toward towardss comple completio tion n of the react reaction ion.. 114. T, T, CE Atom Atomss of the same same elem elemen entt form form Cova Covale lent nt bonds bonds beca becaus usee thei theirr elec elec-tron troneg egat ativ ivit ity y valu values es are are the sam same. e. Bond Bondss form formed ed betw betwee een n elem elemen ents ts whos whosee elec electr tron oneg egat ativ ivit itie iess diff differ er from from 0.5 to 1.7 form form pola polarr cova covale lent nt bond bonds. s. DifDiffere ferenc nces es grea greate terr than than 1.7 1.7 in elem elemen entt elec electr tron oneg egat ativ ivit itie iess resu result lt in ioni ionicc bonds. 115. T, T, CE Most Most metals metals charac character terist istics ics SUch SUch as mall malleab eabili ility, ty, flexib flexibili ility, ty, streng strength, th, and and elec electr tric ical al cond conduc ucti tivi vity ty are are char charac acte teri rist stic ic of the the posit positiv ivee atom atomic ic nucl nuclei ei surrou surrounde nded d by mobil mobilee electr electrons ons..
116. F, F Ac etic iction. acid ac.id is a weak weak acid acid beca becaus usee it is is onl only y Part Partia iall lly y diss dissoc ocia iate ted d in a water Acet SOlution SOlu
104
Deta Detail iled ed Expl Explan anat atio ions ns
of Answ Answer ers s / Test Test 1
PARTe 24. 24. (C) (C)
Referr Referring ing to to the period periodic ic table table we see that elemen elementt 32 is germani germanium. um. ~ennan ~ennanium ium is a metall metalloid oid as are boron, boron, silico silicon, n, arseni arsenic, c, antimony antimony,, tellutellunum, polonium, polonium, and and astatine. astatine. Chemically Chemically,, metalloids metalloids exhibit exhibit both positiv positivee and and nega negati tive ve oxida oxidati tion on stat states es and and comb combin inee with with meta metals ls and and nonm nonmet etal als. s. They They are chara characte cteriz rized ed by electr electrone onegat gativi ivity ty values values betwee between n those those of the metalsand the nonmetals. 25.. (0) 25 (0) c The prime prime consider considerati ation on in represe representi nting ng the bonding bonding of a polyat polyatomi omi elem elemen entt or compo compoun und d is that that each each atom atom bond bonded ed shou should ld have have a compl complet etee vale valenc ncee shel shelll (eig (eight ht elec electr tron onss exce except pt hydr hydrog ogen en and and heli helium um whic which h have two) two).. Sinc Sincee nitr nitrog ogen en is in Grou Group p VA, it has has five five vale valenc ncee elec electr tron onss illu illuss-
tratedas :N
Diatom Diatomic ic nitrog nitrogen en must must have have the struct structure ure :N:::N: (or : N" N:)
to comple completel tely y fill fill the valenc valencee shells shells of both both atoms. atoms. 26. 26. (A) (A) Diss Dissol olvi ving ng sodi sodium um chlo chlori ride de in wate waterr is an exam exampl plee of a phys physic ical al chan change ge.. A phys physic ical al chan change ge alte alters rs the the phys physic ical al prop proper erti ties es of a subs substa tanc ncee while maintai maintaining ning its composition. composition. If the water solution of NaCI were to be evaporated we would once again have solid sodium chloride. Chemical change changess involve involve alteri altering ng the compos compositi ition on and structur structuree of a substanc substancee and are are alwa always ys asso associ ciat ated ed with ith chan change gess in energ energy. y. Wood Wood and and oxyg oxygen en are are chan change ged d to CO , H 0 and and nitr nitrog ogen en oxid oxides es while hile ozon ozonee is chan change ged d to 2 2 diatom diatomic ic oxygen oxygen and sodium sodium and water are change changed d to sodium sodium hydroxide hydroxide and hydrogen gas. 27.. (E) 27 28 g while a proton A beta particle is a fast electron of mass 9.11 x lO.... and a neutron both have a mass of 1.67 x 1O-24 g. A hydrogen nucleus is a proton, and an alpha particle is a helium nucleus (two protons and two neut neutro rons ns). ). Thus Thus,, the the elec electr tron on (bet (betaa part partic icle le)) has has the the smal smalle lest st mass mass of the the
choices given. 105
SA T Chemistry Chemistry
28 (0) One mole of NaCI weighs 58.5 g as as obta obtain ined ed by: by: the the atom atomic ic weig weightof htof Na plus the atomic weight of CI from the periodic table. Thus, 58.5 g of NaCI in one liter of solution is 1 molar and 58.5 g of NaCI in one kilogram of solv solven entt is I mola molal. l. By simple simple propo proport rtio ions, ns, 58.5 g of NaCI in 2 kilograms grams of solvent solvent is 0.5 molal. molal.
29. 29. (0) (0) Mole Molecu cule less in the the gaseo gaseous us stat statee have have the the grea greate test st kine kineti ticc ener energy gy.. The The diff differ eren ence ce in ener energy gy betw betwee een n the the liqu liquid id and and gas gas phas phases es is grea greate terr than than the the diffe differe renc ncee in energy energy betwe between en the the solid solid and and liqui liquid d phase phases. s. This This may may b e readily seen seen by the ener energy gy changes changes occurr occurring ing in wate water; r; the heat heat of fusion fusion of wat water eris is 80 calo calorie ries/gr s/gram, am, while while the heat of vaporiz vaporizati ation on is 540 calori calories/ es/gram gram..
30. 30. (E) Cr(NH)sS04Br represents 2 7 aato tom ms. 15 x H; I x S; 4 x 0; 0; and and Ix BI.
3l.
They
are:
I x Cr; 5 x N :
(El
. The el element of atomi omic weight 1 9 7 is gol gold d (Au(Au-at atom omic ic numb number er 79). Sinc Sincee the the ato atomi micc weig weight ht is equa equall to the the numb number er of prot proton onss and and neut neutro rons ns m the the nucl nucleu euss and the the ato atomi micc numb number er is equ equal al to the numb number er of proto protons ns in the the nucl nucleu eus, s, the num numbe berr of neut neutro rons ns in the the nucl nucleu euss is 197 197 _ 79 or 118. 118.
32. 32. (A) (A) Diamond, ond, compose osed sol solely of carbon cannot nnot hav have ioni onic bond bondss or hydr hydrog ogen en bond bonds. s. Van Van der der Wa Waal alss attr attrac acti tion on betw betwee een n the the nucl nucleu euss of one one atom atom and the the ele elect ctro rons ns of an an adja adjace cent nt atom atom are are rela relati tive vely ly weak weak corn cornpa par~ r~d d t~ the the covale covalent nt bondi bonding ng netwo network rk (sp 3 hybr hybrid id)) betw betwee een n the the carb carbon on atom atomss In dIam dIamon ond. d. On the the othe otherr hand hand,, grap graphi hite te (ano (anoth ther er allo allotr trop opic ic form form of carb carbon on)) hybrid id and and not not strong strongly ly bonde bonded d as comp compar ared ed to diamond diamond.. IS s p 2 hybr
33. 33. (A) (A) . Atomi omic radius dius dec decreases as on one goes oes from left to right ght across a p~p~n~d, n~d,.. so the the atom atomic ic radi radius us of carb carbon on is grea greate terr tha than that that of oxyg oxygen en.. T h iS ehmmat ehmmates es choices choices (B) Now we must must dete determ rmin inee whet whethe herr the the CO (B ) and (D). Now C O , molecu molecule le is linear linear Or bent. bent. Lin Linea eari rity ty means means the O-C-O bond bond angl anglee is 180° 180°.. Reca Recall ll that that the nu I' erience f· c er 0 a molecule anent themselves so as to exp . the the smal smalle lest st repUls repUlsion ionss of the the positi positive ve nucle nuclei. i. Thus Thus a tria triatom tomic ic mole molecul culee IS expected to he Ii . C . . The lone . near as IS 02' 02' Howe Howeve verr this this IS not not alwa always ys true true.. electr electron on pairs pairs 0" that the n oxygen III a wate waterr molec olecul ulee bend bend the the mole molecu cule le so 1 0 6
Deta Detaile iled d Expl Explan anat atio ions ns of Answ Answer ers s / Test Test 1
hydro hydroge gen n nucle nucleii and and the two elec electr tron on pairs pairs occup occupy y the come comers rs of a tet tetra rahehedron dron.. Thus Thus,, the the wate waterr mole molecu cule le is bent bent.. The The same same effe effect ct occu occurs rs in amm ammoonia, NH3, wher wheree a lone lone pair pair of elect electro rons ns on nitro nitroge gen n dist distor orts ts the the expec expecte ted d trig trigona onall plana planarr geom geomet etry ry.. Shape Shape of a CO2 m mole olecule cule is
:0=
C =0:
~180) 3 4. (A l All All thre threee phas phases es (sol (solid id,, liqu liquid id and and gas) gas) may coex coexis istt at a sin singl glee pres pres-sure/ sure/te temp mper erat atur uree combi combina nati tion on known known as the the tripl triplee point point.. This This point point occurs occurs at the inte inters rsec ecti tion on of the solid solid-l -liqu iquid, id, solidsolid-gas gas and and liqui liquidd-ga gass equil equilibr ibriu ium m
Curves as illustrated by point C.
35.. (A) 35 (A) Exam Examin inin ing g a labe labele led d phas phasee diag diagrram we see see that that the the soli solid d phas phasee can can
only exi exist st at point A.
G
Pressure
solid
H
liquid
D
•
B
E
•
A
•
F
C gas
Temperature
3 6.
(E l
.
The The crit critic ical al poin pointt is the the poin pointt abov abovee whic which h a gas gas cann cannot ot chan change ge mto mto a liqu liquid id.. This This mean meanss that that a liqu liquid id cann cannot ot exis existt abov abovee this this poi~ poi~t~ t~ but but a~ an.d an.d below this point a liquid can exist. The temperature at the cntl~~l point IS call called ed the cri critic tical al temp temper erat atur uree and and the press pressur uree is call called ed the c.f1tI c.f1tIca call p,res p,res-Sur Sure,The e,The crit critic ical al poin pointt in the phas phasee diag diagrram show shown n is the the pom pomt H , smce above above it a gas gas canno cannott be lique liquefi fied ed..
107
S A T Chemistry
37. (B) Refe Referr rrin ing g to the the pha phase se diag diagra ram m prev previo ious usly ly give given n we see see that that the the soli solid d and and liqui liquid d phases phases coexi coexist st on the the line line upon upon which which point point D is loca locate ted. d.
38. (0) An ele elect ctrrolyt olytee is a subs substa tanc ncee whic which, h, when when melt melted ed or diss dissol olve ved d in a suita suitable ble medium medium,, conduct conductss elec electr tric icit ity. y. Ther Theref efore ore (D), (D), a solut solution ion of sodium sodium chlo chlori ride de diss dissol olve ved d in wate water, r, is ele elect ctro roly lyti ticc sinc sincee the the sodi sodium um and and chlo chlori ride de ions ions are are fre freee to move move.. Neit Neithe herr (A) (A) merc mercur ury y in wate water, r, (B) (B) a ben benze zene ne solusolution of ethanol ethanol,, nor (C) sucro sucrose se in water, water, are electr electrolyt olytic. ic.
39. 39. (E) (E) The The oxida oxidati tion on stat statee of sulfu sulfurr in sodiu sodium m bisu bisulf lfat atee may may be dete determ rmin ined ed by recalling that the oxidation states of sodium, hydrogen, and oxygen are usually + 1, + I, and -2, respec ecti tive vely ly.. Sinc Sincee the the sum sum of the oxid oxidat atio ion n stal stales es -2, resp for for the atom atomss of a neutr neutral al comp compoun ound d are are zero zero we have have:: oxidati oxidation on state state of S + 1 + 1 + 4(-2) = 0; therefore oxidation oxidation state of S :;::+6 +6 So, the the oxidation oxidation state state of sulfur sulfur in NaHS0 NaHS04
40. 40 .
is +6.
(el (e l
The solu soluti tion on in que quest stio ion n had had been been supe supers rsat atur urat ated ed as is seen seen by the the precipitation of more solute than what had been added. The same amount of sol solut utee woul would d have have prec precip ipit itat ated ed if the the solu soluti tion on was was satu satura rate ted d and and no precipitation would have occurred if the solution was unsaturated. The terms dilute and concentrated cann cannot ot be used used in this this cont contex extt sinc sincee a dilu dilute te solu soluti tion on may may be satu satura rate ted d if the the solu solute te is only only slig slight htly ly solu solubl blee whil whilee a conce oncent ntrrated ated solu soluti tion on may may be unsat unsatur urat ated ed if the the solu solute te is exce except ptio iona nall lly y soluble.
41. (0) This is an exam p Ief··0 · a neutralizatio neutralization n reaction whe where an a cid and a base ~eac~to ~eac~to produce water and a salt. It must be known that barium has an oxida oxidati tion on numbe numberr of +2 +2 and and that perchlo perchlori ricc
acid acid is HCI0 HCI04. 4.
2HCI04 + Ba(OH)2 --'> 2H,O + Ba(CI04 ),
10 8
Deta Detaile iled d Expl Explan anat atio ions ns of Answ Answer ers s / Test Test 1
42.. (B) 42 (B) An endoth endotherm ermic ic reacti reaction on is one in which heat may be conside considered red one one ofthe of the "reactants. "reactants."" An exothermic exothermic reaction reaction releases releases heat heat upon format formation ion of the produc products. ts. An equili equilibri brium um reacti reaction on may be either either exothe exothermi rmicc or endother thermi mic.The c.The same same hold holdss true true for for spon sponta tane neit ity; y; spon sponta tane neit ity y can can only only be determined determinedif if one also knows the entropy entropy change (~) for the reaction. reaction.
(e) 4 3 (e)
The The tran transi siti tion on meta metals ls have have highe highest st ener energy gy elec electr trons ons in d subshells (3d, 4d, and 5d). Lantha Lanthanid nides es and actini actinides des are charac character terize ized d by highes highestt energy energyele electr ctrons ons in the the 4jan 4jand d 5jsubsh 5jsubshell ells, s, respec respectiv tively ely.. 44.. (E) 44 (E) Neutral fluorine atoms have 9 electrons as determined by their atomic 3 numb number er.. Magn Magnes esiu ium m atom atomss have have 12 elec electr tron onss so Mg + has 9 electr electrons ons.. Boronhas Boronhas 5 elect electron ronss so B 3- has 8 electrons (the same as oxygen). Nitrogenhas 7 electr electrons ons so N+ has 6 electr electrons ons (the (the same as carbon). carbon). Neon has has 10elec 10electro trons ns so NeNe- has 11 electr electrons ons (the (the same same as sodium). sodium). Sodium Sodium has] has] 1 electronss electronsso o Na- has 12 electrons electrons (the same as magnesium). magnesium). 45. 45. (0) (0) L e Chatelier Chatelier'' s Principle Principle may be used to predict equilibrium equilibrium reactions reactions.. If a stress stress is place placed d on a system system in equilibr equilibrium ium,, the equili equilibri brium um shifts shifts so as to counter counteract act that that stress stress.. Hence, Hence, increa increasin sing g the reacta reactant nt concentr concentrati ation on favorsformation of the products while decreasing decreasing the reactant concentr concentration ation favo favors rs form format atio ion n of the the reac reacta tant nts. s. The The same same hold holdss true for alter alterin ing g the the productconcentrations. Increasing the temperature favors the reaction that abso absorb rbss heat heat whil whilee decr decrea easi sing ng the the temp temper erat atur uree favo favors rs the the reac reacti tion on that that releasesheat. releasesheat. Increasi Increasing ng the pressure favors favors the reaction reaction that decrease decreasess the ~olumeof ~olumeof a closed closed system system while while decrea decreasin sing g the pressure pressure favors favors the reacreaction tion result resulting ing in an increa increased sed volume volume (moles (moles of gaseous gaseous produc productt prod.uc prod.uced ed are are the the only only thin things gs coun counte ted d sinc sincee liqu liquid idss and and soli solids ds occupy occupy a rela relati tive vely ly small small volume volume in compar compariso ison). n). Howeve However, r, temper temperatu ature re and pressure pressure depe depenndencie denciess cannot cannot be inferr inferred ed from from this this questio question. n. The additi addition on of a cataly catalyst st alters altersthe the react reaction ion rate rate but not the positio position n of equili equilibri brium. um. The only way way Comp Co leti tion onca can n be obta obtain ined ed is that we remo remove ve the the prod produc ucts ts as they the ar f mple . y are . e armed. armed. Now the the state state of the reacti reaction on become becomess nonequi nonequilib libriu rium, m, but but It tnes tnes to come come int into o an equi equili libr briu ium m stat statee once once agai again. n. This This lea~ lea~ss to fo~at fo~atio ion n of moreproducts which in turn leads to completion completion of the given reaction. reaction.
109
.
S A T Chemistry
(e) 46. 46 . (e) An acid H3X is cla class ssif ifie ied d as tripr triprot otic ic sinc sincee it m may ay "giv "givee up" up" thre threee protons to a base. A n exam xample ple of a triprot protiic acid is phos phosp phor horic acid, Exampl ples es of monopr monoprot otic ic and dipro diproti ticc acids acids are are hydro hydrochl chlor oric ic,, Hel H3P04· Exam and sulfuric, H2 S04 , res respec pectiv tivel ely. y. The The term term bident bidentat ate, e, rathe ratherr than than refe referr rring ing to aci acids ds,, is asso associ ciat ated ed with with liga ligand nds. s. Bide Bident ntat atee liga ligand ndss have have two two atom atomss that that may coordin coordinate ate to a metal metal ion.
47. (B) The The salt saltss of str stron ong g base basess and and weak weak acid acidss hydr hydrol olyz yzee to form a basic solu soluti tion on whil whilee the salts salts of weak weak base basess and and stro strong ng acid acidss hydr hydrol olyz yzee to form form an acidic solution.
Ha(N03), + 2H,o -> 2HN0 3 + Ba(OH)z A neutr neutral al solut solution ion is produ produce ced d sinc sincee both both nitri nitricc acid acid and and bari barium um hydro hydroxid xidee are are comp comple lete tely ly dissoc dissocia iate ted, d, and and each each is present in the the same same concent concentrat ration ion
(bari (barium um hydrox hydroxid idee has 2 hydr hydroxy oxy groups groups)) Na, N a,S S + 2H,O -> H ,S + 2NaOH A ~asi ~asicc solut solutio ion n is pro produ duce ced d sinc sincee hydr hydros osul ulfu furi ricc hydroxide de is a stro strong ng base. base. sodium hydroxi
acid acid is a weak weak acid acid and and
AI,(S04h + 6H,O -> 3H,S04 + 2Al(OH)3 An ac! ac!dic dic ~ol.u ~ol.utio tion n is produ produce ced d since since alum alumin inum um sulfunc acid IS a strong acid.
Pb 3(P0 (P 0 4),
hydro hydroxid xidee
is inso insolub luble le and and
+ 6H,O -> 2H JPO, PO , + 3Pb(OHjz
An acid acidic ic solu soluti tion on is pr produc oduced ed sinc sincee phos phosph phor oric ic
acid cid is a weak weak acid acid a n d
lead lead (II) (II) hydroxid hydroxidee is insol insoluble uble.. NaC N aCII + H 20 -> HC I + NaO N aOH H A n.e n.eutr utral al soluti solution on is pro produc duced ed sinc sincee hydro hydrochl chlor oric ic strong base. base. sodium hydroxide is a strong
acid acid is a stro strong ng acid acid and
48. (A) The reac reacti tion on of the Habe Haberr proce process ss is:
N, (g) + 3H , (g) <--> 2N H 3 (g) + heat We see that th
4
. and2
ere are mole oles of of gas gas on th the le left side of of the reaction mo I es of g a s th . . . crease figh fight. t. Acco Accorrding ding to Le Le Chatelier's PrinCiple, In . h On mg t e. pressure would force the rea on to the the right to produce mo~
L, ammo ammon, n,.. (Not Note· Ch· Ch· ·l·brium ·l·brium III only those hose equut uut hi h' . ange III pressun ffects on w IC a zas or gas g as 1 10 0 es are are react reactant antss or cts.)
I
... Deta Detail iled ed Expl Explan anat atio ions ns of Answ Answer ers s I Test 1
49. 49. (B) (B) The The ioni ioniza zati tion on ener energy gy is def defin ined ed as the the ene energ rgy y requ requir ired ed to rem remov ovee the the most most loos loosel ely y boun bound d elec electr tron on from rom an elem elemen entt in the the gaseo gaseous us stat state. e. The The ene energy rgy relea elease sed d by an elem elemen entt in form formin ing g an ioni ionicc soli solid d with with anot anothe her r elem elemen entt is the the latti lattice ce energ energy y of that that ionic ionic compou compound. nd. The The elec electr trone onega gati tivit vity y of an elem elemen entt give givess the the rela relati tive ve stre streng ngth th with ith whic which h the the atom atomss of that that elemen elementt attrac attractt valenc valencee electr electrons. ons. 50. 50. (B) (B) Plut Pluton oniu ium m-238 -238 has has a mass mass of 238 and and an atom atomic ic numb number er of 94. 94. The The atomi tomicc mass ass tell tellss us the the numb number er of prot proton onss and and neut neutro rons ns in the the nucle nucleus us whil whilee the the atomi atomicc numb number er tell tellss us the numb number er of pro proto tons ns.. An alph alphaa part partic icle le (a) (a ) is is a heli helium um nuc nucleus leus j : He composed of 2 neutrons and 2 protons (ato (atomi micc mass ass of 4). 4). Henc Hence, e, upon upon emit emitti ting ng an alph alphaa part partic icle le,, the the atom atomic ic numb number er decr decrea ease sess by 2 and the the atom atomic ic mass mass decr decrea ease sess by 4. Thi Thiss give givess us X. Examin inin ing g the the peri period odic ic tabl tablee we find ind that that elem elemen entt 92 is uran uraniu ium. m. 2 ~ ~ Exam Thus Thus~ ~our our new new atom atom is 2 § j : U. 2 § j : Pu and 2 § j : em e m are are impos impossi sible ble since since the atomic num number of plu plutoni onium is 94 and that of cur curium is 96. 96. 2~PUand 2~~C 2~~Cm mare are impos impossib sible le since since these these nucle nucleii could could only only be pro produc duced ed by fusio fusion n of 2§lPu 2§lPu with with an alpha alpha part partic icle le.. In addi additio tion, n, ~~ Pu is incor incorre rect ctly ly named. named. The The reac reacti tion on (de (decay) cay) is 238P 23 8Pu~ u~ 234U 23 4U~ ~ 4He 4H e 94 92 2
51.. (B) 51 (B) Firs Firstt we deter determi mine ne the the numb number er of mole moless pres presen entt in solution solution taking taking the mole molecul cular ar weig weight ht of ethyl ethylen enee glyco glycoll to be 62 g. Thus, Thus, 6.20 g x = 0.1 0.1 mole mole of eth ethyl ylen enee glyc glycol ol We must must also also know know the the mola molali lity ty-t -the he
rati ratio o of mole moless of solu solute te to kilo kilogr gram amss
of solv solven ent. t. The The numb number er of kilo kilogr gram amss of solv solven entt is 0.2 L x I kg = 0.2 kg
I L sinc sincee the the dens densit ity y of water water is I g/rn g/rnL. L. The The mola molali lity ty of the the solut solutio ion n is
Q .I mole 0.2 0.2 kg
For Ii0 2
,
0.5 mola molal. l. = 0.5
the the mola molall free freezi zing ng poin pointt depr depres essi sion on cons consta tant nt
Thus Thus,, the the fre freez ezin ing g poin pointt depr depres essi sion on
. 1.86 'CimolaI. 'CimolaI.
IS
is
111
SAT Chemistry
0.5 molal
1.86 X 1.86
'C ~ 0.93 0.93 'C molal
Thus, Thus, the mel meltin ting g point point would would be
o 'C - 0.93 - c ~ -0. 93 "C 5 2 . (E)
A 1 0 0 g sampl samplee of thi thiss gas cont contains ains 25 25..9 g of nit nitroge rogenn and and 74.1.g o f
°
oxygen oxygen.. Divid Dividing ing each of the these se weigh weights ts by their their respe respect ctiv ivee gives us the molar ratio of N to for for the the gas. gas. This This give givess
atom atomic ic weigh weighss
N 25.90 25.9074 74.1 .1 = N1. N1.8 8504. 504.63 63
14
-
16
Divi Dividin ding g both subs subscr cript iptss by the smal smalle lest st subsc subscri ript pt gives gives N1.8 N1.85 504.63 = N1 02.5 1.8 1.85 1.8 1.85
Doub Doubli ling ng both both subs subscr crip ipts ts so as as to to have have whol wholee numb number erss give givess us N20s.
53. (C)
.
A mol mole c u la r w e ig h t o f 1 6 g te lls u s th at a v o ln me o f 22. 22.4 h t e " volume me)) of that that gas gas weig weighs hs 1 6 g. To To dete determ rmin inee the the weig weight ht o f a (molar volu 4.48 L sample we multiply 4 .4 8 L x
1 6 g ~3.2 g 22.4L
54. 54. (C)
T h ere I atio · ions neutral aliz izat ation ion at ns h irp M 1 V I = M 2 V 2 in neutr
probl problem emss I. I Ivolving'
strong acid and strong base. We have
HCI)(2, (2,000 000 mL) mL) ~ (5 M NaOH)(V (3 M HCI)
2
mL)
~ ~ (3M) (3M)(2 (2,0 ,000 00 m L ) _ I 20 OmL 2 (5 M ) -,
55. 55. (B) (B)
f sulrate A 1M · sulrate sulfat atee (Na2 (Na2S0 S04) 4) solu soluti tion on cont contai ains ns one one mole mole a I o f . . s o d iu m sulf IO n per per .hte .hterr of solu soluti tion on.. Thus Thus 0.2 0.2 L of aIM aIM solu soluti tion on cont contai ains ns 0.2 0.2 m o e t e . sulfate IOn 02 L f 2' Ie ofsu ofsu l ar solu s olutI tIOn On would woul d then the n con co n tam ta m roo . ' . 0 M 0.4 a Ion. 112
I
Deta Detaile iled d Expl Explan anat atio ions ns of Answ Answer ers s I Test Test 1
56. 56. (B) (B) The The atomi atomicc weig weight ht of lead lead is 207. 207.2 2 g/mo g/mole le from from the peri period odic ic tabl tablee. The The numb number er of mol moles es pres presen entt in 103. 103.6 6 g of lead lead is giv given en by
103.6 03.6 g x
1 mole 207.2 g
mole = 0.5 mole
Sinc Sincee lead lead is in the the +2 oxid oxidat atio ion n stat state, e, two two mole moless of ele elect ctro rons ns are are requi require red d for for ever every y mole mole of lead lead to redu reduce ce it to to the the metal etals. s. Howe Howeve verr only only one one mole mole of elec electr tron onss is requ requir ired ed to redu reduce ce 0.5 0.5 mole mole of Pb2+ to Pb". 57. 57. (B) Copp Copper er is bein being g redu reduce ced d from from Cu2+ to the meta metall accor accordin ding g to Cu2 + + 2e- ---7 Cu The amoun mountt of elec electr tric icit ity y that that allo allows ws one one mole mole of elec electr tron onss to undergo reacti reaction on is the farada faraday y (F) which h is equ equal al to 96,5 96,500 00 coul coulom ombs bs.. Thus Thus,, two two (F) whic 2 fara farada days ys of cha charg rgee are are requ requir ired ed to red reduc ucee one one mole mole of Cu Cu + to the meta metal. l. Now we must calculate the number of coulombs provided by the applied Current 3.0 3.0 amps amps x 2 hOUI hOUIS Sx 3,60 3,600 0 sec sec x I coul coulom omb b = 21 ,600 ,600 coulo coulomb mbss I hour I am a mp sec Calcu Calcula lati ting ng the numbe numberr of farad faradays ays donat donated ed to the the coppe copperr we obtain obtain 21,600 coulombs x
1 F =0.22 F 96,500 96,500 coulombs coulombs
Now we may compute the amount of copper deposited by this amount of 2 char charge ge sinc sincee we know know that that 2F of char charge ge redu reduce cess one one mole mole of Cu Cu + to CUD. Thus, we have
0.22 Fx 1 moleCu 2F
x 63.5 g Cu =7.1 g 1 moleCu
7.0 g of Copper Copper deposit deposited. ed.
58. 58. (E) (E) . WIth
The hydr hydrog ogeen
electrode ode
has has been chos hosen as the the standar dard electrode
an ass assig igne ned d valu valuee of E O = 0.00 V.
113 113
a
S A T Chemistry
59. (A)
The The anode anode of any any elec electr troch ochem emic ical al cell cell is defi define ned d to be the site siteo f oxid ox idat atiion. on. Thus Thus,, sinc sincee Zn is bei being ng ox oxiidize dizedd to 202+ in this this cell cell it is determined min ed to be the the anode anode.. The cathod cathode, e, the the site site of reduc reducti tion, on, is Cr in this thisc e l l . The The solu soluti tion onss of the the meta metall ions ions are are not not the the anod anodee or the the cath cathod odee but but r a t h e r the electrolytic medium.
(0) 60. 60 . (0) An s p 2 configu configurat ration ion is represe represente nted d by the trigon trigonal al plana planar r o ri en tatio n ,
which looks like
61. (E)
. A n sp3cfl configu configurat ration ion is repre represen sented ted by the the squar squaree plana planarr orie orient ntaatron, ron, whi which ch looks looks like like the the foll followi owing. ng. Note: Note: two hybridizal pairs pairs of elecelectrons are unbounded.
~
" " " 6 2 . (E )
E~amin E~aminin ingg the balanc balanced ed react reactio ionn equat equatio ionn of 2H O - - - - 7 2H z + 02 yields z the ratio 2:2: 1 .
(e) 63. 63 . (e) Balanci Balancing ng the reacti reaction on equati equation on giv gives es
2H,O
2 H , --? 2H
+ 0,
A s m a y b e se e n 1 h . d uc o n e two units units of wate waterr react react to pro pro e . r o m t e equation two u n itit 0 1 o x yg yg en en T h ' 10 L f oxygen· f oxygen· . us of water are required to to produce 5 L 0
114
Detailed Detailed Explanations Explanations of Answ Answer ers s I Test Test 1
64. (0) The The mole molecu cula larr weig weight ht of a comp compou ound nd is the the sum sum of its its con const stit itue uent nts' s' atom atomic ic weig weight hts. s. Elem Elemen ents ts or grou groups ps follo ollowe wed d by a subsc subscri ript pt have have thei their r atom atomic ic weig weight ht mult multip ipli lied ed by that that subs subscr crip ipt. t. Thus Thus,, the the mole molecu cula larr weig weight ht of
perchloricacid perchloricacid (HCI04) is atom atomic ic weig weight ht of H
atomic ic weigh weightt of Cl + atom
+ 4 x ato atomi micc weig weight ht of 0 or
355 g/mol + 4(16 g1mol) = 1005g/mol I g/mol + 35
65. 65. (C) (C) The The fir first st memb member er of the the alky alkyne ne seri series es is ace acety tyle lene ne (or (or eeth thyn yne) e),, whos whosee structu structure re is
HC"CH Thesecond is propyne:
HC" C - CH3
Thethird is butyne:
HC" C - CH, - CH3
Note that there are no analogous
compounds in the alkene or alkyne series
forthe forthe firs firstt memb member er of the the alka alkane ne seri series es (met (metha hane ne - CH4 )· 66. 66. (C) (C) Alco Alcoho hols ls are are name named d by repl replac acin ing g the the -e of the the corr corres espon pondin ding g hydrohydrocarb carbon on name name by the suffi suffix x -ol. The The posit position ion of the the hydro hydroxy xy substi substitu tuent ent IS numb number ered ed from from the the shor shorte terr end end of the chai chain. n. Thus Thus,, the the struc structu ture re is name named d 3-he 3-hexa xanol nol.. It is a hexano hexanoll beca because use the the paren parentt hydro hydroca carb rbon on has has six six car carbon bonss and the prefix 3- (not (not 1-) 1-) is used used to ind indic icat atee the the loca locati tion on of the the hydr hydrox oxy y group group on the third third carb carbon. on. 67. 67. (E) The metals are found
on the left side of the periodic table, with
~eta ~etall llic ic chara charact cter er incr increa easi sing ng as one goes goes down down a gro group up.. All All the cho choic ices es give iven are in Group oup IA, so the one one farthest down own in the the grou group p has has the the grea greate test st meta metalli llicc chara charact cter er.. This This is fra franc ncium ium (Fr) (Fr).. 68. 68. (E) (E) The oxidati oxidation on states states of the element element compri comprising sing a neut neutral ral compoun compound d ~ust ~ave ~aveaa sum of zero zero.. Thus, Thus, nitr nitroge ogen n in HN03 has an oxidation oxidation sta~eof sta~eof +5, since since rdrogen rdrogen and oxygen oxygen have oxidati oxidation on states states of +1 and -2, -2, respectively.
i.e.,
(I) + (n)
+ (-{j)
= 0; therefore
n=5 11 5
SA T Chemistry
69. (A) A mol molee is defi define ned d to be 6.02 6.02 x 1023 atom atoms, s, mole molecu cule les, s, ions ions,, part partic icle les, s, etc. etc. Thu Thus, s, 1.5 1.5 x 1023 atom atomss repr repres esen ents ts 0.25 0.25 mole mole.. Reca Recall llin ing g that that the the mola molar r volu volume me of any any idea ideall gas at STP is 22.4 22.4 lite liters rs,, we may may calc calcul ulat atee the the volum volumee of 1.5 x 1023 atom atomss to be
(025 L)(22.4 Limo!) = 56 L
116
. PRACTICE TEST 2
SAT Chemistry Practice Test 1 (Ans (Answe werr shee sheets ts appe appear ar in the the back back of this this book book.) .)
PART A TIME:
1 Hour 85 Questions
DIRE DIRECT CTIO IONS NS:: Each set set of qu que estion stions below below consis consists ts of five lette lettere red d choi choice ces s foll follow owed ed by a list list of numbe numbere red d
stat statem emen ents ts
or que quest stio ions ns..
For For each each
state stateme men nt or qu que estion stion, sele select ct the an answ swer er choice choice that is mo most st closely closely it . Eac relate related d to it. Each answ answe er cho choice ice may be use used d once once,, more than than once once,, or not at all.
all ques questi tion onss invo involv lvin ing g solu soluti tion ons, s, assum assumee that that the the solven solventt is Vote: For all wate waterr unle unless ss othe otherw rwis isee
note noted. d.
Questions 1-6 referr to the the foll follow owin ing g grou groups ps.. 1-6 refe
(A) Alkali metals
(D) Halogens
(B) Alka lkalin line earth metals
(E) Ra Rare earths
(C) Metalloids
l.
Used Used prima primaril rily y in semico semicondu nducto ctors rs
2.
Some Some occur occur as diatom diatomic ic molec molecule uless
3.
Give Give oxides oxides with with die die form formula ula X20
4.
Produce Produce acid acid salts salts with the the formul formulaa XS04
5.
Have Have larg largee elect electro rone nega gati tivi vity ty
6.
Have Have smal smalll ioniza ionizatio tion n energi energies es
valu values es
83
SAT Chemistry Practice Test 1 (Ans (Answe werr shee sheets ts appe appear ar in the the back back of this this book book.) .)
PART A TIME:
1 Hour
85 Questions DIRE DIRECT CTIO IONS NS:: Each Each set set of ques questi tion ons s belo below w cons consis ists ts of five five lett letter ered ed choice choices s follow followed ed by a lis listt of numb number ered ed stat statem emen ents ts or que quest stio ions ns.. For For each each stat statem emen entt or ques questi tion on,, sele select ct the the answ answer er choi choice ce that that is most most close closely ly relate related d to it. Each Each answ answer er choi choice ce may may be used used once, once, mere mere than than once once,, or not at all.
Note: For For all all ques questi tion onss invo involv lvin ing g solu soluti tion ons, s, assu assume me that that the the solv solven entt is
water water unless unless otherw otherwise ise noted. noted. Questions 1-6 refe referr to the the foll follow owin ing g grou groups ps..
(A) Alkali Alkali metals metals
(D) Haloge Halogens ns
(B) Alkali Alkaline ne earth earth meta metals ls
(E) (E) Rare Rare eart earths hs
(e) Metalloids
1.
Used Used primar primarily ily in semico semicond nduct uctors ors
2.
Some Some occu occurr as diat diatom omic ic mole molecu cule less
3.
Give Give oxid oxides es with with the the fann fannui uiaa X20
4.
Produ oduce acid cid salt saltss with with the the fo formu rmula XSO 4
5.
Have Have larg largee elec electr tron oneg egat ativ ivit ity y valu values es
6.
Have Have smal smalll ion ioniz izat atio ion n energ energie iess
83
S A T C h e m i s t r y
Questions 7-10 refer to the following following species. species.
(A ) A B r en ste d a c id
(D ) A w e ak b a se
(B) A Brenst Brensted ed base
(E)
A buffer
(C ) A strong acid
7.
Is a sol solutio ution n made made by by the the combi combina nati tion on of a weak acid acid and and the the s a lt o f its conjugate base
8.
Always Always disso dissoci ciat ates es near nearly ly compl complet etel elyy in aqueous aqueous solu soluti tion on
9,
H as a very high K,
10.
Always accepts accepts a proton
Questions Questions 11-14 11-14 refer refer to the followi following ng species species.. (A) (A) A strong acid
weak ak base base (D) A we
(B) (B) A strong base
(E) A salt
(C) (C ) A weak acid
12, CI-
13.. NaHC0 13 NaHC0 3 14,, NaOH 14 NaOH Questions Questions 15-17
f ' re er to the the followmg followmg values. values.
(A) (A) 0 (D) -2 (8) (8) -t (E) +2
(C ) + \
15 T he .
id a n
o x ! ation number of Na in NaCl
T es es t 1
16. The oxid oxidati ation on number number of Cl in in Cb 17. The oxidat oxidatio ion n number number of Sin Sin NazS Questions 18-20 refer to the followi following ng colors. colors.
(A) Yellow
(D) White
(B) Purple
(E) Colorless
(C) Green
18. 18. S(s) 19. HCI(aq HCI(aq)) 20. NaOH(a NaOH(aq) q)
Questions 21-23 refer refer to the following following reactio reaction n and the given given values. values. 4NH,(g) + 502 (g) -> 4NO(g) + 6H,O(g) (A) 2.294
(D) (D) 25.3
(B) 36.49
(E) 2.513
(C) 1.409
1. If you begin begin with with 16.00 16.00 grams grams of ammonia ammonia,, and an exces excesss of oxygen, oxygen, how many grams of water will be obtained?
22. If you you beg begin wit with 66.0 66.00 0 gram rams of amm ammoni onia, and and 54.00 4.00 gram rams of oxygen oxygen,, how many grams grams of water water will will be obtai obtained ned?? 23. How many many moles of NH, are neede needed d to prod produce uce 2.513 2.513 moles moles of of NO?
85
SA T Chemistry
PARTS DIRECTIONS: Each Each que quest stio ion n belo below w cons consis ists ts of two two stat statem emen ents ts.. Dete Deterrmine mine if Stat Statem emen entt I is true true or fals false. e.a. a.r: r::K :K!. !.jf j f State Stateme ment nt II is is true true or false false an? an? fill ill in the the corr corre espo spondin nding g ovals vals on you your answ nswer she sheet. et. Fill ill in ova ovall CE If Stat Statem emen entt II is a cor corre rect ct expl explan anat atio ion n of the the true true Stat Statem emen entt I.
(I)
(II)
101. 101. Acid Acid rain rain is
because
destru destructi ctive ve to limesto limestone ne
102. The net ionic
because
equati equation on for the the mixing mixing of aqueou aqueouss soluti solutions ons of CaC CaCl, l, and and Na,S Na,S04 04 is: Na+(aq)
NaCI precipitates out of the reacti reaction. on.
+ C1-(aq) -> NaCI(s)
103. 103. Give Given n that that the the K sp of AgBr AgBr and BaCO] BaCO] are 5 X 10-13 and
because
a larger larger Ksp indicates a larger larger conversion conversion to products.
because
[OH-j (W] Kw = [OH (W]
2 X 10-9 respectively, AgBr AgBr is less less solubl solublee than than BaCO] BaCO]
104. In any solution (H+] = 1 x ]()-7 105. HF is considered a strong strong acid acid
106. 106. N~+ N~+ is cons consid ider ered ed to be a stro strong ng acid acid 107. 107. By the Lewi Lewiss theory theory of acids acids and bases, P- is considered to be a base
86
acid acid rain rain contai contains ns HC!.
= 1 X 10-14
because
strong strong acids acids ioni ionize ze comp comple lete tely ly in an aqueou aqueouss soluti solution. on.
because
it is the conjug conjugate ate acid acid of a stron strong g base base..
because
it can accept accept protons.
L Test Test 1
108.A 1 N soluti solution on of
because
molar molarity ity are both both
H2 S04 S04 is the the same same
units of concentrat concentration ion and refer refer to the same thing.
as a 1M solution ofH of H 2 S04 S0 4
soluti tion on of NaOH 1 0 9 . A solu and Ba(OHh Ba(OHh would would be a g oo d b uffe uf fer r
110. The oxidation
because
it contains contains OH-
as a common common Ion. Ion.
number of Cl in Ch
is + 1 ater 1 1 1 . W ater
normali normality ty and
because
has a high boi boili ling ng
Cl is miss missin ing g one one electr electron on to fill its
shell.
because
point for its molecular
of polar covalent covalent bonding.
weight 111. ~enzene ~enzene is a poor electrolyte electrolyte because In water
it does not not ion ioniz ize. e.
solution
113.The 113.The react reaction ion of zinc zinc with with hydr hydroc ochl hlor oric ic acid acid does does not go to comple completio tion n in an open open
because
hydroge hydrogenn gas is not evolved. evolved.
container
1 1 4 · A toms oms of the the sam same elem lement ent
because
they they have have the the same same
because
the positi positive ve nuclei nuclei are surrounded by a "sea"
combin combinee covale covalentl ntly y rathe rather r
electronegat electronegatii vities.
than by ionic ionic attractio attraction. n.
1 1 5· M etals such as gold are malleable
116· AcetilC acid " IS a stro strong ng acid acid
of free electrons. electrons.
because
it ionizes ionizes completely completely in water solution. solution.
87
SA T C h em is tr y
PARTe For each questi.on 'I.n this secti.on, se se I ec t the . best answer the DIRECTIONS: Fo
given choices and f i l l i n t h e c o r re re s p o n di d i n g o v al al o n afrom n s we ramong s h e e t the .
24. The elemen elementt with atomi atomicc number 32 descri describes bes (A) (A) a meta metall (D) (D) a halo haloge gen n
(B) (B) a nonm nonmet etal al
(E)
(C) (C) a meta metall lloi oid d
a noble gas
25. 25 . The Lewis dot do t structure of structure of N 2 is is best best represe represente nted d as (A) (A) :N :N:N: (D) (D) (B) (B) :N::N
(C)
26. 26.
(E)
'N:: N·
:N:::N:
.
.
N::: N
All All of the the foll follOw Owin ing g are are chem chemic ical al chan change gess EXCE EXCEPT PT
(A) dissOlv dissOlving ing NaCI in Water burning a piece of wood (B) burning a
Oneabsorbing absorbing ultraviolet ultraviolet light (e) OZ One (D) disS disSOlvi Olving ng Na metal in water (E ) rusling of iron 27. 27 . Which of the following following has the smallest smallest mass? (A) (A) a hydr hydrog ogen en nucl nucleu euss (B) (B) an alph alphaa pani panicl clee (C)
88
a neUlron
(D) a heliu helium m nucle nucleus us (E) (E) a beta beta part partic icle le
Tes t 1
28. 585 g of of NaCI NaCI in (A) (A) 1 lite literr of solu soluti tion on is 2 mola molar r (B) (B) 2 lite liters rs of solu soluti tion on is 0.7 0.75 5 mola molar r (C) (C ) I lite literr of solu soluti tion on is I mola molall (D) (D) 2 kilo kilogr gram amss of solv solven entt is 0.5 0.5 mola molall (E) 1 kil kilogr ogram of sol solve vent nt is I mol molaar
29. 29. The The great greatest est reduct reductio ion n of kinet kinetic ic energ energyy of water water molecul molecules es occurs occurs whenwater is (A) (A) cool cooled ed as a solid solid (B) (B) cool cooled ed as a liqu liquid id (C) (C ) conv conver erte ted d from from a liqu liquid id to a gas gas
(D) converted from a gas to a liquid (E) convert converted ed from from a liquid liquid to a soli solid d
3 0 . One formul formulaa unit unit of Cr(N Cr(NH3) H3),S0 ,S04Br 4Br
repre represen sents ts
(A) 4 atoms
(D) 23 atoms
(B) 8 atoms
(E)
27 atoms
(C) (C ) 12 atoms
31. How many neutrons are there in the nucleus of an element of atomic weight 197?
(A) 43
(D) 100
(B) 79
(E) (E)
118
(C) (C ) 83
32
. The The extr xtremel emely y high high melt elting ing
poin pointt of dia diamond ond (car carbon) bon) may
b
e
ex-
plamed by large numbers of (A) covalent bonds
(D) Va Van der Waals forces
(B) ionic bonds
(E)
polar bonds
(C) (C ) hydroge hydrogen n bonds bonds 89
SA T C h em is tr y
33. Which followmg owmg best best represen represents ts the geome tr y a nd atomic .. of the foll radii
in a carbon carbon dioxide dioxide molecule? molecule? (A )0 -0-0
(C)
(B ) 0 -0-0
0
/,,o
(D) (D) 0
o
/,,-
o
0
(E )0 -0--0
Answer questions 34-37 using the phase diagram below. G
H D
Pressure
•
B
•
A
E
C
• F
Temperature
34.
At which point can all three three phases coexist coexist at equil equilibri ibrium? um? (A) C (D) G (B) D
(C) E
35.
At which point can only the solid phase exist? (A) A
(B) B (C) C 36.
(E) H
(D) E (E) F
Which hich is th e criticnl point?
(A) B (D) G
(B) E
(C) F 90
(E) H
T es es t 1
which point can only only the solid solid and liqui liquidd phases phases coexi coexist st?? 3 7 . At which (A) C (B) D
(D) A (E) B
(C ) E
38. Whichof Whichof the following following is electrolytic? electrolytic? (A ) mercury in water
(B ) a benzene benzene solut solutio ionn of ethanol ethanol (C ) s u c r o s e diss dissol olved ved in water water (D) sodiu sodium m chlor chloride ide dissol dissolved ved in water water
(E ) vinegar vinegar in water water
3 9 . The oxidat oxidatio ionn number of sulf sulfur ur in NaHS04 is (A ) O .
(D) (D) +4. +4.
(B) (B) +2. +2.
(E) (E) +6.
(C) -2.
40. A small small ccrys rystal tal of NaCl is added to a sodi sodium um chlori chloride de solut solutio ionn resul~the preci precipi pitat tatio ionn of more than I gram gram of sodiu sodium m chlori chloride. de. This ing in g in the solution had been (A) unsaturated
(B) saturated saturated
(D) dilute
(E) concen concentra trated ted
(C ) supersaturated 41, The salt salt produ produced ced b y the reac reacti tion on of pe perc rchl hlor oric ic acid acid with with bari barium um
hydroxide is
(A) BaCIa, BaCIa,
(D) Ba(CIO.),
(B) (B) BaCia.
(E) BaCl2
(C) (C ) Ba(OH)2
91
SA T Ch emistry emistry
42. 42.
A reac reacti tion on that that occu occurs rs only only when when heat heat is add added ed is best best desc descri ribe bed d as (A) (A) exothermic
(D) spontaneous
(B) endothermic
(C)
43. 43.
(E) (E) non-spontaneous
an equilibriu equilibrium m process process
The The tran transi siti tion on meta metals ls are are char charac acte teri rize zed d
by
(A) highes highestt energy energy electr electrons ons in s subshells CB) highe highest st energy energy electr electrons ons in p subshells (C) (C) high highes estt ener energy gy elec electr tron onss in d subshells CD) highest highest energy energy electrons electrons injsubshel injsubshells ls (E) stable stable elec electro tron n config configura uratio tions ns 44. 44. Neut Neutra rall atom atomss of F (fl (fluo uori rine ne)) have have the same same numb number er of elec electr tron onss as (A) B3~
(D) Na-
(B) N +
(E) M 3+
g
(C) (C) NeNe-
45. 45. An equi equili libr briu ium m reac reacti tion on may may be for force ced d to comp comple leti tion on by (A) (A) adding adding a cataly catalyst st (8) increa increasin sing g the pressu pressure re (C) increasing increasing the temper temperatur aturee
(D) rem remOV OVin ing g the prod produc uctts from from the the rea reacti ction mixtu ixturre formed (E) (E) decre decreasi asing ng the reacta reactant nt conce concentr ntrati ation on 46.
An acid H3X is cla class ssif ifie ied d as (A) monopr monoproti oticc (B) diprot diprotic ic (C) (C) trip tripro roti ticc
92
(D) (D) bide bident ntat atee (E) (E)
pola polarr coval covalen entt
as the they are are
Test Test 1
47. 47. Whic Which h of the the foll follow owin ing g salts salts will will resu result lt in a basi basicc solu solutio tion n when when dissolvedin water? (A) Ba(NO,), Ba(NO,),
(D) Pb,(P0 Pb,(P04)2 4)2
(B) Na,S
(E) NaCl aCl
(e) (e) Al,(S04h
48. TheHaber proces processs is used for producin producing g ammonia ammonia from nitroge nitrogen n and hydrog hydrogen. en. This This reacti reaction on could could be forced forced to produce produce more more ammoni ammoniaa by
(A) increasin increasing g the reaction reaction pressure pressure (B) decreasi decreasing ng the reaction reaction pressure pressure (C ) adding a catalyst
(D) adding a salt (E) adding adding water 49. Theionization energy of an element is (A) (A) a meas measur uree of its its mass mass (B) (B) the the ener energy gy requ requir ired ed to remo remove ve an elec electr tron on from from the eleme element nt in its gaseous state ( C ) the energy energy released released by the element element in formin forming g an ionic ionic bond
(D) the energy energy releas released ed by the elemen elementt upon upon receiv receiving ing an additio additional nal electron (E) the amount amount of ions in a molecu molecule le
so .
The.radio The.radioactiv activee decay decay of plutonium plutonium ~238 ( 2§~Pu) 2§~Pu)produces produces an alpha alpha particleand particle and a new atom. That new atom is (A)
234pU
(D) (D)
242pU
(B)
234U
(E)
242Cm
(C )
234Cm
92
92
96
96
92
93
S A T C h em is tr y
5 ].
W ha ha t is the approximat approximatee melting melting point of 0.2 liter literss of water water containcontaining 6.20 g of ethylene glycol (C,H,O,)? (A) (A) -186"C (B) (B) -D.93 -c - c
(C)
52.
a -c -c
(D) (D) 0.93 0.93"C "C (E) (E) 1.86" 1.86"C C
What is is the empiri empirical cal formula formula of a compo compoun und d compo compose sed d of 25.9% nitrogen and 74.]% oxygen? (A) (A) NO
(B) (B) NO, NO, (C) N,O
(D) N,04
(E) N,O,
53. 53. weighs The The molecu molecula larr weig weight ht of a gas gas is 16. At STP, STP, 4.48 4.48 liter literss of this this gas (A) (A) 2.3 g
(B) 2.7 g
(C) (C) 3.2 3.2 g
(D) 4.1g (E) 4.9 g
54. 54. How How many many mil millil lilit iter erss of 5 M NaOH NaOH are required required to complet completely ely neuneutralize 2 liters of 3 M Hel? (A) (A) 600 m L (B) (B) 900 ml,
(C) 1,200 m L
(D) (D) 1,500 m 1,500 m L (E) (E) 1,800 mL m L
55. SOlution? How many moles of SUlfateion are in 200 m L of a 2 M sodium sulfate (A) (A) 0.2 mole
(B) (B) 0.4 0.4 mol molee (C) 0.6 mole
94
(D) (D) 0.8 0.8 mole mole (E) (E) 1.0 mole
Test 1
moless of elec electr trons ons are are requir required ed to to reduc reducee 103. 103.66 g of lead lead 5 6 . How many mole fromPb 2+ to the metal?
(A) 0.5 mole
(D) 4 moles
(B) I mole
(E) (E) 8 mole moless
(C) 2 moles moles 5 7 . How many many grams grams of copp copper er will be depo deposi sitted from from a sol soluti ution of CUS04 by a current of 3 amperes in 2 hours? (A) 5 g
(D) 11g
(B) 7 g
(E) 15g
(C) 8 g
58. The standa standard rd elect electrode rode in electr electroche ochemis mistry try is compose composed d of (A) gold
(D) magnesium
(B) platinum
( E ) hydrogen
(C) (C ) copper
5 9 . Z n ~ Z n2 + + 2e- ; Eg~:;;:+0.76 + 0.76 V ~d:;;:~0 ~0.7 .74 4V Cr 3+ + 3e- ~ Cr ; E~d:;;:
The anode anode in this this cell cell is (A) Zn
(D) Cr 3 +
(B) Cr
( E ) 3e-
( C ) Z 02+
60 A .
2
.
.
.?
s p configurati n sp configuration on is represented represented b y which onentatIon.
(A) tetrahedral
(D) trigonal planar
(B) planar
(E) square
(C) (C) line linear ar
95
SA T C h em is tr y
3 2
6 1. A sp d configuration is represented b y which which orientati orientation? on? (A) tetrahedral (B)
(D) trigona! hipyramidal
trigonal planar
(E)
square planar
(C) linear
62. 62. The The bal balance anced d molar molar relat relatiionsh onship ip of the the diss dissoc ocia iati tion on hydrogen hydrogen and oxygen is (A) (A) (B) (C)
63. 63.
I : I:! (D) (D)
2 : 1: I
2:1:2
(E) 2:2:1
I :2: I
What What vol volum umee of wat water er is requ requir ired ed to prod produc ucee 5 lite liters rs of oxy oxyge gen n by the the
process below? H,O(g)
--? H,(g)
+ O,(g)
(A) 3 liters
(8) (8) 5 liters
( C) 10 liters 64.
(D) (D) 14 liters (E)
16 liters
What is the molecular weight of HCJ0 ? 4
(A) 52.5 g/mol
(B) (C)
(D) (D)
100.5 g/rnol
(E)
116.5 g/mo!
73.5 g/mo] 96.5 g/mol
65. 65. The The str struc uctu ture re of the the thi third rd membe memberr of the the alky alkyne ne seri series es is
(A) H-C"C_H (B) H-C"C-CH, (C) H-C" C-CH,-CH, (D) H-C H-C" C- C" C_H (E) H-C"C-CH~CH2
96
of wate waterr int intoo
T es es t 1
66. 66. The The syst system emat atic ic (lUP (lUPAC AC))
name name of this this struct structur uree is
H
H
H
OH
H
H
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
H - C- C- C- C- C- C- H
H H H H H H (A) hexano hexanoll
(D) l-hexano l-hexanoll
(B) 3-hydroxyhex 3-hydroxyhexane ane
(E) (E)
isohe isohexa xano noll
( C ) 3-hexanol 67. Which Which of the the eleme lement ntss
in Group roup IA of the peri period odic ic table able has has the the
greatest greatest metallic metallic character? character? (A) (A) Li
(D) Rh
(B) (B) Na
(E) Fr
(C) K
68. The oxidat oxidation ion state state of nitroge nitrogen n in nitri nitricc acid acid (HN03) is (A) +1
(D) (D) +4
(B) +2
(E) +5
(C) +3 69. Wh What vol volume does oes a sam sample of 1.50 x 1023 atom atomss of heliu helium m at STP STP
represent? (A) (A) 5.6 liter literss
(D) (D) 22.4 22.4 lit liter erss
(B) (B) 11.2 11.2 lite liters rs
(E) (E)
1.5 1.5 lite literrs
(C) 17.8li 17.8liter terss
97
