Segurança M1V3

Hasthtutb Vahvfrsd` Crdsh`fhrb Diehahstrdêíb @uhz Nfradaib Ihahz Adsb Obsè Mdr`bs Ihahz Adsb Haïs Ihahz Adsb Jfrfatf Jfrd` Ebifstb Wdatd`èd

Ihrftbrd Jfrd` Hrfaf Sbirhjufs if B`hvfhrd Yfhxfhrd Yfhxfhrd Shcfhrb Mbbrifadêíb Sbsf`h Dadstämhb ]h`vd Zdìbehrb Sfmmlh Fihtbrdêíb Edrmbs Wrdib if Mdrvd`lb Sfvhsíb if Yfxtb Edrmhd Ebrfhrd if Mdrvd`lb Dutbr Fiudrib @dtbrrf

Heprfssíb HVCSD - Haiÿstrhd Jräfflmd f Fihtbrd @tid. Sbibvhd Fstdiud` Cbhtuvd - Hpfrý, ke 4,4 Mdepbs if Cbhtuvd - Cbhtuvd - ]W MFW 4<667-777

Ybibs Ybi bs bs ihrfhtbs síb rfsfrvdibs. rfsfrvdibs. Aíb è pfrehthid d rfprbiuêíb rfprbiuêíb tbtd` bu pdrmhd` pdrmhd` ifstf mursb

]VEÄSHB EÝIV@B 4 ” ^B@VEF = IF]FALB YÈMAHMB Du`d 4 ” Mbamfhtb if Jfbeftrhd W`dad . . @halds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ãaju`b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yrhãaju`b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mhrmuanfrïamhd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ärfd f Wfråeftrb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ]ý`hibs Jfbeètrhmbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abreds pdrd Ifsfalb . . . . . . . . . . . . . Md`hjrdffld Yèmahmd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ^fod sf Dprfaifu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. : . : . : . < . < . 8 47 44 43 49

Du`d 3 ” Wfrspfmthvd, Fsmd`ds f Mbtds . Wfrspfmthvds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wrbofêíb Wrbofê íb Brtbjbad` . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fsmd`ds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mbtds f Haihmdêöfs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ^fod sf Dprfaifu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dprfaid Ndzfaib . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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46 46 4> 48 33 39 39

Du`d = ” Sfprfsfatdêíb if Ve Wrboftb . W`datd Cdhxd Cdhxd.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ]åecb`bs f Mbavfaêöfs . . . . . . . . . . . . Mbrtfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mhrmu`dêíb ^frthmd` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ^fod sf Dprfaifu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dprfaid Ndzfaib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. . 36 . . 36 . . 36 . . 3> . . 3< . . =4 . . =3

Du`d 9 ” Hastd`dêíb Lhiräu`hmd f F`ètrhmd Hastd`dêíb Lhiräu`hmd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sfif if Fsjbtb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hastd`dêíb F`ètrhmd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ^fod sf Dprfaifu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dprfaid Ndzfaib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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== == =6 =6 =: =<

Du`d 6 ” Edpd if Shsmb . . . ]hecb`bjhd . . . . . . . . . . . Fxfmuêíb ib Edpd if Shsmb Shsmb.. ^fod sf Dprfaifu . . . . . . . Dprfaid Ndzfaib . . . . . . .

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=8 =8 97 94 93

Du`d > ” Mbrfs f ]had`hzdêíb . . . . . . . Sfprfsfatdêíb ids Mbrfs . . . . . . . . . ]had`hzdêíb pdrd ]ucstãamhds Wfrhjbsds Vth`hzdêíb ids Mbrfs. . . . . . . . . . . . .

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9= 9= 99 99

@bmd`hzdêíb ibs ]hadhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 ^fod sf Dprfaifu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9: Dprfaid Ndzfaib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9< ^fod sf Dprfaifu ” Sfspbstds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Dprfaid Ndzfaib ” Sfspbstds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

@FJH]@DÊÍB F ABSED] Du`d 4 ” Brjdahzdêíb Ouråihmd . Abreds Ouråihmds . . . . . . . . . . Brjdahzdêíb ids @fhs Crdsh`fhrds . F`dcbrdêíb if ued @fh . . . . . . . Ihrfhtb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mrhef. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yfrebs Ouråihmbs . . . . . . . . . . . ^fod sf Dprfaifu . . . . . . . . . .

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>4 >4 >4 >= >9 >6 >: ><

Du`d 3 ” Ihrfhtb I hrfhtb ib Yrdcd`lb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >8 Feprfjdibr f Feprfjdib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >8 Mbatrdtb Mbatrd tb if Yrdc Yrdcd`lb d`lb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :4 ]haihmdtbs f Mbavfaêöfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :3 Ousthêd ib Yrdcd`lb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . := ^fod sf Dprfaifu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :9 Du`d = ” Dmhifatfs Dmhi fatfs if Yrdcd`lb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :6 Dechfatf if Yrdcd`lb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :6 Wrh rhe efhr hrds ds @fhs Crd rdsh sh`f `fhr hrds ds sb sbcr crff Dmh mhif ifa atfs if if Yrd rdcd cd`l `lb b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :6 Dmhifatfs f Ibfaêds if Yrdcd`lb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :> MDY - Mbeuahmdêíb if Dmhifatf if Yrdcd`lb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :< Mdusds if Dmhifatfs if Yrdcd`lb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :8 Havfsthjdêíb f Daä`hsf if Dmhifatfs if Yrdcd`lb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <7 NDW ” Ndtbr Dmhifatärhb if Wrfvfaêíb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <4 AYFW - Afxb Yèmahmb Fphifehb`ýjhmb Wrfvhifamhärhb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <4 ^fod sf Dprfaifu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <3 Du`d 9 ” Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` . . . . . . . . . @fjhs`dêíb @fjhs`dê íb id Wrfvhi Wrfvhiïamhd ïamhd ]bmhd` ab Crdsh` . Mbamfhtb if ]dÿif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ]fjurhidif ]bmhd` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ]hstfed Crdsh`fhrb if ]fjurhidif . . . . . . ^fod sf Dprfaifu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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<= <= <9 <6 <> <<

Du`d 6 ” Sfjhefs if Nhadamhdefatb id Wrfvhiïamhd Sfjhef if Sfpdrthêíb ]hep`fs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sfjhef if Mdphtd`hzdêíb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nýreu`d ib Ndtbr Wrfvhifamhärhb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ^fod sf Dprfaifu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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<8 <8 87 87 83

Du`d > ” ]frvhêbs id Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` f Wrfvhiïamhd Wrhvdid . ]fjurdibs id Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` ]bmhd`.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ]frvhêb ]bmhd` ]bmhd`.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sfdch`htdêíb Sfdch`htdêí b Wrbfflsshba Wrbfflsshbad` d` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wfråmhd Eèihmd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wrfvhiïamhd Wrfvhiï amhd Wrhvdid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ^fod sf Dprfaifu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. 8= . 8= . 89 . 89 . 86 . 8> . 8:

Du`d : ” Dpbsfatdibrhd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8< Dpbsfatdibrhd pbr Hidif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8< Dpbsfatdibrhd Dpbsfatdi brhd pbr Yfepb if Mbatrhcuhêí Mbatrhcuhêíb b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Dpbsfatdibrhd Dpbsfatdi brhd Fspfmhd` pbr Havd`hif Havd`hifz. z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .477 ^fod sf Dprfaifu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .473 Du`d < ” @fjhs`dêíb Crdsh`fhrd id ]fjurdaêd ib Yrdcd`lb . @fh id Ha Hatrbiuêíb çs Ab Abreds ib Ihrfhtb Crdsh`fhrb . . . . . . . . Mbasb`hidêíb ids @fhs ib Yrdcd`lb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abreds Sfju`def Sfju`defatdibrds atdibrds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ^fod sf Dprfaifu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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.47= .477= .4 . 479 .479 .444 .44>

Du`d 8 ” Dthvhidifs f Sfjhstrb Wrbfflsshbadhs . Dthvhidifs Wrbfflsshbadhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sfjhstrb Wrbfflsshbad` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ^fod sf Dprfaifu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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..444: . 44: .44: .437 .433

Du`d 47 ” Sfspbasdch`hidifs Mhvhs f Wfadhs . Mdpdmhidif Mhvh` f Wfad` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sfspbasdch`hidif Mhvh` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sfspbasdch`hidif Wfad` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ^fod sf Dprfaifu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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..443= .43= . 43 = . 43 > .4=3

Du`d 44 ” Dspfmtbs Ouråihmbs ids Abreds Sfju`defatdibrds . . . . . . . . Abreds Sfju`def Sfju`defatdibrds atdibrds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abred Sfju`defatdibrd 4 ” Ihspbshêöfs Jfrdhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abred Sfju`defatdibrd 3 ” Haspfêíb Wrèvhd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abred Sfju`defatdibrd = ” Fecdrjb bu Hatfrihêíb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wrbjrded if D`hefatdêíb db Yrdcd`ldibr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . If`fjdmhd Sfjhbad` ib Yrdcd`lb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brife if ]fr vhêb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Duihtbrhd Nhsmd`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J`bssärhb id ]fjurdaêd f Efihmhad ib Yrdcd`lb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ^fod sf Dprfaifu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . .4 . 4 == . . . . . .4== . . . . . .4=9 . . . . . .4=: . . . . . .497 . . . . . .494 . . . . . . 493 . . . . . . 49 = . . . . . .496 . 496 . . . . . .4 .4996 . . . . . .49:

^fod sf Dprfaifu - Sfspbstds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49< . 49<

]F]EY AD FEWSF]D Du`d 4 ” ]F]EY ad Feprfsd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4>4 Mbepftïamhds ib ]F]EY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..4>4 4>4

Ihefashbadefatb ibs Wrbfflsshbadhs ib ]F]EY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wrbjrded if ]fjurdaêd f Efihmhad ib Yrdcd`lb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wrbfflsshbadhs Wrbfflsshbad hs Fspfmhd`hzdi Fspfmhd`hzdibs bs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ]F]EY dbs Nuamhbaärhbs Yfrm Yfrmfhrhzdibs fhrhzdibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mdrjd Lbrärhd f Nuaêöfs Fspfmåfflmds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mbepftïamhds f Sfspbasdch` Sfspbasdch`hidifs hidifs ibs Wrbfflsshbadhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ]F]EY Mbeue çs Feprfsds ^hzhalds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ]F]EY Yfrmfhrhzdib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sfjhstrb ib ]F]EY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ^fod sf Dprfaifu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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.4>4 . 4>= .4>= .4>9 .4>6 .4>6 . 4>> .4>> .4>: . 4> < .4>8 .4:7

Du`d 3 ” Tudirbs Dafxbs id AS-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tudirb H ” Sf`dêíb id M`dsshfflmdê M`dsshfflmdêíb íb Admhbad` if Dthvhidifs Fmbaùehmds ” Jrdu if Shsmb Tudi Tu dirb rb HH ” Ihe Ihefa fash shba bade defa fatb tb ib ibss Wrb Wrbffls fflssh shba badh dhss ib ib ]F] ]F]E EY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tudirbs HHH, H^, ^ f ^H ” Nbreu`ärhbs id MHWD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ^fod sf Dprfaifu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .4:4 . . . 4:4 . . .4 .4:= := . . . 4 := . . .4:>

Du`d = ” Ihefashbadefatb ib ]fset . . Ihefashbadefatb Ihefashbadef atb ib ]F]EY. . . . . . . . . ]htudêöfs Ihvfrsds if Ihefashbadefatb . ^fod sf Dprfaifu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dprfaid Ndzfaib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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..44:: .4:: . 4 :8 .4<3 . 4 <9

Du`d 9 ” Md`mu`daib f Wrffamlfaib bs Tudirbs HHH, H^, ^ F ^H id AS-9 . . . . . . . . .4<6 Tudirb HHH ” Dmhifatfs mbe ^åtheds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4<> Tudirb H^ ” Ibfaêds Bmupdmhbadh Bmupdmhbadhss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4<< Tudirb ^ ” Hasdùcrhidif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4<8 Tudirb ^H ” Dmhifatfs sfe ^åtheds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .487 ^fod sf Dprfaifu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .484 ^fod sf Dprfaifu ” Sfspbstds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .483 . 483 Dprfaid Ndzfaib ” Sfspbstds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48> Sfnfrïamhds Chc`hbjräfflmds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48:

IF]FALB YÈMAHMB

D

ihsmhp`h ad Ifsfalb Yèmahmb Yèmahmb dprfsfatd ued mb`ftãa fd if hanbredêöfs rf`fvdatf s pdrd fatfaifr ds rfprfsfatdêöfs if hastd`dêöfs mbathids fe prboftbs, if dmbrib mbe ds abreds rfju`defatdibrds id mbastruêíb mhvh` f haiustrhd`.

Du`d 4 Yrdz ued rfvhsíb ibs Mbamfhtbs if Jfbeftrhd W`dad , dprfsfatdaib trdêdibs cäshmbs id jfbeftrhd p`dad pdrd d `fhturd f mbeprffasíb ib ifsfalb tèmahmb. Du`d 3 Nd`debs sbcrf Wfrspfmthvds Wfrspfmthvds,, Fsmd`ds f Mbtds if ued pfêd, dprfsfatdaib b fsmd`åeftrb mbeb nfrrdefatd nuamhbad` pdrd d mbafflredêíb if ihefasíb if fsmd`ds. Du`d = Fspfmhfflmd b mbaouatb if prbofêöfs, vhstds f sfêöfs ad Sfprfsfatdêíb if ue Wrboftb if drquhtfturd. Du`d 9 Fashadebs d `fr f hatfrprftdr bs ihvfrsbs såecb`bs så ecb`bs if Hastd`dêíb Lhiräu`hmd f F`ètrhmd prfsfatfs ads p`datds if mbastruêíb mhvh`. Du`d 6 Dprfsfatd d shecb`bjhd ids mbrfs if rhsmb prfsfatfs fe ue Edpd if Shsmb, d`èe if fashadr d fxfmutä-`b. Du`d > Ebstrdebs ds Mbrfs f ]had`hzdêíb prfsfatfs ads shad`hzdêöfs if sfjurdaêd ab dechfatf if trdcd`lb.

]DHCD EDH] Wdrd edhs hanbredêöfs sbc rf ds mbrfs id sfjurdaêd ib trdcd `lb, è cbe quf ndêd ued `fhturd ad Abred Sfju`defatdibrd 3> (AS-3>), dtrdvès ib Wbrtd` ib Jbvfrab Nfifrd`? lttp?//pbrtd`.etf.jbv.cr/idtd/ffl`fs/D=4487M4>74=4 lttp?//pbrtd`.etf.jbv .cr/idtd/ffl`fs/D=4487M4>74=43D7F46C>4<47/arR3>.pin 3D7F46C>4<47/arR3>.pin Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

6

Hasthtutb Vahvfrsd` Crdsh`fhrb

J@B]]ÄSHB Fsmd`d. Sf`dêíb fatrf ds prbpbrêöfs if ued rfprfsfatdêíb f ds ib prboftb rfprfsfatdib, mbe jrdiudêíb if ihefasöfs f efihids. Fsmd`åeftrb. Hastruefatb ad nbred if ue prhsed trhdaju`dr quf pbssuh sfhs rèjuds mbe ihnfrfatfs fsmd`ds. È uth`hzdib pdrd efihr f mbamfcfr ifsfalbs fe fsmd`ds dep`hdids bu rfiuzhids. Nuaidêíb. Cdsf suctfrrãafd sbcrf d qud` sf mbastrbfe ds fihnhmdêöfs; pbatb if pdrthid pdrd hahmhdr ued bcrd. Jfbeftrhd. Wdrtf id Edtfeäthmd quf fstuid b fspdêb f ds nbreds jfbeètrhmds. W`datd. Sfprfsfatdêíb jränhmd id prbofêíb lbrhzbatd` if ue bcoftb bu pfêd. W`datd cdhxd. Ifsfalb if ued mbastruêíb nfhtb, fe jfrd`, d pdrthr ib mbrtf lbrhzbatd` id cdsf. Af`d ifvfe fstdr iftd`ldids, fe fsmd`d, ds efihids ids pdrfifs, pbrtds, odaf`ds; b abef if mdid dechfatf f sfu rfspfmthvb aåvf`. Wfrspfmthvd. Drtf if ifsfaldr bu phatdr mbe fnfhtb if prbnuaihidif, ifpfaifaib ib pbatb if vhstd. Wrbofêíb. Fe ifsfalb drquhtftùahmb bu mbastruêíb mhvh`, rfnfrf-sf dbs mä`mu`bs datfmhpdibs nfhtbs d pdrthr if idibs pdrmhdhs bu tbtdhs. Wrbofêíb brtbjbad`. Wrbmfssb if rfiuêíb if ued nhjurd fspdmhd` pdrd b p`dab. È nfhtb dtrdvès id prbofêíb if mdid pbatb id nhjurd (tfrrfab), pfrpfaihmu`drefatf d ue p`dab if rfnfrïamhd (p`datd). Yfrrdp`dadjfe. Fxfmuêíb if bpfrdêöfs if fsmdvdêíb bu dtfrrb, afmfssärhds pdrd sf fxfmutdr iftfrehadid mbastruêíb. Ybpbjrdnhd. Ifsmrhêíb jränhmd ib rf`fvb if ue tfrrfab.

Mbamfhtbs Hepbrtdatfs Mbastruêíb mhvh`. Fihnhmdêíb bu fstruturdêíb if bcrds mbeb mdsds, fihnåmhbs, pbatfs, fstrdids, dfrbpbrtbs ftm. Wrboftbs ifsfavb`vhibs pbr ue drquhtftb bu fajfalfhrb mhvh`. Drquhtfturd. Drtf f tèmahmd if brjdahzdr fspdêbs if mbastruêíb. ]ud lhstýrhd tfe bs efsebs ifsibcrdefatbs id Lhstýrhd id Drtf. Ad vfridif, trdtd-sf ib mbaouatb if mbastruêöfs quf mdrdmtfrhzde ued èpbmd bu ue pbvb. Mdid prboftb pbif dprfsfatdr ue fsth`b drquhtftùahmb ihnfrfatf, muob trdêb, euhtds vfzfs, è ue ndtbr if vd`brhzdêíb ib heývf` abs prbmfssbs if mbeprd f vfaid.

Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

>


Mhrmuanfrïamhd

Du`d 4

F`hpsf

MBAMFHYB IF JFBEFYSHD W@DAD Hatrbiuêíb @halds murvds nbredaib ued mhrmuanfrïamhd f ued f`hpsf

]DHCD EDH] @hald ehstd è mbepbstd pbr pdrtfs if `halds rftd f murvd. @halds pdrd`f`ds . ]íb mbashifrdids pdrd`f`ds iuds `halds quf, pbr edhs quf sf prb`bajufe, auamd sf fambatrde.

@halds pdrd`f`ds

@halds pfrpfaihmu`drfs. ]íb pfrpfaihmu`drfs iuds `halds rftds quf sf fambatrde, nbredaib ue ãaju`b if 87·, bu sfod, b ãaju`b rftb.

Datfs if idrebs ds hanbredêöfs cäshmds sbcrf fstuibs hatrbiutýrhbs pdrd `fhturd f hatfrprftdêíb if ifsfalbs tèmahmbs, è afmfssärhd ued rfvhsíb if mbamfhtbs if jfbeftrhd p`dad. Wbrtdatb, vdebs ç rfvhsíb.

8 7 ·

@halds

87·

@hald è iffflahid, jfbeftrhmdefatf, mbeb ued sumfssíb if pbatbs.

@halds pfrpfaihmu`drfs

Ãaju`b @halds

Mlded-sf ãaju`b d efihid ib dndstdefatb fatrf iuds `halds rftds quf edatïe ue pbatb mbeue mldedib if vèrthmf. Ds `halds quf nbrede bs ãaju`bs síb mldedids if `dibs ib ãaju`b.

Ds `halds pbife sfr rftds bu murvds. Ds rftds pbife bmupdr trïs ihnfrfatfs pbshêöfs ab fspdêb? lbrhzbatd` , vfrthmd` f ham`hadid . Ds `halds murvds pbife nbredr d mhrmuanfrïamhd f d f`hpsf.

Lbrhzbatd`

` d m h t r f ^

b @ d i

^èrthmf

d i d a h ` m a H

@ d i i b

@halds rftds ads pbshêöfs lbrhzbatd`, vfrthmd` f ham`hadid Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d 4

δ Ãaju`b

Ãaju`b mbe vèrthmf f `dibs :


M`dsshnhmdêíb ibs ãaju`bs

Yrhãaju`b

Bs ãaju`bs pbife sfr m`dsshfflmdibs mbeb rftb, djuib f bctusb.

È d ffljurd jfbeètrhmd nbredid pbr trïs `dibs f trïs ãaju`bs. Bs trhãaju`bs pbife sfr rftãaju`b , hsýsmf`fs f fsmd`fab.

• B ãaju`b rftb è mrhdib d pdrthr if ued `hald lbrhzbatd` f ued vfrthmd` pfrpfaihmu`dr, pfrpf aihmu`dr, nbredaib fxdtbs 87· fatrf sh.

•Yrhãaju`b rftãaju`b? qudaib pbssuh ue ãaju`b rftb. •Yrhãaju`b hsýsmf`fs? qudaib ibhs `dibs tïe d efsed efihid. •Yrhãaju`b fsmd`fab? qudaib d efihid ibs trïs `dibs è ihnfrfatf.

Ãaju`b rftb 87·

Ãaju`b rftb

Sftãaju`b

Hsýsmf`fs

Fsmd`fab

• B ãaju`b djuib efif efabs if 87· ; pbrtdatb, è ue ãaju`b efabr quf b rftb. Yrhãaju`bs rftãaju`b, hsýsmf`fs f fsmd`fab

Mhrmuanfrïamhd δ efabr quf 87¿ È d `hald murvd nfmldid shtudid aue efseb p`dab. Fssd `hald fstä fquhihstdatf (efsed ihstãamhd) if ue pbatb mldedib mfatrb. D `hald quf pdssd pf`b mfatrb id mhrmuanfrïamhd f uaf ibhs pbatbs ifstd sf mlded ihãeftrb (I) ; oä d `hald rftd quf uaf b mfatrb id mhrmuanfrïamhd d qud`qufr pbatb ifstd è b rdhb (S).

Ãaju`b djuib

• B ãaju`b bctusb è b quf tfe ued dcfrturd edhbr quf 87·; pbrtdatb, è edhbr quf b ãaju`b rftb.

δ edhbr quf 87¿

I h Sdhb ã e f r b t t r b a f M

Ãaju`b bctusb

WDSD SFN@FYHS B quf è chssftrhz ib ãaju`b2 È d `hald quf ihvhif ue ãaju`b fe ibhs ãaju`bs hjudhs.

Sfprfsfatdêíb if ued mhrmuanfrïamhd mbe sfu mfatrb, ihãeftrb f rdhb

WDSD SFN@FYHS =7¿ =7¿

B rdhb è hjud` db ihãeftrb ihvhihib pbr ibhs (S 5 I ú 3) , bu b ihãeftrb f hjud` d iuds vfzfs b rdhb (I 5 3 x S).

Chssftrhz if ue ãaju`b if >7·

]DHCD EDH] F`fefatbs id mhrmuanfrïamhd B vd`br ib ãaju`b aíb ifpfaif ib mbeprhefatb ids `halds quf nbrede bs `dibs, eds ib sfu vd`br f dcfr turd. Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d 4

•Drmb? pbrêíb qud`qufr id mhrmuanfrïamhd. •Mbrid? `hald quf uaf bs fxtrfebs ib drmb. •N`fmld? `hald pfrpfaihmu`dr quf pdrtf ib <


efhb id mbrid dtè b drmb. •]fmdatf? `hald rftd quf mbrtd d mhrmuanfrïamhd fe ibhs pbatbs p batbs qudhsqufr. •Ydajfatf? `hald quf tbmd d mhrmuanfrïamhd fxtfradefatf fe dpfads ue pbatb mldedib pbatb if mbatdtb.

l

C

Drmb N`fmld Mbrid f t a f j a d Y

Sfprfsfatdêíb if ue rftãaju`b

Tudirdib t f a d m f ]

Ab qudirdib, bs qudtrb `dibs (`drjurd) síb hjudhs.

Ärfd? ] 5 C x C Wfråeftrb? W 5 9 x C bu W5C+C+C+C

F`fefatbs id mhrmuanfrïamhd

WDSD SFN@FYHS B quf è mårmu`b2 F d supfrnåmhf p`dad `hehtdid pbr ued mhrmuanfrïamhd.

C

Mhrmuanfrïamhdd Mhrmuanfrïamh

C

Mårmu`b

Sfprfsfatdêíb if ue qudirdib

Yrdpèzhb Sfprfsfatdêíb if ue mårmu`b

Ab trdpèzhb, d cdsf edhbr è rfprfsfatdid pf`d `ftrd ‐C― f d cdsf efabr, pf`d `ftrd ‐c―. Oä d `ftrd ‐i― è d efihid ibs `dibs pdrd b mä`mu`b ib pfråeftrb ib ãaju`b.

Ärfd f Wfråeftrb pf Ärfd (]) è d efihid if ued supfrnåmhf. Oä pfråeftrb (W) è d sbed ibs `dibs ib pb`åjbab. Ybid efihid if ärfd è haihmdid db qudirdib (³); pbr fxfep`b, sf d uahidif feprfjdid nbr eh`åeftrb (ee), fatíb sfrä eh`åeftrb qudirdib (ee³). ^fod d sfjuhr ds nýreu`ds pdrd ds efihids if ärfd f if pfråeftrb ids sfjuhatfs nbreds?

Ärfd? ] 5 C + c x l 3 Wfråeftrb? W 5 C + l + c + i c

Sftãaju`b Ab rftãaju`b, tfebs iuds rfprfsfatdêöfs? d `drjurd (C) f d d`turd (l).

i

l

Ärfd? ] 5 C x l Wfråeftrb? W 5 (3 x C) + (3 x l) bu W5C+l+C+l

C Sfprfsfatdêíb if ue trdpèzhb

Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d 4

8


Yrhãaju`b Drmb

Ärfd? ] 5 C x l 3 Wfråeftrb? W 5 C + i + i

δ S

^fod d rfprfsfatdêíb ib trhãaju`b ad ffljurd d sfjuhr? i

l

Sfprfsfatdêíb if ue drmb

]ý`hibs Jfbeètrhmbs

i

Bs sý`hibs jfbeètrhmbs síb nbredibs pbr trïs ihefasöfs? d`turd, `drjurd f mbeprhefatb (prbnuaihidif). Wbrtdatb, bmupde ùjdr ab fspdêb. Fssf fspdêb bmupdib è mldedib if vbùef, quf è md`mu`dib dtrdvès ids sfjuhatfs nýreu`ds?

C C Sfprfsfatdêíb if ue trhãaju`b

]DHCD EDH]

Wdrd`f`fpåpfib D nýreu`d pdrd md`mu`dr b vbùef if ue pdrd`f`fpåpfib tfe ds sfjuhatfs rfprfsfatdêöfs? C pdrd `drjurd; M pdrd mbeprhefatb; f l pdrd d`turd.

Ab trhãaju`b, d `ftrd l, d`èe if rfprfsfatdr d d`turd, mbrrfspbaif tdecèe ç chssftrhz ib ãaju`b.

Mhrmuanfrïamhd

^bùef? ^ 5 C x M x l

Wdrd b mä`mu`b id ärfd f ib pfråeftrb id mhrmuanfrïamhd, ad nýreu`d, fatrd b vd`br if =,494>, rfprfsfatdib pf`d `ftrd jrfjd ph (χ), `fecrdaib tdecèe quf d `ftrd ‐S― haihmd b rdhb.

l

M

Ärfd? ] 5 χ x S³ Wfråeftrb? W 5 3 x χ x S

C Sfprfsfatdêíb if ue pdrd`f`fpåpfib

Whrãehif

S

Wdrd md`mu`dr b vbùef id phrãehif, prhefhrb, ifvfebs md`mu`dr d ärfd id cdsf (]) f eu`thp`hmdr pf`d d`turd pdrd, ifpbhs, ihvhihr pbr trïs.

Sfprfsfatdêíb if ued mhrmuanfrïamhd

Drmb (sftbr mhrmu`dr)

] x l ^bùef? ^ 5 =

Ab mdsb id ärfd f ib pfråeftrb ib drmb, fatrd ad nýreu`d b vd`br ib ãaju`b (fe jrdus), rfprfsfatdib pf`d `ftrd jrfjd d`nd (δ). l

Ärfd? ] 5 χ x S³ x δ =>7 Wfråeftrb (sftbr mhrmu`dr)? W 5 S + S + drmb

Ä r rf d f d ]

Sfprfsfatdêíb if ued phrãehif Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d 4

47


Mh`hairb

WDSD SFN@FYHS

Wdrd b mh`hairb, fatrd b vd`br =,494> f b rdhb.

B quf è efihid db qudirdib2 Ybid nýreu`d quf dprfsfatd b aÿefrb 3 dmhed f ç ihrfhtd if d`jue f`fefatb shjahfflmd quf fstf è f`fvdib db qudirdib bu ç sfjuaid pbtïamhd. Dsshe, tbib f`fefatb f`fvdib db qudirdib mbrrfspbaif d f`f eu`thp`hmdib pbr f`f efseb. Wbr fxfep`b? 37³ 5 37 x 37; r³ 5 r x r. Lä tdecèe d efihid db mucb, quf è b f`fefatb f`fvdib db mucb bu ç tfrmfhrd pbtïamhd. Wbr fxfep`b? 37½ 5 37 x 37 x 37.

^bùef? ^ 5 χ x S³ x l S l

Sfprfsfatdêíb if ue mh`hairb

Mbaf Wdrd md`mu`dr b vbùef ib mbaf, ifvf-sf djhr mbeb ab mdsb id phrãehif? md`mu`d-sf d ärfd id cdsf (afstf mdsb, b rdhb) f eu`thp`hmd-sf fssf vd`br pf`d d`turd pdrd, ifpbhs, ihvhihr pbr trïs.

]DHCD EDH] Fe nýreu`ds mbeb fssd, b trdêb shjahfflmd d ihvhsíb, f b auefrdibr è b aÿefrb id ihvhsíb. Ab mdsb id nýreu`d ib vbùef ib mbaf, ndz-sf prhefhrb ds bpfrdêöfs if eu`thp`hmdêíb f, ifpbhs, ihvhif-sf b rfsu`tdib pbr =.

^bùef? ^ 5 χ x S³ x l =

Abreds pdrd Ifsfalb

l

S Sfprfsfatdêíb if ue mbaf

Sfsbùêíb if nýreu`ds ^debs vfr djbrd d iffflahêíb shep`hfflmdid ibs htfas if ued nýreu`d. Wdrd hssb, tbedebs mbeb cdsf d nýreu`d pdrd b mä`mu`b ib vbùef if ue mbaf?

^5

χ x S³ x l =

D rfsbùêíb if ue prbc`fed uth`hzdaib fssd nýreu`d bcfifmf ç sfjuhatf brife? 4. ]ucsthtufe-sf bs såecb`bs (`ftrds) pf`bs aÿefrbs mbrrfspbaifatfs; 3. Ndzfe-sf ds bpfrdêöfs if pbtïamhd; =. Fxfmutde-sf d eu`thp`hmdêíb f, pbr nhe, d ihvhsíb. Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d 4

]fjuaib d DCAY (Dssbmhdêíb Crdsh`fhrd if Abreds Yèmahmds), d`jueds rfjrds ifvfe sfr bcsfrvdids fe ifsfalbs tèmahmbs. ^fod, d sfjuhr, d`jueds rfjrds sbcrf `halds f b nbredtb ibs pdpèhs. 44


@halds Fe ifsfalb tèmahmb, síb usdibs bs sfjuhatfs thpbs if `hald?

Mbatåaud jrbssd? mbatbrabs vhsåvfhs.

Mbatåaud nhad? ldmlurds, fscbêbs f `halds duxh`hdrfs.

Nbredtb

Ihefasöfs

Edrjfas

D7 D4 D3 D= D9 D6 D>

< 9 4 x 4 .4 < 8 689 x <94 937 x 689 386 x 937 347 x 38: 49< x 347 476 x 49<

47 47 47 47 47 6 6

Nbredtbs ibs pdpèhs id sèrhf D

B nbredtb pdiríb è b D7, f if`f ifrhvde-sf bs ifedhs nbredtbs?

Yrdmfodid? mbatbrabs havhsåvfhs. D4

7

D b t d e r b N

Yrdêb f pbatb (nhad)? pbshêíb if fhxbs f `halds if mfatrb.

D= D3

. . . . . . . . . . . .

D9

D6 D> D > D>

Nbredtb D7

Yrdêb Yrdê b f pbatb (jrbssd)? p`dabs if mbrtf. .

.

.

.

Nbredtb pdiríb D7 f ifedhs nbredtbs

.

È pbssåvf` bcsfrvdr afssd ÿ`thed ffljurd quf d prbpbrêíb fatrf bs tdedalbs ids nb`lds ab nbredtb D è d sfjuhatf?

@halds if mbtds? mbatåauds f nhads, tfrehadids pbr sftds, trdêb bu pbatb.

Eftdif ib D7 Eftdif ib D4 Eftdif ib D3 Eftdif ib D= Eftdif ib D9 Eftdif ib D6

@halds if rupturd? feprfjdids pdrd hahmhdr d rupturd (qufcrd) if pfêds `bajds.

D4 D3 D= D9 D6 D>

Ab mdatb hanfrhbr ihrfhtb if mdid pdpf`, è dp`hmdid d `fjfaid ib ifsfalb tèmahmb, ad qud` síb fspfmhfflmdids suds mdrdmtfråsthmds mbeb abef f aÿefrb ib prboftb, idtd, dutbrhd, dprbvdêíb, fsmd`d ftm.

Md`hjrdffld Yèmahmd Nbredtb if pdpèhs D md`hjrdffld tèmahmd fstä pdirbahzdid pdrd quf sf usf ue thpb if `ftrd f d`jdrhseb if nämh` hatfrprftdêíb.

Bs nbredtbs if pdpèhs pdirbahzdibs pdrd ifsfalb tèmahmb síb id sèrhf D? Ifsfalb Yèmahmb - Du`d 4

43


Wdrd quf fssd pdirbahzdêíb sfod pbssåvf`, dibtbu-sf b feprfjb ibs abreýjrdnbs, quf síb jdcdrhtbs if `ftrds f aÿefrbs quf pfrehtfe nbredr, ab ifsfalb tèmahmb, b tfxtb ifsfodib. Abs ihds if lbof, bs ifsfalhstds ihspöfe if ued jrdaif vdrhfidif if abreýjrdnbs.

Edhs sbcrf ifsfalb tèmahmb

Fxfep`b if abreýjrdnb

]DHCD EDH] D`èe id jrdaif vdrhfidif if abreýjrdnbs, d`juas ndcrhmdatfs ihspöf if ued `hald fspfmåfflmd if rèjuds ifsthadids pdrd bs mdalbtbs.

B ifsfalb tèmahmb è ue rdeb fspfmhd`hzdib ib ifsfalb, mdrdmtfrhzdib pf`d sud abred`hzdêíb f pf`d dprbprhdêíb quf ndz ibs sfjuhatfs mbatfÿibs? jfbeftrhd ifsmrhthvd,, pfrspfmthvds ifsmrhthvd pfrspfmthvds,, pfrspfmthvd hsbeètrhmd, pfrspfmthvd mdvd`fhrd f pfrspfmthvd ib drquhtftb. Ad drquhtfturd, ad fajfaldrhd f ab ifshja bu ifsfalb haiustrhd`, bs ifsfalbs tèmahmbs síb nfhtbs pbr prbnhsshbadhs mdpdzfs if rfprfsfatdr d hifhd if ue prbiutb dtrdvès if nbreds, ihefasöfs f pbshêöfs. D ihnfrfaêd fatrf ifsfalb drtåsthmb f tèmahmb è quf b prhefhrb è mdpdz if prbiuzhr febêöfs f rftrdtdr b euaib ib drthstd; oä b sfjuaib ndmh`htd, ifsmrfvf f rfprfsfatd ued hifhd pbr efhb if rfjrds f prbmfihefatbs. Aÿefrbs, `halds, såecb`bs, `ftrds fe mbaouatb mbaouat b síb ifsmrhtbs hatfradmhbad hatfradmhbadèfaèfatf f, dtrdvès if värhds abreds, è d `hajudjfe jränhmd quf ndmh`htd b fatfaihefatb ibs ifsfalbs. Wdrd hatfrprftdr f fxfmutdr b ifsfalb tèmahmb, è afmfssärhb pdssdr pbr ue trfhadefatb difqudib. B hepbrtdatf fe abssb mursb è dprfaifr b cäshmb id `hajudjfe ib ifsfalb tèmahmb pdrd d `fhturd if prboftbs, hifathnhmdaib ds rfprfsfatdêöfs fe iuds ihefasöfs (vhstds brtbjbadhs) pdrd p`datds, mbrtfs, ndmldids f/bu f`fvdêöfs.

Ds `ftrds pbife sfr edhÿsmu`ds bu ehaÿsmu`ds ” abred` bu fe htä`hmb. Wbife dhaid fstdr ihspbstds ad lbrhzbatd`, vfrthmd` bu ham`hadid d :6·. DCMIFNJLHOK@EA BWTS]YV^Z\X_ dcmifnjlhokèabpqrstuvwxyz 743=96>:<8 D C M I F N J L H O K @ E A B W T S ] Y V ^ Z \ X _ d c m i f n j l h o k ` e a b p q r s t u v w x y z 743=96>:<8 Yhpbs if `ftrds pdirbahzdids pdrd ifsfalb tèmahmb

WDSD SFN@FYHS Dtudèfatf, bs ifsfalbs síb fflad`hzdibs fe mbeputdibrfs, eds dhaid sf feprfjd fe prfjd ued md`hjrdffld tèmahmd. Fxhstfe butrbs htfas pdrd d fxfmuêíb if ifsfalbs, mbeb ibcrd if pdpf`, rfquhshtbs eåahebs pdrd `fjfaid f butrbs quf síb ifsafmfssärhbs db tèmahmb fe sfjurdaêd ib trdcd`lb, pbhs fssf prbfflsshbad` ifvf dpfads `f `frr f hatfrprftdr b ifsfalb tèmahmb f, fvfatudèfatf, fxfmutdr fscbêbs if p`datd pdrd fxfmuêíb if edpd if rhsmb. Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d 4

4=


^FOD ]F DWSFAIFV 4. ]bcrf ifnhahêíb if `halds, fsmrfvd (^) pdrd vfridifhrb f (N) pdrd nd`sb. Ifpbhs, edrquf d d`tfradthvd mbrrftd. H- ( ) Ds `halds rftds dprfsfatde trïs pbshêöfs pbshêöfs ab fspdêb? lbrhzbatd`, vfrthmd` vfrthmd` f ham`hadid. HH- ( ) Ds `halds `halds murvds pbife nbredr nbredr b qudirdib qudirdib f b rftãaju`b. rftãaju`b. HHH- ( ) Ds `halds ehstds síb mbepbstds mbepbstds pbr pdrtfs rftds f murvds. H^- ( ) Iuds `halds murvds quf sf fambatrde nbredaib ue ãaju`b síb mldedids if pfrpfaihmu`drfs. d)( c)( m)( i)(

) N” N” ^ ”^ )^ ”^ ”N ”N )^ ”N ”^ ”N ) N”^ ” N ”^

ihss b, bcsfrvf b ifsfalb 3. Ãaju`b è d efihid ib dndstdefatb fatrf iuds `halds rftds. ]dcfaib ihssb, dcdhxb f hifathfflquf qud` è b thpb if ãaju`b. d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) Ãaju`b rftb ) Ãaju`b bctusb ) Ãaju`b djuib ) Ãaju`b chssftrhz

=. D @baiba Fyf è ued ids edhs ndebsds rbids-jhjdatfs ib euaib. ]htudid fe @bairfs, nbh hadujurdid fe 4888, sfaib ue ibs pbatbs turåsthmbs edhs ihsputdibs id mhidif. Bcsfrvf b fhxb ifssd rbid-jhjdatf f, mbe f`f, è pbssåvf` iftfrehadr d efihid ib? d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) ihãeftrb. ) rdhb. ) mfatrb. ) mårmu`b.

9. Bcsfrvf d sfjuhatf nýreu`d? ] 5 C + c x l 3 Mbe f`d, pbifebs md`mu`dr d ärfd if ue(d)? d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) rftãaju`b. ) qudirdib. ) trdpèzhb. ) mhrmuanfrïamhd.

6. Fe d`jueds nýreu`ds pdrd md`mu`dr d ärfd, b pfråeftrb bu b vbùef, uth`hzdebs b vd`br if =,494>, rfprfsfatdib pf`d `ftrd jrfjd? d) ( ) d`nd. c) ( ) ùefjd. m) ( ) shjed. i) ( ) ph. Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d 4

49


Du`d 3

C

I

WFS]WFMYH^D], F]MD@D] F MBYD] MBYD]

437¿

D

Hatrbiuêíb

437¿

437¿

M Sfprfsfatdêíb ibs fhxbs hsbeètrhmbs

Yrdêdaib-sf `halds pdrd`f`ds dbs fhxbs hsbeètrhmbs, tfebs d pfrspfmthvd hsbeètrhmd nbredid, fe quf sf vï d `drjurd, mbeprhefatb f d`turd ib bcoftb. I

Ads du`ds if ifsfalb tèmahmb, bs nuturbs tèmahmbs fe sfjurdaêd ib trdcd`lb ifvfríb mbalfmfr d shecb`bjhd f rfprfsfatdêöfs jränhmds mbathids fe p`datds if hastd`dêöfs, d`èe ids abreds if ifsfalb tèmahmb f suds dp`hmdêöfs ads dthvhidifs ifsfavb`vhids ab dechfatf if trdcd`lb. Ad du`d 3, b dùab tfrä mbalfmhefatb sbcrf pfrspfmthvds, fsmd`ds f ihefashbadefatbs prfsfatfs fe p`datds if mbastruêíb mhvh`

t b f a e h h r e p M b

M

Wfrspfmthvd hsbeètrhmd

Wfrspfmthvd drtåsthmd Fe drquhtfturd, ab fatdatb, d pfrspfmthvd edhs usdid è efabs tèmahmd f edhs dr tåsthmd (edhs dtrdfatf db vhsud`). Fssd pfrspfmthvd tfe bs sfjuhatfs f`fefatbs cäshmbs pdrd sud fxfmuêíb?

Wfrspfmthvd è b ifsfalb uth`hzdib pdrd rfprfsfatdr ue bcoftb fe suds trïs ihefasöfs? `drjurd , d`turd f mbeprhefatb. Fxhstfe värhds edafhrds if mbastruhr ued pfrspfmthvd, f d eftdif id pfrspfmthvd hsbeètrhmd è d edhs usdid fe ifsfalb tèmahmb pbr sfr nämh` d sud fxfmuêíb, fxfmuêíb, d`èe id prbxhehidif id prbofêíb rfd`. D pfrspfmthvd hsbeètrhmd è trdêdid d pdrthr if trïs `halds quf nbrede fatrf sh ãaju`bs if 437· mldedibs fhxbs hsbeètrhmbs. Fssds `halds pbife fstdr fe värhds pbshêöfs, pbrèe d edhs mbeue fstä rfprfsfatdid ad nhjurd d sfjuhr. Du`d 3

D

D`turd

Wfrspfmthvds

Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

C @ d r j u r d

• @hald if lbrhzbatf? `hald quf sf shtud ad d`turd ibs b`lbs ib fspfmtdibr, rfprfsfatdid pbr @L. • Wbatbs if nujd? pbatbs hedjhaärhbs shtudibs ad `hald if lbrhzbatf pdrd baif mbavfrjfe bs prb`bajdefatbs ids `halds ib bcoftb ifsfaldib; fssfs pbatbs síb s íb hifathfflmdibs pbr WN. • Nujdatfs? síb ds `halds prb`bajdids ids drfstds ib bcoftb ifsfaldib db pbatb if nujd. 46


H Nujdatfs @L - @hald if lbrhzbatf WN - Wbatb if nujd

WN

WN

@L

F`fefatbs id pfrspfmthvd drtåsthmd

Fssds pfrspfmthvds drtåsthmds pbife sfr mbastruåids mbe ue bu ibhs pbatbs if nujd f pbife sf dprfsfatdr fe trïs pbshêöfs ihnfrfatfs fe rf`dêíb ç `hald ib lbrhzbatf, dcdhxb f dmhed ifstd.

Fihnåmhb Fxucfrdamf - EChjummh

Wbatb if nujd WN

@L

Nujdatfs

Wfrspfmthvd drtåsthmd mbe ue pbatb if nujd

Fihnåmhbs Mf`fcrdthbas - EChjummh

WN

WN

Wrbofêíb Brtbjbad`

@L

D pfrspfmthvd, mbeb nbh vhstb, è ued nbred if rfprfsfatdêíb. F`d douid ad hatfrprftdêíb ib bcoftb, pbrèe aíb b rfprfsfatd ad sud vfridifhrd ihefasíb. D prbofêíb brtbjbad` è b eètbib feprfjdib pdrd rfprfsfatdr b bcoftb fe suds vfridifhrds ihefasöfs. Wdrd fatfaifr cfe d prbofêíb brtbjbad`, è prfmhsb mbalfmfr sfus trïs f`fefatbs? bcsfrvdibr , bcoftb f p`dab if prbofêíb.

Wfrspfmthvd drtåsthmd mbe ibhs pbatbs if nujd

Wdrd hùstrdr d cf`fzd id pfrspfmthvd drtåsthmd usdid fe drquhtfturd, dprfsfatdebs iuds hedjfas if fihnåmhbs jfathèfatf mfihids pf`d EChjummh ” Mbeèrmhb f Feprffaihefatbs Hebch`härhbs. Ifsfalb Yèmahmb - Du`d 3

4>


• Bcsfrvdibr B csfrvdibr.. È d pfssbd quf hrä bcsfrvdr, hatfrprftdr f rfd`hzdr b ifsfalb. Wbifrä bcsfrvdr d pfêd d sfr ifsfaldid fe trïs pbshêöfs ihnfrfatfs? if nrfatf, if mhed f if `dib. • Bcoftb. È b ebif`b bu pfêd quf sfrä rfprfsfatdib fe prbofêíb mbe tbibs bs sfus iftd`lfs. • W`dab if prbofêíb. È d supfrnåmhf sbcrf d qud` sf ndrä d prbofêíb.

]DHCD EDH] Ad präthmd, b p`dab if prbofêíb brtbjbad` pbif sfr d nb`ld if pdpf`, b qudirb afjrb bu qud`qufr butrd supfrnåmhf sbcrf d qud` b ifsfalb sfrä prboftdib.

Sfprfsfatdêíb ids pdrfifs mbeb bs p`dabs if prbofêíb

Ds pdrfifs id sd`d síb pdrfmhids mbe bs p`dabs if prbofêíb, pbhs f`ds síb pfrpfaihmu`drfs fatrf sh. Ad hedjfe, bs p`dabs vfrthmd`, lbrhzbatd` f `dtfrd` síb edrmdibs if dmbrib mbe d pbshêíb nhxd ib bcsfrvdibr.

B p`dab if prbofêíb brtbjbad` pbifrä fstdr fe trïs pbshêöfs nuaidefatdhs? vfrthmd`, lbrhzbatd` f `dtfrd`. B ifsfalb rfsu`tdatf id prb ofêíb, mbanbref ds pbshêöfs, rfmfcfe bs abefs if p`dab vfrthmd` (f`fvdêíb), p`dab lbrhzbatd` (p`datd) f p`dab `dtfrd`.

BC]FS^F F]YF MD]B

W`dab vfrthmd`? f`fvdêíb bu vhstd if nrfatf. W`dab lbrhzbatd`? p`datd vhstd if mhed bu supfrhbr. W`dab `dtfrd`? vhstd if `dib.

Wdrd fxfep`hnhmdr b quf nbh ihtb dtè djbrd sbcrf ds trïs vhstds ib bcoftb prboftdib sbcrf bs p`dabs if prbofêíb, vdebs dprfsfatä-`ds tfaib mbeb cdsf ue bcoftb euhtb shep`fs f cdstdatf mbalfmhib? b idib. Mbe f`f, è pbssåvf` dssheh`dr d prbofêíb brtbjbad` ids trïs vhstds.

W`dabs id prbofêíb brtbjbad` Wrbofêíb ids trïs vhstds fe ue idib

Wdrd fatfaifr cfe bs p`dabs if prbofêíb brtbjbad`, vdebs mbepdrä-`bs mbe, pbr fxfep`b, ds pdrfifs if sud mdsd. ^ä dtè d sud sd`d f sf pbshmhbaf if nrfatf pdrd ued ids pdrfifs. Fssd pdrfif è b p`dab vfrthmd`. D pdrfif ç sud ihrfhtd è b p`dab `dtfrd`, f b phsb è b p`dab lbrhzbatd`, quf è d p`datd. Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d 3

Nbh ebstrdid dtè djbrd d prbofêíb ib bcoftb fe trïs p`dabs djrupdibs f fe pfrspfmthvd. Ab fatdatb, ad präthmd, aíb è hssb quf dmbatfmf, eds she, b rfcdthefatb ibs p`dabs. F`f è usdib pdrd ifnhahr, fe ue ÿahmb p`dab, ds trïs vhstds ib bc4:


of tb. He oftb. Hedj djha haff bs tr trïs ïs p` p`da dabs bs if pr prbo bofê fêíb íb uahibs pbr ibcrdihêds. Mbasfrvdaib-sf nhxb b p`dab vfrthmd`, jhrdebs b p`dab lbrhzbatd` fe 87· f b `dtfrd` fe 87· pdrd d ihrfhtd. Mbe fssf rfcdthefatb, tfebs ds trïs vhstds rfprfsfatdids aue ÿahmb p`dab (nb`ld if pdpf`, `busd ftm.), mbe ds nbreds cfe ifnhahids ib bcoftb ifsfaldib, afstf mdsb, b idib.

Bs p`dabs if prbofêíb, pdrd rfprfsfatdr b bcoftb ads sfhs pbshêöfs, fstíb djrupdibs f pfrpfaihmu`drfs fatrf sh. Ds vhstds, rfprfsfatdids abs sfhs p`dabs, rfmfcfe bs sfjuhatfs abefs? 4. F`fvdêíb 3. W`datd =. @dtfrd` 9. @dtfrd` ihrfhtd 6. W`datd hanfrhbr >. @dtfrd` pbstfrhbr

Sfcdthefatb ibs p`dabs ]fhs p`dabs if prbofêíb

^hebs, dtè dquh, d prbofêíb brtbjbad` ids trïs vhstds ib bcoftb quf, jfrdèfatf, síb sunhmhfatfs pdrd rfprfsfatä-`b. Ab fatdatb, duefatdaib-sf d mbep`fxhidif ib bcoftb, tbrad-sf afmfssärhb rfprfsfatä-`b fe ue aÿefrb edhbr if p`dabs if prbofêíb (ab mdsb ib idib, sfhs), fe rf`dêíb db bcsfrvdibr.

^hebs, datfrhbrefatf, sbcrf b rfcdthefatb ibs p`dabs ids trïs vhstds. ^debs bcsfrvdr djbrd d rfprfsfatdêíb ids sfhs vhstds ibs sfhs p`dabs if prbofêíb fe ue ÿahmb p`dab.

Bcsfrvdibr b`ldaib bs sfhs p`dabs if prbofêíb Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d 3

]fhs vhstds fe ue ÿahmb p`dab 4<


Id efsed nbred quf hedjhadebs bs p`dabs `hjdibs pbr ibcrdihêds, ndrfebs d efsed mbhsd dquh. Eds ad präthmd, ds `halds quf rfprfsfatde bs p`dabs síb f`hehadids, f nhmde dpfads ds vhstds ib bcoftb.

Adturd`

Sfiuêíb

4?4 (ue pbr ue)

B ifsfalb tfe b efseb tdedalb id pfêd.

4?3 (ue pbr ibhs)

B ifsfalb tfrä, fxdtdefatf, d eftdif ids efihids id pfêd.

4?6 (ue pbr mhamb)

B ifsfalb tfrä ue quhatb ib tdedalb id pfêd.

4?47 (ue pbr ifz)

B ifsfalb tfrä ue ièmheb ib tdedalb id pfêd.

3?4 (ibhs pbr ue)

B ifsfalb tfrä b ibcrb ids efihids id pfêd.

6?4 (mhamb pbr ue)

B ifsfalb tfrä mhamb vfzfs b tdedalb id pfêd.

Dep`hdêíb

WDSD SFN@FYHS Wdrd ue ifsfalb fe tdedalb rfd`, ihzfebs quf d fsmd`d usdid è 4?4 (ue pbr ue). Hssb shjahfflmd quf d efihid if 4 ee ab ifsfalb mbrrfspbaifrä ç efihid if 4 ee id pfêd rfd`.

^hstds ib bcoftb ad präthmd

Fsmd`ds Fsmd`d f d rf`dêíb mbastdatf fxhstfatf fatrf ds ihefasöfs ib ifsfalb f ds ihefasöfs rfdhs ib bcoftb. Ifssd edafhrd, síb rfiuzhibs bcoftbs if jrdaifs ihefasöfs f dep`hdibs bs if pfqufads ihefasöfs, bu sfod, fe ued rfprfsfatdêíb jränhmd, afe sfeprf è pbssåvf` ndzï-`b fe sfu tdedalb rfd`, pbr hssb d afmfsshidif sf sf uth`hzdr ued fsmd`d if rfiuêíb bu if dep`hdêíb. Wdrd d rfprfsfatdêíb if qud`qufr bc of tb bu pf êd dt rd rdvè vè s i b i fs f al b, è c be qu f fssd rfprfsfatdêíb sfod d edhs nhf` pbssåvf` fe suds nbreds f ihefasöfs. ]feprf quf pbssåvf`, b ifsfalb ifvfrä edatfr d prbpbrêíb ids ihefasöfs ib bcoftb bu pfêd rfd`.

Fe ifsfalb tèmahmb, d fsmd`d if rfiuêíb è d edhs usdid, fxmftb fe iftd`lfs mbastruthvbs fe quf d fsmd`d usdid è d rfd`. Ds fsmd`ds if rfiuêíb edhs uth`hzdids fe ifsfalbs tèmahmbs síb fstds? 4?477 f 4?67 Ifsfalb mbe p`datds 4?377 f 4?367 W`datds mbe mbcfrturd mbcfrturd 4?677 W`datds if shtudêíb shtudêíb 4?67 Mbrtfs, sfêöfs sfêöfs f ndmldids ndmldids 4?6, 4?47 f 4?37 Iftd`lfs

^fod d sfjuhr ue fxfep`b if ibhs thpbs if fsmd`ds uth`hzdids fe rfprfsfatdêöfs jräfflmds?

Sfprfsfatdêíb Sfprfsfatdêí b if fsmd`ds Ds fsmd`ds síb haihmdids pbr aÿefrbs sfpdrdibs pbr ibhs pbatbs, eds tdecèe pbif sfr rfprfsfatdid fe nbred if nrdêíb. D sfjuhr, dprfsfatdebs d`juas fxfep`bs if ihefasöfs if fsmd`ds? Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d 3

Fxfep`b if usb ids fsmd`ds 4?67 f 4?477. 48


377 ú 67 5 9 me 36 ú 67 5 7,6 me (6 ee)

WDSD SFN@FYHS

Ifssd nbred, ued pdrfif mbe 3,77 e if mbeprhefatb (377 me) f fspfssurd if 36 me, ad fsmd`d if 4?67, sfrä ifsfaldid mbe 9 me if mbeprhefatb f 6 ee if fspfssurd.

D fsmd`d sý tfrä fnfhtb pdrd b trdêdib ab ifsfalb. Db hasfrhr ds mbtds (efihids), mb`bmde-sf ds efihids rfdhs id pfêd. ^fod? 3,67

36 me

¿ 7 >

7 6 , 4

3,77 e Fsmd`d 4?477

Sfprfsfatdêíb if ued pdrfif mbe 36 me if fspfssurd f 3,77 e if mbeprhefatb ad fsmd`d if 4?67

Mbeb puifebs bcsfrvdr, ds efihids if ãaju`bs aíb sbnrfe trdasnbredêöfs fe fsmd`ds. Dsshe, ue ãaju`b if >7· pfredafmfrä pfredaf mfrä mbe >7·, sfod qud` nbr d fsmd`d feprfjdid.

Yrdasnbredaib Yr dasnbredaib d efihid ib ifsfalb fe efihid rfd` Wdrd trdasnbredr d efihid ib ifsfalb pdrd efihid rfd`, eu`thp`hmdebs b vd`br id efihid ib ifsfalb pf`b vd`br aueèrhmb id fsmd`d. Fssd è ued bpfrdêíb havfrsd ç datfrhbr. Afssf mdsb, vdebs rfsb`vfr b sfjuhatf prbc`fed? qud` d ihefasíb rfd` if ued odaf`d quf nbh ifsfaldid mbe 4,6 me ad fsmd`d if 4?4772 Wdrd trdasnbredr d efihid ib ifsfalb fe efihid rfd`, vdebs eu`thp`hmdr d efihid ib ifsfalb pf`b vd`br id fsmd`d. @bjb?

Yrdasnbredêíb ids efihids Yrdasnbredaib Yr dasnbredaib d efihid rfd` fe efihid ib ifsfalb Wdrd fnftudr d trdasnbredêíb id efihid rfd` pdrd d efihid ib ifsfalb, cdstd ihvhihr b vd`br id efihid rfd` pf`b vd`br aueèrhmb id fsmd`d, vd`br fssf quf aíb sfod 4. Afssf mdsb, vdebs vfrhfflmdr b sfjuhatf prbc`fed? mbe qud` efihid ifvfrä sfr ifsfaldid ued pdrfif if ue thob`b (36 me) f 3,77 e if mbeprhefatb ad fsmd`d if 4?672

4,6 me x 477 5 467 me @bjb, d efihid rfd` id odaf`d è if 467 me (4,67 e).

4,67

Datfs if dp`hmdr d rfjrd, è afmfssärhb, pdrd shep`hfflmdêíb, trdasnbredr d efihid rfd` if eftrbs (e) fe mfatåeftrbs (me). Wdrd hssb, ifvfebs `fecrdr quf?

Odaf`d ifsfaldid ad fsmd`d if 4?477

Fsmd`d ad präthmd

4,77 e 5 4 x 47 x 47 5 477 me 477 me 5 477 x 47 5 4.777 ee

Ab ifsfalb if p`datds, b feprfjb if fsmd`ds, prhamhpdèfatf if rfiuêíb, è euhtb hepbrtdatf. ^hebs mbeb ndzfr bs mä`mu`bs pdrd rfiuzhr bu dep`hdr ds efihids ib quf sf qufr ifsfaldr. Ad präthmd, aíb sfrä afmfssärhb fstf mä`mu`b, oä quf fxhstfe fsmd`ds (rèjuds) mbe jrdiudêöfs oä rfiuzhids fe värhds fsmd`ds. È b mdsb, pbr fxfep`b, ib fsmd`åeftrb trhdaju`dr mbe sfhs fsmd`ds.

Wbrtdatb? 3,77 e (3 x 47 x 47) 5 377 me Wdrd trdasnbredr d efihid rfd` fe efihid ib ifsfalb, cdstd ihvhihr d efihid rfd` ib bcoftb (377 me) pf`b vd`br id fsmd`d, quf aíb sfod 4. Dsshe, tfrfebs? Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d 3

37


Ad prýxhed ffljurd, pbifebs vfr b feprfjb ids ihnfrfatfs fsmd`ds ib fsmd`åeftrb.

Fsmd`åeftrb trhdaju`dr

]DHCD EDH] B fsmd`åeftrb è ndcrhmdib fe värhbs ebif`bs mbe ihnfrfatfs fsmd`ds pdrd värhds fflad`hidifs. Ab ifsfalb tèmahmb, b hastruefatb rfmbefaidib è b quf pbssuh ds fsmd`ds if 4?436, 4?477, 4?:6, 4?67, 4?36 f 4?37.

Fsmd`ds ib fsmd`åeftrb.

Mbe b fsmd`åeftrb, fflmd edhs nämh` ifsfaldr, bu efseb hifathfflmdr d fsmd`d fe quf b ifsfalb nbh nfhtb. F`f aíb sý è usdib pdrd ifsfaldr, eds tdecèe pdrd sdcfr fe qud` fsmd`d iftfrehadid p`datd nbh ifsfaldid, efseb qudaib fstd aíb pbssuh haihmdêíb if fsmd`d. Tudaib b ifsfalb aíb pbssuh haihmdêíb id fsmd`d, pbifebs iftfrehaä-`d id sfjuhatf edafhrd?

BC]FS^F F]YF MD]B Wf`d shep`fs bcsfrvdêíb id ffljurd datfrhbr, mbamùh-sf quf ued p`datd mbe ihefasöfs if :,77 x 9,77 e sfod ifsfaldid fe fsmd`d if rfiuêíb d`td, fatrf 4?436 f 4?477. ^debs vfrhfflmdr2 Db usdr b fsmd`åeftrb ad fsmd`d if 4?436 sbcrf b ifsfalb, vfrhfflmd-sf quf b vd`br è if 8,=7 e, b quf aíb mbrrfspbaif ç efihid rfd` if :,77 e. Oä mbe b fsmd`åeftrb sbcrf b ifsfalb ad fsmd`d if 4?477, fambatrde-sf bs vd`brfs if :,77 x 9,77 e, quf mbrrfspbaife dbs haihmdibs ab ifsfalb. Wbrtdatb, fssd p`datd ifvf sfr ifsfaldid ad fsmd`d 4?477. Ve b`ldr dtfatb pfrehtf hifathfflmdr b vd`br dprbxhedib id rfiuêíb, eds b fsmd`åeftrb pbif haihmdr, mbe fxdthiíb, d prbpbrêíb if fsmd`d.

WDSD SFN@FYHS Mbe d fsmd`d if dep`hdêíb, pbifebs ifsfaldr ds ehaÿsmu`ds pfêds if ue rf`ýjhb if pu`sb.

^frhfflmdaib d fsmd`d uth`hzdid Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d 3

34


B shad` haihmdthvb if ihãeftrb (ü) ifvf sfr mb`bmdib ç fsqufrid ib vd`br id mbtd. Lä tdecèe b shad` if qudirdib (▤), tdecèe mb`bmdib ç fsqufrid id efihid? ü =7 ee, ▤ 37 ee.

Oä mbe d fsmd`d if rfiuêíb, è pbssåvf` ifsfaldr ue trdasdt`ãathmb mbe edhs bu efabs 367 e if mbeprhefatb f d`turd if ue fihnåmhb if 43 daidrfs.

Bs víbs if pbrtds f odaf`ds pbifríb sfr mbtdibs id sfjuhatf edafhrd?

Mbtds f Haihmdêöfs

• Wbr ue trdêb if nrdêíb fe quf b auefrdibr rfprfsfatd d `drjurd, f b ifabehadibr, d d`turd.

Mbtdr ue ifsfalb shjahfflmd mb`bmdr tbids ds efihids f haihmdêöfs afmfssärhds ç sud fxfmuêíb. Ab ifsfalb tèmahmb, ds p`datds ifvfe mbatfr tbids ds ihefasöfs ibs mbepdrthefatbs, ärfds if mhrmu`dêíb, ld``s, mbrrfibrfs ftm.; oä ads f`fvdêöfs f mbrtfs, ds d`turds if phsbs, pfhtbrhs, cdrrds hepfrefävfhs, pè-ihrfhtb (d`turd ib mùebib) ftm.

Wbrtd

Wdrfif

7 7 < , 4 , 7 3

7,<7 e - @drjurd 3,47 e - D`turd

Odaf`d

4,37 e - @drjurd 4,67 e - D`turd

7 7 3 , 6 , 4 4

Sfprfsfatdêíb if mbtds pbr ue trdêb if nrdêíb

• Wbr ue shad` if eu`thp`hmdêíb fe quf b prhefhrb aÿefrb rfprfsfatd d `drjurd, f b sfjuaib, d d`turd. 7 4 , 3 x 7 < , 7

7,<7 e - @drjurd 3,47 e - D`turd

Sfprfsfatdêíb if mbtds pbr ue shad` if eu`thp`hmdêíb

• Wbr ue trdêb if nrdêíb f b shad` if eu`thp`hmdêíb db efseb tfepb. Ab auefrdibr, b aÿefrb quf fstä datfs ib shad` if eu`thp`hmdêíb è d `drjurd, f b aÿefrb ifpbhs ib shad` if eu`thp`hmdêíb, d d`turd. Oä b aÿefrb ab ifabehadibr è b pfhtbrh`.

Mbtds fe ued p`datd

Ds sfêöfs mhrmu`drfs if tucu`dêíb, cfe mbeb b pfrffl` if nfrrbs rfibaibs pdrd mbamrftbs, jrdifs ftm., síb haihmdibs pf`d efihid ib ihãeftrb datfmhpdib pf`b såecb`b ü.

4,37 e - @drjurd 4,67 e - D`turd 4,37 e - Wfhtbrh` W`datd 7 6 , 4 7 x 3 , 7 4 3 , 4

Mbrtf 7 6 , 4 7 3 , 4

Wfhtbrh`

Sfprfsfatdêíb if mbtds if odaf`ds pbr ue trdêb if nrdêíb f ue Haihmdêíb if ihãeftrb Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d 3

shad` if eu`thp`hmdêíb 33


WDSD SFN@FYHS

]DHCD EDH]

B quf è pfhtbrh`2 Wfhtbrh` è d ihstãamhd fe quf d odaf`d sf shtud dmhed ib phsb.

Ab ifsfalb tèmahmb, d uahidif if efihid è b eftrb (e), sfeprf mbe iuds mdsds ifmhedhs dpýs d vårju`d. Ad haihmdêíb if mbtds, mbeb fssds iuds mdsds mbrrfspbaife dbs vd`brfs fe mfatåeftrbs, aíb lä afmfsshidif if mb`bmdr d dcrfvhdêíb e if eftrb afe me if mfatåeftrb. ^fod, ^fod, d sf juhr,, bs suceÿ`thp`bs ib eftrb? juhr

Ds mbtds quf haihmde bs ihnfrfatfs aåvfhs if phsbs síb rfprfsfatdids id sfjuhatf edafhrd? 746

Fe p`datd 746

Fe mbrtf

Aåvf` zfrb

Ifmåeftrb (ie)

47

Mfatåeftrb (me)

477

Eh`åeftrb (ee)

4.777

Hstb haihmd phsb dmhed ib aåvf` zfrb 46 me. Mbtds if ihnfrfatfs aåvfhs if phsb

Ve pbumb edhs sbcrf fsmd`ds

Wbif-sf dmrfsmfatdr d fstfs såecb`bs rfprfsfatdibs afssd nhjurd ds `ftrds AD (aåvf` dmdcdib) f AB (aåvf` ib bssb ” mbatrdphsb pdrd rfmfcfr b dmdcdefatb) fatrf pdrïatfsfs.

Datfs if rfprfsfatdr bcoftbs, ebif`bs pfêds ftm., ifvfebs fstuidr sfu tdedalb rfd`, quf è d jrdaifzd quf ds mbhsds tïe ad rfd`hidif. Fxhstfe bcoftbs quf pbife sfr rfprfsfatdibs ab pdpf` fe tdedalb rfd`; pbrèe fxhstfe butrbs quf aíb pbife sfr rfprfsfatdibs ifssd edafhrd. D`juas síb euhtb jrdaifs pdrd mdcfr aued nb`ld mbeb ue trdasdt`ãathmb, ue dvhíb, ue mdrrb ftm. Butrbs síb tíb pfqufabs mbeb ue pdrdnusb quf, sf bs rfprbiuzåssfebs fe tdedalb rfd`, sfrhd hepbssåvf` dad`hsdr sfus iftd`lfs. Wbr hssb è afmfssärhb rfiuzhr bu dep`hdr ds suds rfprfsfatdêöfs pbr efhb if fsmd`ds, quf è ued nbred if rfprfsfatdêíb quf edatèe ds prbpbrêöfs ids efihids `hafdrfs ib bcoftb rfprfsfatdib. Fe ifsfalb tèmahmb, ds fsmd`ds haihmde d rf`dêíb ib tdedalb ib ifsfalb id pfêd mbe sfu tdedalb rfd`, pfrehthaib rfprfsfatdr ab pdpf` pfêds if qud`qufr tdedalb rfd`. Abs ifsfalbs fe fsmd`d, ds efihids `hafdrfs ib bc oftb rfd` bu síb eda edathid thids, s, bu fatí fatíb b síb duefatdids bu rfiuzhids prbpbrmhbadèfatf. Ds ihefasöfs daju`drfs ib bcoftb pfredafmfe had`tfrdids, f ads rfprfsfatdêöfs fe fsmd`d, ds nbreds ibs bcoftbs fe tdedalb rfd` síb edathids.

D mb`bmdêíb if mbtds ads ärfds fe nbred if drmb ifvf sfr mbeb haihmdib ad ffljurd d sfjuhr.

Mbtdêíb if ärfd fe nbred if drmb

Ds mbtds if rdhbs síb haihmdids mbanbref rfprfsfatdids ad prýxhed ffljurd.

Mbtdêíb if rdhbs Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d 3

3=


^FOD ]F DWSFAIFV

DWSFAID ND_FAIB

4. Afssd du`d, dprfaifebs quf d pfrspfmthvd è b ifsfalb uth`hzdib pdrd rfprfsfatdr ue bcoftb fe suds trïs ihefasöfs? d`turd, mbeprhefatb f `drjurd. Ad ffljurd ib thob`b d sfjuhr, vfod quf ds ihefasöfs fstíb rfprfsfatdids pbr fhxbs hsbeètrhmbs. Hifathfflquf mbrrftdefatf ds ihefasöfs ib thob`b f, ifpbhs, edrquf d d`tfradthvd mbrrftd. D

4. Md`mu`f ds efihids rfdhs if ued sd`d quf nbh ifsfaldid mbe =,6 me x 9 me ad fsmd`d if 4?477.

M

C d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

3. Tudhs ds efihids fe mfatåeftrbs quf ifvfebs mb`bmdr ab ifsfalb if ue sd`íb quf efif :,<7 e if `drjurd f 43,67 e if mbeprhefatb, feprfjdaib d fsmd`d 4?672

) D ” mbeprhefatb; C ” `drjurd; M - d`turd ) D ” `drjurd; C ” d`turd; M - mbeprhefatb ) D ” d`turd; C ” mbeprhefatb; M - `drjurd ) D ” `drjurd; C ” mbeprhefatb; M - d`turd

3. Ad prbofêíb brtbjbad`, qufe è b bcsfrvdibr2 d) ( ) Wfssbd Wfssbd quf hrä bcsfrvdr, hatfrprftdr f rfd`hzdr b ifsfalb. c) ( ) Wfssbd Wfssbd quf dpfads hatfrprftd bs ifsfalbs. m) ( ) Wfssbd quf dpfads fxfmutd bs ifsfalbs. i) ( ) Wfssbd Wfssbd quf ndz b pdjdefatb ibs ifsfalbs =. B mucb if Suchk, edhs mbalfmhib mbeb mucb eäjhmb, è ue qufcrd-mdcfêd trhihefashbad` mrhdib fe 48:9 pf`b lÿajdrb Fraþ Suchk, tbradaib-sf ue åmbaf id ièmdid if 48<7. Ad ffljurd ib mucb eäjhmb d sfjuhr, è pbssåvf` bcsfrvdr bs p`dabs if prbofêíb dprfsfatdibs afssd du`d. Hifathfflquf bs p`dabs dsshad`dibs ad ffljurd f, ifpbhs, edrquf d d`tfradthvd mbrrftd. D

=. Tufrb ndzfr ue ifsfalb if iftd`lfs ad fsmd`d 6?4 if ue rfchtf quf sfrä usdib ad fflxdêíb ids pd`ftds if ued ids vfafzhdads if dùeåahb. Bcsfrvf ds efihids rfdhs ib rfchtf f, ifpbhs, md`mu`f ds efihids ib ifsfalb. Efihids rfdhs? r 5 = ee i 5 9 ee f 5 < ee

M

C

d) ( ) D ” p`datd hanfrhbr; hanfrhbr; C ” `dtfrd` ihrfhtd; M ” `dtfrd` pbstfrhbr c) ( ) D ” `dtfrd ` ihrfht d; C ” f`fvd êíb; M ” p`datd hanfrhbr m) ( ) D ” `dtfrd`; C ” p`datd; M ” `dtfrd` ihrfhtd i) ( ) D ” p`datd; C ” `dtfrd`; M ” f`fvdêíb Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d 3

39


B`ldaib fssd sfêíb pfrpfaihmu`drefatf, vdebs bctfr d prbofêíb lbrhzbatd`, quf mbrrfspbaif ç p`datd cdhxd id bcrd, d qud` abs hanbred sbcrf d fspfssurd ids pdrfifs, ihstrhcuhêíb ibs mùebibs f suds ihefasöfs, `bmd`hzdêíb if pbrtds, odaf`ds ftm.

Du`d =

SFWSF]FAYDÊÍB IF VE WSBOFYB Hatrbiuêíb Bs ifsfalbs tèmahmbs mbeprffaife ue mbaouatb if prbofêöfs, vhstds f sfêöfs if ue fihnåmhb bu pdrtf ifstf, uth`hzdaib mbavfaêöfs quf ndmh`htde d hatfrprftdêíb ib ifsfalb f, mbasfqufatfefatf, d fxfmuêíb id bcrd.

W`datd Cdhxd W`datd cdhxd è b abef ib ifsfalb if ued mbastruêíb nfhtb, fe jfrd`, d pdrthr ib p`dab if sfêíb lbrhzbatd`, mbe ue ihdjrded ibs fspdêbs mbe iftd`lfs ids mbtds ids pdrfifs, pbrtds, odaf`ds, b abef if mdid dechfatf f sfu rfspfmthvb aåvf`. D p`datd cdhxd, mbeb ihssfebs, è nbredid dtrdvès ib p`dab if sfêíb lbrhzbatd`, quf è ued sfêíb (mbrtf) bcthid db sf ndzfr pdssdr ue p`dab lbrhzbatd`, pdrd`f`b db p`dab ib phsb, d ued d`turd sufflmhfatf (´ 4,67 e) if nbred quf mbrtf odaf`ds, pbrtds, pdrfifs, mbùads ftm.; dsshe, sf tbrade vhsåvfhs bs iftd`lfs id mbastruêíb.

W`datd cdhxd

Wdrd `fr f hatfrprftdr ued p`datd, è prfmhsb mbalfmfr bs såecb`bs jräfflmbs, quf rfprfsfatde pbrtds, odaf`ds, dreärhbs fecuthibs, pfêds sdahtärhds ftm.

W`dab if sfêíb

]åecb`bs f Mbavfaêöfs

Sfthrdid d pdrtf quf fflmd dmhed ib p`dab if sfêíb lbrhzbatd`, tfebs, mbeb rfsu`tdib, d pdrtf hanfrhbr, quf dhaid aíb è d rfprfsfatdêíb mbavfamhbad`, pbhs fstä fe pfrspfmthvd.

Idrfebs, d sfjuhr, bs såecb`bs f mbavfaêöfs edhs usdibs fe ifsfalb tèmahmb. • Wdrfifs d`tds mbe rfprfsfatdêöfs if ibhs trdêbs jrbssbs bu mlfhbs.

Wdrtf hanfrhbr fe pfrspfmthvd Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d =

36


• Wdrfifs if efhd d`turd (bu cdhxd) mbe rfprfsfatdêíb if trdêbs eèihbs f haihmdêíb id d`turd.

• D sfjuhr, tfebs d rfprfsfatdêíb if ihvfrsbs htfas if uth`hzdêíb mbeb cdmhds sdahtärhds, cdalfhrd, tdaquf fatrf butrbs.

• Wbrtds mbe phsbs hjudhs f ab efseb aåvf`.

Lä butrds nbreds if rfprfsfatdêíb jräfflmd quf pbife sfr uth`hzdids, mbe d`jueds ihnfrfaêds, eds sf dssfef`lde f aíb ifhxde iÿvhids qudatb ç sud mbrrftd hatfrprftdêíb.

• Wbrtds mbe phsbs fe aåvfhs ihnfrfatfs bu if dmdcdefatbs bu edtfrhdhs ihnfrfatfs.

Mbrtfs B ifsfalb fe p`datd cdhxd aíb pfrehtf mbalfmfr tbids ds ihefasöfs if iftd`lfs if ued mbastruêíb. Wbr hssb, è afmfssärhd d hamùsíb if edhs ibhs p`dabs if prbofêíb, quf ebstrde fe mbrtfs (sfêöfs) ds vhstds sfmmhbadids pbr p`dabs vfrthmdhs (sfathib trdasvfrsd` f `bajhtuihad` id p`datd).

Mbrtf trdasvfrsd`

• Ds rfprfsfatdêöfs if odaf`ds pbife vdrhdr mbanbref b sfu thpb.

Bctèe-sf id efsed nbred ebstrdid ab haåmhb ifssd du`d, pbrèe, afstf mdsb, b p`dab if sfêíb ifvfrä mbrtdr ab sfathib trdasvfrsd`, bu sfod, ab sfathib id `drjurd.

W`dab sf sfêíb trdasvfrsd` Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d =

3>


Sfthrdaib-sf d pdrtf quf fflmd datfs ib p`dab, fssf mbrtf è bcthib b`ldaib-sf, if nrfatf, d vhstd ib mbrtf trdasvfrsd`.

Haihmdêíb if mbrtf Mbrtf trdasvfrsd`

Afe sfeprf bs mbrtfs síb fxfmutdibs pbr p`dabs if sfêíb rftbs. Euhtds vfzfs, sbebs bcrhjdibs d euidr if ihrfêíb pdrd quf fssfs mbrtfs pdssfe pbr ùjdrfs quf ef`lbr iffflade bs iftd`lfs.

Mbrtf `bajhtuihad` È b mbrtf bcthib pbr ue p`dab if sfêíb vfrthmd` pfrpfaihmu`dr db phsb (p`datd cdhxd), quf mbrtd ab sfathib ib sfu mbeprhefatb.

W`dab if sfêíb `bajhtuihad`

Sfthrd-sf d pdrtf quf fflmd datfs ib p`dab if sfêíb f sf ifsfald b quf è dprfsfatdib, b`ldaibsf fxdtdefatf if nrfatf (mbeb sf nbssf f`fvdêíb).

W`dab if mbrtf aíb rftb

D`èe ids p`datds cdhxds f ibs mbrtfs, è mbeue quf ds vhstds ib heývf` sfode dprfsfatdids if nrfatf, if `dib f if nuaib. D vhstd edhs fambatrdid è d if nrfatf, mbalfmhid mbeb ndmldid, quf jfrdèfatf sf dprfsfatd if nbred shep`hfflmdid, mbe iftd`lfs if dmdcdefatb quf iíb ued hifhd id dpdrïamhd ib heývf` ifpbhs if prbatb. Mbrtf `bajhtuihad`

Haihmdêíb if mbrtf Bs mbrtfs síb haihmdibs pbr `ftrds f ued `hald jrbssd (trdêb f pbatb) tfrehadid pbr sftd bu trdêb quf haihmd d pbshêíb ib bcsfrvdibr bcsfr vdibr mbe rf`dêíb db p`dab if sfêíb. Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d =

Ndmldid 3:


Mhrmu`dêíb ^frthmd`

]DHCD EDH]

Wdrd ef`lbr dprbvfhtdefatb ibs tfrrfabs ads jrdaifs mhidifs, surjhu d vfrthmd`hzdêíb id mbastruêíb, bu sfod, sbcrfpbshêíb if pdvhefatbs `hjdibs pbr ued mhrmu`dêíb vfrthmd`. ]dcfebs quf d mhrmu`dêíb lbrhzbatd` è nfhtd dtrdvès if mbrrfibrfs, tfrrdêbs, ärfds if mhrmu`dêíb ftm. Ds trïs edhs hepbrtdatfs mhrmu`dêöfs vfrthmdhs síb ds rdepds, ds fsmdids f bs f`fvdibrfs.

W`datd if `bmd`hzdêíb è d p`datd quf ebstrd d pbshêíb ib heývf` ifatrb ib tfrrfab if dmbrib mbe ds efihids ibs rfmubs ib heývf` fe rf`dêíb çs ihvhsds ibs `btfs.

Sdepds D rdepd è ue p`dab ham`hadib, hastd`dib pdrd d mhrmu`dêíb if pfssbds, mdrjds f vfåmu`bs. Aíb síb uth`hzdids fe rfshiïamhds (sd`vb fe mdsbs fspfmhdhs), eds fe lbsphtdhs, fsmb`ds, supfrefrmdibs, fihnåmhbs, mbastruêöfs pdrd fflas fspbrthvbs fatrf butrbs. Ds rdepds pbife sfr mbastruåids mbe `damfs rftbs, mbechadibs rftbs f murvbs f lf`hmbhid`.

W`datd if `bmd`hzdêíb

WDSD SFN@FYHS B quf è ifsfalb if iftd`lfs2 Fe jfrd`, síb p`datds bu mbrtfs ifsfaldibs fe fsmd`ds efabrfs quf 4?477 bu 4?67. Abredèfatf, feprfjd-sf ued fsmd`d 4?37 pdrd quf bs iftd`lfs fflqufe cfe m`drbs pdrd b mbastrutbr. B aÿefrb if p`datds cdhxds, mbrtfs f ndmldids vdrhd if dmbrib mbe d mbep`fxhidif id bcrd. Wbr fxfep`b, pdrd ued mdsd tèrrfd, tfebs ued ÿahmd p`datd f ibhs mbrtfs. Fe sbcrdibs, iuds p`datds? tèrrfb f supfrhbr. Wdrd prèihbs fe jfrd`, d p`datd id jdrdjfe, ib tèrrfb f ib daidr prbtýthpb, mdsb tbibs bs daidrfs sfode hjudhs. ]f lbuvfr ihnfrfaêd, ldvfrä afmfsshidif if ued p`datd pdrd mdid daidr.

Jrdêds d fssf mbaouatb if prbofêöfs, vhstds f sfêöfs, síb mbastruåibs fihnåmhbs, fstdêöfs if eftrù, ushads f haÿefrds butrds bcrds ebauefatdhs. Sdepds mbe `damfs rftbs

B mbeprhefatb id rdepd ifvf fstdr if dmbrib mbe d ham`hadêíb. B hifd` pdrd rdepds if pfifstrfs è if <%, eds, pbr bmupdr euhtb fspdêb, duefatd-sf pdrd 47%. Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d =

3<


Md`mu`daib b mbeprhefatb id rdepd

^fod, d sfjuhr, ds efihids `fjdhs if ued fsmdid.

Ved nbred shep`fs if md`mu`dr b mbeprhefatb if ued rdepd è mbe d rfjrd if trïs shep`fs. Bs f`fefatbs afmfssärhbs síb fstfs?

• D `drjurd if ued fsmdid rfshifamhd` è if, ab eåaheb, 7,8 me; pf`b Mýihjb if Bcrds f Fihfflmdêöfs id Wrfnfhturd if ]íb Wdu`b (MBF), b eåaheb è if 4,77 e. • Wdrd fsmdids mb`fthvds bu if prèihbs if dpdrtdefatbs mbe f`fvdibr, f`f vdibr, d `drjurd è if 4,37 e (d `drjurd ib f`fvdibr ifvf ifvf sfr if 4,=7 e). • B fspf`lb ifvf tfr, ab eåaheb, 7,48 me f b phsb, ab eåaheb, eåahe b, 3: me.

M ” mbeprhefatb id rdepd l ” d`turd d sfr vfamhid h ” pbrmfatdjfe if ham`hadêíb Wbr fxfep`b? sfod d d`turd d sfr vfamhid if 9,77 e f d pbrmfatdjfe, <%, tfebs quf dredr d rfjrd if trïs id sfjuhatf edafhrd, `fecrdaib quf 9,77 e fe mfatåeftrbs è 977 me?

D sfquïamhd if ifjrdus è mldedid if `damfs , quf pbife sfr rftbs, murvbs bu mbechadibs if rftbs. Ydecèe pbife sfr rftbs f murvbs, mdrdmb` ftm.

M 5 l x 477 ú < M 5 977 x 477 ú < M 5 97.777 ú < M 5 6.777 me (67,77 e) Fatíb, 67,77 e è b mbeprhefatb id rdepd d sfr mbastruåid. ]f usdrebs 47%, b mbeprhefatb mdhrhd pdrd 97,77 e. ^fod? M 5 l x 477 ú 47 M 5 977 x 477 ú 47 M 5 97.777 ú 47 M 5 9.777 me (97,77 e)

@damfs if fsmdid

Fsmdids Ds fsmdids síb nbredids pbr phsbs, fspf`lbs, ifjrdu f pdtdedr. Bs phsbs síb p`dabs lbrhzbatdhs f bs fspf`lbs, p`dabs vfrthmdhs; decbs nbrede b ifjrdu.

Fsmdid if `damfs rftbs

B aÿefrb if ifjrdus è if dmbrib mbe b ib pè-ihrfhtb, mbe d ihstãamhd ib phsb f b tftb. Dsshe, ihvhihaib-sf d efihid ib pè-ihrfhtb pf`b vd`br ib fspf`lb, tfebs b aÿefrb if ifjrdus.

Fsmdid Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d =

38


Wbr fxfep`b, b aÿefrb if ifjrdus if ued fsmdid d sfr mbastruåid fe ue ld``, mbe pè-ihrfhtb efihaib 3,:7 e (3:7 me) f b fspf`lb, 4< me, è fstf?

3:7 ú 4< 5 46 Wbrtdatb, 46 è b aÿefrb if ifjrdus pdrd fstd fsmdid.

WDSD SFN@FYHS B quf è pè-ihrfhtb2 È d d`turd fatrf b phsb f b nbrrb if ue pdvhefatb. Wbif sfr tdecèe d d`turd ids becrfhrds if ued pbrtd.

F`fvdibrfs B f`fvdibr è ue ihspbshthvb if trdaspbrtf if pfssbds f mdrjd fe mhrmu`dêíb vfr thmd` if ue fihnåmhb. Bs mbepbafatfs cäshmbs if ue shstfed if f`fvdibrfs síb fstfs?

• Mdchaf. Mbepdrthefatb fe quf síb trdaspbrtdids ds pfssbds bu mdrjd. • Mbatrdpfsb. È ued pfêd prfsd dbs mdcbs if dêb, quf mbatrdcd`daêd b pfsb id mdrjd trdaspbrtdid, uth`hzdaib efabs fafrjhd ad bpfrdêíb. Tudatb ç fstruturd, vfod mbeb b f`fvdibr è nbredib?

• Mdsd if eäquhads. Fe jfrd`, ad sfquïamhd id mdhxd ib f`fvdibr, è b `bmd` baif, abredèfatf, síb hastd`dibs bs fquhpdefatbs if trdêíb f b qudirb if nbrêd rfspbasävf` pf`b dmhbadefatb ib f`fvdibr. f`f vdibr. • Mdhxd bu mdhxd if mbrrhid. Baif b f`fvdibr (mdchaf) sf ebvhefatd. • Wdtdedr bu pdvhefatb. È b aåvf` ib phsb if pdrdid ib f`fvdibr. • Wbêb. Fstä `bmd`hzdib dcdhxb ib daidr tèrrfb. Af`f síb hastd`dibs bs ihspbshthvbs if sfjurdaêd (pdrd-mlbquf) f prbtfêíb if `hehtf if pfrmursb ib f`fvdibr. Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d =

F`fvdibr iftd`ldib =7


^FOD ]F DWSFAIFV 4. W`datd cdhxd è b ifsfalb if ued mbastruêíb mbe ue ihdjrded ibs fspdêbs f iftd`lfs ids mbtds, b abef if mdid dechfatf f sfu rfspfmthvb aåvf`. F`f è nfhtb d pdr thr ib p`dab if sfêíb lbrhzbatd` quf, db rfthrdr d pdrtf if mhed, tfebs d pdrtf hanfrhbr f, b`ldaib fssd pdrtf pfrpfaihmu`drefatf, vdebs bctfr d RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR, quf mbrrfspbaif ç p`datd cdhxd. d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) prbofêíb lbrhzbatd` ) p`datd jfrd` ) drtf fflad` ) efihid jfrd`

3. B quf shjahfflmd fstd haihmdêíb2

d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) Wdrfif d`td mbe 4,97 e if `drjurd. ) Wbrtd Wbrtd mbe 4,97 e if d`turd. ) Wdrfif if efhd d`turd mbe 4,97 e if d`turd. ) Odaf`d mbe 4,97 4,97 e if `drjurd.

=. ]bcrf mbrtfs fxfmutdibs ad p`datd cdhxd, fsmrfvd (^) pdrd vfridifhrb f (N) pdrd nd`sb. Ifpbhs, edrquf d d`tfradthvd mbrrftd. H- ( ) B mbrtf trdasvfrsd` è nfhtb nfhtb ab sfathib id `drjurd. `drjurd. HH- ( ) B mbrtf `bajhtuihad` è nfhtb ab sfathib ib mbeprhefatb. mbeprhefatb. HHH- ( ) Yd Ydatb atb b mbrtf trdasvfrsd` trdasvfrsd` mbeb b `bajhtuihad` síb rfd`hzdibs pbr ue if sfêíb vfrthmd`. d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) N”^ ”N )^ ” N ”^ ) N” N”^ )^ ”^ ”N

9. Fe ued p`datd if iftd`lfs, fe jfrd`, bs mbrtfs síb ifsfaldibs fe fsmd`ds efabrfs quf? d) ( ) 4?6 bu 4?4 c) ( ) 4?477 bu 4?67 m) ( ) 4?37 bu 4?46 i) ( ) 4?37 bu 4?6 6. Tudatbs ifjrdus ifvfe sfr nfhtbs fe ued fsmdid mbe pè-ihrfhtb efihaib =,79 e f b fspf`lb, 48 me2 d) ( ) 46 c) ( ) 4> m) ( ) 4: i) ( ) 4< Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d =

=4


DWSFAID ND_FAIB Wdrd trfhadr d `fhturd f hatfrprftdêíb if p`datds f mbrtfs if ifsfalbs tèmahmbs, dmbepdalf d sfquïamhd if ffljurds if 4 d > if ue sbcrdib f rfspbaid çs pfrjuatds?

Nhjurd 4 ” Yèrrfb

Nhjurd > ” Ndmldid

4. Tudhs ds ihefasöfs ib tfrrfab2 3. Ad p`datd ib prhefhrb pdvhefatb, b mbrtf CC pdssd pf`d RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR f b mbrtf DD pdssd pf`d RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Nhjurd 3 ” Wrhefhrb pdvhefatb

=. Tudhs ds ihefasöfs ibs ibrehtýrhbs2 9. Tud` d `drjurd id fsmdid ib prhefhrb pdrd b sfjuaib pdvhefatb2

6. Iï b pè-ihrfhtb? d) id jdrdjfe? c) ib eurb ib tfrrdêb? m) prhefhrb f sfjuaib pdvhefatb?

Nhjurd = ” ]fjuaib pdvhefatb

>. Tudhs bs thpbs if phsb ibs mùebibs pbr baif pdssd b mbrtf CC2 :. Tud` d ärfd id mbpd f mbzhald2 <. Ifsmrfvd bs mùebibs ifssf prboftb abs ihvfrsbs pdvhefatbs? d) B tèrrfb tfe?

Nhjurd 9 ” Mbrtf DD

c) B prhefhrb pdvhefatb tfe?

m) B pdvhefatb supfrhbr tfe? Nhjurd 6 ” Mbrtf CC Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d =

=3


Du`d 9

HA]YD@DÊÍB LHISÄV@HMD F F@ÈYSHMD Hatrbiuêíb

Mhrmuhtb lhiräu`hmb

Wdrd ndmh`htdr d fxfmuêíb f d hatfrprftdêíb if ifsfalbs ibs ihnfrfatfs mhrmuhtbs if hastd`dêöfs lhiräu`hmds, síb uth`hzdibs dcrfvhdêöfs f shecb`bjhd pdirbahzdid. ^fod?

È hepbrtdatf quf b tèmahmb fe sfjurdaêd trdcd`lb mbalfêd f hatfrprftf p`datds if mbastruêíb, mbeb nbh fashadib ads du`ds datfrhbrfs. Afssd du`d, mbathaudebs mbe d hatfrprftdêíb if p`datds, eds djbrd, vdebs fashadr d `fr f hatfrprftdr bs såecb`bs quf rfprfsfatde ds hastd`dêöfs lhiräu`hmds f f`ètrhmds.

Hastd`dêíb Lhiräu`hmd Hastd`dêíb lhiräu`hmd mbepöf-sf if rfsfrvdtýrhbs, tucu`dêöfs f rfjhstrbs pdrd `fvdr d äjud quf vfe id rfif if ihstrhcuhêíb pdrd bs pbatbs if mbasueb, quf síb ds tbrafhrds ids phds f ibs `dvdtýrhbs, bs vdsbs sdahtärhbs, bs cfcfiburbs, b mluvfhrb ftm. D ihstrhcuhêíb, bu dcdstfmhefatb, è rfd`hzdid pbr ued mbamfsshbaärhd if sdafdefatb id mhidif, tdecèe mbalfmhid mbeb rfif pÿc`hmd. D äjud id mbamfsshbaärhd è prfssurhzdid, f, ad edhbrhd ids mhidifs crdsh`fhrds, fssd prfssíb pbif dthajhr dtè 47,77 e if d`turd, bu dtè ibhs pdp dvhefatbs sfe cbecfdefatb. Fe mdsb if iÿvhid, ifvf-sf mbasu`tdr d mbamfsshbaärhd. D hastd`dêíb lhiräu`hmd, if dmbrib mbe b rdeb mbefrmhd`, è cdstdatf mbep`fxd, pbhs sf uth`hzde äjud nrhd, äjud qufatf f mhrmuhtb if äjuds pùvhdhs, mbe euhtbs pbatbs if mbasueb, d`èe id rfif if fsjbtb. Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d 9

Dpdrf`lbs

Dcrfvhdêöfs

Cdalfhrd Chiï Mdhxd if ifsmdrjd mbavfamhbad` Mluvfhrb Iumld lhjhïahmd Nh`trb mbavfamhbad` Nh`trb purhfflmdibr @dvdtýrhb

Cda. Ch. Mi. Ml. I. Lhj. Nh. Nh. @dv.

Efihids (e) ´ 7 ,= 7 7 ,4 6 3 ,3 7 3 ,4 7 7 ,9 7 3 ,3 7 4,37 7 ,> 7 7,:7 (jrdaif)

Eäquhad if `dvdr `buêd

E``.

Whd if mbzhald Sfjhstrb id cdalfhrd Sfjhstrb ib mluvfhrb Sfjhstrb ib ffl`trb id md`ld Sfjhstrb jfrd` Ydaquf Ybrafhrd ib odrihe Ybrafhrd if `dvdjfe ^ä`vu`d if ifsmdrjd (ffiuxb dutbeäthmb) ^dsb sdahtärhb (bu cdmhd sdahtärhd)

Wh. Yq. Yo. Y`.

4 ,4 7 7 ,: 7 4,=7 4 ,= 7 4 ,< 7 4 ,4 7 7 ,6 7 7 ,9 7

^. N. D.

4 ,4 7

^. ]. / C. ].

7 ,= =

Ib mfatrb ib vdsb

-

7 ,4 6

Ib mfatrb ib phsb

-

7 ,3 6

^dsb sdahtärhb mbe mdhxd dmbp`did (pbatb ç fsqufrid ib vdsb)

4,47 (pfqufad)

Ydcf`d if dcrfvhdêöfs f efihids if d`turd ibs dpdrf`lbs uth`hzdibs fe hastd`dêöfs lhiräu`hmds ==


]åecb`bs

Ifsmrhêíb

]hj`ds

Mdad`hzdêíb if äjud nrhd

DN

Äjud nrhd

DT

Äjud qufatf

Mdad`hzdêíb if äjud qufatf Mdad`hzdêíb pdrd hamïaihb

Ifsmrhêíb

Äjud pùvhd` MH

Fsjbtb

Murvds if 87· f 96·

M

@diríb ids mdhxds-i‘äjud

Obf`lbs if 87· f 96·

O

Irfab

Yï if 87·

Y

Ouaêíb if 96·

X

Mruzftd

MS_

Mbùad if äjud nrhd

Sfiuêíb

SI

Mbùad if äjud qufatf

Ybrafhrd if cbhd

YC

Sfjhstrbs (ad mbr ib mhrmuhtb)

Vahíb

V

@uvd

@

Yï mbe sdåid pdrd mhed

Y]M

Yï mbe sdåid pdrd cdhxb

Y]C

Obf`lb bu murvd vb`tdib pdrd cdhxb Obf`lb bu murvd vb`tdib pdrd mhed Ouaêíb mbe b ifrhvdatf pdrd mhed Ouaêíb mbe b ifrhvdatf pdrd cdhxb

-

SJ

Sfjh Sf jhst strb rb if jd jdvf vftd td mbe md mdab abp` p`dd

SJM SJ M

Ybrafhrd if prfssíb

YW

^ä`vu`d if ifsmdrjd

Î W`datd ib phsb id mbzhald mbe bs pbatbs if mbasueb dsshad`dibs

^SL ^S^

^ä`vu`d if pè

^W

Lhirdatf

LI

Lhirùeftrb

L

Cbecd if rfmd`quf

CS

]bcf

^fod ads p`datds d sfjuhr b fxfep`b if haihmdêíb ibs ihnfrfatfs pbatbs if mbasueb ids hastd`dêöfs if äjud nrhd f qufatf f bs pbatbs dsshad`dibs ad f`fvdêíb if ued pdrfif.

-

Sfjhstrb if jdvftd

Mbùad äjud nrhd

Ifsmrhêíb

-

SW

^ä`vu`d if rftfaêíb lbrhzbatd` ^ä`vu`d if rftfaêíb vfrthmd`

]åecb`bs

-

Sfjhstrb if prfssíb

Mbùad äjud qufatf

Mbrfs

Ifsmf

Ydcf`d if såecb`bs uth`hzdibs ad hastd`dêíb lhiräu`hmd

Ydecèe è euhtb mbeue ads p`datds if hastd`dêöfs lhiräu`hmds uth`hzdr ihnfrfatfs mbrfs pdrd bs värhbs mhrmuhtbs quf ndzfe pdrtf. Bcsfrvf? Ifsfalb Yèmahmb - Du`d 9

Yucu`dêíb id äjud qufatf quf pdssd pbr ued pdrfif f fatrd ad butrd pdrfif =9


Sfif if Fsjbtb

BC]FS^F F]YF MD]B

Ybids ds äjuds sfrvhids if ued rfshiïamhd, prèihb, `bod ftm. síb mdad`hzdids pdrd ued rfif pÿc`hmd if fsjbtbs, quf rfmfcf, if tbids ds mbastruêöfs, b fsjbtb quf ifsäjud fe mýrrfjbs bu rhbs. Ds rfifs trdaspbrtde b fsjbtb pdrd ds fstdêöfs if trdtdefatb baif d äjud sfrä trdtdid f `hepd f, ifpbhs, `daêdid pdrd bs rhbs sfe pbùhr; dsshe, edatïe d nduad f d ffibrd fe brife. Bs f`fefatbs sý`hibs síb trdasnbredibs fe diucb, f b f`fefatb jdsbsb è dprbvfhtdib mbeb jäs pdrd ihvfrsds dp`hmdêöfs.

Mbeb nuamhbad d mb`ftd if fsjbtb fe ]íb Wdu`b Abs heývfhs rfshifamhdhs, mbefrmhdhs, bu ads haiÿstrhds, fxhstfe `hjdêöfs mbe ihãeftrb pfqufab quf nbrede ds rfifs mb`ftbrds. Fssds rfifs síb mbafmtdids dbs mb`ftbrfs-trbambs (tucu`dêöfs hastd`dids db `dib ibs mýrrfjbs) f rfmfcfe bs fsjbtbs if ihvfrsds rfifs. Ibs mb`ftbrfs-trbambs, bs fsjbtbs víb p drd bs hatfrmfptbrfs, quf síb tucu`dêöfs edhbrfs, abredèfatf dssfatdids db `dib ibs rhbs. Idå b ifsthab sfrä ued fstdêíb if trdtdefatb, quf tfe d ehssíb if ifvb`vfr d äjud fe cbds mbaihêöfs db efhb dechfatf, bu ifsthaä-`d db rfusb pdrd nhad`hidifs aíb pbtävfhs.

Hastd`dêíb prfihd` if rfif if fsjbtb D rfif if fsjbtb ifvf sfr prboftdid f mbastruåid if edafhrd quf nuamhbaf mbrrftdefatf f bcfifêd dbs htfas dcdhxb rf`dmhbadibs? 4. Ifvf pfrehthr räphib fsmbdefatb ibs ifspfobs f nämh` ifsfatuphefatb; 3. È cbe vfidr d pdssdjfe if jdsfs f dahedhs ids mdad`hzdêöfs pdrd b hatfrhbr ibs fihnåmhbs; =. Aíb pfrehthr vdzdefatbs bu fsmdpdefatbs if jdsfs, bu nbredêíb if ifpýshtbs ab hatfrhbr ids mdad`hzdê mdad`hzdêöfs; öfs; 9. B ihãeftrb id tucu`dêíb ifvf sfr sufflmhfatf pdrd d vdzíb if mdid rded` f mdad`hzdêíb; 6. B mdhefatb ifvf sfr difqudib pdrd idr fsmbdefatb räphib; >. È afmfssärhd d f`hehadêíb, tdatb qudatb pbssåvf`, if murvds dmfatudids mbeb, pbr fxfep`b, if murvd if 87· pbr iuds if 96·; :. Ifvf-sf mb`bmdr mdhxds sufflmhfatfs if haspfêíb pdrd ndmh`htdr pbssåvfhs ifsfatuphefatbs (if prfnfrïamhd, ads murvds); <. È cbe dssfatdr d tucu`dêíb if fsjbtb fe cdsf fflref, if prfnfrïamhd, fe tfrrfab cfe mbepdmtdib, bu sbcrf `dstrb if mbamrftb mdsb fxhstde iÿvhids qudatb ç rfshstïamhd ib sb`b. Dsshe, fvhtde-sf pbssåvfhs rfmd`qufs ad tucu`dêíb; 8. Ifvf-sf tfr cbd mbafxíb (`hjdêíb) fatrf bs tucbs f mbafxöfs pdrd fvhtdr vdzdefatbs quf pbife bmdshbadr b rfmd`quf id rfif if fsjbtbs; 47. Mb`bmdr ued mdhxd if jbriurd ad sdåid id tucu`dêíb id phd id mbzhald. Dsshe, fvhtde-sf quf ds sucstãamhd sucstãamhdss jbriurbsds sf ifpbshtfe ads pdrfifs hatfrads id tucu`dêíb. Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d 9

Hastd`dêíb F`ètrhmd

Ibs prboftbs mbep`fefatdrfs, b f`ètrhmb rfqufr quf b tèmahmb fe sfjurdaêd ib trdcd`lb sdhcd hifathnhmdr bs pbatbs if ùz, tbedids, drdaif`ds ftm. ads p`datds cdhxds id hastd` dêíb. Wdrd b prboftb if hastd`dêöfs f`ètrhmds, fxhstfe såecb`bs prýprhbs, f rfprbiuzhebs d sfjuhr bs edhs hepbrtdatfs? =6


Wdrd fxfep`hnhmdr, tbedebs pbr rfnfrïamhd b fstuib id hastd`dêíb f`ètrhmd id p`datd dprfsfatdid d sfjuhr?

Fstuib if ued hastd`dêíb rfshifamhd` cäshmd

• Mbeb pbifebs vfrhnhmdr, b qudirb if ihstrhcuhêíb ( 4) fstä hastd`dib ad sd`d, ad pdrif ihvhsýrhd mbe b ibrehtýrhb, `bjb dträs id pbrtd if fatrdid. Hss b è cfe mbeue, oä quf d pbrtd dcfrtd bmu`td b qudirb. • Ab mfatrb id sd`d, lä ue pbatb if ùz ab tftb (3 (3)) , fe quf d pbtïamhd, b aÿefrb ib mhrmuhtb f mbedaib aíb sf fambatrde dabtdibs. • Db `dib ib cdtfatf id pbrtd if fatrdid, lä ued tbedid eèihd ebabnäshmd mbe tfrrd ( =) f ue hatfrruptbr shep`fs ( 9) . Nhadèfatf, ad pdrfif bpbstd, lä ued tbedid cdhxd ebabnäshmd mbe tfrrd (6 ) . • Ad mbzhald, lä dpfads ued tbedid eèihd ebabnäshmd (> (>)) db `dib if ue hatfrruptbr hatfrrupt br shep`fs (: (:)) , d`èe if ue pbatb if ùz ab tftb (< (<)) . • Ab cdalfhrb, lä ue pbatb if ùz ad pdrfif (8 (8)) , abredèfatf sbcrf d phd pdrd hùehadêíb ib rbstb, f ued mdhxd if sdåid d`td chnäshmd mbe tfrrd (47) pdrd mluvfhrb. Wrhamhpdhs såecb`bs pdrd hastd`dêíb f`ètrhmd Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d 9

=>


^FOD ]F DWSFAIFV Ads qufstöfs d sfjuhr, dprfsfatdebs d`juas såecb`bs prfsfatfs fe p`datds quf rfprfsfatde ds hastd`dêöfs lhiräu`hmds. Hifathquf-bs f dsshad`f d d`tfradthvd mbrrftd.

4. d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) Ybrafhrd if cbhd ) Sfjhstrb if jdvftd ) Ybrafhrd if prfssíb ) ^ä`vu`d if ifsmdrjd

3. d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) Obf`lb vb`tdib vb`tdib pdrd mhed ) Lhirdatf ) Lhirùeftrb ) Mdad`hzdêíb pdrd hamïaihb

=. Ad hedjfe d sfjuhr, bs mhrmuhtbs lhiräu`hmbs fstíb auefrdibs. Hifathfflquf-bs f, ifpbhs, dsshad`f d d`tfradthvd mbrrftd.

d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) (4) äjud pùvhd`; (3) äjud nrhd; (=) `diríb id mdhxd-i‘äjud ) (4) äjud nrhd; (3) fsjbtb; (=) irfab ) (4) äjud qufatf; (3) äjud pùvhd`; (=) fsjbtb ) (4) irfab; (3) `diríb id mdhxd-i‘äjud; (=) äjud qufatf

9. B quf rfprfsfatd b såecb`b dcdhxb fe ued p`datd if hastd`dêíb f`ètrhmd2

] d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) Ybedid eèihd ebabnäshmd mbe tfrrd ) Mdepdhald ) Wbatb Wbatb if ùz ad pdrfif ) Hatfrruptbr shep`fs

Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d 9

=:


DWSFAID ND_FAIB Dcdhxb, tfebs ue ifsfalb fe pfrspfmthvd id `hjdêíb sèrhf/pdrd`f`d if trïs rfshstbrfs. Ndêd b ifsfalb fsqufeäthmb ifstf.

Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d 9

=<


Mbrfs

Du`d 6

EDWD EDW D IF SH]MB

Shsmbs nåshmbs

Hatrbiuêíb

Shsmbs quåehmbs Shsmbs chb`ýjhmbs Shsmbs frjbaùehmbs Shsmbs if dmhifatfs ^fod ad tdcf`d d sfjuhr qudhs síb bs rhsmbs dechfatdhs prfsfatfs ad feprfsd? M`dsshfflmdêíb ibs prhamhpdhs rhsmbs bmupdmhbadhs fe jrupbs, if dmbrib mbe sud adturfzd, f d pdirbahzdêíb ids mbrfs mbrrfspbaifatfs

B edpd if rhsmb è ued p`datd ib dechfatf if trdcd`lb ad qud` síb rfprfsfatdibs, pbr efhb if mårmu`bs mb`brhibs fe trïs ihãeftrbs ihnfrfatfs (pfqufab, eèihb f jrdaif) b tdedalb ibs rhsmbs dechfatdhs fxhstfatfs ab `bmd` f quf pbife mdusdr idabs ç sdÿif ibs trdcd`ldibrfs. Ds abreds rfju`defatdibrds mbashifrde rhsmbs dechfatdhs bs djfatfs nåshmbs, quåehmbs f chb`ýjhmbs, d`èe if rhsmbs frjbeètrhmbs f rhsmbs if dmhifatfs.

Jrupb = Edrrbe

Jrupb 9 Dedrf`b

Jrupb 6 Dzu`

Shsmbs nåshmbs

Shsmbs quåehmbs

Shsmbs chb`ýjhmbs

Shsmbs frjbaùehmbs

Shsmbs if dmhifatfs

Suåibs

Wbfhrds

^årus

Fsnbrêb nåshmb hatfasb

^hcrdêöfs

Nuebs

Cdmtèrhds

Drrdaob nåshmb hadifqudib

Sdihdêöfs hbahzdatfs

Aèvbds

Wrbtbzbärhbs

Afc`hads Nuajbs Jdsfs Wdrdshtds ^dpbrfs Nrhb

Bs mårmu`bs if ihnfrfatfs ihãeftrbs f mbrfs pdrd bs jrupbs if rhsmbs síb dprfsfatdibs ad ffljurd d sfjuhr?

Md`br Wrfssöfs dabredhs Vehidif

Ydedalb ibs mårmu`bs

Cdmh`bs ]ucstãamhds, mbepbstbs bu prbiutbs quåehmbs

@fvdatdefatb f trdaspbrtf edaud` if pfsb Fxhjïamhd if pbsturd hadifqudid Mbatrb`f råjhib if prbiuthvhidif Hepbshêíb if rhtebs fxmfsshvbs Yrdcd`lb fe turab f abturab

Shsmb pfqufab

Du`d 6

Jrupb 3 ^fref`lb

Sdihdêöfs aíb hbahzdatfs

]hecb`bjhd

Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Jrupb 4 ^frif

Obradids if trdcd`lb prb`bajdids

Shsmb eèihb

Ebabtbahd f rfpfththvhidif

Shsmb jrdaif

Butrds shtudêöfs mdusdibrds if fstrfssf nåshmb f/bu psåquhmb

=8

Eäquhads f fquhpdefatbs sfe prbtfêíb Nfrrdefatds hadifqudids bu ifnfhtubsds Hùehadêíb hadifqudid F`ftrhmhidif Wrbcdch`hidif if hamïaihb bu fxp`bsíb Dredzfadefatb hadifqudib Butrds shtudêöfs if rhsmb quf pbifríb mbatrhcuhr pdrd d bmbrrïamhd if dmhifatfs


B edpd if rhsmb ifvf sfr nfhtb pf`d MHWD (Mbehssíb Hatfrad if Wrfvfaêíb if Dmhifatfs), fe pdrmfrhd mbe b ]F]EY (]frvhêb Fspfmhd`hzdib fe Fajfaldrhd if ]fjurdaêd f fe Efihmhad ib Yrdcd`lb), Yrdcd`lb), mbe d mb`dcbrdêíb ibs trdcd`ldibrfs quf ifvfe pdssdr hanbredêöfs sbcrf bs prbc`feds fxhstfatfs ab `bmd` if trdcd`lb.

Tudaib pbssåvf`, db sf trdtdr if ue ifsfalb jrdaif, ds ihefasöfs ibs mårmu`bs pbife sfr ds sfjuhatfs? • 3,6 me pdrd mårmu`bs pfqufabs; • 6 me pdrd mårmu`bs eèihbs; • 47 me pdrd mårmu`bs jrdaifs.

]DHCD EDH]

]f aíb nbr pbssåvf`, pbif sfr ifsfaldib fe qud`qufr ihefasíb, eds ifvf-sf rfspfhtdr fssd prbpbrêíb? b eèihb è b ibcrb ib pfqufab; f b jrdaif è b ibcrb ib eèihb.

Ad nd`td ifssfs ifpdrtdefatbs, d feprfsd ifvfrä mbatrdtdr ue prbfflsshbad` fspfmhd`hzdib pdrd d fxfmuêíb ib edpd if rhsmb.

Ab mdsb if rhsmbs ihnfrfatfs, eds mbe d efsed hatfashidif, pbifebs rfprfsfatdr b mårmu`b sucihvhihaib mbanbref d ffljurd d sfjuhr.

B edpd if rhsmb ifvfrä sfr mb`bmdib fe `bmd` vhsåvf` fe quf tbibs bs trdcd`ldibrfs ib `bmd` pbssde vï-`b.

Fxfmuêíb ib Edpd if Shsmb Hahmhdèfatf, ifvfebs fxfmutdr d p`datd cdhxd, quf pbif sfr jfrd`, bu sfod, mbe tbibs bs ifpdrtdefatbs; bu pdrmhd`, quf è ued p`datd if jrupbs if ifpdrtdefatbs; bu haihvhiud` pdrd mdid ue if`fs. Fxfmutdid d p`datd, ifvfebs `fvdatdr bs rhsmbs fxhstfatfs ab `bmd`.

Mårmu`b mbe d ihvhsíb ids mbrfs if rhsmbs

^fod, ad ffljurd d sfjuhr, ue fxfep`b if edpd if rhsmb.

WDSD SFN@FYHS Ydecèe è nuaêíb id MHWD MHWD hifathnhmdr bs rhsmbs ab `bmd` if trdcd`lb f f`dcbrdr b edpd if rhsmbs, buvhaib b edhbr aÿefrb pbssåvf` if trdcd`ldibrfs.

Fxfep`b if edpd if rhsmb

WDSD SFN@FYHS Tud` d vd`hidif ib edpd if rhsmb2 B edpd if rhsmb ifvf sfr rfvhstb sfeprf quf ue ndtb abvb ebihfflquf d shtudêíb if rhsmb? euidaêd if `dybut, abvds eäquhads, abvds fatrdids f sdåids, euidaêds ad prbiuêíb, ads edtèrhds-prheds uth`hzdids ftm.

Dpýs mbalfmhibs bs rhsmbs f sud hatfashidif, dp`hmde-sf bs mårmu`bs f mbrfs mbanbref fstdcf`fmfe ds abreds rfju`defatdibrds rfju`defatdibrds.. Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d 6

97


Edpd if Shsmb ” Hasthtutb Vahvfrsd` Crdsh`fhrb

^FOD ]F DWSFAIFV 4. If dmbrib mbe ds mbrfs rfprfsfatdthvds ibs rhsmbs dechfatdhs pdrd d fxfmuêíb ib edpd if rhsmb if ued feprfsd, fsmrfvd (^) pdrd vfridifhrb f (N) pdrd nd`sb. Ifpbhs, edrquf d d`tfradthvd mbrrftd. H- ( ) D mbr vfrif haihmd rhsmbs nåshmbs mbeb mbeb ruåibs, vhcrdêöfs, nrhb, md`br ftm. ftm. HH- ( ) Wbfhrds, nuebs f jdsfs ndzfe pdrtf ibs rhsmbs chb`ýjhmbs (edrrbe). HHH- ( ) B jrupb jrupb dedrf`b rfprfsfatd bs rhsmbs frjbaùehmbs mbeb fsnbrêb nåshmb hatfasb, pbsturd hadifqudid ftm. d) ( ) N ” N ” ^ c) ( ) ^ ” N ” ^ m) ( ) N ” ^ ” ^ i) ( ) ^ ” N ” N 3. Tufe ifvf f`dcbrdr b edpd if rhsmb pdrd d feprfsd2 d) ( ) D MHWD, MHWD, fe pdrmfrhd mbe b ]F]EY f mbe d mb`dcbrdêíb mb`dcbrdêíb ibs trdcd`ldibrfs. c) ( ) Dpfads d MHWD. m) ( ) D MHWD MHWD ouatb mbe b ]F]EY dpfads. i) ( ) ]befatf bs trdcd`ldibrfs id feprfsd. =. Ad fxfmuêíb ib edpd if rhsmb jrdaif, qud` d ihefasíb rfmbefaidid pdrd bs mårmu`bs pfqufabs2 d) ( ) 3,6 me c) ( ) 6 me m) ( ) 47 me i) ( ) 43 me 9. B edpd if rhsmb ifvf sfr rfvhsdib2 d) ( ) Aíb, pbhs b prhefhrb edpd if rhsmb è sufflmhfatf. c) ( ) ]he, d mdid mdid sfedad. m) ( ) ]he, sfeprf quf ue ndtb abvb ebihfflquf d shtudêíb if rhsmb. i) ( ) ]he, tbibs tbibs bs ihds. ihds. Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d 6

94


DWSFAID ND_FAIB Cdsfdib ab fscbêb if ued pfqufad bfflmhad if mdrphatdrhd, mbe fsmrhtýrhb, mbpd, mbzhald f cdalfhrbs edsmu`hab f nfehahab, ndêd d p`datd cdhxd f b edpd if rhsmb, mbanbref ds haihmdêöfs dcdhxb?

Mdrphatdrhd • Shsmb nåshmb 5 eèihb • Shsmb frjbaùehmb 5 pfqufab • Shsmb quåehmb 5 pfqufab • Shsmb if dmhifatf 5 eèihb Fsmrhtýrhb • Shsmb frjbaùehmb 5 pfqufab • Shsmb if dmhifatf 5 pfqufab Mbpd/mbzhald • Shsmb quåehmb 5 pfqufab • Shsmb frjbaùehmb 5 eèihb • Shsmb chb`ýjhmb 5 eèihb Cdalfhrbs ” edsmu`hab f nfehahab • Shsmb chb`ýjhmb 5 pfqufab

Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d 6

93


tfs, fsmdvdifhrds, trdtbrfs, dvhsbs if divfrtïamhds, mdvd`ftfs, cdaifhrds mbe shad` if divfrtïamhd.

Du`d >

MBSF] F ]HAD@H_DÊÍB

^frif. Mbr quf rfprfsfatd ‐sfjurdaêd―, è uth`hzdid fe eäquhads bu fquhpdefatbs, mdhxds if prhefhrbs-sbmbrrbs, cb`fthas, qudirb if mdrtdzfs, dvhsbs if sfjurdaêd, mluvfhrbs if fefrjïamhd f `dvd-b`lbs, cýtbas if sfjurdaêd f edajufhrds if bxhjïahb (shstfed if sbìd).

Hatrbiuêíb

Dzu`. Ydecèe haihmd ‐muhidib―, è uth`hzdid fe cdrrfhrds f cdaifhrb`ds if divfrtïamhd. @bmd`hzd bs pbatbs if mbedaibs if pdrthid, bu nbatfs if fafrjhd ibs fquhpdefatbs, d`èe if rfprfsfatdr fquhpdefatbs nbrd if sfrvhêb. Ydecèe Ydecèe haihmd prbtfêíb bcrhjdtýrhd. Wÿrpurd. Ifshjad bs pfrhjbs if mdepbs f`ftrbedjaèthmbs f rdihdêöfs if pdrtåmu`ds aum`fdrfs, d`èe if haihmdr bs rfmhphfatfs f `bmdhs baif fxhstfe edtfrhdhs rdihbdthvbs.

If dmbrib mbe d AS-3> f id pbrtdrhd =.349/:<, ds mbrfs uth`hzdids abs dechfatfs if trdcd`lb tfe mbeb nhad`hidif? • Wrfvfahr dmhifatfs; • Hifathfflmdr bs fquhpdefatbs if sfjurdaêd; • If`hehtdr ärfds (mbrrfibrfs, (mbrrfibrfs, eäquhads ftm.); • Hifathfflmdr tucu`dêöfs if `åquhibs f jdsfs divfrthaib mbatrd bs pfrhjbs; • Hifathfflmdr f divfrthr dmfrmd ibs rhsmbs fxhstfatfs ab dechfatf if trdcd`lb.

Crdamb. Vth`hzdib d`tfradidefatf mbe b dedrf`b, sfrvf pdrd haihmdr ds ärfds if mhrmu`dêíb thpb pdssdihêb f mbrrfibrfs if mhrmu`dêíb, ärfds fe tbrab if fquhpdefatbs if mbecdtf d hamïaihb f fquhpdefatbs if fefrjïamhd.

B usb ids mbrfs aíb ihspfasd b feprfjb if butrds nbreds if prfvfaêíb.

Fe tucu`dêöfs, vfod d rfprfsfatdêíb if mdid ued ids mbrfs?

Wrftb. Feprfjdid pdrd mb`ftbrfs if rfsåiubs.

Sfprfsfatdêíb ids Mbrfs ^fref`lb. Sfprfsfatd f haihmd fquhpdefatbs if prbtfêíb f mbecdtf d hamïaihb (fxthatbrfs if hamïaihb, mdhxds if lhirdatfs ftm.). Vth`hzdib tdecèe fe cbtöfs if pdrdid if fefrjïamhd, d`èe if prbhchêöfs prbhchêöfs.. @drdaod. Haihmd pdrtfs eývfhs f pfrhjbsds ids eäquhads f if fquhpdefatbs, hamùhaib ds judrids if prbtfêíb if eäquhads, pb`hds, fajrfadjfas ftm.

@h`äs. Ä`md`hs (cdsfs). Fx.? AdBL; Edrrbe. Tud`qufr thpb if ffiuhib aíb hifathfflmävf` pf`ds ifedhs mbrfs; Dùeåahb. Jdsfs `hqufnfhtbs, haffideävfhs f mbecuståvfhs if cdhxd vhsmbshidif (ý`fb ihfsf`, jdsb`had, qufrbsfaf ftm.); Mhazd m`drb. ^ämub.

Dedrf`b. Sfprfsfatdaib ‐muhidib―, ‐pfrhjb―,, fssd mbr è haihmdid pdrd mbrrheíb, pdrdpfhtbs, jb― fxtrfehidifs if ifjrdus, cbribs if dcfrturds, if`hehtdêíb if curdmbs, vd`ds, vhjds if cdhxd d`turd, mbùads if jdrdjfe, pbatfs rb`datfs, juhaidsIfsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d >

9=


]DHCD EDH] Bcrhjdtbrhdefatf ad mdad`hzdêíb if äjud pbtävf`, d rfprfsfatdêíb ifvfrä sfr ihnfrfamhdid ids ifedhs.

]had`hzdêíb pdrd ]ucstãamhds Wfrhjbsds Vth`hzdêíb ids Mbrfs Djbrd, vdebs bcsfrvdr d`juas fxfep`bs if uth`hzdêíb ids mbrfs fe d`juas shadhs ad sfjurdaêd ib trdcd`lb?

Dvhsbs if pfrhjb

Bs rýtu`bs ids fecd`djfas if sucstãamhds pfrhjbsds ifvfe mbatfr b sfjuhatf?

• Abef tèmahmb ib prbiutb. prbiutb. Fx.? Ämhib su`nÿrhmb. • Wd`dvrd if divfrtïamhd, ifshjadaib b jrdu if rhsmb. Fx.? Wfrhjb pdrd d`tb rhsmb; Muhidib pdrd sucstãamhds quf rfprfsfatde rhsmb eèihb; Dtfaêíb pdrd rhsmb `fvf. • Haihmdêöfs ib rhsmb. Fx.? Fxtrfedefatf haffideävf`; Abmhvb ftm. • Efihids prfvfathvds. Fx.? Edatfr `bajf if nbjb f if md`br. • Wrhefhrbs sbmbrrbs? Fx.? Cfcfr `fhtf. • Hanbredêöfs pdrd bs eèihmbs fe mdsb if dmhifatfs. • Hastruêöfs fspfmhdhs fe mdsb if nbjb, ifrrdef bu vdzdefatb vdzdefatb..

]hadhs if prbhchêíb

Mdrdmtfråsthmds id shad`hzdêíb ^fod, d sfjuhr, mdrdmtfråsthmds id shad`hzdêíb if dmbrib mbe d pbrtdrhd pbr tdrhd a¿ 4.96>-D/86. Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d >

99


]d`vdefatb if fefrjïamhd • Bs shadhs id pdrfif ifvfe fstdr `bmd`hzdibs fatrf 4,<7 d 3,37 e, ifsif b mlíb dtè d pdrtf hanfrhbr ib shad`.

• Fe pbrtds, b shad` ifvfrä fstdr sfeprf fe mhed if`d, auamd ad pbrtd.

Wrbtfêíb bcrhjdtýrhd

D`dref f mbecdtf d hamïaihbs • B shad` id cdrrd dathpãahmb ifvf sfr mb`bmdib pbr mhed id cdrrd, eds ifvf ldvfr sfeprf pbr mhed id pbrtd b rfspfmthvb shad` if sdåid if fefrjïamhd.

@bmd`hzdêíb ibs ]hadhs D sfjuhr, vfod d`juas fxfep`bs ib pbshmhbadefatb ids shad`hzdêöfs dprfsfatdids? Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d >

96


• Fe fsmdids, b shad` ifvf sfr mb`bmdib ad pdrfif, d efhb pdtdedr id fsmdid, bu suspfasb ad euidaêd if aåvf`.

WDSD SFN@FYHS Ihstãamhd if bcsfrvdêíb ibs shadhs. D sfjuhr, vfod ds ihefasöfs ibs shadhs f sud ihstãamhd eäxhed pdrd bcsfrvdêíb ifstfs?

• Ab tbpb ids fsmdids, bs shadhs ifvfe fstdr pbshmhbadibs if ebib quf sfode vhstbs abs ibhs `dibs ib mbrrfibr.

Ihefasöfs (e (ee)

Ihstãamhd eä eäxhed (e (e)

49 < x 49<

>,>7

34 7 x 476

8,97

34 7 x 38:

4 = ,= 7

38 : x 49<

4 = ,= 7

38 : x 937

4 < ,< 7

93 7 x 689

3 > ,> 7

68 9 x 38:

3 > ,> 7

<9 4 x 347

= : ,> 7

33 9 x 339

4 7 ,7 7

99 : x 339

3 7 ,7 7

=3 7 x 4>8

4 9 ,= 7

>= 3 x =4>

3 < ,= 7

Tud` d nuaêíb id shad`hzdêíb if sfjurdaêd2 Ad edhbrhd ids vfzfs, nuamhbaärhbs f m`hfatfs aíb fatfaife bu hjabrde d uth`hidif id shad`hzdêíb if sfjurdaêd quf iíb hanbredêöfs aíb sý sbcrf d `bmd`hzdêíb f bs rhsmbs dechfatdhs, eds tdecèe sbcrf ds mbaiutds d sfrfe tbedids ihdatf if bmbrrïamhds quf fxhjfe dêíb räphid f prfmhsd. B mbamfhtb if shad`hzdêíb rf`dmhbadib db mbamfhtb if sfjurdaêd rfeftf d fståeu`bs m`drbs f bc ofth of thvb vbs, s, quf quf,, efse efseb b sfe sfe f`heh f`hehad adrr bs rhsm rhsmbs bs,, tïe tïe d hepbrtdatf nuaêíb if mbep`fefatdr ds efihids prfvfathvds. Tudaib ued shad`hzdêíb è cfe nfhtd f p`dafodid, è pbssåvf` sf ebvhefatdr pbr `bmdhs ifsmbalfmhibs mbeb lbsphtdhs bu feprfsds, sfe sf pfrifr. F, fe shtudêíb hafspfrdid if rhsmb bu if fefrjïamhd, d shad`hzdêíb if sfjurdaêd ffflmhfatf ifvf ndvbrfmfr d sdåid bu nujd if edafhrd d fvhtdr dmhifatfs. Wbr hssb, haifpfaifatfefatf ib tdedalb id feprfsd, id qudathidif if mb`dcbrdibrfs bu if usuärhbs, síb haihspfasävfhs tbids ds haihmdêöfs if pfrhjbs, rhsmbs, bcrhjdtbrhfidifs f tdecèe haihmdêöfs ibs mdehalbs d sfrfe trdêdibs bu brhfatdêöfs sbcrf ds mbaiutds d sfrfe tbedids.

• Fe fquhpdefatbs if d`dref f if mbecdtf d hamïaihbs, bs shadhs ifvfe fstdr pbr mhed if`fs.

Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d >

9>


^FOD ]F DWSFAIFV 4. Fatfaif-sf quf ds mbrfs uth`hzdids fe dechfatfs if trdcd`lb sfrvfe pdrd prfvfahr dmhifatfs, hifathfflmdr fquhpdefatbs if sfjurdaêd, if`hehtdr ärfds ftm. ]dcfaib ihssb, fsmrfvd (^) ( ^) pdrd vfridifhrb f (N) pdrd nd`sb. Ifpbhs, edrquf d d`tfradthvd mbrrftd. H. ( ) D mbr mbr vfref`ld f d dedrf`d rfprfsfatde f haihmde fquhpdefatbs if prbtfêíb f mbecdtf d hamïaihbs. HH. ( ) D mbr mbr `drdaod haihmd pdrtfs eývfhs f pfrhjbsds ids eäquhads f if fquhpdefatbs. HHH. ( ) D mbr vfrif è uth`hzdid fe eäquhads bu fquhpdefatbs, mdhxds if prhefhrbs sbmbrrbs, cb`fthas, qudirb if mdrtdzfs ftm. d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) N” ^ ”^ )^ ”^ ”N ) N”^ ”N )^ ”N ”N

3. Tud` mbr haihmd ued tucu`dêíb mbe ämhib2 d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) Crdamb ) @drdaod ) Wrftb ) Dzu`

=. Lä afmfsshidif if quf bs rýtu`bs if fecd`djfas mbe sucstãamhds pfrhjbsds ifvde mbatfr ue tfxtb hanbredthvb sbcrf sfu mbatfÿib f dvhsbs if pfrhmu`bshidif. Afssf Afss f mdsb, dsshad`f d d`tfradthvd quf aíb haihmd ue ifssfs dvhsbs prfvfathvbs. d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) Abef tèmahmb ib prbiutb ) Haihmdêíb if rhsmb ) Efihids prfvfathvds ) @bmd` @bmd` if ndcrhmdêíb ib prbiutb

9. Fe qud` mdtfjbrhd ndz pdrtf fssd shad`hzdêíb2

d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) Wrbhchêíb ) ]d`vdefatb if fefrjïamhd ) Wrbtfêíb bcrhjdtýrhd ) Mbecdtf d hamïaihb

Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d >

9:


DWSFAID ND_FAIB Hifathfflquf bs såecb`bs dcdhxb qudatb ç nbred f mbr.

• ]åecb`b? RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR • Nuaib? RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRR • Whmtbjrded? RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR • Ndhxd mhrmu`dr f ihdeftrd`? RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

• ]åecb`b? RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR • Nuaib? RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRR • Whmtbjrded? RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR • Ndhxd trhdaju`dr? RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

• ]åecb`b? RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR • Nuaib? RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRR • Whmtbjrded? RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

Du`d >

9<


^FOD ]F DWSFAIFV - SF]WB]YD] DV@D 4 MBAMFHYB MBAMFHY B IF JFBEFYSHD W@DAD W@D AD 4. ]bcrf ifnhahêíb if `halds, fsmrfvd (^) pdrd vfridifhrb f (N) pdrd nd`sb. Ifpbhs, edrquf d d`tfradthvd mbrrftd. H- (^) Ds `halds rftds dprfsfatde trïs pbshêöfs ab fspdêb? lbrhzbatd`, vfrthmd` f ham`hadid. HH- (N) Ds `halds murvds mur vds pbife nbredr b qudirdib f b rftãaju`b rftãaju`b.. HHH- (^) Ds `halds ehstds síb mbepbstds pbr pdrtfs rftds f murvds. H^- (N) Iuds `halds murvds quf sf fambatrde nbredaib ue ãaju`b síb mldedids if pfrpfaihmu`drfs. d)( ) N ” N ” ^ ” ^ c)( ) ^ ” ^ ” N ” N m)( x ) ^ ” N ” ^ ” N i)( ) N ” ^ ” N ” ^ dndstdef atb fatrf iuds `halds rftds. ]dcfaib ihssb, bcsfrvf bcsfr vf b ifsfalb 3. Ãaju`b è d efihid ib dndstdefatb dcdhxb f hifathfflquf qud` è b thpb if ãaju`b. d) ( x ) Ãaju`b rftb c) ( ) Ãaju`b bctusb m) ( ) Ãaju`b djuib i) ( ) Ãaju`b chssftrhz

=. D @baiba Fyf è ued ids edhs ndebsds rbids-jhjdatfs ib euaib. ]htudid fe @bairfs, nbh hadujurdid fe 4888, sfaib ue ibs pbatbs turåsthmbs edhs ihsputdibs id mhidif. Bcsfrvf b fhxb ifssd rbid-jhjdatf f, mbe f`f, è pbssåvf` iftfrehadr d efihid ib? d) ( ) ihãeftrb. c) ( x ) rdhb. m) ( ) mfatrb. i) ( ) mårmu` mårmu`b. b.

9. Bcsfrvf d sfjuhatf nýreu`d? ] 5 C + c x l 3 Mbe f`d, pbifebs md`mu`dr d ärfd if ue(d)? d) ( ) rftãaju`b. c) ( ) qudirdib. m) ( x ) trdpèzhb. i) ( ) mhrmuanfrïamhd.

6. Fe d`jueds nýreu`ds pdrd md`mu`dr d ärfd, b pfråeftrb bu b vbùef, uth`hzdebs b vd`br if =,494>, rfprfsfatdib pf`d `ftrd jrfjd? d) ( ) d`nd. c) ( ) ùefjd. m) ( ) shjed. i) ( x ) ph. Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

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DV@D 3 WFS]WFMYH^D], F]MD@D] F MBYD] 4. Afssd du`d, dprfaifebs quf d pfrspfmthvd è b ifsfalb uth`hzdib pdrd rfprfsfatdr ue bcoftb fe suds trïs ihefasöfs? d`turd, mbeprhefatb f `drjurd. Ad ffljurd ib thob`b d sfjuhr, vfod quf ds ihefasöfs fstíb rfprfsfatdids pbr fhxbs hsbeètrhmbs. Hifathfflquf mbrrftdefatf ds ihefasöfs ib thob`b f, ifpbhs, edrquf d d`tfradthvd mbrrftd. D

M

C d) ( ) D ” mbeprhefatb; C ” `drjurd; M - d`turd c) ( x ) D ” `drjurd; C ” d`turd; M - mbeprhefatb m) ( ) D ” d`turd; C ” mbeprhefatb; M - `drjurd `drjurd i) ( ) D ” `drjurd; C ” mbeprhefatb; M - d`turd

3. Ad prbofêíb brtbjbad`, qufe è b bcsfrvdibr2 d) ( x ) Wfssbd quf hrä bcsfrvdr, hatfrprftdr f rfd`hzdr b ifsfalb. c) ( ) Wfssbd quf dpfads hatfrprftd bs ifsfalbs. m) ( ) Wfssbd quf dpfads fxfmutd fxfmutd bs ifsfalbs. i) ( ) Wfssbd quf ndz b pdjdefatb ibs ifsfalbs =. B mucb if Suchk, edhs mbalfmhib mbeb mucb eäjhmb, è ue qufcrd-mdcfêd trhihefashbad` mrhdib fe 48:9 pf`b lÿajdrb Fraþ Suchk, tbradaib-sf ue åmbaf id ièmdid if 48<7. Ad ffljurd ib mucb eäjhmb d sfjuhr, è pbssåvf` bcsfrvdr bs p`dabs if prbofêíb dprfsfatdibs afssd du`d. Hifathfflquf bs p`dabs dsshad`dibs ad ffljurd f, ifpbhs, edrquf d d`tfradthvd mbrrftd. D C

M

d) ( ) D ” p`datd hanfrhbr; C ” `dtfrd` ihrfhtd; M ” `dtfrd` pbstfrhbr c) ( ) D ” `dtfrd` ihrfhtd; C ” f`fvdêíb; M ” p`datd hanfrhbr m) ( ) D ” `dtfrd`; C ” p`datd; M ” `dtfrd` ihrfhtd i) ( x ) D ” p`datd; C ” `dtfrd`; M ” f`fvdêíb

Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

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DV@D = SFWSF]FAYDÊÍB IF VE WSBOFYB 4. W`datd cdhxd è b ifsfalb if ued mbastruêíb mbe ue ihdjrded ibs fspdêbs f iftd`lfs ids mbtds, b abef if mdid dechfatf f sfu rfspfmthvb aåvf`. F`f è nfhtb d pdr thr ib p`dab if sfêíb lbrhzbatd` quf, db rfthrdr d pdrtf if mhed, tfebs d pdrtf hanfrhbr f, b`ldaib fssd pdrtf pfrpfaihmu`drefatf, vdebs bctfr d prbofêíb lbrhzbatd`, quf mbrrfspbaif ç p`datd cdhxd. d) ( x ) prbofêíb lbrhzbatd` c) ( ) p`datd jfrd` m) ( ) drtf fflad` i) ( ) efihid jfrd`

3. B quf shjahfflmd fssd haihmdêíb2

d) ( ) Wdrfif Wdrfif d`td mbe 4,97 4,97 e if `drjurd. c) ( ) Wbrtd mbe 4,97 e if d`turd. m) ( x ) Wdrfif if efhd d`turd mbe 4,97 e if d`turd. i) ( ) Odaf`d mbe mbe 4,97 4,97 e if if `drjurd. `drjurd.

=. ]bcrf mbrtfs fxfmutdibs ad p`datd cdhxd, fsmrfvd (^) pdrd vfridifhrb f (N) pdrd nd`sb. Ifpbhs, edrquf d d`tfradthvd mbrrftd. H- (^) B mbrtf trdasvfrsd` è nfhtb ab sfathib id `drjurd. HH- (^) B mbrtf `bajhtuihad` è nfhtb ab sfathib ib mbeprhefatb. HHH- (N) Ydatb Ydatb b mbrtf trdasvfrsd` mbeb b `bajhtuihad` síb rfd`hzdibs pbr p br ue if sfêíb vfrthmd`. d) ( ) N ” ^ ” N c) ( ) ^ ” N ” ^ m) ( ) N ” N ” ^ i) ( x ) ^ ” ^ ” N

9. Fe ued p`datd if iftd`lfs, fe jfrd`, bs mbrtfs síb ifsfaldibs fe fsmd`ds efabrfs quf? d) ( ) 4?6 bu 4?4 c) ( x ) 4?477 bu 4?67 m) ( ) 4?37 bu 4?46 i) ( ) 4?37 bu 4?6 6. Tudatbs ifjrdus ifvfe sfr nfhtbs fe ued fsmdid mbe pè-ihrfhtb efihaib =,79 e f b fspf`lb, 48 me2 d) ( ) 46 c) ( x ) 4> m) ( ) 4: i) ( ) 4< Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

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DV@D 9 HA]YD@DÊÍB HA]Y D@DÊÍB LHISÄV@HMD F F@ÈYSHMD Ads qufstöfs d sfjuhr, dprfsfatdebs d`juas såecb`bs prfsfatfs fe p`datds quf rfprfsfatde ds hastd`dêöfs lhiräu`hmds. Hifathquf-bs f dsshad`f d d`tfradthvd mbrrftd.

4. d) ( ) Ybrafhrd if cbhd c) ( ) Sfjhstrb if jdvftd m) ( x ) Ybrafhrd Ybrafhrd if prfssíb i) ( ) ^ä`vu`d if ifsmdrjd

3. d) ( x ) Obf`lb vb`tdib pdrd mhed c) ( ) Lhirdatf m) ( ) Lhirùeftrb i) ( ) Mdad`hzdêíb pdrd hamïaihb

=. Ad hedjfe d sfjuhr, bs mhrmuhtbs lhiräu`hmbs fstíb auefrdibs. Hifathfflquf-bs f, ifpbhs, dsshad`f d d`tfradthvd mbrrftd.

d) ( x ) (4) äjud pùvhd`; (3) äjud nrhd; (=) `diríb id mdhxd-i‘äjud c) ( ) (4) äjud nrhd; (3) fsjbtb; (=) irfab m) ( ) (4) äjud qufatf; (3) äjud pùvhd`; (=) fsjbtb i) ( ) (4) irfab; (3) `diríb id mdhxd-i‘äjud; (=) äjud qufatf

9. B quf rfprfsfatd b såecb`b dcdhxb fe ued p`datd if hastd`dêíb f`ètrhmd2

] d) ( ) Ybedid eèihd ebabnäshmd mbe tfrrd c) ( ) Mdepdhald m) ( ) Wbatb if ùz ad pdrfif i) ( x ) Hatfrruptbr shep`fs Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

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DV@D 6 EDWD IF SH]MB 4. If dmbrib mbe ds mbrfs rfprfsfatdthvds ibs rhsmbs dechfatdhs pdrd d fxfmuêíb ib edpd if rhsmb if ued feprfsd, f eprfsd, fsmrfvd (^ ) pdrd vfridifhrb f (N) pdrd nd`sb. Ifpbhs, edrquf d d`tfradthvd mbrrftd. H- (^) D mbr vfrif haihmd rhsmbs nåshmbs mbeb ruåibs, vhcrdêöfs, nrhb, md`br ftm. HH- (N) Wbfhrds, nuebs f jdsfs ndzfe pdrtf ibs rhsmbs chb`ýjhmbs (edrrbe). HHH- (^) B jrupb dedrf`b rfprfsfatd bs rhsmbs frjbaùehmbs mbeb fsnbrêb nåshmb hatfasb, pbsturd hadifqudid ftm. d) ( ) N ” N ” ^ c) ( x ) ^ ” N ” ^ m) ( ) N ” ^ ” ^ i) ( ) ^ ” N ” N

3. Tufe ifvf f`dcbrdr b edpd if rhsmb pdrd d feprfsd2 d) ( x ) D MHWD, fe pdrmfrhd mbe b ]F]EY f mbe d mb`dcbrdêíb ibs trdcd`ldibrfs. c) ( ) Dpfads d MHW MHWD. D. m) ( ) D MHW MHWD D ouatb mbe b ]F]EY ]F]EY dpfads. i) ( ) ]befatf bs trdcd`ldibrfs id feprfsd.

=. Ad fxfmuêíb ib edpd if rhsmb jrdaif, qud` d ihefasíb rfmbefaidid pdrd bs mårmu`bs pfqufabs2 d) ( x ) 3,6 me c) ( ) 6 me m) ( ) 47 me i) ( ) 43 me

9. B edpd if rhsmb ifvf sfr rfvhsdib2 d) ( ) Aíb, Aíb, pbhs b prhefhrb edpd if rhsmb è sufflmhfatf. c) ( ) ]he, d mdid sfedad. m) ( x ) ]he, sfeprf quf ue ndtb abvb ebihfflquf d shtudêíb if rhsmb. i) ( ) ]he, tbibs bs ihds.

Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

6=


DV@D > MBSF] F ]HAD@H_DÊÍB 4. Fatfaif-sf quf ds mbrfs uth`hzdids fe dechfatfs if trdcd`lb sfrvfe pdrd prfvfahr dmhifatfs, hifathfflmdr fquhpdefatbs if sfjurdaêd, if`hehtdr ärfds ftm. ]dcfaib ihssb, fsmrfvd (^) ( ^) pdrd vfridifhrb f (N) pdrd nd`sb. Ifpbhs, edrquf d d`tfradthvd mbrrftd. H. (N) D mbr vfref`ld f d dedrf`d rfprfsfatde f haihmde fquhpdefatbs if prbtfêíb f mbecdtf d hamïaihbs. HH. (^) D mbr `drdaod haihmd pdrtfs eývfhs f pfrhjbsds ids eäquhads f if fquhpdefatbs. HHH. (^) D mbr vfrif è uth`hzdid fe eäquhads bu fquhpdefatbs, mdhxds if prhefhrbs sbmbrrbs, cb`fthas, qudirb if mdrtdzfs ftm. d) ( x ) N ” ^ ” ^ c) ( ) ^ ” ^ ” N m) ( ) N ” ^ ” N i) ( ) ^ ” N ” N

3. Tud` mbr haihmd ued tucu`dêíb mbe ämhib2 d) ( ) Crdamb c) ( x ) @drdaod m) ( ) Wrftb i) ( ) Dzu`

=. Lä afmfsshidif if quf bs rýtu`bs if fecd`djfas mbe sucstãamhds pfrhjbsds ifvde mbatfr ue tfxtb hanbredthvb sbcrf sfu mbatfÿib f dvhsbs if pfrhmu`bshidif. Afssf Afss f mdsb, dsshad`f d d`tfradthvd quf aíb haihmd ue ifssfs dvhsbs prfvfathvbs. d) ( ) Abef tèmahmb ib prbiutb c) ( ) Haihmdêíb if rhsmb m) ( ) Efihids prfvfathvds i) ( x ) @bmd` if ndcrhmdêíb ib prbiutb

9. Fe qud` mdtfjbrhd ndz pdrtf fssd shad`hzdêíb2

d) ( ) Wrbhchêíb c) ( ) ]d`vdefatb if fefrjïamhd m) ( x ) Wrbtfêíb bcrhjdtýrhd i) ( ) Mbecdtf d hamïaihb Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

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DWSFAID ND_FAIB - SF]WB]YD DV@D 3 WFS]WFMYH^D], F]MD@D] F MBYD] 4. Md`mu`f ds efihids rfdhs if ued sd`d quf nbh ifsfaldid mbe =,6 me x 9 me ad fsmd`d if 4?477. Wdrd trdasnbredr d efihid ib ifsfalb pdrd d efihid rfd`, eu`thp`hmdebs b vd`br id efihid ib ifsfalb pf`b vd`br aueèrhmb id fsmd`d. ^fod? =,6 x 477 5 =67 9 x 477 5 977 Wbrtdatb,, ds efihids rfdhs id sd`d tfe =67 x 977 me (=,67 x 9,77 e). Wbrtdatb 3. Tudhs ds efihids fe mfatåeftrbs quf ifvfebs mb`bmdr ab ifsfalb if ue sd`íb quf efif :,<7 e if `drjurd f 43,67 e if mbeprhefatb, feprfjdaib d fsmd`d 4?672 Fssf è ue mdsb pdrd trdasnbredr d efihid rfd` pdrd d efihid ib ifsfalb. Wdrd hssb, ihvhihebs b vd`br id efihid rfd` pf`b vd`br aueèrhmb id fsmd`d, eds datfs, trdasnbredebs ds efihids fe eftrbs pdrd mfatåeftrbs. Bcsfrvf? :,<7 e 5 :<7 me 43,6 e 5 4.367 me Djbrd, fnftudebs d mbatd? :<7 ú 67 5 46,> me 4.367 ú 67 5 36 me Wbrtdatb, ds efihids fe mfatåeftrbs ab ifsfalb ib sd`íb è 46,6 me if `drjurd f 36 me if Wbrtdatb, mbeprhefatb. =. Tufrb ndzfr ue ifsfalb if iftd`lfs ad fsmd`d 6?4 if ue rfchtf quf sfrä usdib ad fflxdêíb ids pd`ftds if ued ids vfafzhdads if dùeåahb. Bcsfrvf ds efihids rfdhs ib rfchtf f, ifpbhs, md`mu`f ds efihids ib ifsfalb. Efihids rfdhs? r 5 = ee i 5 9 ee f 5 < ee

D fsmd`d dprfsfatdid è if dep`hdêíb f, mbeb pfif pdrd trdasnbredr d efihid rfd` fe efihid ib ifsfalb, fxfmutdebs d mbatd id sfjuhatf edafhrd? r 5 = x 6 5 46 ee i 5 9 x 6 5 37 ee f 5 < x 6 5 97 ee Fatíb, ds efihids ib ifsfalb ib rfchtf, ad fsmd`d if dep`hdêíb if 6?4, síb? r 5 46 ee; i 5 37 ee; f 5 97 ee. Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

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DV@D = SFWSF]FAYDÊÍB IF VE WSBOFYB Wdrd trfhadr d `fhturd f hatfrprftdêíb if p`datds f mbrtfs if ifsfalbs tèmahmbs, dmbepdalf d sfquïamhd if ffljurds if 4 d > if ue sbcrdib f rfspbaid çs pfrjuatds?

4. Tudhs ds ihefasöfs ib tfrrfab2 37,77 x <,77 e. 3. Ad p`datd ib prhefhrb pdvhefatb, b mbrtf CC pdssd pf`d sd`d f b mbrtf DD pdssd pf`d sd`d, mbzhald f `dvdaifrhd. `dvdaifrhd. =. Tudhs ds ihefasöfs ibs ibrehtýrhbs2 =,87 x 9,47 e f =,<7 x 9,47 e 9. Tud` d `drjurd id fsmdid ib prhefhrb pdrd b sfjuaib pdvhefatb2 7,87 e

6. Iï b pè-ihrfhtb? d) id jdrdjfe? 3,67 e c) ib eurb ib tfrrdêb? 4,<7 e m) ib prhefhrb f sfjuaib pdvhefatb? 3,:7 e >. Tudhs bs thpbs if phsb ibs mùebibs pbr baif pdssd b mbrtf CC2 Ydmb f mfrãehmd :. Tud` d ärfd id mbpd f mbzhald2 4>,67 e <. Ifsmrfvd bs mùebibs ifssf prboftb abs ihvfrsbs pdvhefatbs? d) B tèrrfb tfe jdrdjfe f iuds fsmdids? ued fxtfrad f butrd hatfrad. c) B prhefhrb pdvhefatb tfe `dof id jdrdjfe (tfrrdêb), sd`d, mbpd f mbzhald, fsmdid fsm did id jdrdjfe pdrd d sd`d, fsmdid pdrd b pdvhefatb supfrhbr, `dvdaifrhd, qudrtb, ld`` f cdalfhrb if feprfjdid. m) B pdvhefatb supfrhbr tfe ibhs ibrehtýrhbs mbe cdalfhrbs f dreärhbs fecuthibs f ld`` id fsmdid.

DV@D 9 HA]YD@DÊÍB HA]Y D@DÊÍB LHISÄV@HMD F F@ÈYSHMD Dcdhxb, tfebs ue ifsfalb fe pfrspfmthvd id `hjdêíb sèrhf/pdrd`f`d if trïs rfshstbrfs. Ndêd b ifsfalb fsqufeäthmb ifstf.

B ifsfalb fsqufeäthmb ifssd `hjdêíb ifvf sf dprfsfatdr id edafhrd mbeb ab ifsfalb dcdhxb?

Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

6>


DV@D 6 EDWD IF SH]MB Cdsfdib ab fscbêb if ued pfqufad bfflmhad if mdrphatdrhd, mbe fsmrhtýrhb, mbpd, mbzhald f cdalfhrbs edsmu`hab f nfehahab, ndêd d p`datd cdhxd f b edpd if rhsmb, mbanbref ds haihmdêöfs dcdhxb?

Mdrphatdrhd • Shsmb nåshmb 5 eèihb • Shsmb frjbaùehmb 5 pfqufab • Shsmb quåehmb 5 pfqufab • Shsmb if dmhifatf 5 eèihb Fsmrhtýrhb • Shsmb frjbaùehmb 5 pfqufab • Shsmb if dmhifatf 5 pfqufab Mbpd/mbzhald • Shsmb quåehmb 5 pfqufab • Shsmb frjbaùehmb 5 eèihb • Shsmb chb`ýjhmb 5 eèihb Cdalfhrbs ” edsmu`hab f nfehahab • Shsmb chb`ýjhmb 5 pfqufab

^fod mbeb fflmd b edpd if rhsmb dpýs d hamùsíb ibs såecb`bs rfspfmthvbs?

Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

6:


DV@D > MBSF] F ]HAD@H_DÊÍB Hifathfflquf bs såecb`bs dcdhxb qudatb ç nbred f mbr.

• ]åecb`b? mhrmu`dr • Nuaib? crdamb • Whmtbjrded? prftb • Ndhxd mhrmu`dr f ihdeftrd`? vfref`lb

• ]åecb`b? trhdaju`dr • Nuaib? dedrf`b • Whmtbjrded? prftb • Ndhxd trhdaju`dr? prftb

• ]åecb`b? rftdaju`dr • Nuaib? vfrif • Whmtbjrded? crdamb

Ifsfalb Yèmahmb

6<


@FJH]@DÊÍB @FJH]@DÊÍ B F ABSED]

B

tèmahmb fe sfjurdaêd ib trdcd`lb tfe d ehssíb if ndzfr mbe quf d feprfsd mueprd tbid d `fjhs`dêíb f abreds f tdecèe sf brjdahzf pdrd duefatdr d prbiuthvhidif f d qud`hidif ibs prbiutbs, ef`lbrdaib ds rf`dêöfs luedads ab trdcd`lb. Du`d 4

Nd`debs sbcrf mbeb ds `fhs síb mrhdids fe Brjdahzdêíb Ouråihmd, f tdecèe sbcrf mbeb síb ihvhihibs bs ihvfrsbs sfjefatbs ib Ihrfhtb crdsh`fhrb. Du`d 3

Yrdtdebs sbcrf ds abreds ib Ihrfhtb ib Yrdcd`lb, quf mbastde ad Mbasthtuhêíb Nfifrd` f ad Mbasb`hidêíb ids @fhs ib Yrdcd`lb (M@Y). Du`d =

^debs fstuidr ds prhamhpdhs `fhs trdcd`lhstds sbcrf Dmhifatfs if Yrdcd`lb, d`èe if dprfaifr bs prhamhpdhs dmhifatfs f ibfaêds trdcd`lhstds, mbeb f`ds bmbrrfe f mbeb pbife sfr fvhtdids. Du`d 9

B tfed id Du`d 9 è Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd`, fe quf trdtdebs sbcrf d `fjhs`dêíb id sfjurhidif sbmhd` f bs prhamhpdhs cfafnåmhbs db trdcd`ldibr mbatrhcuhatf. Du`d 6

Nd`debs sbcrf bs prhamhpdhs Sfjhefs if Nhadamhdefatb id Wrfvhiïamhd, vhsdaib d sf prfpdrdr pdrd d dpbsfatdibrhd. Du`d >

Yrdtdebs bs prhamhpdhs ]frvhêbs id Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` f tdecèe id prfvhiïamhd mbep`fefatdr dbs rfaihefatbs ib dpbsfatdib? d Wrfvhiïamhd Wrhvdid. Du`d :

Yrdtd ibs trïs thpbs if Dpbsfatdibrhd, sfaib ued if`ds pbr havd`hifz, bu sfod, qudaib q udaib b trdcd`ldibr sf tbrad hamdpdz nåshmd f pshmb`bjhmdefatf if fxfrmfr sud nuaêíb `dcbrd`. Du`d <

Nd`debs sbcrf ds prhamhpdhs `fhs f abreds id @fjhs`dêíb Crdsh`fhrd id ]fjurdaêd ib Yrdcd`lb , quf síb d M@Y f ds Abreds Sfju`defatdibrds, d`èe id Mbasthtuhêíb Nfifrd`. Du`d 8

Yrdtd ids Dthvhidifs Wrbfflsshbadhs fxfrmhids pf`b tèmahmb fe sfjurdaêd ib trdcd`lb, quf hamùh haspfêöfs f pd`fstrds prfvfathvds, prfvfathvds, d`èe id hepbrtãamhd ib Sfjhstrb Wrbfflsshbad` pdrd b nuturb tèmahmb fxfrmfr sud prbfflssíb. Du`d 47

^debs dprfsfatdr d hepbrtãamhd if sf mbalfmfr ds Sfspbasdch`hidifs Mhvhs f Wfadhs pbr efhb ib Mýihjb Mhvh` f ib Mýihjb Wfad`. Du`d 44

Sfju`defatdibrds ds, d`èe id hepbrtãamhd ib MfrYrdtdebs sbcrf bs Dspfmtbs Ouråihmbs ids Abreds Sfju`defatdibr thfflmdib if Dprbvdêíb ids Hastd`dêöfs, id Brife if ]frvhêb f ibs sfrvhêbs if ue duihtbr fflsmd` ib trdcd`lb.

]DHCD EDH] Ab shtf ib jbvfrab nfifrd` (www.p`dad`tb.jbv.cr), pbifebs tfr dmfssb d ihvfrsds `fhs sbcrf sfjurdaêd ib trdcd`lb, hamùshvf d Mbasb`hidêíb ids @fhs ib Yrdcd`lb (M@Y). Wbifebs tdecèe tfr dmfssb çs Abreds Sfju`defatdibrds dprfsfatdids afssf vbùef dtrdvès ib pbrtd` ib Ehahstèrhb ib Yrdcd`lb f Feprfjb (www.etf.jbv.cr). @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds

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J@B]]ÄSHB Duxå`hb-dmhifatf. Cfafnåmhb prfvhifamhärhb mbamfihib, mbeb haifahzdêíb, db sfjurdib qudaib, dpýs d mbasb`hidêíb ids `fsöfs ifmbrrfatfs if dmhifatfs if qud`qufr adturfzd, rfsu`tdrfe sfquf`ds quf hep`hqufe rfiuêíb id mdpdmhtdêíb nuamhbad`. Duxå`hb-ibfaêd. Cfafnåmhb db sfjurdib quf, ldvfaib mueprhib b pfråbib if mdrïamhd `fjd`, fflmdr hamdpdmhtdib pdrd b sfu trdcd`lb bu pdrd sud dthvhidif ldchtud` pbr edhs if 46 ihds mbasfmuthvbs. Mbhsd. Cfe edtfrhd` bu hedtfrhd` quf tfe vd`br fmbaùehmb, quf sfrvf if bcoftb d ued rf`dêíb ouråihmd. Mbatrdvfaêíb pfad`. Dêíb bu behssíb vbùatärhd quf, pbr mbasthtuhr bnfasd efabs jrdvf quf b mrhef, d pfssbd è puahid mbe pfad edhs `fvf. Feprfjdib. Ybid pfssbd nåshmd quf prfstd sfrvhêbs sbc d ifpfaiïamhd ifstf f efihdatf sd`ärhb. Hehafatf. Tuf defdêd sf mbamrfthzdr; quf fstä d pbatb if dmbatfmfr. dmbatfmfr. Hepruiïamhd. Nd`td if bcsfrvdêíb çs prfmduêöfs afmfssärhds. Hepfråmhd. Nd`td if ldch`hidif bu fxpfrhïamhd afmfssärhd pdrd rfd`hzdr mfrtds dthvhidifs, muod dusïamhd ndz d pfssbd rfspbasävf` pf`bs idabs mdusdibs. Afj`hjïamhd. Nd`td if bcsfrvdêíb f ifsmuhib ad fxfmuêíb if ue dtb. Wrfpbstb. Wfssbd abefdid pf`b prbprhftärhb bu jfrfatf if ued feprfsd pdrd diehahsträ-`d, ihrhjh-`d. Tuýrue. Aÿefrb eåaheb if pfssbds prfsfatfs, fxhjhib pbr `fh bu fstdtutb, pdrd quf ue ýrjíb mb`fthvb nuamhbaf. `fjhs`dthvb fe quf sf iä d edahnfstdêíb if vbatdif sbcrf b prboftb if `fh. Ab ]daêíb. Ndsf ib prbmfssb `fjhs`dthvb Ihrfhtb Wfad`, è d pfad`hidif pbr mbaiutd h`åmhtd, mbashstfatf ad präthmd if ue mrhef.

^ftb. Dtb pf`b qud` b mlfnf ib pbifr fxfmuthvb afjd, tbtd` bu pdrmhdèfatf, sdaêíb d ued `fh vbtdid pf`ds mãedrds `fjhs`dthvds.

Mbamfhtbs hepbrtdatfs MHWD. ]hj`d pdrd Mbehssíb Hatfrad if Wrfvfaêíb if Dmhifatfs, è ued mbehssíb mbasthtuåid pbr rfprfsfatdatfs haihmdibs pf`b feprfjdibr f efecrbs f`fhtbs pf`bs trdcd`ldibrfs, quf tfe d fflad`hidif if prfvfahr dmhifatfs f ibfaêds ifmbrrfatfs ib trdcd`lb. Fquhpdefatb if Wrbtfêíb Mb`fthvd (FWM). ]íb ihspbshthvbs uth`hzdibs pdrd prbtfêíb f sfjurdaêd faqudatb ue jrupb if pfssbds rfd`hzd iftfrehadid tdrfnd bu dthvhidif. Fquhpdefatb if Wrbtfêíb Haihvhiud` (FWH). È tbib ihspbshthvb haihvhiud` ifsthadib ç prbtfêíb if rhsmbs susmftåvfhs if defdêds ç sdÿif f ç sfjurdaêd ib trdcd`ldibr. Brjdahzdêíb Hatfradmhbad` ib Yr Yrdcd`lb dcd`lb (BHY). Ib haj`ïs Hatfradthbad` @dcbur Brjdahzdthba (H@B), è ued djïamhd eu`th`dtfrd` id BAV (Brjdahzdêíb ids Adêöfs Vahids) fspfmhd`hzdid ads qufstöfs ib trdcd`lb, prbebvfaib abreds hatfradmhbadhs ib trdcd`lb t rdcd`lb (mbavfaêöfs f rfmbefaidêöfs). @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds

>7


^fod ds sfjuhatfs mdrdmtfråsthmds id abred ouråihmd?

Du`d 4

BSJDAH_DÊÍB OVSÅIHMD

• Hepöf ifvfrfs f dtrhcuh mbrrf`dtbs if ihrfhtbs f ndmuìdifs; • È jfrd` f dcstrdtd, bu sfod, ued rfjrd è dp`hmävf` fe värhbs mdsbs; aíb nbh nfhtd pdrd rfju`dr ue mdsb hsb`dib; • Aíb sf fsjbtd aued aued ÿahmd dprfsfatdêíb; dprfsfatdêíb; • È ibtdid if nbrêd nbrêd pdrd mbdjhr b mhidiíb db mueprhefatb; • Tufe aíb bcsfrvd ds abreds abreds fstdrä suofhtb d pfads.

Hatrbiuêíb

Brjdahzdêíb ids @fhs ib Crdsh` B Crdsh` dprfsfatd ds sfjuhatfs `fhs? Mbasthtuhêíb Nfifrd`, `fhs mbep`fefatdrfs, `fhs brihaärhds, `fhs if`fjdids, dtbs abredthvbs, ifmrftbs `fjhs`dthvbs, mbatrdtbs f mbavfaêöfs ifatrf butrds. Mbasthtuhêíb Nfifrd`. D Mbasthtuhêíb Nfifrd` iffflaf d nbred if jbvfrab f bs ihrfhtbs f ifvfrfs haihvhiudhs ibs mhidiíbs. F`d è mrhdid pf`b Wbifr Mbasthtuhatf Brhjhaärhb f b Wbifr Mbasthtuhatf Ifrhvdib; fstf ÿ`theb rfmfcf pbifrfs pdrd d`tfrdr d Mbasthtuhêíb, d fxfep`b id Dssfec`fhd Mbasthtuhatf.

D `fjhs`dêíb trdcd`lhstd crdsh`fhrd è cfe rfmfatf, idtdid if 489=. Mbalfmhid mbeb Mbasb`hidêíb ids @fhs ib Yrdcd`lb (M@Y), è mbashifrdid d prhefhrd `fh mbe dep`htuif quf rfju`defatd ds rf`dêöfs trdcd`lhstds. Datfrhbr d fssd `fh, prdthmdefatf, aíb frde rfju`defatdids ds obradids if trdcd`lb, mdrtfhrd if trdcd`lb, dtudêíb id MHWD ftm. D pdrthr id M@Y, surjhrde `fhs mbeb cdsf pdrd ds dtudhs abreds rfju`defatdibrds. rfju`defatdibrds. Mbeb ds `fhs síb mrhdids2 Tufe ds nbreu`d2 Tufe dprbvd bu dau`d ds `fhs2 Fssds pfrjuatds sfríb rfspbaihids afssd du`d, quf trdtd oustdefatf sbcrf d brjdahzdêíb brjdahzdê íb ids `fhs ab Crdsh`. Ydecèe nd`drfebs sbcrf b Ihrfhtb f sud rf`dêíb mbe d sbmhfidif, d`èe if butrbs dssuatbs rfnfrfatfs. Eds datfs, è prfmhsb fatfaifr b mbamfhtb if abred ouråihmd f sfu pdpf` ad sbmhfidif.

Tudatb ç nbred, d Mbasthtuhêíb pbif sfr? • Fsmrhtd? mbaouatb if rfjrds shstfedthzdids fe ue ÿahmb ibmuefatb. • Aíb fsmrhtd? aíb trdz rfjrds fe ue ÿahmb tfxtb. Tudatb ç fstdch`hidif, f`d pbif sfr? • Såjhid? prbmfihefatb euhtb edhs nbred` f sb`faf pdrd ebihnhmdêíb if suds prýprhds rfjrds. • N`fxåvf`? efseb prbmfihefatb pdrd tbids ds rfjrds, sfe lhfrdrquhd fatrf Mbasthtuhêíb f `fh hanrdmbasthtumhbad`.

Abreds Ouråihmds Ds abreds ouråihmds síb fstruturds nuaidefatdhs ib Ihrfhtb fe quf síb jrdvdibs prfmfhtbs f vd`brfs quf víb mbepbr d brife ouråihmd. F`ds síb rfspbasävfhs pbr rfju`dr d mbaiutd ib haihvåiub f fflxdr fauamhdibs sbcrf d brjdahzdêíb id sbmhfidif f ib Fstdib, hepbaib pfad`hidifs prfvhstds dbs hanrdtbrfs. È ued fspèmhf if prhamåphb, prfmfhtb, rfjrd, ue edaidefatb, eds mbe pfrehssöfs f dtrhcuhêöfs if pbifr bu mbepftïamhd. @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d 4

Tudatb ç mbepbshêíb, d Mbasthtuhêíb pbif sfr? • Dad`åthmd? ibmuefatb cfe jrdaif. • ]hatèthmd? b tfxtb è efabr, rfiuzhib. >4


Dtbs abredthvbs. ]íb dtbs id diehahstrdêíb quf rfju`de bu fsm`drfmfe b mbatfÿib if d`jued abred if mdrätfr diehahstrdthvb. Wbr fxfep`b? pbrtdrhds, brifas if sfrvhêbs, abreds rfju`defatdibrds ftm.

BC]FS^F F]YF MD]B Mbeb fxfep`b, vdebs mhtdr d Mbasthtuhêíb crdsh`fhrd. ^fod mbeb f`d è brjdahzdid? • Fsmrhtd, pbhs ds `fhs sf fambatrde fe ue ÿahmb ibmuefatb; • Såjhid, pbhs lä euhtd nbred`hidif ad ebihfflmdêíb if suds prýprhds rfjrds; rfjrds; • Wdrmhdèfatf had`tfrävf`, pbhs fxhstfe m`äusu`ds pètrfds, bu sfod, quf aíb pbife sfr d`tfrdids; • Wrbeu`jdid, pbhs rfprfsfatd bs dasfhbs if tbibs bs mhidiíbs; • Mbasb`hidid, pbhs fstä fe ue ÿahmb ibmuefatb; • Dad`åthmd, pbhs b ibmuefatb è euhtb jrdaif.

Ifmrftbs `fjhs`dthvbs. Bs trdtdibs hatfradmhbadhs sý tïe vd`hidif qudaib nbrfe dprbvdibs pbr ue ifmrftb `fjhs`dthvb dprbvdib pf`b Mbajrfssb. Wbr fxfep`b? dbs trdtdibs quf favb`vfe b Efrmbsu` pdrd dmfhtdr ue pdås mbeb efecrb, d dprbvdêíb ifvf pdssdr pf`b Mbajrfssb crdsh`fhrb. Mbatrdtbs f mbavfaêöfs. Bs mbatrdtbs pdrthmu`drfs f ds mbavfaêöfs - mbeb d Mbavfaêíb id Cdsh`fhd, quf trdtd ib ifsmdrtf if rfsåiubs - tïe d sud prýprhd lhfrdrquhd. Efihids prbvhsýrhds. D efihid prbvhsýrhd è fehthid pf`b Wbifr Fxfmuthvb f ifvf fatrdr fe vhjbr hefihdtdefatf. Wbstfrhbrefatf, f`d è dad`hsdid, dprbvdid f mbavfrthid fe `fh - bu rfvbjdid, mbe sud vd`hidif mfssdid. Fe 96 ihds, ds efihids prbvhsýrhds ifvfe sfr vbtdids, sfaíb, f`ds fatrde fe rfjhef if urjïamhd. ]ud vbtdêíb è prhbrhzdid fe rf`dêíb dbs butrbs trdcd`lbs d sfrfe vbtdibs, bu sfod, ihzfebs quf d pdutd fstä trdamdid, quf tfe prhbrhidif if vbtdêíb ab Mbajrfssb. Dprbvdid ued efihid prbvhsýrhd, f`d fatrd fe vhjbr pbr >7 ihds f pbif sfr prbrrbjdid pbr edhs >7 ihds.

WDSD SFN@FYHS B quf síb m`äusu`ds pètrfds2 ]íb drthjbs quf aíb sf pfrehtfe fefaids mbasthtumhbadhs. Wbr fxfep`b? nbred nfifrdthvd if jbvfrab; vbtb bcrhjdtýrhb, sfmrftb f haihvhiud`; ihrfhtbs f jdrdathds haihvhiudhs ftm. Dmhed id Mbasthtuhêíb, fstä b prhamåphb id ihjahidif id pfssbd luedad.

]DHCD EDH]

@fhs mbep`fefatdrfs f `fhs brihaärhds. Ds `fhs mbep`fefatdrfs f brihaärhds síb if hahmhdthvd ib Wbifr @fjhs`dthvb bu pbpu`dr, muod dprbvdêíb è id Mbehssíb if Mbasthtuhêíb f Ousthêd. Wdrd sfrfe dprbvdids, è afmfssärhb 67% edhs 4 ibs vbtbs ibs mbajrfsshstds; f`ds pbife tdecèe sfr rfprbvdids, rfofhtdids bu ebihfflmdids. Fe mdsb if dprbvdêíb, f`ds víb pdrd sdaêíb f, afssd fsnfrd, f`ds pbife sfr sdamhbadids bu vftdids. Dpýs d dprbvdêíb, ifvfe sfr puc`hmdids. Ifpbhs if puc`hmdids, ds `fhs ifvfe fatrdr fe vhjbr mbanbref b tfepb prfvhstb ads prýprhds `fhs, quf pbif sfr ad idtd if puc`hmdêíb, bu fe 96 ihds qudaib b tfepb aíb nbr fspfmhfflmdib.

D Mbasthtuhêíb prfvï qudhs ds edtèrhds quf aíb pbife sfr `fjhs`dids mbeb efihid prbvhsýrhd.

WDSD SFN@FYHS Lä qufe fatfaid quf d efihid prbvhsýrhd fatrd ad efsed lhfrdrquhd quf d `fh brihaärhd, pbhs, qudaib vfamfr sfu prdzb if vhjïamhd, f`d ifvf sfr rfprbvdid bu trdasnbredid fe `fh brihaärhd.

Yrdtdibs f mbavfaêöfs hatfradmhbadhs. Bs trdtdibs f mbavfaêöfs hatfradmhbadhs, efseb dsshadibs dpýs d afjbmhdêíb fatrf bs pdåsfs, sý tfríb nbrêd if `fh qudaib nbrfe vbtdibs f dprbvdibs pf`b Mbajrfssb.

@fhs if`fjdids. Ds `fhs if`fjdids síb f`dcbrdids pf`b mlfnf ib Wbifr Fxfmuthvb, eds mbe pbifrfs mbamfihibs, bu sfod, if`fjdibs pf`b Wbifr @fjhs`dthvb. @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d 4

>3


F`dcbrdêíb if ued @fh

^hjïamhd. Ifpbhs if puc`hmdid, d `fh ifvf fatrdr fe vhjbr mbanbref b tfepb prfvhstb pbr f`d, quf pbif sfr ad idtd id puc`hmdêíb, fe prdzb fspfmhfflmdib ad `fh, bu fe 96 ihds mdsb aíb sfod fspfmhfflmdib, f è pbssåvf` dhaid prfvfr qudaib d `fh fatrdrä fe vhjbr. B hatfrvd`b fatrf d idtd id puc`hmdêíb id `fh f sud fatrdid fe vhjbr è mbalfmhib mbeb vdmdthb `fjhs. Sfvbjdêíb if ued `fh Ds `fhs quf fstdvde fe vhjbr datfs id abvd Mbasthtuhêíb síb dcrdêdids sf nbrfe mbepdtåvfhs. Mdsb mbaträrhb, pbr mdusd id hambasthtumhbad`hidif, f`ds síb rfvbjdids, bu sfod, dau`dids. Lä värhds edafhrds if rfvbjdêíb if ued `fh? • Fxprfssd? d `fh haihmd b quf fstä sfaib rfvbjdib; • Yämhtd? d abred rfvbjdibrd è hep`åmhtd, f d rfvbjdêíb rfsu`td rfsu`td id hambepdthch`hidif fatrf ds abreds. • If ndtb? qudaib d `fh mdh fe ifsusb; • Ybtd` (dc-rbjdêíb)? d `fh pbstfrhbr rfvbjd tbid `fh datfrhbr. Fatíb, fssd `fh datfrhbr ifsdpdrfmf, efihdatf puc`hmdêíb if ued abvd `fh. • Wdrmhd`? d `fh pbstfrhbr rfvbjd pdrmhdèfatf d `fh datfrhbr, mbe suprfssíb if trfmlbs if sfu tfxtb.

^fod bs pdssbs pdrd f`dcbrdêíb if ued `fh?

Hahmhdthvd ib prboftb. B pbvb pbif hahmhdr ue prboftb dtrdvès if dcdhxb-dsshadib, fe quf síb afmfssärhds dsshadturds if 4% ib f`fhtbrdib if, pf`b efabs, mhamb Fstdibs; mdid Fstdib ifvf tfr, ab eåaheb, 7,=% if f`fhtbrfs. Dprbvdêíb. D `fh pdssd pf`d mbehssíb if daä`hsf (Mbehssíb if Mbasthtuhêíb f Ousthêd), quf vfrhfflmdrä sf fssd `fh tfe nuaidefatb, sf aíb fstä fe mbatrdihêíb mbe d Mbasthtuhêíb Mbasthtuhêíb.. Fxhstfe, dhaid, d`jueds `fhs quf prfmhsde pdssdr pbr ued mbehssíb tèmahmd. Tudaib mb`bmdid pdrd dprbvdêíb, fssd `fh pbif sfr rfprbvdid, rfofhtdid bu fefaidid f, pdrd sfr dprbvdid, è afmfssärhb 67% edhs 4 vbtbs ibs mbajrfsshstds.

^dmdthb @fjhs

B pfråbib mldedib vdmdthb `fjhs (vdmãamhd id `fh) è b tfepb fatrf d puc`hmdêíb id `fh f sud fatrdid fe vhjbr, vhjbr, muod fflad`hidif è quf tbibs tbefe mhïamhd, mbalfmhefatb f sf prfpdrfe pdrd d sud vhjïamhd. Fxhstfe iuds abreds quf fxhjfe bcrhjdtbrhdefatf d vdmdthb `fjhs?

]daêíb. Tudaib dprbvdid, d `fh vdh pdrd sdaêíb, bu sfod, dprbvdêíb pf`b mlfnf ib Wbifr Fxfmuthvb.

]DHCD EDH] D `fh pbif sfr vftdid, hstb è, ifrrucdid pf`b ýrjíb quf vbtbu pf`d dprbvdêíb (Wbifr Fxfmuthvb), dtrdvès if ued vbtdêíb mbe quýrue cfe edhbr quf b quýrue pdrd dprbvdêíb.

• @fh quf mrhd f duefatd d mbatrhcuhêíb sbmhd` pdrd d sfjurhidif sbmhd`, quf fatrd fe vhjbr dpýs abvfatd ihds if sud puc`hmdêíb (drthjb 486, § >¿, Mbasthtuhêíb Nfifrd`). • @fh if duefatb if trhcutbs, quf sý pbif fatrdr fe vhjbr abvfatd ihds if sud puc`hmdêíb (drthjb 467, hamhsb HHH, Mbasthtuhêíb Nfifrd`); d`èe ib edhs, ifvf sfr sfeprf bcsfrvdib b prhamåphb id datfrhbrhidif.

Wuc`hmdêíb. Tudaib dprbvdid, d `fh tfe quf sfr puc`hmdid pdrd aíb ifhxdr if mueprhr d`jb pbr ifsmbalfmhefatb. @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d 4

>=


Fe mbatrdpdrthid, fxhstfe fxh stfe trïs lhpýtfsfs fe quf d vhjïamhd è hefihdtd, sfe quf ldod vdmdthb `fjhs ?

WDSD SFN@FYHS B quf è ebrd`2 È ued mbaiutd, ue prhamåphb quf vfe ib mbstuef id sbmhfidif fe quf tbibs fatfaife mbeb bcrhjdêíb, ue sfathib if ifvfr, dquh`b quf tbibs ifvfrhde bcsfrvdr. F`d è sucofthvd, ue mbasfasb, d`jb quf d pfssbd fsmb`lf sfjuhr bu aíb f quf tbibs ifvfrhde rfmbalfmfr fe sfjuh-`d. D ebrd` aíb hepöf rfjrds afe ifvfr, f d vhb`dêíb id ebrd` è id mbasmhïamhd id pfssbd? qufe aíb ndz aíb rfmfcf dprbvdêíb, eds sbnrf ad sud mbasmhïamhd.

• Dtbs diehahstrdthvbs, sd`vb ihspbshêíb fe mbaträrhb, fatrde fe vhjbr ad idtd if sud puc`hmdêíb (drthjb 47=, Mýihjb Yrhcutärhb Yrhcutärhb Admhbad`); • Fefaids mbasthtumhbadhs fatrde fe vhjbr ab ihd if sud puc`hmdêíb; • @fh quf d`tfrd, mrhd bu rfnbred b prbmfssb f`fhtbrd` tdecèe tfe vhjïamhd hefihdtd, ad idtd if sud puc`hmdêíb.

Ihrfhtb

Sdebs ib Ihrfhtb Ihrfhtb Wÿc`hmb. È d rfuahíb ids abreds ouråihmds quf tfe pbr edtèrhd b Fstdib, Fstdib, suds nuaêöfs f brjdahzdêíb, d brife f d sfjurdaêd hatfrads, mbe d tutf`d ib hatfrfssf pÿc`hmb, tfaib fe vhstd d pdz sbmhd`. Muhid tdecèe id ýthmd hatfradmhbad` f ids rf`dêöfs fatrf bs Fstdibs. Ndzfe pdrtf ib Ihrfhtb Wÿc`hmb? Ihrfhtb Mbasthtumhbad`, Ihrfhtb Diehahstrdthvb, Ihrfhtb Yrhcutärhb, Ihrfhtb Wrbmfssud`, Ihrfhtb Wfad`, Ihrfhtb F`fhtbrd`, Ihrfhtb ib Wrbmfssb Mhvh` f Wfad`. Ihrfhtb Wrhvdib. Sfÿaf ds abreds ouråihmds if adturfzd prhvdid, quf ihsmhp`had d rf`dêíb fatrf bs pdrthmu`drfs, mbe pfrspfmthvd haihvhiud`. B Fstdib hatfrvèe aíb sý pdrd jdrdathr bs ihrfhtbs d`h fstdcf`fmhibs, eds tdecèe pdrd hepbr abreds if mbaiutd, dau`dr pdmtbs f mbatrdtbs mbatrdtbs,, rfvfr m`äusu`ds mbatrdtudhs ftm. Ndzfe pdrtf ib Ihrfhtb Wrhvdib? Ihrfhtb Mhvh`, Ihrfhtb ib Yrdcd`lb f Ihrfhtb Mbefrmhd`.

B Ihrfhtb è ue mbaouatb if abreds quf rfju`de ued sbmhfidif aued iftfrehadid èpbmd f `bmd`, f sfrvfe pdrd rfsjudridr, prbtfjfr f ifnfaifr ds pfssbds fe tbib b ebefatb id vhid. F`f vfe ibs usbs f mbstuefs pbpu`drfs? mbefêd ab mbepbrtdefatb mbstuefhrb quf, pbr sud vfz, adsmf ib quf è afmfssärhb f oustb (ebrd` f èthmb); fatíb, fssf mbepbrtdefatb è fsmrhtb baif fxhstf ued rfjrd, ued `fh; dsshe, b mhidiíb sf tbrad bcrhjdib d sfjuh-`b. D ebrd`, bu mbstuef ouråihmb, surjf ab f ib prýprhb sfhb id mb`fthvhidif, id präthmd `bajd f rfhtfrdid id sbmhfidif. F`d ifvf sfr dmfhtd pf`d mbeuahidif mbeb ue mualb bcrhjdtýrhb. Ds rfjrds if Ihrfhtb fstíb ads abreds hepbstds ib Fstdib pdrd d sbmhfidif, fxprfssds if edafhrd jfrd` f dcstrdtd pdrd pbifr dthajhr d tbids ds pfssbds f sftbrfs id sbmhfidif. @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d 4

Ihrfhtb Ihnusb. Ydecèe mbalfmhib mbeb Ihrfhtb Mb`fthvb, surjhu mbe b ifsfavb`vhefatb ids sbmhfidifs dpýs d mbasmhfathzdêíb ibs ifedhs rdebs ib Ihrfhtb. È ue mbamfhtb ihnfrfatf quf pbsshch`htbu d f`dcbrdr ued abvd m`dsshfflmdêíb pdrd rfsb`vfr bs prbc`feds quf bs `hehtfs fatrf Ihrfhtb Wrhvdib f Wÿc`hmb mb`bmdvde. È if adturfzd haihvhsåvf`, ib qud` síb thtu`drfs pfssbds `hjdids pbr mhrmuastãamhds if ndtb, ds qudhs aíb pbife sfr fspfmhfflmdids. Ndzfe pdrtf ib Ihrfhtb Ihnusb? Ihrfhtb ib Mbasuehibr, Ihrfhtb Dechfatd`, Ihrfhtb Wrfvhifamhärhb f Ihrfhtb Fmbaùehmb. >9


Tudaib d pfssbd prdthmd ue if`htb, fstdcf`fmf ued rf`dêíb ouråihmd fatrf b mrhef f b Fstdib; fstf pbssuh d bcrhjdêíb if aíb hepfihr d dp`hmdêíb if pfads.

WDSD SFN@FYHS F bs mrhefs vhrtudhs2 D hatfraft aíb è ue abvb mdepb if dtudêíb pdrd mrhefs, eds ue abvb mdehalb pdrd rfd`hzdêíb if if`htbs oä prdthmdibs ab euaib rfd`. D `hstd if mrhefs mbefthibs pbr efhb f`ftrùahmb è fxtfasd? mrhefs mbatrd d lbard (haoÿrhd, md`ÿahd f ihndedêíb), nurtbs, fxtbrsíb, defdêds, vhb`dêíb if ihrfhtbs dutbrdhs, pfibffl`hd, fstf`hbadtb, nrduifs mbe mdrtíb if mrèihtb, ifsvhb if ihalfhrb if mbatds cdamärhds ifatrf butrbs. Fssd präthmd tfe duefatdib euhtb abs ÿ`thebs dabs f, ihdrhdefatf, b Ouihmhärhb crdsh`fhrb mbecdtf d mrhehad`hidif mhcfraèthmd mbe d dp`hmdêíb ib Mýihjb Wfad`, ib Mýihjb Mhvh` f if `fjhs`dêöfs fspfmåfflmds. Cdstd dpfads quf ds `fhs sfode didptdids pdrd bs mrhefs f`ftrùahmbs.

B Ihrfhtb Wfad` è qufe thphfflmd f iffflaf b mrhef f puaf qufe b prdthmd. Wdrd quf ldod mrhef, è prfmhsb ued `fh quf b iffflad. ]befatf qudaib ue ndtb sf doustd d ue ebif`b `fjd` if mrhef è quf b Fstdib diquhrf b ihrfhtb mbamrftb if puahr. ]f fxhstf ad `fh ue ndtb datfrhbr db ndtb mbefthib dtrdvès if ued `fh, ifvf-sf doustdr d mbaiutd prdthmdid f b ndtb ç `fh. ^fod d m`dsshfflmdêíb ibs mrhefs?

Mrhef ib`bsb. È qudaib lä ib`b, bu sfod, hatfaêíb if mdusdr idabs bu ibr, puahib if edafhrd edhs jrdvf. È tdecèe qudaib b dmusdib tfe d hatfaêíb if djhr f dssuef b rhsmb. Mrhef mu`pbsb. È b rfsu`tdib if dêíb bu behssíb vbùatärhd quf, aíb qufrfaib b rfsu`tdib, b prbiuz pbr hepruiïamhd, afj`hjïamhd bu heh epfråmhd. È ue mrhef quf aíb tfe prfefihtdêíb.

Mbepftïamhds id Vahíb, Fstdibs f euahmåphbs • Mbepftïamhd mbeue? è if tbibs. • Mbepftïamhd mbambrrfatf? d Vahíb fxpfif bs prhamåphbs, f bs Fstdibs f euahmåphbs ifvfe sf difqudr d f`fs. • Mbepftïamhd fxmùshvd? sbefatf ue tfe fxmùshvhidif. • Mbepftïamhd rfshiud`? è qudaib afe d Vahíb afe bs euahmåphbs tfe mbepftïamhds; dsshe, fflmd d mdrjb ib Fstdib.

Mrhef hepbssåvf`. È qudaib d pfssbd uth`hzd ue efhb heprýprhb pdrd mbeftfr ue dtb. Wbr fxfep`b? fxfep`b? uth`hzdr ued dred if crhaqufib bu dthrdr fe ue ebrtb qudaib b efhb è heprýprhb pdrd mbasuedr b mrhef. Mrhef mbasuedib. È qudaib ued pfssbd prdthmd b mrhef, mlfjdaib çs vhds if ndtb. Mrhef tfatdib. Tudaib d dêíb è hahmhdid, eds aíb mbasuedid pbr mhrmuastãamhds d`lfhds ç vbatdif id pfssbd. Dsshe, mbeftf-sf ue mrhef hepfrnfhtb, pbhs lä ifshstïamhd ad mbasuedêíb ib dtb.

Mrhef

WDSD SFN@FYHS B quf è `bmd` f tfepb ib mrhef2 Mbashifrd-sf prdthmdib b mrhef ab ùjdr fe quf bmbrrfu d dêíb. Wbif sfr b `bmd` baif dmbatfmfu bu prbiuzhu rfsu`tdib pdrd fnfhtb if prbmfssb. Oä b tfepb ib mrhef è mbashifrdib ab ebefatb id präthmd id dêíb, id dthtuif, sfe sf hepbrtdr quf dmdcf ifpbhs b dtb.

Mrhef è ued vhb`dêíb ib`bsd bu mu`pbsd if ued abred ouråihmd pbr efhb if dtb mbehsshvb bu behsshvb heputävf`. È qud`qufr dêíb bu behssíb quf vfald d mdusdr idab, `fsdr bu fxpbr d pfrhjb ue cfe ourhihmdefatf prbtfjhib pf`d abred ouråihmd. @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d 4

>6


Lbehmåihb

Heputdch`hidif pfad`

È b edhs jrdvf ibs mrhefs, pbhs dthajf d sbmhfidif, b f`fefatb luedab. Lä qudtrb thpbs if lbehmåihbs, sfjuaib b Mýihjb Wfad`?

Heputdch`hidif è d edafhrd if b Fstdib dtrhcuhr d d`juèe pfad`hidifs pbr prdthmdr dtbs h`åmhtbs. È dtrhcuhr d d`juèe d rfspbasdch`hidif if d`jued mbhsd, b mbaouatb if mbaihêöfs pfssbdhs quf iíb db djfatf mdpdmhidif pdrd `lf sfr, ourhihmdefatf, heputdid pf`d präthmd if ue dtb puaåvf`. B dtb tfe quf sfr vbùatärhb, sfaíb, aíb lä fxmùsíb if mu`pd. Ved pfssbd mbdjhid pbif aíb tfr mu`pd; fecbrd tfald mbasmhïamhd, aíb tfe mbaihêöfs if vbatdif mdpdzfs if ndzfr mbe quf ifhxf if prdthmdr b dtb. Ve fxfep`b ihssb è ue vhmhdib. Bs thpbs if heputdch`hidif pfad` síb fstfs?

• Lbehmåihb shep`fs? pfad if > d 37 dabs if iftfaêíb. • Lbehmåihb qud`hfflmdib? fe mhrmuastãamhds djrdvdatfs; djrdvdatf s; pfad if 43 d =7 dabs if iftfaêíb. • Lbehmåihb mu`pbsb? dmbefthib pbr afj`hjïamhd, hepruiïamhd bu hepfråmhd; pfad if 4 d = dabs if iftfaêíb.

• Edtfrhd`? rfsu`tdib mbasuedib id edafhrd quf sf pbssd vfrhfflmdr. • Nbred`? quf sf mbasued pbr efhb if defdêd; d pfssbd aíb prdthmd afalue dtb, sbefatf defdêd, haifpfaifatf if mueprhr bu aíb. • Efrd mbaiutd? dêíb sfe mdusd if idab d d`juèe? havdsíb if ibehmå`hb sfe rbucdr adid; mbaiutd frrdid sfe afalued hatfaêíb ftm.

• Lbehmåihb ib`bsb? qudaib lä hatfaêíb if edtdr; pfad if > d < dabs if iftfaêíb iftfaêíb.. D bnfasd ç hatfjrhidif mbrpbrd` if d`juèe bu d sdÿif if butrb è mbalfmhid mbeb `fsíb mbrpbrd`. D pfad, sfjuaib b Mýihjb Wfad`, è iftfaêíb if = efsfs d 4 dab.

WDSD SFN@FYHS

WDSD SFN@FYHS

Iuds mbhsds aíb pbife sfr mbashifrdids våtheds ib mrhef? bs dahedhs, pbhs qufe sbnrf è d mb`fthvhidif; f ds pfssbds ebrtds, muob mrhef è b ifsrfspfhtb db mdiävfr, fe quf ds pfssbds rbucde mbhsds ibs ebrtbs; afssf mdsb, b suofhtb pdsshvb è d ndeå`hd.

Wdrd quf d mbaiutd sf tbraf ue mrhef, è prfmhsb quf ldod difqudêíb pfrnfhtd. Wbr fxfep`b? nd`dr ed` if d`juèe aíb è mrhef, eds bnfaifr è mrhef prfsmrhtb ad `fh.

Mu`pd

]DHCD EDH]

D mu`pd, fe sfathib dep`b, è d vhb`dêíb if ue ifvfr ouråihmb, heputävf` d d`juèe, fe ifmbrrïamhd if ndtb hatfamhbad` bu behssíb if ih`hjïamhd bu mdutf`d. Fe jfrd`, b ifvfr if rfssdrmhr pf`d präthmd if dtbs h`åmhtbs ifmbrrf id mu`pd. ]f lä idab vhaib if ued hepruiïamhd, hepfråmhd bu afj`hjïamhd, pbif-sf fatfaifr quf lbuvf mu`pd. Diehtfe-sf trïs jrdus if mu`pd? jrdvf, `fvf f `fvåsshed. D mu`pd jrdvf è dquf`d heprýprhd, b frrb jrbssfhrb, ifsmuhib haousthfflmävf`; d `fvf è d nd`td fvhtävf` mbe dtfaêíb brihaärhd, mbe muhidib; d `fvåsshed mdrdmtfrhzd-sf pf`d nd`td if dtfaêíb fxtrdbrihaärhd. @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d 4

Lä mdsbs fe quf aíb lä mu`pdch`hidif if ue mrhef, mbeb ibfaêd efatd`, ifsfavb`vhefatb efatd` hambep`ftb bu rftdridib rftdridib,, fecrhdjufz dmhifatd` mbep`ftd (qudaib d`juèe mb`bmd d`jued mbhsd ad cfchid quf pbtfamhd`hzd b pbifr ib ä`mbb`) bu efabrhidif pfad`. Afstf ÿ`theb mdsb, pbr fxfep`b, ue efabr if 4< dabs quf pfjd f ihrhjf ue mdrrb sfe d brife ibs pdhs f mdusd ue dmhifatf aíb tfrä mu`pd ib mrhef, b qud` sfrä heputdib dbs pdhs, quf rfspbaifríb ad ousthêd pf`b dtb ib efabr efabr.. >>


M`dsshfflmdêíb ids pfads

Fstdib if pfrhjb. Ved pfssbd fstä fe fstdib if pfrhjb qudaib dssuef bcrhjdêíb fxmfsshvdefatf pfrhjbsd mbeb, pbr fxfep`b, ue rfsjdtf, prfsshbadib d sd`vdr d`juèe if jrdvf idab.

Ab Crdsh`, lä ibhs thpbs if pfads? d prhvdthvd if `hcfridif f d rfstrhthvd if ihrfhtb. Wrhvdthvd if `hcfridif. B quf ihnfrf è b jrdu if pfrhmu`bshidif. ]íb trïs thpbs?

Ndtb ouråihmb. F b dmbatfmhefatb quf prbvbmd mbasfquïamhds ab euaib ouråihmb, mbeb b adsmhefatb bu d ebrtf.

• Wrhsíb shep`fs? pdrd mbatrdvfaêíb pfad`; • Sfmùsíb (rfjhef nfmldib)? pdrd mrhefs edhs jrdvfs, d pfssbd fflmdrhd rfmùsd fe ued pfahtfamhärhd if sfjurdaêd eäxhed, sfe tfr mbatdtb. • Iftfaêíb bu rftfaêíb? prhsíb sfe hsb`defatb ihurab f abturab ab haåmhb ib mueprhefatb.

Nrduif. È qudaib d`juèe, pdrd cur`dr d `fh, sf mb`bmd fe ued shtudêíb fe quf d `fh aíb b dthaod. Haifahzdêíb. Haifahzdr shjahfflmd rfssdrmhr b prf ouåz ou åzb b, bu sf sfod od,, mb mbcr crhr hr d vå våth thed ed if tb tbib ib b id idab ab pb pbrr f` f`dd fx fx-pfrhefatdib, aíb sý b quf f`d pfrifu, eds tdecèe b quf f`d ifhxbu if jdaldr. Ab mdsb if mbdutbrhd bu muep`hmhidif, tbibs rfspbaifríb sb`hidrhdefatf db rfssdrmhefatb. D haifahzdêíb aíb sf efif pf`d jrdvhidif id mu`pd, eds pf`d fxtfasíb ib idab mdusdib.

Sfstrhthvds if ihrfhtb. Ds pfads aíb rfprfsfatde prfsfat de tdatb rhsmb pdrd sbmhfidif; pbr hssb, è ef`lbr aíb rfmb`lfr b hanrdtbr fe ued mf`d. Ds pfads rfstrhthvds if ihrfhtb síb fstds? • Wrfstdêíb if sfrvhêbs ç mbeuahidif; • Hatfrihêíb tfepbrärhd if ihrfhtbs; • @hehtdêíb if ffle if sfedad; • Wrfstdêíb pfmuahärhd (pdjdefatb fe ihalfhrb); • Wrfstdêíb habehadid (ibdêíb); • Eu`td.

@fsíb. È qudaib lä prfouåzb edtfrhd` rfsu`tdatf id nd`td if fquhvd`ïamhd fatrf ds prfstdêöfs hepbstds pf`b mbatrdtb. @fjåthed ifnfsd. Aíb mbasthtufe dtbs h`åmhtbs bs dtbs prdthmdibs fe `fjåthed ifnfsd, bu ab fxfrmåmhb rfju`dr if ue ihrfhtb rfmbalfmhib, bu fe fstdib if afmfsshidif, eds aíb fxhef d pfssbd if sfr pfad`hzdid.

Yfrebs Ouråihmbs

@fh pfad` fe crdamb. @fh pfad` fe crdamb è fxtrdåid if butrd `fh f prfmhsd if mbep`fefatb if butrd `fh.

Wdrd fflad`hzdr fssd du`d, sfpdrdebs d`juas tfrebs ouråihmbs quf mbashifrdebs hepbrtdatfs pdrd mbalfmhefatb ib dùab. Ybibs f`fs sf fambatrde fe brife d`ndcèthmd pdrd ued ef`lbr mbasu`td.

Afxb mdsud`. È ue ibs f`fefatbs ib mrhef fe quf sf vfrhfflmd b våamu`b fatrf d mbaiutd f b rfsu`tdib h`åmhtb. Ifvf fxhsthr ued rf`dêíb if mdusd`hidif fatrf d dêíb bu behssíb mu`pbsd ib djfatf f b idab fxpfrhefatdib pf`d våthed.

Dtb h`åmhtb. È dquh`b quf aíb rfmfcf prbtfêíb id `fh, pbr vhb`dr ihrfhtbs bu mdusdr prfouåzb d d`juèe. D pfssbd fflmd bcrhjdid d rfpdrdr b prfouåzb quf, pbr dêíb bu behssíb vbùatärhd, afj`hjïamhd, hepruiïamhd bu hepfråmhd, dmdrrftd prfouåzb bu vhb`dêíb if ihrfhtb. Ve dtb h`åmhtb pbif sfr fe `fjåthed ifnfsd bu fstdib if afmfsshidif, dtè d iftfrhbrdêíb bu ifstruhêíb if mbhsd d`lfhd pdrd rfebvfr pfrhjb hehafatf.

]htudêíb ouråihmd. È d`jb edhs dep`b quf faj`bcd ds rf`dêöfs ouråihmds quf fxhstfe fatrf ds pfssbds, f fatrf d pfssbd f d mbhsd, sfaib b våamu`b quf b ihrfhtb fstdcf`fmf fatrf pfssbds bu jrupbs, dtrhcuhaib pbifrfs f ifvfrfs.

Dtb ouråihmb. È tbib dmbatfmhefatb prbvbmdib pf`b lbefe, vbùatdrhdefatf, pdrd diquhrhr, rfsjudridr, trdasnfrhr, trdasnfrhr, ebihfflmdr bu fxthajuhr ihrfhtbs.

]uofhtb dthvb. È dquf`f quf, ihrftd bu haihrftdefatf, prdthmd ue dtb quf fstä prfvhstb ad `fh, qufe edaid f qufe rfspbaif pf`b mrhef.

Mbatrdvfaêíb pfad`. È ued dêíb bu behssíb vbùatärhd quf, pbr mbasthtuhr bnfasd efabs jrdvf quf b mrhef, d pfssbd è puahid mbe pfad edhs `fvf.

]uofhtb pdsshvb. È dquf`f quf nbh `fsdib, quf sbnrfu. Wbif aíb sfr sbefatf pfssbd nåshmd, eds tdecèe b Fstdib, d mb`fthvhidif if tbibs.

@fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d 4

>:


^FOD ]F DWSFAIFV 4. Sf`dmhbaf ds `fhs mbe ds iffflahêöfs dcdhxb f, ifpbhs, dsshad`f d d`tfradthvd mbrrftd. ( 4 ) Mbasthtuhêíb Nfifrd` ( 3 ) @fhs mbep`fefatdrfs f brihaärhds ( = ) @fhs if`fjdids ( 9 ) Dtbs abredthvbs ( ) ]íb f`dcbrdids pf`b mlfnf ib Wbifr Fxfmuthvb, eds mbe pbifrfs if`fjdibs pf`b Wbifr Wbifr @fjhs`dthvb. ( ) Iffflaf d nbred if jbvfrab f bs ihrfhtbs f ifvfrfs haihvhi haihvhiudhs udhs ibs mhidiíbs. ( ) Sfju`de bu fsm`drfmfe b mbatfÿib if d`jued abred if mdrätfr diehahstrdthvb. ( ) ]íb `fhs if hahmhdth hahmhdthvd vd ib Wbifr @fjhs`dthvb bu pbpu`dr. d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) 9” 4” =” 3 ) =” 3” 4” 9 ) =” 4” 9” 3 ) 3” 9” 4” =

3. Ifpbhs id dprbvdêíb f id sdaêíb if ued `fh, qud` è b prýxheb pdssb2 d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) Brjdahzdêíb ) Sfvbjdêíb ) Wuc`hmdêíb ) Dau`dêíb

=. Ihrfhtb Diehahstrdthvb, Ihrfhtb Yrhcutärhb f Ihrfhtb Wrbmfssud` pfrtfamfe d qud` rdeb ib Ihrfhtb2 d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) Ihrfhtb Wÿc`hmb ) Ihrfhtb Wrhvdib ) Ihrfhtb Ihnusb ) Ihrfhtb Mb`fthvb

9. Mrhef è ued vhb`dêíb ib`bsd bu mu`pbsd if ued abred ouråihmd. Tufe thphfflmd f iffflaf b mrhef f puaf qufe b prdthmd2 d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) Mbasthtuhêíb Nfifrd` ) Ifm`drdêíb Ifm`drdêíb Vahvfrsd` Vahvfrsd` ibs Ihrfhtbs Luedabs ) @fh ids Ihrftrhzfs Ihrftrhzfs f Cdsfs id Fiumdêíb ) Mýihjb Wfad`


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D `fh ib trdcd`lb è pfmu`hdr, bu sfod, pbif vhr aíb sbefatf ib Wbifr @fjhs`dthvb, eds tdecèe ib Wbifr Fxfmuthvb, if pbrtdrhds ib Ehahstèrhb ib Yrdcd`lb ftm. Bs ou`jdefatbs trdcd`lhstds bcfifmfe ç sfjuhatf lhfrdrquhd?

Du`d 3

IHSFHYB IB YSDCD@LB Hatrbiuêíb

4¿. Ifmhsöfs ib YSY (Yrhcuad` Sfjhbad` ib Yrdcd`lb) bu Y]Y (Yrhcuad` ]upfrhbr ib Yrdcd`lb) pdrd ihssåihbs mb`fthvbs; 3¿. Mbavfaêöfs f dmbribs mb`fthvbs f if rfju`defatbs if feprfsds. Ab Crdsh`, ds prhamhpdhs abreds ib Ihrfhtb ib Yrdcd`lb fstíb ad Mbasthtuhêíb Nfifrd`. Ab drthjb :¿, fstíb prfvhstbs d`juas ihrfhtbs ibs trdcd`ldibrfs urcdabs f rurdhs, mbe =9 htfas if ihrfhtbs, fatrf bs qudhs mhtdebs b sfjurb-ifsfeprfjb, nuaib if jdrdathd, sd`ärhb-eåaheb, ièmheb tfrmfhrb sd`ärhb, rfpbusb sfedad` ftm. B drthjb <¿ trdtd id brjdahzdêíb shaihmd` f pbssuh bhtb htfas quf nd`de id dutbrhzdêíb, ffladamhdefatb, ihrfhtbs, bcrhjdêöfs ftm. B drthjb 8¿ f sfus pdräjrdnbs trdtde ib ihrfhtb ç jrfvf. ^fod?

H) Ybib b lbefe tfe ihrfhtb db trdcd`lb, ç `hvrf fsmb`ld if feprfjb, d mbaihêöfs oustds f ndvbrävfhs if trdcd`lb f ç prbtfêíb mbatrd b ifsfeprfjb.

Drt. 8¿ - È dssfjurdib b ihrfhtb if jrfvf, mbepfthaib dbs trdcd`ldibrfs ifmhihr sbcrf d bpbrtuahidif if fxfrmï-`b f sbcrf bs hatfrfssfs quf ifvde pbr efhb if`f ifnfaifr. § 4¿ - D `fh iffflahrä bs sfrvhêbs bu dthvhidifs fssfamhdhs f ihspbrä sbcrf b dtfaihefatb ids afmfsshidifs hadihävfhs id mbeuahidif. § 3¿ - Bs dcusbs mbefthibs suofhtde bs rfspbasävfhs çs pfads id `fh.

HH) Ybib b lbefe, sfe qud`qufr ihsthaêíb, tfe ihrfhtb d hjud` rfeuafrdêíb pbr hjud` trdcd`lb. HHH) Ybib b lbefe quf trdcd`ld tfe ihrfhtb d ued rfeuafrdêíb oustd f sdthsndtýrhd, quf `lf dssfjurf, dsshe mbeb d sud ndeå`hd, ued fxhstïamhd mbepdtåvf` mbe d ihjahidif luedad, f d quf sf dmrfsmfatdríb, sf afmfssärhb, butrbs efhbs if prbtfêíb sbmhd`.

Feprfjdibr f Feprfjdib

H^) Ybib b lbefe tfe ihrfhtb d brjdahzdr shaihmdtbs f d af`fs hajrfssdr pdrd prbtfêíb if sfus hatfrfssfs.

Ifm`drdêíb Vahvfrsd` ibs Ihrfhtbs Luedabs, drthjb 3= Wdrd quf fssfs ihrfhtbs sfode fxfrmhibs, fxhstf ue mbaouatb if abreds f prbmfihefatbs hepbrtdatfs quf rfjfe ds rf`dêöfs fatrf feprfjdibs f feprfjdibrfs f ds rf`dêöfs haihvhiudhs f mb`fthvds if trdcd`lb, d`èe id mbaihêíb sbmhd` ib dssd`drhdib. D fstf mbaouatb if abreds ifabehadebs Ihrfhtb ib Yrdcd`lb. @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d 3

D`èe id Mbasthtuhêíb Nfifrd`, ds abreds ib Ihrfhtb ib Yrdcd`lb ab Crdsh` tdecèe síb rfjhids pf`d Mbasb`hidêíb ids @fhs ib Yrdcd`lb (M@Y). ]bcrf trdcd`ldibr trdcd`ldi br f feprfjdibr, vfod b quf qu f ihz d M@Y? >8


tb if fstäjhb è if ibhs dabs, eds d feprfsd pbif ndzfr ue mbatrdtb dmhed ifssf tfepb; b pfråbib è if, ab eäxheb, > lbrds if trdcd`lb. Yfe mbatrdtb if sfjurb if dmhifatfs f ifvf dtudr ab rdeb fe quf fstuid.

Drt. 3¿ - Mbashifrd-sf feprfjdibr d feprfsd, haihvhiud` bu mb`fthvd, quf, dssuehaib bs rhsmbs id dthvhidif fmbaùehmd, diehtf, dssd`drhd f ihrhjf d prfstdêíb pfssbd` if sfrvhêb.

Dprfaihz. B dprfaihz è ue efabr, d pdrthr ibs 49 dabs, quf fstä dprfaifaib ue bnåmhb, quf fstä sf hahmhdaib fe ued prbnhssíb sbc brhfatdêíb if ue efstrf, mbe ihrfhtb d rfeuafrdêíb f våamu`b feprfjdtåmhb. Aíb pbif trdcd`ldr ç abhtf, pbhs aíb rfmfcf lbrd fxt rd f b pfråbib è euhtb pfrhjbsb, eds pbif trdcd`ldr ab butrb ihd pdrd mbepfasdr. B mbatrdtb ifvf tfr iurdêíb if, ab eäxheb, ibhs dabs, f b dprfaihz pbif tfr dtè 39 dabs.

§ 4¿ - Fquhpdrde-sf db feprfjdibr, pdrd bs fnfhtbs fxmùshvbs id rf`dêíb if feprfjb, bs prbnhsshbadhs `hcfrdhs, ds hasthtuhêöfs if cfafnhmïamhd, ds dssbmhdêöfs rfmrfdthvds bu butrds hasthtuhêöfs sfe nhas ùmrdthvbs, quf diehthrfe trdcd`ldibrfs mbeb feprfjdibs. § 3¿ - ]feprf quf ued bu edhs feprfsds, tfaib, fecbrd, mdid ued if`ds, pfrsbad`hidif ouråihmd prýprhd, fsthvfrfe sbc d ihrfêíb, mbatrb`f bu diehahstrdêíb if butrd, mbasthtuhaib jrupb haiustrhd`, mbefrmhd` bu if qud`qufr butrd dthvhidif fmbaùehmd, sfríb, pdrd bs fnfhtbs id rf`dêíb if feprfjb, sb`hidrhdefatf rfspbasävfhs d feprfsd prhamhpd` f mdid ued ids sucbrihadids.

Eu`lfr ab trdcd`lb

Drt. =¿ - Mbashifrd-sf feprfjdib tbid pfssbd nåshmd quf prfstdr sfrvhêbs if adturfzd aíb fvfatud` d feprfjdibr, sbc d ifpfaiïamhd ifstf f efihdatf sd`ärhb. Wdräjrdnb ÿahmb - Aíb ldvfrä ihsthaêöfs rf`dthvds ç fspèmhf if feprfjb f ç mbaihêíb if trdcd`ldibr, afe fatrf b trdcd`lb hatf`fmtud`, tèmahmb f edaud`.

Aíb fxhstf ued `fh mbep`fefatdr if prbtfêíb ç eu`lfr trdcd`ldibrd, eds f`d oä mbasfjuhu d`juas ihrfhtbs. ^fod d`juas if`fs. • D eu`lfr tfe ihrfhtb ç `hmfaêd-edtfrahidif if 437 ihds f dndstdefatb pdrd b pdrtb mbe ifmhsíb eèihmd, quf pbif bmbrrfr dtè 3< ihds datfs ib pdrtb. • Ab pfråbib if dedefatdêíb, d eu`lfr tfe ihrfhtb d sdhr pbr 4 lbrd pdrd dedefatdr b nh`lb. • ]f d eu`lfr jrävhid fsthvfr fe pfråbib if fxpfrhïamhd, tfe fstdch`hidif.

Wrbtfêíb db feprfjdib Dtudèfatf, d `fh prbtfjf tbibs bs feprfjdibs, hamùshvf eu`lfrfs, fstdjhärhbs, dprfaihzfs ftm. ^fod?

Efabr if hidif. È prbhchib b trdcd`lb abturab, pfrhjbsb bu hasdùcrf dbs efabrfs if 4< dabs f if qud`qufr trdcd`lb d efabrfs if 4> dabs.

Efseb mbe tbibs fssfs ihrfhtbs jdrdathibs pbr `fh, d eu`lfr dhaid sbnrf ihsmrhehadêíb fe rf`dêíb db sd`ärhb f ab ebefatb id mbatrdtdêíb.

Fstdjhärhb. B fstdjhärhb è ue fstuidatf bu mbamùhatf ib fashab eèihb, tèmahmb bu supfrhbr quf aíb tfe våamu`b feprfjdtåmhb, mbe hidif dmhed if 4> dabs. Jfrdèfatf, b mbatrd@fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d 3

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Wrhamåphb if prbtfêíb f if hrrfauamhdch`hidif if ihrfhtbs

^fod d`juas ihrfhtbs ib feprfjdib fe rf`dêíb db mbatrdtb if trdcd`lb?

B prhamåphb if prbtfêíb è d nbred if mbepfasdêíb ç supfrhbrhidif fmbaùehmd ib feprfjdibr fe rf`dêíb db feprfjdib. Edahnfstd-sf if trïs edafhrds? • Ha iuchb prb bpfrdrhb (ad iÿvhid, d ndvbr ib bpfrärhb); • Id dp`hmdêíb id abred edhs ndvbrävf` db feprfjdib; • Mbaihêíb edhs cfaèfflmd db feprfjdib feprfjdib..

• Mbatrdtb fxpfrhïamhd? eäxheb if 87 ihds; • Dabtdêíb ad Mdrtfhrd if Yrdcd`lb f Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd`? 9< lbrds; • Lbrds fxtrds mbe dihmhbad`; • Nèrhds mbe dihmhbad` if ue tfrêb; • ^fidêíb if d`tfrdêöfs mbatrdtudhs fe sfu prfouåzb; • ]d`ärhb eåaheb f hrrfiuthvhidif sd`drhd`; • Fquhpdrdêíb sd`drhd`; • Nuaib if Jdrdathd ib Yfepb if ]frvhêb (NJY]); • Ièmheb tfrmfhrb sd`ärhb; • Dvhsb prèvhb f eu`td sbcrf b sdìb ib NJY] ab mdsb if ifehssíb sfe oustd mdusd. • Obradid abturad ” lbrärhb rfiuzhib mbe dihmhbad`? 37% (ids 33l çs 6l 63eha =7 sfj.); • Dihmhbadhs if hasdùcrhidif f if pfrhmu`bshidif. • Ifsmdasbs hatfrobradids; • Ifsmdasbs hatrdobradids; • @hmfaêd-edtfrahidif f pdtfrahidif; • ]fjurb-ifsfeprfjb; • Whsb sd`drhd` if dmbrib mbe d mbep`fmbep`f xhidif f d fxtfasíb ib trdcd`lb; • ]d`ärhb-ndeå`hd; • Sfpbusb sfedad` rfeuafrdib; • Sfiuêíb if rhsmbs hafrfatfs db trdcd`lb pbr efhb if abreds if sdÿif, if lhjhfaf f if sfjurdaêd.

Tudatb db prhamåphb if hrrfauamhdch`hidif if ihrfhtbs, síb hrrfauamhävfhs bs ihrfhtbs trdcd`lhstds. B dr thjb 8¿ id M@Y prfvï au`hidif ibs dtbs mbe b bcofthvb if hepfihr bu nrduidr d dp`hmdêíb ibs prfmfhtbs trdcd`lhstds.

Mbatrdtb if Yrdcd`lb

Yrdtd-sf if ue dtb ouråihmb quf mrhd, d pdrthr if sud mf`fcrdêíb, ihrfhtbs f bcrhjdêöfs pdmtudibs fatrf feprfjdib f feprfjdibr. B drthjb 993 id M@Y fstdcf`fmf quf b mbatrdtb haihvhiud` if trdcd`lb è ue dmbrib, tämhtb bu fxprfssb, mbrrfspbaifatf ç rf`dêíb if feprfjb. B mbatrdtb if trdcd`lb pbif tfr prdzb iftfrehadib, pbrtdatb, mbe pfråbib if vd`hidif iftfrehadib ” ab eäxheb, ibhs dabs (drthjb 996, M@Y), pfrehthid ued ÿahmd prbrrbjdêíb. Mbatrdtb mbe prdzb haiftfrehadib è mf`fcrdib sfe prdzb nhxdib, pbifaib sfr prb`bajdib haifnhahthvdefatf. @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d 3

Sfsmhsíb mbatrdtud` B feprfjdibr f b feprfjdib pbife rfsmhaihr b mbatrdtb if trdcd`lb. B feprfjdibr pbif ifehthr qudaib b feprfjdib ifsmueprf d`jueds rfjrds; afssf mdsb, d ihspfasd è pbr oustd mdusd. B feprfjdib pbif rfqufrfr d ifehssíb haihrftd qudaib b feprfjdibr ifsmueprhr ds rfjrds mbatrdtudhs, jdrdathaib sfus ihrfhtbs if rfsmhsíb. D sfjuhr, bs drthjbs id M@Y d rfspfhtb id rfsmhsíb mbatrdtud`? :4


i) aíb mueprhr b feprfjdibr ds bcrhjdêöfs ib mbatrdtb; f) prdthmdr b feprfjdibr bu sfus prfpbstbs, mbatrd f`f bu pfssbds if sud ndeå`hd, dtb `fshvb id lbard f cbd nded; n ) b feprfjdibr bu sfus prfpbstbs bnfabnfaifrfe-ab fflshmdefatf, fflshmdefatf, sd`vb fe mdsb if `fjåthed ifnfsd, prýprhd bu if butrfe; j) b feprfjdibr rfiuzhr b sfu trdcd`lb, sfaib fstf pbr pfêd bu tdrfnd, if nbred d dnftdr sfashvfèfatf d hepbrtãamhd ibs sd`ärhbs.

Drt. 9<3 - Mbasthtufe oustd mdusd pdrd rfsmhsíb ib mbatrdtb i f trdcd`lb pf`b feprfjdibr? d) dtb if heprbchidif; c) hambathaïamhd if mbaiutd bu edu prbmfihefatb; m) afjbmhdêíb ldchtud` pbr mbatd prýprhd bu d`lfhd sfe pfrehssíb ib feprfjdibr, feprfjdibr, f qudaib mbasthtuhr dtb if mbambrrïamhd ç feprfsd pdrd d qud` trdcd`ld b feprfjdib, bu nbr prfouihmhd` db sfrvhêb; i) mbaifadêíb mrhehad` ib feprfjdib, pdssdid fe ou`jdib, mdsb aíb tfald ldvhib suspfasíb id fxfmuêíb id pfad; f) ifsåihd ab ifsfepfalb ids rfspfmthvds nuaêöfs; n) fecrhdjufz ldchtud` bu fe sfrvhêb; j) vhb`dêíb if sfjrfib id feprfsd; l) dtb if haihsmhp`had bu if hasucbrihadêíb; h) dcdaibab if feprfjb; o) dtb `fshvb id lbard bu id cbd nded prdthmdib ab sfrvhêb mbatrd qud`qufr pfssbd, bu bnfasds nåshmds, ads efseds mbaihêöfs, sd`vb fe mdsb if `fjåthed ifnfsd, prýprhd bu if butrfe; k) dtb `fshvb id lbard bu id cbd nded bu bnfasds nåshmds prdthmdids mbatrd b feprfjdibr f supfrhbrfs lhfrärquhmbs, sd`vb fe mdsb if `fjåthed ifnfsd, prýprhd bu if butrfe; `) präthmd mbastdatf if objbs if dzdr.

BC]FS^F F]YF MD]B Mbe cdsf ab htfe l ib drthjb 9<3, b feprfjdib quf aíb uth`hzdr bs FWHs nbrafmhibs pf`b feprfjdibr f sfaib divfrthib pbr hssb pbif sfr ifehthib pbr oustd mdusd. Ydecèe mbe cdsf abs htfas m f i ib drthjb 9<=, b feprfjdib pbif rfqufrfr d sud ifehssíb haihrftd sf b feprfjdibr feprfjdib r aíb nbrafmfr bs FWHs.

]haihmdtbs f Mbavfaêöfs

Wdräjrdnb ÿahmb - Mbasthtuh hjudèfatf oustd mdusd pdrd ihspfasd if feprfjdib d präthmd, ifvhidefatf mbeprbvdid fe haquèrhtb diehahstrdthvb, if dtbs dtfatdtýrhbs ç sfjurdaêd admhbad`. Drt. 9<= - B feprfjdib pbifrä mbashifrdr rfsmhaihib b mbatrdtb f p`fhtfdr d ifvhid haifahzdêíb qudaib?

]haihmdtb è ued dssbmhdêíb mb`fthvd prhvdid pfrtfamfatf d ued m`dssf bu jrupb, vb`tdib pdrd d ifnfsd ibs hatfrfssfs mb`fthvbs prbfflsshbadhs f edtfrhdhs. F`f pbif sfr shaihmdtb ibs trdcd`ldibrfs bu shaihmdtb pdtrbad` (if pdtröfs) - pbr fxfep`b, ab fstdib if ]íb Wdu`b, b shaihmdtb ibs tèmahmbs fe sfjurdaêd ib trdcd`lb è b ]hatfsp (]haihmdtb ibs Yèmahmbs if ]fjurdaêd ib Yrdcd`lb ab Fstdib if ]íb Wdu`b). Mbavfaêöfs síb bs dmbribs fflredibs fatrf shaihmdtbs ibs feprfjdibs f shaihmdtb pdtrbad`. Oä dmbribs mb`fthvbs síb bs fflredibs fatrf b sha-

d) nbrfe fxhjhibs sfrvhêbs supfrhbrfs çs suds nbrêds, ifnfsbs pbr `fh, mbaträrhbs dbs cbas mbstuefs, bu d`lfhbs db mbatrdtb; c) nbr trdtdib pf`b feprfjdibr bu pbr sfus supfrhbrfs lhfrärquhmbs mbe rhjbr fxmfsshvb; m) mbrrfr pfrhjb edahnfstb if ed` mbashifrävf`; @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d 3

:3


ihmdtb f ued bu edhs feprfsds, fstdcf`fmfaib ihrfhtbs f ifvfrfs if decds ds pdrtfs. pdr tfs. ]fatfaêds abredthvds síb ds ifmhsöfs id ousthêd ib trdcd`lb ab ou`jdefatb ibs ihssåihbs mb`fthvbs fe quf aíb lbuvf dmbrib fatrf ds pdrtfs.

(Dadedtrd), fathidif quf mbajrfjd bs ouåzfs ib Yrdcd`lb crdsh`fhrbs, mbeprffaif quf ds fstdtåsthmds if dmhifatfs f if ibfaêds ib trdcd`lb rfjhstrde mhnrds d`dredatfs. Ebrrfe, ab Crdsh`, fe eèihd, abvf trdcd`ldibrfs pbr ihd ÿth`, ued pfssbd d mdid lbrd if trdcd`lb. Fstfs idibs mbatfep`de dpfads hanbredêöfs bfflmhdhs. È prfmhsb ifspfrtdr pdrd d jrdvhidif ifssf mfaärhb if hasfjurdaêd. Bs dmhifatfs ib trdcd`lb dnftde bs trdcd`ldibrfs, sfus ndeh`hdrfs, bs feprfjdibrfs f, aíb rdrb, pbife dthajhr d mb`fthvhidif, mdusdaib trdjèihds mbeb dquf`ds bmbrrhids fe `bmdhs if jrdaif mhrmu`dêíb if pfssbds, fe mdsds if ihvfrsöfs, fe fstäihbs ftm. Fssfs hanbrtÿahbs ifmbrrfe havdrhdvfèfatf id habcsfrvãamhd if mbaihêöfs if sfjurdaêd ab `bmd`. Mbavhmtd if quf b trdcd`lb è nbatf if rfd`hzdêíb ib prboftb if vhid ib sfr luedab, d Dadedtrd dprfsfatd ç sbmhfidif d Mdrth`ld ib Yrdcd`lb ]fjurb f ]duiävf`. Fe `hajudjfe shep`fs f cfe hùstrdid, bnfrfmf abêöfs cäshmds if prfvfaêíb if dmhifatfs f ibfaêds ib trdcd`lb, brhfatd sbcrf b usb ibs fquhpdefatbs if prbtfêíb haihvhiud` f mb`fthvd. Fsm`drfmf, dhaid, sbcrf d rfspbasdch`hidif ib feprfjdibr, bcsfrvd d rf`fvãamhd id dtudêíb id Mbehssíb Hatfrad if Wrfvfaêíb if Dmhifatfs (MHWD), (MHW D), ibs ýrjíbs if fflsmd`hzdêíb, fflsmd`hz dêíb, ib Ehahstèrhb Wÿc`hmb ib Yrdcd`lb, id Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` f id Ousthêd ib Yrdcd`lb, rfssd`tdaib, nuaidefatdèfatf, d hepbrtãamhd id prfvfaêíb if dmhifatfs f ibfaêds ib trdcd`lb, mbeb prfmbahzd d Mbavfaêíb 466 id Brjdahzdêíb Hatfradmhbad` ib Yrdcd`lb (BHY). Fstd Mdrth`ld hatfjrd b edtfrhd` ihiäthmb ib ‐Wrbjrded Yrdcd`lb, Ousthêd f Mhididahd―, dêíb sb`hiärhd rfd`hzdid pf`bs ouåzfs ib Yrdcd`lb fe qudsf tbibs bs Fstdibs ib pdås, mbe d fflad`hidif if dprbxhedr b Wbifr Ouihmhärhb id sbmhfidif f if ihnuaihr b mbalfmhefatb ib Ihrfhtb. È urjfatf quf sf dibtf d mu`turd id prfvfaêíb.. B ihä`bjb fatrf feprfjdibrfs, trdprfvfaêíb cd`ldibrfs, hasthtuhêöfs jbvfradefatdhs, fathidifs id sbmhfidif mhvh` f efhbs if mbeuahmdêíb è b ef`lbr mdehalb pdrd quf fssf mfaärhb if dmhifatfs ib trdcd`lb ab Crdsh` f ab euaib sfod d`tfrdib. ^hid f sdÿif ab trdcd`lb!

Ousthêd ib Yrdcd`lb If dmbrib mbe b drthjb 449 id Mbasthtuhêíb Nfifrd`, mbepftf ç Ousthêd ib Yrdcd`lb prbmfssdr f ou`jdr ds dêöfs brhuaids id rf`dêíb if trdcd`lb trdcd`lb.. ^fod bs ùjdrfs baif pbifebs bctfr hanbredêöfs f ndzfr ifaÿamhds trdcd`lhstds? • ]haihmdtbs; • Ehahstèrhb Wÿc`hmb ib Yrdcd`lb (EWY); • Jfrïamhds ib Ehahstèrhb ib Yrdcd`lb; • Hasthtutb Admhbad` ib ]fjurb ]bmhd` (HA]]); • Mfatrb if Sfnfrïamhd fe ]dÿif ib Yrdcd`ldibr (Mfrfst).

WDSD SFN@FYHS B quf è Mfrfst2 È ue ýrjíb pÿc`hmb fspfmhd`hzdib quf dtfaif ç pbpu`dêíb ad ärfd if sdÿif ib trdcd`ldibr. Bs bcofthvbs ib Mfrfst síb vb`tdibs ç dsshstïamhd f ç vhjh`ãamhd fstrdtèjhmd, hatfjrdid f ffflmhfatf, dtudaib ad prfvfaêíb, mbatrb`f f fanrfatdefatb if prbc`feds if sdÿif mb`fthvd mbeb ebrtfs, dmhifatfs f ibfaêds rf`dmhbadibs db trdcd`lb. Fe jfrd`, d hep`datdêíb if ue Mfrfst rfsu`td if pdrmfrhds fatrf Ehahstèrhb id ]dÿif f ihvfrsbs sfjefatbs mbeb ]fmrftdrhds Fstdiudhs f Euahmhpdhs if ]dÿif bu ]haihmdtbs if Yrdcd`ldibrfs. D mbepbshêíb eåahed id fquhpf tèmahmd prfvï? sfhs prbfflsshbadhs if aåvf` supfrhbr; edhs qudtrb if aåvf` eèihb, fatrf f`fs, ue tèmahmb fe sfjurdaêd ib trdcd`lb. Dadedtrd `daêd Mdrth`ld ib Yrdcd`lb Yrdcd`lb ]fjurb f ]duiävf` D ifspfhtb ibs dvdaêbs tfmab`ýjhmbs, quf dtrhcuårde abvd nfhêíb çs rf`dêöfs if trdcd`lb, f ib shstfed `fjd` if prbtfêíb db trdcd`lb luedab, d sbmhfidif mbatfepbrãafd dhaid mbavhvf mbe d mldjd ibs dmhifatfs ib trdcd`lb. D Dssbmhdêíb Admhbad` ibs Edjhstrdibs id Ousthêd ib Yrdcd`lb @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d 3

@fhd d Mdrth`ld ad åatfjrd. Ihspbaåvf` fe? lttp?//www.dadedtrd.brj. lttp?//www.dad edtrd.brj.cr/up`bdis/mdrth`ld-dmhifatfs.pin cr/up`bdis/mdrth`ld-dmhifatfs.pin Dmfssb fe? 39. 7<.3746. Yfxtb Yfxtb didptdib id hatrbiuêíb.

:=


^FOD ]F DWSFAIFV 4. Ihrfhtb ib Yrdcd`lb è ue mbaouatb if abreds f prbmfihefatbs quf rfjfe ds rf`dêöfs fatrf feprfjdibs f feprfjdibrfs, feprfjdibrfs, d`èe ids rf`dêöfs haihvhiudhs f mb`fthvds if trdcd`lb f ds mbaihêöfs sbmhdhs ib dssd`drhdib. Ab Crdsh`, ds prhamhpdhs abreds ib Ihrfhtb ib Yrdcd`lb Yrdcd`lb fstíb ab(d)? d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) Mbasthtuhêíb Nfifrd` Nfifrd`.. ) Mýihjb Wfad`. ) Mýihjb Mýihjb if Wrbmfs Wrbmfssb sb Mhvh`. Mhvh`. ) Mýihjb if Wrbmfssb Wfad`.

(^ ) pdrd vfridifhrb f (N) pdrd nd`sb. Ifpbhs, edrquf d d`tfradthvd mbrrftd. 3. Dsshad`f (^) ( ) B efabr efabr if hidif pbif trdcd`ldr ç abhtf. abhtf. ( ) B fstdjhärhb tfe våamu`b våamu`b feprfjdtåmhb feprfjdtåmhb.. ( ) B dprfaihz tfe tfe ihrfhtb ç rfeuafrdêí rfeuafrdêíb b f våamu`b feprfjdtåmhb. feprfjdtåmhb. d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) ^ ”^ ”^ ) N ” ^ ”^ ) N” N”^ ) N” N” N

=. Mbe b surjhefatb if `fhs f abreds fe ifnfsd ib feprfjdib, ds eu`lfrfs tdecèe mbaquhstdrde d`juas ihrfhtbs. Dsshad`f d d`tfradthvd quf haihmd ue ifssfs ihrfhtbs. d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) @hmfaêd-edtfrahidif @hmfaêd-edtfrahidif if 437 ihds. ) Dndstdefatb, mbe ifmhsíb eèihmd, dtè 3< ihds datfs ib pdrtb. ) Fstdch`hidif Fstdch`hidif d eu`lfrfs jrävhids. ) Ybids ds d`tfradthvds fstíb mbrrftds.

9. B mbatrdtb if trdcd`lb pbif tfr pfråbib iftfrehadib if ab eäxheb? d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) > efsfs ) 4 dab. ) 3 dabs. ) = dabs.

M@Y, Y, b mbatrdtb if trdcd`lb pbif sfr rfsmhaihib pf`b feprfjdibr fe qud` shtudêíb2 6. If dmbrib mbe d M@ d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) Lbrd fxtrd ) Dcdaibab ib feprfjb ) Euidaêd if lbrärhb ) Wrbebêíb Wrbebêíb ab feprfjb


:9


Mbeb ihssfebs, b dechfatf if trdcd`lb è mbepbstb if ue mbaouatb if ndtbrfs f, qudaib ue ifssfs ndtbrfs, bu ue mbaouatb ifssfs, nbjf ib mbatrb`f, sfod pf`bs aåvfhs pfrehthibs bu pf`bs prbmfssbs quf sf ifsfamdifhde, b dechfatf sf tbrad susmftåvf` db ifsfavb`vhefatb ids mldedids pdtb`bjhds ib trdcd`lb, quf síb mbalfmhids mbeb dmhifatfs if trdcd`lb, ibfaêds prbfflsshbadhs bu ibfaêds if trdcd`lb.

Du`d =

DMHIFAYF] IF YSDCD@LB Hatrbiuêíb

Wrhefhrds @fhs Crdsh`fhrds sbcrf Dmhifatfs if Yrdcd`lb Yrdcd`lb

D`juas dmhifatfs if trdcd`lb pbife jfrdr sfquf`ds quf hepfife b trdcd`ldibr if mbathaudr fxfrmfaib suds nuaêöfs. Dpýs pfråbibs if rfdch`htdêíb, mbcfrtbs pf`d Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd`, b trdcd`ldibr pbifrä p`fhtfdr euidaêds if nuaêíb, ifsif quf fstfod mdpdmhtdib pdrd hssb. Afssd du`d, vdebs trdtdr ids prhefhrds `fhs sbcrf sfjurdaêd f cfafnåmhbs ib trdcd`ldibr, d`èe ids prhamhpdhs ibfaêds f dmhifatfs if trdcd`lb. Mbefêdebs nd`daib ue pbumb sbcrf b dechfatf if trdcd`lb.

B ifmrftb a¿ =.:39 if 4848 nbh d prhefhrd `fh quf hatrbiuzhu b mbamfhtb if rhsmb prbfflsshbad` f iftfrehabu b pdjdefatb if haifahzdêíb db sfjurdib bu ç ndeå`hd, prbpbrmhbad` ç jrdvhidif ids sfquf`ds ib dmhifatf. D`èe id mrhdêíb id M@ M@YY fe 489=, ab dab sfjuhatf, fatrdvd fe vhjbr b ifmrftb-`fh a¿ :.7=>, ab qud` sf edatèe b sfathib if rhsmb prbfflsshbad`, eds nbh dep`hdib pf`d tfbrhd ib rhsmb id dutbrhidif, bu sfod, quf fssd dutbrhidif frd d nbatf (bu d mdusd) if rfspbasdch`hidif pf`bs dmhifatfs bmbrrhibs. D `fh a¿ 6.=4> if 48>: iftfrehabu b sfjurb bcrhjdtýrhb mbeb cfafnåmhb id Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` f dibtbu b mbamfhtb if dmhifatf bmbrrhib ab trdoftb fatrf d rfshiïamhd f b trdcd`lb f vhmfvfrsd (rhsmb sbmhd`). Mbe hssb, d Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` mb`bmbu fe präthmd prbjrdeds if rfdch`htdêíb prbfflsshbad` dbs sfjurdibs. D `fh a¿ >.=>: if 48:> , rfju`defatdid pf`b ifmrftb a¿ :8.7=: if 48:>, mbatfep`dvd ds mldedids ibfaêds prbfflsshbadhs f ibfaêds if

Dechfatf if Yrdcd`lb Mbeb iffflahêíb if dechfatf if trdcd`lb, pbifebs fatfaifr quf è ue mbaouatb if ndtbrfs hatfrifpfaifatfs, edtfrhdhs bu dcstrdtbs, quf dtud ihrftd bu haihrftdefatf ad qud`hidif if vhid ids pfssbds, hatfrnfrhaib ab rfsu`tdib if sfus trdcd`lbs. Wbrtdatb, fe ue dechfatf if trdcd`lb, è prfmhsb fambatrdr mbaihêöfs mdpdzfs if prbpbrmhbadr b eäxheb if prbtfêíb f, db efseb tfepb, sdthsndêíb. Fssds mbechadêöfs rfsu`tde ab duefatb id prbiuthvhidif ibs sfrvhêbs, rfiuêíb ib dcsfatfåseb (nd`td if dsshiuhidif) f ids ibfaêds f dmhifatfs if trdcd`lb. @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d =

:6


trdcd`lb db `dib ibs dmhifatfs if trdcd`lb. D pbrtdrhd =.349 if 48:< dprbvd ds Abreds Sfju`defatdibrds ib Ehahstèrhb E hahstèrhb ib Yrdcd`lb. Edhs dihdatf, d `fh a¿ <.34= if 4884, quf ihspöf sbcrf b p`dab if cfafnåmhbs id Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd`, fstdcf`fmfu quf d feprfsd nbssf d rfspbasävf` pf`d dibêíb if efihids mb`fthvds f haihvhiudhs if prbtfêíb f sfjurdaêd ib trdcd`ldibr, jdrdathaib d fstdch`hidif ab feprfjb ib sfjurdib quf sf hamdpdmhtdr pdrd b trdcd`lb pbr edhs if 46 ihds.

Dmhifatf if trdcd`lb è b quf bmbrrf pf`b fxfrmåmhb ib trdcd`lb d sfrvhêb id feprfsd bu pf`b fxfrmåmhb ib trdcd`lb ibs sfjurdibs (...), prbvbmdaib `fsíb mbrpbrd` bu pfrturcdêíb nuamhbad` quf mdusf d ebrtf bu d pfrid bu d rfiuêíb, pfredafatf bu tfepbrärhd, id mdpdmhidif pdrd b trdcd`lb. Ab drthjb 4< id efsed `fh, b rfjhef jfrd` if Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` mbeprffaif bs sfjuhatfs cfafnåmhbs db sfjurdib? dpbsfatdibrhd pbr havd`hifz, duxå`hb-dmhifatf, duxå`hbibfaêd ifatrf butrbs; oä pdrd b sfjurdib f ifpfaifatf? rfdch`htdêíb prbnhsshbad`, sfrvhêb sbmhd` ftm. B ifpfaifatf rfmfcf pfasíb pbr ebrtf f duxå`hb-rfmùsíb.

]DHCD EDH] D `fh a¿ :.<66 if 48<8 d`tfrbu d M@Y, dtud`hzdaib bs vd`brfs ids eu`tds trdcd`lhstds, dep`hdaib sud dp`hmdêíb. Faffle, b pdräjrdnb 47 ib drthjb 374 id Mbasthtuhêíb Nfifrd`, ad rfidêíb idid pf`d fefaid mbasthtumhbad` a¿ 37 if 488<, fstdcf`fmfu quf d `fh ihsmhp`haf ‐d mbcfrturd ib rhsmb if dmhifatf ib trdcd`lb, d sfr datfaihid mbambrrfatfefatf pf`b rfjhef jfrd` if prfvhiïamhd sbmhd` sbmhd` f pf`b sftbr prhvdib―.

WDSD SFN@FYHS B quf è `fsíb mbrpbrd` f pfrturcdêíb nuamhbad`2 D `fsíb mbrpbrd` ab dechfatf if trdcd`lb è qud`qufr idab dadtùehmb; pbr fxfep`b? ued nrdturd, ue edmlumdib bu pfrid if ue efecrb. Oä pfrturcdêíb nuamhbad` è ue prfouåzb db nuamhbadefatb if qud`qufr ýrjíb bu sfathib, mbeb pfrturcdêíb efatd` ifvhib d ued pdamdid, b prfouåzb db nuamhbadefatb ib puèíb pf`d dsphrdêíb bu hajfstíb if ue f`fefatb abmhvb usdib ab trdcd`lb ftm.

D Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` pbssuh `fhs rf`dthvdefatf abvds, eds síb dcrdajfatfs, pbhs mbcrfe bs sfjurdib f sfus ifpfaifatfs. Ab mdsb id ]fjurdaêd ]fjurd aêd ib Yrdcd`lb, Yrdcd`lb, abssb nbmb sfríb bs dmhifatfs f ibfaêds if trdcd`lb f prbfflsshbadhs, quf vfrfebs edhs dihdatf.

Dmhifatfs f Ibfaêds if Yrdcd`lb

Dthtuifs prfvfathvds Ved pbsturd trdihmhbad` ab dechfatf if trdcd`lb è dquf`d fe quf d rfspbasdch`hidif è dpfads ab sftbr if sfjurdaêd, mbe dêíb mbrrfthvd f mbatrb`f if pfrids luedads. Fe ued pbsturd prfvfathvd, d rfspbasdch`hidif è if tbibs, mbe dêíb prfvfathvd f mbatrb`f if pfrids luedads f edtfrhdhs; bu sfod, mbeprbefthefatb if tbibs dbs prbjrdeds f dthvhidifs ifsfavb`vhibs. D pbsturd prfvfathvd è iffflahid tdecèe mbeb ued bmbrrïamhd aíb prbjrdedid f haifsf odid, hafspfr hafspfrdid did bu aíb, aíb, quf hatfr hatfrrbep rbepff bu hatfrhatfrnfrf ab prbmfssb abred` if ued dthvhidif f trdz, mbeb mbasfquïamhd, ibr, pfrid bu ebrtf. ebr tf.

B drthjb 48 id `fh a¿ <.34= dfflred quf? @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d =

:>


ab pfrmursb id rfshiïamhd pdrd b `bmd` if trdcd`lb, bu vhmf-vfrsd, qud`qufr quf sfod b efhb if `bmbebêíb, hamùshvf vfåmu`b prýprhb ib trdcd`ldibr. 

]DHCD EDH] Ad pbsturd prfvfathvd, fxhstf ue tfreb mldedib hamhifatf , uth`hzdib pdrd ifshjadr ue ‐qudsf dmhifatf―. Fe butrds pd`dvrds? ued shtudêíb fe quf lbuvf ue rhsmb f ued fxpbshêíb sheu`tãafd d f`f, eds aíb lbuvf pfrids.

Bcsfrvdêöfs • Tudatb db dmhifatf if trdoftb, fstf ifhxd if sf mdrdmtfrhzdr dmhifatf qudaib b trdcd`ldibr thvfr, pbr hatfrfssf prýprhb, hatfrrbephib bu d`tfrdib b pfrmursb abred`. • B dmhifatf tåphmb if trdcd`lb bmbrrf ab `bmd` f iurdatf b trdcd`lb, mbashifrdib ue dmhifatf sÿchtb, vhb`fatb bu bmdshbad` quf prbvbmd, ab feprfjdib, hamdpdmhtdêíb pdrd prfstdr sfus sfrvhêbs. • Ab `bmd` if trdcd`lb bu iurdatf b lbrärhb ifstf, bs pfråbibs ifsthadibs ç rfnfhêíb bu ifsmdasb f ç sdthsndêíb if afmfsshidifs fflshb`ýjhmds síb mbashifrdibs fxfrmåmhbs ib trdcd`lb. • Aíb è mbashifrdid djrdvdêíb bu mbep`hmdêíb if dmhifatf if trdcd`lb d `fsíb rfsu`tdatf if dmhifatf if butrd brhjfe, quf sf dssbmhd bu sf supfrpbald çs mbasfquïamhds ib dmhifatf.

Yhpbs if dmhifatfs if trdcd`lb If dmbrib mbe b drthjb 34 id `fh a¿ <.34=, síb mbashifrdibs dmhifatfs if trdcd`lb? • B dmhifatf `hjdib db trdcd`lb quf, fecbrd aíb tfald shib d mdusd ÿahmd, mbatrhcuhu ihrftdefatf pdrd d ebrtf ib sfjurdib, d rfiuêíb bu pfrid id mdpdmhidif db trdcd`lb bu d ued `fsíb quf fxhod dtfaêíb eèihmd pdrd sud rfmupfrdêíb. • B dmhifatf sbnrhib ab `bmd` f ab lbrärhb if trdcd`lb, fe mbasfquïamhd if?  dtb if djrfssíb djrfssíb,, sdcbtdjfe bu tfrrbrhseb prdthmdib pbr tfrmfhrb bu mb`fjd if trdcd`lb;  bnfasd nåshmd hatfamhbad`, hamùshvf if tfrmfhrb, pbr ebthvb if ihsputd rf`dmhbadid db trdcd`lb;  dtb if hepruiïamhd, afj`hjïamhd bu hepfråmhd if tfrmfhrb bu if mb`fjd if trdcd`lb;  dtb if pfssbd prhvdid ib usb id rdzíb;  ifsdcdefatb, hauaidêíb, hamïaihb f butrbs mdsbs dmhifatdhs bu ifmbrrfatfs ifmb rrfatfs if nbrêd edhbr.

Yhpbs if ibfaêds if trdcd`lb ]fjuaib b drthjb 37 id `fh a¿ <.34=, síb mbashifrdibs dmhifatfs if trdcd`lb bs sfjuhatfs thpbs if ibfaêds bmdshbadids ab dechfatf if trdcd`lb? ibfaêds prbnhsshbadhs f ibfaêds ib trdcd`lb. Ibfaêds prbnhsshbadhs síb ifmbrrfatfs ib fxfrmåmhb ib trdcd`lb pfmu`hdr ç iftfrehadid dthvhidif, quf mbastde ad rf`dêíb f`dcbrdid pf`b Ehahstèrhb ib Yrdcd`lb f Ehahstèrhb id Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd`. D`juas fxfep`bs ifssds ibfaêds síb fstfs?

• D ibfaêd prbvfahfatf if mbatdehadêíb dmhifatd` ib feprfjdib ab fxfrmåmhb if sud dthvhidif. • B dmhifatf sbnrhib, dhaid quf nbrd ib `bmd` if trdcd`lb?  ad fxfmuêíb if ued brife bu ad rfd`hzdêíb if sfrvhêb sbc d dutbrhidif id feprfsd;  ad prfstdêíb fspbatãafd if qud`qufr sfrvhêb ç feprfsd pdrd fvhtdr prfouåzb bu prbpbrmhbad` prbvfhtb;  fe vhdjfe d sfrvhêb id feprfsd, hamùshvf pdrd fstuib qudaib ffladamhdib, pbr fstdr ifatrb ibs p`dabs ib trdcd`ldibr pdrd ef`lbr mdpdmhtdêíb id eíb if bcrd, haifpfaifatf ib efhb if `bmbebêíb uth`hzdib, hamùshvf vfåmu`b if prbprhfidif ib trdcd`ldibr; @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d =

• IBSY (Ihstÿrchb Bstfbeusmu`drfs Sf`dmhbadibs db Yrdcd`lb). Mbaouatb if ibfaêds quf dthajfe bs eÿsmu`bs, tfaiöfs f afrvbs supfrhbrfs f tfe rf`dêíb mbe ds fxhjïamhds ids tdrfnds, ibs dechfatfs nåshmbs f id brjdahzdêíb ib trdcd`lb. ]íb haffidedêöfs prbvbmdids pbr dthvhidifs if trdcd`lb quf fxhjfe ebvhefatbs edaudhs rfpfththvbs iurdatf f db `bajb ib tfepb. • Dscfstbsf. Bmbrrf fe qufe trdcd`ld mbe fxpbshêöfs d pbfhrds if dehdatb (prbvbmd mãamfr ab puèíb). ::


• Chsshabsf. Ibfaêd puèbadr quf sf ifsfavb`vf pf`d fxpbshêíb d pbfhrds ids fflcrds if d`jbiíb. • Ifredtbsf prbfflsshbad`. Ibfaêd mdusdid pbr sucstãamhds quåehmds • Wafuebmbahbsf. Ibfaêd prbvbmdid pbr ehaèrhbs ib mdrvíb. • ]dturahseb. Ibfaêd prbvbmdid pf`b mluecb. ifsfavb`vf vf pf`d • ]hifrbsf. Ibfaêd quf sf ifsfavb` fxpbshêíb d `hed`lds, pdrtåmu`ds if nfrrb f eftd`. • ]h`hmbsf. Ibfaêd prbvbmdid pf`d pbfhrd id så`hmd. • ]urifz prbfflsshbad`. Ibfaêd mdusdid pbr eäquhads ruhibsds.

Bcsfrvdêöfs • Aíb síb mbashifrdids ibfaêds ib trdcd`lb? d ibfaêd ifjfafrdthvd; d hafrfatf db jrupb ftärhb; d quf aíb prbiuzd hamdpdmhidif if trdcd`lb; d ibfaêd faiïehmd diquhrhid pbr dquf`fs quf ldchtde fe rfjhöfs baif f`d sf ifsfavb`vf, sd`vb mbeprbvdêíb if quf è rfsu`tdatff id fxpbshêíb bu mbatdtb ihrftb ifrfsu`tdat tfrehadib pf`d adturfzd ib trdcd`lb trdcd`lb.. • Mdsb d`jued ibfaêd aíb fstfod hamùåid fe ibfaêds prbfflsshbadhs bu ib trdcd`lb, eds è rfsu`tdib ids mbaihêöfs fspfmhdhs fe quf b trdcd`lb è fxfmutdib f, mbe f`f, sf rf`dmhbaf ihrftdefatf, d Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` ifvfrä mbashifrdr fssd ibfaêd ue dmhifatf if trdcd`lb.

Ibfaêds ib trdcd`lb síb ifmbrrfatfs if ued mbaihêíb fspfmhd` ib trdcd`lb rfd`hzdib f, mbe f`f, rf`dmhbadib ihrftdefatf, quf mbastde tdecèe ad rf`dêíb ib Ehahstèrhb ib Yrdcd`lb. ^fod d`jueds if`ds?

MDY - Mbeuahmdêíb if MDY Dmhifatf if Yrdcd`lb

• Fstrfssf. È d rfspbstd ib brjdahseb d ued shtudêíb if defdêd, tfasíb, dashfidif bu euidaêd, sfod cbd bu eä, pbhs b mbrpb fstä sf prfpdrdaib pdrd fanrfatdr ue ifsdnhb. Hssb shjahnhmd quf b brjdahseb, fe pfredafatf shtudêíb if fstrfssf, fstdrä prdthmdefatf b tfepb tbib fe fstdib if d`frtd, nuamhbadaib fe mbaihêöfs dabredhs. • Ndihjd. Fstdib prbiuzhib pbr ue trdcd`lb if `bajd iurdêíb bu mbe fxhjïamhds dmhed ids mdpdmhidifs. Ifatrf d`juas shatbeds, d ndihjd dprfsfatd mfrtd rfiuêíb id mdpdmhidif f ib jbstb pdrd b trdcd`lb. • ]bnrhefatb efatd`. Fstä `hjdib ç nd`td if rfmbalfmhefatb, db mbaffihtb ndeå`hd vfrsus trdcd`lb f tdecèe db mbaffihtb èthmb. Fssf sbnrhefatb aíb è sbefatf prbiuzhib iurdatf b trdcd`lb, eds tdecèe nbrd if`f.

D Mbeuahmdêíb if Dmhifatf if Yrdcd`lb (MDY) è ue nbreu`ärhb quf d feprfsd ifvfrä prffamlfr pdrd mbeuahmdr b dmhifatf bmbrrhib mbe sfu feprfjdib, mbe bu sfe dndstdefatb, dtè b prhefhrb ihd ÿth` sfjuhatf db id bmbrrïamhd. Fe mdsb if ebrtf, d mbeuahmdêíb ifvf sfr nfhtd hefihdtdefatf ç dutbrhidif mbepftfat mbepftfatf, f, sbc pfad if eu`td vdrhävf` fatrf b `hehtf eåaheb f eäxheb ib sd`ärhb if mbatrhcuhêíb, sumfsshvdefatf duefatdid ads rfhamhiïamhds, dp`hmdid f mbcrdid pf`d Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd`. If dmbrib mbe b drthjb 33 id `fh a¿ <.34=?

BC]FS^F F]YF MD]B Ve fxfep`b if sbnrhefatb efatd` è d afurbsf, prfsfatf prhamhpdèfatf ab trdcd`lb if tf`fedrkfthaj. Wbr mdusd if`d, fssfs prbfflsshbadhs pbife diquhrhr mfnd`fhd f d`tfrdêöfs ib sbab f ib luebr. @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d =

• B dmhifatdib, bu sfus ifpfaifatfs, rfmfcfrä ued mýphd fflf` id MDY, MDY, cfe mbeb b shaihmdtb shai hmdtb id mdtfjbrhd. :<


• Mbastruêöfs f hastd`dêöfs id feprfsd? prèihbs mbe ärfds hasufflmhfatfs; phsbs aíb difqudibs; hùehadêíb iffflmhfatf f ed` ihstrhcuåid; vfath`dêíb iffflmhfatf bu fxmfsshvd; hastd`dêíb sdahtärhd heprýprhd bu hasufflmhfatf; fxmfssb if ruåib f trfphidêöfs; nd`td if brife f `hepfzd; hastd`dêöfs f`ètrhmds heprýprhds bu mbe ifnfhtb. • Eäquhads? `bmd`hzdêíb heprýprhd; nd`td if prbtfêíb ids pdrtfs eývfhs f ibs pbatbs if bpfrdêöfs; ifnfhtbs. • Edtèrhds-prheds? ifnfhtbs f eä qud`hidif; edtfrhd` nbrd if fspfmhfflmdêíb. • Wrbtfêöfs ibs trdcd`ldibrfs? hasufflmhfatfs bu hafxhstfatfs; vfstuärhb aíb dprbprhdib; md`êdibs heprýprhbs bu hafxhstfat hafxhstfatfs; fs; fquhpdefatbs if prbtfêíb mbe ifnfhtb. • Lbrärhb if trdcd`lb? fsnbrêbs rfpfththvbs f prb`bajdibs; eä ihstrhcuhêíb if lbrärhbs f if tdrfnds.

• Mdsb aíb ldod mbeuahmdêíb id feprfsd, bu fstd sf afjuf d prffamlfr d MDY, MDY, b prýprhb dmhdmh ifatdib f sfus ifpfaifatfs, d fathidif shaihmd` mbepftfatf, mbepftfa tf, b eèihmb quf dtfaifu bu qud`qufr dutbrhidif pÿc`hmd pbife nbred`hzä-`d, eds aíb prfvd`fmf, afssfs mdsbs, b prdzb prfvhstb. Efseb dsshe, aíb fxhef d feprfsd id rfspbasdc rfspbasdch`hidif h`hidif pf`d nd`td if mueprhefatb if suds rfspbasdch`hidifs f ids pfad`hidifs prfvhstds ad `fh. • Bs shaihmdtbs f fathidifs quf rfprfsfatde d m`dssf ib dmhifatdib pbifríb dmbepdaldr d mbcrdaêd ids eu`tds pf`d Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd`. • Ab mdsb if ibfaêd prbfflsshbad` bu if trdcd`lb, è mbashifrdib ihd ib dmhifatf b ihd ib haåmhb id hamdpdmhidif if trdcd`lb pdrd fxfrmåmhb id dthvhidif ldchtud`, bu b ihd id sfjrfjdêíb mbepu`sýrhd, bu b ihd fe quf nbr rfd`hzdib b ihdjaýsthmb, vd`faib b quf bmbrrfr prhefhrb. • Dpýs d mfssdêíb ib duxå`hb-ibfaêd, è jdrdathid db sfjurdib quf sbnrfu b dmhifatf, pf`b prdzb eåaheb if 43 efsfs, d edautfaêíb if sfu mbatrdtb if trdcd`lb ad feprfsd, haifpfaifatfefatf ib rfmfchefatb if duxå`hb-dmhifatf. • B pdjdefatb ids prfstdêöfs pbr dmhifatf if trdcd`lb pf`d Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` aíb fxmùh d rfspbasdch`hidif rfspbas dch`hidif mhvh` id feprfsd bu if butrbs.

Dtbs hasfjurbs ihrftbs f haihrftbs. ]íb dêöfs bu behssöfs quf, mbatrdrhdaib bs prfmfhtbs if sfjurdaêd, pbife mdusdr bu ndvbrfmfr d bmbrrïamhd if dmhifatfs. ]íb mbepbrtdefatbs fehthibs pf`b trdcd`ldibr quf pbife `fvä-`b d sbnrfr ue dmhifatf. Bs ndtbrfs quf `fvde b haihvåiub d prdthmä-`b síb euhtbs, f bs prhamhpdhs síb fstfs?

Mdusds if Dmhifatfs if Yrdcd`lb

• Ifsmbalfmhefatb ids rfjrds if sfjurdaêd f ibs eètbibs sfjurbs ib trdcd`lb. • Feprfjb heprýprhb f sfe ldch`htdêíb if nfrrdefatds nfrrdefa tds f edquhaärhbs, bu sud uth`hzdêíb mbe ifnfhtbs. • Fquhpdefatb if sfjurdaêd heprýprhb pdrd d dthvhidif, sud eä uth`hzdêíb bu rfmusd fe usä-`b. • Nd`td if trfhadefatb, mbasmhfathzdêíb, brhfatdêíb fspfmånhmd pdrd ds dthvhidifs. • Fxmfssb if mbanhdaêd, ifsmuhib, prfssd, ihstrdêíb, hasfjurdaêd f ‐crhamdifhrds if edu jbstb―.

Ndtbrfs pfssbdhs if hasfjurdaêd. ]íb bs prbc`feds pfssbdhs ib trdcd`ldibr quf, djhaib sbcrf f`f, pbife vhr d prbvbmdr dmhifatfs bu ibfaêds. Wbr fxfep`b? prbc`feds if sdÿif aíb trdtdibs, mbaffihtbs ndeh`hdrfs, nd`td if hatfrfssf pf`d dthvhidif quf ifsfepfald, usb if sucstãamhds týxhmds, prbc`feds ihvfrsbs if brife sbmhd` f/bu pshmb`ýjhmbs ftm.

Bs dmhifatfs if trdcd`lb síb mdusdibs pf`bs sfjuhatfs ndtbrfs?

Mbaihêöfs hasfjurds ab dechfatf if trdcd`lb. ]íb shtudêöfs fxhstfatfs ab dechfatf if trdcd`lb quf pbife mdusdr dmhifatfs. ^fod bs fxfep`bs? @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d =

:8


Sfjrds cäshmds ad havfsthjdê havfsthjdêíb íb if dmhifatfs

Fssfs ndtbrfs pbife prbvbmdr? • Dmhifatfs sfe `fsöfs bu idabs edtfrhdhs; • @fsöfs hefihdtds f efihdtds; • @fsöfs aíb hamdpdmhtdatfs bu hamdpdmhtdatfs tfepbrärhds, pdrmhdhs bu tbtdhs pfredafatfs; • Ebrtf.

• Cusmdr ds hanbredêöfs b edhs crfvf pbssåvf`, aíb ifhxdaib b dssuatb fsnrhdr. • Ndzfr b `fvdatdefatb ab prýprhb `bmd` `b md` f, sf pbssåvf`, prbmurdr sheu`dr d bmbrrïamhd. • Yfr muhidib pdrd aíb mrhdr shtudêöfs mbastrdajfibrds bu pfrhjbsds. • Aíb idr d hifhd if prbmurdr b mu`pdib. • Buvhr tbibs bs favb`vhibs? våtheds, mb`fjds, `åifr ib sftbr f dtè bs tèmahmbs fspfmhd`hzdibs. • Sfjhstrdr f prfsfrvdr tbids ds h anbredêöfs pbssåvfhs, pbr efabs shjahnhmdthvds quf pbssde pdrfmfr. • Havfsthjdr tbibs bs dmhifatfs, pbhs d ihnfrfaêd fatrf ue dmhifatf cdad` f butrb sèrhb è nrutb ib dmdsb. • Sfstrhajhr-sf dbs ndtbs. • Iftfrehadr f ihvu`jdr prbvhiïamhds hefihdtds pdrd fvhtdr d rfpfthêíb ib dmhifatf. • Ihvu`jdr bs rfsu`tdibs (dêöfs mbrrfthvds f prfvfathvds), pbhs sfu vd`br è nuaidefatdèfatf fiumdthvb. D pdrthr ifssfs rfsu`tdibs, hahmhdr ue prbjrded if prfvfaêíb if dmhifatfs, bu ued mdepdald if sfjurdaêd.

Havfsthjdêíb f Daä`hsf if Dmhifatfs if Yrdcd`lb

D Mbehssíb Hatfrad if Wrfvfaêíb if Dmhifatfs (MHWD), sfjuaib b htfe 6.4> id Abred Sfju`defatdibrd 6 (AS-6), pbr dtrhcuhêíb, pdrthmhpd, ouatdefatf mbe b ]frvhêb Fspfmhd`hzdib fe Fajfaldrhd if ]fjurdaêd f Efihmhad ib Yrdcd`lb (]F]EY) baif lbuvfr, bu mbe b feprfjdibr, id daä`hsf ids mdusds ids ibfaêds f ibs dmhifatfs if trdcd`lb, prbpbaib efihids if sbùêíb dbs prbc`feds hifathfflmdibs. D bmbrrïamhd if dmhifatfs if trdcd`lb è d mbeprbvdêíb ihrftd if nd`lds ab shstfed if prfvfaêíb. Wbr hssb, tbib prbjrded ifsthadib ç prfvfaêíb cusmd d aíb bmbrrïamhd if dmhifatfs, prfmbahzdaib prfmbahzda ib d dusïamhd if dmbatfmhefatbs f hanbrtÿahbs haifsfodibs ab fxfrmåmhb ids dthvhidifs if trdcd`lb dtrdvès if eètbibs quf pfrehtfe prfvfr b ndtb f mbrrhjhr datfs quf dmbatfêd. Eds qudaib b dmhifatf dmbatfmf, è if vhtd` hepbrtãamhd rfmbrrfr db fstuib ibs ndtbs quf b jfrdrde pdrd iftfmtdr suds mdusds f mbasfquïamhds, mbrrhjhaib-ds pdrd fvhtdr d rfmbrrïa rfmbrrïamhd. mhd. Ifvf-sf mbashifrdr tbibs bs dmhifatfs mbe euhtd hepbrtãamhd, haifpfaifatf if vhr dmbepdaldib if `fsíb nåshmd bu aíb. @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d =

WDSD SFN@FYHS Ved havfsthjdêíb ed` mbaiuzhid pbifrä ihstbrmfr d mdusd rfd` if ue dmhifatf. Wbr hssb, f`d ifvf sfr nfhtd mbe dtfaêíb f muhidib f mbatdr mbe b dpbhb ids `hifrdaêds ihrftds ib dmhifatdib f if sfus mb`fjds if trdcd`lb.

Yfrebs uth`hzdibs ad havfsthjdêíb f daä`hsf if dmhifatfs • @bmd`hzdêíb id `fsíb? haihmdêíb ab mbrpb ib `bmd` id `fsíb? crdêb, datfcrdêb, pfrad ftm. • Adturfzd id `fsíb? hifathfflmdêíb id `fsíb sfjuaib suds mdrdmtfråsthmds prhamhpdhs? ùxdêíb, nrdturd fxpbstd, mlbquf f`ètrhmb ftm. • Djfatf ib dmhifatf? haihmdêíb id mbhsd, sucstãamhd bu dechfatf quf, sfaib hafrfatf ç mbaihêíb ib dechfatf if sfjurdaêd, tfald prbvbmdib b dmhifatf. <7


AYFW - Afxb Yèmahmb Fphifehb`ýjhmb Wrfvhifamhärhb

• @fsíb mbe dndstdefatb (`fsíb hamdpdmhtdatf bu `fsíb mbe pfrid if tfepb)? `fsíb pfssbd` quf hepfif b dmhifatdib if vb`tdr db trdcd`lb ab ihd hefihdtb ib dmhifatf bu quf rfsu`tf hamdpdmhidif pfredafatf. • @fsíb sfe dndstdefatb (`fsíb aíb hamdpdmhtdatf bu `fsíb sfe pfrid if tfepb)? `fsíb pfssbd` quf aíb hepfif b dmhifatdib if vb`tdr db trdcd`lb ab ihd hefihdtb.

D Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` prbpùs db MAW], mbe rfprfsfatdêíb ib jbvfrab, feprfsärhbs, feprfjdibs f dssbmhdêöfs if dpbsfatdibs f pfashbahstds d dibêíb if ue hepbrtdatf efmdahseb duxh`hdr pdrd d mdrdmtfrhzdêíb if ue dmhifatf bu ibfaêd if trdcd`lb? b Afxb Yèmahmb Fphifehb`ýjhmb Wrfvhifamhärhb (AYFW). D pdrthr ib mruzdefatb ids hanbredêöfs hanbredêöfs if mýihjb if M`dsshfflmdêíb Hatfradmhbad` if Ibfaêds (MHI-47) f if mýihjbs ib MADF, b AYFW dpbatd d fxhstïamhd if ued rf`dêíb fatrf d `fsíb bu djrdvb f d dthvhidif ifsfavb`vhid pf`b trdcd`ldibr. D haihmdêíb ib AYFW fstä fecdsdid fe fstuibs mhfatåfflmbs d`haldibs mbe bs nuaidefatbs id fstdtåsthmd f fphifehb`bjhd. D pdrthr ifssd rfnfrïamhd, d efihmhad pfrhmhd` ib HA]] jdald edhs ued hepbrtdatf nfrrdefatd-duxh`hdr fe suds daä`hsfs pdrd mbamùsíb sbcrf d adturfzd id hamdpdmhidif db trdcd`lb dprfsfatdid, sf if adturfzd prfvhifamhärhd bu dmhifatärhd. B AYFW nbh hep`fefatdib abs shstfeds hanbredthzdibs ib HA]] pdrd mbamfssíb if cfafnåmhbs fe 377: f hefihdtdefatf prbvbmbu ued euidaêd rdihmd` ab pfrffl` id mbamfssíb if duxå`hbs-ibfaêd if adturfzd dmhifatärhd? lbuvf ue duefatb if 49<%. Fssf vd`br pfrehtf mbashifrdr d lhpýtfsf if quf ldvhd ue edsmdrdefatb ad abthfflmdêíb if dmhifatfs f if ibfaêds if trdcd`lb.

NDW - Ndtbr Dmhifatärhb if Wrfvfaêíb D `fh a¿ 47.>>> if 377= pbsshch`htbu d rfiuêíb bu b duefatb id mbatrhcuhêíb rfmb`lhid pf`ds feprfsds ifsthadid db ffladamhdefatb ibs cfafnåmhbs mbamfihibs pbr mdusd ib jrdu if hamhiïamhds if hamdpdmhidif ib trdcd`lb ifmbrrfatfs ifmbrrfatfs ibs rhsmbs dechfatdhs. Fssd `fh, fe sfu drthjb 47, prfsmrfvf prfsmrf vf quf ds d`åqubtds if 4%, 3% bu =%, pbr feprfsd, pbifríb vdrhdr fatrf d eftdif f b ibcrb, if dmbrib mbe d eftbib`bjhd dprbvdid pf`b Mbasf`lb Admhbad` if Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` (MAW]). Yrdtd-sf id hasthtuhêíb ib Ndtbr Dmhifatärhb if Wrfvfaêíb (NDW), quf è ue eu`thp`hmdibr sbcrf d d`åqubtd if 4%, 3% bu =% mbrrfspbaifatf db faqudirdefatb id feprfsd sfjuaib d M`dsshfflmdêíb Admhbad` if Dthvhidifs Fmbaùehmds (MADF), prfpbaifrdatf, abs tfrebs ib dafxb ^ ib Sfju`defatb id Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` (SW]), dprbvdib pf`b ifmrftb a¿ =.79< if 4888. Fssf eu`thp`hmdibr ifvf vdrhdr fe ue hatfrvd`b nfmldib mbatåaub if 7,6 d 3,7. B bcofthvb ib NDW è hamfathvdr d ef`lbrhd ids mbaihêöfs if trdcd`lb f id sdÿif ib trdcd`ldibr, fstheu`daib ds feprfsds d hep`fefatdrfe pb`åthmds edhs fnfthvds if sdÿif f sfjurdaêd ab trdcd`lb pdrd rfiuzhr dmhifatfs. Dsshe, b NDW, quf sfrä rfmd`mu`dib pfrhbihmdefatf, haihvhiud`hzd d d`åqubtd if 4%, 3% bu =% prfvhstd ab dafxb ^ ib SW], duefatdaib bu rfiuzhaib b vd`br id d`åqubtd mbanbref d qudathidif, d jrdvhidif f b mustb ids bmbrrïamhds dmhifatärhds fe mdid feprfsd. Mbe b NDW, ds feprfsds mbe edhs dmhifatfs f dmhifatfs edhs jrdvfs pdssdríb d mbatrhcuhr mbe ue vd`br edhbr, faqudatb ds feprfsds mbe efabs dmhifatfs tfríb ued rfiuêíb ab vd`br if mbatrhcuhêíb. @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d =

D `fjhs`dêíb hatrbiuzhu shjahfflmdthvd ebihfflmdêíb ab shstfed if prbvd ib dmhifatf ib trdcd`lb db mrhdr b Afxb Yèmahmb Fphifehb`ýjhmb Wrfvhifamhärhb - AYFW. D fxprfssíb ‐fphifehb`bjhd― shjahfflmd dquh b fstuib hatfrihsmhp`hadr ibs ndtbrfs quf haffiufamhde ad prb`hnfrdêíb if ibfaêds f sud ihstrhcuhêíb sbcrf iftfrehadid pbpu`dêíb. B oä fxhstfatf AYW (Afxb Yèmahmb Wrfvhifamhärhb) rfsu`td ib mruzdefatb ib ihdjaýsthmb eèihmb faqudirdib ad MHI (M`dsshfflmdêíb Hatfradmhbad` if Ibfaêd) mbe d bmupdêíb ib trdcd`ldibr ad feprfsd. B AYFW è edhs dep`b, pbhs mbashifrd hahmhdèfatf b AYW (ihdjaýsthmb haihvhiud` - MHI) f b ihefashbad d pdrthr if sud hamhiïamhd fstdtåsthmd ifatrb id M`dsshfflmdêíb Admhbad` if Dthvhidif - MADF. <4


^FOD ]F DWSFAIFV 4. @fhd ds iffflahêöfs sbcrf dechfatf if trdcd`lb f, ifpbhs, edrquf d d`tfradthvd mbrrftd. H - Dechfatf if trdcd`lb è ue mbaouatb if ndtbrfs quf dtud ihrftdefatf ad qud`hidif if vhid ids pfssbds f hatfrnfrf ab rfsu`tdib if sfus trdcd`lbs. HH - Ab dechfatf if trdcd`lb, è prfmhsb fambatrdr mbaihêöfs quf prbpbrmhbafe b eäxheb if prbtfêíb f sdthsndêíb dbs trdcd`ldibr trdcd`ldibrfs. fs. d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) Dpfads Dpfads H fstä mbrrftd. mbrrftd. ) Dpfads HH fstä mbrrftd. ) H f HH fstíb mbrrftds. mbrrftds. ) H f HH fstíb hambrrftds. hambrrftds.

3. Ab Crdsh`, d prhefhrd `fh quf trdtd sbcrf dmhifatfs if trdcd`lb surjhu ab fflad` id ièmdid if 4847. Ifpbhs, surjhrde butrds `fhs, hamùshvf d Mbasb`hidêíb ids @fhs ib Yrdcd`lb (M@Y). Fe quf dab ued `fh (bu ifmrftb-`fh) fatrbu fe vhjbr trdtdaib sbcrf b p`dab if cfafnåmhbs id Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd`2 d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) Fe 4899, mbe mbe b ifmrftb-`fh a¿ :.7=> ) Fe 48>:, mbe mbe d `fh a¿ 6.=4> ) Fe 48:>, mbe mbe d `fh a¿ >.=>: ) Fe 4884, mbe mbe d `fh a¿ <.34=

=. ]bcrf dmhifatfs if trdcd`lb, fsmrfvd (^) pdrd vfridifhrb f (N) pdrd nd`sb. Ifpbhs, edrquf d d`tfradthvd mbrrftd. ( ) ]f ue trdcd`ldibr sbnrfr sbnrfr d`jue thpb if dmhifatf dmhifatf iurdatf sfu trdoftb trdoftb db trdcd`lb hssb, hssb, è mbashifrdib dmhifatf if trdcd`lb. Hamùhaib b rftbrab pdrd mdsd. ( ) ]f b trdcd`ldibr sdhr sdhr ib sfu trdoftb if hid bu vb`td vb`td ib trdcd`lb f sbnrfr sbnrfr d`jue thpb if dmhifadmhifatf, hssb tdecèe haihmd dmhifatf if trdcd`lb. ( ) Bs pfråbibs if rfnfhêíb, rfnfhêíb, ifsmdasb ifsmdasb f sdthsndêíb if afmfsshidifs fflshb`ýjhmds fflshb`ýjhmds síb mbashifrdibs mbashifrdibs fxfrmåmhbs ib trdcd`lb. d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) N” N”^ ) ^ ” N ”^ ) ^ ”^ ”^ ) N”^ ”N

9. Cusmdr pbr hanbredêöfs b edhs crfvf pbssåvf` f ndzfr b `fvdatdefatb ab prýprhb `bmd` síb d`jueds rfjrds pdrd? d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) prffamlfr b MD MDY. Y. ) havfsthjdr ue dmhifatf if trdcd`lb ) mbatrdtdr mbatrdtdr ue sfjurdaêd ib trdcd`lb. trdcd`lb. ) fvhtdr dmhifatfs if trdcd`lb. trdcd`lb.

@fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d =

<3


Du`d 9

WDSD SFN@FYHS

WSF^HIÏAMHD ]BMHD@ Hatrbiuêíb

Ved pfssbd prfvfahid è dquf`d quf sfeprf sf prfbmupd mbe b nuturb, quf sf prfpdrd pdrd bs dmbatfmhefatbs fspfrdibs bu hafspfrdibs. Bs dmhifatfs síb fvfatbs hafspfrdibs quf pbife dtrdpd`ldr d vhid id pfssbd, aíb tïe ihd afe lbrd pdrd dmbatfmfr f pbife dndstdr d pfssbd if suds dthvhidifs if trdcd`lb.

@fjhs`dêíb id Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` ab Crdsh` D Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` ab Crdsh` tfe edhs if mfe dabs if lhstýrhd, muod prhefhrd `fjhs`dêíb pfrthafatf è idtdid if 4<<<, qudaib nbh rfju`defatdib b ihrfhtb ç dpbsfatdibrhd pdrd feprfjdibs ibs Mbrrfhbs. B pbatb if pdrthid id mrhdêíb id Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` nbh d @fh F`ýh Mldvfs (ifmrftb a¿ 9.><3) if 483=, quf mrhbu d Mdhxd if Dpbsfatdibrhd f pfasöfs pdrd feprfjdibs if nfrrbvhärhds, fstdcf`fmfaib dsshstïamhd eèihmd, dpbsfatdibrhd f pfasöfs vä`hids hamùshvf pdrd bs sfus ndeh`hdrfs. Fe trïs dabs, d @fh sfrhd fstfaihid pdrd trdcd`ldibrfs if feprfsds pbrtuärhds f edråtheds. B drthjb =¿ id `fh a¿ <.343 if 4884, quf trdtd sbcrf d sfjurhidif sbmhd`, dfflred quf?

Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` è ue sfjurb sbmhd` efihdatf mbatrhcuhêöfs prfvhifamhärhds, muod fflad`hidif è d if prbvfr sucshstïamhd db trdcd`ldibr fe mdsb if pfrid if sud mdpdmhidif if trdcd`lb. È ued hasthtuhêíb pÿc`hmd quf tfe mbeb bcofthvb rfmbalfmfr f mbamfifr ihrfhtbs dbs sfus sfjurdibs. D rfaid trdasnfrhid pf`d Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` è uth`hzdid pdrd sucsthtuhr d rfaid ib trdcd`ldibr mbatrhcuhatf qudaib f`f pfrifr d mdpdmhidif if trdcd`ldr,, sfod pbr ibfaêd, havd`hifz, hidif dvdaêdid, if`ldr if sfeprfjb havbùatärhb, edtfrahidif bu rfmùsíb. B prhamhpd` bcofthvb id Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` è jdrdathr d rfpbshêíb if rfaid ibs sfus sfjurdibs qudaib fstfs pfrife sud mdpdmhidif if trdcd`lb. Dsshe, b haihmdibr edhs dprbprhdib pdrd ihsmuthr d shtudêíb sbmhd` id Wrfvhiïamhd è d ifsmrhêíb ibs thpbs if sfjurdibs f ids rf`dêöfs ib trdcd`lb quf fstíb prbtfjhids mbatrd bs rhsmbs sbmhdhs mbcfrtbs pf`d Wrfvhiïamhd f ids rf`dêöfs quf aíb tïe fstd mbcfrturd. ]íb haihmdibrfs quf rfeftfe ç fstruturd ib efrmdib if trdcd`lb f çs nbreds if hasfrêíb if trdcd`lb ibs haihvåiubs. D Wrfvhiïamhd fstä brjdahzdid sbc nbred if rfjhef jfrd`, if mdrätfr mbatrhcuthvb f if ffl`hdêíb bcrhjdtýrhd, bcsfrvdaib bs mrhtèrhbs quf prfsfrvfe b fquh`åcrhb ffladamfhrb f dtudrhd` (rfnfrfatf ç daä`hsf if rhsmbs f fxpfmtdthvds), d`èe if dtfaifr, abs tfrebs id `fh, ç mbcfrturd ibs fvfatbs if ibfaêd, havd`hifz, ebrtf f hidif dvdaêdid; prbtfêíb ç edtfrahidif f db trdcd`ldibr fe mdsb if ifsfeprfjb havbùatärhb; sd`ärhb-ndeå`hd f duxå`hb-rfmùsíb pdrd bs ifpfaifatfs ibs sfjurdibs if cdhxd rfaid. @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d 9

D Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` tfe pbr ffle dssfjurdr dbs sfus cfaffflmhärhbs efhbs haihspfasävfhs if edautfaêíb, pbr ebthvb if hamdpdmhidif, hidif dvdaêdid, tfepb if sfrvhêb, ifsfeprfjb havbùatärhb, famdrjbs if ndeå`hd f rfmùsíb bu ebrtf idquf`fs if qufe ifpfaihde fmbabehmdefa fmbabehmdefatf. tf. Mbe d prbeu`jdêíb id Mbasthtuhêíb fe 48<<, lbuvf ued aåthid vd`brhzdêíb ib Ihrfhtb Ih rfhtb Wrfvhifamhärhb, db trdtdr-sf if`d fe ue mdpåtu`b quf vfrsd sbcrf d sfjurhidif sbmhd` (drthjbs 489 d 379). D pdrthr idå, d Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd`, d dsshstïamhd sbmhd` f d sdÿif pdssdrde d ndzfr pdrtf id sfjurhidif sbmhd`, quf aíb frd prfvhstb ad Mbasthtuhêíb if 489> d qud` hamùhd d edtèrhd ab tåtu`b id Brife Fmbaùehmd fe ue ÿahmb drthjb quf trdtdvd if ihrfhtbs trdcd`lhstds f prfvhifamhärhbs. <=


Mbamfhtb if ]dÿif

Mbasthtuhaib ifssd nbred ue rdeb fspfmånhmb ib Ihrfhtb Mbasthtumhbad`, d sfjurhidif sbmhd` sf nbrtd`fmfu mbe prhamåphbs prýprhbs, dp`hmävfhs dbs cfafnåmhbs prfvhifamhärhbs f dsshstfamhdhs. Wbifebs mhtdr b drthjb 97, hamh sbs H, HH f HHH f sfus pdräjrdnbs =¿, 9¿ f 6¿, tbibs sf rfnfrhaib ç prbpbrmhbad`hidif bu hatfjrd`hidif ibs prbvfatbs pdjbs dbs sfrvhibrfs pÿc`hmbs mhvhs, if dmbrib mbe mdid mdsb fspfmånhmb iftfrehadib pf`d Mbasthtuhêíb. B drthjb 46=, pdräjrdnb 3¿, hamhsb HH, quf vfrsd sbcrf d hepbsshch`hidif if hamhiïamhd if hepbstbs sbcrf rfaihefatbs prbvfahfatfs if dpbsfatdibrhd f pfasíb, pdjbs pf`d Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` d pfssbds mbe hidif supfrhbr d >6 dabs, muod rfaid tbtd` sfod mbasthtuåid, fxmùshvdefatf, if rfaihefatbs ib trdcd`lb, tdecèe ihspöf sbcrf vd`brfs if cfafnåmhbs. Fstf drthjb vhsd prbtfjfr b vd`br ib cfafnåmhb pdjb dbs hibsbs quf sbcrfvhvfe dpfads ifstf cfafnåmhb, prfvfaib d aíb hamhiïamhd if hepbstbs id Vahíb sbcrf rfaids f prbvfatbs if qud`qufr adturfzd. Fambatrdebs tdecèe bs hamhsbs HH f H^ ib drthjb 489, quf trdtde sbcrf d sfjurhidif sbmhd` quf mbeprffaif ue mbaouatb hatfjrdib if dêöfs if hahmhdthvd ibs pbifrfs pÿc`hmbs f id sbmhfidif, ifsthadids d dssfjurdr bs ihrfhtbs rf`dthvbs ç sdÿif, ç prfvhiïamhd f ç dsshstïamhd sbmhd`. ^fod b quf ihz b drthjb 374 id Mbasthtuhêíb?

D sdÿif pbif sfr mbashifrdid mbeb d pfrnfhtd f mbatåaud didptdêíb ib brjdahseb luedab db sfu dechfatf. Abssd vhid trdasmbrrf prdthmdefatf fe ibhs dechfatfs? b id mbeuahidif f b ib trdcd`lb, muods mdrdmtfråsthmds prýprhds dtude sbcrf abssb brjdahseb ifedaidaib didptdêöfs pshmbnhshb`ýjhmds, quf, sf fxmfsshvds bu aíb dthajhids, iftfrehade ibfaêds d murtb, eèihb bu `bajb prdzb. If dmbrib mbe b drthjb 48> id Mbasthtuhêíb? D sdÿif è ihrfhtb if tbibs f ifvfr ib Fstdib, jdrdathib efihdatf pb`åthmds sbmhdhs f fmbaùehmds quf vhsfe ç rfiuêíb ib rhsmb if ibfaêd f if butrbs djrdvbs f db dmfssb uahvfrsd` f hjud`htärhb çs dêöfs f sfrvhêbs pdrd sud prbebêíb, prbtfêíb f rfmupfrdêíb. Bs dechfatfs if trdcd`lb, fe quf pdssdebs mfrmd if bhtb lbrds pbr ihd, sfeprf nbrde mbashifrdibs mbeb bs if edhbr pbtfamhd` djrfsshvb ç sdÿif, ifsif d Dathjuhidif. D haiustrhd`hzdêíb djrdvbu dhaid edhs fssd shtudêíb, pbhs djfatfs nåshmbs, quåehmbs f chb`ýjhmbs rbepfrde bs `hehtfs ids näcrhmds, fstfaifaib sfus fnfhtbs abmhvbs d tbid mbeuahidif, dtrdvès id pbùhêíb ib dr, ids äjuds f ib sb`b, mrhdaib ue sèrhb prbc`fed pdrd d sdÿif pÿc`hmd. Djrfjufe-sf d hssb ndtbrfs sbmhbfmbaùehmbs f pshmb`ýjhmbs f tfrfebs ued hifhd ib aåvf` if fstrfssf d quf fstä sucefthid d sbmhfidif ebifrad. ]ý fxhstf ued ebid`hidif if pfasíb, quf è d pfasíb pbr ebrtf, mbamfihid dbs ifpfaifatfs ib sfjurdib pbr ebthvb if nd`fmhefatb. Bs cfafnåmhbs hamùfe dhaid duxå`hb-ffladamfhrb, fe mdsb if ibfaêd, dmhifatf bu rfmùsíb, cfe mbeb b sd`ärhb-edtfrahidif f b sd`ärhb-ndeå`hd.

D prfvhiïamhd sbmhd` sfrä brjdahzdid sbc d nbred if rfjhef jfrd`, if mdrätfr mbatrhcuthvb f if nh`hdêíb bcrhjdtýrhd, bcsfrvdibs mrhtèrhbs quf prfsfrvfe b fquh`åcrhb nhadamfhrb f dtudrhd`, f dtfaifrä, abs tfrebs id `fh, d? H - mbcfrturd ibs fvfatbs if ibfaêd, havd`hifz, ebrtf f hidif dvdaêdid; HH - prbtfêíb ç edtfrahidif, fspfmhdèfatf ç jfstdatf; HHH - prbtfêíb db trdcd`ldibr fe shtudêíb if ifsfeprfj ifsfeprfjb b havbùatärhb; H^ - sd`ärhb-ndeå`hd f duxå`hb-rfmùsíb pdrd bs ifpfaifatfs ibs sfjurdibs if cdhxd rfaid; ^ - pfasíb pbr ebrtf ib sfjurdib, lbefe bu eu`lfr, db mùaoujf bu mbepdalfhrb f ifpfaifatfs. @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d 9

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D sfjurhidif sbmhd` è ue shstfed quf prbpbrmhbad db haihvåiub b ihrfhtb if rfmfcfr ued rfaid dpýs sud hadthvhidif fmbaùehmd. Ab Crdsh`, fstf nùxb nuturb if rfaid fstä mbaihmhbadib db ndtb if quf f`f tfald mbatrhcuåib, db `bajb if sud vhid, pdrd d edautfaêíb ib shstfed if rfpdrthêíb. B Fstdib, pbr efhb if ue mbaouatb if efihids, mbatrb`d d sfjurhidif sbmhd`, ndzfaib mbe quf b mhidiíb tfald sfjurdaêd f trdaquh`hidif. ^fod b quf ihz b drthjb 489 id Mbasthtuhêíb sbcrf sfjurhidif sbmhd`?

Wbifebs abs prbjrdedr pdrd fanrfatdr ds divfrshidifs f trdêdr p`dabs pdrd tfr ued vhid ef`lbr. Wfasdaib afssds pbsshch`hidifs, d Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` bnfrfmf bs cfafnåmhbs prbjrdedibs prbjrdedibs f bs cfafnåmhbs aíb prbjrdedibs.

Cfafnåmhbs prbjrdedibs. ]íb dquf`fs fe quf b trdcd`ldibr pbif prfvfr qudaib hrä dmbatfmfr,, hamùshvf qud` vd`br fsthedib ib cfafnåmhb. tfmfr Afstf mdsb, fstíb ds dpbsfatdibrhds pbr hidif, tfepb if mbatrhcuhêíb f fspfmhd`. Cfafnåmhbs aíb prbjrdedibs . ]íb bs cfafnåmhbs hasthtuåibs pdrd mbcrhr fvfatbs aíb p`dafodibs f bs rhsmbs sbmhdhs. Wbssuh fssf abef pbrquf fssfs fvfatbs pbife bmbrrfr d qud`qufr ebefatb bu aíb síb p`dafodibs pf`b trdcd`ldibr. Afstf mdsb, hamùfe-sf duxå`hb-dmhifatf, dpbsfatdibrhd pbr havd`hifz, sd`ärhb-edtfrahidif f sd`ärhb-ndeå`hd, quf rfprfsfatde prbtfêíb dbs sfjurdibs, d`èe id pfasíb pbr ebrtf f duxå`hb-rfmùsíb, ifsthadibs db depdrb ibs ifpfaifatfs.

D sfjurhidif sbmhd` mbeprffaif ue mbaouatb hatfjrdib if dêöfs if hahmhdthvd ibs Wbifrfs Wÿc`hmbs f id sbmhfidif, ifsthadids d dssfjurdr bs ihrfhtbs rf`dthvbs ç sdÿif, ç prfvhiïamhd f ç dsshstïamhd sbmhd`. Wdräjrdnb ÿahmb. Mbepftf db Wbifr Wÿc`hmb, abs tfrebs id `fh, brjdahzdr d sfjurhidif sbmhd`, mbe cdsf abs sfjuhatfs bcofthvbs? H - uahvfrsd`hidif id mbcfrturd f ib dtfaihefatb; HH - uahnbrehidif f fquhvd`ïamhd ibs cfafnåmhbs f sfrvhêbs çs pbpu`dêöfs urcdads f rurdhs; HHH - sf`fthvhidif f ihstrhcuthvhidif ad prfstdêíb ibs cfafnåmhbs f sfrvhêbs; H^ - hrrfiuthch`hidif ib vd`br ibs cfafnåmhbs; ^ - fquhidif ad nbred if pdrthmhpdêíb ab mustfhb; ^H - ihvfrshidif id cdsf if ffladamhdefatb; ^HH - mdrätfr ifebmräthmb f ifsmfatrd`hzdib id diehahstrdêíb, efihdatf jfstíb qudirhpdrthtf, mbe pdrthmhpdêíb ibs trdcd`ldibrfs, ibs feprfjdibrfs, ibs dpbsfatdibs f ib Jbvfrab abs ýrjíbs mb`fjhdibs.

]DHCD EDH] Cfafnåmhb bu sfrvhêb, bcoftbs id sfjurhidif sbmhd`, pbifríb sfr mrhdibs, duefatdibs bu fstfaihibs sfe d mbrrfspbaifatf nbatf if mustfhb tbtd`.

]fjurhidif ]bmhd`

D sfjurhidif sbmhd` mbeprffaif ue mba ouatb hatfjr hatfjrdib dib if dêöfs if hahm hahmhdth hdthvd vd ibs pbifrfs pÿc`hmbs f id sbmhfidif, ifsthadib d dssfjurdr b ihrfhtb rf`dthvb ç sdÿif, ç prfvhiïamhd f ç dsshstïamhd sbmhd`. D prhamhpd` ihnfrfaêd fatrf d prfvhiïamhd sbmhd` (drthjb 374), d sdÿif (drthjb 48>) f dsshstïamhd sbmhd` (drthjb 37=) fstä ad mbatrhcuhêíb? d prhefhrd fxhjf, f ds butrds iuds aíb. @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d 9

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]hstfed Crdsh`fhrb if ]fjurhidif

D`juas Fstdibs f, prhamhpdèfatf, euahmåphbs bptde pf`d difsíb db SJW], fe vfz if mbasthtuhr ue rfjhef prýprhb, ifvhib d ihnhmuìdifs nhadamfhrds bu fe nuaêíb id qudathidif f`fvdid if sfjurdibs sucbrihadibs ç diehahstrdêíb pÿc`hmd.

Ab Crdsh`, fxhstfe trïs rfjhefs prfvhifamhärhb. Ibhs if`fs síb mbepu`sýrhbs, hstb è, bcrhjdtýrhbs. B tfrmfhrb è b rfjhef if prfvhiïamhd mbep`fefatdr ndmu`tdthvb, bu sfod, d pdrthmhpdêíb pfssbd` ifpfaif fxmùshvdefatf ib hatfrfssf ib haihvåiub fe mbatrhcuhr pdrd ue p`dab prhvdib if dpbsfatdibrhd. Bs ibhs shstfeds bcrhjdtýrhbs síb bpfrdibs pbr ýrjíbs pÿc`hmbs, quf rfmb`lfe d mbatrhcuhêíb f pdjde cfafnåmhbs dbs dpbsfatdibs f pfashbahstds. Oä b shstfed mbepu`sýrhb è b Sfjhef Jfrd` if Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` (SJW]), rfspbasävf` pf`d sucsthtuhêíb id rfaid ib trdcd`ldibr mbatrhcuhatf qudaib f`f pfrif d mdpdmhidif if trdcd`lb, sfod pbr ibfaêd, havd`hifz, hidif dvdaêdid, ebrtf bu ifsfeprfjb havbùatärhb, bu pbr edtfrahidif bu rfmùsíb.

B tfrmfhrb rfjhef è b id prfvhiïamhd prhvdid, if mdrätfr mbep`fefatdr f bpmhbad`, hatfjrdid pbr ibhs sfjefatbs ihsthatbs? prfvhiïamhd mbep`fefatdr nfmldid, mbalfmhid mbeb nuaibs if pfasíb; f prfvhiïamhd mbep`fefatdr dcfrtd, nbredid pbr feprfsds mbe ffle ÿahmb if bpfrdr afssf sfjefatb bu pbr sfjurdibrds quf mrhde f diehahstrde p`dabs if cfafnåmhbs prfvhifamhärhbs. D sfjurhidif sbmhd` fstä cdsfdid abs sfjuhatfs prhamåphbs? • Mbalfmhefatb if mbcfrturd f dtfaihefatb if tbids ds shtudêöfs if rhsmb sbmhd`; • @hcfrdêíb ibs efsebs cfafnåmhbs f sfrvhêbs çs pbpu`dêöfs urcdads f rurdhs; • ]f`fthvhidif f ihstrhcuhêíb ad prfstdêíb ibs cfafnåmhbs f ibs sfrvhêbs.

WDSD SFN@FYHS Tud` d hidif eåahed pdrd d hasmrhêíb ad Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd`2 D pdrthr ibs 4> dabs if hidif, bs mhidiíbs pbife sf hasmrfvfr ad Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd`.

D sf`fthvhidif mbashstf ad f`fhêíb ibs rhsmbs f ids mbathajïamhds sbmhdhs d sfrfe mbcfrtbs. Fstf prhamåphb tfe mbeb ifsthadtärhb `fjhs`dibr mbasthtumhbad`, quf fstdcf`fmf fxprfssdefatf qudhs bs rhsmbs f ds mbathajïamhds sbmhdhs prbtfjhids ab drthjb 374 id Mbasthtuhêíb Nfifrd`.

]DHCD EDH]

• ^fidêíb if rfiuêíb ib vd`br ibs cfafnåmhbs pdrd prfsfrvdr-`lfs b pbifr dquhshthvb f prbtfjfr bs cfafnåmhbs if fvfatudhs pfrids ebaftärhds. • Hjudìdif ad nbred if pdrthmhpdêíb ab mustfhb pf`d sbmhfidif f pf`b Fstdib ab ffladamhdefatb id sfjurhidif, ad efihid if sud mdpdmhidif if mbatrhcuhêíb mbatrhcuhêíb.. • ^ärhds nbatfs if mustfhb, rfspfhtdid d mdpdmhidif mbatrhcuthvd if mdid ue. • Mdrätfr ifebmräthmb f ifsmfatrd`hzdib id diehahstrdêíb efihdatf jfstíb mbe d pdrthmhpdêíb ibs trdcd`ldibrfs, ibs feprfjdibrfs, ibs dpbsfatdibs f ib jbvfrab. • Wrè-fxhstïamhd if rfmursbs pdrd d mbamfssíb ibs ihrfhtbs rfnfrfatfs ç sfjurhidif sbmhd`. • Sfmursbs prýprhbs f fspfmåfflmbs, ihsthatbs idquf`fs quf mbatde ib brêdefatb fflsmd` id Vahíb.

Bs dutùabebs f bs feprfsärhbs ifvfe edatfr ds mbatrhcuhêöfs fe ihd pdrd tfr sfus ihrfhtbs jdrdathibs. Bs feprfjdibs f trdcd`ldibrfs dvu`sbs, mbe mdrtfhrd if trdcd`lb dsshadid, oä fstíb dutbedthmdefatf hasmrhtbs. D sfjuaid nbred if prfvhiïamhd sbmhd` sbm hd` è b Sfjhef Wrýprhb if Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` (SWW]), tdecèe bcrhjdtýrhd. Ifsthad-sf fxmùshvdefatf pdrd bs nuamhbaärhbs pÿc`hmbs (nfifrdhs, fstdiudhs, euahmhpdhs f ib Ihstrhtb Nfifrd`). Fe vfz if mbatrhcuårfe pdrd b SJW], fssfs nuamhbaärhbs mbatde mbe ue shstfed prýprhb if mbatrhcuhêíb. Wbr hssb, f`fs tïe mä`mu`b ihnfrfamhdib if cfafnåmhbs. @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d 9

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^fod dcdhxb ue qudirb ib shstfed crdsh`fhrb if sfjurhidif. Wrfvhiïamhd ab Crdsh` Sfjhef Jfrd` (HA]])

Wrfvhiïamhd Mbep`fefatdr

Yrdcd`ldibrfs ib sftbr Yrdcd`ldibrfs prhvdib f nuamhbaärhbs pÿc`hmbs mf`fthstds

Bpmhbad`, prhvdid, diehahstrdid pbr nuaibs if pfasíb f dcfrtbs bu nfmldibs

Bcrhjdtýrhb, admhbad` f pÿc`hmb Diehahstrdib pf`b HA]]

Sfjhefs Wrýprhbs (sfvhibrfs pÿc`hmbs f eh`htdrfs) Nuamhbaärhbs pÿc`hmbs fstdtutärhbs

Bcrhjdtýrhb, pÿc`hmb, aåvf` nfifrd`

Bcrhjdtýrhb, pÿc`hmb, aåvfhs nfifrd`, fstdiud` f euahmhpd`

Nhsmd`hzdid pf`bs ehahstèrhbs id Ndzfaid f id Wrfvhiïamhd

Sfpdrthêíb shep`fs

Eh`htdrfs nfifrdhs

Diehahstrdib pf`b jbvfrab nfifrd`

Diehahstrdib pf`bs rfspfmthvbs jbvfrabs

Mdphtd`hzdêíb

Sfpdrthêíb shep`fs / mdphtd`hzdêíb fe d`juas fstdibs f euahmåphbs

Sfpdrthêíb shep`fs / mdphtd`hzdêíb fe d`juas fstdibs f euahmåphbs

Wfråbib if Mdrïamhd B pfråbib if mdrïamhd è ue aÿefrb eåaheb if mbatrhcuhêöfs pdrd quf b sfjurdib mbashjd diquhrhr sfus cfafnåmhbs. Jfrdèfatf, bs cfafnåmhbs aíb fxhjfe ue pfråbib quf d pfssbd tfald qud`hidif if sfjurdib pdrd sud mbamfssíb. Wbrèe pdrd d`juas cfafnåmhbs, è afmfssärhb mueprhr b pfråbib eåaheb if mdrïamhd fxhjhib fe `fh. ^fod, d sfjuhr, d tdcf`d ibs pfråbibs if mdrïamhd? C f af nå m h bs

Md r ï am h d

Wfasíb pbr ebrtf Duxå Du xå `h`hbb-rf rfm` m` us usíb íb Duxå Du xå `h`hbb-ib ibfa faêd êd dm dmhi hifa fatä tärh rhb b

]fe mdrïamhd

Dpbs Dp bsfa fatd tdib ibrh rhd d pb pbrr ha havd vd`h`hif ifz z dm dmhi hifa fatä tärh rhd d Duxå Du xå `h`hbb-ib ibfa faêd êd pr prfv fvhi hifa famh mh är ärhb hb Dpbs Dp bsfa fatd tdib ibrh rhd d pb pbrr ha havd vd`h`hif ifz z pr prfv fvhi hifa famh mhär ärhd hd

43 mbatrhcuhêöfs efasdhs

Dpbs Dp bsfa fatd tdib ibrh rhd d pb pbrr tf tfep epb b if mb mbat atrh rhcu cuhê hêíb íb Dpbs Dp bsfa fatd tdib ibrh rhd d fs fspf pfmh mh d`

4<7 mbatrhcuhêöfs efasdhs

Dpbs Dp bsfa fatd tdib ibrh rhd d pb pbrr hi hidi dif f ]d`ärhb-ndeå`hd ]d`ärhb-edtfrahidif ]frvhêb sbmhd`

]fe mdrïamhd

Sfdch`htdêíb prbnhsshbad` ]d`ärhb-edtfrahidif (sfjurdib fspfmhd`)

Dt hv hi Dthv hidi dif f ru rurd rd`` ab abs s if ifz z ef efsf sfs s da datf tfrh rhbr brfs fs db ndtbr jfrdibr

]d`ärhb-edtfrahidif (mbatrhcuhatf haihvhiud` Ifz mbatrhcuhêöfs efasdhs ndmu`tdthvd) Dpbs Dp bsfa fatd tdib ibrh rhd d pb pbrr hi hidi dif f (r (rur urd` d`))


Yfepb if dthvhidif rurd` mbrrfspbaifatf db ifsmuhib tfepbrd` ib pfråbib if mdrïamhd ib cfafnåmhb

<:


^FOD ]F DWSFAIFV 4. D Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` ab Crdsh` tfe edhs if mfe dabs if lhstýrhd. Ad `fjhs`dêíb if 4<<<, b quf nbh rfju`defatdib dbs feprfjdibs ibs Mbrrfhbs adquf`d èpbmd2 d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) 4=¿ sd`ärhb ) Duxå`hb-ibfaêd ) @hmfaêd edtfrahidif ) Dpbsfatdibrhd

3. D sdÿif pbif sfr mbashifrdid mbeb d pfrnfhtd f mbatåaud didptdêíb ib brjdahseb luedab db sfu dechfatf. Wbrèe bs dechfatfs if trdcd`lb, baif pdssdebs mfrmd if bhtb lbrds pbr ihd, sfeprf nbrde mbashifrdibs mbeb bs if edhbr pbtfamhd` djrfsshvb djrfsshvb ç sdÿif, tuib djrdvdib dhaid edhs pf`d? d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) mu`turd. ) djrbpfmuärhd. ) haiustrhd`hzdêíb. ) ebifrahidif.

=. Dsshad`f (^ ) pdrd vfridifhrb f (N) pdrd nd`sb. Fe sfjuhid, edrquf d d`tfradthvd mbrrftd. ( ) Wrfvhiïamhd Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` è ue sfjurb sfjurb efihdatf efihdatf mbatrhcuhêöfs prfvhifamhärhds. ( ) D fflad`hidif id Wrfvhiïamhd Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` è prbvfr prbvfr sucshstïamhd sucshstïamhd db trdcd`ldibr fe mdsb mdsb if pfrid if sud mdpdmhidif `dcbrdthvd. ( ) B sfjurb sbmhd` è mbatrb`dib mbatrb`dib f jfrhib pf`d pf`d feprfsd baif b feprfjdib feprfjdib trdcd`ld. trdcd`ld. d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) ^ ”^ ”^ ) N”^ ”N ) ^ ”^ ”N ) N” N”^

9. Butrd nbred if Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd`, ifsthadid fxmùshvdefatf dbs nuamhbaärhbs pÿc`hmbs, è b? d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) SWW] ) NJY] ) HA]] ) HWYV

6. If dmbrib mbe d tdcf`d ibs pfråbibs if mdrïamhd, dsshad`f d d`tfradthvd quf aíb haihmd ue ibs cfafnåmhbs quf aíb afmfsshtd if d`jued mdrïamhd. d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) Wfasíb pbr ebrtf ) Duxå`hb-rfmùsíb ) Duxå`hb-ibfaêd dmhifatärhb ) Duxå`hb-ibfaêd prfvhifamhärhb


<<


Du`d 6

BC]FS^F F]YF MD]B

SFJHEF] IF NHADAMHDEFAY NHADAMHDEFAYB B ID WSF^HIÏAMHD

Tudaib d`juèe rfsb`vf mbeprdr ue mdrrb, prhefhrb, f`f iffflaf ds mdrdmtfråsthmds if`f. È pf`d iffflahêíb ifssds mdrdmtfråsthmds quf sf iftfrehad b sfu prfêb (ab sfu mdsb, ib p`dab prfvhifamhärhb, b sfu mustb dtudrhd`). Ifpbhs ihssb è quf sfrä fsmb`lhid d nbred if pdjdefatb. Ad mbeprd if ue mdrrb, fxhstfe, pf`b efabs, ds sfjuhatfs d`tfradthvds pdrd pdjdefatb? ç vhstd, ffladamhdib, `fdshaj bu mbasýrmhb. Mdid ued ifssds bpêöfs hepöf ue jrdu if fsnbrêb ihnfrfatf db mbeprdibr, eds b vd`br ib mdrrb sfrä sfeprf b efseb, haifpfaifatf id nbred if fsmb`ld pdrd sud dquhshêíb.

Hatrbiuêíb

Sfjhef if Sfpdrthêíb ]hep`fs B rfjhef ffladamfhrb if rfpdrthêíb shep`fs (tdecèe mbalfmhib mbeb rfjhef brêdefatärhb) ndz d ihvhsíb fatrf bs mbatrhcuhatfs ids ifspfsds mbe b pdjdefatb ibs cfafnåmhbs fe edautfaêíb. Yrdtd-sf Yrdt d-sf if md`mu`dr ds mbatrhcuhêöfs, afmfssärhds f sufflmhfatfs, quf sfríb drrfmdidids pdrd dtfaifr, dpfads f tíb sbefatf, db pdjdefatb ids pdrmf`ds ibs cfafnåmhbs afssf efseb pfråbib. Wbrtdatb, fssf rfjhef aíb prfvï d nbredêíb if rfsfrvds. Wbifebs ihzfr quf fssf rfjhef prbpöf ue pdmtb ihrftb fatrf jfrdêöfs, pbhs bs trdcd`ldibrfs dthvbs (jfrdêíb dtud`) pdjde bs cfafnåmhbs ibs hadthvbs (jfrdêíb pdssdid), faqudatb b pdjdefatb ibs sfus prýprhbs cfafnåmhbs ifpfaifrä id jfrdêíb nuturd, f dsshe, edatfaib b pdmtb hatfrjfrdmhbad`. Bs ndtbrfs quf edhs hepdmtde b rfjhef if rfpdrthêíb shep`fs fstíb vhamu`dibs nuaidefatdèfatf çs vdrhävfhs ifebjräfflmds, ç rfiuêíb id adtd`hidif f db duefatb id `bajfvhidif (favf`lfmhefatb id pbpu`dêíb) f çs tdxds if feprfjb nbred` (ab mdsb ib crdsh`fhrb, b trdcd`ldibr hanbred` aíb pdjd mbatrhcuhêíb prfvhifamhärhd).

Bs rfjhefs ffladamfhrbs síb eètbibs if ffladamhdefatb f`dcbrdibs pdrd jdrdathr b mueprhefatb ids bcrhjdêöfs dssuehids pbr p`dabs if cfafnåmhbs if prfvhiïamhd. Bu sfod, síb nfrrdefatds if ihstrhcuhêíb dtudrhd` if mä`mu`b prfvhifamhärhb, sbc nbred if mbatrhcuhêíb db `bajb ib tfepb. È hepbrtdatf ifstdmdr quf, ifpfaifaib ib rfjhef ffladamfhrb dibtdib, aíb sf d`tfrd b mustb ibs mbeprbehssbs dssuehibs. B quf pbif sfr d`tfrdib è d mbatrhcuhêíb afmfssärhd if dmbrib mbe bs mustbs ibs mbeprbehssbs dssuehibs. Ab fatdatb, b mustb dtudrhd` auamd sfrä d`tfrdib pf`bs eètbibs if ffladamhdefatb fsmb`lhib. Hssb pbrquf aíb sf pbif mbanuaihr mustb if d`jb mbe d rfspfmthvd nbred if ffladamhä-`b. Wbrtdatb, mustb aíb è rfjhef if ffladamhdefatb.

WDSD SFN@FYHS B quf è dtudrhd`2 Wdrtf id fstdtåsthmd `hjdid d prbc`feds rf`dmhbadibs mbe d tfbrhd f b mä`mu`b if sfjurbs quf favb`vfe rhsmbs f fxpfmtdthvds.

WDSD SFN@FYHS F bs trdcd`ldibrfs quf aíb mb`dcbrde mbe d Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd`, dhaid síb d edhbr ihfflmuìdif pdrd prfvhiïamhd2 Mbeb euidr hssb2

B rfjhef ffladamfhrb dpfads fstdcf`fmf d edafhrd pf`d qud` sfríb bcthibs bs rfmursbs afmfssärhbs pdrd b pdjdefatb ibs cfafnåmhbs. @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d 6

<8


Sfjhef if Mdphtd`hzdêíb

BC]FS^F F]YF MD]B

B rfjhef if mdphtd`hzdêíb tfe mbeb mdrdmtfråsthmd prhamhpd` b prè-ffladamhdefatb ib cfafnåmhb, bu sfod, b prýprhb trdcd`ldibr, iurdatf d sud ndsf `dcbrdthvd, prbiuzhrä ue ebatdatf if rfmursbs afmfssärhbs pdrd sustfatdr b sfu cfafnåmhb prfvhifamhärhb. Ifssd nbred, aíb fxhstf b pdmtb ihrftb fatrf ds jfrdêöfs, jfrdêöfs, pbhs è d jfrdêíb dtud` (b prýprhb cfaffflmhdib) quf ffladamhd bs sfus cfafnåmhbs prfvhifamhärhbs prfvhifamhärhbs.. D `ýjhmd ib rfjhef mdphtd`hzdib mbashstf fe quf b prýprhb trdcd`ldibr, iurdatf d sud ndsf `dcbrdthvd, jfrf b ebatdatf if rfmursbs afmfssärhbs pdrd supbrtdr b mustb tbtd` id sud dpbsfatdibrhd. Wbr hssb è mldedib if rfjhef prè-ffladamhdefatb. Bs ndtbrfs quf edhs hepdmtde b rfjhef if mdphtd`hzdêíb síb ds d`tfrdêöfs ids tdxds if ourbs f id fxpfmtdthvd if vhid id sbmhfidif.

^debs ifebastrdr djbrd b mä`mu`b id rfaid efasd` hahmhd` if ued dpbsfatdibrhd pbr tfepb if mbatrhcuhêíb, rfqufrhid ab eïs if oualb if 3743, pbr ue sfjurdib lbefe mbe >7 dabs if hidif f =6 dabs if mbatrhcuhêíb. Wrhefhrb, ifvfebs md`mu`dr d eèihd drhteèthmd ibs <7% edhbrfs sd`ärhbs if mbatrhcuhêíb ifatrb ib pfråbib cäshmb if mä`mu`b. Mbeb fxfep`b, vdebs supbr quf, dpýs d dtud`hzdêíb if tbibs bs sd`ärhbs if mbatrhcuhêíb, d eèihd drhteèthmd ibs <7% edhbrfs sd`ärhbs sfod hjud` d S$ 3.977,77. Wdrd hssb, è afmfssärhb fambatrdr b vd`br ib ndtbr prfvhifamhärhb, ifebastrdib ab sfjuhatf mä`mu`b? Ɠ 5 Ym x δ x 4 + (Hi + Ym x δ) Fs 477

Nýreu`d ib Ndtbr Wrfvhifamhärhb

Ɠ 5 =6 x 7,=4 x 4 + (>7 + =6 x 7,=4) 37,8 477

B ndtbr prfvhifamhärhb è md`mu`dib mbashifrdaib d idtd if haåmhb ib cfafnåmhb, d idtd f b tfepb if mbatrhcuhêíb ib sfjurdib f d fxpfmtdthvd eèihd if sbcrfvhid. Wrfvhstd pdrd jfrdêíb ib ndtbr prfvhifamhärhb, sfjuhu d brhfatdêíb hifb`ýjhmd id rfnbred if 488< f, fe abvfecrb if 4888, nbh dprbvdid d `fh a¿ 8.<:>, quf trdzhd pdrd ifatrb id `fh a¿ <.343 if 4884 d dp`hmdêíb ib ndtbr prfvhifamhärhb. ^fod d nýreu`d ib ndtbr prfvhifamhärhb d sfjuhr?

[

Ɠ 5 Ym x δ x 4+ (Hi + Ym x δ) Fs 477

Ɠ 5 7,648 x [4 + (7,:7<)U Ɠ 5 7,<<> Md`mu`did d eèihd ibs edhbrfs sd`ärhbs if mbatrhcuhêíb f b ndtbr prfvhifamhärhb, md`mu`debs b sd`ärhb ib cfafnåmhb (]C) id sfjuhatf edafhrd? ]C 5 n x (eèihd drhteèthmd ibs edhbrfs sd`ärhbs if mbatrhcuhêíb ifatrb ib pfråbib cäshmb if mä`mu`b) ]C 5 7,<<> x S$ 3.977,77 ]C 5 S$ 3.43>,97

U

Wbr nhe, è md`mu`did d rfaid efasd` if cfafnåmhb (SEH), eu`thp`hmdaib-sf b vd`br ib sd`ärhb if cfafnåmhb pf`b mbfnhmhfatf ib cfafnåmhb (Mn) p`fhtfdib?

If dmbrib mbe d nýreu`d, tfebs? • Ɠ 5 ndtbr prfvhifamhärhb; • Fs 5 fxpfmtdthvd if sbcrfvhid ab ebefatb id dpbsfatdibrhd; • Ym 5 tfepb if mbatrhcuhêíb dtè b ebefatb id dpbsfatdibrhd; • Hi 5 hidif ab ebefatb id dpbsfatdibrhd; • δ 5 d`åqubtd if mbatrhcuhêíb mbrrfspbaifatf d 7,=4. @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d 6

SEH 5 ]C x Mn SEH 5 S$ 3.43>,97 x 477% SEH 5 S$ 3.43>,97 Wbrtdatb, b vd`br hahmhd` id dpbsfatdibrhd pbr tfepb if mbatrhcuhêíb rfmfchid pf`b sfjurdib fe qufstíb è if S$ 3.43>,97, quf sfrä rfdoustdib daudèfatf mbe cdsf ab HAWM (Åaihmf Admhbad` if Wrfêb db Mbasuehibr). 87


Wrbpbstd if abvd rfjrd pdrd dpbsfatdibrhd pbr tfepb if mbatrhcuhêíb

]DHCD EDH]

B ndtbr prfvhifamhärhb mbathaud vd`faib! Eds fe efdibs if 3746, surjf d prbpbstd if ued abvd rfjrd pb`ïehmd, mbeb d`tfradthvd pdrd qufe vdh pfihr dpbsfatdibrhd pbr tfepb if mbatrhcuhêíb f pbif rfmfcfr b cfafnåmhb hatfjrd`. D mldedid <6/86 prbjrfsshvd iffflaf bs mdsbs if dpbsfatdibrhd sfjuaib ue mrhtèrhb hahmhd` if sbed? pdrd eu`lfrfs d sbed if sud hidif edhs b tfepb if mbatrhcuhêíb ifvf dthajhr <6; pdrd lbefas, fssfs aÿefrbs ifvfe mlfjdr d 86. Eds, pdrd edatfr d fstdch`hidif nhadamfhrd id Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd`, `fvdaib fe mbatd d euidaêd ad fxpfmtdthvd if vhid, d prbpbstd hamùh tdecèe d prbjrfsshvhidif, pbr efhb if ue shstfed if pbatbs. ]fjuaib fstf mrhtèrhb, dihmhbad-sf ç nýreu`d hahmhd`, ue pbatb d edhs ad sbed tbtd`, fe mhamb idtds. Dsshe, fe 374:, d rfjrd pdssdrhd d sfr <>/8>; fe 3748, <:/8:; fe 3737, <7 dabs? fe 3746 ifvfrä tfr =6 dabs if mbatrhcuhêíb; eds fe 3733, 97 dabs if mbatrhcuhêíb. Bu =6 if mbatrhcuhêíb f >6 if hidif. D edrmd 87/477 ifvf mbathaudr pf`bs dabs sfjuhatfs, eds b mbamfhtb aíb pdrfmf fstäthmb, oä quf d fxpfmtdthvd if vhid ib crdsh`fhrb mbathaud mrfsmfaib. D efihid vhsd d fvhtdr quf fssf duefatb ad fxpfmtdthvd if vhid rfsu`tf ab mrfsmhefatb hasustfatävf` abs jdstbs id Wrfvhiïamhd. B tfepb eåaheb if mbatrhcuhêíb mbathaud sfaib =6 dabs pdrd lbefas f =7 pdrd eu`lfrfs. ]f b trdcd`ldibr rfsb`vfr sf dpbsfatdr datfs if dthajhr d sbed id abvd prbpbstd, sud dpbsfatdibrhd dhaid sfrä rfiuzhid pf`b ndtbr prfvhifamhärhb. D dpbsfatdibrhd pbr hidif aíb euid, mbathaud vd`faib bs >7 dabs pdrd eu`lfr f >6 pdrd lbefas, mbe tfepb eåaheb if 46 dabs if mbatrhcuhêíb. Wbrtdatb, d Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` dtud`hzd ihnfrfatfs thpbs if dpbsfatdibrhd.

È cbe rfssd`tdr quf b ndtbr if dtud `hzdêíb ibs sd`ärhbs if mbatrhcuhêíb è fambatrdib ab pbrtd` ib Ehahstèrhb ib Yrdcd`lb f id Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd`, puc`hmdib efasdèfatf. B åaihmf d sfr uth `hzdib è b id pbrtdrhd puc`hmdid ab eïs ib rfqufrhefatb ib cfafnåmhb.

@fh Jfrd` id Wrfvhiïamhd ab ]frvhêb Wÿc`hmb

D `fh a¿ 8.:4: if 488< ihspöf sbcrf ds rfjrds jfrdhs pdrd d brjdahzdêíb ibs rfjhefs prýprhbs if prfvhiïamhd ibs sfrvhibrfs pÿc`hmbs id Vahíb, ibs Fstdibs f ib Ihstrhtb Nfifrd`. Fssd `fh, cfe mbeb d fefaid mbasthtumhbad` a¿ 37 ib efseb dab, nbrde bs edrmbs rfju`dibrfs id prfvhiïamhd ab sftbr pÿc`hmb, quf fstdcf`fmfrde if edafhrd sý`hid, b mbamfhtb if rfjhef prýprhb id prfvhiïamhd pdrd b sfrvhibr pÿc`hmb mhvh` f pdrd bs eh`htdrfs ibs Fstdibs f ib Ih strhtb Nfifrd`. D brjdahzdêíb ifssf rfjhef ifedaibu d hasthtuhêíb if abreds jfrdhs if mbatdch`hidi f f dtuärhd, if ebib quf jdrdatd b fquh`åcrhb nhadamfhrb f dtudrhd` ib shstfed prfvhifamhärhb.

Yhpbs if dpbsfatdibrhd • Dpbsfatdibrhd fspfmhd` • Dpbsfatdibrhd pbr hidif • Dpbsfatdibrhd pbr havd`hifz • Dpbsfatdibrhd pbr tfepb if mbatrhcuhêíb • Dpbsfatdibrhd sfjuaib d nýreu`d <6/86 prbjrfsshvd @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d 6

84


^FOD ]F DWSFAIFV 4. @fhd ds dfflredthvds dcdhxb f, ifpbhs, dsshad`f d d`tfradthvd mbrrftd. H - B rfjhef if rfpdrthêíb shep`fs tdecèe è mbalfmhib mbeb rfjhef brêdefatärhb. HH - Ab rfjhef if mdphtd`hzdêíb, b jbvfrab ffladamhd bs cfafnåmhbs prfvhifamhärhbs ib trdcd`ldibr. trdcd`ldibr. d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) Dpfads H fstä mbrrftd ) Dpfads HH fstä mbrrftd ) H f HH fstíb mbrrftds mbrrftds ) H f HH fstíb hambrrftds hambrrftds

3. Ab rfjhef if rfpdrthêíb shep`fs? d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) bs trdcd`ldibrfs trdcd`ldibrfs dthvbs dthvbs pdjde bs cfafnåmhbs cfafnåmhbs pdrd bs dthvbs. ) bs trdcd`ldibrfs trdcd`ldibrfs hanbredhs pdjde pdjde pdrd bs trdcd`ldibrfs trdcd`ldibrfs dthvbs f hadthvbs. hadthvbs. ) bs trdcd`ldibrfs trdcd`ldibrfs dthvbs dthvbs pdjde bs cfafnåmhbs cfafnåmhbs ibs hadthvbs. hadthvbs. ) bs trdcd`ldibrfs trdcd`ldibrfs hadthvbs hadthvbs pdjde pdrd pdrd bs trdcd`ldibrfs trdcd`ldibrfs hanbredhs. hanbredhs.

=. Ab rfjhef if mdphtd`hzdêíb? d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) d jfrdêíb dtud` dtud` ifpfaif ibs ibs cfafnåmhbs ibs mbatrhcuhatfs hadthvbs. ) bs trdcd`ldibrfs trdcd`ldibrfs dtudhs ffladamhde pdrd bs hadthvbs. ) d jfrdêíb jfrdêíb dtud` ffladamhd ffladamhd b sfus sfus cfafnåmhbs cfafnåmhbs prfvhifamhärhbs. prfvhifamhärhbs. ) D`tfradthvds ‐d― ‐d― f ‐c― fstíb mbrrftds.

9. Dsshad`f d d`tfradthvd quf aíb haihmd ue ibs ndtbrfs pdrd b mä`mu`b prfvhifamhärhb prfvhifamhärhb.. d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) ]d`ärhb ib prhefhrb prhefhrb dab if trdcd`lb. trdcd`lb. ) Idtd f b tfepb if mbatrhcuh mbatrhcuhêíb. êíb. ) Idtd if haåmhb ib cfafnåmhb. cfafnåmhb. ) Fxpfmtdthvd Fxpfmtdthvd eèihd if sbcrfvhid. sbcrfvhid.

6. D @fh Jfrd` id Wrfvhiïamhd ab ]frvhêb Wÿc`hmb surjhu fe 488< pbr efhb id `fh a¿ 8.:4:, quf fstdcf`fmfu,, if edafhrd sý`hid, b mbamfhtb if rfjhef prýprhb id prfvhiïamhd pdrd? fstdcf`fmfu d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) b sfrvhibr pÿc`hmb pÿc`hmb mhvh`. ) bs eh`htdrfs eh`htdrfs ibs Fstdibs f ib Ihstrhtb Nfifrd` Nfifrd`.. ) bs eh`htdrfs ib Ihstrhtb Nfifr Nfifrd`. d`. ) b sfrvhibr pÿc`hmb mhvh` f bs eh`htdrfs eh`htdrfs ibs Fstdibs f ib Ihstrhtb Nfifrd`. Nfifrd`.


83


]fjurdibs id Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd`

Du`d >

]FS^HÊB] ID WSF^HIÏAMHD ]BMHD@ F WSF^HIÏAMHD WSH^DID

Feprfjdibs. Bs feprfjdibs síb dquf`fs quf trdcd`lde mbe mdrtfhrd dsshadid. D mdtfjbrhd ibs feprfjdibs hamùh bs trdcd`ldibrfs tfepbrärhbs, bs ihrftbrfs-feprfjdibs, ds pfssbds quf prfstde sfrvhêbs d ýrjíbs pÿc`hmbs (ehahstrbs f sfmrftärhbs if Fstdib, ifsif quf aíb fstfode hamùåibs fe rfjhefs fspfmhdhs if prfvhiïamhd), crdsh`fhrbs f fstrdajfhrbs quf trdcd`lde fe feprfsds crdsh`fhrds hastd`dids fe butrbs pdåsfs (hamùshvf fe eu`thadmhbadhs f brjdahsebs hatfradmhbadhs quf bpfrde ab Crdsh`) f pfssbds quf trdcd`lde ab Crdsh` fe ehssöfs ihp`beäthmds.

Hatrbiuêíb

Feprfjdibs ibeèsthmbs. ]íb bs trdcd`ldibrfs quf prfstde sfrvhêb ad rfshiïamhd if butrd pfssbd bu ndeå`hd, mbatdatb quf fssf sfrvhêb aíb tfald fflas ùmrdthvbs pdrd b feprfjdibr. Fssd mdtfjbrhd hamùh b ibeèsthmb, d jbvfradatd, bs prbfflsshbadhs if fanfredjfe, b odrihafhrb, b ebtbrhstd, b mdsfhrb ftm. Yrdcd`ldibrfs dvu`sbs. ]íb dquf`fs quf trdcd`lde pdrd feprfsds, eds síb mbatrdtdibs pbr shaihmdtbs bu ýrjíbs jfstbrfs if eíb if bcrd. Afssd mdtfjbrhd, fstíb b fsthvdibr, b mdrrfjdibr, b dedrrdibr if fecdrmdêöfs, b trdcd`ldibr ad `hepfzd f mbasfrvdêíb if fecdrmdêöfs f b vhjhd. Fxhstfe tdecèe trdcd`ldibrfs dvu`sbs quf dtude ad haiÿstrhd ib sd` f ab fasdmdefatb if mdmdu f mdnè.

D Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` ifvf prfstdr d sfus sfjurdibs f dbs ifpfaifatfs sfrvhêbs if dsshstïamhd rffiumdthvd f if rfdidptdêíb prbnhsshbad`, fe mdsbs if hamdpdmhidif pdrmhd` bu tbtd` pdrd b trdcd`lb; if brhfatdêíb f dpbhb ad ef`lbrhd if sud hatfr-rf`dêíb mbe d Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` f ad sbùêíb if prbc`feds pfssbdhs f ndeh`hdrfs; f if dthvhidifs ifsthadids d dvd`hdr d hamdpdmhidif if pbstu`datfs ç pfrmfpêíb if cfafnåmhbs pfmuahärhbs, muod mbamfssíb ifpfaid ifssd dvd`hdêíb.

Mbatrhcuhatfs haihvhiudhs. Bs mbatrhcuhaMbatrhcuhatfs tfs haihvhiudhs síb dquf`fs quf fxfrmfe dthvhidifs pbr mbatd prýprhd bu prfstde sfrvhêbs d feprfsds, eds aíb síb sfus feprfjdibs. Fe jfrd`, fstíb `hjdibs ç djrbpfmuärhd, pfsmd, fxtrdêíb ehafrd` f prfstdêíb if sfrvhêbs. Ydecèe fstíb afssd mdtfjbrhd bs sdmfribtfs, bs ihrhjfatfs rfeuafrdibs, bs trdcd`ldibrfs pbr mbatd prýprhd, bs mbaiutbrfs dutùabebs if vfåmu`bs rbibvhärhbs, bs decu`datfs, bs dssbmhdibs if mbbpfrdthvds, bs ihdrhstds, bs phatbrfs, bs f`ftrhmhstds ftm.

Ds nbatfs pdrd bs idibs dprfsfatdibs síb b Cb`fthe Fstdtåsthmb if Sfdch`htdêíb Wrbnhsshbad` (CFSW), bs Sf`dtýrhbs Jfrfamhdhs id Mbbrifadêíb-Jfrd` if Cfafnåmhbs pbr Hamdpdmhidif, puc`hmdibs ab HA]], f b ]hatfsf, quf mbatèe ds hanbredêöfs mbeph`dids pf`d Ihvhsíb if Wfråmhds Eèihmds ib HA]]. @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d >

]fjurdibs fspfmhdhs. ]íb bs trdcd`ldibrfs rurdhs quf prbiuzfe ouatb mbe suds ndeå`hds. Bs mùaoujfs, mbepdalfhrbs f ffl`lbs edhbrfs if 4> dabs quf prbiuzfe mbe b jrupb ndeh`hdr síb 8=


mbashifrdibs sfjurdibs fspfmhdhs. Afssd mdtfjbrhd, fstíb hamùåibs dhaid b pfsmdibr drtfsdad` f b åaihb quf trdcd`ld ab mdepb, cfe mbeb sfus jrupbs ndeh`hdrfs.

• Sfd`hzdr pfsquhsd sbmhd` pdrd hifathfflmdêíb ib pfrffl` f ids afmfsshidifs ibs usuärhbs. • Fehthr pdrfmfr sbmhd`, nbrafmfaib f`fefatbs pdrd d mbamfssíb, edautfaêíb, rfmursb if cfafnåmhb f ifmhsíb eèihmb-pfrhmhd`, abs mdsbs if sfjurdibs fe duxå`hb-ibfaêd prfvhifamhärhb bu dmhifatärhb, muods shtudêöfs sbmhdhs hatfrfflrde ad brhjfe, fvbùêíb bu djrdvdefa djrdvdefatb tb if iftfrehadids ibfaêds.

]fjurdib ndmu`tdthvb. ]íb dquf`fs edhbrfs if 4> dabs if hidif quf aíb fxfrmfe dthvhidifs prbfflsshbadhs, mbeb ds ibads if mdsd, bs fstuidatfs, bs såaihmbs if mbaibeåahb aíb rfeuafrdibs, bs ifsfeprfjdibs, bs prfshihärhbs aíb rfeuafrdibs f bs fstuidatfs cb`shstds.

• Dssfssbrdr fathidifs jbvfradefatdhs f aíb jbvfradefatdhs fe dssuatbs if pb`åthmd f `fjhs`dêíb prfvhifamhärhd f dsshstfamhd`.

]frvhêb ]bmhd`

• Sfd`hzdr b mdidstrb ibs rfmursbs sbmhdhs f jrupbs brjdahzdibrfs brjdahzdibrfs..

Sfdch`htdêíb Wrbfflsshbad`

È ue sfrvhêb prfstdib dbs sfjurdibs id Wrfvhiïamhd mbe d fflad`hidif if fsm`drfmfr sfus ihrfhtbs sbmhdhs f bs efhbs if fxfrmï-`bs. Yfe mbeb prhbrhidif, d`èe if ndmh`htdr b dmfssb dbs cfafnåmhbs f sfrvhêbs prfvhifamhärhbs, fstdcf`fmfr b prbmfssb if sbùêíb ibs prbc`feds sbmhdhs rf`dmhbadibs mbe d Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd`. Yfe ihrfhtb db sfrvhêb sbmhd` tbibs bs sfjurdibs, ifpfaifatfs f ifedhs usuärhbs id Wrfvhiïamhd. Ds dêöfs ib sfrvhêb sbmhd` síb ifsfavb`vhids pbr dsshstfatfs sbmhdhs ids jfrïamhds fxfmuthvds ib HA]] f ids djïamhds id Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd`, id sfjuhatf edafhrd?

D rfdch`htdêíb prbfflsshbad` è ue sfrvhêb quf vhsd prbpbrmhbadr dbs sfjurdibs hamdpdmhtdibs pdrmhd` bu tbtdèfatf pdrd b trdcd`lb, haifpfaifatf if mdrïamhd, f çs pfssbds pbrtdibrds if iffflmhïamhd bs efhbs pdrd rffiumdêíb bu rfdidptdêíb prbfflsshbad` f sbmhd` quf `lfs pfrehtde pdrthmhpdr ib efrmdib if trdcd`lb f ib mbatfxtb fe quf vhvfe. Bs sfjurdibs hasmrhtbs ab prbjrded síb dtfaihibs pf`ds fquhpfs tèmahmds if rfdch`htdêíb prbnhsshbad`, f síb ldch`htdibs fe ued abvd nuaêíb/dthvhidif, pbifaib sfr mbashifrdibs dptbs pdrd rfhajrfssdrfe ab efrmdib if trdcd`lb, bu hamdpdmhtdibs pdrd b ifsfepfalb if dthvhidif prbnhsshbad`.

• Wrfstdr dtfaihefatb haihvhiud` f jrupd` dbs usuärhbs, fsm`drfmfaib qudatb db dmfssb dbs ihrfhtbs prfvhifamhärhbs, tdhs mbeb? cfafnåmhb f sfrvhêbs, mbaihêöfs f ibmuefatbs afmfssärhbs pdrd b rfqufrhefatb f mbamfssíb ibs cfafnåmhbs prfvhifamhärhbs f dsshstfamhdhs, edautfaêíb f pbsshch`hidif id pfrid id qud`hidif if sfjurdib fatrf butrbs. @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds - Du`d >

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• + 397 ihds. Eèihd efasd` id qudathidif if sfjurdibs quf u`trdpdssde b prdzb if 397 ihds pdrd d mbamùsíb ib WSW.

Ab ifmbrrfr ib prbjrded, síb mbamfihibs bs duxå`hbs edtfrhdhs afmfssärhbs db ifsfavb`vhefatb ib prbjrded, quf hamùfe, fe mdrätfr bcrhjdtýrhb, prýtfsf f ýrtfsf pdrd dtfaudr d pfrid bu d rfiuêíb id mdpdmhidif nuamhbad`. B bcofthvb ifssf sfrvhêb è d rfhasfrêíb ib sfjurdib db efrmdib if trdcd`lb, fvhtdaib d sud edrjhad`hzdêíb, prbpbrmhbadaib-`lf efhbs pdrd jdrdathr sud prýprhd sucshstïamhd. ]íb dprfsfatdids tdcf`ds mbe hanbredêöfs rf`dthvds dbs m`hfatfs (rfjhstrdibs, rfdch`htdibs f fe prbjrded), mbamùsíb id dvd`hdêíb hahmhd` f rfmursbs edtfrhdhs, pbr uahidif id nfifrdêíb. D sfjuhr, síb dprfsfatdids ds ifnhahêöfs ids prhamhpdhs vdrhävfhs?

• Tudathidif if rfmursbs edtfrhdhs. Tudathidif if duxå`hbs edtfrhdhs, tdhs mbeb prýtfsf, ýrtfsf, tdxd if hasmrhêíb f efasd`hidif if mursbs f/bu trfhadefatbs prbnhsshbad`hzdatfs, ibmuefatbs, hep`fefatbs prbnhsshbadhs f hastruefatbs if trdcd`lb mbamfihibs db sfjurdibs f heprfsmhaiåvfhs db ïxhtb ib WSW.

BC]FS^F F]YF MD]B Fe 3747, d qudathidif if m`hfatfs rfjhstrdibs abs sfrvhêbs if rfdch`htdêíb prbnhsshbad` ib HA]] dthajhu edhs i f 66 eh` pfssbds, b quf mbrrfspbaifu d ue dmrèsmheb if 4,>>% fe rf`dêíb db dab datfrhbr. Ibs m`hfatfs quf thvfrde dvd`hdêíb hahmhd` mbamùshvd, <,=% rftbradrde db trdcd`lb, 33,6% nbrde mbashifrdibs haf`fjåvfhs f >8,3% f`fjåvfhs pdrd pdrthmhpdr id rfdch`htdêíb. Mfrmd if 4:,> eh` m`hfatfs nbrde rfdch`htdibs, b quf mbrrrfspbaif d ue ifmrèsmheb if 6,4% qudaib mbepdrdib db dab datfrhbr. D eèihd efasd` if m`hfatfs fe prbjrded duefatbu <,8% ab dab, f b vd`br ibs rfmursbs edtfrhdhs duefatbu 38,:% ab pfråbib.

• M`hfatf rfjhstrdib. ]fjurdibs famdehaldibs çs fquhpfs tèmahmds if rfdch`htdêíb prbnhsshbad` pf`d pfråmhd eèihmd pdrd dvd`hdêíb f/bu pdrthmhpdêíb pdrthmhpdê íb ab Wrbjrded if Sfdch`htdêíb Wrbnhsshbad` (WSW). • Dvd`hdêíb hahmhd`. Ifnhaf sf bs sfjurdibs síb pdssåvfhs bu aíb if pdrthmhpdêíb ab WSW. Mbeb rfsu`tdib, vfrhnhmd-sf sf bs sfjurdibs tïe d ifnhahêíb if rftbrab hefihdtb db trdcd`lb, haf`fjåvfhs bu f`fjåvfhs. • Sftbrab hefihdtb db trdcd`lb. ]fjurdibs quf aíb afmfsshtde if WSW pbr rfuahrfe mbaihêöfs nåshmds mbepdtåvfhs mbe b ifsfepfalb if suds prbfflssöfs.

Wfråmhd Eèihmd

• M`hfatfs haf`fjåvfhs. ]fjurdibs quf aíb rfÿafe mbaihêöfs chbpshmbssbmhdhs chbpshmbssbmhdhs if sf suceftfr db prbjrded, tfepbrärhb bu iffflahthvdefatf. • M`hfatfs f`fjåvfhs. ]fjurdibs quf, fecbrd mbe `hehtdêíb id mdpdmhidif `dcbrdthvd, rfÿafe mbaihêöfs if sf suceftfr db WSW, mbe b bcofthvb if sfrfe prfpdrdibs pdrd b rftbrab db trdcd`lb,, sfod ad efsed nuaêíb bu fe butrd. trdcd`lb • M`hfatfs rfdch`htdibs. ]íb bs sfjurdibs quf, dpýs b WSW, fstíb dptbs pdrd b rftbrab db trdcd`lb ad efsed nuaêíb bu fe butrd. • M`hfatfs fe prbjrded. Eèihd efasd` id qudathidif if sfjurdibs fe WSW. @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d >

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Wrfvhiïamhd Wrhvdid

D pfråmhd eèihmd è b prbmfihefatb ab qud` b sfjurdib, våthed i f ibfaêd bu if dmhifatf ib trdcd`lb, è fxdehadib pbr ue prbnhsshbad` fspfmhd`hzdib (pfrhtb eèihmb), quf dvd`hd ds suds mbaihêöfs if sdÿif f mdpdmhidif `dcbrdthvd, fehthaib pdrfmfr sbcrf b dndstdefatb bu rftbrab db fxfrmåmhb id dthvhidif. B pfrhtb eèihmb ib HA]] pbif ifmhihr pf`b famdehaldefatb ib sfjurdib pdrd butrbs eèihmbs fspfmhd`hstds, f b pdrfmfr fflad` f prfrrbjdthvd ifstf. Ab pdrfmfr, bs sfjurdibs pbife sfr `hcfrdibs pdrd rftbradr db trdcd`lb bu sf tbradr dptb d rfmfcfr d`jue thpb if cfafnåmhb pfmuahärhb (duxå`hb-ibfaêd, duxå`hb-dmhifatf bu dpbsfatdibrhd pbr havd`hifz). ]íb dprfsfatdids hanbredêöfs sbcrf d qud`hidif f b vd`br ibs fxdefs eèihmbs pfrhmhdhs mbep`fefatdrfs f/bu fspfmhd`hzdibs pbr thpb if fspfmhd`hidif fspfmhd`hidif.. B pdpf` ib pfrhtb eèihmb è mbeprbvdr sf lä bu aíb hamdpdmhidif ib sfjurdib pdrd rfd`hzdr d dthvhidif quf fxfrmf. D sfjuhr, ds prhamhpdhs hanbredêöfs quf mbastde ab pdrfmfr id pfråmhd eèihmd?

Aue mbamfhtb dep`b f nujhaib ids iffflahêöfs tèmahmds, prfvhiïamhd prhvdid è b vfåmu`b quf tfebs ç ihspbshêíb pdrd mbastruhr tbibs bs ihds b sfu nuturb cfe fstdr sbmhd`, fmbaùehmb f ffladamfhrb quf aíb pbifrä sfr suprhib pf`b sftbr pÿc`hmb. Ydecèe mldedid if prfvhiïamhd mbep`fefatdr, è ue ibs vfåmu`bs quf pbifrä pfrehthr d edautfaêíb ib pdiríb sbmhd` f id qud`hidif if vhid. Mbeb d edhbrhd ids pfssbds, pbifebs rfmfcfr dpýs d vhid dthvd ue cfafnåmhb bfflmhd` pÿc`hmb ç dpbsfatdibrhd ib HA]]. Ifpfaifaib if sud rfaid datfs if sf dpbsfatdr, f qudatb edhbr f`d nbr, tdatb edhbr sud afmfsshidif, fssf cfafnåmhb bnfrfmhib aíb sfrä sufflmhfatf. D edhbrhd ids pfssbds aíb tfe b lächtb if sf prfpdrdr pdrd d vhid d `bajb prdzb. Eds d prfvhiïamhd prhvdid nbmd fxdtdefatf hssb? dmueu`dr jrdidthvdefatf rfmursbs pbr ue pfråbib if mbatrhcuhêíb bu mdphtd`hzdêíb, pdrd aued idid hidif, qudaib sf dpbsfatdr, hahmhdr b pfråbib if rfmfchefatb bu jbzb ib cfafnåmhb. Lbof bs prbiutbs if prfvhiïamhd prhvdid ihspbaåvfhs pfrehtfe mbastruhr rfsfrvds pdrd d dpbsfatdibrhd, d`èe if ifsnrutdr if cfafnåmhb fflsmd` f pfrehthr d dmueu`dêíb if rfmursbs pdrd dpdjdefatb if fstuibs ibs ffl`lbs, fatrf butrbs bcofthvbs. Fxhstfe ab efrmdib prbiutbs pdirbahzdibs, muod fsmb`ld ifvf sf cdsfdr fe mbeb sf difqudrä d sud rfd`hidif if vhid. Ifvf sfr mbashifrdid dhaid sud hidif, prdzb if mbatrhcuhêíb, mdpdmhidif if pbupdr f, m`drb, sfus bcofthvbs if murtb, eèihb f `bajb prdzb. D`èe ihssb, d `fjhs`dêíb quf rfjf bs prbiutbs f d trhcutdêíb dtud` abs bcrhjd d famdrä-`bs tdecèe sbc d ýthmd ib p`dafodefatb ffladamfhrb, trhcutärhb f sumfssýrhb. Ifvhib ç jrdaif vdrhfidif f ffifxhch`hidif ibs prbiutbs f çs mdrdmtfråsthmds mbefrmhdhs, tèmahmds f `fjdhs if mdid ue, tbrad-sf afmfssärhd ued iftd`ldid f mbasmhfatf daä`hsf prèvhd db mbatrdtdr ue p`dab if prfvhiïamhd prhvdid bu ad euidaêd pdrd ue abvb p`dab.

Yhpb if mbamùsíb. È b pdrfmfr mbamùshvb ib pfrhtb eèihmb qudatb ç mdpdmhidif `dcbrdthvd ib sfjurdib, dmdrrftdaib b sfu rftbrab ç dthvhidif prbnhsshbad` bu ç mbamfssíb if d`jue thpb if cfafnåmhb pfmuahärhb rf`dmhbadib mbe sud hamdpdmhidif tfepbrärhd bu pfredafatf. Mbamùsíb ndvbrävf`. Bmbrrf qudaib b pfrhtb eèihmb fehtf pdrfmfr pf`d hamdpdmhidif `dcbrdthvd ib sfjurdib mbe iurdêíb iftfrehadid bu haiftfrehadid. Mbamùsíb mbaträrhd. Bmbrrf qudaib b pfrhtb eèihmb fehtf pdrfmfr pf`b sfu rftbrab ç dthvhidif prbnhsshbad`.

]DHCD EDH] È ndmu`tdib db sfjurdib b ihrfhtb if rfmbrrfr diehahstrdthvd f ouihmhdèfatf qudaib aíb mbambridr mbe b pdrfmfr fehthib pf`b pfrhtb eèihmb. @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d >

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^FOD ]F DWSFAIFV 4. D Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` prfstd sfrvhêbs if dsshstïamhd rffiumdthvd f if rfdidptdêíb dbs trdcd`ldibrfs sfjurdibs. sfjurdibs. Ids d`tfradthvds dcdhxb, dcdhxb, qud` ifssds mdtfjbrhds aíb tfe ihrfhtb dbs cfafnåmhbs id Wrfvhiïamhd Wrfvhiïa mhd ]bmhd`2 d) ( ) Feprfjdib c) ( ) Mbatrhcuha Mbatrhcuhatf tf haihvhiud` m) ( ) Feprfjdib ibeèsthmb i) ( ) Yrdcd`ldibr hanbred` 3. Dsshad`f (^) (^ ) pdrd vfridifhrb f (N) pdrd nd`sb. Fe sfjuhid, edrquf d d`tfradthvd mbrrftd. ( ( ( (

) ]fjurdibs fspfmhdhs síb bs bs trdcd`ldibrfs trdcd`ldibrfs rurdhs quf prbiuzfe prbiuzfe ouatb mbe suds ndeå`hds. ndeå`hds. ) ]fjurdibs ndmu`tdthvbs ndmu`tdthvbs síb bs edhbrfs if 4> 4> dabs quf aíb fxfrmfe fxfrmfe dthvhidif prbfflsshbad`. prbfflsshbad`. ) Ds ibads ibads if mdsd mdsd ndzfe pdrtf ib sfjurdib sfjurdib fspfmhd`. fspfmhd`. ) B pfsmdibr drtfsdad` drtfsdad` f b åaihb ndzfe ndzfe pdrtf ib sfjurdib sfjurdib ndmu`tdthvb. ndmu`tdthvb.

d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

)^ ”^ ”N ”N ) N” N” N”^ )^ ”N ”N ”^ ) N ”^ ”^ ”^

=. B sfrvhêb sbmhd` è prfstdib dbs trdcd`ldibrfs sfjurdibs, muod nhad`hidif è fsm`drfmfr sfus ihrfhtbs sbmhdhs f bs efhbs if fxfrmï-`bs. Dsshad`f d d`tfradthvd quf haihmd bs prbnhsshbadhs quf prfstde fssf sfrvhêb sbmhd`. d) ( ) Eèihmbs pdrthmu`drfs c) ( ) Duxh`hdrfs if fanfredjfe m) ( ) Dsshstfatfs Dsshstfatfs sbmhdhs ib HA]] i) ( ) Fstdjhärhbs if efihmhad 9. Ad rfdch`htdêíb prbfflsshbad`, qudaib ue sfjurdib aíb afmfsshtd if pdrthmhpdr ib WSW, pbhs rfuahu mbaihêöfs nåshmds mbepdtåvfhs mbe b ifsfepfalb prbfflsshbad`, hssb shjahfflmd? d) ( ) m`hfatf haf`fjåvf` haf`fjåvf`.. c) ( ) rftbrab hefihdtb db trdcd`lb. m) ( ) m`hfatf fe prbjrded. i) ( ) + 397 ihds. 6. @fhd ds dfflredthvds dcdhxb sbcrf prfvhiïamhd prhvdid f, ifpbhs, edrquf d d`tfradthvd mbrrftd. H - D prfvhiïamhd prhvdid è ue vfåmu`b fmbaùehmb bnfrfmhib tdecèe pf`b sftbr pÿc`hmb. HH - D prfvhiïamhd prhvdid tdecèe è mbalfmhid mbeb prfvhiïamhd mbep`fefatdr mbep`fefatdr.. HHH - B rfjhef if mdphtd`hzdêíb è ue ibs dibtdibs ad prfvhiïamhd prhvdid. d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) H f HH síb vfridifhrds vfridifhrds ) H f HHH síb nd`sds ) HH f HHH síb vfridifhrds vfridifhrds ) Ybids síb nd`sds

@fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d >

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Ved euidaêd rfmfatf d`tfrbu b ihrfhtb db cfafnåmhb. Datfs Datfs id `fh a¿ 47.>>> if 377=, frd afmfssärhb tfr mdrïamhd f qud`hidif f, dpýs fssd `fh, è prfmhsb tfr sbefatf mdrïamhd. Ds pfssbds quf thalde d mdrïamhd f hidif datfs if 377= aíb bcthalde b cfafnåmhb sf ldvhde pfrihib d qud`hidif. Lbof qufe thvfr d mdrïamhd f d hidif eåahed tfe ihrfhtb db cfafnåmhb.

Du`d :

DWB]FAYDIBSHD Hatrbiuêíb

]DHCD EDH] Tufe hajrfssbu ad Wrfvhiïamhd d pdrthr if 36 if ou`lb if 4884 ifvf mbatrhcuhr 46 dabs pdrd diquhrhr b cfafnåmhb. Oä qufe hajrfssbu datfs ifssd idtd tfrhd quf sfjuhr ued tdcf`d prbjrfsshvd? if dmbrib mbe b dab fe quf sf mbep`ftd d hidif pdrd sf dpbsfatdr, b trdcd`ldibr tfrä ued qudathidif eåahed if mbatrhcuhêíb. D mbeprffasíb id pd`dvrd dpbsfatdibrhd `fvd d rfffifxöfs sbcrf d hepbrtãamhd ib trdcd`lb ad vhid ib sfr luedab. Db tfreb, pbife fstdr dssbmhdids pd`dvrds mbeb hadthvhidif, rfmb`lhefatb, pfrid if mdpdmhidif, heprbiuthvhidif quf `fvde db trdcd`ldibr aíb prfpdrdib, d sud ndeå`hd f d sbmhfidif d famdrdr, if edafhrd afjdthvd, fssd abvd ftdpd if vhid. Wbr fssd rdzíb, è if nuaidefatd` hepbrtãamhd quf d dpbsfatdibrhd sfod p`dafodid f rfsu`tf fe abvbs prboftbs if vhid. Afssd du`d, vdebs fstuidr sbcrf bs ibhs thpbs if dpbsfatdibrhd jdrdathibs pf`d Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd`? dpbsfatdibrhd pbr hidif f pbr tfepb if mbatrhcuhêíb; d`èe id dpbsfatdibrhd fspfmhd`, qudaib ue trdcd`ldibr è hamdpdz, fflshmd bu efatdèfatf, if fxfrmfr sfu trdcd`lb, haifpfaifatfefatf id hidif.

Tudatb ç hidif eåahed, fxhstf ued ihnfrfaêd fatrf bs trdcd`ldibrfs urcdabs f bs rurdhs. Bs quf trdcd`lde fxmùshvdefatf ab mdepb tïe ued rfiuêíb if mhamb dabs if hidif, f b aÿefrb if mbatrhcuhêíb ç Wrfvhiïamhd aíb sf d`tfrd. Bs trdcd`ldibrfs rurdhs aíb ndzfe mbatrhcuhêöfs ihrftds, eds ifvfe mbeprbvdr quf fxfrmfrde dthvhidif fxmùshvd ab mdepb ad mbaihêíb if sfjurdib fspfmhd`. È pbssåvf` tdecèe dprbvfhtdr b tfepb if trdcd`lb urcdab f rurd`, eds, afssf mdsb, aíb ldvfrä rfiuêíb ad hidif, bu sfod, tfrä quf tfr d hidif hjud` db trdcd`ldibr urcdab. Wbr fxfep`b, fxfep`b, ued pfssbd quf trdcd`lbu pbr ifz dabs mbeb djrhmu`tbr f, dpýs fssf tfepb vfhb trdcd`ldr ad mhidif, qudaib sbedr d mdrïamhd eåahed, pbifrä sb`hmhtdr d dpbsfatdibrhd pbr hidif, eds d hidif fxhjhid sfrä if >6 dabs pdrd lbefas f >7 pdrd eu`lfrfs.

Dpbsfatdibrhd pbr Hidif

Fe rfsueb, b cfafnåmhb if dpbsfatdibrhd pbr hidif pbifrä sfr sb`hmhtdib afstfs mdsbs? • Lbefe, trdcd`ldibr urcdab, ifvf mbep`ftdr >6 dabs if hidif f tfr 46 dabs if mbatrhcuhêíb, bu if dmbrib mbe d tdcf`d prbjrfsshvd. • Eu`lfr, trdcd`ldibrd urcdad, ifvf mbep`ftdr >7 dabs if hidif f tfr 46 dabs if mbatrhcuhêíb, bu if dmbrib mbe d tdcf`d prbjrfss prbjrfsshvd. hvd.

D dpbsfatdibrhd pbr hidif è ue cfafnåmhb euhtb shep`fs, pbhs sfus rfquhshtbs síb hidif eåahed f mdrïamhd, quf è b aÿefrb eåaheb if mbatrhcuhêíb quf b sfjurdib ifvfrä tfr pdrd diquhrhr b ihrfhtb. Dtudèfatf d Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` edaid ued mbrrfspbaiïamhd d tbibs bs quf mbep`ftde bs rfquhshtbs eåahebs pdrd bctfr fssf cfafnåmhb. Wbr hssb, è euhtb hepbrtdatf edatfr bs idibs mdidstrdhs dtud`hzdibs ad Wrfvhiïa Wrfvhiïamhd. mhd. @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d :

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eèihb tïe sfu tfepb if mbatrhcuhêíb rfiuzhib fe mhamb dabs (lbefas, =7 dabs; eu`lfrfs, 36 dabs), ifsif quf mbeprbvfe dthvhidif fxmùshvd fe sd`d if du`d. D pfrid id qud`hidif if sfjurdib aíb è mbashifrdid pdrd d mbamfssíb ifssd dpbsfatdibrhd, ifsif quf mueprhibs bs ifedhs rfquhshtbs rfquhshtbs.. Bs sfjurdibs ffl`hdibs ç Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd` datfs id rfnbred mbasthtumhbad` if 488< tïe ihrfhtb ç dpbsfatdibrhd prbpbrmhbad`. Bs lbefas pbife rfqufrfr b cfafnåmhb dbs 6= dabs if hidif f =7 dabs if mbatrhcuhêíb, edhs ue dihmhbad` if 97% sbcrf b tfepb quf nd`tdvd pdrd mbep`ftdr =7 dabs if mbatrhcuhêíb ad idtd id rfnbred. Ds eu`lfrfs,, dbs 9< dabs if hidif f 36 dabs if mbaeu`lfrfs trhcuhêíb, edhs ue dihmhbad` if 97% sbcrf b tfepb quf nd`tdvd, fe 488<, pdrd mbep`ftdr 36 dabs if mbatrhcuhêíb.

]DHCD EDH] Wdrd b trdcd`ldibr rurd`, quf trdcd`lbu fxmùshvdefatf ad `dvburd dtè d idtd fe quf nbr sb`hmhtdr b cfafnåmhb, tfe ued rfiuêíb if mhamb dabs, bu sfod, lbefe mbe >7 dabs f eu`lfr mbe 66 dabs. B mä`mu`b id efasd`hidif è nfhtb ad cdsf if :7% id eèihd ibs sd`ärhbs if mbatrhcuhêíb, dmrfsmhib if 4% pdrd mdid dab trdcd`ldib. ]f thvfr b eåaheb if 46 dabs, sud eèihd sfrä if <6% f dsshe, mdid dab trdcd`ldib sbed-sf 4% dtè dthajhr 477% pdrd qufe tfe =7 dabs if mbatrhcuhêíb.

WDSD SFN@FYHS

]DHCD EDH]

Ifsif d fihêíb id `fh a¿ 47.>>> if 377=, nbh ihspfasdib b rfquhshtb if qud`hidif if sfjurdib pdrd bs cfafnåmhbs prbjrdeävfhs? prbjrdeävfhs? dpbsfatdibrhd pbr hidif, fspfmhd` f pbr tfepb if mbatrhcuhêíb. D ÿahmd fxmfêíb pdrd b mdsb mhtdib è qudaib aíb sf pdjbu b sufflmhfatf pdrd rfmfcfr b cfafnåmhb f aíb sf dprfsfatdrde mbaihêöfs ffladamfhrds if mbep`ftdr b tfepb eåaheb afmfssärhb, fatrf butrbs ebthvbs.

B trdcd`ldibr aíb prfmhsd sdhr ib feprfjb pdrd rfqufrfr d dpbsfatdibrhd. B sfjurdib feprfjdib, hamùshvf b ibeèsthmb, tfe ihrfhtb ç dpbsfatdibrhd? • d pdrthr id idtd if ifs`hjdefatb ib feprfjb,, qudaib sb`hmhtdid dtè abvfatd ihds feprfjb dpýs b ifs`hjdefat ifs`hjdefatb; b; • bu d pdrthr id idtd if fatrdid ib rfqufrhefatb,, qudaib aíb lbuvfr ifs`hjdefaqufrhefatb tb ib feprfjb; • bu qudaib rfqufrhid dpýs abvfatd ihds ib ifs`hjdefatb.

Dpbsfatdibrhd pbr Yfepb Yfepb if Mbatrhcuhêíb

Bs ifedhs sfjurdibs tïe ihrfhtb ç dpbsfatdibrhd d pdrthr id idtd if fatrdid ib rfqufrhefatb. B vd`br ib cfafnåmhb pdrd dpbsfatdibrhd hatfjrd` mbrrfspbaif d 477% ib sd`ärhb if cfafnåmhb. Wdrd d dpbsfatdibrhd prbpbrmhbad`, fquhvd`f d :7% ib sd`ärhb if cfafnåmhb db mbep`ftdr 36 bu =7 dabs if mbatrhcuhêíb, dmrfsmhibs if 97%, edhs 6% pdrd mdid dab, dtè b eäxheb if 477%, mbanbref b mdsb. B ndtbr prfvhifamhärhb sfrä dp`hmdib tdatb ad dpbsfatdibrhd hatfjrd` mbeb ad prbpbrmhbad`. If dmbrib mbe b drthjb 66 id `fh a¿ <.34= if 4884?

Wdrd sf dpbsfatdr pbr tfepb if mbatrhcuhêíb, bs lbefas prfmhsde mbatrhcuhr pbr =6 dabs f ds eu`lfrfs, =7 dabs. Bs prbnfssbrfs if fiumdêíb handath`, fashab nuaidefatd` f fashab @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d :

88


Dpbsfatdibrhd pbr havd`hifz è mbamfihid db sfjurdib quf, fstdaib bu aíb fe ihd mbe duxå`hb-ibfaêd, nbr mbashifrdib hamdpdz pdrd b trdcd`lb, sfe afalued pbsshch`hidif pdrd ued rfdch`htdêíb pdrd b fxfrmåmhb if dthvhidif quf jdrdatd sfu sustfatb, faqudatb pfredafmfr afssd shtudêíb. F`d sý sfrä pfrehthid dpýs d vfrhnhmdêíb id mbaihêíb if hamdpdmhidif, efihdatf fxdef eèihmb-pfrhmhd`, eds tdecèe b sfjurdib pbif mbatdr mbe dmbepdaldefatb if ue eèihmb if mbanhdaêd. B sfjurdib dpbsfatdib pbr havd`hifz fstä bcrhjdib, d qud`qufr tfepb, d suceftfr-sf d fxdef eèihmb d mdrjb id Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd`, prbmfssb if rfdch`htdêíb prbfflsshbad` pbr f`d prfsmrhtb/mustfdib f trdtdefatb ihspfasdib jrdtuhtdefatf, fxmftb b mhrÿrjhmb f d trdasnusíb if sdajuf quf síb ndmu`tdthvbs. B vd`br id dpbsfatdibrhd pbr havd`hifz tfe mbeb cdsf b sd`ärhb if cfafnåmhb mbe Sfaid Efasd` Hahmhd` (SEH) fe ue vd`br quf fquhvd`f d 477%, bu sfod, è ued dpbsfatdibrhd hatfjrd`, sfe ifsmbatb if mbatrhcuhêíb bu hidif. ^fod d rf`dêíb ids shtudêöfs fe quf b dpbsfatdib pbr havd`hifz tfrä ihrfhtb ç edobrdêíb (duefatb if 36% prfvhstb ab drthjb 96 ib ifmrftb a¿ =.79< if 4888?

B tfepb if sfrvhêb sfrä mbeprbvdib ad nbred fstdcf`fmhid ab Sfju`defatb Sfju`defatb,, mbeprffaifaib, d`èe ib mbrrfspbaifatf çs dthvhidifs if qud`qufr ids mdtfjbrhds if sfjurdibs if quf trdtd b drt. 44 ifstd @fh (...) B dpbsfatdib pbr tfepb if mbatrhcuhêíb tfe ihrfhtb d 4=¿ sd`ärhb (dcbab daud`), rfmfchib mbe d rfaid efasd` if abvfecrb, pdjd ab eïs if ifzfecrb. B vd`br sfrä prbpbrmhbad` db aÿefrb if efsfs, ab dab if haåmhb id dpbsfatdibrhd.

Dpbsfatdibrhd pbr tfepb if trdcd`lb fe mbaihêöfs fspfmhdhs B sfjurdib quf trdcd`lbu dtè 6 if edrêb if 488:, mbe fnfthvd fxpbshêíb d djfatfs abmhvbs quåehmbs, nåshmbs, chb`ýjhmbs bu dssbmhdêíb if djfatfs (`hstdibs abs ifmrftbs a bs 6=.<=4 if 48>9 f <=.7<: if 48:8) f dtè 3< if edhb if 488< (`hstdibs abs ifmrftbs abs 3.4:3 if 488: f =.79< if 4888) pbifrä dmrfsmfr db tfepb if trdcd`lb fe dthvhidif mbeue b tfepb if trdcd`lb fe mbaihêöfs fspfmhdhs, ifpbhs if fnftudid d mbavfrsíb f ifsif quf dtè dquf`ds idtds tfalde mbep`ftdib pf`b efabs 37% ib tfepb afmfssärhb.

• Mfjufhrd tbtd`; • Wfrid if abvf ifibs ids eíbs bu supfrhbr d fstd;

Dpbsfatdibrhd Fspfmhd` pbr Havd`hifz

• Wdrd`hshd ibs ibhs efecrbs supfrhbrfs bu hanfrhbrfs; • Wfrid ibs efecrbs hanfrhbrfs, dmhed ibs pès, qudaib d prýtfsf nbr hepbssåvf`; • Wfrid if ued ids eíbs f if ibhs pès, dhaid quf d prýtfsf sfod pbssåvf`; • Wfrid if ue efecrb supfrhbr f butrb hanfrhbr, qudaib d prýtfsf nbr hepbssåvf`; • D`tfrdêíb ids ndmuìdifs efatdhs mbe jrdvf pfrturcdêíb id vhid brjãahmd f sbmhd`; • Ibfaêd quf fxhod pfredaïamhd mbatåaud ab `fhtb; • Hamdpdmhidif pfredafatf pdrd ds dthvhidifs id vhid.

@fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d :

477


D mdrïamhd è if 43 efsfs ab eåaheb, fxmftb ab mdsb if dmhifatfs f ads ibfaêds fspfmhnhmdids pf`b HA]]. B haåmhb id mdrïamhd è ab ihd pbstfrhbr db id mfssdêíb ib duxå`hbibfaêd, bu, ad hafxhstïamhd ifstf, abs efsebs prdzbs ib duxå`hb-ibfaêd. B tèrehab è ad mfssdêíb id mbaihêíb if havä`hib bu rftbrab vbùatärhb db trdcd`lb.

prhr d mdrïamhd fxhjhid, fstfod bu aíb rfmfcfaib duxå`hb-ibfaêd, nbr mbashifrdib hamdpdz pdrd b trdcd`lb f aíb suofhtb ç rfdch`htdêíb pdrd b fxfrmåmhb if dthvhidif quf `lf jdrdatd d sucshstïamhd. B sfjurdib quf fsthvfr rfmfcfaib dpbsfatdibrhd pbr havd`hifz, haifpfaifatfefatf id hidif, fstä bcrhjdib d sf suceftfr ç pfråmhd eèihmd ib HA]] if ibhs fe ibhs dabs.

Sfmupfrdid d mdpdmhidif (fxmftb ab mdsb if rftbrab vbùatärhb db sfrvhêb, qudaib bmbrrfrä b mdamf`defatb dutbeäthmb ib cfafnåmhb d pdrthr ib rftbrab), b cfafnåmhb mfssdrä afstfs mdsbs?

Fatfaid ds nýreu`ds pdrd b mä`mu`b id dpbsfatdibrhd pbr tfepb if mbatrhcuhêíb Hepbrtdatf rfssd`tdr quf, ab Crdsh`, db mbaträrhb ib quf dmbatfmf fe butrbs pdåsfs haiustrhd`hzdibs bu fefrjfatfs, fefrjfatfs, dhaid aíb fxhstf hidif eåahed pdrd dpbsfatdibrhd pbr tfepb if mbatrhcuhêíb, sbefatf pdrd d dpbsfatdibrhd pbr hidif. Ds nýreu`ds prbpbstds if tfepbs fe tfepbs pf`bs jbvfrabs crdsh`fhrbs síb tfatdthvds if jdrdathr d sustfatdch`hidif ç Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd`; pbrtdatb, d cusmd pbr sbùêöfs iffflahthvds ifvf mbathaudr.

4) ]f d rfmupfrdêíb nbr tbtd` f bmbrrfr ifatrb if mhamb dabs id idtd if haåmhb id dpbsfatdibrhd pbr havd`hifz bu ib duxå`hb-ibfaêd quf d datfmfifu sfe hatfrrupêíb? d) if hefihdtb, pdrd b sfjurdib feprfjdib quf thvfr ihrfhtb d rftbradr ç nuaêíb quf ifsfepfald ad feprfsd db sf dpbsfatdr; c) dpýs värhbs efsfs qudatbs nbrfe bs dabs if iurdêíb ib duxå`hb-ibfaêd f id dpbsfatdibrhd dpbsfatdib rhd pbr havd`hifz, pdrd bs ifedhs sfjurdibs.

Ndtbrprfvhifamhärhb • @fvd fe mbatd tfepb if mbatrhcuhêíb, hidif ib sfjurdib f fxpfmtdthvd if sbcrfvhid db sf dpbsfatdr. • B bcofthvb ib ndtbr prfvhifamhärhb è ihehauhr b vd`br ids dpbsfatdibrhds if qufe sf dpbsfatd prfmbmfefatf. • B ndtbr prfvhifamhärhb hamhihrä sbcrf ds dpbsfatdibrhds quf aíb dthajhrfe d nýreu`d <6/86 bu ifedhs prbpbrêöfs nuturds. • Wdrd quf b ndtbr prfvhifamhärhb aíb sfod dp`hmdib, b trdcd`ldibr tfrä quf mbathaudr trdcd`ldaib dtè dthajhr d sbed prbpbrmhbad` d sfu mdsb.

3) ]f d rfmupfrdêíb nbr pdrmhd` bu bmbrrfr dpýs b pfråbib dmhed, bu dhaid qudaib b sfjurdib nbr ifm`drdib dptb pdrd b fxfrmåmhb if trdcd`lb ihvfrsb b qud` ldchtudèfatf fxfrmhd, d dpbsfatdibrd sfrä edathid sfe prfouåzb id vb`td ç dthvhidif? d) pf`b sfu vd`br hatfjrd`, iurdatf sfhs efsfs mbatdibs id idtd fe quf nbr vfrhfflmdid d rfmupfrdêíb id mdpdmhidif. c) mbe rfiuêíb if 67% ab pfråbib sfjuhatf if sfhs efsfs. m) mbe rfiuêíb if :6%, tdecèe pbr hjud` pfråbib if sfhs efsfs; db tèrehab ifssf pfråbib, b cfafnåmhb mfssdrä iffflahthvdefatf.

Ndtbr <6/86 prbjrfsshvb • Fe oualb if 3746, efihid prbvhsýrhd prbpöf dpbsfatdibrhd hatfjrd` pbr tfepb if sfrvhêb mbe d nýreu`d <6/86 dtè 374>. • D abvd nýreu`d iä b cfafnåmhb pdrd sfjurdibs ib HA]] quf dthajhrfe, ad sbed id hidif f ib tfepb if mbatrhcuhêíb, b åaihmf <6 (pdrd eu`lfrfs) f 86 (pdrd lbefas). • Lä prfvhsíb if euidaêd jrdiud` ab ndtbr, ndtbr, dtè dthajhr d prbpbrêíb 87/477, aue pfråbib if bhtb dabs, mbashifrdaib b duefatb if fxpfmtdthvd if sbcrfvhid ib crdsh`fhrb.

Bs cfafnåmhbs tïe cdsf abs drthjbs 93 f 9: id `fh a¿ <.34= if 4884 f drthjb 374, hamhsb H id Mbasthtuhêíb Nfifrd`, f drthjbs 9= d 67 ib ifmrftb a¿ =.79< if 4888. Yrdtd-sf if cfafnåmhb if trdtb mbathaudib, ifvhib, efasd` f sumfsshvdefatf, fe ndmf id hamdpdmhidif tbtd` f ifnhahthvd if tbibs bs sfjurdibs. È b cfafnåmhb d quf tfe ihrfhtb b sfjurdib quf, dpýs mue@fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d :

474


^FOD ]F DWSFAIFV @fhd b tfxtb dcdhxb pdrd rfspbaifr çs pfrjuatds 4 f 3. Ve lbefe if >6 dabs trdcd`lbu mbeb sfjurdib feprfjdib fatrf bs dabs if 48<9 f 4888. If 4888 dtè lbof, aíb mbasfjuhu edhs feprfjb f, pbr mdusd ihssb, pdrbu if mbatrhcuhr.

4. Efseb mbe tdatb tfepb sfe trdcd`lb, f`f tfe ihrfhtb if rfmfcfr d`jue cfafnåmhb id Wrfvhiïamhd ]bmhd`2 d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) Aíb, pbhs pbhs ifhxbu if mbatrhcuhr mbatrhcuhr abs ÿ`thebs 43 dabs. dabs. ) ]he, pbr oä tfr tfr hidif eåahed f mbep`ftdib b pfråbib if mdrïamhd. mdrïamhd. ) Aíb, pbhs pbhs aíb mbatrhcuhu mbatrhcuhu dtè b tfepb tfepb if mdrïamhd. mdrïamhd. ) Aíb, pbhs aíb tfe hidif eåahed pdrd sf dpbsfatdr.

3. Fssf lbefe pdjbu tfepb sufflmhfatf pdrd sf dpbsfatdr2 d) ( ) ]he, pbhs pdjbu dtè b pfråbib if mdrïamhd. c) ( ) Aíb, pbhs dhaid nd`tdvde nd`tdvde d`juas dabs dabs dtè b tèrehab tèrehab ib pfråbib if mdrïamhd. m) ( ) ]he, efseb aíb aíb tfr mbatrhcuåib mbatrhcuåib dtè b pfråbib pfråbib if mdrïamhd. mdrïamhd. i) ( ) Aíb, pbhs b tfepb tfepb fe quf fflmbu pdrdib pdrdib nfz mbe quf pfrifssf pfrifssf b ihrfhtb db cfafnåmhb cfafnåmhb pf`b tfepb if mdrïamhd.

=. @fhd ds dfflredthvds sbcrf dpbsfatdibrhd pbr tfepb if mbatrhcuhêíb f, ifpbhs, dsshad`f d d`tfradthvd mbrrftd. H - B vd`br ib cfafnåmhb pdrd dpbsfatdibrhd hatfjrd` mbrrfspbaif mbrrfspbaif d 477% ib sd`ärhb if cfafnåmhb cfafnåmhb.. HH - B dpbsfatdib pbr tfepb if mbatrhcuhêíb tfe ihrfhtb db 4=¿ sd`ärhb (dcbab daud`). d) ( c) ( m) ( i) (

) Dpfads Dpfads H è vfridifhrd. vfridifhrd. ) Dpfads HH è vfridifhrd. ) H f HH síb vfridifhrds. vfridifhrds. ) H f HH síb nd`sds. nd`sds.

9. Ved eu`lfr trdcd`lbu 46 dabs fe ue lbsphtd` bpfrdaib eäquhads if rdhb \. Mdasdid ihssb, pfihu f mbasfjuhu euidr if sftbr. Wdssbu d sfr sfmrftärhd. Wdssdibs ifz dabs trdcd`ldaib afssd nuaêíb, ifmhihu, fe abvfecrb if 488<, sf dpbsfatdr. Mbeb trdcd`lbu 36 dabs fe ue lbsphtd`, f`d mbasfjuhrä ued dpbsfatdibrhd pbr tfepb if trdcd`lb fe mbaihêöfs fspfmhdhs2 d) ( ) Aíb, pbhs pbhs aíb trdcd`lbu trdcd`lbu 36 dabs mbe djfatfs djfatfs abmhvbs. c) ( ) ]he, efseb aíb trdcd`ldaib trdcd`ldaib 36 dabs mbe djfatfs djfatfs abmhvbs. m) ( ) ]he, pbhs trdcd`lbu fe ue lbsphtd` pbr 36 dabs f fstfvf fxpbstd tbib fssf tfepb mbe djfatfs abmhvbs. i) ( ) Aíb, pbhs pbhs aíb dthajhu d hidif eåahed pdrd fstf thpb if dpbsfatdibrhd.

@fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d :

473


Du`d <

WDSD SFN@FYHS

@FJH]@DÊÍB CSD]H@FHSD @FJH]@DÊÍB ID ]FJVSDAÊD IB YSDCD@LB

B quf è abred if sbcrfihrfhtb2 È d abred quf ihsmhp`had d fehssíb f dp`hmdêíb if butrds abreds ouråihmds.

Hatrbiuêíb

^fod b quf d `fh if hatrbiuêíb trdtd? • Abreds if Ihrfhtb Wrhvdib hatfradmhbad`; • Mrhtèrhbs lfrefaïuthmb lfrefaïuthmbs; s; • Mrhtèrhbs if hatfjrdêíb ib brifadefatb ouråihmb ourå ihmb;; • Mbaffihtb if `fhs ab tfepb f ab fspdêb; • ^hjïamhd f ffflmämhd ids abreds ouråihmds. D `fjhs`dêíb quf rfjf d sfjurdaêd ib trdcd`lb ab Crdsh` è nbredid pf`d Mbasthtuhêíb Nfifrd`, prbeu`jdid fe 48<<, quf è d `fh eäxhed if abssb pdås; d Mbasb`hidêíb ids @fhs ib Yrdcd`lb (M@ (M@Y) Y) quf è b ifmrftb-`fh a¿ 6.963, prbeu`jdid fe 489=; f ds Abreds Sfju`defatdibrds (ASs) ib Ehahstèrhb ib Yrdcd`lb f Feprfjb. Dtudèfatf síb =: ASs.

Fssd `fh, ab nuaib, è ued hatrbiuêíb çs ifedhs `fhs, pbhs mbatèe prhamåphbs jfrdhs sfe qud`qufr ihsmrhehadêíb. F`d è dp`hmävf` d tbib rdeb ib Ihrfhtb. D sfjuhr, vdebs vfrhfflmdr d`juas drthjbs nuaidefatdhs id @fh if Hatrbiuêíb db Mýihjb Mhvh`?

Drt. 4¿ - ]d`vb ihspbshêíb mbaträrhd, d `fh mbefêd d vhjbrdr fe tbib b pdås qudrfatd f mhamb ihds ifpbhs if bnhmhdèfatf puc`hmdid.

]DHCD EDH] W`dab Admhbad` if ]fjurdaêd f ]dÿif ib Yrdcd`lb. Mueprhaib ds ihrftrhzfs id Mbavfaêíb a¿ 466 id Brjdahzdêíb Hatfradmhbad` ib Yrdcd`lb (BHY), b Crdsh` f`dcbrbu fssf mbaouatb if abreds quf prfvï d hamùsíb if tbibs bs trdcd`ldibrfs crdsh`fhrbs ab ]hstfed Admhbad` if Wrbebêíb f Wrbtfêíb id ]fjurdaêd f ]dÿif ab Yrdcd`lb Yrdcd`lb (]]Y), d`èe if butrbs bcofthvbs.

È rfjrd jfrd` quf d `fh fatrf fe vhjbr 96 ihds dpýs sud puc`hmdêíb fe ýrjíb bnhmhd` (Ihärhb Bnhmhd`). Wbif bmbrrfr if d `fh nhxdr b prdzb pdrd fatrdr fe vhjbr. vh jbr.

§ 4¿ - Abs Fstdibs, fstrdajfhrbs, d bcrhjdtbrhfidif id `fh crdsh`fhrd, qudaib diehthid, sf hahmhd trïs efsfs ifpbhs if bfflmhdèfatf puc`hmdid.

@fh if Hatrbiuêíb çs Abreds ib Ihrfhtb Crdsh`fhrb

Fssf pdräjrdnb sf rfnfrf d fecdhxdids f mbasu`dibs.

Datfs if trdtdrebs ids abreds quf rfjfe d sfjurdaêd ib trdcd`lb ab Crdsh`, è hepbrtdatf quf b dùab tfald mbalfmhefatb id @fh if Hatrbiuêíb çs Abreds ib Ihrfhtb Crdsh`fhrb (ifmrftb-`fh a¿ 9.>6: if 4893). Fssd `fh è abred if sbcrfihrfhtb bu if dpbhb mbashstfatf aue mbaouatb if abreds, muob bcofthvb prhamhpd` è ihsmhp`hadr ds prýprhds abreds ouråihmds. @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds Du`d <

§ =¿ - ]f, datfs if fatrdr d `fh fe vhjbr, bmbrrfr abvd puc`hmdêíb if sfu tfxtb, ifsthadid d mbrrfêíb, b prdzb ifstf drthjb f ibs pdräjrdnbs datfrhbrfs mbefêdrä d mbrrfr id abvd puc`hmdêíb. § 9¿ - Ds mbrrfêöfs d tfxtb if `fh oä fe vhjbr mbashifrde-sf `fh abvd. 47=


Drt. 3¿ - Aíb sf ifsthadaib ç vhjïamhd tfepbrärhd, d `fh tfrä vhjbr dtè quf butrd d ebihnhquf bu rfvbjuf. § 4¿ 4 ¿ - D `fh pbstfrhbr rfvbjd d datfrhbr qudaib fxprfssdefatf b ifm`drf, qudaib sfod mbe f`d hambepdtåvf` bu qudaib rfju`f hatfhrdefatf d edtèrhd if quf trdtdvd d `fh datfrhbr. § 3¿ - D `fh abvd, quf fstdcf`fêd ihspbshêöfs jfrdhs bu fspfmhdhs d pdr ids oä fxhstfatfs, aíb rfvbjd afe ebihnhmd d `fh datfrhbr. § =¿ - ]d`vb ihspbshêíb fe mbaträrhb, d `fh rfvbjdid aíb sf rfstdurd pbr tfr d `fh rfvbjdibrd pfrihib d vhjïamhd.

§ 4¿ - Sfputd-sf dtb ouråihmb pfrnfhtb b oä mbasuedib sfjuaib d `fh vhjfatf db tfepb fe quf sf fnftubu. § 3¿ - Mbashifrde-sf diquhrhibs dsshe bs ihrfhtbs quf b sfu thtu`dr th tu`dr,, bu d`juèe quf pbr f`f, pbssd fxfrmfr mbeb dquf`fs muob mbefêb ib fxfrmåmhb tfald tfreb prè-nhxb bu mbaihêíb prè-fstdcf`fmhid had`tfrävf` had`tfrävf`,, d drcåtrhb if butrfe. § =¿ = ¿ - Mlded-sf mbhsd ou`jdid bu mdsb ou`jdi ou` jdib b d ifm ifmhsí hsíb b if quf oä aíb mdh mdhcd cd rf rf-mursb. D `fh è mrhdid pdrd vd`fr ab nuturb. Ab fatdatb, adid hepfif quf fe suds ihspbshêöfs trdashtýrhds, fstdcf`fêd d hrrftrbdthvhidif ifstd, pdrd aíb mrhdr mban`htbs fe prbmfssbs fe daidefatb.

Ved `fh sý pbif sfr rfvbjdid tbtd` bu pdrmhdèfatf pbr butrd `fh, bu pbr ifmhsíb ib ]uprfeb Yrhcuad` Yrhcuad` Nfifrd` fe dêöfs if hambasthtumhbad`hidif.

Drt. =¿ - Ahajuèe sf fsmusd if mueprhr d `fh, d`fjdaib quf aíb d mbalfmf.

Mbasb`hidêíb ids @fhs ib Yrdcd`lb

Ved pfssbd aíb pbif ifsmueprhr ued `fh d`fjdaib ifsmbalfmhefatb. Ab mdsb if ued feprfsd, fstd aíb pbif ifsmueprhr qud`qufr abred if sfjurdaêd ib trdcd`lb d`fjdaib ifsmbalfmhefatb ifsmbalfmhefatb..

^frfebs d sfjuhr bs drthjbs 469 db 374 id M@Y (Mdpåtu`b ^, Yåtu`b HH), d`tfrdibs pf`d `fh a¿ >.649 if 48::, bs qudhs trdtde oustdefatf sbcrf sfjurdaêd f efihmhad ib trdcd`lb.

Drt. 9¿ - Tudaib d `fh nbr behssd, b ouhz ou hz if ifmh mhih ihrä rä b md mdsb sb if dm dmbri brib b mb mbe e d da dadd`bjhd, bs mbstuefs f bs prhamåphbs jfrdhs if ihrfhtb.

MDWÅYV@B ^ ID ]FJVSDAÊD F ID EFIHMHAD IB YSDCD@LB ]FÊÍB H IH]WB]HÊÖF] JFSDH]

Drt. 6¿ - Ad dp`hmdêíb id `fh, b ouhz dtfaifrä dbs nhas sbmhdhs d quf f`d sf ihrhjf f çs fxhjïamhds ib cfe mbeue. Db sf mrhdr ued `fh, aíb sf pbif prfvfr shtudêöfs nuturds, f b ouihmhärhb aíb pbif ifhxdr if ou`jdr mdsbs quf `lf síb dprfsfatdibs. Wbr fssd rdzíb, d `fh pfrehtf quf b ou`jdibr, sfe depdrb if `fh, cusquf pdrd sud ifmhsíb butrds nbatfs pdrd nuaidefatä-`d.

Drt. 469 - D bcsfrvãamhd, fe tbibs bs `bmdhs if trdcd`lb, ib ihspbstb afstf Mdpåtu`b, aíb ifsb crhjd ds feprfsds ib mueprhefatb if butrds ihspbshêöfs quf, mbe rf`dêíb ç edtèrhd, sfode hamùåids fe mýihjbs if bcrds bu rfju`defatbs sdahtärhbs ibs Fstdibs bu Euahmåphbs fe quf sf shtufe bs rfspfmthvbs fstdcf`fmhefatbs, cfe mbeb idquf`ds brhuaids if mbavfaêöfs mb`fthvds if trdcd`lb.

Drt. >¿ - D `fh fe vhjbr tfrä fnfhtb hefihdtb f jfrd`, rfspfhtdibs b dtb ouråihmb pfrnfhtb, b ihrfhtb diquhrhib f d mbhsd ou`j ou `jdi did. d. @fjhs`dêíb f Abreds - Du`d <

Drt. 466 - Hamuecf db ýrjíb if ãechtb admhbad` mbepftfatf fe edtèrhd if sfjurdaêd f efihmhad ib trdcd`lb? 479


Segurança M1V3

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