Short Circuit

Jurusan Teknik Teknik Sistem Perkapalan Gedung WA, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111 Telp Telp ! "0#1$ %&& '(%1 e)t e)t 110(, 110# *a) ! "0#1$ %&&'+%' mail ! -tsp.itsa/id

Content Preface

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Chapter I Preliminary 

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Chapter I.1 Background of the Problem        Chapter I.2 Formulation of the Problem         Chapter I.3 Purposes 

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Chapter I.4 Benefits 

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        Chapter I. !riting "ystematic  Chapter II #e$ie% of the &iterature   2.1 'efinition          2.2 ()amples         

        & 2.3 'amage         10 2.4 #elated concepts  2. "hort Circuit Calculation       10 10 2.* "hort Circuit #ules +B,I #ules for (lectrical Installations-21*/ 1( Chapter III 0ethodology of !riting Paper    Chapter I Problem "ol$ing         

         Chapter  Conclusion            #efferences

Preface

Short Circuit Analysis

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ratitude ratitude belongs only to lmighty lmighty llah llah %ho has gi$en his affection to the authors for taking the time to complete the paper "hip (lectrical Installation titled 5"hort Circuit nalysis using (6P "oft%are5. 6he authors also thanks to those %ho ha$e assisted in the completion of this paper. 6he authors are a%are that this paper is still far from perfect. 6herefore the authors e)pects criticism and suggestions either in %riting or orally in particular course to the "hip (lectrical Installation lecturer Indra #anu ,usuma "6. 0."c so that the authors can de$elop science especially science of "hip (lectrical Installation.


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Chapter I Preliminary Chapter I.1 Background of the Problem  short circuit is an abnormal connection bet%een t%o nodes of an electric circuit intended to be at different $oltages. 6his results in an e)cessi$e electric current limited only by the 6h7$enin e8ui$alent resistance of the rest of the net%ork and potentially causes circuit cir cuit damage o$erheating fire or e)plosion. lthough usually the result of a fault there are cases %here short circuits are caused intentionally for e)ample for the purpose of $oltage-sensing cro%bar circuit protectors.

Figure 1. Phase to phase short circuit

In circuit analysis a short circuit is a connection bet%een t%o nodes that forces them to be at the same $oltage. In an ideal short circuit this means there is no resistance and no $oltage drop across the short. In real circuits the result is a connection %ith almost no resistance. In such a case the current is limited by the rest of the circuit.

 short circuit fault current can %ithin milliseconds be thousands of times larger than the normal operating current of the system. 'amage from short circuits can be reduced or pre$ented by employing fuses circuit breakers or other o$erload protection %hich disconnect the po%er in reaction to e)cessi$e current. 9$erload protection must be chosen according to the current rating of the circuit. Circuits for large home appliances re8uire protecti$e de$ices set or rated for higher currents than lighting circuits. !ire gauges specified in building and electrical codes are chosen to ensure safe operation in con:unction %ith the o$erload protection. n o$ercurrent protection de$ice must be rated to safely interrupt the ma)imum prospecti$e short circuit current.

In an improper installation the o$ercurrent from a short circuit may cause ohmic heating heating of the circuit parts %ith poor conducti$ity conducti$ity +faulty :oints in %iring %iring faulty contacts contacts in po%er sockets or e$en the site of the short circuit itself/. "uch o$erheating is a common Short Circuit Analysis

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Jurusan Teknik Sistem Perkapalan Gedung WA, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111 Telp ! "0#1$ %&& '(%1 e)t 110(, 110# *a) ! "0#1$ %&&'+%' mail ! -tsp.itsa/id

cause of fires. n electric arc if it forms during the short circuit produces high amount of heat and can cause ignition of combustible substances as %ell.

In industrial and utility distribution systems dynamic forces generated by high short circuit currents cause conductors to spread apart. Busbars cables and apparatus can be damaged by the forces generated in a short circuit.

Figure 2. Phase to grounding short circuit

 common type of short circuit occurs %hen the positi$e and negati$e terminals of a battery are connected %ith a lo%- resistan/e /ondu/tor like a ire. !ith lo% resistance

in the connection a high /urrent e)ists causing the cell to deli$er a large amount of energy in a short time.  large current through a battery can cause the rapid buildup of heat potentially resulting in an e)plosion or the release of hydrogen gas and electrolyte +an acid or a base/ %hich can burn tissue cause blindness or e$en death. 9$erloaded %ires can also o$erheat sometimes causing damage to the %ire;s insulation or a fire.
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o$erheating fire or e)plosion. "o %e %ant to find the %orthiness and safety of our one line diagram. nd there is some soft%are that %e used for analy>ing our one line diagram that called ?(6P@. 9n this soft%are %e %ant to find if there is any short circuit on our one line diagram. nd if there is any short circuit does it %ill potentially harming according to B,I standards.

Figure 3. (tap logo

Chapter I.2 Formulation of the Problem
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Jurusan Teknik Sistem Perkapalan Gedung WA, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111 Telp ! "0#1$ %&& '(%1 e)t 110(, 110# *a) ! "0#1$ %&&'+%' mail ! -tsp.itsa/id • • • • • •

Chapter I. Purposes 6he purpose of this papers is to find A

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Indication of a short circuit on some electrical installation 6he cause of a short circuit 6he dangerous possibility of a short circuit on some electrical installation ,no%ing some standards +B,I #ules/ that related to short circuit on some shipboard

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electrical installation Brief of tutorial about ho% to use (6P and ho% to find short circuit potential using

• • •

(6P

Chapter I.! Benefits 6his paper e)pected to gi$e a benefit such as A •

,no%ing the details about short circuit such as cause and dangerous short circuit.

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,no%ing about short circuit standards.

•

,no%ing ho% to use (6P.

Chapter I." #riting Systematic C<P6(# I P#(&I0I#D 6his chapter e)plains general information i.e. background of the problems formulation of problem purposes of the paper benefits of the paper and %riting systematic of the paper. C<P6(# II #(I(! 9F 6<( &I6(#6E#( Short Circuit Analysis

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6his chapter contains brief and general re$ie%s about short circuit in the paper. 6hese re$ie%s are obtained from literatures or references %e read. C<P6(# III 0(6<9'9&9D 9F !#I6I PP(# 6his chapter describes processes and the steps taken in making ot the paper. C<P6(# I P#9B&(0" "9&I 6his chapter contains problem sol$ings for problems mentioned abo$e in chapter I.2. C<P6(#  C9C&E"I9" 6his chapter contains conclusions related to analysis of the system and problems mentioned in chapter I.2.

Chapter II $e%ie& of the 'iterature  short circuit +sometimes abbre$iated to short or sc/ is an electrical circuit that allo%s a current to tra$el along an unintended path often %here essentially no +or a $ery lo%/ electrical impedance is encountered. 6he electrical opposite of a short circuit is an 5open circuit5 %hich is an infinite resistance bet%een t%o nodes. It is common to misuse 5short circuit5 to describe any electrical malfunction regardless of the actual problem. 2.1 (efinition

 short circuit is an abnormal connection bet%een t%o nodes of an electric circuit intended to be at different $oltages. 6his results in an e)cessi$e electric current limited only


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by the 6h7$enin e8ui$alent resistance of the rest of the net%ork and potentially causes circuit damage o$erheating fire or e)plosion. lthough usually the result of a fault there are cases %here short circuits are caused intentionally for e)ample for the purpose of $oltagesensing cro%bar circuit protectors. In circuit analysis a short circuit is a connection bet%een t%o nodes that forces them to be at the same $oltage. In an ideal short circuit this means there is no resistance and no $oltage drop across the short. In real circuits the result is a connection %ith almost no resistance. In such a case the current is limited by the rest of the circuit. 2.2 )*amples

 common type of short circuit occurs %hen the positi$e and negati$e terminals of a battery are connected %ith a lo%-resistance conductor  like a %ire. !ith lo% resistance in the connection a high current e)ists causing the cell to deli$er a large amount of energy in a short time.  large current through a battery can cause the rapid buildup of heat potentially resulting in an e)plosion or the release of hydrogen gas and electrolyte +an acid or a base/ %hich can burn tissue cause blindness or e$en death. 9$erloaded %ires can also o$erheat sometimes causing damage to the %ire;s insulation or a fire.

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designed to ha$e a certain amount of leakage reactance. 6he leakage reactance +usually about  to 1G of the full load impedance/ helps limit both the magnitude and rate of rise of the fault current.  short circuit may lead to formation of an electric arc. 6he arc a channel of hot ioni>ed plasma is highly conducti$e and can persist e$en after significant amount of original material of the conductors %as e$aporated. "urface erosion is a typical sign of electric arc damage. ($en short arcs can remo$e significant amount of materials from the electrodes. 6he temperature of the resulting electrical arc is $ery high +tens of thousands of degrees Fahrenheit/ causing the metal on the contact surfaces to melt pool and migrate %ith the current as %ell as to escape into the air as fine particulate matter 2. (amage

 short circuit fault current can %ithin milliseconds be thousands of times larger than the normal operating current of the system. 'amage from short circuits can be reduced or pre$ented by employing fuses circuit breakers or other o$erload protection %hich disconnect the po%er in reaction to e)cessi$e current. 9$erload protection must be chosen according to the current rating of the circuit. Circuits for large home appliances re8uire protecti$e de$ices set or rated for higher currents than lighting circuits. !ire gaugesspecified in building and electrical codes are chosen to ensure safe operation in con:unction %ith the o$erload protection. n o$ercurrent protection de$ice must be rated to safely interrupt the ma)imum prospecti$e short circuit current. In an improper installation the o$ercurrent from a short circuit may cause ohmic heating of the circuit parts %ith poor conducti$ity +faulty :oints in %iring faulty contacts in po%er sockets or e$en the site of the short circuit itself/. "uch o$erheating is a common cause of fires. n electric arc if it forms during the short circuit produces high amount of heat and can cause ignition of combustible substances as %ell. In industrial and utility distribution systems dynamic forces generated by high short circuit currents cause conductors to spread apart. Busbars cables and apparatus can be damaged by the forces generated in a short circuit. 2.! $elated concepts

In electronics the ideal model +infinite gain/ of an operational amplifier is said to produce a $irtual short circuit bet%een its input terminals because no matter %hat the output


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$oltage is the difference of potential bet%een its input terminals is >ero. If one of the input terminals is connected to the ground then the other one is said to pro$ide a $irtual ground because its potential is +ideally/ identical to that of the ground. n ideal operational amplifier also has infinite input impedance so unlike a real short circuit no current flo%s bet%een the terminals of the $irtual short. 'ue to these differences the terminology can be confusing= one te)tbook parenthetically suggests that 5$irtual open circuit5 may be e8ually suitable because no current flo%s. 2." Short Circuit Calculation

6here are many %ays to calculate the short-circuit current for a marine electrical system some $ery simple others 8uite comple). 6he comple)ity of the calculation is not al%ays a good guide as to the ?%orth@ of the result that is produced. "ome calculation methods in$ol$e e)tensi$e calculations but the result obtained cannot be relied upon. 9ther methods that also in$ol$e e)tensi$e calculations do not necessarily pro$ide final results that are as e8ually reliable to those attained by less comple) methods. 6he ?best@ calculation method to use is difficult to determine and depends on the si>e of installation the point of interest on the system and the purpose of the calculation.For any installation ha$ing an installed generating capacity of  k or less at 44  or 3 k or less at 23 $olts the ?1 times@ calculation method is generally ade8uate. 6he ad$ice %ould be to try it and pro$ided the result :ustifies the use of the minimum rated circuit breakers +1 or 14 k at the main s%itchboard/ then additional calculations %ould seem unnecessary.6he ten times@ rule calculation can be refined if the generator sub-transient reactance is kno%n ho%e$er care should be taken to use the generator ?internal@ $oltage and not the system $oltage or the results %ill be inaccurately lo%. For larger installations it is strongly ad$ised that a more comple) method of calculation be used= if the ?1 times@ rule is used the short-circuit current calculated $alues %ill result in $astly o$er rated s%itchgear being installed. 6he reduction in short-circuit re8uirements due to feeder cables is significant particularly for the lo%er rated feeders +e.g. 1 amps or less/. ccordingly %hen calculating the short-circuit le$el at panel boards distribution panels and other s%itchboards supplied from the main s%itchboard the impedance of the feeder cables should be included. ccount should be taken of both the feeder cable resistance and reactance other%ise the calculation results may be unacceptably lo%. Short Circuit Analysis

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Calculation methods that include generator and motor short-circuit decrement %ill produce the lo%est acceptable $alues of short-circuit current. "uch methods are based on I(C "tandard *13*3-1. For systems in$ol$ing different si>es of generator or generators at different $oltages located on different s%itchboards short-circuit current calculations at distribution and po%er panels that take into account current decrement are not straightfor%ard. (ssentially there are t%o approaches one to ignore the time constant changes resulting from the feeder cable impedance and one to take these into account. 6he later calculation can be completed using the (8ui$alent enerator approach outlined in I(C *13*3-1 "ection H. For most ?con$entional@ marine electrical systems the (8ui$alent enerator method %ill in$ol$e e)tensi$e calculations and produce results marginally different from more simple methods. For the ma:ority of marine electrical systems used in the commercial marine industry a calculation method based on I(C *13*3-1 taking into account both generator and motor short-circuit current decrement %ill produce the lo%est reliable calculated $alue for the shortcircuit current. ($en %ith this method cognisance should be gi$en to the accuracy of the data used in the calculation +sub-transient reactance tolerances etc./ in order to apply a calculation ?error@ margin to the result particularly %hen choosing protection gear %ith rating close to the calculated $alues. 6he authors generally applies a   1G margin to all calculated $alues.

2.+ Short Circuit $ules ,B-I $ules for )lectrical Installations2/1+0 Shortcircuit test 

a/ 9n all synchronous generators the steady short circuit current shall be determined %ith the e)citer unit in operation. !ith a three-phase short circuit bet%een terminals the steady short-circuit current shall not be less than three times the rated current. 6he generator and its e)citer unit shall be capable of %ithstanding the steady short-circuit current for a period of 2 seconds %ithout suffering damage. b/  sudden-short-circuit test may be demanded  to determine the reactances  if there is any concern regarding mechanical and electrical strength. "ynchronous generators %hich ha$e undergone a sudden-short-circuit test shall be thoroughly e)amined after the test for any damage. Protection euipment


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2.1.3 "hort-circuit protection and o$erload protection e8uipment is to be pro$ided in e$ery non-earthed conductor. Shortcircuit protection

2.2.1 6he short-circuit protection is to be set at an o$ercurrent of more than  G but at a $alue less than the steady short-circuit current +preferably 2J K In/. It shall ha$e a short time delay compatible %ith the selecti$ity of the system +from 3 up to about  ms/. 2.2.2 6he short-circuit protection shall not be disabled by under-$oltage. 2.2.3 enerators %ith a rated output of 1 k or more are to be e8uipped %ith a suitable protecti$e de$ice %hich in the e$ent of a short-circuit inside the generator or in the cable bet%een generator and circuit-breaker opens the breaker and de-energi>es the generator. ()amples of suitable protecti$e e8uipment are differential protection or generator-neutral point monitoring.

Shortcircuit protection euipment

2.1 6he rated short-circuit breaking capacity Icn of a s%itching de$ice shall not be less than the ma)imum current to be broken in the e$ent of a short circuit at the place %here the protecti$e de$ice is fitted. 2.2 6he rated short-circuit making capacity Icm of a circuit breaker shall not be less than the ma)imum instantaneous asymmetric short-circuit current at the place %here it is fitted. 2.3 6he peak short-circuit strength of a s%itching unit and its components shall correspond to the ma)imum short-circuit current %hich can arise at the place %here it is fitted. 2.4 Circuit breakers %hose makingbreaking capacities are less than the anticipated ma)imum shortcircuit currents are to be protected by back-up fuses of sufficient breaking capacity.


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2. 6he circuit breakers are to be selected on the basis of their rated ser$ice short-circuit breaking capacity Ics as follo%sA  all circuit breakers %hich are directly connected to main or emergency s%itchboard  all circuit breakers %hich are installed in the feeder lines for essential ser$ices or emergency consumers (8ui$alent protection schemes re8uire special appro$al by B,I $ating and control of alternating and threephase current generators of the main electrical po&er supply

2.4.3 "teady short-circuit current !ith a terminal short-circuit on three phases the steady short-circuit current shall not be less than three times or not greater than * times the rated current. 6he generator and its e)citer shall be capable of %ithstanding the steady short-circuit current for 2 seconds %ithout damage. For the selecti$ity demands of the distribution system the short-circuit current shall be sufficient.

Calculation of shortcircuit currents 

1.1 "hort-circuit current calculations are to be carried out in accordance %ith a standard accepted by B,I e.g. I(C publication *13*3-1. 1.2 !hen calculating the ma)imum short-circuit currents to be e)pected the follo%ing are to be taken into accountA  all generators %hich operate in parallel to pro$ide the ma)imum po%er demand  all motors %hose simultaneous operation shall be e)pected. ll data used for the short-circuit current calculation are to be submitted. 6o be determined areA  the peak short-circuit current ip  the initial symmetrical short-circuit current I@k Short Circuit Analysis

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1.3 #oughly the short-circuit currents at the main busbar can be calculated as follo%sA

1.3.3 6he total initial symmetrical short-circuit current can be calculated by summation of the indi$idual component currents. 1.3.4 6he $alue of the peak short-circuit current ip can be calculated by multiplying the total initial symmetrical short-circuit current I5k0 by the factor 2.3. 1.4 6he short-circuit calculation shall consider all possible short-circuits necessary for an e$aluation of the system. 6he follo%ing types of short-circuits are to be in$estigated in all casesA  generator short-circuits  short-circuits on main busbars  short-circuits on the busbars of emergency s%itchboards and main distribution panels 1. 6he short-circuit current calculation shall be accompanied by a list of the proposed s%itching de$ices and their characteristic data. 6he rated making capacity the rated breaking capacity and the po%er factor of the s%itching appliances shall be stated. 1.* B,I reser$es the right also to re8uest proof of the minimum short-circuit currents to be e)pected.


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Chapter III 3ethodology of #riting Paper

Begin

'ata collection and informationA

&iterature "tudyA

1. Po%er sistribution design of a real

1. "hort Circuit standar +B,I

ship

rules and I(C/

2. (lectrical data of the loads in the

2. "hort Circuit causes

po%er distribution system 3. "hort Circuit definition

Comparison of short circuit standar Short Circuit Analysis

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Formulate the problems associated %ith short circuit.

0aking of the paper

Finish

Chapter I4 Problem Sol%ing Po%er system operates under balanced conditions under abnormal condition +fault/ the system becomes unbalanced. If the insulation of system fails at any point or if t%o or more conductor that normally operates %ith a potential difference comes in contact %ith each other a short circuit or a fault is said to be occur. Fault may occur at different point in a po%er system. 6ransmission line fault that occurs on a transmission line are broadly classified asA L 6hree phase short circuit +symmetrical fault/. L Ensymmetrical fault In an improper installation the o$ercurrent from a short circuit may cause ohmic heating of the circuit parts %ith poor conducti$ity +faulty :oints in %iring faulty contacts in po%er sockets or e$en the site of the short circuit itself/. "uch o$erheating is a common


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cause of fires. n electric arc if it forms during the short circuit produces high amount of heat and can cause ignition of combustible substances as %ell.

Standards

6he International )lectrotechnical Commission +I(C/ is the %orldMs leading organi>ation for the preparation and publication of International "tandards for all electrical electronic and related technologies. ll I(C International "tandards are fully consensus-based and represent the needs of key stakeholders of e$ery nation participating in I(C %ork. 6he I(C standars that are used during the making of the paperA I(C *N4H-1 &o% oltage "%itchgear and Controlgear Part 1A eneral #ules I(C *N4H-2 &o% oltage "%itchgear and Controlgear Part 2A Circuit Breakers I(C *13*3-1 (lectrical Installations of "hips and 0obile and Fi)ed 9ffshore Enits Part 1A Procedures for Calculating "hort Circuit Currents in 6hree-Phase C I(C *HJ1

pplication guide for calculation of short circuit currents in lo%-$oltage radial systems

Figure 4. I(C "tandards


Page 1+


Figure . I(C "tandards application

5eneral (ata of P-$ S6IP

1. 'imension 

&9

A 111 m



B

A 142 m



<

A JH m



6

A 3H m Figure *. P,# "hip



'isplacement A 23* ton

2. Performance 

"peed + Main Engine/ A 2J knots


Page 1

Jurusan Teknik Sistem Perkapalan Gedung WA, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111 Telp ! "0#1$ %&& '(%1 e)t 110(, 110# *a) ! "0#1$ %&&'+%' mail ! -tsp.itsa/id 

"peed + E-Propulsion/ A 1 knots



#ange at 14 knots

A O 0



(ndurance

A O 2 days

3. Propulsion system 

6ype

A combined diesel or electric +C9'9(/



'iesel engine

A 2 ) 1 k! 0C# diesel propulsion



(lectric motor

A 2 ) 13 k! 0C# electric propulsion



earbo)

A 2 ) double input  single output



Propeller

A 2 ) CPP diameter 3* m

4. u)illiary systems 

enerator sets

A 6 x 735 kWe (CA C-3!A"



(mergency gen. set

A 1 ) 1J k!e



Chilled %ater

A 2 ) units redundant distribution



Fire Fighting

A 4 ) main pumps  1 ) ser$ice pump



Fresh%ater making capacity A 2 ) 14 m3day +#9/  2 ) H m 3day +e$aporation/

Po&er (istribution ,single line0

6here are * main diesel generators on P,# ship that are located inA 1. 2 diesel generator in diesel generator room. 2. 2 diesel generator in main engine room. 3. 2 diesel generator in e-dri$e room. lso an emergency generator is pro$ided to supply the electricity in the e$ent of failure of abo$e generators.


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Figure H. 0ain (ngine #oom

Figure J. 'iesel enerator #oom and (-'ri$e #oom.

For the po%er distribution this ship is using a ringloop system.  loop feeder has its ends connected to a source +usually a single source/ but its main function is to supply t%o or Short Circuit Analysis

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more load points in bet%een. (ach load point can be supplied from either direction= so it is possible to remo$e any section of the loop from ser$ice %ithout causing an outage at other load points. 6he loop can be operated normally closed or normally open. 0ost loop systems are ho%e$er operated normally open at some point by means of a s%itch. 6he operation is $ery similar to that of t%o radial feeders.

Figure N. Po%er 'istribution "ystem +single line/ of P,# "hip


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)7AP ,)')C7$ICA' 7$A8SI)87 A8( A8A'9SIS P$:5$A30

(6P is the most comprehensi$e analysis platform for the design simulation operation and automation of generation distribution and industrial po%er systems. (6P is de$eloped under an established 8uality assurance program and is used %orld%ide as high impact soft%are. Feature of (6P A L Fi$e &e$els of utomatic (rror Checking.. L 0erge Independent Po%er"tation Pro:ect Files. L Integrated 1-Phase 3-Phase Q 'C "ystems. L Integrated 9ne-&ine 'iagram Q Enderground #ace%ay "ystems. L Common 'atabase for all "tudies. L 6ypical 'ata for 0otors enerators 6ransformers #eactors o$ernors Q ()citers. L o oltage &imitations. L Enlimited Protecti$e Q 0etering 'e$ice Connections to Branches Q &oads. L ny "ystem Fre8uency.

6o be able to dra% po%er distribution system of a ship using (6P first %e ha$e to be able to dra% the simplest po%er distribution system that consists of 1 diesel generator 2 busbar 1 transformator and 1 load +motor or etc./


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Figure 1. "implest Po%er 'istribution 'iagram

In this paper I(C standard is decided to be used in (6P due to its popularity. 6he abo$e dra%ing can be run in short circuit analysis to get ho% big the short circuit current is that happens in the load during any fault in the busbar. 6he busbar must be ad:usted to be fault during the short circuit analysis. From the resulting short circuit current it is used as the reference $alue of capacity of the selected circuit breaker. fter undestanding the basic of etap soft%are %e dra% the po%er distribution dra%ing of a ship in etap. Certainly the dra%ing %ill be more comple) and the genset %ill be much more than the basic one.


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Figure 11. Po%er 'istribution 'ra%ing in (6P

6he circuit breakers bet%een busbars are normally open during normal operation. 6hey %ill be closed during stealth operation by using electrical dri$e. 6o run the short circuit analysis all circuit breakers connecting the busbars must be closed so %e can find the short circuit current flo%ing through them. In (6P short circuit analysis +I(C standard/ %e only running the the 3 phase duty. "o %e do not dra% any 'C s ystem such as battery and battery charger in the dra%ing. !e can also ad:ust the units sho%n during the analysis in display option. 3 phase duty

'isplay 9ption


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Figure 12. ' in (-'ri$e #oom

From the result abo$e circuit breakers of both electrical dri$e must ha$e capacity belo% 31 k.


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Figure 13. ' in 0( #oom

Figure 14. alley &aundry or !orkshop


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Figure 1. 0( #oom

Figure 1*. 23  busbar of 'iesel enerators in 0( room


Page (+


Figure 1H. "teering ear #oom

Figure 1J. ccomodation 'eck


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Figure 1N. (-'ri$e #oom

Figure 2. ' in ' #oom


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Figure 21. Pump #oom

Figure 22. ' #oom


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Figure 23. 23  Busbar of 'iesel enerators in ' #oom

Figure 24. mmu "tore


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Figure 2. a$al "tore


Page #(

Short Circuit

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