UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL ALTIPLANO – PUNO
I.
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
Tabla de contenido
II.
INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................. ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................ 4
III.
OBJETIVOS .................................................................. ......................................................................................................................... ....................................................... 5
3.1.
Objetivo General .............................................................. ........................................................................................................... ............................................. 5
3.2.
Objetivos Específicos ......................................................... ..................................................................................................... ............................................ 5
IV.
V.
MARCO TEÓRICO ................................................................... ............................................................................................................... ............................................ 6
4.1.
Riego por goteo ................................................................. ............................................................................................................. ............................................ 6
4.2.
Características principales del riego por goteo ............................................................. 6
4.3.
Ventajas y desventajas del riego por goteo. ................................................................. 7
4.4.
Componentes de un sistema de riego por goteo .......................................................... 8
4.4.1.
Fuente de energía ................................................................ ................................................................................................. ................................. 8
4.4.2.
Cabezal de control ................................................................ ................................................................................................. ................................. 9
4.4.3.
Red de tuberías ......................................................... ................................................................................................... .......................................... 11
4.4.4.
Emisores ........................................................ .............................................................................................................. ...................................................... 12
4.4.5.
Dispositivos de medida control y protección ...................................................... 13
4.5.
Diseño agronómico .......................................................... ..................................................................................................... ........................................... 14
4.6.
Diseño geométrico ........................................................... ...................................................................................................... ........................................... 15
4.7.2.
Pérdida de carga en tuberías................................................ tuberías............................................................................... ............................... 16
4.7.3.
Mantenimiento de sistemas de riego por goteo................................................. 18
METODOLOGIA.............................................................. .................................................................................................................... ...................................................... 20 5.1.
UBICACIÓN DEL PROYECTO .......................................................... ......................................................................................... ............................... 20
5.2.
Delimitación de la cuenca Huancané .................................................................... .......................................................................... ...... 21
5.3. Delimitación de la Subcuenca Quellocarca .................................................................... ........ 22 5.4. Caudales medios mensuales completados y extendidos ..................................................... 23 5.5. Precipitación areal de la cuenca Huancané y Subcuenca ................................................... 25 5.5.1.
Influencia de estaciones meteorológicas ............................................................ 27
5.5.2.
Evapotranspiración de referencia de la cuenca Huancané ................................. 27
5.6.
aplicación del programa gr2m para determinar caudal (Calibración) ........................ 29
5.7.
aplicación del programa gr2m para la determinar caudal en la cuenca cuenca Quellocarca Quellocarca . 30
5.8.
calculo de la disponibilidad hídrica en la subcuenca Quellocarca .............................. 31
5.8.1. 5.9.
caudal generado en la subcuenca Quellocarca ................................................... 31
Diseño agronómico .......................................................... ..................................................................................................... ........................................... 32
5.9.1.
determinación de la evapotranspiración del cultivo de referencia (eto.)........... 32
5.9.2.
cálculo de la evapotranspiración del cultivo (etc.) .............................................. 32
Riegos II (diseño de riego por goteo)
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5.9.3.
Calculo de la demanda hídrica ...................................................................... ............................................................................ ...... 32
5.9.4.
Cedula de cultivo en campo ............................................................ ................................................................................ .................... 33
5.10.
BALANCE HIDRICO ............................................................................................... 34
5.10.1.
precipitación efectiva. .......................................................... ......................................................................................... ............................... 35
5.10.2.
Necesidades diarias. ............................................................. ............................................................................................ ............................... 35
5.10.3.
Fórmula utilizada para calcular agua disponible. ................................................ 35
5.10.4.
Reserva de agua disponible............................................................. ................................................................................ .................... 35
5.10.5.
Reserva de agua fácilmente disponible........................................... disponible............................................................... .................... 35
5.10.6.
Intervalos de riego................................................................ riego............................................................................................... ............................... 36
5.10.7.
Dosis neta ajustada. ............................................................. ............................................................................................ ............................... 36
5.10.8.
Dosis total ajustada. ............................................................. ............................................................................................ ............................... 36
5.10.9.
Tiempos de riego. ................................................................. ................................................................................................ ............................... 36
5.10.10.
5.11.
VI.
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
Caudales necesarios ......................................................... ........................................................................................ ............................... 36
........................................................................................... ............................... 36 DISEÑO HIDRAULICO ............................................................
5.11.1.
Diámetro del caudal ............................................................. ............................................................................................ ............................... 37
5.11.2.
Longitud ficticia. ................................................................... .................................................................................................. ............................... 37
5.11.3.
Carga real .................................................................. ............................................................................................................ .......................................... 37
5.11.4.
Presión necesaria en el origen del lateral. .......................................................... 37
5.11.5.
Caudal del porta mangueras o terciaria. ............................................................. 38
5.11.6.
Longitud real. ........................................................... ...................................................................................................... ........................................... 38
5.11.7.
Longitud ficticia ......................................................... ................................................................................................... .......................................... 38
5.11.8.
Perdida de carga admisible en la terciaria. ......................................................... 39
5.11.9.
Cálculo del diámetro. ........................................................... .......................................................................................... ............................... 39
5.11.10.
Perdida de carga producida en la terciaria. .................................................... 39
5.11.11.
Presión de origen en la terciaria ............................................................ ..................................................................... ......... 40
5.11.12.
Velocidad. ............................................................. ........................................................................................................ ........................................... 40
5.11.13.
Diámetro de línea de conducción o primaria. ................................................. 40
5.11.14.
Longitud ficticia del tramo. ......................................................... ............................................................................. .................... 40
5.11.15.
Perdida de carga. .............................................................. ........................................................................................... ............................. 413 413
5.11.16.
Presión necesaria en el origen. .............................................................. ..................................................................... ....... 413 413
CONCLUSIONES ......................................................... ............................................................................................................. .................................................... 423 423
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL ALTIPLANO – PUNO
9.1.
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
Diseño hidráulico.............................................................. ....................................................................................................... ......................................... 443 443
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL ALTIPLANO – PUNO
II.
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
INTRODUCCIÓN
En el presente trabajo se realizó con fines de diseñar un sistema de riego por goteo, esto en la provincia de Huancané del departamento de Puno, esto involucra a la cuenca de Huancané y la sub cuenca Quellocarca, de donde se abastecerá el recurso hídrico para el riego por gravedad, el área de riego total es de 5 hectáreas. El agua es el elemento vital para la vida, sin el agua no se podría vivir, la mayoría de los productos agrícolas y pecuarios están hechos en su mayor parte de agua. El riego por goteo es una tecnología útil, adaptable y que, al ser bien aplicada, es sinónimo de mejores rendimientos para las parcelas. La producción agrícola, por lo tanto, depende del agua. En nuestra región, existen dos épocas o estaciones, la estación lluviosa y la estación seca. La producción agrícola se concentra en su mayor parte durante la estación lluviosa y existen muy pocas tierras cultivadas en la estación seca. Durante la estación lluviosa se dispone de agua en forma natural que es aprovechada para la producción; sin embargo, existen periodos en los cuales el agua de lluvia no es suficiente para el desarrollo de los cultivos, estos períodos, pueden ser cortos o largos, dependiendo de la zona, provocando la reducción y hasta la pérdida total de las cosechas. Durante la estación seca, el agua que queda almacenada en el suelo después de la estación lluviosa, se va consumiendo poco a poco hasta que se agota completamente y los cultivos no pueden desarrollarse. Si no se dispone de sistemas de riego la producción durante la estación seca es prácticamente imposible. Como puede verse, en ambas estaciones, el riego se hace necesario, durante la estación lluviosa para complementar el agua que la lluvia no puede aportar; y durante la estación seca, toda el agua que consumen las plantas debe ser aportada por el riego. Por otro lado, se ha comprobado que la producción bajo
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL ALTIPLANO – PUNO
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
observa un mejor desarrollo de los cultivos y una reducción de la presencia de hongos y bacterias. El riego por goteo está despertando cada día mayor interés, debido a las múltiples ventajas que ofrece desde el punto de vista de la economía del agua, como por el efecto benéfico en el desarrollo de los cultivos y en los niveles de producción, entre las principales atribuciones de este método se puede destacar: a) Humedecimiento parcial del suelo lo que se vuelve en un importante ahorro del agua, b) Amplia y exacta distribución uniforme del agua, c) Se puede emplear la fertilización localizada, junto al riego, d) Flexibilidad en los horarios de riego, normalmente los tiempos de aplicación son bajos, e) Los volúmenes de descarga son bajos lo que se traduce en una economía del bombeo.
III.
OBJETIVOS
3.1.
Objetivo General
Diseñar un sistema de riego por goteo en la cuenca Huancané departamento de Puno en un área de 5 hectáreas.
3.2.
Objetivos Específicos
Realizar el diseño del sistema de riego por goteo en función de los parámetros agronómicos considerando las condiciones climáticas, las propiedades físicas del suelo y las necesidades hídricas
Realizar el diseño agronómico agronómico e hidráulico, del del sistema de riego por goteo goteo en la cuenca Huancané e sub cuenca Quellocarca.
Elaborar el diseño hidráulico hidráulico del sistema sistema de riego riego por goteo goteo para su normal funcionamiento.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL ALTIPLANO – PUNO
IV.
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
MARCO TEÓRICO
4.1.
Riego por goteo
El riego por goteo es un riego localizado de alta frecuencia (RLAF) que se caracteriza por dos hechos fundamentales: la localización y la alta frecuencia. La localización consiste en que solo se humedece parte del volumen del suelo y se pretende que las raíces obtengan de ese volumen el agua y los nutrientes que necesitan. El resto del suelo prácticamente no se aprovecha. Es por esta razón que no es tan fácil f ácil aumentar las producciones con marcos de plantaciones más densos que los tradicionales para aprovechar esa parte no ut ilizada del suelo ya que las limitaciones no están en el suelo sino en la competencia por la luz o en la exigencia de espacios libres para las labores.
4.2.
Características principales del riego por goteo
Un sistema de riego por goteo consta de las siguientes partes:
Tubería principal que es la que conduce conduce el agua hasta el sistema. sistema.
Filtro: que tiene como como función función eliminar las partículas partículas que que trae el agua en suspensión y así evitar en cierta medida un mayor deterioro de los goteros.
Tubería maestra: maestra: es la la tubería que abastece abastece de agua a las tuberías tuberías laterales. Las maestras atraviesan el campo de riego perpendicularmente a la dirección de las hileras del cultivo.
Tuberías laterales: es la tubería que se se pone pone en la dirección dirección de las hileras hileras del cultivo y que abastece de agua a los goteros.
Goteros: es el equipo equipo encargado encargado de de distribuir el agua agua en el terreno. Existen dos tipos de gotero: regulables y no regulables. Los primeros tienen un dispositivo que permite regular el gasto dentro de un determinado rango; los segundos entregan un gasto fijo en función de la presión en la que
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4.3.
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
Ventajas y desventajas del riego por goteo.
Ventajas:
Incremento de la producción.
Uso eficiente eficiente del agua de riego; riego; el agua se aplica aplica directamente directamente a las raíces lo que evita perdidas por evaporación.
El agua no toca el follaje evitando problemas de enfermedades enfermedades fungosas. fungosas.
No existe existe interferencia a causa de los vientos como en el sistema de riego por aspersión.
Incorpora los fertilizantes en el agua de riego de manera uniforme en en concentraciones bajas de acuerdo a las necesidades del cultivo.
Eliminaciones de pérdidas pérdidas en las conducciones conducciones y las ocasionadas por percolación profunda y escorrentía superficial.
Mantiene un nivel alto de humedad humedad en el suelo con un volumen bajo bajo de aplicación
Utiliza pequeños caudales a baja presión.
Existe notable ahorro de mano de obra ya que generalmente generalmente estos sistemas son automatizados o semi automatizados lo que reduce los costos de operación del sistema.
Presenta una alta eficiencia en la aplicación del riego 80-90% de eficiencia.
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FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
Las mangueras enterradas pueden ser atacadas por roedores.
En las zonas de escasas lluvia pueden haber problemas de salinidad. salinidad.
Requiere que los usuarios usuarios tengan el conocimiento necesario en el manejo adecuado del equipo instalado.
4.4.
Componentes de un sistema de riego por goteo
Una instalación de riego por goteo debe contar como mínimo con los siguientes componentes.
Fuente de energía
Cabezal de control
Red de tuberías
Goteros o emisores
Dispositivos de control
4.4.1. Fuente de energía Para su funcionamiento, los sistemas de riego por goteo necesitan de una fuente de energía para provocar la circulación del agua, superar las pérdidas de energía en el filtrado, tuberías y accesorios, y ofrecer a los emisores la presión necesaria para su funcionamiento. f uncionamiento. Las bombas rotodinámicas utilizadas en riego se clasifican habitualmente atendiendo a los siguientes criterios.
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4.4.2. Cabezal de control Se llama cabezal de control al conjunto de elementos destinados a filtrar, tratar, medir, inyectar el fertilizante y en general a suministrar el agua a l a red de riego. Se incluye, en caso de ser necesario, un equipo de bombeo que dota al agua de la presión necesaria para alcanzar el punto más alejado de la red. Puede formar parte del cabezal o estar alojado en un lugar independiente. Cuando el agua llega al sistema desde una toma de agua localizada en un sitio lo suficientemente alto para proporcionar la presión requerida, no es necesaria la estación de bombeo. El sistema de filtrado es uno de los componentes principales del cabezal, se compone por distintos tipos de filtros f iltros con los que se busca eliminar las partículas y elementos que lleva el agua en suspensión y que pueden ocasionar obturaciones, principalmente en los emisores. Otro elemento de vital importancia es que el equipo de fertirrigación sirve para incorporar fertilizantes, microelementos, fitosanitarios, etc al agua de riego.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL ALTIPLANO – PUNO
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Filtros con los que se persigue eliminar las partículas y elementos que lleva el agua en suspensión que puedan ocasionar obturaciones en cualquier parte de la red de riego, principalmente en los emisores. Para evitar las obturaciones se coloca una serie de filtros en el cabezal. Si el agua de riego contiene gran cantidad de sólidos en suspensión, es conveniente realizar un pre filtrado . Si se dispone de presión en el sistema, se acostumbra utilizar uno o varios hidrociclones, si el agua llega al cabezal sin presión, el mejor sistema para eliminar los sólidos en suspensión son las balsas o los depósitos de decantación. Una vez que las partículas más gruesas se han eliminado, el agua pasa por el equipo de filtrado, quedando lista para su distribución en la red. Fundamentalmente los tipos de filtros utilizados en riego por goteo y que se disponen en el orden que se enumeran son: hidrociclón, de arena, de malla y de anillos o discos.
Filtro hidrociclón
Son aparatos que pueden hacer las funciones de prefiltro, normalmente se instalan dentro del cabezal, cuando el agua fundamentalmente se encuentra contaminada por arenas. Son dispositivos en los que gracias a un flujo vertical se consigue separar hasta el 98% de las partículas mayores de 100 micras. Por su diseño y principio de funcionamiento, sólo sirven para separar partículas más densas que el agua.
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Filtro de anillos
Son de forma cilíndrica y el elemento filtrante es un conjunto de anillos con ranuras impresas sobre un soporte central cilíndrico y perf orado.
Selección del sistema de filtrado
a) Calcular el tamaño del sistema de riego. r iego. La capacidad del filtro debe exceder las demandas del sistema. b) Determinar la calidad física, química y biológica del agua de riego a utilizar; el tamaño y la cantidad de sólidos suspendidos; la probabilidad de obstrucciones químicas o biológicas, y, con el tiempo, la estabilidad de la calidad del agua.
4.4.3. Red de tuberías tuberías La red de tuberías o red de distribución está formada por las tuberías que llevan el agua filtrada y tratada desde el cabezal, y los elementos singulares o accesorios o piezas para adaptar la red de tuberías a la forma o configuración de la parcela a regar. La red de tuberías del sistema depende del tamaño de la superficie de riego; en sistemas pequeños pueden existir tres tipos de tuberías: principal, múltiple o manifold, y laterales o porta goteros.
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4.4.4. Emisores Los emisores o goteros son los dispositivos por medio de los cuales se aplica el agua al suelo. Dado que el agua que circula en los laterales de riego posee presión, los goteros disipan la presión del agua de tal forma que sale a la atmósfera sin presión, en forma de gota.
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diferentes a los usuales, lo que obliga a utilizar elementos de conexión especiales.
Cintas de riego. Otra clase especial de riego por goteo es la l a cinta de riego que es una tubería integral de paredes delgadas con orificios en la misma cinta o goteros termosoldados en su interior.
4.4.5. Dispositivos de medida medida control y protección
Elementos de medida
Los más usuales suelen destinarse para medir el caudal o el volumen de agua o bien la presión en cualquier punto del sistema. Estos elementos son imprescindibles en las instalaciones de riego localizado.
Medidores de caudal.
Los medidores de caudal son elementos utilizados para medir la cantidad de agua que pasa por un punto en la unidad de tiempo. También son útiles para
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL ALTIPLANO – PUNO
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Medidores de presión
Con la utilización de los medidores de presión se puede conocer si algún componente del sistema está siendo sometido a presiones de trabajo mayores de las nominales y tiene por tanto riesgos de rotura. rotur a. También se puede localizar pérdidas de carga excesivas (por ejemplo en un filtro muy sucio que necesita una limpieza) o si por el contrario hay una presión insuficiente para que un elemento del sistema trabaje correctamente (por ejemplo un ramal de goteros donde no hay suficiente presión para que los emisores descarguen el caudal de diseño).
4.5.
Diseño agronómico
Es la parte más importante del proyecto de riego, ya que cualquier error aquí generará un sistema de riego inadecuado a lo que se precise, por ejemplo, si se estiman unas necesidades de riegos menores a las reales, repercutirá en la producción, la calidad y podrían darse problemas de salinidad por f alta de lavado de sales.
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4.6.
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
Diseño geométrico
Disposición de las tuberías
Uno de los principales cuidados que deben tenerse en la operación de los sistemas de riego por goteo es mantener la uniformidad de la aplicación del agua. Contar con un alto grado de uniformidad es importante para obtener un crecimiento uniforme del cultivo. En las tierras de ladera, este aspecto puede volverse crítico debido a que las diferencias de elevación entre los goteros a lo largo de la pendiente proporcionan diferentes valores de presión a los goteros y consecuentemente los caudales que descargan son diferentes, lo que conduce a obtener valores bajos de uniformidad. Los siguientes criterios tienen aplicación en el trazo y colocación de las diferentes tuberías de los sistemas de riego por goteo.
4.7.
Diseño hidráulico
El diseño hidráulico consiste en determinar las dimensiones de los diferentes componentes del sistema de tal manera que funcione adecuadamente con altos
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tubería de diámetro menor tendrá también una menor sección que una de mayor diámetro. La relación que se utiliza para calcular el área disponible para que circule el agua por la tubería es la siguiente: A = 0.785 D2 A su vez la velocidad está en función del caudal caudal y del diámetro. La ecuación que que se utiliza para calcular el caudal que circula por una tubería es: Q=AxV sea la velocidad está dada por: V = Q/A
4.7.2. Pérdida de carga en tuberías Al circular el agua por una tubería, dado que lleva una cierta velocidad que es energía cinética, al rozar con las paredes de las tuberías pierde parte de la
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y dependiendo de la cantidad y naturaleza de accesorios en la red pueden estimarse entre un 10% a un 25% del valor de las pérdidas primarias. La fórmula general para el cálculo de las pérdidas secundarias es la siguiente:
Hfs = k V2 /2g Donde:
Hfs = Pérdida secundaria en metros de columna de agua
K = Coeficiente de pérdida de carga
V = Velocidad del agua en m/seg
G = Aceleración de la gravedad = 9.81 9.81 m/seg2
Tuberías laterales
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4.7.3. Mantenimiento de sistemas sistemas de riego por por goteo Medidas generales de mantenimiento Control visual Este control se realiza de acuerdo con la experiencia del encargado del sistema. Por lo general, en cada ciclo de riego se examina una parte del sistema, de manera tal que al final de cada semana se haya revisado todo el equipo. Cuando el sistema está rrecién ecién instalado, el control se hace con mucha frecuencia y a medida que el operario adquiere experiencia, la frecuencia se reduce.
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El filtro es importante para el éxito del sistema. El agua debe ser filtrada para remover los sólidos suspendidos. Como se ha descrito en el apartado correspondiente, hay tres tipos principales de filtros: filtros hidrociclón (separadores centrífugos); filtros de arena, y filtros f iltros de malla y disco. Una práctica común es instalar una combinación de filtros para que estos funcionen efectivamente.
Mantenimiento de filtros hidrociclón Estos filtros requieren poco mantenimiento, pero requieren lavados frecuentes. La cantidad de sedimento que entra al filtro, la cantidad de agua usada y la capacidad de recolección del depósito determinarán con qué frecuencia y por cuánto tiempo tienen que operarse las válvulas de lavado.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL ALTIPLANO – PUNO
V.
METODOLOGIA
5.1.
UBICACIÓN DEL PROYECTO
DEPARTAMENTO:
PUNO
PROVINCIA:
HUANCANÉ
DISTRITO:
HUATASANI
ALTITUD:
3879 MSNM
LATITUD SUR:
15º11`37.9``
LONGITUD SUR:
69º37`44.0``
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
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5.2.
Delimitación de la cuenca Huancané
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
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5.3.
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
Delimitación de la Subcuenca Quellocarca
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5.4.
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
Caudales medios mensuales completados y extendidos CAUDALES MEDIOS MENSUALES COMPLETADOS Y EXTENDIDOS (m3/s) Estación Hidrológica :Puente Huancané
AÑO
ENE
FEB
MAR
ABR
MAY
JUN
JUL AGO SET OCT NOV
DIC
PROM
1964
39.0
37.7
48.0
36.7
12.2
5.6
3.7
11.5
17.4
3.2
3.3
2.7
5.6
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL ALTIPLANO – PUNO
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
8.4
32.0
10.7 12.2
40.1
25.5
4.2
7.8
5.5
12.8
40.5
3.4
4.5
2.6
7.4
6.4
27.5
2.7
1.8
1.3
4.0
4.4
11.5
16.7
5.5
3.4
2.0
3.4
5.6
10.1
21.9
20.4
20.1
8.7
4.6
3.3
3.5
3.2
7.1
11.1
24.1
7.3
1.4
1.8
2.0
1.4
1.6
3.6
2.7
53.5
35.4
11.2
4.0
2.6
2.6
1.9
2.2
1.8
2.4
7.7
9.6
2001
97.6
79.4
119.6
30.7
16.2
8.1
5.1
3.8
4.1
5.4
2002
19.6
73.1
82.1
36.9
14.1
4.9
4.4
3.2
4.6
2003
98.0
121.6 127.7
80.2
11.7
6.4
5.6
4.6
2004
149.6
92.2
24.9
15.6
14.3
4.7
3.9
2005
25.4
88.7
27.2
23.1
7.3
3.6
2006
78.9
37.1
40.2
27.1
9.7
2007
84.5
30.5
70.1
42.6
2008
159.2
36.3
154.7
2009
35.4
23.3
20.6
5.6
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL ALTIPLANO – PUNO
5.5.
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
Precipitación areal de la cuenca Huancané y Subcuenca PRECIPITACION PRECIPITACION AREAL (mm) CUENCA :HUANCANE
AÑ O 1964
1965
EN E
FEB
MAR
ABR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AGO
SET
O CT
N OV
DIC
TOTAL
77 77,6
126,3
137,3
51,0
25,8
0,8
0,8
1,8
22,3
35,0
68,9
69,8
617,3
176,9
100,7
110,0
34,8
1,2
0,1
1,9
2,7
26,0
25,8
73,2
143,3
696,7
1966
86 86,7
130,7
79,3
21,2
67,2
0,0
0,0
0,1
17,2
37,6
66,2
69,8
576,2
1967
36 36,8
71,1
108,4
9,4
30,8
2,3
23,7
28,8
75,2
64,1
25,8
169,7
646,2
1968
97 97,8
167,0
62,5
42,4
9,0
1,4
28,4
15,8
54,5
41,6
107,7
52,0
680,1
1969
15 155,7
104,4
68,2
33,5
1,6
1,6
11,9
6,0
24,4
28,3
68,3
64,8
568,6
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL ALTIPLANO – PUNO
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
PRECIPITACION AREAL (mm) SUBCUENCA:QUELLOCARCA
AÑO 1964
ENE
1965
FEB
MAR
ABR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AGO
SET
OCT
N OV
DIC
TOTAL
85 85,3
239,8
207,9
38,4
37,5
0,2
3,0
3,1
26,4
42,6
63,3
62,1
809,5
233,5
143,5
160,7
46,9
2,5
0,5
2,3
3,7
28,4
43,5
61,6
177,1
903,9
1966
12 122,1
136,1
103,9
23,2
137,2
0,0
0,0
0,2
15,7
33,8
52,8
104,6
729,5
1967
50 5 0,4
72,9
137,5
10,2
55,7
7,5
31,2
33,4
59,1
53,1
17,5
156,0
684,5
1968
1969 1970 1971
10 105,3
208,0
59,0
45,6
16,4
2,2
21,1
11,2
55,0
44,6
123,6
77,9
769,8
140,1
116,9
68,0
38,4
1,9
1,6
21,6
7,1
21,5
22,3
70,1
54,5
564,1
13 135,7
110,3
116,3
63,6
21,7
0,5
1,1
1,9
50,2
46,8
27,3
174,4
749,9
171 0
184 5
62 5
17 5
41
13
00
11 3
47
54 3
65 0
76 4
652,7
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FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
5.5.1. Influencia de estaciones meteorológicas
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FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL ALTIPLANO – PUNO
5.6.
aplicación
del
programa programa
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
gr2m
para
determinar determinar
caudal
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5.7.
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
aplicación del programa gr2m para la determinar caudal en la
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL ALTIPLANO – PUNO
5.8.
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
calculo de la disponibilidad hídrica en la subcuenca Quellocarca
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