solar tree it basically a generating electricity from solar energyFull description
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If the 19th century was the age of coal and the 20th century of oil, the 21st will be the age of sun Solar Energy . The demand of energy is increasing with each period, with the result that the prices increasing day by day. For example, with the supp
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Descripción: sheet music for Porcupine Tree's "Lazarus" (written by Steven Wilson), arranged for piano solo by the incredible Vika Yermolyeva (known as vkgoeswild). Please see www.vkgoeswild.com for further det...
)0&T/)CT 'ow a days with the growing population and energy deand we should take a renewable option o) energy source and also we should keep in ind that energy should not cause pollution and other natural ha-ards. In this case the solar energy is the best option )or us.India is a highly populated country so we should take the ad/antage o) such an energy which re0uires a /ery less space to produce energy e))iciently. In this case solar tree could be the best one )or us. We can also use the techni0ue called S%IAI' %H5A6A758 to ipro/e the e))iciency o) the plant. It can be applied in street lightening syste industrial power supply etc. It is uch better than the traditional solar %9 syste in area point o) /iew and also ore e))icient. So this will be a /ery good option and should be ipleented.
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SOLAR TREE
C)PTE/ 1- INT/O4CTION
It is a )or o) renewable energy resource that is soe easure copetiti/e with )ossil )uels. Hydro power is the )orce o) energy o) o/ing water. It pro/ides about :;< o) the renewable energy in the united state. Hydro electric power plants do not use any resources
to create
electricity or they do not pollute the air. 6he sun is a hydrodynaic spherical body o) extreely hot ioni-ed gases!plasa# generating energy by the process o) the theronuclear )usion. 6he teperature o) interior o) sun is estiated at =>1?@; k to 4?>1?@; k where energy is released by )usion o) hydrogen and heliu. Solar energy is a/ailable in abundance and considered as the easiest and cleanest eans o) tapping the renewable energy. (or direct con/ersion o) solar radiation into usable )or the routes are$ solar theral solar photo/oltaic and solar architecture. Howe/er the ain proble associated with tapping solar energy is the re0uireent to install large solar collectors re0uires a /ery big space. 6o a/oid this proble we can install a solar tree in spite o) a no o) solar panels which re0uire a /ery sall space. Solar tree is a re/olutionary urban lighting concept that represents a per)ect sybiosis between pioneering design and cutting&edge eco&copatible technology. Solar 6ree opens up new prospects )or urban lighting in that it satis)ies todays ost pressing en/ironental social cultural and aesthetic deands. 6he ability to cobine inno/ati/e design with ad/anced technology along with an acute sensiti/ity to en/ironental concerns ake Arteide the ideal /ehicle )or the de/elopent o) this proBect concei/ed by oss o/egro/e with the collaboration o) Sharp Solar the worlds leading anu)acturer o) solar cells. .
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SOLAR TREE
1.1 W)T I& ) &O)/ T/EE A solar tree is a decorati/e eans o) producing solar energy and also electricity. It uses ultiple no o) solar panels which )ors the shape o) a tree. 6he panels are arranged in a tree )ashion in a tall towerCpole. T/EE %t!nd% "or
6D 6"" "'"A6I' D"'"WA*" "D"'"5 and "D""E6IEI65 6his is like a tree in structure and the panels are like lea/es o) the tree which produces energy.
1.3 &PI/)IN P7)T)7 It is a techni0ue used in designing o) solar tree. It pro/ides the way to help the lower panels )ro the shadow o) upper ones so that it can track axiu power )ro sun.
Solar 6ree
1.( INT/O4CTION )0O4T &O)/ CE 5
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A solar cell !photo/oltaic cell or photoelectric cell# is a solid state electrical de/ice that con/erts the energy o) light directly into electricity by the photo/oltaic e))ect. 6he energy o) light is transitted by photons&sall packets or 0uantu o) light. "lectrical energy is stored in electroagnetic )ields which in turn can ake a current o) electrons )low. Asseblies o) solar cells are used to ake solar odules which are used to capture energy )ro sunlight. When ultiple odules are assebled together !such as prior to installation on a pole& ounted tracker syste# the resulting integrated group o) odules all oriented in one plane is re)erred as a solar panel. 6he electrical energy generated )ro solar odules is an exaple o) solar energy. %hoto/oltaic is the )ield o) technology and research related to the practical application o) photo/oltaic cells in producing electricity )ro light though it is o)ten used speci)ically to re)er to the generation o) electricity )ro sunlight. Eells are described as photo/oltaic cells when the light source is not necessarily sunlight. 6hese are used )or detecting light or other electroagnetic radiation near the /isible range )or exaple in)rared detectors or easureent o) light intensity.
. (ig Solar odulo 6
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C)PTE/2-WO/IN P/INCIPE 2.1 OW &O)/ CE WO/& Solar cells which largely are ade )ro crystalline silicon work on the principle o) %hotoelectric "))ect that this seiconductor exhibits. Silicon in its purest )or& Intrinsic Silicon& is doped with a dopant ipurity to yield "xtrinsic Silicon o) desired characteristic !p&type or n&type Silicon#.When p and n type silicon cobine they result in )oration o) potential barrier. Working o) Solar cells can thus be based on two crystalline structure • •
Intrinsic Silicon "xtrinsic Silicon
Pure Silicon (Intrinsic) Crystalline Structure Silicon has soe special cheical properties especially in its crystalline )or. An ato o) silicon has 14 electrons arranged in three di))erent shells. 6he )irst two shells& which hold two and eight electrons respecti/ely& are copletely )ull. 6he outer shell howe/er is only hal) )ull with Bust )our electrons !9alence electrons#. A silicon ato will always look )or ways to )ill up its last shell and to do this it will share electrons with )our nearby atos. ItFs like each ato holds hands with its neighbours except that in this case each ato has )our hands Boined to )our neighbours. 6hatFs what )ors the crystalline structure. 6he only proble is that pure crystalline silicon is a poor conductor o) electricity because none o) its electrons are )ree to o/e about unlike the electrons in ore optiu conductors like copper
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2.2 I,purit$ &ilicon :E;trin%ic< P-t$pe !nd N-t$pe &e,iconductor% "xtrinsic silicon in a solar cell has added ipurity atos purpose)ully ixed in with the silicon atos aybe one )or e/ery illion silicon atos. %hosphorous has )i/e electrons in its outer shell. It bonds with its silicon neighbor atos ha/ing /alency o) 4 but in a sense the phosphorous has one electron that doesnFt ha/e anyone to bond with. It doesnFt )or part o) a bond but there is a positi/e proton in the phosphorous nucleus holding it in place. When energy is added to pure silicon in the )or o) heat it causes a )ew electrons to break )ree o) their bonds and lea/e their atos. A hole is le)t behind in each case. 6hese electrons called )ree carriers then wander randoly around the crystalline lattice looking )or another hole to )all into and carry an electrical current. In %hosphorous&doped Silicon it takes a lot less energy to knock loose one o) GextraG phosphorous electrons because they arenFt tied up in a bond with any neighboring atos. As a result ost o) these electrons break )ree and release a lot ore )ree carriers than in pure silicon. 6he process o) adding ipurities on purpose is called doping and when doped with phosphorous the resulting silicon is called '&type !GnG )or negati/e# because o) the pre/alence o) )ree electrons. '&type doped silicon is a uch better conductor than pure silicon. 6he other part o) a typical solar cell is doped with the eleent boron which has only three electrons in its outer shell instead o) )our to becoe %&type silicon. Instead o) ha/ing )ree electrons %&type !GpG )or positi/e# has )ree openings and carries the opposite positi/e charge
6he electric )ield is )ored when the '&type and %&type silicon coe into contact. Suddenly the )ree electrons on the ' side cobine the openings on the % side. ight at the Bunction they cobine and )or soething o) a barrier aking it harder and harder )or electrons on the ' side to cross o/er to the % side !called %6"'6IA *AI"#. "/entually e0uilibriu is reached and an electric )ield separating the two sides is set up. 6his electric )ield acts as a diode allowing !and e/en pushing# electrons to )low )ro the % side to the ' side but not the other way around. ItFs like a hill && electrons can easily go down the hill !to the ' side# but canFt clib it !to the % side#.
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(ig Solar cell When light in the )or o) photons hits solar cell its energy breaks apart electron&hole pairs!%hotoelectric e))ect#. "ach photon with enough energy will norally )ree exactly one electron resulting in a )ree hole as well. I) this happens close enough to the electric )ield or i) )ree electron and )ree hole happen to wander into its range o) in)luence the )ield will send the electron to the ' side and the hole to the % side. 6his causes )urther disruption o) electrical neutrality and i) an external current path is pro/ided electrons will )low through the path to the % side to unite with holes that the electric )ield sent there doing work )or us along the way. 6he electron )low pro/ides the current and the cellFs electric )ield causes a /oltage. 6he )inal step is to install soething that will protect the cell )ro the external eleents& o)ten a glass co/er plate. %9 odules are generally ade by connecting se/eral indi/idual cells together to achie/e use)ul le/els o) /oltage and current and putting the in a sturdy )rae coplete with positi/e and negati/e terinals.
6he basic coponent o) a solar cell is intrinsic silicon which is not pure in its natural state. 6o ake solar cells the raw aterialssilicon dioxide o) either 0uart-ite gra/el or crushed 0uart are )irst placed into an electric arc )urnace where a carbon arc is applied to release the oxygen. A raphite and 6heral insulator trap the heat and aintain the )urnace at re0uired teperature )or gangue !ipurity# to )or a slag. 6he products are carbon dioxide and olten silicon. Silicon ingot is pulled down )ro the olten silicon using seed silicon crystalli-ation and )loating -one techni0ue. %assing ipure silicon in sae direction se/eral ties that separates ipurities& and ipure end is later reo/ed. 6his process yields silicon with one percent ipurity use)ul in any industries but not the solar cell industry. At this point the silicon is still not pure enough to be used )or solar cells and re0uires )urther puri)ication. %ure silicon is deri/ed )ro such silicon dioxides as 0uart-ite gra/el !the purest silica# or crushed 0ua rt-. 10
SOLAR TREE
3.2 STEP 2- INGOT AND WAFER PREPARATION:
Solar cells are ade )ro silicon boules polycrystalline structures that ha/e the atoic structure o) a single crystal. 6he ost coonly used process )or creating the boule is called the E-ochralski ethod. In this process a seed crystal o) silicon is dipped into elted polycrystalline silicon. As the seed crystal is withdrawn and rotated a cylindrical ingot or GbouleG o) silicon is )ored. 6he ingot withdrawn is unusually pure because ipurities tend to reain in the li0uid. (ro the boule silicon wa)ers are sliced one at a tie using a circular saw whose inner diaeter cuts into the rod or any at once with a ulti wire saw. nly about one& hal) o) the silicon is lost )ro the boule to the )inished circular wa)erore i) the wa)er is then cut to be rectangular or hexagonal. ectangular or hexagonal wa)ers are soeties used in solar
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SOLAR TREE
cells because they can be )itted together per)ectly thereby utili-ing all a/ailable space on the )ront sur)ace o) the solar cell. 6he wa)ers are then polished to reo/e saw arks. 3.3 STEP 3 - DOPING:
6he traditional way o) doping silicon wa)ers with boron and phosphorous is to introduce a sall aount o) boron during the E-ochralski process. 6he wa)ers are then sealed back to back and placed in a )urnace to be heated to slightly below the elting point o) silicon !2JK? degrees (ahrenheit or 141? degrees Eelsius# in the presence o) phosphorous gas. 6he phosphorous atos GburrowG into the silicon which is ore porous because it is close to becoing a li0uid. 6he teperature and tie gi/en to the process is care)ully controlled to ensure a uni)or Bunction o) proper depth. 6hese di))usion processes are usually per)ored through the use o) a batch tube )urnace or an in&line continuous )urnace.6he basic )urnace construction and process are /ery siilar to the process steps used by packaging en gineers. STEP 4 - SCREEN PRINTING:
(ig Screen printing "lectrical contacts are )ored through s0uee-ing a etal paste through esh screens to create a etal grid. 6his etal paste !usually Ag or Al# needs to be dried so that subse0uent layers can be screen&printed using the sae ethod. As a last step the wa)er is heated in a continuous )iring
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)urnace at teperatures ranging )ro K=? to :??LE. 6hese grid& pattern etal screens act as collector electrodes that carry electrons and coplete the electrical continuity in the circuit.
STEP 5 - STRINGING AND TABBING:
"lectrical contacts connect each solar cell to another and to the recei/er o) produced current. 6he contacts ust be /ery thin !at least in the )ront# so as not to block sunlight to the cell. Metals such as palladiuCsil/er nickel or copper are /acuu&e/aporated A)ter the contacts are in place thin strips !G)ingersG# are placed between cells. 6he ost coonly used strips are tin&coated copper. &TEP 6 - )NTI/E=ECTI>E CO)TIN
*ecause pure silicon is shiny it can re)lect up to 3J percent o) the sunlight. 6o reduce the aount o) sunlight lost an anti&re)lecti/e coating is put on the silicon wa)er& ostly titaniu dioxide silicon oxide and soe others are used. 6he aterial used )or coating is either heated until its olecules boil o)) and tra/el to the silicon and condense or the aterial undergoes sputtering. In this process a high /oltage knocks olecules o)) the aterial and deposits the onto the silicon at the opposite electrode. 5et another ethod is to allow the silicon itsel) to react with o xygen& or nitrogen&containing gases to )or silicon dioxide or silicon nitride. Eoercial solar cell anu)acturers use silicon nitride. Another ethod to ake silicon absorb ore light is to ake its top sur)ace grained i.e. pyraid shaped nanostructures that yield K?< absorption that reaches the cell sur)ace a)ter passing through anti&re)lecti/e coating. 13
SOLAR TREE
STEP 7 - MODULE MANUFACTURING
6he )inished solar cells are then encapsulatedN that is sealed into silicon rubber or ethylene /inyl acetate. Solar odule assebly usually in/ol/es soldering cells together to produce a 3;&cell string !or longer# and lainating it between toughened glass on the top and a polyeric backing sheet on the botto. 6he encapsulated solar cells are then placed into an aluinu )rae that has a Mylar or tedlarback sheet and a glass or plastic co/er. (raes are usually applied to allow )or ounting in the )ield or the lainates ay be separately integrated into a ounting syste )or a speci)ic application such as integration into a building.
C)PTE/(- )>)NT)E O= &O)/ P)NE& %ri/ate hoe owners are disco/ering the bene)its to our en/ironent and a way to li/e happily o)) the grid or are considering installing a grid&tied solar power syste to o))set their electric bill or due to a belie) in reducing their carbon eissions. 6hese are great reasons to Ggo solarG... •
Ecologic!ll$ =riendl$ & (or ob/ious reasons the use o) solar panels is "co&)riendly and
considered one o) the ost GgreenG electricity resources. *ecause because they operate by 14
SOLAR TREE
interacting with a renewable energy source sunlight there is no )ear o) depleting yet another natural resource. •
ecre!%ed Electric!l 0ill & *y switching to solar energy you will sa/e oney on your
electrical bills e/ery onth. "/en i) electricity bills continue raising in the next )ew onths you will ha/e the peace o) ind knowing that your energy source is based on solar power. •
o? !inten!nce & Solar panels ha/e no o/eable parts and are /ery siple to use.
A)ter being set up properly they do not need to be tinkered with and will continuing working )or any years. In )act any anu)acturers ha/e 2J year warranties on their panels. •
E""icienc$ & 'o atter where you li/e the chances are that you can success)ully use solar
panels )or you electrical needs. 6hey are rugged and are /ery adaptable to cliate conditions and the latest panel odels are e))icient enough to work well without )acing directly south and soe will e/en produce electricity under cloud co/er. egardless o) who you are or what type o) hoe you ha/e solar power is one o) the best ways to pro/ide you and your )aily with electricity without causing ore daage to our planet. 6here are any ways to take ad/antage o) the sa/ings gained )ro solar panel systes. 'ot only does it help you sa/e by cutting your energy re0uireent )ro the utility copany it ay also allow you to lock in a lower solar power rate. *y using the electricity produced by your unit during the day !when rates are at their highest# and using the utility copanyFs power in the e/ening !when the rates are at their lowest# you will lower your o/erall cost )or all o) your electrical use. 6here are also any rebates a/ailable to help you sa/e 4?&;?< on the cost o) ac0uiring your syste.
W7 WE C)E IT )& &O)/ T/EE
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As we know trees are present in nature and they can produce their own )ood aterial by the process called %H6S5'6H"SIS. It is the process by which the green plant collects energy )ro sun and the water present in soil at the day tie and can produces their own )ood aterial. *y this process they are indirectly pro/iding )ood to the huan society because we are depending on the green plants )or our )ood directly or indirectly. Here we are considering the exaple )or understanding about the solar tree. 6his is a tree in which the stes connected acts as the branches o) the tree and the solar panels are like the lea/es. reen lea/es are producing )ood aterials )or huan beings likewise this lea/es are producing energy )or the society. So it is /ery appropriate to called it as a tree.
'atural 6ree
Solar 6ree
W7 IT I& NEEE ue to le%% l!nd re@uire,ent
It is the best option o) energy generation because it re0uires /ery less land as copare to the traditional %9 syste. 'ow a days land becoes the costliest coodity )or the huan
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society because o) high population growth. "xaple O 6o generate 2 MW power )ro a %9 odule we re0uires 1? &12 acres o) land )or housing o) panels only.*ut )or the sae aount o) energy we re0uire only ?.1?&?.12 acres o) land in case o) solar tree.So we re0uire such a plant which can generate axiu energy using iniu land. E""icient energ$ gener!tion
It can generate energy /ery e))iciently as copare to traditional syste. +ue to the techni0ue called spiraling phyllataxy its e))iciency )urther increase. We can also use the techni0ue called S%IAI' %H5A6A758 to ipro/e the e))iciency o) the plant. It can be applied in street lightening syste industrial power supply etc. It is uch better than the traditional solar %9 syste in area point o) /iew and also ore e))icient. 6hough it is soehow costly but as copare to all cost in/ol/e in traditional syste it is ore e))icient. It c!n collect energ$ "ro, ?ind
As the nae suggest this is a de/ice to generate energy )ro sun but it has soe uni0ue )eature to generate energy )ro wind. 6he ste are )lexible so that they can rotate in any direction and by shaking thesel/es they produce energy also )ro wind as in the case o) a natural tree. 6he uni0ue techni0ue is that )lexible panels connected to the ste which can be rotated as our desire. So that )lexibility a/oidance o) wind pressure can be possible. (lexibility o))ers anual rotating so that axiu power can be obtained.
CON&T/4CTION )N WO/IN 6he solar tree consists o) soe iportant parts in its design. 6hey are as )ollows$
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• • • •
Solar pannels ong towers +"S *atteries Stes )or connecting the panels WO/IN
• • • •
*atteries are charged during the day tie. "+s are autoatically switched on 6hese are used to indicate how uch chargeCenergy reain le)t *atteries are also used to store the energy so that we can use it at night and in cloudy days when no sunlight is there.
E% 8.1 ig#t E,itting iode :E<
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ig#t E,itting iode
A light&eitting diode !"+# is a seiconductor light source. "+s are used as indicator laps in any de/ices and are increasingly used )or other lighting. Appearing as practical electronic coponents in 1:;2 early "+s eitted low&intensity red light but odern /ersions are a/ailable across the /isible ultra/iolet and in)rared wa/elengths with /ery h igh brightness.
Intern!l e%cription o" E When a light&eitting diode is )orward&biased !switched on# electrons are able to recobine with electron holes within the de/ice releasing energy in the )or o) photons. 6his e))ect is called electroluinescence and the color o) the light !corresponding to the energy o) the photon# is deterined by the energy gap o) the seiconductor. An "+ is o)ten sall in area !less than 1 2# and integrated optical coponents ay be used to shape its radiation pattern.
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Intern!l de%cription o" E
"+s present any ad/antages o/er incandescent light sources including lower energy consuption longer li)etie ipro/ed physical robustness saller si-e and )aster switching. "+s power)ul enough )or roo lighting are relati/ely expensi/e and re0uire ore precise current and heat anageent than copact )luorescent lap sources o) coparable output.
Electronic &$,+ol o" E
ight&eitting diodes are used in applications as di/erse as a/iation lighting autooti/e lighting ad/ertising general lighting and tra))ic signals. "+s ha/e allowed new text /ideo displays and sensors to be de/eloped while their high switching rates are also use)ul in really bead/anced counications technology. In)rared "+s are also used in the reote control units o) any coercial products including tele/isions +9+ players and other doestic appliances.
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C)PTE/ 5-W7 IT I& 0ETTE/ T)N ) T/)ITION) &7&TE India is a highly populated country so we should take the ad/antage o) such an energy which re0uires a /ery less space to produce energy e))iciently. In this case solar tree could be the best one )or us. It is uch better than the traditional solar %9 syste in area point o) /iew and also ore e))icient. So this will be a /ery good option and should be ipleented. (or the traditional syste we re0uire large si-e o) land to generate a sall aount o) power. It re0uires about 1< land as copare to the traditional syste. Solar energy is a/ailable in abundance and considered as the easiest and cleanest eans o) tapping the renewable energy. (or direct con/ersion o) solar radiation into usable )or the routes are$ solar theral solar photo/oltaic and solar architecture. Howe/er the ain proble associated with tapping solar energy is the re0uireent to install large solar collectors re0uires a /ery big space. 6o a/oid this proble we can install a solar tree in spite o) a no o) solar panels which re0uire a /ery sall space. "xaple O 6o generate 2 MW power )ro a p/ odule we re0uires 1? &12 acres o) land )or housing o) panels only but )or the sae aount o) energy we re0uire only ?.1?&?.12 acres o) land in case o) solar tree.
'o air pollution We wouldnt ha/e to worry as uch about )uture energy sources %eople in poor country would ha/e access to electricity %eople can sa/e oney and re0uireent is /ery less
I&)>)NT)E& • • •
Eost is high May cause ha-ards to the birds and insects Ha-ards to eyesight )ro solar re)lectors
CONC4&ION
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6o )ul)ill the increasing energy deand the people and sa/ing o) land this proBect is /ery success)ul one. 6his can pro/ide electricity without any power cut proble. 6he extra
energy can be pro/ided to the grid. Sa/ing o) land this proBect is /ery success)ul one. Increases the e))iciency o) solar cell using nanowires 6he ain ai o) this proBect is upli)ting the public opinionon " S.
6he Strawberry 6ree in/ented by the Serbian copany Strawberry "nergy is a /ariation
o) the Solar 6ree in that it is speci)ically designed to recharge obile de/ices. 6he copany won the Sustainable "nergy Week 2?118 copetition )or its re/olutionary contribution.
6here is a distinction to be ade between organically inspired solar trees and structures which ha/e been adopted to create energy e))icient parking lots. Eopanies such as eneral "lectric ha/e installed solar panels in car parking lots to collect solar energy and protect /ehicles )ro sun daage. 6hese car sheltering solar de/ices di))er )ro artistic Solar 6rees in that they ha/e no organic aesthetic. In contrast to the )ield o) solar artwork they would ore appropriately be dubbed ele/ated solar panels.
/E=E/ENCE& 1. %roBects. Solar 6ree (oundation. '.p.Web. 2? (eb 2?13. Solar 6ree (oundation %roBects. 2. Solar 6ree (oundation accessed$ (eb 2? 2?13 Solar 6ree (oundation site 23
SOLAR TREE
3. Solar 6ree. Arteide. '.p. Web. 2? (eb 2?13. Arteide *rochure. 4. 6 6ooke EE 'icholas A9 Paes et al G6ree structure in)luences on roo)top&recei/ed solar radiationG andsc Qrban %lann. 9ol. 1?2 no. 2 pp. K3&=1 Aug. 2?11. J. http$CCen.wikipedia.orgCwikiCSolarRtree